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You may be charged a minimum fee of $75.00 for each lost book. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. TO RENEW CALL TELEPHONE CENTER, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. L162 CATALOGUE OF BUDDHIST SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS. London: C. J. CLAY, M.A. & SON, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, 17, PATERNOSTER ROW. Cambridge: DEIGHTON, BELL, AND CO. Leipsig: F. A. BROCKHAUS. CATALOGUE OF THE BUDDHIST SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS IN THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, CAMBRIDGE, WITH INTRODUCTORY NOTICES AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE PALHZOGRAPHY AND CHRONOLOGY OF NEPAL AND BENGAL. BY CECIL BENDALL, M.A., FELLOW OF GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, Cambridge : AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1883 i= - ? ' re > 7 wh eo Cee te 4 \ e ‘ » . i 4 ne eee a | on rami : RMF EMADS itl hd aM a Oe s 4} Uata of “ De 2 Kite TABLE OF CONTENTS. PREFACE : , : 4 ‘ : HiIstTorRIcaAL INTRODUCTION CHRONOLOGICAL APPENDIX I. ” 9 II. ” 9 tI. (see inserted sheet after page xv1) ” hh IV. PALHZOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION Excursus on Two MSS. or THE IXTH CENTURY Nors ON THE TABLES OF LETTERS AND NUMBERS . LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS REFERRED TO CoRRIGENDA CATALOGUE SUPPLEMENTARY NotE To ADD. 1586 InpDEXx 1. Tittes oF MSS. INDEX 1. NAMES OF AUTHORS AND COMMENTATORS GENERAL INDEX PratEs (see list over leaf) LIST OF PLATES. AUTOTY PES. I. 1. Transitional Gupta. character of the vi1i—1xth century. MS. Add. 1702, leaf numbered 19, showing both hands. See Excursus, ». xii, I.. 2. Transitional Gupta. MS. Add. 1049. Seep. xl. The lower leaf shows date [Criharsha-] Samvat 252 (a.D. 857). I. 3. Early Devanagari and Kutila hand. MS. Add. 866. Recto of last leaf showing date N.S. 128 (a.p. 1008) and kings’ names. II. 1. Kautila writing of Bengal, x1th century: MS. Add. 1464, leaf 128. oy II. 2. Kutila as modified in the x11th century. MS. Add. 1693, recto of last leaf, showing date N.S. 285 (a.p. 1165) and kings’ names. II. 3. Early Nepalese hooked writing. MS. Add. 1686, leaf 58, showing date, N. 8. 286 (a.p. 1165). If, 4. Early Bengali hand. Add, 1699. 1 (a.p. 1198), leaf 5, showing table of initial vowels. Ill. 1. Nepalese hand of the x1ith century. Add. 1691. 2, leaf 22, showing list of initial vowels. III. 2. Nepalese hooked writing of the middle period. MS. Add. 1395 (a.p. 1385), leaf 113. | IiI. 3. Archaistic Nepalese hand of the xvith century, and brass work of the same period. MS. Add. 1556 (a.p. 1583), written in white letters on black paper, leaf 11. LITHOGRAPHS. IV. . Table of Selected Letters. V. Table of Numerals, expressed in the old system of letters or aksharas, and in the newer system of figures. PREFACE. THE present Catalogue describes the chief and most charac- teristic portion of a large number of MSS. collected by Dr Daniel Wright, now of St Andrew’s, Fife, and formerly surgeon to the British Residency at Kathmandu, Nepal. They were received at Cambridge from time to time, as they were pro- eured, from February 1873 to May 1876. The first discovery of a large unexplored literature in Nepal was due to Mr Brian Houghton Hodgson, whose untiring zeal and well-used opportunities have enabled him to supply a greater quantity of material for the study of the literature and natural history of India and Tibet than any person before or since. After such achievements*, immortalized by the great work of Burnouf, it was but natural to hope that further material for research might still be forthcoming in the same country. Accordingly on the suggestion of Professor Cowell, Dr Wright was requested by Professor W. Wright to procure specimens of such copies as could be made to order from works still extant in Nepal. These specimens were sent, and form Add. 1042 (see below pp. 26, 27) in our collection. Dr Wright however soon found that originals} were pro- curable, and the result of his energetic and persevering negotia- * Mr Hodgson’s manifold services are briefly set forth in a pamphlet by Dr W. W. Hunter (Triibner and Co., 1881). See also the elaborate and graceful tribute to Mr Hodgson’s labours in Dr Rajendralala Mitra’s work noticed below. ) + Mr Hodgson had obtained a few originals. Specimens of the more interesting are figured in the plates accompanying Cowell and Eggeling’s Catalogue (R. A. S. Journ. New Ser. viii. 50). VIII PREFACE. tion and the well-timed liberality of the University* has been the acquisition of a series of works which, apart from their literary interest, will be seen from the following