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PRAT. INSEILULE 
 
 RECORD 
 
 No. 4 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 Piet Nod VEU EES BROOK LYN, oN. Yi. 
 OCTOBER, 1892 | 
 
BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 
 
 CHARLES M. Pratt, President. GEORGE D. PRATT. 
 
 FREDERIC B. PRATT, Secretary and Treasurer. 
 
 FACULTY. 
 
 FREDERIC B. Pratt, Chairman. 
 
 NoRMAN P. HEFFLEY, Secretary, 
 
 Director of Department of Commerce. 
 
 Wittiam A. McANDREW, 
 
 Principal of High School. 
 
 WALTER S. PERRY, 
 
 Director of Art Department. 
 
 HARRIET 8. SACKETT, 
 
 Director of Department of Domestic Art. 
 
 EmMaA O, CONRO, 
 
 Director of Department of Domestic Science. 
 
 CHARLES R. RICHARDS, 
 
 Director of Department of Science and Technology. 
 
 Hannay D. Mowry, 
 
 Director of Department of Kindergarten. 
 
 MARGARET HEALY, 
 
 Director of Libraries. 
 
ipl wave Ul Dora etd Slo BAG fide 
 
 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS, 
 
 FOUNDER'S DAY, OCTOBER 2, 1892. 
 
 = 
 
 Se BER year has gone, and we are gathered here to celebrate 
 
 FOUNDER’s Day, and to note in some proper form the record of 
 the year. This is the sixty-second birthday of Charles Pratt, and the fifth 
 anniversary of his founding of this Institute. What a comfort it would 
 be to have him here with us this morning, and to catch the enthusiasm 
 which his presence always enkindled; to show and tell of the work 
 done; to counsel with him for that yet to be done, and to be stimulated 
 by his words of cheer and courage to fresh effort! 
 
 There may come a time when these face-to-face and heart-to-heart 
 gatherings of FOUNDER’s Day may seem somewhat forced and unnat- 
 ural. But so long as they are ours, and this, the Assembly Hall, which 
 he knew and loved so well, the only fitting place for our meeting, may 
 we not think of him as always here with us, and so render our report 
 as if directly to him? May not we at least who knew him, wisely re- 
 fresh our memories of him and catch again the spirit of his life, making 
 that spirit our own? 
 
 When on the ocean in August last, I met a stranger who had 
 crossed with our Founder three years ago, and who, by his voluntary 
 expression of appreciation of what Mr. Pratt was attempting to do in 
 the development of this Institution, made a deep impression on my 
 -mind. It showed me our Founder through a stranger’s eyes, and from 
 another’s standpoint. And what was the picture which he gave me? 
 This: ‘‘Mr. Pratt talked of little else save -his Institute. His mind 
 and heart were full of that, and that alone. Many men whom I have 
 known have been willing to give generously to various causes which 
 have interested them; but I know of no man who so consecrated /im- 
 self to the object of his beneficence as did Mr. Pratt.” Truly in his 
 own life he bore witness to his own words—words which have become 
 
6 PR AGT LIV Sad eid eee 
 
 the keynote of the workers here—‘‘ The giving which counts is the giv- 
 ing of one’s self,” 
 
 The fifth year in the history of Pratt Institute ended June 30, 1892. 
 Five years ago this day the first class, of twelve students, was organ- 
 ized. At that time the buildings were incomplete, the equipment 
 small, the instructors few in number, and the idea upon which the In- 
 stitute now stands hardly apprehended or understood. 
 
 Since that date the Institute has been growing steadily, surely, and 
 soundly, in every respect. Department after department has been or- 
 ganized, equipped, and developed. The lines of work have been more 
 clearly defined each year. The position of the Institute among the 
 educational institutions, not of this city merely, but of the country at 
 large, is assured; and to-day we stand without question as the best 
 representative of this kind of education in the country. 
 
 The past five years have brought many changes, Since the organi- 
 zation of the first class, two new buildings have been erected, and two. 
 stories added to an old building, making a total of four buildings. The 
 other empty rooms have been filled and occupied, so that there is no 
 available space, with the possible exception of the Trade School gallery, 
 that could be utilized for class-rooms or other purposes. Every year 
 has seen additions to:‘equipment and facilities. Chairs, desks, tables, 
 models, charts, books, casts, apparatus of all classes, have been grad- 
 ually placed here as the demand has arisen. 
 
 The personalities, too, have changed. The Founder is no longer 
 with us, with his smile, good word, and hearty interest and love. Of 
 the Faculty, Dr. J. F. Williams and Mr. W. O. Pratt are here no 
 longer, while the names of Miss E. O. Conro, Miss H. D. Mowry, Mr. 
 C. R. Richards and Mr. W. A. McAndrew are added to the originak - 
 list of Mr. W. S. Perry, Miss M. Healy, Miss H. 5. Sackett, and Mr. 
 Nei Hefiiey: 
 
 Many changes, also too numerous to mention, have taken place both 
 in the clerical and teaching force. But the greatest change or growth 
 has doubtless taken place in the idea of our work. Starting out origi- — 
 nally with the purpose more or less defined and recognized of a trade 
 school, where different lines of industry might be thoroughly taught, | 
 we have added the higher grades of purely normal and educational in- 
 struction, since in the natural desire for the best, the broadest, and most 
 thorough work, such a growth was absolutely demanded. 
 
 It was felt that the example of such a work as ours should be given 
 not to local development only, but also to the world at large; that the 
 
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 7 
 
 best and surest way of spreading our ideas is by the training of 
 teachers; that the highest recognition a work can have is its educa- 
 tional influence and power. And so, while we have been elevating the 
 quality of our instruction in the Trade classes (as illustrated by the 
 day classes in carpentry, machine work, sewing, millinery, and dress- 
 making), we have also been organizing Normal classes for the training 
 of teachers (as in the Art, Domestic, Science, Kindergarten, and Music 
 Departments), and have been expanding and developing a model school 
 system from the Kindergarten through the High School, in our Froebel 
 Academy and High School. 
 
 A development, too, has come in our attitude ae certain lines 
 of work. The artistic, scientific, and technical bearing have been 
 studied and followed more thoroughly than the mere hand-and-eye 
 training, desirable and necessary as they are. ‘Ihe desire to teach the 
 meaning and relation of things has caused this growth. This change 
 is observed more especially in the Art Department, in the Department 
 of Science and Technology, and in the Domestic Science Department. 
 It has naturally meant a higher grade of students, a deeper interest, 
 and a more satisfactory result to both teachers and students. To ex- 
 press more clearly this growth in the idea of our work, we have changed 
 the names of some of our departments, viz: Technical High School, to 
 High School; Art, to Industrial and Fine Arts; Domestic Science, to 
 Domestic Art and Science; Phonography and Type-writing, to Com- 
 merce. 
 
 And these changes have been justified, not only by the tangible re- 
 sults of an increased attendance in all courses of study, but also by the 
 stronger and more earnest class of students, and better grade of work. 
 The educationist is looking to us for the solution of many a knotty 
 school problem. The social economist expects from us the answer to 
 many of his questions. The philanthropist is asking if he, too, cannot 
 in some way use his life and fortune as our Founder did. The world at 
 large is finding in our work a deeper meaning and significance, and 
 giving it a deeper respect and a more SUN and interested apprecia- 
 tion. 
 
 In attempting to review the record of the past year, I am reminded 
 of what was stated on last Founder’s Day as our purpose,—namely, to 
 prosecute the work along the lines already laid down. This we felt to 
 be safe. It has proved to be not only safe, but progressive and satis- 
 factory as well. Our annual growth, coming simply from the admis- 
 sion and instruction of the students who desired to take some of the 
 
8 Pee LLIN SLA L OLE, 
 
 courses already offered, has been very great, while the consequent de- 
 mand upon the physical and mental power of our directors and teachers 
 has been so severe that we have been somewhat fearful lest the work 
 should fail in symmetry and completeness. 
 
 Trustees and directors alike have desired to unify our work,—to 
 bring into some sequential relationship the courses of study and applied 
 work in all the various departments. To do this at all successfully 
 demanded a completeness not before secured in the programme of the 
 several departments, as well as in that of the Institute work as a com- 
 prehensive whole. . A ready response has been given by the public to 
 these enlarged, and in the main, advanced courses of instruction, so 
 that we can and do congratulate ourselves that in its natural develop- 
 ment the Institute has met success in creating an appreciation, and so 
 a demand for all of its courses of instruction. The additions to our 
 curriculum made with this in view, at the opening of the last school 
 year, have all proved helpful, and will hereafter be considered an 
 iutegral part of the same. 
 
 Growth and assimilation have been the main considerations during 
 the past year. They have shown themselves not so much in outward 
 form and changes of public note, as in the internal workings of the In- 
 stitute. Work of a more advanced grade has been offered, and a 
 higher standard of attainment has been demanded from the pupils. 
 Hardly fifty per cent. of those entering departments whose courses 
 cover a longer period than one year, have performed the required work. 
 This is due partly to inadequate preparation, and partly to lack of | 
 natural ability, or to a mistaken choice of a course of study. Certifi- 
 cates and diplomas have been more sparingly granted than heretofore. 
 A more discriminating classification has been made as between those 
 courses which are primarily educational, and those which are more es- 
 pecially designed to be practical. This has secured for each a more 
 complete and serviceable curriculum than was otherwise possible. It 
 has also tended to bring together students of kindred minds and equal 
 abilities,—an essential for successful teaching. 2 
 
 There has been, however, no diminution in attendance. On the 
 contrary, the total enrollment for the year ending June 30, 1892, was. 
 3,941, as against 3,232 for the year ending June 30, 1891. ‘This. 
 continuous increase in numbers has severely taxed our capacity and 
 equipment. Out of this condition have grown the questions: ‘‘ What 
 is to be the limit, and when can it be wisely fixed?”” That there is, of 
 necessity, a limit to our ability to provide accommodations for students, 
 
PRESIDEN TS. ADDRESS. ve 
 
 is clear. It is also growing equally clear that we can render the 
 greatest service — 
 
 1.—By continuing to do the dest possible work in whatever line 
 attempted. . 
 
 2.—By doing the most advanced work in certain departments rarely 
 found in other institutions. ; 
 
 3.—And especially by developing even more prominently our courses 
 of normal instruction. 
 
 As our available facilities for students become exhausted, we believe 
 that the appreciation of the same will become keener, producing a 
 greater influence upon the individual student, and through him upon 
 the community where he may do his work. 
 
 During my rambles in the mountainous Lake District of England, I 
 found in Keswick, where one would least look for it, an Industrial Art 
 School. On making inquiries I learned that the work was started, and 
 has since been chiefly directed, by one earnest woman of artistic taste 
 and training. The season of active employment of the people is limited 
 to a few summer months of tourist travel, leaving them for the larger 
 portion of the year with practically nothing to do; and it was primarily 
 to meet this condition of things.that the school was started. In read- 
 ing the few pages of printed matter referring to the opening of this 
 school, I was reminded again and again of the many side-lights and the 
 new purposes which came to our Founder in his untiring study of the 
 needs of the people, and how to supply them. 
 
 These are some of the stated aims and motives of the Keswick 
 school: ‘‘ To attempt, by putting good examples of living ornament 
 before the eyes of the workers, to call forth an appreciation of the 
 beauty of form and line, and so of thé fitness of decoration to surfaces 
 and materials, and so in time to awaken the sense of beauty within the 
 mind, and a feeling for good work, that so the mind and the hand 
 should choose the good and refuse the evil. . . To make it be felt that 
 hand-work did really allow the expression of a man’s soul and self, and 
 so was worth doing for its own sake. To do what we could to make the 
 dull life of the workman, in a dull little country place, on a dull win- 
 ter’s evening, more enjoyable and filled with more interest than, as 
 often is the case, can be supplied by the ‘crack over a friendly glass 
 at the Green Dragon.’ For as surely as the country-side is kept at its 
 deadly dullness for the laboring man on a winter evening, so surely 
 will the pith and marrow of our English rural life find its way up to 
 the bewildering freshness, its very life, in the flare and glare of our 
 
) we) PRATT INSTITUTE: 
 
 large towns. We believe that the great and the rich have not, and 
 were never meant to have, the monopoly of the sense of beauty and of 
 joy in form and color. The people of England, the poorest of the 
 poor, can be rich in this sense, and their lives can be fuller by reason 
 of it; so that the feet which now walk bruised through hideous squalor 
 to the grave, may walk happily and by sorte ways to the land where 
 the King, in his beauty, waits to greet them.’ 
 
 What a wholesome, helpful work is here outlined,—a work worthy of 
 any institution! But, as before intimated, Pratt Institute can best do 
 this work by doing it through the personal efforts and life of those who 
 have been students here. Whatever will better equip the individual 
 student for his special work, that our study has been to supply. Ina 
 word, our tendency is toward a larger opportunity for individual self- 
 development rather than toward the incomplete development of a 
 larger number of individuals. 
 
 We have had a great longing to see our Founder’s purpose and work 
 reproduced in many places. If this desire may not often be realized in 
 its entirety, it certainly may be, in part at least, in the system of edu- 
 cation it has sought to propagate, and in its method of work. What- 
 ever of value Pratt Institute has gained through the experience and 
 ability of its earnest workers, we desire the educational world to have; 
 and it may all be had for the asking. To see others appreciate this has 
 been a great encouragement tous. During the year there have come 
 almost innumerable inquiries, through personal visitation and by letter, 
 in regard to what we are doing in some special department. To these 
 we have gladly given our most thoughtful consideration. 
 
 That these results of our methods and work in all departments 
 might be made more generally available, and that a more intelligent in- 
 terest in art, science, and industrial training might be stimulated, we 
 have decided to publish the Pratt Institute Monthly, a magazine de- 
 voted not merely to the interests and history of Pratt Institute, but to 
 the whole field of educational work similar to our own. While the pub- 
 lication of this magazine has been placed in the hands of three members 
 of the Institute corps of workers, it is not expected that the subject 
 matter will be furnished solely by them. On the contrary, we hope to 
 secure the best thought of those devoting themselves to these general 
 ‘lines of work throughout the country. 
 
 For a long time we have realized the necessity of a new building to pro- 
 vide needed facilities and space. Our Art Department has been unable 
 to accommodate all the students who desired to enter, while there 
 
PRESIDENT’ S ADDRESS. Tl 
 
 has been no space for properly utilizing the contents of our Art 
 Museum, Pratt Institute Free Public Library now numbers 31,000 vol- 
 umes, with an enrollment of 17,687 numbers. Its reference department 
 and circulating library have so grown in favor as to demand for the | 
 proper care of those seeking information from it more room than we 
 can give to them in this building. The various classes in cataloguing, 
 library training, and literature should receive larger accommodations. 
 The peculiar construction of this main building, so happy and adaptable 
 in many respects, could not give us an auditorium and lecture hall 
 suited to our requirements. | 
 
 The plans for such a building as will properly supply these needs 
 have been under study for more than two years. The best types in 
 Europe and in this country have been personally examined, while the 
 latest teachiugs of our own experience have had a controlling influence 
 in determining details. We can hardly expect that the building will be 
 perfect, but we are confident that it will not fail for lack of thoughtful 
 planning. This new structure, to be known as the Art Building, will be 
 begun this autumn, and completed within, at most, eighteen months. 
 It will be placed in the open area to the west, with a front on Ryerson 
 Street of 135 feet, and a depth running through to Hall Street of 160 
 feet. There will be three full stories above the basement on the south, 
 east and north sides, which will practically surround the portion con- 
 taining the Auditorium and Art Museums. The basement will be util- 
 ized by the Library and its classes, for theoretical and practical work. 
 On the main floor will be located the Circulating and Reference Libra 
 ries, the Reading-room,and the Auditorium. The second and third floors 
 will be devoted entirely to the Art Museums and Art Department, and 
 will provide rooms especially adapted for the work of that department. 
 
 The exterior of the building will be in the Renaissance style of 
 architecture, with the aim to render it effective ez masse, and by its 
 general lines, rather than by details of ornamentation. The construc- 
 tion will be fireproof throughout, and will include electric lighting, 
 steam-heating, elevator service, and as perfect ventilation as cam possi- 
 bly be introduced, 
 
 To this building, when completed, will be transferred our entire 
 Art Department, Free Public Libraries, and Reading Room, thus not 
 only accommodating every existing need, but anticipating future 
 growth to a considerable extent. The rooms to be left vacant in this 
 building are even now required by our Domestic Science and Commerce 
 Departments, and will be utilized by them. 
 
I2 PRATT INSTILUTE. 
 
 What has just been stated can hardly be said to comprise the record 
 of the year’s work. With nine heads of departments, and 120 teachers, 
 a vaster work has been done than time now permits me to describe. A 
 very fair statement of the case will be presented in the annual reports 
 of the Secretary and the Directors. These will in due course appear in 
 print, and are commended to your thoughtful perusal. As already 
 noted, there has been an increase this year over last in the numbers of 
 our students, and so an increase in our receipts from tuition.. But 
 along with this fact has come its necessary consequence—an increase 
 in the number of our teachers, and in the amount of our pay-roll and 
 expense account. The latter increase has been greater than the 
 former. Beyond this fact, there is nothing of special interest for me to 
 report as to our financial condition. 
 
 We enter upon the new year with confidence and courage, for we 
 believe that Pratt Institute has a stronger body of teachers than ever 
 before in its history, and that through their devotion to our Founder 
 and to the trust he has committed to us, there is every hope of success. 
 
SECRETARY’S REPORT. 
 
 aj Das fifth year of work of Pratt Institute closed June 30, 1892, 
 
 with an enrollment of 3,941 individual students, Five years ago 
 next October the first class was organized, with twelve students. Five 
 years of hard, persistent, honest work for students, teachers, directors, 
 and trustees, is the record of to-day. Few institutions, I feel, have 
 struggled harder, accomplished so much, or made a stronger reputation, 
 in the same length of time; and the results have justified ali the 
 expenditure of time, thought, and money. The problems before the 
 Institute have in almost every case been new ones, requiring special 
 and thoughtful consideration. They have been answered to the best 
 of our ability; and we are looking forward to the next five years with 
 as much anticipation and interest in our work as we did in October, 
 1887. ; 
 The future, however, will present a different problem. To a very 
 large extent, the lines of work have been laid down, and with the ex- 
 ception of a few additional studies to complete certain departments, 
 our work will no doubt be that of the development of existing plans, 
 rather than the inception of new. 
 
 The work of the past year has been the greatest in the Institute’s 
 history, showing a larger number of students and teachers, more 
 classes, a higher quality of work and grade of pupils, and a larger 
 expenditure of funds. 
 
 The enrollment of the year, by departments, has been as follows: 
 
 REGISTRATION, 1891-92. 
 
 DAY. EVENING. TOTAL 
 DEPARTMENTS, | = 
 
 MEN. |WOMEN|TOTAL.|| MEN. WOMEN| TOTAL. || DAY & 
 Baigts Seno! vee ee 3 BR ety, go 64.) 2844 fy We: ag 144 
 Industrial and Fine Arts ......... 122 437 559 S15, aS 333 892 
 Domestic-Art and Science......... = eec4 £388.1-1388 petal ty Soe 552 || 1940 
 Science and Technology.......... 80 APL 80 24 2 hte tet 232 ae 
 Conwnertes ior sie ‘ae pee ; 126 133 TOO: bs 1827 293 426 
 BASES ere ave pe Fate aN ee es 8 3 Balle OO 100 | 144 244 333 
 EPDTAL Yeap ta ie cae ke alerntaea oe se te « I nS ie 5 a par eae ere fas 43 
 308 | 2128 | 2436 || 813 | 841 | 1654 || 4ogo 
 
I4 PRAP TIN ST Tide 1. 
 
 The registration of students by residents, has been as follows: 
 
 Brooklyn, . 3 : 3 3;519 Wisconsin, . : 3 
 Long Island, ' ; ; 129 New Hampshire, 2 
 New York City, . : : . 86 Pennsylvania, 2 
 New Jersey, : : : * 78 WLexice, i 2 
 New York State, . : - 45 British America, . I 
 Massachusetts, 14 District of Columbia, . I 
 Connecticut, 12 Georgia, : I 
 Illinois, g Hawaiian Islands, I 
 South America, g Michigan, I 
 Iowa, 4 Missouri, I 
 Maine, 4 West Indies, I 
 Minnesota, 4 West Virginia, I 
 Ohio, . ey 
 
 Rhode Island, 4 TOTAL, 3,941 
 Vermont, 3.4 
 
 The number of teachers in each department, has been as follows: 
 
 High School, ; : 23 Music, ; : : : : ee 
 Industrial and Fine Arts, : 19 Commerce, ; : : ede 
 Domestic Art, . : : : 20 Library, . " : . te 4 
 Domestic Science, : : 
 Science and Technology, ; 19 ‘LOTTA, ; : 4 7 ee 
 Kindergarten, ; : : 6 
 
 GENERAL. 
 