pages to be from a merely antiquarian and palzeographical point of view, the most important collection of Indian MSS. that has come into the hands of scholars. Soon after the arrival of the MSS. Professor Cowell com- menced descriptive work on a number of the earliest and most interesting of them, chiefly on the lines of the Catalogue pre- pared by himself and Dr Eggeling for the Royal Asiatic Society, but also adding some references to the bibliography of the subject. Professor’‘Cowell’s various engagements and studies un- fortunately prevented him from giving the work any continuous attention. When therefore he suggested that I should endeavour to complete it, I commenced at first on the MSS. that he had left: untouched, availing myself however of the material that he kindly made over to me. As to the plan of my own work, it may be regarded in some sense as an amplification of that adopted by Professor Cowell, yet without aspiring to the elaborate scale of a work like Professor ‘Aufrecht’s Bodleian Catalogue, affording a detailed analysis of unpublished literature. Such a work indeed has been to a great extent rendered unnecessary for Sanskrit Buddhist literature by the appearance of Dr Rajendraliala Mitra’s long promised work on the Nepalese MSS. of the Bengal Asiatic Society. I have however added references, which I believe will be found fairly complete, to the printed literature of the subject, including in the latter part of the text two very important works, which reached me only after the greater portion of it * At one period of the negotiations the Library was under great obligations to the liberality of ‘individuals, who took upon themselves the cost, at a time when it was impracticable to call a meeting of the Library authorities. Among these may be named especially the present Bishop of Durham. PREFACE. IX had been printed off; I mean Babti Rajendralala’s work just referred to, and Mr Bunyiu Nanjio’s Catalogue of the Japanese Buddhist Tripitaka. This may be found to explain or to com- pensate for any undue brevity, not to say bareness, in some of the descriptions of subject-matter. Indeed, my main object has been to provide material for identification for students at a distance, and for such as come to consult the MSS. general clues and assistance, rather than by detailed narratives to obviate the necessity for studying the originals. Thus, to take an instance from one branch of literature, folk-lore; I have usually given the names of the chief personages in jdatakas or avaddnas of which no account has been published, without as a rule entering into the details of the plot. A special feature of the present work, and one on which my studies have necessarily been almost unaided, is the part relating to paleography. To some readers, perhaps, the dis- cussions on this subject may seem barren and tedious; others again may find them ill-proportioned or incomplete. To such strictures my reply must be, that the unexampled antiquity claimed for these MSS. seemed to require as full an examination as it was in my power to supply, and that if, after the publica- tion of so many catalogues of Sanskrit MSS., this be the first which attempts systematically to discuss the age of the docu- ments described, some imperfection of treatment is naturally to be expected. Paleography, and especially the history of alphabets so extensive as those of India, will always be a study involving laborious detail, but it is of course only on detailed monographs, accompanied by a due amount of accurate illustration, that safe generalisations in so wide a subject as Indian Palwography can be founded. How much more material is ready to hand for work of this kind for scholars who are privileged to have access to it, may be seen from the Reports on Sanskrit MSS. in Western India by Dr Buhler and Dr Kielhorn, as well as from some of the later numbers of Dr Rajendralila Mitra’s “Notices.” x PREFACE. From such study, jommed with accurate work on inscriptions, we may look for some treatise which shall do for the wider field of North India what the late Dr Burnell’s great work* has done for the alphabets of the South. My essay on the historical and chronological points brought out by the colophons of these MSS. has of course a bearing on the paleography, which may serve as a justification of that part of the work (if any be needed), independently of the considera- tions urged on page iv. ? With regard to the scope of the work, the present volume deals, as I have said, with the most characteristic portion of the collection. This includes Buddhist literature in the widest sense, so as to take in on the one hand mystical or religious works of the tantric kind, where debased Buddhism is hardly - distinguishable from Civaism; and on the other, works of no special religious tendency, but merely the supposed products of Buddhistic civilization, e.g. the Amarakoga (though some suppose its author to have been a Jain), as well as the local Nepalese literature, some of which bears more on Hindu my- thology than on the Buddhist system. Some few of the MSS. falling under this latter head are written in the vernacular. Of such I have nothing by way of description to offer but names and titles of chapters. These are however the latest and least important part of our collection. None of the palm-leaf MSS. are in the vernacular, but some of - them have vernacular colophons, and in almost all of them the Sanskrit notes ete. written by the scribes are more or less faulty, In cases of the most glaring blunders I have added “ sic”; but on almost every page of this work will be found violations of strict Sanskrit phonetics, familiar to all who are conversant with MSS. from Nepal. On this subject the valuable observa- * Dr Burnell’s South Indian Paleography was originally intended for a preface to his Catalogue of the MSS. at Tanjore (8. nd. Pal. Introd. p. ix). PREFACE. XI tions of M. Senart in the Introduction to his edition of the Mahavastu (pp. xii—xvii) should be consulted. With reference to the compilation of a full catalogue of the Wright collection, the task to which I was originally invited by the Library Syndicate, and for which I have prepared a considerable amount of material, I can only say that I hope to complete it before very long, according as time and opportunities may allow. Such work is of course carried on at some dis- advantage by a non-resident; and the wisdom of recent re- formers has clearly tended practically to discourage the prolonged residence in our University of those of its members whose special literary pursuits cannot at once be utilised for the conduct of the ordinary round of its more obvious studies. It now only remains for me to make acknowledgement of the kind assistance I have received from various friends, Amongst the foremost comes Professor William Wright, who has communicated to me many valuable particulars as to the history of these MSS., derived from his brother Dr Daniel Wright, and has materially contributed to the usefulness of the work, by many suggestions and corrections made on the proof-sheets of this book, which he has most kindly and promptly revised throughout. Similar help has also been given by several Cambridge Sanskritists, especially by Mr R. A. Neil, and Mr W. F. Webster. Occasional assistance from several scholars is acknowledged in various passages of the Text and Introduction. Help from science, as represented by Pro- fessor Adams, has also been afforded in several points, of which the chief will be found on page 183. On all matters wherein the experience and insight of the scholarly librarian are of avail, I have been able to invoke the counsel of Mr Bradshaw, University Librarian, whose sympathies seem to embrace the wants of all students of the works under his charge from the Buddhism of Tibet to the Christianity of medieval Ireland. Lastly, my thanks and those of all interested in. this collection are due to Professor Cowell, who first suggested the XII PREFACE. acquisition of these MSS., and, as has been said, really made a beginning of the present catalogue. In view of his unfailing helpfulness, I may, perhaps, fitly (as a pupil) and significantly conclude this preface with the familiar concluding words of the Buddhist scribes : UTA UY AR_AATUS IAA Fa Bal AAA TATE I CECIL BENDALL. Lonpon, May, 1883. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. ONE of the most interesting sides of the careful study of Oriental MSS. is the insight we occasionally gain into events that were happening at the time of writing. It would be, of course, from the nature of the case, unreasonable to expect that anything like a detailed or coherent history could be gathered from fragmentary and scattered notices in the colophons of MSS.; yet by the very garrulity or effusiveness which prompts the ordinary Indian scribes to repeat certain traditional lines of self-commiseration*, or, if Buddhists, to append the profession of faith so familiar to us from inscriptionsf, we often gain fresh and valuable pieces of contemporary testi- mony to current events. That no excuse is needed for detailed study of this kind is sufficiently proved by cases of discoveries like that of Professor W. Wright in his Catalogue of Syriac MSS. in the British Museum (p. 65, col. 2), where a short note on the cover of a MS. gives - the earliest known and probably contemporary account of the capture of Damascus by the Arabs. Notes of this kind are of course rare; but Nepalese MSS. are, like