 CONSTRUCTION.—During the year the High School building was 
 erected, and completed for occupancy by January 1, 1892. Plans have 
 also been constantly studied for the new building, and at this date de- 
 tails are being worked out by the architect, W. B. Tubby. ‘There have 
 also been minor changes in the building as to offices, class-rooms, etc., 
 caused by the removal of the High School to its own building, and the 
 general changes ensuing. 
 
 The grounds of the Institute, both front and rear, have been in use 
 this year more constantly than ever before. © In the rear, in addition to 
 the tennis grounds, athletic fields have been laid out, containing base- 
 ball and foot-ball grounds, running-tracks, etc. 
 
 EQUIPMENT.—Material of all sorts has been added to each of the 
 departments during the year. Over go per cent. has been on ac- 
 count of the increase in classes, and the higher grade of work. The 
 remainder has been given to replace worn-out material and appli- 
 ances. ‘The Museum alone has remained almost unchanged as to 
 
NHCK ELAR Y  SiRLLORT, 15 
 
 equipment. Though it has been much used by the students, little sys- 
 tematic attempt has been made to add to its materials. 
 
 Orrice.—In order to keep pace with the greatly increased demands, 
 and to lighten the duties of the Directors, several extra stenographers 
 and clerical assistants have been employed. These, together with the 
 force of the general office, which has been materially strengthened 
 during the year by the addition of Miss Bird as Registrar, constitute 
 an important factor in the work of the Institute. 
 
 SHops.—In the shops, also, there has been needed for construction 
 and general repairs a large extra force. As will be seen from the 
 financial report, a very large amount of constructive work for the vari- 
 ous departments has been done in the shops. In the heating and 
 lighting of a plant so large as ours, it has been necessary to employ a 
 number of men for repairs alone. To relieve and supplement our 
 lighting-plant, in case of accident, the Edison system of electric light- 
 ing was connected with our own plant during October last, and at vari- 
 ous times proved a valuable adjunct. 
 
 CarE OF BuiLpInGcs.—The janitor force has, as previously, been 
 under Mr. Black’s charge, and has done its work efficiently. The only 
 drawback has been the lack of proper store-rooms. 
 
 The lunch-room has been carried on more successfully this year 
 than ever before. 
 
 The occasions of special interest during the year have been: 
 
 I.—The celebration of Founder’s Day. This event, so significant 
 in that it was the first at which the founder has not been present, was 
 celebrated in the Assembly Hall, on the morning of October 2d, 1891, 
 before the assembled students and a few specially invited guests. 
 Prayer was offered by Dr. John Humpstone. The opening remarks 
 were made by the Secretary, and the address by Mr. C. M. Pratt. 
 
 II,—The invitation given on October 13, 1891, to nine gentlemen 
 to be of such assistance to us, the Trustees, as might be in their power, 
 should occasion call for their counsel. A favorable answer was made 
 by all. Following is a list of the members of the Associate Council 
 thus constituted: 
 
 The Rev. John Humpstone, 291 Ryerson Street, Brooklyn. 
 
 The Rey. Charles H. Hall, 157 Montague Street, Brooklyn. 
 
 Mr. Frank L. Babbott, 149 Lincoln Place, Brooklyn. 
 
 The Hon. William J. Coombs, 63 South Portland Avenue, Brooklyn. 
 
 Mr. Charles O. Gates, 100 Greene Avenue, Brooklyn. 
 
 Mr. John Gibb, 218 Gates Avenue, Brooklyn. 
 
16 PRATT INSTITOLE: 
 
 Mr. Robert J. Kimball, 436 Clinton Avenue, Brooklyn. 
 
 Mr. Hayden W. Wheeler, 274 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn. 
 
 Mr. William A. White, 158 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn. 
 
 III.—The issuing of 5,000 copies of the Annual Record, January 1, 
 1892, containing the report of the preceding year. 
 
 1V.—The meeting of the National Department of Superintendence 
 at the Institute, Wednesday evening, February 18, 1892, and a general 
 Inspection of the Institute and its nak by the Department. 
 
 V.—Three public lecture courses held on Monday, Wednesday, and - 
 Friday afternoons, under the respective auspices of the Kindergarten, 
 Domestic Art. and Science, and Industrial and Fine Art Departments. 
 These lectures, though given in the afternoons, were largely attended. 
 It is expected to give similar courses during the coming year. 
 
 VI.—Graduation exercises of the Department of Industrial and 
 Fine Arts, on June 16, 1892; and of the High School on June 1g. At 
 the former 17 certificates and 38 diplomas were given, and at the latter 
 17 diplomas, 15 to boys and 2 to girls. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL WORK. 
 
 DEPARTMENTS.—The work of the departments has been pursued 
 on the lines laid out, with few exceptions. 
 
 In the High School, Mr. W. O. Pratt, the Director since the organi- 
 zation of the department, resigned March 1, 1892. A general break- 
 ing down in health, and a desire for a complete change of work, were 
 the reasons given. On April 25, Mr. W. A. McAndrew, formerly of 
 Chicago, and recently of St. Paul, was elected to fill his place. The 
 change in the directorship of the department, coming in the middle of 
 the school year, the removal in January to the new building, and the 
 severe illness of two of the instructors, have seriously interfered with 
 the good work of the department. There has been several resigna- 
 tions of important positions, but all places have been satisfactorily 
 filled for the coming year. 
 
 In the Art Department, the work of the year has surpassed that of 
 any previous year, both as to quality and quantity. The majority of | 
 the teachers will return next year, the only changes being the substitu- 
 tion of Mr. Van Ingen for Mr. Sargent (resigned), as instructor in the 
 High School drawing, and the election of Mr. Griffiths as instructor 
 in drawing as applied to architectural designs. The work of the day 
 classes in architectural and mechanical drawing, organized at the 
 
* SECRETARY'S REPORT. 17 
 
 beginning of the year, has been exceptionally good. The Fine Art 
 work of the department also deserves mention. Much attention has 
 also been given by the Director to the planning of the studios, class- 
 rooms, and museum of the new building. 
 
 As was recommended a year ago, the work of the Department of 
 Domestic Science was divided in responsibility between Miss Sackett 
 and Miss Conro. This year it was thought wise to define still further 
 the two sides of the work by calling the department that of Domestic 
 Art and Science; the former to include all the arts pertaining to dress, 
 and the adornment of the human body, and the latter all the scientific 
 work relating to household affairs, care of the home, etc. 
 
 The greatest development has been the introduction of physical 
 culture into the Art division, and the enlargement of the Normal 
 Cooking course into the Normal Domestic Science course. ‘This latter 
 course has placed the work of the department upon the highest plane 
 yet reached in the country. .It marks a new era of growth in cooking- 
 schools. The course includes not only practical work in cookery, 
 laundry-work, and sewing, but also the study of chemistry, physics, 
 bacteriology, household economics, and German. <A number of classes 
 in cooking and sewing were carried on at the Astral during the winter 
 months, but the results were hardly such as to warrant us in enlarging 
 that work. 
 
 The Department of Science and Technology (formerly the Depart- 
 ment of Mechanic Arts) has enlarged its course of instruction to em- 
 brace algebra and physics in the evening. A great development has 
 also been noticed in the day and evening trade classes. In the former, 
 the results from the thorough training of apprentices have been very 
 marked. The special features of the evening work have been the 
 cooperation of the Journeymen Plumbers’ Association and our own 
 plumbing classes. ‘This is, so far as we know, the first recognition of 
 the trade-schools classes by that body in any city, and marks an era in 
 the history of trade-schools. ‘This, together with the cooperation of 
 the Master Painters’ Association, in the painting and fresco classes, 
 has led us to give special attention to these two classes. The lack of 
 interest taken in the bricklaying and plastering classes, and the pecu- 
 liar conditions underlying the work in itself, has led us to abandon 
 these classes. Inasmuch as so little has been done in the country in 
 science and technology in any schools aside from those of engineering, 
 and as other places are taking up the elementary work, we have thought 
 it wise to enlarge the scientific and technical side of our work. The 
 
18 PRAT UIN STALLS # 
 
 value of such instruction cannot be doubted, and the experience 
 of English and Continental schools leads us to look for a large number 
 of good pupils. 
 
 The Music Department has had its quarters for the last two years 
 in the Studio Building, Vanderbilt Avenue. The Department has suf- 
 fered much by this separation, but it has no doubt gained much in en- 
 larged quarters, and quiet. The work of the department has been suc- 
 cessful, though it has not shown that great development and growth 
 which was expected. 
 
 The Department of Commerce has also been holding its own, and 
 doing a valuable work, though it is not yet in scope what the Director 
 could wish. The possibilities of a high-grade commercial school in this 
 country are great, and I believe that when the new building is com- 
 pleted we shall do well to consider the advisability of taking up this 
 subject. 
 
 Though the Kindergarten Department has existed more in name 
 than in deed this last year, it has been a vital factor in the Brooklyn Free 
 Kindergarten Association. Much thought, time, and energy have been 
 given by the Director of the department and the Secretary of the Insti- 
 tute to the development of the work, and by means of the lecture 
 courses some degree of public interest and enthusiasm has been 
 aroused. The coming year will see the inception of a regularly organ- 
 ized department under Miss Mowry, as Director, and Miss A. E, Fitts, 
 formerly of the Chicago Kindergarten College, as assistant. 
 
 The Library has shown the same remarkable growth during the past 
 year as in previous years. The circulation has amounted to 173,000 
 volumes, and the work of the reference department, reading room, 
 and classes, has been proportionally large. In the class work it was 
 thought wise to extend the course to three terms instead of two, as 
 heretofore; also to add to the staff of both Library and School an As- 
 sistant Librarian to take charge of the advanced work in the Reference 
 Department, and to give the lectures in Literature. Miss M. L. Avery, 
 a graduate of Vassar College, has been engaged. 
 
 The Froebel Academy has been carrying on its work in the old 
 quarters. It was expected that the new building would be erected 
 during the summer of 1892, but it was finally deemed unwise to attempt 
 it for the present. The attendance has been larger than in any previ- 
 ous year. 
 
 The Thrift also, with Mr. Gibson as Assistant Manager, has been 
 more systematically and thoroughly developed than in previous years. 
 
SECRETARY’S REPORT. toy 
 
 It was expected to carry on the work in Agriculture this summer as 
 heretofore; but the students, on account of charges for tuition and 
 board, failed to appear, and the department was dropped. This isa 
 sad ending to a work which promised to be so successful, and which 
 was a source of so much RigsuTay to the founder; but there seemed to 
 be no other solution, 
 
 Facutty MEETINGS.—Faculty meetings have been duly held during 
 the entire school year. All matters affecting the different departments 
 which concerned the Institute policy as a whole, have been discussed 
 by the Faculty. The publication of the catalogues, the World’s Fair 
 Exhibit, the granting of diplomas, and similar questions have been con- 
 sidered. 
 
 The Trustee Meetings have also been held regularly, and though 
 without that formality which characterizes larger JERS the records 
 have been acted on and filed. 
 
HIGH SCHOOL. 
 
 hee school year ending June 18, 1892, was remarkable as one in 
 which much good work was accomplished in the face of serious 
 disadvantage; and it is also to be remembered as one in which the 
 High School came into possession of richer facilities than it had hitherto 
 enjoyed. Chief among the disadvantages was Mr. William O. Pratt’s 
 regretted resignation, which deprived the school of an honored and effi- 
 cient director. A loss such as this was of course felt deeply by both 
 teachers and students. Following upon this came the illness and conse- 
 quent withdrawal, on leave of absence, of a most important member of 
 the staff. Praise is certainly due to the teachers who, in despite of 
 these obstacles, brought the school through the year, keeping the class- 
 room exercises up to a high level of honest, thorough work. It is 
 believed, also, that the discipline of the school has been, during the 
 year, quite as good as in the past. The new High School building may 
 not be perfect in all its details, but it is a great improvement on the old 
 quarters, and should give an impetus to the growth of the school. 
 
 The largely increased attendance of the year seems to indicate that 
 the school is growing in the appreciation of the public. As heretofore, 
 the curriculum has been molded on such lines as would secure substan- 
 tial pre-collegiate education,—such a training of all the faculties as 
 would fit the student for effective living. 
 
 The year’s work has been, as before, comprehended in five depart- 
 ments,—language and literature, science; mathematics, drawing, and 
 manual work. 
 
 LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, ETC.—LZuglish.—In the English work, 
 special effort has been made to insure to the students a review of im- 
 portant facts in the grammatical structure of the sentence. The rhetor- 
 ical treatment of the sentence has been constantly illustrated by class- 
 room practice in composition. Critical reading in class of standard 
 selections has been a frequent exercise. Derivation has received an 
 unusual amount of attention. The whole work has been along the line 
 of sound theory, made concrete in practice. 
 
 Literature.—The field of literature, in its historical relation, has 
 been freely illustrated by charts. The philosophy of the subject has 
 
HIGH SCHOOL.: 21 
 
 also been graphically represented. Essays on literary subjects were 
 occasionally required from the students. As close a critical reading of 
 Chaucer, Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, and other classic English authors, 
 was made as time and the maturity of the class would allow. The prin- 
 ‘ciple kept constantly in view was this; to lead the student into contact 
 with the mind of the author, and not to make the study philological or 
 rhetorical, save as these phases of criticism were useful to that end. 
 
 Elocution.—The usual good work in Elocution has been done,—a 
 work limited in its efficiency only by the brief periods allotted to it. 
 The members of the Senior Class received individual rehearsals, the ex- 
 ercises with the other students being conducted in the various class- 
 rooms. 
 
 fTistory.—It is believed that the year’s work in history has been 
 most thoroughand profitable. A much greater use of collateral reading 
 has given gratifying results. As usual, the fall and winter terms were 
 devoted to general history, and the spring term to English history. 
 
 Latin.—The second-year work in Latin has included thorough 
 grammatical drill, constant attention to English derivatives from the 
 Latin, and various exercises for testing the students’ grasp of the in- 
 flections, and of the structure of the sentence. Sight-reading has been 
 a frequent exercise, and the class have also been required to translate, 
 from hearing, Latin read to them by the instructor. The class in 
 Ceesar have read the first three books, and have been taught to regard 
 the test, not merely as means of practice in reading, but also as a study 
 of an historical and classical piece of literature. 
 
 Frrench.—In the Senior Class, French is studied by those who prefer 
 it to Latin. The effort during the past year has been to give a thorough 
 grounding in the essentials of grammar, accustoming the student’s ear 
 at the same time to the sound of the language, and encouraging him 
 constantly to engage in oral and written composition. As much practice 
 in reading has been given as time would permit. ) 
 
 Civil Government. Political Economy.—The work of Civil Govern- 
 ment has been made most interesting and profitable. Various devices 
 have been used to overcome the disadvantage of the very brief time de- 
 voted to the subject. Note-books have been kept; essays have been 
 written, and read and discussed in class. Collateral reading has been 
 successfully employed. 
 
 In Political Economy, the topics of study have been: (1) definitions 
 of wealth; (2) distinction between wealth and capital; (3) agents requi- 
 site in production; (4) the peculiar social laws affecting land, labor, 
 
a2 PRATL IN STITC GF; 
 
 capital and ability, and the inviolability and uniformity of these laws; 
 (5) the natures of market value and price; (6) history of the medium 
 of exchange; (7) laws of supply and demand; (8) banking functions in 
 relation to credit and cash; (9) wherein ethics affects the economics of 
 exchange. . 
 
 It is hoped that the above exhibit will be felt to confirm the asser- 
 tions put forward at the beginning of this report. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND FINE ARTS. 
 
 S heretofore, the work of the Art Department for the school year 
 ending June 24, 1892, has been carried on in three distinct divi- 
 sions, each division composed of a number of classes, and each class 
 pursuing different lines of study. The students who have been mem- 
 bers of the morning classes have given every day to study, and many 
 have also been members of afternoon and evening classes. The after- 
 noon classes have been composed of those students who have been able 
 to give but three afternoons each week, and who have not the time to 
 follow a course of study as complete as that laid down in the catalogue. 
 The evening classes have been composed of those students who, being 
 at work during the day, have been able to devote only their evenings to 
 study. They have been present at the Institute three nights each 
 week, for six months. 
 
 To nearly all the morning classes applicants were admitted only at 
 the beginning of the September term. ‘Those wishing to enter the regu- 
 lar Art class, the Normal Art class, and the class in Design, were re- 
 quired to pass an examination in outline drawing from memory, from 
 large blackboard charts; and from simple casts and models. Those 
 who applied for architectural and mechanical drawing were also obliged 
 to pass an additional examination in mathematics, spelling, and English 
 composition. In January and April a small number were allowed to 
 enter the classes in applied design, wood-carving, and art needlework. 
 To the elementary class of the afternoon division, students were ad 
 mitted at the beginning of each term; but to the evening classes, which 
 closed in March, only a limited number were admitted in January. 
 
 The enrollment for the various classes for the year has been as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 MORNING AFTERN’N EVENING WoTas 
 CLASSES, CLASSES. CLASSES. 
 Regular art, . 5 118 184 82 384 
 Normal art, : 2 ; Sb: 39 — 95 
 Clay-modeling, ; ; ; 28 — SI 59 
 Applied design, : ; : 70 56 44 170 
 Architectural drawing, : : 33 — 95 128 
 Mechanical drawing, : ; 19 —— 103 122 
 Wood carving, é : ; 8 24 | a: 46 
 Art needlework, . ; ‘ 19 26 oe 45 
 351 329 369 1,049 
 Total number of individuals, ‘ APecan (8. 
 Number of individuals enrolled from cities other than Brooklyn, . eh pay oy) 
 
 Number of States represented, . : : : , . 21 
 
24 Pd te MN ad EO eae 
 
 Number of classes represented in the Art Department: 
 
 Life classes, . é ; : . 7 Architectural drawing, . " Ban: * 
 Normal art class, 2 Wood-carving, : : ; ae) 
 Cast drawing, ; A . § Clay-modeling, 7 wists wee 
 Gators. 5: ; : ; F . 4 Art needlework, az 
 Design, 4 Children’s class, . ; : I 
 Sketching, . : ‘ : os — 
 Mechanicai drawing, 5 Total number of classes, . - 44 
 
 The work of the students in the various courses of study is as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 NormMAL ArT Ciass.—The work of the Normal Art Class has been 
 carried on in three distinct divisions. One has taken the regular work 
 of the first-year class; another, that of the second-year class: and the 
 third—its members caming from a distance and living in the city at an 
 expense of about $500 a year—has done double work in the endeavor 
 to cover as much of the entire course as possible in one year’s time. 
 These last named students have attended the morning session five days 
 of each week, the afternoon session two days, and the evening session 
 three evenings, the evenings alternating with the afternoons. The first- 
 year division spent three mornings each week on cast-drawing; one 
 morning on free-hand perspective and sketching, and one morning on 
 instrumental drawing. The second-year division spent the entire first 
 term on cast-drawing and clay-modeling, and the second and third 
 terms on cast-drawing, water-color, and sketching. The students who 
 did extra work spent two afternoons on applied design, and three even- 
 ings on clay-modeling. Such was their progress in the latter subject, 
 that during one term a large class modeled the head from life. In ad- 
 dition to the work named, much time throughout the year has been 
 given to methods of teaching; and teaching exercises before the class. 
 have been given by the students. 
 
 Of the 56 students in the Nurmal Art Class, 44 were from other 
 cities and States, the majority being from the West. These students 
 were not ordinary high-school graduates, but adults who in almost 
 every case had had much experience in drawing or in teaching before 
 application for the special training of the Normal Art course. It is 
 distinctly stated in the catalogue that all applicants for this course 
 must be of a mature mind, must have good health, good general educa- 
 tion, and good technical ability, and must also possess a love and an 
 aptitude for teaching. 
 
 REGULAR ART CouRsE.—The work of this course has been carried 
 
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND FINE ARTS. 25 
 
 onin many divisions. That of the morning has been divided into first, 
 second, third and fourth years. ‘The first-year students have spent 
 three days weekly on cast-drawing, one day on free-hand perspective 
 and sketching, and one day on. decorative work. The second-year 
 students have spent their time on cast-drawing, and, as soon as they 
 have shown the requisite ability, have been admitted to the life class, 
 drawing from the head. It is the aim of the course to introduce as 
 much life work as possible, and many students have been advanced ‘to 
 this clase after one year’s preparation at the Institute. Drawing from 
 the head in connection with drawing from the full-length figure, is fol- 
 lowed the third and fourth years. Students of the advanced classes 
 work both morning and afternoon, drawing from life in the morning, 
 and painting from the head in the afternoon. In connection with this 
 work lectures have been given on anatomy, costume and composition. 
 From the beginning of the first year students are required to hand in 
 one sketch each week. At first this may be a simple group of still-life, 
 a corner of a room, a detail of a building, etc.; but in the second year 
 the draped figure is included.- During the third and fourth years com- 
 position is emphasized, and special subjects are assigned. Students 
 have also been allowed to take such work in clay-modeling as would 
 help them in determining the pose and action of the figure. 
 
 Four afternoon classes and four evening classes, pursuing similar 
 but abridged courses, have been carried on throughout the year. Alto- 
 gether there have been 7 life classes, 3 drawing and painting the 
 head from life, 3 working from the figure, and one class modeling 
 from life. 
 
 TECHNICAL Desicn.—The work in Design has been carried on in five 
 divisions. The morning classes have been formed of first-, second-, and 
 third-year students who, following the course of study outlined in the 
 catalogue, have originated designs for tiles, book-covers, wall-papers, 
 rugs, carpets, etc. Students of the advanced class have sold designs 
 to the aggregate amount of nearly $1,000. In addition to the regular 
 study of design, morning students are required to spend one day each 
 week the first year in drawing from the cast, and one day each week 
 the second and third years, painting in water color. 
 
 The afternoon classes have accommodated students who wished to 
 study the elementary principles of design, but had no time for tech- 
 nical methods. Nearly all students of the Normal class have taken ad- 
 vantage of the afternoon classes, in order to cover the work in design 
 required in the Normal Art course of study. The evening classes were 
 
26 PRAT LOOINSTITUITEL: 
 
 formed of students who desired to study design as related to 
 some particular line of work in which they were engaged during 
 the day. ; 
 
 Ciay-MopeEiinc.—The work in Clay-Modeling has also been carried 
 on in several divisions, Students of the Normal art class have modeled 
 from casts of ornament in relief, and from casts of figure in the round, 
 and the most proficient have modeled the head from life. Many stu- 
 dents of the Regular art course have supplemented their work in draw- 
 ing from the cast, and from life, by modeling the figure in the round, 
 The elementary classes were composed of students from the wood-carv- 
 ing class, and from the first- and second-year Art classes. The evening 
 classes were composed of Normal art students, and of artisans, who 
 have modeled from cast and from life. 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL Drawinc.— With the school year 1891-92, a 
 change was made in the Architectural course of study. .Attendance has 
 been required at both morning and afternoon sessions, the students _ 
 spending the morning hours in drawing and in text-book work, and de- . 
 voting the afternoons to mathematics, shop work, exercises in the test- 
 ing laboratories, lectures on plumbing, etc. Owing to the number of 
 applications, admission was limited to those passing most creditably the 
 entrance examination. 
 
 The first-year students have drawn plans, elevations, and details of 
 houses of wood and brick construction. They have taken much work 
 in free-hand and instrumental perspective, intersection of solids, and 
 projection of shadows. Much attention has been given to pen and 
 pencil sketching, to the elementary principles of design, to building 
 construction, to historic ornament, and to the architectural styles. 
 Text-book work has been required in mathematics, building superin- 
 tendence, strength of materials, and the history of architecture. Stu- 
 dents of the second-year class have devoted one day each week to 
 water-color drawing. : 
 
 The evening classes enrolled 85 students in September. The at- 
 tendance continued so large that it was impossible to admit additional 
 students the second term, beginning January 4. The work of the 
 evening classes covers a course of two to four years. It is similar to 
 that of the day classes, but is necessarily abridged. Students are not 
 limited to instrumental drawing, but may take free-hand drawing, de- 
 sign, and color. 
 
 MECHANICAL Drawinc.—A change similar to that mentioned in 
 the report on Architectural Drawing was made in the work of the classes 
 
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND FINE ARTS. 27 
 
 pursuing the course in Mechanical Drawing, and the students have 
 -been required to attend both morning and afternoon sessions. 
 
 The entering students made a series of preparatory working draw- 
 ings, then draughted simple machine details from models. Afterward 
 ‘they studied the development of surfaces and intersection of solids and 
 complicated machine details. The class lessons on the metallurgy of 
 iron and steel have been illustrated by charts, photographs, and speci- 
 ‘mens from important plants throughout the country. The museum and 
 ‘reference library have also been in constant use. Much interest in the 
 ‘subject has been manifested and maintained. 
 
 The second-year students have satisfactorily carried on their work 
 an belting, cams, gearing, steam-engine and boiler details; have 
 sketched, measured, and draughted the largest pieces of machinery in 
 the Institute shops, and have completed the subject of slow-burning 
 machine-shop construction. The course of study is so planned that 
 drawing, mathematics, technical work, etc., are combined to produce a 
 ‘thorough all-round course in mechanical drawing. ‘The mornings are 
 given to drawing and metallurgy; the afternoons to mathematics, and to 
 ‘theoretical work and practice in the shops and testing laboratories. 
 
 The evening classes carried out a more extended course than in 
 former years. Although it cannot compare with that presented in the 
 day program, yet, to students, draughtsmen, and mechanics otherwise 
 eemployed during the day, it has furnished opportunity to acquire 
 a fairly thorough knowledge of mechanical drawing. By working three 
 “venings in the draughting class, and giving other evenings to the study 
 -of mathematics, steam, and mechanism, some of the evening students 
 have been able to cover a large portion of the regular course planned 
 ‘for day students. 
 
 Woop-Carvinc.—The students of the morning class have spent 
 3 mornings each week in wood-carving, and 2 mornings in drawing and 
 -clay-modeling. Students have carved panels, boxes, frames, easels, 
 furniture, etc.; they have attended the lectures on historic ornament, 
 and have given much time to original design in its direct relation to 
 carving. The afternoon class contained many Normal pupils who 
 took -wood-carving as an optional study. The evening class was larger 
 and more regular in attendance than in other years, and far better work 
 was done. Frames, photographs, book-racks, bread-boards, panels, 
 etc., were carved; and, though but little time could be given to design, 
 ‘because the evening sessions were so short, most of the students 
 «<lrew their own designs outside of class hours. After the close of the 
 
28 PRALL INS TPL 
 
 evening classes in March, many students continued to work at home,. 
 and brought specimens to the school, showing that their interest in the 
 subject had not ended with the term. 
 
 ART-NEEDLEWORK.—There have been two classes in this course,. 
 one attending 5 mornings each week, and the other 2 afternoons. In 
 addition to their art-needlework, all. students of the morning class 
 have spent 2 mornings on free-hand drawing and design. The ad-. 
 vanced students have attended illustrated lectures upon the form and 
 proportions of the human figure, and many sketches have been required’ 
 to illustrate the same. The work of the afternoon class has been simi- 
 lar to that of the morning, but of necessity abridged. » 
 
 Many designs for monograms, table-covers, curtains, etc., have 
 been furnished the public by the professional designer engaged in the: 
 department, and many orders have been received for college and society” 
 banners. | 
 
 Hi1GH SCHOOL CLassEs.—All the pupils in the High School have re-- 
 ceived instruction in drawing in the Art Department, and the girls. 
 have also taken wood-carving. ‘The course in drawing covers 3 years, 
 requiring 5 lessons every week. During the first term the first-year 
 pupils made free-hand and instrumental working drawings of commom 
 objects, and of such pieces of construction as are included in the shop- 
 work course. The second term was devoted largely to instrumental: 
 drawing, and the third to free-hand perspective, cast-drawing, and de-— 
 sign. The second-year students devoted the first term to lectures and. 
 work on historic ornament, and the next, to architectural drawing; and. 
 during the third term the girls studied pen-and-ink drawing, and the 
 boys mechanical drawing. The boys in the third-year class gave the 
 entire year to mechanical drawing and.to the study of mechanism, while: 
 the girls gave all their time to pen-and-ink sketching. 
 
 LectTurEs.—A series of Free Lectures was organized February 19,. 
 
 continuing on successive Friday afternoons from 4 to 5 o'clock. The 
 lectures were given by varions persons connected with the Institute or 
 other schools, and the subjects were chosen with special reference to» 
 the work of the Department of Industrial and Fine Arts. The atten— 
 dance was very good throughout the course. The subjects of the lect— 
 ures were as follows: 
 ‘*'The Relation of Art to Nature,”’ 
 Mr. CHARLES H. AmEs, Boston, Mass. 
 
 ‘How to meet the Needs of the Regular Grade Teachers.” 
 
 Miss STELLA SKINNER, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 ~ 
 
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND FINE ARTS. 29 
 
 ‘* An Ideal Pupil.” 
 Pror. JoHN F. WoopHuL., New York. 
 
 **What should be the Purpose of Art Education in the Public Schools.” 
 Mrs. Mary Dawa Hicks, Boston, Mass. 
 ‘« History of Costume.” | 
 Mrs. 5. H. Apams, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 ‘« Suggestions regarding the Study of Color.”’ 
 Mrs. Mary Dana Hicks, Boston, Mass, 
 
 ‘* Manual Training for Grammar Grades.”’ 
 Mr, CHARLES W. Eaton, Pratt Institute. 
 
 ‘Wood, and its Use as a Material in Construction.”’ 
 Mr. WittiamM E. Drake, Pratt Institute. 
 
 EMPLOYMENT.—Of the students of the Normal class who left the 
 Institute in June, 1890, 17 secured positions as teachers of drawing, 
 and of the two classes of 1891 and 1892, 45 obtained positions. These 
 persons are scattered throughout the country, many being in Normal 
 schools in the East and West, and others acting as supervisors of draw- 
 ing in the public schools of various towns and cities. 
 
 The students of the class of 1892, are located as follows, and with 
 the exception of those in Providence, South Bethlehem, Washington, 
 and Minneapolis, all are acting as supervisors of drawing in the public 
 schools: 
 
 New Bedford, Mass.; Newton, Mass.; Providence, R. I.; Trenton, 
 Nw )>s-binehamton, N, Y.; Altoona, Penn., South Bethlehem, Penn. ; 
 Warren, Penn.; Wilkes: Barré, Penn.; Washington, D. C.; Joliet, Ill. ; 
 Quincy, Ill.; Princeton, Ill.; Springfield, Ill.; Ottumwa, Ia.; circuit 
 supervision, by 2 students in 8 towns of Iowa; East Saginaw, Mich. ; 
 Minneapolis, Minn.; La Crosse, Wis.; Madison, Wis.; South Omaha, 
 Neb. 
 
 Students of the architectural and mechanical classes have received 
 employment as draughtsmen, and members of the classes in design 
 have received employment for whole or part time. Students from other 
 classes have done work in drawing, wood-carving, etc., receiving 
 remuneration that has enabled them to pursue their studies much 
 farther than would otherwise have been possible. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC ART AND SCIENCE. 
 DOMESTIC ART. 
 
 In order that the remarkable growth and increasing efficiency of 
 this department, during the previous three years and a half, might be 
 still further developed, the work has been divided into two sections; 
 one, Domestic Science, including the Normal domestic science course, 
 all the branches of cookery and laundry-work, and the household 
 economy course. ‘This division was placed under the direction of Miss 
 Emma O. Conro at the beginning of the school year 1891-92. 
 
 The other section, Domestic. Art, included sewing, dressmaking, 
 millinery, drawing in connection with dressmaking and millinery, and 
 physical culture. .The report of this division for the year just closed, is 
 given in the following pages. 
 
 The days and evenings from September gth to September 21st, 
 1891, were devoted to organizing the 73 classes in the various branches 
 of work in both divisions of the department. In dressmaking, sewing, 
 and millinery the classes were filled at once, and about 70 applicants 
 in each branch were obliged to wait until the January term for vacan- 
 cies. 
 
 The enrollment for the past year has been 1,999, exceeding that 
 of the previous year by 500. Of this number 526 had been students 
 in previous years. Many of these pupils entered upon several 
 branches of work during the year, so that our record of students, 
 by classes, reaches the largest number we have had, 3,517, of which 
 number 940 were evening students. The percentage of attendance was 
 87 in the day classes, 89.4 in the evening. These figures show a gain 
 over the attendance of last year, and also that the evening pupils are 
 quite as regular in their attendance as the day pupils, though most of 
 them work hard during the day. 
 
 About 150 of our students "have come from other cities and towns, 
 many of them taking long railroad journeys two or three, and often 
 five times a week in order to attend the school, while a number from 
 distant States have come to board in the vicinity of the Institute. 
 
 During the year there have been about 1,500 individual students in 
 Domestic Art. Sixteen per cent. of this number have been studying 
 with the intention of becoming professional workers. They have en 
 
DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC. ART AND: SCIENCE. 3I 
 
 tered the day and evening classes in nearly equal proportion, and the 
 largest number, 140, entered the dressmaking classes; 114 entered the 
 millinery classes, and 24 the sewing. Few undertake to earn a living 
 by sewing, it is still so over-crowded and poorly paid; but all our 
 pupils must pass through the sewing course satisfactorily, or pass a 
 creditable examination upon it, in order to enter either dressmaking or 
 millinery. 
 
 Letters and personal applications have been constantly received 
 from persons who wish to obtain the services of our graduates, either 
 as teachers or workwomen. Although we do not as yet regularly train 
 teachers of dressmaking and millinery, we have supplied teachers for 
 the following schools during the past year: 
 
 To the 
 
 Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, an instructor in dressmaking. 
 
 Home Industrial School, Asheville, S. C., an instructor in sewing, 
 dressmaking, and millinery. 
 
 Y. W. C. A. of Brooklyn, an instructor in dressmaking. 
 
 Working Girls’ Club in connection with Dr. Hall’s church of New 
 York, a teacher of millinery, and also a teacher of dressmaking. 
 
 Felix Adler’s Workingman’s School, New York, a teacher of dress- 
 making, millinery, and drawing in connection with them. 
 
 A private school in Harlem, N. Y., and a private class at Montclair, 
 N. J., a teacher of millinery. 
 
 pee WW. aA. ot New York, a teacher of mltnery 
 
 Two Industrial Schools and one private school in this city, a teacher 
 of sewing. 
 
 Working Girls’ Club, Sands Street, Brooklyn, a teacher of millinery. 
 
 Working Girls’ Club, Paterson, N. J., a teacher of dressmaking. 
 
 The demand for trained teachers whom we can recommend is 
 greater than we are able to supply. About 20 of our graduates in 
 dressmaking have been constantly engaged as dressmakers to go out by 
 the day, at prices ranging from $1.25 to $2 per day. In many instances 
 employers have called or written to thank us for sending to them work- 
 women who have proved so capable. During the busy season we have 
 been utterly unable to supply the demand. A number of dressmaking 
 students have been working with dressmakers at a salary of about $6 
 per week. One who is employed in an establishment for making under- 
 clothing, has had her salary raised twice since she entered the school. 
 
bo 
 
 PRA RTCINSL LEO. 
 
 (oN) 
 
 Many of our graduates have been taking private orders for millin- 
 ery. One has made 35 hats in this way during the Spring term. 
 Another earned $35 since Easter, by taking private orders. 
 
 Two graduates of the sewing course have been employed by the 
 Brooklyn Employment Society. The Society has expressed approval 
 of their work. 
 
 During the 3 terms of the school year there has been an average 
 of 10 day classes in dressmaking, meeting twice a week, and 2 meet- 
 ing 5 days a week. In millinery there has been an average of 6 day 
 classes, meeting twice a week, and 1 meeting 5 days. “In sewing 
 there has been an average of 13 day classes meeting twice a week, and 
 I meeting 4 days each week. In hygiene and home nursing there 
 has been an average of 2 day classes meeting once aweek. In drawing, 
 connected with dressmaking and millinery, there has been an average 
 of 6 day classes, meeting once a week. In physical culture there were 
 6 day classes, meeting once a week during the winter term. 
 
 Of these, 4 sewing classes, 2 dressmaking classes, and 1 millinery ” 
 class met on Saturday mornings. gas 
 
 Five dressmaking classes, 4 millinery classes, 3 sewing classes, and 
 t hygiene class were instructed 2 evenings in each week throughout 
 the school year, including the spring term. Thus, the department was 
 open on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday evenlngs, from Sep- 
 tember 25, 1891, to June 25, 1892. The office of the department was 
 was also open on Monday, Wednesday and Friday evenings. 
 
 SEWING,—During the past year we have instructed 1,296 pupils in 
 sewing and garment-making, 210 of this number being enrolled in the 
 evening classes. This is an increase of 335 over the enrollment of last 
 year, notwithstanding the fact that one of the sewing-rooms was this 
 year given up to the special sewing class 4 mornings each week. We 
 had an average enrollment of 450 pupils each term, an increase of 150 
 over last year. ‘Two instructors were consequently added to the corps 
 of teachers, making a total of 6 instructors in sewing. 
 
 The Saturday morning classes were so large that we were obliged 
 at the beginning of the fall term to form a fourth class. In January 
 it was necessary to form a fifth class, making an enrollment of 152 
 children. Even then we were obliged to refuse admittance to many 
 disappointed little girls. The children were regular in attendance, and 
 continued in the classes throughout the year, making marked improve- 
 ment in their sewing. They were so interested in their work that they 
 did a large amount of practice work at home, and brought it to the 
 
DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC ART AND SCIENCE. 33 
 
 teacher for criticism. The best of these pieces were placed in a large 
 ‘book for the inspection of visitors. Most of these little pupils took 
 motes of the talks given them in class upon weaving, the growth and 
 ‘manufacture of cotton, the making of thimbles, needles, etc., cutting 
 gussets, a true bias, and a mitered corner. Many of their note-books 
 contained graphic drawings of the objects described. A number of the 
 children advanced so far as to make garments for themselves and for. 
 their dolls. These garments they cut from patterns. 
 
 More pupiis, about 130 in all, have continued through the third 
 course this year than in previous years,—an encouraging sign. The 
 third course requires very careful work, both in hand and machine 
 sewing, and in cutting and fitting, and is an excellent preparation for 
 both dressmaking and millinery. Exquisite under-garments and the 
 daintiest baby dresses have been made in the classes; also a large 
 number of pretty dresses of gingham, lawn, and muslin, and many 
 pretty loose-fitting waists of flannel or silk. The good taste shown by 
 ‘the pupils in the choice of color and design was especially noticeable. 
 
 In September, 1891, was organized the first special class in sewing. 
 ‘To this class were admitted only those applicants over sixteen years of 
 -age, who were able to sew fairly well by hand and machine, and who 
 could pass a written examination, showing a fair general education. 
 These pupils were required to attend the school 4 mornings each week, 
 ‘from 9 to 1 o'clock, and to doa large amount of work at home. In 
 this manner they were able to complete the three courses in one 
 ‘term of 3 months. 
 
 The introduction of note-taking by every pupil at each lesson in all 
 ‘the classes in sewing, was an important step forward. It was begun in 
 the fall term, and has been found of great assistance to the pupils in 
 ‘making clear to them and fixing in their minds the instruction received 
 by the teacher. These notes were carefully revised by the teachers, and 
 neatly copied into books by the pupils. Many of the books were shown 
 -at the annual exhibition in June, and were really valuable as containing 
 ‘the course of instruction in a permanent form. Written examinations 
 were also introduced this year in each course at the close of the term, 
 _and were taken into consideration with the practical work in determin- 
 ing the standing of each student. 
 
 The total number of garments made in the sewing classes during the 
 year was 1,199. ‘The increase in the amount of work done at home by 
 the pupils during the year was correspondingly large. Eight pupils 
 satisfactorily completed the sewing course, and earned certificates. 
 
34 PRALTAAN STAI ASSES 
 
 s 
 
 DRESSMAKING.—We have instructed during the year 641 pupils in* 
 Dressmaking, of which number 201 were enrolled in the evening: 
 classes, an average enrollment of 214 each term. Eight regular in- 
 structors and two assistants have been teaching in the Dressmaking® 
 department during the past year. : 
 
 The four graded courses of dressmaking have been rearranged, and’ _ 
 made more complete and comprehensive. A talk upon textiles and: 
 colors, as related to dress, illustrated by materials of different texture< 
 and color, and by the Prang colored papers, was given at the first lesson 
 before the pupils had selected any of their materials, The good effect: 
 of this change was shown in the scarcity of bad combinations, both in- 
 different colors and in tints and shades of the same color. ‘There was: 
 a marked improvement in this respect, not only in the day classes, ° 
 where we expect a more cultivated taste to be displayed, but alsoin the: 
 evening classes. The greater part of these evening pupils have very. 
 little daylight and money to use in shopping. But though they used; 
 less expensive materials, and were encouraged to do so, they carried’ 
 out the suggestions given them in regard to the effect which one tone 
 of color has upon another, and put much thought and taste into the 
 selection of their dress materiais and of the innumerable small articles. 
 technically called ‘‘trimmings.” Their trouble and pains were amply 
 rewarded by the tasteful and neat-looking dresses which each pupil 
 completed. 
 