Nepalese inscriptions (see the “Indian Antiquary,” Vol. 1x.), particularly rich in royal genealogies. The main historical importance of the present eB tn ioe i Ve a eS ae es * The verses of complaint as to the writer’s “broken back and dim eye,”’ etc., cited on p. 50, are of common occurrence in our books. +] War etc.; v. p. 14. Another formula begins {4 Tey (see Add. 1688) ; it is often corrupted in later MSS. b il HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. collection consists in the names of kings given, in so many cases, along with the carefully and minutely expressed dates of writing. To draw out more or less in detail and to tabulate the chronological information thus derived, formed the chief scope of my contribution to the International Congress of Orientalists at Berlin, 1881. Much of what follows will there- fore necessarily be a repetition of remarks made on that occasion. Keeping in view the double local origin of our collection, the ~ subject of History, like that of Paleography, falls into two main divisions, relating respectively to Bengal and Nepal. In this place it will be best to treat first of the MSS. written in Bengal, as the subject is shorter, simpler, and perhaps of more general interest, than the history of Nepal itself. The five earliest of our Bengal MSS. belong to the Pala dynasty, on which see General Cunningham’s “Archzeological Survey,” lt. 134; some criticisms, etc. by Dr Rajendralala | Mitra in the Bengal Asiatic Society’s Journal, XLVII. 385, and the rejoinder by General Cunningham in the “Survey,” x1. 177. These MSS., like the inscriptions of the same place and time, but unlike our MSS. written in Nepal itself, are dated not by years of any era, but by the year of the reigning monarch*. By a somewhat fortunate accident, four of these five MSS. fall in the two reigns of which we possess dated inscriptions, cited of course by the authors above named. We arrange them as follows. Add. 1464, circa A.D. 1020. “The MS. is dated in the 5th year of Mahipala, whom we find from the Sarnath inscription reigning A.D. 1026. Cunningham places his accession c. 1015 (“Survey,” Il. cc.). * It was the difference of usage in this respect between the two divisions of our collection,—divisions which were not recognized by any of those who first examined these MSS8.,—that gave rise to some erroneously early dates in the first rough printed list (“History of Nepal,” p: 321, ll. 5—8, etc.). “HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. lll Add. 1688, c. 1054. 14th year of Nayapala. If, as seems likely, the Daddaka of this MS. is the same person as Ladgka of the last, we have some confirmation of the Dinajpur genealogical inscription which makes Nayapala to be Mahipala’s immediate successor. Add. 1699, Nos. I, II and ITI, a.p. 1198—1200. These three MSS. are dated in the 37th, 38th, and 39th years respectively of Govindapala, whose accession (A.D. 1161) is known from the inscription in Cunningham’s Survey; U1. 125*. A very curious and historically interesting point occurs in the colophon of the second of the last group, which runs as follows: paramecgvaretyadr rajavalt pirvavat crimadgovindapdladevanam vinashtarajye ashtatrimeatsamvatsare “bhilikhyamdno. The first elause probably represents the scribe as declining to recite as before (purvavat) the long list of royal titles beginning—as they do, in fact, in the first three MSS. noticed—with the title paramegvara. The great interest, however, of the colophon lies in the phrase vinashtardjye, instead of the usual pravardhamda- navyayardjye. I take this to be an acknowledgment that the star of the Buddhist dynasty had set and that their empire was “in A.D. 1199 “wnashta,” “ruined”; a view which well accords with the fact that Govindapala was the last Buddhist sovereign of whom we have authentic record, and that the Mohamme- , dan conquest of all Bengal took place in the very first years of the xuith cent. A.D. Hence it would also appear that, unless Gen. Cunningham has some better authority than tradi- tion (Arch. Surv.” 1. 