 Before the style of the gown was decided upon, another talk upon 
 fitness, proportion and grace of form in relation to dress, was given by 
 the teacher. This, of course, brought up the subject of hygienic dress, 
 for the laws of nature and art are one. Thus the pupils were led to 
 consider the individuality of the wearer in selecting both texture and 
 color, as well as form, in the construction of a dress. In the short time 
 they spend at the school we can only start them on the long road which 
 leads to artistic taste, and trust that some impetus has been received 
 towards further thought and study in this direction. If we do evena 
 little toward disseminating the idea that true economy of time, labor, 
 and money, as well as true beauty, will be more easily gained by study- 
 ing the laws of art and nature, and trying to apply them to each article 
 of dress or household decoration; by putting much thought and some 
 money into one really durable and beautiful thing in harmony with its 
 use and its surroundings, letting Fashion fly off on whatever tangent she 
 may choose, and by using for many seasons the article of dress or 
 household decoration thus procured, the Department of Domestic Art. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC ART AND SCIENCE. ie’ 
 
 will not have labored in vain, Eighty-two pupils entered upon the third 
 course, and six began and completed the fourth course. All the 
 advanced students elected to take the parallel course in drawing and 
 water-color. Five pupils who satisfactorily completed the four courses 
 in dressmaking and the accompanying drawing, and submitted two test 
 dresses and two sketches, one in pencil and one in water color, passed 
 their examinations with credit, and secured certificates. 
 
 -In September, 1891, the first special class in dressmaking was 
 organized. The pupils were required to be over 18 years of age, to 
 have satisfactory knowledge of hand and machine sewing, and of the 
 making of undergarments and simple dresses from pattern. They were 
 also required to pass a written examination demanding a fair general 
 education, especially in arithmetic. Eight students were admitted to 
 the class in September, and were present 5 days each week, from 9 
 to 1 o'clock. They were also required to do a large amount of study 
 and work at home. The full course in dressmaking was thus finished in 
 6 months, or 2 terms. 
 
 Wednesday morning of each week was devoted to the course in 
 drawing and water-color by all special students. Another special class 
 was organized at the beginning of the winter term, making a total of 
 22 special dressmaking pupils, of whom eight completed the six 
 months’ course satisfactorily. The work done in the special classes 
 was with few exceptions, excellent in finish, style, and taste. 
 
 These 22 pupils made, during the year, 1o2 dresses, 16 coats, 
 and 7 waists. Many of these were orders received from their friends, 
 or through the teachers in the Institute. For these they received a fair 
 price, which enabled them to earn something toward their tuition. 
 More orders were received than they could undertake to fill, which 
 proves that the work was found satisfactory. Twenty-eight dresses 
 and 2 coats were made by them at home during the year. Many of 
 the pupils came long distances or boarded in the city, in order to take 
 the course. One came from New Haven, one from Ohio, one from the 
 northern part of New York State, two from Rhode Island, while two 
 from Newark came and returned daily, leaving home before 7 in 
 the morning. It was found, however, that 6 months was not enough 
 time to devote to the course. It has. therefore been decided to 
 lengthen the course to one year in the future. 
 
 A number of very tasteful evening dresses were made in third-course 
 classes during the Winterterm. In the fourth course a talk upon wool, 
 its growth and manufacture, was given by the teacher. A large num- 
 
 * 
 
36 PRATER EIN SLLLOLE, 
 
 ber of dresses and coats were made at home by the students in the regu- 
 lar classes during the year, showing their earnestness and interest. All 
 pupils in the dressmaking classes from January 1, 1892, were required 
 to take notes at each lesson and copy them clearly in a book for refer- 
 ence. 
 
 MILLINERY.—We have been able to instruct 418 students during the 
 year,—a few more than we received last year. The evening classes 
 show an enrollment of 161. 
 
 The course of instruction was developed and strengthened by several 
 changes and additions. 
 
 In the second course, which is mainly devoted to the making of all 
 kinds of bonnets, and also to the making of bonnets and hats of crape 
 and silk, many of the pupils were allowed to use colored silk instead of 
 the black silk. Much attention was also paid to the altering of bonnet 
 and toque frames to suit the head and face of the wearer—a point of 
 vital importance in good millinery. Talks upon the manufacture of 
 crape and the culture and manufacture of silk and velvet were given by 
 the teachers. These were illustrated by examples of the silk cocoon, 
 silk in its natural state, silk unspun and in different stages of manu- 
 facture, etc., which the teacher procured for the department. 
 
 In the third course, the making of frames for hats and bonnets, 
 both of buckram and of wire, was introduced. Many or these frames 
 were made without patterns,and shaped by the eye and hand alone. 
 Here the pupils found their instruction in drawing of great assistance, 
 and fully realized the close connection of drawing and millinery. 
 
 In the third course, during the spring term just passed, was intro- 
 duced the making of hats out of mull, chiffon, or gauze, and also out 
 of fancy straw braids bought by the yard and sewed upon a wire frame. 
 
 The examination for entrance to the millinery classes was made 
 more rigid this year. So many of the pupils were unable to sew neatly 
 enough to reach our standard, that all applicants were required to do 
 on the spot a sample of their hemming, running, gathering, and slip- 
 stitching, unless they had successfully passed through the first course 
 in sewing. The result was that many applicants for millinery were 
 obliged to take a term in hand-sewing, and the millinery classes were 
 able to do much better work. The keeping of note-books similar to 
 those made by the dressmaking pupils was also made obligatory in the 
 winter term, and was found a valuable aid to the pupils. 
 
 A special class of 10 students was formed in September, 18g91. 
 These students were examined in hand-sewing, and were required to 
 
DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC ART AND SCIENCE. 37 
 
 show a hat of their own trimming as a test of their taste, and to pass a 
 written examination which would show a fair general education. They 
 devoted 5 mornings each week, from 9g to 1 o’clock, to the class work, 
 and several hours each day to work at home. It was required of the 
 special pupils to give Wednesday mornings to the course in drawing and 
 water-color. They could by this) means finish the 3 courses of 
 millinery in 3 months. A new class was organized each term, each 
 larger than the previous one, making a total of 35 special students. 
 They all improved in workmanship and taste, and did earnestly and 
 faithfully all that could be done inso short atime. 1,283 hats were 
 made at home by the pupils in the classes during the year, which is an 
 evidence of their self-reliance. 
 
 Nine graduates during the year satisfactorily completed the full 
 course, submitted the four test hats and two drawings required, and 
 received certificates. 
 
 DRAWING.—We have had during the 3 months of the past year an 
 average of over 6 classes in drawing in connection with dressmaking 
 and millinery, with a total of 427 pupils; 58 of these pupils have com- 
 pleted the 3 terms’ work. There was an increase in the number of 
 students who entered these classes, and a much larger proportion 
 remained to finish the course. The average attendance was higher, and 
 the amount of home work done by the students was larger. As a nat- 
 ural consequence, the quality of the work done in class was better than 
 in any previous year. The designs in water-color were far better than 
 any made the year before, and many of them were excellent, Each 
 class has received 1 lesson of 1 hour each, except the special classes in 
 dressmaking and millinery, which have had 1 lesson of 3 hours’ duration 
 each week, 
 
 At the exhibition in June an unusually full and interesting display 
 of the pupils’ drawings and water-color sketches was hung in all the 
 dressmaking and millinery class rooms. The quality of this work was 
 most encouraging. 
 
 PHYSICAL CULTURE.—The most important event which occurred in 
 the work of the Domestic Art Department during the year just closed 
 was the organization of 7 classes in physical culture with a total of 
 171 pupils. Special circulars were prepared and distributed, giving the 
 reasons for establishing such.classes as a part of the regular instruction 
 for women in this division, as follows: 
 
 ‘¢Physical culture is essential in the teaching of the principles of 
 artistic dress. For, obviously there must be a natural and well-pro- 
 
38 PRALL SN aa tl OLE: 
 
 portioned body to clothe, else the clothing cannot be beautiful in the 
 truest sense of the word. = ty 
 
 ‘¢The first lesson to be learned concerning perfect physical develop- 
 ment is the appreciation of a beautiful form. The second is to make 
 our own bodies as nearly like this ideal as possible, by exercise, by 
 diet and by every healthful process, The next step is to learn how to: 
 procure such dress as will fittingly adorn the body. This movement 
 toward physical culture and improved dress, means more than the mere 
 giving up of tight clothing; it implies also the strengthening and freeing 
 of the muscles, resulting in grace of motion.” 
 
 The attendance was regular, and the classes showed much enthusiasm 
 at their lessons. The improvement in carriage of a number of pupils 
 was remarkable, and all learned principles of physical growth which, if 
 put to daily practice, must tend to improve their health in the future. 
 
 Many of our teachers joined these classes, and the knowledge gained 
 helped them to correct bad habits of standing and sittimg among the 
 pupils in their class rooms. One of the classes in physical culture was. 
 composed of kindergarten teachers of the city of Brooklyn, who desired 
 the instruction to help them in teaching little children. Two others. 
 were composed of students from the Normal class of the Art Depart- 
 ment. It is certainly important that all teachers should know some- 
 thing of the laws of physical culture. 
 
 The classes met in the gymnasium of the High School Building, 
 and were opened in January, 1892. No apparatus was used for the 
 exercises, but during part of the lesson slow music was employed to. 
 give rhythm to the movements. There were exercises for the head ;. 
 exercises for the arms and legs, to give strength, flexibility, and grace;. 
 exercise of the trunk, to give suppleness of movement and to develop: 
 the vital organs, and exercises of walking, running, and dancing, to pro- © 
 duce grace of carriage and step. ‘These exercises were selected from 
 the German, the Swedish, the Checkley and the Delsarte systems of 
 gymnastics.. The pupils in these classes varied in age from 16 to 60. 
 years. Mrs. Streeter, the instructor, gave a free lecture on Physical 
 Culture in Assembly Hall, early in January. It was largely attended, 
 and proved very interesting. 
 
 HYGIENE AND Home Nursinc.—The number of pupils in this branch 
 has been larger this year than ever before, 95, in addition to the 20 pupils. 
 of the High School class. ‘Two classes in the first course, a day class. 
 of 14 and an evening class of 16 pupils, were formed in September, 
 1891, and continued throughout the year. In the winter term 20 of 
 
DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC ART AND SCIENCE. 39 
 
 these pupils finished the second course, and in the spring term 15 
 remained to complete the third course, 8 passing satisfactorily the 
 3 written and 3 practical examinations, and receiving certificates of 
 the Institute. Many of those who withdrew, did so because of the 
 warm weather of the spring term, and intend finishing the course in the 
 coming fall. 
 
 A day class of 10 pupils began the first course January, 1892, and will 
 continue with the second course in the fall. The average attendance in 
 these classes has been much higher during the past year than ever 
 before, and an enthusiastic interest has been maintained. No changes 
 have been made in the course of instruction. 
 
 H1GuH ScHooLt Cuiasses.—The Senior class of 3 girls has been 
 engaged during the year in studying the draughting and cutting of 
 dresses from measurements of the figure. They have also cut, fitted 
 and finished, for their own wear, a dress waist of woolen material, suita- 
 bly trimmed. In January they began to cut and make for their own 
 use a dress of light material which they selected, suitable to be worn at 
 the graduation exercises in June. These they completed in the spring 
 term. The time given to the course was 3 lessons of 1: hour and 
 40 minutes’ duration, weekly. In the spring term they also received 
 one lesson a week in the drawing and designing of dresses. 
 
 The second-year class of 11 girls, began the course in dressmaking 
 in the fall term, having 3 lessons of 1 hour’s duration each. week. 
 They began at once learning to draught dress skirts and waists from 
 measures of each other, which they were taught to take. In this they 
 made rapid progress, their instruction in mechanical drawing in the 
 Art Department being an excellent preparation for such work, In the 
 ‘winter term, they draughted, cut, fitted and partly made for themselves, 
 an entire dress of some simple woolen material. . 
 
 The first-year class of 37 girls began the course in hand-sewing in 
 the fallterm. Some of the girls openly declared their dislike for sew- 
 ing, in the beginning; but-before the close of the year, it was encourag- 
 ing to see this feeling disappear, and to find that they were happy and 
 interested in their work. All the pupils were required to keep note- 
 books, which were examined by the teachers. In the winter and spring 
 terms, they finished the second course of sewing, having learned to use 
 the machine and to cut and make underclothing. These garments were 
 well made, and presented a pleasing appearance in June, when all the 
 manual work of the girls of the High School, except their wood-carving 
 and cooking, was shown by itself in Room 37. A number of the parents 
 
40 PRAT TAINSTA LO LE. 
 
 who visited the room expressed their pleasure at their daughters’ 
 improvement in neatness and diligence. 
 
 In the spring term a considerable amount of extra work was 
 prepared in class by the best pupils for the World’s Fair. 
 
 During the term the first-year class, now reduced to 30 girls, also 
 received 2 lessons of 1 hour’s duration weekly, in hygiene and 
 home nursing. The instruction was given by Dr. Butler and covered 
 the first and second terms’ work of the regular course. The girls were 
 much interested in this study, and most of them passed an excellent 
 examination upon the course in June. This course taken in connection 
 with their study of physiology will, no doubt, be of practical use to 
 them in the future. 
 
 Besides the branches spoken of above, all the girls of the 3 classes 
 received 3 lessons of 40 minutes’ duration each week, in physical 
 culture. 
 
 GENERAL RemarkKs,—The annual exhibition of pupils’ work was. 
 held on the afternoon and evening of June 15, 16, 17 and 18, 1892, 
 when all the class-rooms were opened to visitors, and the work was 
 tastefully displayed in the sewing, drawing, dressmaking, and millinery 
 departments. 
 
 A course of 5 lectures was planned and given under the auspices: 
 of the Domestic Art Department. The lectures were given on suc- 
 cessives Wednesday afternoons in the Assembly Hall, beginning im 
 March, 1892. The first and second were given by Dr. Eliza D. Mosher, 
 on ‘Outline of Anatomy and Physiology,” and upon ‘‘ Hygiene of the 
 Internal Organs.’ They were illustrated by a unique model of Dr. 
 Mosher’s invention, and were attended by a deeply interested audience 
 of women, young and old. Miss Fenner, of the Art Department, gave 
 the third lecture, upon ‘‘Artistic Anatomy.” It was illustrated by num- 
 erous charts, casts and lantern-slides, showing the masterpieces of 
 sculpture. The fourth lecture, on ‘‘The Laws of Art in Relation to: 
 Dress,”” was given by Mr. B. C. Josephs, of New York; it was well 
 attended, and attentively followed. The closing lecture, given by 
 Mrs. Candace Wheeler, of the Associated Artists, New York, was a very 
 interesting paper upon ‘‘ The History and Manufacture of Textiles.” 
 
DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC ART AND SCIENCE. 4X 
 
 DOMESTIC SCIENCE. 
 
 In the autumn of 1891, the Department of Domestic Science became 
 the Department of Domestic Art and Science, with the subdivisions 
 of Domestic Art and Domestic Science, each under its own director. 
 
 Of the subjects pertaining to hygienic science, the consideration of 
 food from various points of view, has of late received the lion’s share 
 of attention. Two principal points of view have been taken, the scien- 
 tific and the practical. Among the few, the trend of the scientific study 
 has been upon chemical, physiological, and economic lines. The com- 
 position of foods and the function of the different constituents in tis- 
 sue-building, or in force-producing power, have been carefully studied. 
 Further, the relation existing between food and labor, and the princi- 
 ples involved in the proper construction of dietaries, have received the 
 attention of skillful investigators. The result of these investigations 
 applied to the study of the dietaries of the workhouse, the reform 
 school, and the prison, indicate that in some countries, at least, the 
 criminal class is over-fed, while the dietary of the paupers is deficient. 
 That these indications bear directly upon social problems is already 
 recognized by the students of social reform. Again, with a better 
 knowledge of the physiological relation between food and the body, it 
 is clear that a more intelligent consideration of the economic side is 
 possible, and so light from a new source may be thrown upon pressing 
 economic questions. For, if the laboring classes represent almost 80 
 per cent. of the population; if, as Gunton suggests, a possible solution 
 of the industrial question lies in the increase rather than in the redis- 
 tribution of wealth; if ‘‘a penny saved is a penny earned”’; and if 
 Edward Atkinson is right in his assertion that ‘‘half the struggle of 
 life is a struggle for food,’ we may legitimately conclude that the food 
 problem, in its various phases, is one of economic, as well as one of 
 domestic science. While for all, a knowledge of the physiological re- 
 lation between food and the body is of vital importance, and while for 
 the majority, the economic side is likewise important, yet unfortunately, 
 itis not to either of these sides of the subject that the larger number 
 of students of food are giving attention; but rather to its practical or 
 culinary treatment. 
 
 Recognizing the importance of each of these sides of the triangle, 
 with their interdependence, each upon the others, it has long seemed 
 desirable to make possible a course of study which should involve these 
 several points of view. 
 
42 ERAD IELN STIS EE, 
 
 Late in September, some time after the opening of the term, 
 it was deemed advisable to offer such a course for the year ’91-92. 
 Though’ late, this decision was sufficiently early to serve as a 
 nucleus for the chief differentiations and developments for the 
 year’s work. 
 
 Thus was established the Normal Domestic Science course of two 
 years. 
 
 For the Normal Cooking Course, as offered in the catalogue for 
 "91-92, three applicants were received. 
 
 While the general scheme of studies for the Normal Cooking Course 
 was retained, essential modifications were made in the time allotted to 
 science, z.e., chemistry and physiology. Except with laboratory work, 
 in connection with lectures and recitations, the study of chemistry, it 
 is believed, is hardly desirable; but with laboratory work, properly 
 conducted, the training possible is inestimable. Six hours per week, as 
 the minimum amount for the entire year, were accordingly assigned. 
 For physiology, also, more time wasallotted, making thoroughness in 
 the fundamental work possible. | 
 
 With the close of the term in December, the Normal Cooking Class 
 closed its career. In January its three members were entered for the 
 Normai Domestic Science Course. Necessary adjustments were easily 
 made, and the acceptance of the broader plan has been satisfactory to 
 all concerned. 
 
 OUTLINE OF WorRK DoNnE.—Chemistry.—Remsen’s Elementary 
 Chemistry was continued, completed, and reviewed, and simple quali- 
 tative analysis entered upon. As one of the practical applications of the 
 latter subject, analyses and tests for adulterations were made of baking- 
 powders, sodas, cream-of-tartars, confectionery, bread, vinegar, 
 etc. This instruction has involved frequent written reviews. The 
 results of the examinations, written and practical, have been very 
 creditable. 
 
 Physics.—The need of elementary physics was met during the 
 spring term by a course of 4 hours per week, embracing lectures and 
 laboratory work, given by Mr. Allen of the High School. The class 
 criticism of this course was the happy one, that it was too brief. 
 
 Liology.—A course of 20 lectures, the last 2 devoted to dissec- 
 tions, was given during the fall and winter terms, by Dr. Butler. The 
 first course in Hygiene and Home Nursing, followed in the Spring term. 
 The results of the examinations in these subjects have been extremely 
 satisfactory. : 
 
DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC ART AND SCIENCE. 43 
 
 Bacteriology.—The preliminary or technical work, under Dr. Bolton 
 of the Hoagland Laboratory, embraced: 
 
 General classification of cryptogamic plants. 
 
 Microscopic examination of mould-fungi, yeasts, bacteria. 
 
 Special subjects, Schizo-mycetes-bacteria, or fission fungi. 
 
 Cover-glass preparations; methods of staining bacteria; permanent 
 mounts. 
 
 Koch's Methods of Culture: 
 
 1. Beef-juice-peptone-agar. 
 
 2. Beef-juice-peptone- gelatine, 
 
 3. Potato slices (Stroke cultivations). 
 
 Isolation of colonies; Plating ae dishes), Esmarch tubes, po- 
 toto slices. 
 
 The practical work has included the examination of ice, water, air, 
 butter, milk, and meat. The sterilization of milk and of meat, and ex- 
 periments with yeast and tuberculosis on potato, have comprised the 
 experimental work. | 
 
 That this branch of science, bearing so directly upon sanitary con- 
 ditions, has been enjoyable and stimulating, is indicated by the desire 
 of the class to continue its study beyond the requirements of the course. 
 One of the results of this interest was an inspection, in May, of the 
 biological equipment and work of the Institute of Technology, Boston. 
 
 Flousehold Sctence.—In accordance with the purpose suggested early 
 in the year, the course of 12 lectures in household economy has been 
 extended, and made to embrace household art. The course will here- 
 after comprise 3 series of 12 lectures each. The first course, treating 
 of house sanitation, was given the Normal class during the spring 
 term. 
 
 The supplementary work has included reading on special topics, and 
 the study of sanitary appliances, wherever found, whether in use or in 
 the shops for sale. The Building Material Exhibit in June, afforded 
 an acceptable opportunity to study a variety of the most approved ex- 
 amples of sanitary and other house furnishings. A visit has been 
 made to the Technical High School building to observe the means 
 employed for its ventilation. The Riverside tenement houses in 
 Joralemon Street have been visited, and their admirable area con- 
 ditions noted. 
 
 Cookery.—The instruction in cookery has included a theoretical as 
 well as a practical study of the subject. Throughout the year, by a 
 careful consideration of the chemical and physiological properties of 
 
 Stab and stroke cultivations. 
 
44 PRATT INSTITUTE. 
 
 foods, the Director of the Department has aimed to lead the class to an 
 appreciation of the science of nutrition. The first study in the kitchen 
 has been, in other words, to illustrate applied chemistry and physiol 
 ogy. During the spring term, after the chemical and physiological 
 foundation was well established, further emphasis was laid upon this 
 side of the subject, by a series of experiments upon some of the ‘‘ food 
 principles.” Drinking-water was first studied. The waters of nature 
 were compared with water chemically pure. Tests were made for im- 
 purities, organic and inorganic. ‘The sources and the effects of im- 
 purities were touched upon, and the methods of purification (filtration, 
 crystallization, precipitation, and boiling) considered. 
 
 Following the preliminary experimentation necessary to establish 
 the truth of the physiological principle that certain digestive ferments 
 act only upon certain food principles, the artificial digestion of proteids 
 and of carbo-hydrates was taken up. Of the first, eggs, meats, and 
 cheese were digested; of the carbo-hydrates, starch and varieties of 
 bread. 
 
 Digestibility as effected by the degree of cooking, as well as by 
 different methods, was the next point of investigation. Following 
 duly, the digestibility of foods as effected by mastication, and 
 finally as effected by the temperature of the digestive fluids, were ob- 
 served. 
 
 A second and hardly less important aim has been to show that the 
 choice, preparation and care of foods touch directly upon important 
 economic questions. By requiring from time to time the preparation 
 of a nutritive, attractive, and varied bill of fare for 4 persons, at a 
 minimum cost ($10 per week), these two sides, the physiological or 
 nutritive, and the economic, have been illustrated and emphasized. 
 
 The strictly individual, practical work accomplished under Miss 
 Hammond, since October, in addition to several lessons on preserving, 
 is represented by the first, second, and third courses, or year’s work, 
 as outlined in the catalogue, and the course in Invalid Cookery. This 
 theoretical and practical work of the kitchen has been supplemented 
 by the study at the manufactories of the preparation of various food- 
 ingredients and foods. The establishments which have kindly contri- 
 buted an important helpfulness in this respect, are Havemeyer’s Sugar 
 Refinery, the Glen Cove Starch Factory, Hecker’s Flour Mills, Fleisch- 
 man’s two Yeast Establishments, and Cleveland’s Baking Powder 
 Manufactory. Following these, the preparation of breads as seen at 
 the Vienna Bakery, and of soups as prepared by the Franco-American 
 
DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC ART.AND SCIENCE, 45 
 
 Food Company, have been studied. The study of fuels, including oil 
 (petroleum) and gas, followed. Through the kindness of the Trustees 
 of the Institute, opportunity was given for a very thorough observation 
 of the methods of refining oil, as accomplished at the Pratt Works in 
 South Street. Through the courtesy of the same gentlemen, the 
 Williamsburg gas-works were made accessible, and the methods 
 employed thoroughly explained. 
 
 Careful notes have been made on the essential sedtuens of all these 
 processes, and later they have been embodied in papers required on 
 these subjects. 
 
 Laundry-work.—A study of the principles underlying the various 
 processes has been followed by individual practice in these various pro- 
 cesses. The course as given to recent classes, has included in addition 
 to the practical work covering all kinds and varieties of articles usually 
 laundered, talks upon the following topics :—The location of the laun- 
 dry; its appointments and the care of them; the materials used, water, 
 washing soda, soaps, bleaching-powders, and bluings, with tests ; the 
 history and preparation of starch. Visits have been made to manufac- 
 tories of soap and of starch, and the arrangement, methods of work, 
 and practical results of a city laundry have been observed. 
 
 A written examination closed the work of this course. To future 
 classes, some notes upon the history and development os: laundry uten- 
 sils and work will be given. 
 
 Sewing.—During the second and third terms of the year two 
 mornings each week were given to sewing. 
 
 During the winter term, a beginning was made in the study of some 
 of the differing conditions under which various phases of manual work 
 can be accomplished. These visits of observation included the classes 
 of the Young Women’s Christian Association, Brooklyn, the Wilson 
 Industrial School, New York, and the New England Kitchen. During 
 the spring term, the initial experience in teaching was afforded the 
 young ladies who acted as assistants to Miss Hammond in various day 
 and evening classes. 
 
 During the year 8 special students have associated themselves with 
 the various classes of the Normal work. Two of the number were 
 graduates of the Institute ; the others, either as teachers or students, 
 represented both public and private schools in the vicinity. 
 
 The number of students (exclusive of the Normal class) enrolled 
 for the Household Science classes during the three terms of the year 
 was 20. Including the Normal students, the total was 24. 
 
46 PRAT LT ANS TID OLE: 
 
 To the entire number the course in house sanitation was given ; 
 and to a class of 4, the second series of lectures upon Household 
 Economy. . 
 
 As in other subjects, written reviews were given. 
 
 Cookery.—Because the same educational lines were to be followed 
 with the High School class as with the Normal class, and because of 
 the small number (6) in the two classes, it seemd wise to combine 
 them and so economize the time, work, and expense of instruction. 
 This combination, made in September, continued during the year. 
 
 The course in Invalid Cookery was given during the winter and 
 spring terms to classes from the Training Schools of the Seney, Long 
 Island College, Maternity, and St. Mary’s Hospitals. 
 
 In both day and evening classes the enrollment for the past year, 
 compared with other years, shows a growth in numbers. A gratifying 
 increase is shown also in the per cent. of students who completed the 
 three courses, or year’s work. ‘This latter gain is especially marked in 
 the evening classes. 
 
 Essential changes were made in the work of the various classes. 
 A twofold aim actuated these changes,—the first, to secure a more 
 systematic study of food principles, of methods of preparation, and 
 of economy ; the second, to awaken responsibility, and so a more 
 intelligent interest, through individual work. 
 
 A slight change was made in the review lesson, by which the re- 
 view dishes were prepared at the Institute, rather than at home as 
 formerly. The results of these experiments have been satisfactory. 
 
 Thirty students from the regular course classes took the written 
 examinations, preparatory to the practical examination, which involves 
 the preparation and serving of a dinner of several courses. Of the 
 number, but 4 reached the required standard. 
 
 The enrollment for the laundry classes shows that 31 students 
 took the course during the Autumn and Winter terms. Several ladies 
 sent their maids for one or more private lessons. 
 
 AUXILIARIES.—Early in the term, a lesson upon ‘‘How to Buy 
 - Meat,” was given in Assembly Hall, and accompanied by demonstra- 
 tions and explanations*made by a butcher. Valuable models of beef, 
 mutton, etc., have been ordered, and will soon form a conspicuous 
 feature of the kitchen equipment. 
 
 The course of lectures supplementing the work of the entire depart- 
 ment was given during March and April, as follows: 
 
DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC ART AND SCIENCE, 47 
 
 ‘¢The Aladdin Oven,” 
 Mrs. TRUMAN J. BacKkus,—March 9. 
 
 ‘The Chemistry of Digestion,”’ 
 R. G. Eccuies, M. D.,—March 17. 
 ‘* Home Sanitation,” 
 Marion Tavpot, Wellesley College,—March 22. 
 ‘* Theories of Health and Disease,” 
 G, R. Butter, M. D.,—April 14. 
 **Some Aspects of Domestic Service,”’ 
 Lucy M. Satmon, Professor of History, Vassar College,—April 27. 
 
 For the furtherance of biological work, microscopes have been pro- 
 vided, and the set of slides representing some of the physiological 
 tissues, has been enlarged by an additional 25. 
 
 By the addition to the library shelves of new or otherwise desirable 
 books, a larger literature of several subjects of departmental work has 
 been afforded. Yo bring to notice and to facilitate the use of this valu- 
 able equipment, complete classified lists of the entire literature bearing 
 upon the work of the department have been put in accessible places, 
 
 Early in the year, through the introduction of individual work, 
 some necessary additions in the way of kitchen utensils were purchased, 
 Later some oven thermometers were added. The valuable meat 
 models of beef, mutton, etc., were ordered ; likewise, a wheat-grain 
 model. A beginning has been made in the collection of a museum 
 
 -of starches. 
 
 SuMMARY.—For the June exhibition of the year’s work, an attempt 
 was made to indicate in a graphic way, something of the many- 
 sidedness of the work which has just been reviewed in detail. Courses 
 of study, theoretical and practical, were outlined, followed by the ex- 
 amination papers given. Tangible results from the laboratories, class 
 rooms, and kitchens, were brought together, with some of the more 
 important features of the equipment. 
 
 Perhaps no one detail was more generally interesting than the Insti- 
 tute of Technology food set of bottles and blocks, the duplication of 
 which is the first special work accomplished by the Department during 
 the year. Of the three sets of bottles prepared, one was sent to the 
 Drexel Institute, and another to Milledgeville, Ga. 
 
 Very many inquiries, personal and by letter, representing many 
 parts of the country, have been answered during the year, regarding 
 the Department of Domestic Science, and its signification at Pratt 
 
48 PRATT INSTITUTE: 
 
 Institute. In response to several requests for hints in establishing 
 work of asimilar nature in Southern and in Western schools, statements 
 of the purpose underlying the work, and such outlines of courses as 
 would be useful, together with book-lists and lists of other cba 
 have been given. 
 
 The numerous applications for teachers have included two classes: 
 first, those capable of organizing and directing intelligently a Depart- 
 ment of Domestic Science in Normal and other schools; and secondly, 
 those fitted to teach two or more subjects, especially hygiene, cookery, 
 and sewing. | 
 
 Applications also for practical workers in grocery stores, to make 
 bread and pastry of special kinds of flour, have been received from 
 several firms. There have been frequent applications for cooks, 
 laundresses, and housemaids generally. 
 
 Early in the year, several requests were made by teachers of mis- 
 sion classes in the city, for help in applying in these classes some of 
 the modifications introduced into the Institute work. 
 
 Aims and methods were discussed, and plans involving complete 
 courses of work for 6 months, were formulated, and in due time 
 executed. 
 
 In addition to these various means of feeling the pulse and keeping 
 touch with this new life, another, the observation of various lines of 
 educational work, has been employed, and typical institutions of the 
 highest class have been inspected. 
 
 In the discussion of aims and methods in the teachers’ meetings 
 held weekly, an effort has been made to render serviceable to the 
 Institute classes, the impressions and hints gathered in these visits. 
 
 Neither last nor least of the aims in these frequent conferences, 
 has been this,—to lead to a more intelligent appreciation of the pur- 
 pose of education, and through this to a broader estimate of the pos- 
 sibilities and value of different means contributing to this end. 
 Earnest and persistent emphasis has been laid upon the purpose of the 
 Institute and all that it stands for. With a recognition of the many 
 rare conditions here afforded for the accomplishment of something of 
 the world’s work, and with the daily inspiration afforded by the conse- 
 cration of life and wealth to the execution of a high and noble purpose, 
 it-has been the pleasant duty in these meetings and elsewhere, to 
 stimulate if possible, to an appreciation of these great privileges,—to 
 lead to a recognition of the great opportunity, with its companion, — 
 responsibility. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC ART AND SCIENCE. 
 
 DOMESTIC SCIENCE. 
 
 Statistics for the school year of ’g1-92: 
 
 ENROLLMENT AND ATTENDANCE.— 
 
 Entire Department 
 Average Attendance 
 Attendance, per cent 
 
 GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.— 
 
 Cookery 
 Normals 
 
 High School 
 Specials 
 Post-graduate 
 
 SPECIAL DISTRIBUTION.— 
 
 Chemistry 
 
 Physics : 
 Physiology ; : 5 
 Hygiene and Home Nursing 
 German 
 
 Bacteriology 
 
 Home Sanitation . : nos 2H: 
 Household Economy ; 4 
 
 Norn no ov 
 
 Day. Eve’g. Total. 
 
 561 325 886 
 
 471 280 751 
 83.9 86.1 $4.9 
 
 Laundry 
 Sewing (Normals) 
 Normals 
 Cookery ~ High School 
 Specials 
 Cookery (Regular) . 
 Cookery (Nurses’) . 
 Cookery (Girls’ Sat. a.m.). 
 
 49 
 
 31 
 
50° PRAL FAN SSITOTE. 
 
 ASTRAL BRANCH, 
 
 In September of 1891, cards were issued by the Trustees of Pratt 
 Institute, announcing the reopening on October 29, of the Astral 
 classes in cookery and sewing. 
 
 In response to these announcements a class of 4 adults applied 
 for the course in cookery, and 3 children for the course in sewing. 
 While the class in cookery did not vary in numbers, the sewing class 
 grew rapidly, and numbered finally about 4o children. 
 
 Cookery.—The courses of 6 lessons each were carefully planned. 
 The essential principles underlying the chief methods of cookery were 
 made prominent, and strictly individual work was required in illustration 
 of these principles. Talks were given as well, treating of the relation 
 of food to the body, and were illustrated by the food set of blocks and 
 bottles. 
 
 The question of economy was an important feature of every lesson. 
 
 At the close of the third course a review lesson, consisting of a din- 
 ner of several courses, was given. The table-laying and the serving 
 afforded new topics for instruction. The third course was followed by 
 a fourth, in fancy cookery. | 
 
 By the perfect attendance; by the purchase of books and utensils 
 like those used in the class; by numerous questions regarding the best 
 ways for securing good results; by the reports of the favorable criti- 
 cisms ‘at home of the results of the class instruction; by the frequent 
 reference to items in the newspapers bearing upon foods and their pre- 
 parations; by attendance upon the Domestic Science Department 
 Lectures, given in Assembly Hall, and in other ways, a very satisfactory 
 interest has been shown in the Institute’s efforts towards helpfulness in 
 this particular field. 
 
 Seven other homes have been reached through the 8 children 
 sent by the Industrial School Branch. 
 
 The Children’s course consisted of 12 lessons. In this, also, 
 strictly individual work was required. 
 
 Each child received a typewritten copy of each lesson, the series 
 forming a little book for home use. 
 
 Very satisfactory reports were received of the home work accom- 
 plished; but this was of necessity limited, for some of the children were 
 very young, and all of them were in school the greater portion of the 
 day. | ; 
 Besides the lessons learned in practical cookery, we think something 
 
DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC ART AND SCIENCE, 51 
 
 has been gathered in a general way of the value-of different kinds of 
 foods, and in the practice of habits of neatness, order, and economy. 
 
 Sewing:—About 40 children responded to the invitation of the 
 Institute to become members of the sewing class, meeting every Satur- 
 day morning in the Astral Library. Thesewing lesson occupied one and 
 a half hours. The remaining half-hour was devoted to the reading of 
 short stories. Timothy’s Quest, and The Birds’ Christmas Carol were 
 the most popular of the stories selected. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 
 
 HE enlarged scope and responsibility given to this department in 
 the past year have added many problems and new conditions to its 
 work, and have made the year largely one of study and experiment. 
 The solution of these problems, like that of all other educational prob- 
 iems, can of course be but gradual and approximate; but it is felt that 
 in many cases something has been accomplished towards their adjust- 
 ment, and that an experience has been gained of much value for the 
 future. 
 
 HicH ScHooLt.—The work of the High School classes in science 
 and mathematics during the year, has been, as a whole, successful. 
 The nature of the work was such as materially to quicken the powers 
 of observation of the pupils, and to open their minds to some apprecia- 
 tion of the reign of law in the world about them. In physical geogra- 
 phy, the daily weather observations were of special value in this direc- 
 tion, and the projection lantern was also helpful, presenting views of 
 natural features illustrative of different points studied. 
 
 Individual observation by the pupil was introduced, as far as possible, 
 in the study of physiology. Constant reference was made to the skele- 
 ton and anatomical models, and various forms of tissue were examined 
 under the microscope. Endeavor was made to give the pupil as clear 
 a knowledge as possible of the physiological processes of the body, and 
 to have him, upon this basis, work out his own rules of hygiene. 
 
 In the work in botany, the subject was approached from the physio- 
 logical side, and the pupil’s attention was drawn mainly to the biologi- 
 cal phenomena of plant life. Starting with a consideration of the simple 
 cell, the life processes of the plant were critically studied, and the 
 functions of its different members carefully analyzed. This work was 
 greatly assisted—in fact was made practicable—by placing powerful 
 microscopes in the hands of the pupils. In this way the minute 
 structure and many of the physiological phenomena of the plant were 
 studied by each pupil. 
 
 Laboratory practice has entered very largely into the year’s instruc- 
 tion in physics, about one-half of the entire time being used in this 
 manner. The plan of providing the student with a note-book contain- 
 ing a brief statement of the various experiments, with questions upon 
 results, has operated very successfully. This arrangement places the 
 
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 53 
 
 student entirely upon his own resources, and as the note-books are 
 never taken from the laboratory, a faithful record of each effort is in- 
 sured, and every experiment is made an honest and careful piece of 
 work. The equipment and apparatus added to the laboratory during 
 the preceding summer were put to constant use throughout the year, 
 and have rendered most efficient service. , 
 
 In chemistry, also, laboratory practice has played an extremely im- 
 portant part, the class frequently giving to it an extra long hour after 
 school in addition to the regular work of the day. An exceedingly 
 valuable feature of this laboratory work has been the practice in quali- 
 tative analysis, which culminated at the end of the year in an analysis 
 of an unknown substance, which might contain any of the common 
 metals and acid radicals. This determination was correctly made by a 
 majority of the class. Emphasis has been laid throughout the year 
 upon the laws of chemical action, and endeavor has been made to im- 
 part a thorough grasp of principles rather than a great number of iso- 
 lated facts. | 
 
 Frequent recourse has been had during the year to the collection in 
 the Technical Museum, the use of which proves yearly of the utmost 
 value; but the large amount of time and labor required for transporting 
 specimens back and forth strongly emphasizes the need of a working 
 collection nearer at hand. The progress of the first-year class in alge- 
 bra, which was seriously impeded during the early part of the year by 
 the diversity of preparation among the pupils, was afterward quite 
 encouraging. The strongest endeavor was made throughout the work 
 in this subject to stimulate independent thought and power of reason- 
 ing, and to avoid mere memorizing of formule. 
 
 In order to save time for the short period devoted to the subject of 
 trigonometry, the study of logarithms was taken up by this class during 
 the winter term, and a thorough drill obtained in the use of the tables. 
 This preparation, it is expected, will render it possible for the class to 
 make direct use of the tables without further study in the second-year 
 work in trigonometry. This class spent the third term upon the study 
 of geometry, finishing the first two books of plane geometry, and mak- 
 ing considerable headway in Book III. 
 
 The second-year class pursued a successful term’s work in plane 
 geometry, and devoted the third term to solid geometry. The subject 
 of trigonometry was then taken up and was approached with much in- 
 terest by the class. The use of a surveying instrument was introduced, 
 and the field-work was entered into with spirit. The aim sought was to 
 
54 PRATER STIVIALL LS 
 
 give each pupil individual practice with the instrument, and so afford 
 him an opportunity to take measurements unaided, and then to apply 
 the necessary trigonometrical principles in his calculations. The work 
 included the finding of building heights, laying out rectangular plots, 
 running levels from tide-water, and finally plot-surveying, in which last 
 the class was divided into groups of three and four, each of which 
 carried out the entire operation independent of the instructor. 
 
 There is no doubt that the field-work has contributed a valuable 
 element to the course, and has done much to give the pupils confidence 
 in their methods and to stimulate their interest in the subject. 
 
 The third-year class pursued the study of trigonometry in the first. 
 term, but on account of the shorter time available with this class, no- 
 opportunity was had for field-work. The good material of the class, 
 however, and the earnest efforts put forth, allowed a fairly satisfactory 
 term’s work to be accomplished. This class also received instruction 
 during the term in the elements of mechanism. ‘The work was fol- 
 lowed with interest, and the results brought out by the examination 
 _indicated a good grasp of principles. 
 
 The study of the economic theory of the steam-engine in the win-. 
 ter term was followed in the spring by an elementary discussion of the 
 strength of materials. The appreciation of these subjects was greatly 
 assisted by practice in the steam and in the testing-laboratory, where 
 the laws studied in the class-room were verified in a series of tests and 
 calculations. The work of the greater part of the class was excellent. 
 throughout the term, and showed that an insight into the great impor- 
 tance and practical bearing of the subjects had been obtained. 
 
 The results accomplished by the class in wood-working have been. 
 better both in quality and quantity than in any preceding year. This. 
 has been partly due to the more unitorm nature of this class, and partly 
 to the insreased experience of the instructor. The bench-work course: 
 was practically finished during the first term, and almost the entire sec- 
 ond term was devoted to practice in turning and metal-spinning, ‘This. 
 work, which always brings out the individuality of the pupil in a marked 
 degree, was carried to a successful issue, with the production in several 
 instances of exceptionally good results. The work in pattern-making 
 was particularly satisfactory, and, as a whole, reached a much higher 
 degree of accuracy and finish than has been before attained. The last 
 few weeks of the spring term were set aside for the preparation of some ~ 
 constructive pieces designed for the exhibit at the World’s Fair. These, 
 with afew exceptions, were successfully finished. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 55 
 
 The second-year class completed the courses in moulding and tin- 
 smithing in the first term, and spent the remainder of the year in the 
 forge-shop. Neatness and order in the care of bench and tools were 
 strongly insisted upon throughout the course, and the observance of 
 these points was made a factor in the rating of the pupil. 
 
 A considerably longer time than formerly was reserved at the end 
 ‘of the year for the work in ornamental forging, anda number of designs 
 in scroll- and grill-work were executed, as well as several projects of 
 lJamp-stands, candlesticks, umbrella-stands, etc. 
 
 The third-year class accomplished a very commendable year’s work 
 in the machine shop. Their practice at the filing-benches was marked 
 by patience and carefulness, while many of them reached a high degree 
 of proficiency at the machine-tools. The course culminated in the 
 construction of a ‘‘4x6” vertical steam-engine, in which the large 
 amount of accurately-finished work represents a very creditable per- 
 formance. 
 
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.—The evening classes of the year have 
 been characterized by extreme interest in the work, and by a most 
 earnest spirit of application. ‘The material of these classes has been 
 composed almost entirely of young men connected with industrial” pur- 
 ‘suits upon which their studies have had a direct bearing. 
 
 Geometry.—The class in geometry, although not so large as was ex- 
 pected, accomplished a thorough drill upon the first two books of 
 Euclid, as well as upon many original propositions. ‘The adoption of 
 an elementary text-book in this class, although not allowing the free- 
 dom of the previous plan of taking notes, proved a great economy of 
 time in the presentation of the subject. This fact, together with the 
 experience gained by the instructor with the previous class, enabled the 
 course to be finished with very satisfactory results. 
 
 Chemistry.—The experience of the year in tne chemistry classes has 
 demonstrated that the two-years’ course affords an opportunity for stu- 
 dents to obtain a practical working knowledge of the subject of qualita- 
 tive analysis, and some insight into the methods of quantitative deter- 
 mination. Although the composition of the elementary class was 
 ‘somewhat varied in character, a fairly successful year’s work was 
 accomplished in the study of the elements and simple compounds and 
 their characteristic reactions. The advanced class, after rapidly re- 
 viewing the matter of the previous year, devoted about 4 months to 
 steady practice in qualitative analysis according to the methods of 
 Fresenius. This work was carried out with considerable thoroughness, 
 
56 PRATT INSTITUTE. 
 
 and involved complete analysis of any common substances, such as 
 breadstuffs, milk, etc. The course ended with abouta month’s practice 
 in quantitative analysis. 
 
 Lilectrical Construction.—The large class in electrical construction, 
 the size of which was limited only by the capacity of the laboratory, 
 pursued a successful course with the same enthusiasm as that of the 
 previous year, spending the first term upon the scientific consideration 
 of the subject, and the second, upon its practical applications. The 
 large number of earnest applicants for this course from among those 
 engaged in electrical pursuits, which at the opening of the last school 
 year was over 100, continues to indicate that a strongly-felt need has 
 been met by the establishment of this course at the Institute. 
 
 Although the material composing the class was of a more uniform 
 nature than that of the year previous, the need of some form of en- 
 trance examination in elementary mathematics was strongly evident, 
 and such examinations in arithmetic and the elements of Ae have 
 accordingly been arranged for the future. 
 
 Steam, Strength of Materials, and Machine Design.—The class in 
 steam, which was held during the first term, and those in strength of 
 materials and machine-design of the second term, were of a most en- 
 couraging character, These classes were made up mainly of draughts- 
 men and young mechanics, and their interest and attendance through- 
 out the term were exceptional. The equipment of both the steam and 
 testing laboratories was in constant use by these classes, and rendered 
 efficient service. 
 
 Mathematics.—Instruction in mathematics was given throughout the 
 year to students of the architectural and mechanical drawing classes; 
 one division meeting on 3 days of each week, and the other on 2, 
 with a reversal of the scheme the following week. These classes were 
 at first given arapid review of arithmetic, and were then introduced to 
 the subject of algebra, which they pursued during the remainder of the 
 year. The great diversity of preparation displayed by these students, 
 some of whom were more or less familiar with the subject, while others. 
 were hardly qualified to begin, rendered the task of instruction a pecu- 
 liarly difficult one. An examination was accordingly held at the end of 
 the winter term upon the matter through simple quadratic equations; 
 those students who passed the test satisfactorily were excused from 
 further attendance; and the powers of the instructor were during the 
 spring term concentrated upon a review of the subject, with the re- 
 mainder, 
 
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 57 
 
 The second-year division of the mechanical class received instruction 
 with the High School students in the subjects of mechanism, steam, 
 and strength of materials. The interest and attention shown by these 
 students was most marked, and the results achieved by them through- 
 out the year were, considering their slight mathematical training, ex- 
 ceedingly creditable. 
 
 The students of the second-year architectural division were formed 
 during the third term into a separate class for instruction in strength of 
 materials. 
 
 Mechanic Arts.—The work of the day trade-classes has been con- 
 tinuous throughout the year. The time of both of these classes has 
 been largely spent upon practical constructive work, which the demands 
 upon the shops have amply supplied. 
 
 Carpentry.—The carpentry class contributed largely to the vari- 
 ous additions and changes made in the building equipment during 
 the summer of 1891, and have since been almost continuously engaged 
 upon projects of a similar character. Eleven members of this class 
 completed the course during the year, and at once entered upon active 
 work. In almost every case openings were obtained under most en- 
 couraging conditions, and it is of interest to note that the average 
 wages obtained by these young men amounted to $2.14 per day. 
 
 The crowded condition of the workrooms has thus far been a seri- 
 ous impediment to the work of this class, and it is felt that the added 
 space gained by the use of the Trade School gallery will much increase 
 ‘the scope and efficiency of future work. 
 
 Machine-shop Work.—The machinists’ class, in addition to contin- 
 uous practice upon class exercises, have employed much of the time 
 upon repairs and additions to the shop tools; besides which, a new 
 cylinder and set of valves for the laboratory engine have been finished, 
 as well as a number of illustrative models for the work in mechanism. 
 Some excellent work was done by the advanced students in the making 
 of fine cutting tools, such as taps, dies, twist-drills, and milling-cutters. 
 
 A three-months’ course in making working drawings was given to 
 both of these classes during the winter term. This practice was carried 
 by the carpenters to the point of laying out framing-plans for a timber- 
 house, and by the machinists to the assembly-drawing of a small 
 engine-lathe. ; 
 
 The shopwork practice given to the architectural and mechanical 
 drawing classes was obtained in the afternoons between the hours of 
 3:30 and 5 o’clock. The first-year section of the mechanical division 
 
58 PRATI ANSITT CTE. 
 
 received instruction in joinery, turning, pattern-making, molding, and 
 forging; while the second-year section, in addition to this, devoted 
 three afternoons per week during the winter and spring terms to the 
 machine shop. The courses were necessarily abridged for these classes, 
 and the results obtained, so far as quality is concerned, were only fair; 
 but it is felt that the true aim of the work, viz., the appreciation of 
 methods and principles of construction, was well attained. 
 
 Both sections of the architectural division spent three afternoons a 
 week upon the course in joinery; and later, upon the framing and 
 finishing of a model French-roof house. The building of this house 
 afforded the class the best possible opportunity for the Baie: of fram- 
 ing methods and constructive details. 
 
 EVENING TRADE CLASSES.—The evening trade classes of the year 
 have been for the most part of an exceedingly satisfactory character; 
 being, with the exception of those in bricklaying and plastering, largely 
 made up of apprentices, or those actively engaged at atrade. This 
 tendency to make use of the evening classes by beginners in certain 
 trades, in order to broaden and perfect their training, has been very | 
 marked during the past year, and is felt to be a healthful movement 
 towards the natural and most efficient office of these classes. 
 
 Machine-shop Work.—The number of applicants for the machine- 
 shop class considerably exceeded the capacity of the filing-benches; but 
 é€ven with the number limited in this manner, the disposition of the 
 men, when work upon the machine-tools was reached, proved a pro- 
 blem—inasmuch as it is necessary to provide at the same time for the 
 needs of both the elementary and the advanced classes. . 
 
 A different arrangement has been planned for next year, which will 
 allow of accommodating a somewhat larger number. ‘The entering ~ 
 class will be divided into two sections, one ot which will start upon 
 the bench-work, and the other upon the power-tools. 
 
 Bricklaying.—The class in bricklaying was kept at continuous prac- 
 tice throughout the year in building eight- and twelve-inch walls. In 
 this practice the class worked together upon long walls, very nearly 
 under the conditions of actual work, and this continous drill upon fun- 
 damental operations has undoubtedly prepared every member of the 
 class for immediate usefulness. 
 
 Plumbing.—The work of the term in the plumbing class has been 
 most encouraging. ‘The interest with which the lectures have been 
 followed, and the character of the note-book work, show that an intel- 
 
 * 
 
% 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 59 
 
 ligent grasp of the matter presented was obtained by a large majority 
 of the class. 
 
 The important and significant arrangement by which the Journey- 
 men Plumbers’ Association of Brooklyn will hereafter cooperate in the 
 direction of these classes, is explained in the text of the agreement 
 given below: 
 
 ‘‘Tt is hereby agreed, That the Union enter into codperation with 
 the Institute in the direction of the plumbing classes of the Institute. 
 
 ‘*That this cooperation be secured by means of a standing commit- 
 tee of the Union, who shall have access at all times to the classes, and 
 who shall be free to offer any advice or suggestions as to the methods 
 employed. 
 
 ‘«That this committee shall, at the end of the evening term, in com- 
 pany with the representatives of the Institute, examine the members of 
 the class who have passed through the course of two years, both as 
 regards manual skill and knowledge of the practical details of the 
 trade, and that to such members as successfully pass such examinations 
 a certificate, countersigned by the secretary of the Union, shall be 
 given; which certificate shall, in case of the holder afterwards applying 
 for admission to the Union, be accepted in place of the examination of 
 like character now held. 
 
 ‘‘Further, that in case such cooperation be entered into, the Insti- 
 tute agrees to admit no applicant to the classes who is not between 16 
 and 25 years of age.’”’ 
 
 An inspection of the manual work of the class, and an oral exami- 
 nation of its members, were given by a committee of the Association 
 on the last evening of the term. At the close of the evening, the com- 
 mittee reported themselves highly gratified at the knowledge displayed 
 by the class, and expressed confidence that the plan of co-operation 
 had been successfully initiated, | 
 
 Painting.—The operations of the class in fresco painting have been 
 severely limited during the year by lack of sufficient room. The limit 
 of wall and booth capacity was soon reached by the elementary class, 
 and the crowded condition of the floor space rendered necessary the re- 
 moval of the advanced class to the west gallery of the Trade School, 
 where tables and easels were provided for them. 
 
 In the elementary class, better work was done than during the pre- 
 vious year, from the fact of the course being more systematized and 
 better prepared; while in the advanced class, extremely good progress 
 was made upon the new work. This class, after devoting some time to 
 practice in freehand drawing, was set at work upon painting from the 
 cast, after which details of ornament were enlarged from small copies; 
 
& 
 
 60 PRATT ANSFILOLE: 
 
 and, finally, several pieces of ornament were designed and executed. 
 In this last work, a number of very creditable designs were produced. ° 
 
 The use of the gallery was attended with many objections, the chief 
 of which was its restricted size; and the erection of the large and well- 
 equipped rooms planned for next year, will undoubtedly prove a valuable 
 aid in the development of this important work. 
 
 The classes in house- and sign-painting, although small, have shown 
 some very interesting results. This has been especially true of the sign- 
 painting class, whose work gives good promise of its future develop- 
 ment. 
 
 Prizes given by the Master Painters’ Association, consisting of com- 
 plete kits of brushes and tools, were awarded on the last evening of the 
 term, to the member of each class who showed the most marked im- 
 provement during the term. , 
 
 AFTERNOON CLass,—The extra equipment of 24 benches in the car- 
 penter-shop was bronght into use during the fall and winter terms by . 
 an afternoon class of pupils from other schools, who afterward spent 
 the spring term at practice in turning. 
 
 The course given to this class contained a number of simple projects, 
 such as photograph-frames, easels, etc., which greatly interested the 
 pupils, and insured a regular attendance throughout the year. 
 
KINDERGARTEN DEPARTMENT. 
 
 eee: the past year the interest of the people of Brooklyn in the 
 kindergarten has increased, and the ‘‘new education,” as it is 
 termed, will soon receive even greater attention. 
 
 In November, 1891, the Brooklyn Kindergarten Association began 
 active work, its meetings being held at Pratt Institute. Its committees 
 have met regularly, and their work during this, their first year, has been 
 slow but sure. 
 
 Thinking it wise to have the free kindergartens of this city all under 
 one organization, the Woman’s Club formally presented to the Associa- 
 tion the kindergarten which it had supported for several years. This 
 was done with the understanding that it should retain its name 
 **Woman’s Club Kindergarten,” and it was agreed that the Kinder- 
 garten Committee of the Club should be responsible for the funds 
 necessary for its maintenance. 
 
 The membership of the Association has greatly increased, and in 
 April, Kindergarten No, 2 was opened in the Memorial Industrial School 
 building on Fourth Street. This kindergarten has met with deserved 
 success, and a limited number of children have been registered. The 
 money has been pledged and a kindergartner engaged for Kindergarten 
 No. 3. Private individuals are giving very generously, and churches 
 are offering théir mission rooms for this work. 
 
 During the year there have been two courses of lectures delivered 
 in the Assembly Hall of the Institute. The first consisted of three 
 lectures given by Mrs. Kate Douglas Wiggin, on ‘‘ The Plays,” ‘*‘ The 
 Gifts,” and ‘‘ The Occupations.” The lectures were well received, and 
 the second course was attended by a much larger audience. This latter 
 series were free to the public, and presented various phases of the 
 kindergarten work. The subjects and lectures were as follows: 
 _**The Mission of Childhood.” 
 
 Pror. W. H. Hatimann, La Porte, Indiana. 
 ‘‘The Origin of the Kindergarten, and its Success in Various Countries.” 
 Miss HannaH D. Mowry, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn. 
 ‘‘Value of Story Telling and Influence of Fairy Tales.” 
 Miss JENNIE HunTER, New York City. 
 
62 DEBE ME ERI OEY £9 HE BL BEF he 
 
 ‘¢ Froebel’s First Three Gifts a Key to all the Gift Theory.” 
 Mrs. A. R. ALDRICH, Springfield, Mass. 
 
 ‘‘ Relation of the Kindergarten to Manufacturing and Mechanical Pur- 
 suits.” 
 Miss JENNIE MERRILL, New York Normal College. 
 
 ‘“‘An Explanation of the Kindergarten, intended for Mothers.” 
 Mrs. C. N. CHapwick, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 In April a kindergarten conference was held at the Institute, and 
 the’ free kindergartens in Brooklyn, then rr in number, were repre- 
 sented, either by letter or by the kindergartners themselves. ‘There was 
 a short account given of the first kindergartens in this country, and a 
 general synopsis of .the present work in the East, South and West. 
 After a short history of the Brooklyn Kindergarten Association, letters 
 were read from those not able to be present. Addresses were then 
 made by five kindergartners, relative to their respective work. The 
 desire was expressed that these conferences might be held often, in 
 order that the citizens of Brooklyn might be informed of the best ways 
 and means of carrying on the work, whether by church or by club organ- 
 ization, as well as of the exact number of kindergartens which, from 
 time to time, are opened in our city. 
 
 In the early spring, notice was given that a training class for kinder- 
 gartners would be opened at the Institute during the following Septem- 
 ber. Before the last of June there had been 56 applicants. Written 
 and oral examinations were given to 13 young women, 6 of whom 
 passed successfully. These students were admitted with the distinct 
 understanding that they were to complete satisfactorily the two years’ 
 course before receiving a diploma. It was decided to limit the number 
 of students, and demand of those accepted 25 hours of work each school 
 week, during which time they should receive instruction in music, draw- 
 ing, clay-modeling, physical culture, science, psychology, history of 
 education, Froebel philosophy and the principles underlying the gifts, 
 games, and occupations. 
 
 With this as a foundation, it is sincerely believed that the young 
 woman who has a love for children may make of herself a kindergartner 
 who will never be obliged to seek a position. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF MUSIC. 
 
 J ete report of the Music Department shows that the year has been a 
 full one, and that satisfactory progress has been made in the 
 various lines of work undertaken. 
 
 NUMBER OF: PupiLs.—Aside from the Normal class, the Choral So- 
 ciety, and the Select Choir, there have been 22 day and evening classes. 
 There were 496 applications accepted, representing a duplicate member- 
 ship in various classes, and an individual membership of 333. To this 
 may be added 20 associate members of the Choral Society, and 26 
 members of the Select Choir, making in all 379 persons. 
 
 : CERTIFICATES.—The progress of the pupils has been marked, as is 
 
 shown by the number of certificates granted during the year, 605, which 
 added to those previously issued makes a total of 1,818. In addition to 
 these, 125 pupils are entitled to the Institute certificates as graduates of 
 the Elementary Course. There have been 650 examinations, some oral, 
 some written, varying in length of time from 5 minutes in the early 
 stages of instruction to 3 hours in the more advanced. Of these 
 examinations, 605 were passed with credit. They comprised vocal 
 music (tonic sol-fa and staff notation), harmony analysis, musical and 
 verbal expression, and the art of teaching. The advanced work has 
 not been confined entirely to the Normal class, several evening classes 
 having taken it also. This is one of the encouraging signs of increas- 
 ing interest. 
 
 NorMaL Course.—The Nortnal Class which began last fall with 
 15 members, has finished the course, 9 of the pupils graduating. 
 The work, which has been quite severe, included vocal culture, sight- 
 reading, ear-training, harmony analysis, musical and verbal expression, 
 musical form, musical composition, rhetoric, physical culture, lectures 
 on the philosophy of music, educational psychology, methodology, the 
 history and principles of education, experimental teaching with criti- 
 cism by the students and teacher, and practice-teaching at the Froe- 
 bel Academy, under the personal direction of the supervisor of Normal 
 practice. 
 
 The students have earned not only the diploma of the Institute, but 
 also the teacher’s certificate, first grade, issued by the American Tonic 
 Sol-fa Association and College of Music, which certificate was made the. 
 basis of the final examination. Some idea of the thoroughness of this 
 test may be obtained when it is understood that, in addition to one 
 
64 PRATT INSTITUTE. 
 
 hour and a half of teaching, the candidate had to write two essays, one 
 on the structure of the musical scale, and the other on the advantages to 
 be derived from the use of vocal music; to prepare a paper on the art of 
 teaching, and another on vocal physiology and voice culture; and to 
 draw up from 8 to 12 outline lessons. 
 
 CHORAL Society.—-The Choral Society has increased in efficiency, 
 and has done good work during the season. The members have: dis- 
 played great enthusiasm, which promises even more Satisfactory pro- 
 gress in the future. 
 
 SELECT CHorr.—The Select Choir has also been exceedingly busy, and 
 bids fair to take a prominent place among local musical organizations. 
 
 CoNcCERTS.—The Choral Society gave a concert on February 19, 
 in Association Hall. The attendance was very large, and the perform- 
 ance seemed to satisfy the audience. A number of choruses were sung, 
 and several tests were given: one in manual sign drill by Prof. Sew- 
 ard, of’ the College for the Training of Teachers, New York City; a 
 sight-reading test, composed by Dr. William Mason of East Orange; 
 and an ear-test prepared for the occasion, by Prof. Seward. The result 
 of the tests was warmly applauded, and brought fo1th cordial enco- 
 miums from musicians and teachers present. 
 
 On April 23 the Select Choir sang at the Home for Aged Men, 
 and on April 28, at the Bedford Heights Baptist Church. On June 2 
 the Choral Society sang several choruses at the graduation exercises of 
 the Missionary Training Institute, held at the Washington Avenue 
 Baptist Church. On May 25 the Select Choir rendered a short pro- 
 gramme at the residence of Miss Bird, Clinton Avenue, for the benefit 
 of the Brooklyn Guild, and on June 15 it assisted at class exercises 
 given by the Great Neck Tonic Sol-fa Class. The closing exercises of 
 our own department took place on Tuesday, June 14, in the presence 
 of a number of visitors. 
 
 FROEBEL ACADEMY,—During the past year the department has been 
 responsible for the music at Froebel Academy, the teaching being done 
 by the Normal pupils, under supervision. Good work was accomplished, 
 and a number of certificates were granted to successful pupils. 
 
 ProGrRess.—In planning the work of the Music Department four 
 years ago, the need was felt not only for elementary classes, but also 
 for a Choral Society, and, succeeding that, a course for the training of 
 teachers. So far the work has been one of promise, so to speak; but 
 now the department has a fairly efficient Choral Society, and is able to 
 place before the people an object-lesson in popular musical education. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. 
 
 HE work of the Department of Commerce for the past year has 
 shown a decided advance upon that of any previous year. This 
 result has been accomplished, notwithstanding the fact that there are 
 but four rooms devoted to the exclusive use of the department, and 
 these the noisiest rooms in the Institute of those which are utilized for 
 combined study and instruction. 
 
 The number of individuals enrolled during the year was 426, show- 
 ing an increase of 116 over last year, 196 over the preceding year, and 
 286 over the year before. These figures would undoubtedly have ‘been 
 very much larger if the department could have had sufficient room for 
 the accommodation of all who were desirous of entering the classes 
 already formed, or who made application for others not yet organized, 
 the growth of the work being restricted only by the limit to the avail- 
 able facilities. In view of this, only such pupils have been accepted 
 from time to time, as could be advantageously instructed. Asa rule, 
 each succeeding term secures a more intelligent class of students, while 
 the spirit of earnest interest and honest desire for improvement which 
 has always been a distinguishing characteristic of our pupils, has cor- 
 respondingly increased. 
 
 The importance of possessing a more thorough commercial training 
 than has heretofore been obtained by persons contemplating entering 
 business pursuits, is more appreciated each year. In fact, the demand 
 for persons possessing such training has become so general that great 
 pressure is now brought to bear upon our public schools and colleges to 
 pay more attention to commercial work.’ Our high schools are con- 
 sidered better able to give this instruction, for the reason that all the 
 branches necessary to make an all-round, intelligent business man, 
 such as languages, history, geography, chemistry, etc., can be taken 
 simultaneously with more strictly commercial work. It is not essential 
 that a young man entering business be a college graduate; but he 
 ought to be a high-school graduate. In addition to his high-school 
 work he should have pursued a more special course in commercial sub- 
 jects. The clerk of this decade will become manager or partner in the 
 next, and it is evident that the more thorough his preliminary training, 
 the better qualified will he be to achieve success in the future. As is 
 well known, the percentage of high-school graduates entering business 
 
66 PRADIAN STALL OLIN 
 
 is very small compared with those who have received only a grammar- 
 school education, or even less. Boys are, as arule, so anxious to leave 
 school and get employment, that they think they cannot afford the 
 time necessary to acquire a high-school education, and devote a year or 
 two besides to commercial studies. ‘The remedy for this is the estab- 
 lishment of schools to take the grammar-school graduate and give him 
 a two- or a three-years’ course in combined high-school and commer- 
 cial work. Such a course should embrace the following subjects 
 referred to in our catalogue, though not yet included in the instruction 
 now given in this department : 
 
 History.-—General and United States, the latter relating especially 
 to the development of our commercial relations with foreign countries; 
 imports; exports; consular and commercial reports. 
 
 GrEoGRAPHY. — Physical, commercial and industrial, embracing 
 topographical and statistical information as to soil, climate and political 
 and social conditions of different countries. 
 
 PouiticaAaL Economy.—Principles of property; values, etc. ; social 
 and industrial economics, including economic and tariff legislation. 
 
 Law.—Commercial and international, regarding contracts, sales, 
 partnerships, loans, and securities. 
 
 Drawinc.—Mechanical, sufficient for a clear understanding of 
 working drawings. 
 
 CHEMISTRY. — Including dynamics, heat, electricity; chemical 
 analyses of the principal articles of commerce. 
 
 Civics.—Principles of local, state, and national government. 
 
 TELEGRAPHY.—In connection with the type-writer. 
 
 GERMAN, 
 
 Day instruction has still been confined to phonography and type- 
 writing, while evening instruction has been given in phonography, type- 
 writing, book-keeping, arithmetic and penmanship, English and Span- 
 ish. The day phonographic course was divided into three grades, and. 
 the type-writing into two grades, making 5 classes with 19 sessions 
 per week. In the evening there were g classes in the various sub- 
 jects, holding 22 sessions per week, which necessitated classes on each 
 evening of the week. ‘These were continued through the entire school 
 year, as in the two previous years. | 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY AND TyPE-WRITING.—Entrance to the phonography 
 and type-writing classes is conditioned upon satisfactory examination 
 in orthography, composition, grammar, punctuation, and correspond- 
 ence. This requirement, taken in connection with our course, enables 
 
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. 67 
 
 us to send out graduates of a high grade of ability. While phonography 
 and type-writing are treated as inseparable in practice, yet in our in- 
 struction they are taught as distinct subjects until the pupil acquires a 
 good knowledge of both, when they are used in conjunction. These 
 classes have been very successful, both as to number of pupils and 
 quality of work. The latter has been due in alarge measure to the 
 somewhat radical change in our course and method of instruction. The 
 phonographic text-book was thoroughly revised, rearranged, and re- 
 printed; and the instruction given in accordance with it has been most 
 effective. 
 
 Very few absences from the day classes occurred during the year, 
 while several of those who graduated were present at every recitation, 
 which is equivalent to an attendance of 5 days each week, with a 
 considerable amount of outside work. As a consequence, they 
 succeeded in passing a most satisfactory examination for diplomas. 
 The hope of obtaining these diplomas (which are given for graduation 
 in both phonography and type-writing, and for general educational 
 qualifications) has been a constant incentive to be regular in attend- 
 ance, and to do correct work. In fact, our reputation for doing 
 thorough work in these branches is such as to make our diploma a 
 sufficient guarantee that the holder is thoroughly competent to give 
 satisfaction in practice. Asa result, our students have no difficulty in 
 securing positions, and we have had more applications from employers 
 than we have been able to fill. The regularity of attendance of these 
 pupils, allowing a small margin for illness, is remarkable; the general 
 average is 95 per cent., and on only two occasions has a class fallen 
 below go percent. This was caused by the Christmas holidays, and 
 by the absence of pupils who had accepted positions before the close of 
 their school year. There has always existed in these classes an in- 
 dividual desire and determination to excel, from which has developed a 
 certain class spirit that has been very helpful, and even more noticeable 
 this year than formerly. 
 
 The ground covered during the year has been comprehensive, in- 
 including the writing of hundreds of business letters containing techni- 
 cal expressions used in law, legislation, literature, electricity, insurance, 
 banking, railroading, manufacturing, publishing, expressing, real 
 estate, mechanics, etc., etc., as well as correspondence pertaining to 
 all kinds of wholesale and retail business. In addition to this, dicta- 
 tion and elucidation have been given of law matter, embracing briefs, 
 descriptions of land, affidavits, references, testimony, contracts, charges 
 
68 PRATT AN SLIT ETL 
 
 to juries; also of extracts containing technical difficulties liable to con- 
 front the young stenographer; of speeches and legislative matter; and 
 of topics bearing upon stenographic work, as regards neatness, profici- 
 ency, perseverance, intelligence, and common-sense business ways and 
 etiquette. A special feature has also been made of intelligent revision ~ 
 of poorly-dictated sentences, punctuation, capitalization, paragraphing, 
 itemizing, etc. In fact, stenography and type-writing comprise about 
 two-thirds of the intelligent work of our course, and careful students 
 find themselves strengthened in many subjects in which they may have 
 been weak on entering the class. In pursuing the course, the students 
 are required to understand the meaning of the expressions used in all 
 matter copied or dictated. This is accomplished by explaining to them 
 the nature of the business, or profession, concerning which the matter 
 treats, and by requiring them to consult the books in the reference 
 department of the library. The educational advantages derived from 
 the course are thus of no small value. 
 
 The course of lectures relating to the origin and develotine™ of 
 the practice of shorthand and type-writing given last year, was repeated 
 this year. Each lecture, however, has been amplified, and illustrated 
 by many stereopticon views. There was also on exhibition at the 
 lectures, a collection of shorthand books which were published cen- 
 turies ago, and many different styles of type-writers were shown, 
 
 BooKKEEPING.—This is the close of our second year’s work in book- 
 keeping, and the success which has attended the establishment and con- 
 duct of these classes has been very encouraging. The instruction this 
 year, as last, was confined entirely to evening work, notwithstanding a 
 considerable demand throughout the year for day classes. Special efforts 
 were made to inculcate a thorough understanding of the principles of 
 accounts, to cultivate skill in detecting clerical errors and false compu- 
 tations, to familiarize students with various sets of books as adapted to 
 different kinds of business, as well as to give a clear understanding of 
 all forms of commercial paper in ordinary use. Much attention was 
 devoted to this last subject in its legal as well as business aspects. 
 
 Considering the fact that but 6 hours’ instruction per week was given, 
 the students made extraordinary improvement. As the instruction was 
 virtually individual, those students whose time was not otherwise 
 occupied during the day, were able to do a large amount of work out- 
 side of class hours. This greatly facilitated their advancement, and in 
 some cases they made as rapid progress, and derived as much benefit, 
 as if they had attended full day sessions. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. 69 
 
 About 70 pupils, classed in sections, were in attendance this year. 
 ‘Of these, about 40 were engaged in business during the day—some as 
 members of firms, some as managers, others as clerks, etc. Nearly all 
 who were not filling positions when entering the Institute, readily 
 secured remunerative employment as soon as they became competent; 
 and the opportunities for placing students who complete the course are 
 sure to increase from year to year. 
 
 ARITHMETIC AND PENMANSHIP.—Instruction in arithmetic and pen- 
 manship was introduced at the beginning of this year, the object being 
 primarily, to give a preparatory course in these subjects to those desir- 
 ing to enter the bookkeeping course but lacking the necessary know- 
 ledge for admission; and secondarily, to benefit those wishing to pur- 
 sue these branches for their educational value. In these classes during 
 
 _ the year there were 70 individual pupils. Fifteen of the applicants were 
 unemployed at the time of entering, while the rest represented a variety 
 of pursuits, being clerks in brokers’, insurance, banking, law, and 
 other offices. Others were salesmen, collectors, machinists, and 
 plumbers. A baker, a milkman, an upholsterer, and a laborer also 
 attended, which indicates the wide diversity among the persons availing 
 themselves of this course. 
 
 In arithmetic, the work included, after a review of the fundamental 
 tules, practical measurements, discounting, rapid, computations in 
 addition, interest, etc. Particular attention was given to short methods 
 and a proper arrangement of work to facilitate rapidity, etc. In pen- 
 manship, the work was confined to securing a neat, rapid, and legible 
 business hand. A plain style of letters was advocated, uniformity 
 encouraged, and special training to promote speed and accuracy was 
 given. Graded exercises in the spelling of ordinary words and business 
 terms, were also given each evening, which proved to be of much 
 advantage. | 
 
 The success of the class, both in results and attendance, was very 
 gratifying. Many of the students took the bookkeeping course at the 
 same time, which required an attendance of 5 evenings per week. 
 
 " _ENGLIsH.—Previous to this year, only one term’s instruction was 
 given in English, with an attendance of 11 pupils. This year the 
 classes contained about 30 individual pupils, and instruction was given 
 in the evening during three terms. While the instruction was planned 
 for the special benefit of those whose knowledge was not sufficient for 
 business purposes, the importance of the study from its educational 
 side was duly emphasized. | 
 
70 PRATT INSTITUTE. 
 
 A text-book was adopted this year, in order to lay a solid foundation 
 in grammar by a complete study of each part of speech; and all the 
 essentials of that branch were fully covered during the year. The 
 theory of punctuation was fully developed, and the most difficult 
 English sentences analyzed in diagram, and then parsed. Descriptive 
 papers, both prepared and extemporaneous, were handed in for criticism 
 and correction. Composition was required, for practice in narrative 
 writing and in letters of business and friendship, and in order to make 
 clear to each student his particular deficiencies. Essays by standard 
 authors upon topics which the pupils had previously written about, were 
 read from time to time, and the comparisons made were of great value 
 to them. MHalf-hour extracts from the best writers were also read in 
 class, the subjects of which the students presented in their own words, 
 either orally or in writing, at a subsequent lesson. ‘These comparisons. 
 and exercises tended to insure accuracy of grammatical knowledge, 
 facility of expression, and an enlargement of their vocabulary. 
 
 SpANISH.—The study of Spanish was introduced at the beginning 
 of this year, for the purpose of giving such instruction in the language 
 as would be particularly valuable to business people in their commercial 
 relations with the Spanish-speaking countries of Central and South 
 America. This idea was adhered to throughout the year, although the 
 educational value of the study was by no means underestimated or 
 neglected. 
 
 The class was limited to 15, the sexes being about equally repre- 
 sented. With one exception, it was composed of self-supporting 
 persons who took the course with the sole desire of acquiring the lan- 
 guage as a means of promotion in their business occupations. The 
 average attendance of the pupils for the year, was within one of the 
 number enrolled. Much interest was manifested in the work from the 
 first; and, although there was considerable difference in the degrees of 
 advancement at the close, there is not one whose knowledge of the 
 language would not prove of practical and financial value should an 
 opportunity offer for its utilization, while all have given abundant evi= 
 dence that they will continue their study and practice until they have 
 thoroughly mastered the language. 
 
 The course has of necessity been somewhat restricted on account 
 of its being an evening course, and also owing to the limited time at 
 the disposal of the students for study outside of class hours. This has. 
 necessitated devoting the entire time to those features which would 
 prove of special value, such as commercial correspondence and practical 
 
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, 71 
 
 conversations, leaving the acquirement of the idiomatic expressions, 
 social forms, etc., for future study and practice. The latter portion of 
 the text-book (which is made up almost exclusively of this class of 
 matter) was, therefore, omitted toward the close of the year, and the 
 time was given to a thorough review of the ground previously covered. 
 The text-book exercises were also supplemented by other drills, such as 
 practical conversation, dictation, composition, and various kinds of 
 writing. In these exercises great aptitude was shown, and an examina- 
 tion of the students’ work proved conclusively that they had a good 
 understanding of the subject, and their progress was all that could 
 have been expected. 
 
 iF 
 
LIBRARY. 
 
 N making the report of the library for 1891-92, it is hardly necessary | 
 to do more than let the figures speak for themselves, yet the temp- 
 tation is great to enlarge a little upon the showing of its statistics. 
 The conclusion arrived at in last year’s report that the progress of the 
 library was based upon a solid foundation, and would therefore be per- 
 manent and regular, has been confirmed by the results of this year, 
 and we can no longer doubt that it is positively needed by the com- 
 munity. 
 
 The main effort of the librarian for the past year has been directed 
 first, toward making the library better known, and correcting a wide- 
 spread impression that it is not free to all, and that its books were not. 
 such as would appeal to people in general, the principal agencies em- 
 ployed in this effort being notices, invitations, newspaper items, etc. ;. 
 second, toward bringing up the reference department—an aim which 
 has been accomplished, as shown by a comparison of the figures cf this 
 year and the preceding one; third, toward the revision and improve- 
 ment of the library class courses. The work of revision has not yet. 
 stopped, and every effort will be made to bring them nearer perfection. 
 -and adapt them more to the practical needs of average libraries. It 
 may now be stated that the cataloguing and reference departments are 
 working successfully and economically as regards administration, and. 
 the work of the coming year will be the bringing into line of the circu- 
 lating department. With the establishment in this room of a bureau of 
 information, attended at least part of the time by one of the reference: 
 assistants, we are sure this room can be made as popular as we wish. 
 
 The matter of branches, or delivery stations, is one requiring more 
 and more of our thought. Their comparative merits have been often 
 canvassed by librarians, with the balance somewhat in favor of the sta- 
 tions, to judge from the number of libraries adopting them. A com- 
 promise may be suggested in a branch reading-room supplied with a 
 selection of magazines and a few standard books, say three or four 
 hundred, comprising well-selected reference books and books for read- | 
 ing on the premises, where twice or three times per week volumes could 
 be delivered from the main library to those who had applied for them 
 through the branch. This would seem to combine the advantages of 
 reading-room, branch, and delivery-station, 
 
LIBRARY, 73 
 
 CIRCULATING DEPARTMENT.— Registration. —The number of new 
 members registered is 3,856. This includes 536 children under four- 
 teen years of age, 96 Froebel Academy scholars, and 4oz members of 
 the Astral branch. The total registration to date is 17,149. The 
 number of renewals is much greater than last year, being 1,149 as 
 against 558. oat 
 
 Circulation.—The circulation continués to increase, 21,323 more 
 volumes having gone out from the main library this year than last, 
 making a total of 145,656 volumes. Of this number 564 went to the 
 Astral. branch, 12,516 to children under fourteen, 908 to Froebel 
 Academy, and 234 were issued on school-room cards. 
 
 The proportion of fiction to other classes circulated was 73 per cent., 
 including, of course, children’s story-books. Aside from this the most 
 popular classes have been general literature, travel, biography, history, 
 fine arts, and useful arts; and on the school-room cards, general litera- 
 ture, history, biography, sociology, science, and travels, in the order 
 mentioned. 
 
 The busiest months, as regards circulation, were March, February, 
 April, and December, ranking in the order named. 
 
 The following books have been found to be of assistance in the cir- 
 culating department, and will be even more used the coming year, when 
 we shall have a bureau of information in the loan-room: Griswold’s 
 list of descriptive novels, in which there is given with each title a criti- 
 cism or an analysis of thes book from some good source; 2, the San 
 Francisco Free Public Library’s classified list of English prose fiction, 
 arranged by subjects, and by countries if historical; 3, the Philadelphia 
 Mercantile Library’s Bulletin, which generally contains a list of histori- 
 cal novels, or novels written with a purpose. 
 
 Among the improvements and additions in this department may be 
 mentioned the extension of the railing at the return-desk, giving two 
 windows instead of one for the return of books at busy times; the 
 preparation and posting of lists of the contents of the cases in the stack- 
 room for the benefit of those who are admitted to the shelves; the new 
 German and French catalogues; the beginning of a catalogue of bibli- 
 ographies and reading lists; the removal of the charging-desk for 
 children’s books to the counter near the children’s list shelves, etc. 
 
 A strong effort is being made to induce the Astral borrowers to 
 send in more frequently to the main library for books, rather than to 
 depend wholly on the collection at the branch. One great hindrance to 
 the successful conduct of a branch lies in the fact that many people ex- 
 
74 PRATT INSTITUTE. 
 
 haust its resources and fail to remember that the main library is at their 
 service. 
 
 READING Room.—With the putting in of new lamps, the increased 
 attention paid to ventilation, the removal‘of the water-cooler and of 
 the noise that attended the use of it, the reading-room is much im- 
 proved. The attendance for the year has been 39,025 as against 
 35,049 last year, which then included the reference-room attendance 
 also; and the character of it has been generally better, z. ¢., more peo- 
 ple have come in to read, and fewer simply to look at pictures. Not 
 that there is anything objectionable in looking at pictures—indeed, for 
 a child it may hold a great deal in the way of education; but for this 
 purpose there should really be a separate reading-room where children 
 could have the pictorial magazines and enjoy them without disturbing 
 other people. We hope this may have consideration in the plans for 
 the new building. The order has been fairly good, and would have been 
 better had the assistant-in-charge always been able to be in the room. 
 
 Our periodicals have been much better looked after than in the pre- 
 vious year, and when it came to binding, few numbers were missing in 
 comparison with the number heretofore lacking. Even greater watch- 
 fulness will be employed the coming year. 
 
 A notable feature of our reading-room is the absence of the loafers 
 and tramps who usually infest free reading-rooms in cities. Our loca- 
 ‘tion has much to do with this immunity. We cannot help thinking, 
 too, that the light, neat appearance of the room, and its occupation by 
 so many studious and quiet people, among whom are an unusual num- 
 ber of women and girls, have much to do with keeping out the dis- 
 reputable classes of the community. On the other hand, we hope there 
 is nothing to frighten away any self-respecting laborer, even if he be in 
 his working clothes. 
 
 The new fixtures that have been put into the room, the periodical- 
 case and the bulletin-board, have been of great use, and we expect 
 increased quiet from the putting up of the railing in front of the return- 
 desk to keep people in line instead of having them in a confused, dis- 
 orderly group. 
 
 The binding of our few duplicate files of newspapers is recom- 
 mended, in order that they may be easier of access. We have now the 
 Weekly Bulletin, an index by subjects to the daily and weekly papers of 
 the country, and this would make available the back numbers of our 
 papers; andif we had our files bound, they would probably be consulted 
 through this index almost as much as our bound magazines. , 
 
a 
 = 
 ‘A 
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 * 
 
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 a, a ee 
 
 LIBRARY. 75 
 
 We frequently see people stopping to examine the prints, maps, 
 diagrams, etc., that are posted on the bulletin-boards, and we feel that 
 this is one means of calling attention to what is going on in the world, 
 and doing a bit of educational work. 
 
 REFERENCE DEPARTMENT.—As was before remarked, it is this 
 department to.which our attention has been most devoted during the 
 past year, and which has been brought up to a point where its success 
 is assured. The firststep toward advancing it in importance was taken 
 
 _ in notifying the public that the room would be open and furnished with 
 
 an attendant in the evening, the second in giving an assistant to the 
 head of the department, the third in requiring all books wanted from 
 the stack for reading or study on the premisés to be given out in this 
 department: Unfortunately the attendance of the reading- and refer- 
 ence-rooms was not separately kept last year, but we cannot fail to see 
 a great advance in both rooms when we find that the two together had 
 then a smaller attendance than the reading-room alone this year, and 
 that the use of the reference-room is now almost half that of the 
 reading-room. 
 
 The number of persons using the reference-room during the year 
 now under consideration was 15,424, and the number of books required 
 from the stack-room for their use was 8,118 as against 2,791 last year. 
 Of the attendance in the evening, as distinguished from the day, a 
 record has been kept only during the last four months, the result show- 
 ing 913, a ratio of evening to day visitors of 1 to 7. We may safely take 
 it*for granted that these evening visitors are persons whose occupations 
 during the day leave them only evening hours for study, and we feel 
 greatly gratified that the attendance of these persons has been so large. 
 
 Of the books consulted or read here from the stack-room, but a 
 small proportion has been fiction, only 31-5 per cent. since April, when 
 our record began. We shall begin, with July, to keep a classified 
 record of these books. The department has not made so many reading- 
 lists for bulletining as last year, because other matters seemed more 
 urgent, but has responded to all calls from the Institute departments 
 for such lists, and has had something ready for nearly every holiday on 
 subjects appropriate to the day. 
 
 Notices have been sent out to the Principals of schools in regard to 
 the course of lectures on reference-books, to be given in the fall,—a 
 course which we hope may be attended by students as well as teachers. 
 
 Appended is a list of the subjects on which type-written lists have 
 been bulletined during the year. 
 
76 PRATT INSTITUTE. 
 
 SUBJECTS OF TYPE-WRITTEN LISTS PREPARED. 
 
 Bibliography of Lowell (by request). | Home sanitation. 
 Forestry (for Arbor Day). . | Chemistry. 
 Straw and felt, as used in making hats. Household art. 
 Clubs and club life, women’s clubs. Jurisprudence. 
 Thackeray. Christmas. 
 Hallowe’en. : English literature adapted to children. 
 Parnell, Books on the kindergarten. 
 Silk and wool, manufacture of. Bibliography of William Morris. 
 Course in American history (compiled for 'Vieast. 
 a Woman’s Club in Vermont). Spurgeon. 
 Bibliography of Ruskin, for use of class Bibliography of George Meredith. 
 in Brooklyn Institute. List of reference-books for a Sunday- 
 Origin of Thanksgiving (by request). school library. 
 Oils, effect of heat upon. Short stories. 
 Memorial Day. Dressmaking and millinery. 
 Laundry work in all ages. Walt Whitman. 
 Cook-books. Chemistry of foods. 
 Household economy. 27 bibliographies of English authors for 
 Hygiene and home-nursing. the library’s English literature class. 
 
 CATALOGUING DEPARTMENT.—Most of what comes under the head 
 of library economy belongs in the cataloguing department, and there 
 is therefore no part of the library which has so great a variety of 
 work. Considering the rather cramped work-room, the rotation in 
 office, so to speak, of the assistants, each of whom takes her turn at 
 desk-work, and the great amount of work to be done, the department 
 is administered with very little friction and with all possible economy 
 of time and means, It has been the aim to make each assistant respon- 
 sible for some one kind of work. All care of the supplies and of the 
 lost and discarded books has been placed with one person, the collect- 
 ing and tabulating of statistics with another, the charge of books going 
 to and coming from the binder, with a third, and soon. It would bea 
 great advantage to the library if those assistants who have the best 
 training in these matters could have more time to devote to this depart- 
 ment; but the work here virtually stops from 4 to 6 o’clock each day 
 in order that the assistants may all wait on the desks. This is not true 
 economy, it seems to us. 
 
 The cataloguing, classifying, and in fact all the processes the books 
 undergo, are attended to here for the Astral books as well as for our 
 own, and this.is apt to result in delaying the former. A better arrange- 
 ment in the fall is hoped for. 
 
LIBRARY. m7 
 
 { 
 
 Binding. —The number of volumes sent for binding during the year 
 was 1,228, and for rebinding, 301, the two together making a very 
 slight increase over last year’s record of 1,456, while 1,024 more 
 volumes were mended than last year. Mending done in the library 
 does not always mean economy, however, as we have discovered, and 
 we are searching now for cheaper mending materials. 
 
 Cataloguing.—8,581 cards have been added to the catalogue, and 
 4,511 volumes placed on the shelves. 501 volumes of bound period- 
 icals have been added to the shelves of the Reference Department. : 
 
 Lnventory.—The inventory taken in December resulted in 15 volumes 
 unaccounted for—but also in the finding of 4 of the 14 volumes 
 reported unaccounted for last year—showing that this report can never 
 be accepted as final, books sometimes reappearing after years of dis- 
 
 appearance. 
 el. 
 
 ORDER DEPARTMENT.—The condition of our order-list at present 
 is very good; that is, many long-standing orders have been filled, and 
 dealers are showing greater promptness than formerly. This is one | 
 reason for the large consignments of books received within the past 
 two months, the other being that current orders were massed and sent 
 at one time in order to afford plenty of work for the apprentices who 
 are engaged upon the World’s Fair exhibit of the library. Since 
 January about 2,405 volumes have been purchased. 
 
 The classes in which deficiencies have been filled are English and 
 American literature, and translations from French and German literature. 
 These classes were taken first, because work in the English literature 
 class last year, showed so plainly our weakness in this direction. At 
 present, a list of technical works is being made out, The purchase of 
 _ duplicates has been confined to a few extra copies of the most desirable 
 
 ‘novels and works in great demand. 
 . Two hundred and twenty-four pamphlets and 10 volumes have 
 been received as gifts during the year, for all of which the library 
 has made due acknowledgment. 
 
 CLasses.—In regard to our classes, we have only encouraging news 
 to give. They have been interested, industrious, obliging, and in the 
 ‘main quick to learn. Their apprenticeship has brought out their es- 
 pecial gifts, and some of them we are ready to recommend for almost 
 any part of library work. We had several applications for help during 
 
 the winter from librarians and schools, but unfortunately at a time when 
 
 our students were in the midst of their course, and all were too 
 interested in it and realized too well its importance to give it up for the 
 
78 PRATT INSTITUTE. 
 
 sake of bettering themselves temporarily. The number of pupils in 
 both classes together was 33. Of these, 7 were in the cataloguing, | 
 but not in the training class, 7 in the training and not in the catalogu- 
 ing. Of last year’s classes, 6 have come this. year to take that part of 
 the course which they did not take then. A month’s lessons in 
 American literature have been added to the course in English litera- 
 ture. The instruction in shorthand will be given up, as that study 
 requires in itself as much time as would be given to all the rest of the 
 course, if one would be proficient in it. 
 
 All but one of this year’s class have taken the apprenticeship term, 
 and that one was prevented by circumstances beyond her control, and 
 left us much against her inclination. At the beginning of the term, the 
 work of each apprentice was outlined, and divided among the various 
 departments, the work per week amounting to 24 hours, or about half 
 the time of an assistant. Many of them have volunteered to give 
 more time, and we have accepted their offers, feeling that in revision 
 
 oftheir work and in instruction, we were giving a just equivalent. The 
 
 work they have been engaged upon in great part, has been the library’s 
 exhibit as part of that of Pratt Institute at the World’s Columbian 
 Exposition. As our system is like that of many new libraries, it 
 seemed best to base our exhibit on something in which we differed 
 from other libraries, and therefore the work of our training and 
 cataloguing classes was decided on. ‘This will show indirectly our 
 methods of work also. The work in preparation is a condensed 
 accession-book, showing entries of a thousand volumes, a shelf-list, 
 order-list, catalogue on cards, and model of our charging system. Other 
 things, such as plans, photographs, blanks, etc., will be shown with the 
 American Library Association exhibit. 
 
 PosiTions.—Of our students, several have already obtained work 
 as cataloguers, at Packer Institute, the College for the Training of 
 Teachers, New York City, the Long Island Library and Adelphi 
 Academy, Brooklyn, the Scranton (Pa.) Public Library, and also at 
 substituting in the Brooklyn: Library, 
 
 The Teachers’ Reference course, inquiries in regard to which have 
 already begun, will be such a course as might profitably be attended by 
 students as well as teachers, and the day and hour of the lectures have | 
 been chosen with a view to suit both teachers and pupils. 
 
 Several inquiries have been made as to evening classes in literature, 
 by teachers and others, chiefly persons employed during the day. 
 The opening of sueh a class seems very desirable. Another work 
 
LIBRARY, 79 
 
 which we hope to undertake during the winter is the preparation and 
 posting of annotated lists of technical works in factories, foundries, 
 etc., inand about Brooklyn. These will not be confined to strictly 
 technical works, but will include the biographies of inventors, the social 
 history of hand and machine workmen and workwomen, and some allied 
 fiction and essays. The printing of a monthly bulletin would aid us 
 very much in the dissemination of such aids and guides to reading. 
 
 ASTRAL BRANCH. 
 
 FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1892. 
 
 One of the things to which we hope to pay especial attention the 
 : na coming year is the bringing up of the Astral registration and circulation, 
 ce _ which, although an improvement on last year’s, are not so great an im- 
 ‘ _ provement as we hoped for and had reason to expect. The same 
 7 processes must be gone through wit) reference to the Astral, that were 
 
 effective in the case of the main brary. The public must be fre- 
 quently reminded that the library is there, that it is free, that it has 
 the beginning of a reference department, and that people are welcome. 
 It will be advisable to keep lists of our new books in the local paper, 
 and to send there frequently items of interest with regard to the work 
 the library is doing. At this end of the line, we hope to effect a great 
 improvement by delivering books to the branch within twenty-four 
 hours of the call for them, and by sending out new books as soon as 
 ready, no matter how few, instead of waiting until a large lot shall 
 have accumulated. 
 The number of new members registered is 402, and of renewals 61. 
 The number of volumes circulated during the year was an advance 
 over last year’s record, of 1,855, being 27,938 volumes. The circulation 
 for reading-room use was not recorded last year, so we have no means 
 of comparison, but feel no hesitation in saying that the number of 
 volumes issued this year for such use, 3,997, is much greater than it 
 i could have been last year. More reference-books have been placed on 
 the shelves, and these have been very freely consulted. ‘The classifica- 
 tion of the circulation is as follows: 
 
 Fiction, : 5 Z seZOLOGS 
 Tistory ; ; ‘ : 1, 369 
 aera vetet: : : ; ‘ plehe ths 
 Biography, : ‘ ‘ - 1137 
 Literature, : : “ : 920 
 
 etc., fiction, including children’s stories, being 73 per cent. of the whole, 
 
So é PRA LAPIN ST Lid 2. 
 
 28,815 persons have visited the reading-room, as against 23,425 
 last year. If this room were apart from the circulating department, 
 there is little doubt that the number of reading visitors and the number 
 of volumes circulated would both be larger. 
 
 Three hundred and thirty-three volumes have been added to the 
 Astral collection during the year, 35 volumes of periodicals have been 
 bound, 169 books bound or rebound, and 6,335 volumes mended at the 
 Branch. 
 
 A more logical system of adding to this collection will be adopted 
 the coming year, based ona reasonable view of the proper limits of such 
 a collection and on the relations that should obtain between it and the 
 main library. All of the work made necessary by the Branch, except 
 the actual circulation and the mending, is done at the main library. 
 With the instalment of an assistant-in-charge who has taken a complete 
 course in our training and cataloguing classes, we may hope to be re- 
 lieved of some of this work. 
 
 The ventilation of the room is very poor indeed, all the windows 
 being on one side, and the assistants being obliged to keep them closed 
 much of the time, owing to the annoyance caused by boys outside who 
 throw things in when the windows are open. It is possible that a win- 
 dow cut in the glazed roof on the court might prove a successful 
 expedient. 
 
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 THIRD ANNUAL REPORT, OCTOBER 2; 1892: 
 
 On October 2, 1891, we had a total of 464 subscribers, who held . 
 2,076 investing shares and 85 paid-up shares. During the past year 
 161 new accounts have been opened, with a total of 8744 investing 
 shares and 67 paid-up shares. Of the total number of subscribers 
 ror have closed their accounts, withdrawing 4904 investing shares and 
 11 paid-up shares. This leaves a net total of 524 subscribers, who 
 hold 2,460 investing shares and 141 paid-up shares. 
 
 The Deposit Branch, opened fifteen months ago, has shown a rapid 
 growth. On October 2, 1891, there were 21 depositors and $1,236.79 
 deposits. We have now 171 depositors and over $17,000.00 deposits. 
 Interest at 4 per cent. per annum, accruing quarterly, and payable semi- 
 annually, is paid on all balances of $5.00 or over. The stamp system 
 has been found convenient by some, and there are now 22 persons 
 using this method of saving their money This brings the total number 
 of our investors up to 717. During the year applications for loans 
 amounting to $128,080 have been made by 33 different persons. Each 
 one of these applications has received careful consideration, and 13 of 
 them, amounting to $57,475, have been accepted. This brings the 
 total amount of money loaned up to $100,575. 
 
 As stated in last year’s report, and also in our circular of informa- 
 tion, the firm of Charles Pratt & Co. holds itself responsible for the 
 fulfilment of all obligations contracted under our rules and regu- 
 lations. 
 
 We earnestly request each one of our depositors to co-operate with 
 us in securing new members. Let each depositor bring in. one new 
 member during the coming year, and the result will be a splendid 
 increase. 
 
 Circulars of information will be forwarded to all who ask for 
 them. | 
 
 We append a summary of THE Turirt’s growth for the three years 
 
TAROT RITE 83 
 
 ending under date of this report, and also the abstract of cash expendi- 
 tures and receipts, and the balance-sheet for the third year: 
 
 CASH BALANCE AT END OF YEAR. Ae Men wee 
 YEAR. 
 BALANCES. 
 INVESTING SHARES|} PAID-UP SHARES. | DEPOSIT BRANCH. 
 1890 $12,899.00 $4,368.00 $17,267.00 
 18g1 Bit 2455 . 12,937.68 $1,236.79 45,287.02 
 1892 53,799.53 21,741.81 17.105.97 92,647.31 
 SUBSCRIBERS : 
 INVESTING DEPOSITORS TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL 
 YEAR, SHARES, PATD-| IN DEPOSIT TOTAL SHARES LOANS AMOUNT 
 te be ae BRANCH. HELD. MADE, LOANED. 
 1890 349 349 1,639% 7 $32,400.00 
 1891 464 ein 485 2,161 tf 43,100.00 
 1892 546 T7T 7 Si 2,601 24 100,575.00 
 AboLwAG lL -CASHYACECOUNT. 
 Year ending September 30, 1892. 
 RECEIPTS, DISBURSEMENTS. 
 
 Brought from last year’s ac- 
 RTOs Sten a Bie oie oes $69,635.47 
 
 Investing shares new business 871.50 
 Investing shares monthly pay- 
 
 NCW a Shs ace a 27,073.15 
 Pat -Ue-Sbares). sir. cs ek es ss 10,050.00 
 UGS ORS the Si fo ae eae ae $27,594.10 
 Uy En Ne oils ehoy's os ta) @ 9 "she 39.65 
 Monthly payments account 
 
 USS ie ae a 9,371.35 
 Deposits account loans...... 5,780.00 
 a0 See ee ee £27.50 
 TOY SOE i a le Se oe ene ae 44.79 
 Int. on deposits with C. Pratt 
 
 PO REE Me ea ga erated 2 343.00 
 Interest on bank deposits. ... 10.88 
 (215.48) VEY CES) nas ee a i a 8.52 
 Weer rath WO... Ys 48,900.00 
 Meee Gren eat eee ars Se i en 
 SUMMAREETRCCIOUS 4 dic. 5! eh cases «i « 92.89 
 
 $202,070.01 
 
 Brought from last year’s ac- 
 COUN fhe tations See eters (868,180.79 
 
 Refunded investing shares... 7,574.73 
 Refunded paid up shares..... 1,793.04 
 Retunded déposits: uc. .e aay. 1Dj577.04 
 Refunded loan deposits...... 4,275.00 
 Refunded stamps a0 8i5<. 3% 6.90 
 TEOANS A enh sho ste A rn Die 57,475.00 
 Glas PrattearGoniae a. a. ee 45,444.94 
 Investing branch expenses... 16.00 
 Loan branch expenses: 7. ..<-. 864.48 
 Bevalicspensese gente me 25.00 
 General “expenses cc) jo. eats ons 1702-34 
 Advertising expenses........ 179.25 
 Printing and stationery...... 49.50 
 Printing for distribution..... 330.50 
 PAROS Sis said «ees ere ae 1,460. 30 
 Supdry: expenditures. 9... oes UR pas Oe 
 CAiste Ole ARC ymca tome aur ce: 871.28 
 
 $202,070.01 
 
conen MAQUQEE 
 
 BALANCE SHEET. 
 October 1, 1892. 
 
 ASSETS. LIABILITIES. 
 Office furniture) 3 )sanaceves $55 7-35 Investing shares... . ...++- $53,785.58 
 (Gash, Sek» fear ites 871.28 Paid-up sharesi.: ici... tess 21,741.81 
 Chas Pratté& Coscia 1,706.36 Deposits.... «1. -ss es eeeees 17,105.97 
 Realestate loans......<.. 89,452.32 Stamp account.........-+-++> 13.95 
 $92,647.31 $92,647.31 . 
 A. C. BEDFORD, 
 (Signed,) 1. EF. HASBROUCK, { Auditors. 
 
 F. B. PRATT, MANAGER. 
 J. HOLLIS GIBSON, AssIsTANT MANAGER. 
 
 GENERAL STATISTICS. 
 
 MAIN LIBRARY. 
 
 Circulation for home use ‘ : , : : : : 145,656 
 Circulation for reference-room use . ; ; é i , 8,118 
 Volumes added to the shelves 2 : F . : 4,511 
 Volumes sent for binding : : , : ; : : 1,529 
 Volumes mended . : : : ; : ‘ ; : 20,314 
 Fines received , : é : 3 3 : . Bi; 157e 
 New members registered : ; ‘ : : : J 3,856 
 Total registration to date ‘ : : : ; ‘ 17,149 
 Visitors to reading-room ; ; ; : : ; : 39,025 
 Visitors to reference room : ; ; 4 ; 2 ; 15,424 
 
 ASTRAL BRANCH. 
 
 Circulation for home use : : 4 : : : . 27,938 
 Circulation for reading-room use . : : : ‘ F 3,997 
 Volumes added to the shelves . : : : . ; 335 
 Volumes sent for binding : en Sagh ; : 169 
 Volumes mended . ‘ : ? : ; ; Se pee 6,335 
 
 Visitors to reading- room : : : ; : ; 28,815