185) for his last Pala monarch Indra- * The Hodgson colléction has also a MS. of this reign (No. 1, dated in its 4th year); but the inscription escaped the notice of Professors Cowell and Eggeling (“Journal R, A. 8.”, Oct. 1875, pp. 2 and 51), as well as of Dr D. Wright (‘History of Nepal,” p. 317). b2 1V HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. dyumna, the reign of such a king in Magadha must be re- jected. At all events, he can hardly have come to the throne in 1180 or 1185, as supposed. No other names of sovereigns are to be gained from our later MSS. written in Bengal, but the colophon of one of them, Add. 1364, a Buddhist tantra, written by a Kayastha of Jhera in Magadha in A.D. 1446, is interesting as showing how long Buddhism survived even among the educated classes of Hastern India. Passing now to the second and far larger part of our collection, —the MSS. written in Nepal itselfi—we may notice that they are dated not by regnal years, like those originally coming from Bengal, but always by the year of some era, the name of the reigning king being generally added. The absence of an historical literature in Sanskrit has often been commented on. It has been reserved for the dwellers on the very outskirts of the Aryan territory in India, such as Kashmir or Nepal, to chronicle their somewhat uneventful national life. Judging however from the amount of energy and acumen already bestowed on the elucidation of Kashmirian chronology, it would seem that all contributions to an accurate system of Indian dates are valued by scholars. The practical literary value of such researches is attested by our experience in the present collection, where the date of the composition of an interesting work is known through this very Kashmirian chron- ology. specially, then, as we possess several groups of docu- ments on Nepalese chronology and history, besides some recently acquired dated inscriptions, no apology is needed for investiga- ting the relations between these and the dated colophons of MSS. The results of my investigations are tabulated and summarized in the Appendices to the present Introduction. - The era by which our strictly Nepalese MSS. are almost invariably dated is the Samvat still used in N epal. This commences from A.D. 880, a year which is attested as well by modern usage as by the astronomical and calendnts data furnished by many of our oldest MSS. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. Vv The two eras most commonly uged in India generally— the Caka and the Vikrama Samvat—were also known in Nepal. Several of our MSS., especially the non-Buddhistic ones, are _ dated by the former. On another era—that of Criharsha—see the account of Add. MS. 1049 in the special excursus appended to the Palzeographical Introduction. We now pass to chronological details as supplied to us by MSS., and as checked by inscriptions and the somewhat waver- ing or conflicting testimony of the various histories. It may be noted that our historical authorities are divided in the Chrono- logical Appendix No. 1 into two main groups. (1) The Vam- gavali (Add. 1952), translated in Dr D. Wright’s “History of Nepal,” and its Gorkha redaction (Add. 1160, see p. 31). (2) The group tabulated in the next column, which do not aspire to the rank even of historical sketches, but are mere chrono- logical lists of kings, with notes of a few important events and changes interspersed. As regards Add. MS. 866 (dated a.p. 1008), hitherto* regarded as the oldest of all extant Sanskrit MSS., I give elsewhere reasons for my views on the character of the writing, differing from those put forward by the learned compilers of the account of the MS. cited in my description on p. 2 of the present work. It will also be seen that the reading | of the colophon of the MS., given as fully as the state of the leaves allows on pp. 3—4, and reproduced in Plate I., places the history connected with the MS. in a new light. In the early account of the colophon, only the name of Rudradeva was de- ciphered, but my recognition of the name of Nirbhaya,— apparently the chief of the co-regents,—brings the colophon into connection with our second group of historical authorities. Our next dated MS. (Add. 1643, A.D. 1015) speaks of three kings; the one, Bhojadeva, governing apparently one half of the * See now the excursus just cited. | t+ See Chronological Appendix I, Column 4 (Reign acc. to Kirkpatrick, etc.). ° vie * HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. kingdom, and the other two, Rudradeva and Lakshmikamadeva, being co-regents of the remaining half. ‘The metrical colophon of Add. 1664 bears interesting testimony to this system of co-regency as being a constitutional usage, at all events in later times (see below, p. ix.). | The next MS. (Add. 1683, dated A.D. 1065) speaks of La- kshmikamadeva alone as king. As to the king next on our list of whom we have a dated MS., I formerly read his name Padmyamrakamadeva, and this form certainly agrees best. with the form Padmadeva found in Wright’s “History of Nepal” as well as in Mr Hodgson’s lists. But the other reading proposed, Pradyumnakamadeva, has the advantage, as I now think, not only on palzographic grounds, but also as giving a name of far more intelligible and probable form. Moreover the form Padywmna found in our MS. shows how the contraction to Padma might have arisen. Kirkpatrick has a more than usually barbarous form, ‘Puddiem.’ The date of this MS. (A.D. 1065) very nearly accords with the chronology of Kirkpatrick, who makes Manadeva—whom we find from a curious and interesting note in Add. 1643 to be on the throne in 1139— not to be reigning till 85 years after Pradyumna’s death, while the dates of these MSS. are only 74 years apart. This difficulty may be just got over, if we can disregard the 12 years given by Kirkpatrick:-to Indradeva (Mana’s predecessor), whom the Vam- cavali does not mention. With the reigns assigned to the monarchs immediately preceding, this date does not accord so well; but a change of dynasty and some other unsettling influences occurred in the country just before this time, which may account for some discrepancy in the historical sketches as well as in the chronology. After 1140 the dates proceed with great regularity, and are, on the whole, strikingly in accord with the historical accounts for nearly two centuries. After Manadeva (1139) we get two dated MSS. of the reign next but one, that of Anandadeva, called in the Vameavali HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. wii Nanda-deva. Of the second of these (R. A. S. Hodgson No. 2) a leaf has been reproduced by the Palzographical Society (Oriental Series, Plate 43). As to the account therewith given by the late Dr Haas, it is now clear that Prinsep’s table—taken in its earlier part, it would seem, entirely from Kirkpatrick—is defective in names of kings, and so very roughly correct as to dates that no one system of adjustment will put it right. Thus Dr Haas’s proposed correction will not fit the case of Ananta- malla, to whom we come presently, and whose date Prinsep gives tolerably correctly (A.D. 1280); nor, on the other hand, that of Lakshmikamadeva, whose date he makes more than a century earlier than we above determined it. At the commencement of the next century, the xuIth, we have MSS. of Arideva-malla and Abhaya-malla, but unfortun- ately the dates have in no case been certainly discovered. Of Ananta-malla (called in the Vamcavali Ananda-malla, but not to be confused with the former monarch really of that name) two MSS. are extant, with dates respectively corresponding to A.D, 1286 and 1302. This reign has 25 years assigned to it in the Vameavali, so that these MSS. belong to its opposite extremities. For the first (Brit. Mus. Or. 1439) see the account in the Palzographical Society's Oriental Series, Pl. 32; on the second (Add. 1306) see pp. 42—3. There is now a gap of 70 years in our MSS. that bear kings’ names. It is probably more than a coincidence that this gap, like the one of similar length a century and a half before (1065—1139), is contemporaneous with the introduction of a new dynasty. Although our scanty historical accounts give us but little insight into such matters, there can be no doubt that changes of this kind were attended with very considerable disturbance in the country; and that either literary studies altogether declined, or the scribes were at a loss whom to acknowledge as the real and chief ruler of a country which, as we know, has frequently been under divided rule. For it should be borne in mind that everything shows that most of vill HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. our MSS. were written more or less directly under royal or court influences. In many cases, as we shall see, kings are stated to be the authors*; in others, lists of the royal family are given, or the command of some royal person for the writing. The great event which happened in Nepal at this time was the conquest of the country by Harisimha of Simraon. On the names of his dynasty, none of which appear in our MSS., see the special Table in Chronological Appendix IT. The first two names of the next group, Jayarjuna [A.p. 1374 and 1384 (see Add. 1689 and 1488)] and Ratnajyotirdeva [A.D. 1392 (see Add. 1108, written in an obscure town)] are unknown to the histories, These kings were probably predecessors of the “refractory Rajas of Patan and Kathmandu,” who were “completely subdued” by Yaksha-malla soon after this time (Kirkpatrick, p. 266). | The next three reigns, those of Jayasthiti, Jyotir-malla and Yaksha-malla, appear to have been a time of prosperity in Nepal. MSS. are abundant, and mostly contain the names of the sovereigns and, in some cases, further particulars. We are also helped for this period by a most interesting inscription lately discovered at the great temple of Pacupati in Nepal and published in the “Indian Antiquary” for Aug. 1880. It is dated N. s, 583 (A.D, 1418), and gives not only the name of the king, Jyotir-malla, but also that of his father Jayasthiti, and the names of various other members of the royal family, which occur in several MSS. with similar honorific titles and other’ indications, and form one of the many proofs of the. trust- worthiness of the colophons of these MSS. As to the doings of Jayasthiti-malla, the first of the three, the Vamgivali is particularly eloquent; certain pandits specially employed by him are mentioned by name (Wright’s “Nepal,” p. 183, fin.). The MSS. of this reign are, as might be expected, ————————— * Compare also Dr Pischel’s remarks in the “Katalog der Handschr, d. d. morg. Gesellschaft,” pp. 8—9. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. 1X numerous. We possess in the present collection four with dates, ranging from A.D. 1385 to 1391; but besides these, there is a MS. (Add. 1658), undated it is true, but easily fixed as to time, and historically one of the most curious and valuable in the collection. This, as may be seen from the account at p. 159, is a copy of a play, the Abhinavardghavananda, by a certain Manika. In the ndndi the goddess Manegvari is named—as also in Add. 1698—in a manner which quite confirms Dr Biihler’s conjecture, in his note on the name as occurring in the inscription, that she was the king’s “Kuladevata.” Further on, in the prastdvand, we find the names of the queen, the heir-apparent, and the second son Jyotir-malla, who is called bala-naradyanah. If this implies that he was a mere boy, it will put the play at least 20 years earlier, as we find him in the ‘inscription (dated = A.D. 1413) apparently the sole reigning king and the father of three adult children. Besides this, we have a curious metrical colophon in Add. MS. 1664 (a non- Buddhistic work, and therefore not described in the present catalogue), dated A.D. 1400, and describing a triple sovereignty of the same Jyotir-malla with his elder and younger brothers. Of Jyotir-malla’s own reign we have only one MS. (Add. 1649), attributed however to the king himself. The date corresponds to A.D. 1412. This may seem, at first sight, to curtail too much the reign of Jayasthiti, who perhaps came to the throne in 1385 (Add. MS. 1395,—Jayarjuna was reigning in 1384), and yet is stated by the Vamgavali to have reigned 43 years. If this be so, we have here probably a case of the peculiar error noticed in the learned review of Dr D. Wright's “History of Nepal” in the “Litterarisches Centralblatt” for Dec. 15th, 1877; viz., that when the chronicler was uncertain as to the exact length of some of the reigns in a dynasty, he took one or more of the later reigns of that dynasty as a pattern, and put the others down as the same. It is accordingly very suspicious that both Jayasthiti and Yaksha are credited with the large allowance of 43 years. Little reliance can be placed on the x HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. Vameavali just here, as we find Jyotir-malla completely ignored and Yaksha called Jayasthiti’s son. Of Yaksha- (or, as he is generally styled in the MSS., Jaksha-)malla we have four MSS., ranging from A.D, 1429 to 1457, so that a reign of 43 years seems here not improbable. _ After the death of Yaksha the history of Nepal, as a aagead kingdom, ceases for several centuries; and, curiously enough, nearly all our chronology from MSS. ceases also, for nearly two centuries. The kingdom was now divided, and possibly , considerable disturbances again ensued which were unfavour- able to the preservation of literature by the copying of MSS. Compare verse 18 of the inscription in “ Ind. Antigq.” rx. 185. During the xvith century MSS. are scarce, and only one king (Sadaciva of Kathmandu, v. Add. 1355 and Brit. Mus. Or. 2206) is referred to by name. The names of the kings from this period onwards will be found in Appendix III. At the beginning of the xvuth century a fresh division occurs, as Lalitapura (Patan) becomes independent of Kath- mandu. Literature however was patronized at this time, es- pecially under Pratépa-malla at Kathmandu (see Wright’s “Nepal” and Inscriptions, Nos. 18 and 19) as well as under Jagajjyotih at Bhatgaon. Both of these monarchs are spoken of as authors of extant works (Add. 1641, 1696, and D. M. G. 6 at Halle). After this time we find traces of further dissensions amongst the rival sovereigns until the time of the Gorkha - conquest. A special difficulty arises owing to the similarity in form and meaning of the names of some of the sovereigns in all three cities at the beginning of the xvilith century. This difficulty was noticed in the review of Wright’s “ Nepal” already cited. The very acute suggestion there made, however, of identifying Mahipatindra of Kathmandu with the contemporary monarch at Bhatgion of synonymous name, Bhtipatindra, seems however hardly so simple as to suppose Mahipatindra to be a mere title of Jagajjaya; since we find the word Mahipatindra on the HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. Xl reverse of his coins, Indeed the fact that all this group of names would pass for mere kingly titles greatly increases the doubt and difficulty. Further discussion of this point hardly falls within the scope of the present work, as the time is one of little importance from the point of view either of literature or of palzeography. : Our third Chronological Appendix gives the remaining kings, from the division of the kingdom to the Gorkha invasion. The number of years in the reign of each is not given, partly because the chronicles are inconsistent with each other and with themselves and contain suspicious repetitions of round numbers like 15*, as well as impossibly long reignst; partly, also, because after the xvith century we get a tolerably complete series of dates from coins. Indeed the settlement and adjust- ment of the more minute points of chronology at this period may be perhaps more appropriately left to the student of the monuments or the coins of Nepal. After the brief literary revival in the middle of the xvuth century already referred to, literature and the arts seem to have gradually declined amid the constant internal discords. Since the Gorkha invasion the old and characteristic Buddhistic civilization, already much cor- rupted, has been, it would seem, fast passing away, and giving place to a mixed Hinduism and autochthonic superstitions. A list of the Gorkha sovereigns is given, for reference, in Chronological Appendix IV. * Wright’s “ Nepal,” p. 190. t+ Ibid. p. 203. VYNoltL_aAYL as ae CAVP-CIPNY ¥US : : Ur 40U 3 ‘ZpuoyT ay" BS—T9IT Ouiey | TA? Egor penn gtrpealaerrs } (HDA .epuey,) epueay (D.A) eyursere yy y ae ee = = (QM) erpuore yy ; OMT =0811 UsTOYy g OL EVOL “PPV 6EIL ASP CULT [su] peweu you — — [eaop-erpu | QF “91g aS — CAOP-BADVPBY 91 e Set ee — BAOP-VYSIV FT G — Bie = ea BAOP-VUIB A LT = SEI x oF eaop-ereyUe,) ¢ cys — — eAop-vun [1e8e xy Ae o 24 g00I ust Y y “ DTI] F89L PPV | G90T | eaop-emeyeuumdperg "STRA $ rm omon ‘oioy weqOG goa uORNOONE om Airey || Tee tl ps] — = APTA BH) Sil d Il “Aqseudp mou ev JO LopunNoj 049 ‘TTeavduIe A 9174 ‘A UL 0} Surpasosor § ,uvyeg Jo Areynq11y A10,0VAFOL , dy UOu En. 40U w D&T = =a ae athe @ SBA vrleyseyg ‘yoryedysry 07 Surpaoooy J |H ut you fy 9] poureu you —_ oe ekep ry 0Z OZ — aad BAop-vleV pe GG GG €89T PPV 6E01 GURU Sey VULVYLUYS Ye 8 8 SVOT-PPY CTOL ed aera D veloug ‘A ‘d 4x0} 09} 908 ot sty} 4¥ syUOSeI- U auivu you | : be ee 4X0} 0} 1} ST]} 48 S}WoBEI-00 oT} UC p 7 998 PPV 8001 wder{qatN sieded ‘s8poy | -y481y VyyIOY ‘gory SOION Sonmedqary” |of “900 etter] Eoetg [oupesuer] Sur Jo ome 0% ‘908 Ustexy | UT sIvok Jo ‘oN (419 ‘qr Ureysuruung pure “1 ‘d osoge oes ‘fesuag jo sefer oy} 10,7) ‘SOOINOS Joy}O pu ydrosnueu Woy soyep YILM “("a°V LGFI—ROO) [eden Jo seler oyg Jo eTqey, Ter9TAy ‘T XIGNGddy TVOINOTIONOUHD “POMOT [OJ WopSury oy} JO WOISTATP oy} STy} IO9FV ‘'@ puv [ SOJON ‘do pue ‘QggT ‘sny ,“byay ‘puy,, Ur ‘osut Arerodu1e7yW0d 9y} 9es yng {T[VABSUTe A OT} UT 4ON ‘aA0Q¥ “XT ‘d 900 "UO}ILIA SBA “QT O'[} OLOTAM TAL0Z aANOSqo oT} jo jatyo Aqqgod v A[qeqoid : dMouy osTM10q}0 4ON erdns "xt “Tita ‘dd 9es USIAL SIT OF SW ‘OSST “Suy 10j , byuy ‘puy,, UL ‘AOSUL PUB SOTIO}SIY OY} OOS SUTY siy} 10,7 ‘ao1jd 14108 -ut 10 ‘ASofeoues ‘Az0ysty AUB UT powvU 40K] ‘gouspLAe [TeyueUINuOU 10 AreyueUNdOp JoyVINF yoy ArozORISTYVS OG UV WOTZRTTIO -wo0et OU 4RBYyy Sutpoog ‘yoods sty} jo ssury jO SqSI[ snommea oy} TT xtpueddy ut utofqns 7 (8821 'V) SOF ‘Auug don = PFET “AUIRG eUIVIYIA Ut cord yoo} jedoyy oyUT UOQeASTUN -UIl UB USL STY} Ul 4vy} su sT[oy Yourzyedyaryy NpUBUIYYY 3e pousier VIUVUY 9] A ‘uoesyeygq 48 poUstiol oavy 0 pozeys st vive ba a TOATS qou savok TOATS g0u savok poureu jou dy ul USTOL 1OF WOATS s1ivo ou [z] 8P G& OATS Jaqumnu ou 9 poeureu jou aia 1 poureu + FT 1¢ qou See le og ll 003 A &P | powuru Jou [er] Hléd WE) 9 FE A GES "A Ul you sivok 39 6] pomeu qou 1691 G99Tr ‘PPV COLT 6F9T ‘PPV POOL ‘PPV [SOT ‘PPV C99T IOLT| . gear PPV CEST a7): gsots PPV 9081 ‘PPV E6FL WIM £066 WIM \ GOFL PPV — ooo pourra you |g0zo ‘10 Wid GG SPOT PPV LOFT FCP] e[[etU-eySye A 6GF1 CIF wypeut-(1)0Aleke er OOFT [ Aouesor-qut0 ¢| 6ST] [eqpeu-(1) 04 feuyze yy | I6€1 | ae ; e][eul-Ty1G4seLe t hg G8éI er } ‘erpeur-euntrede p ‘ayou oes f savok 0) a TOF UlvyIOOUN SsuLy ee | el[eul-ByUBU ee [eaop-eiv ¢| i eypeuvdeyqqy a r eyyeu-eduy 4 ae BULBY-ZeYT , ee L, BAOP-IBSIUING , | aaa [wand-vtrey | ure}.1e0un pee eAaoplry (am) — "| wparimrw zo (oa ) BrAITO X1V HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. CHRONOLOGICAL APPENDIX JI. Reigns said to intervene between those of Anantamalla (A.D. 1302) and Jayasthiti (1380). The account given in the Vamgavali is very confused and the chronology quite wild (e.g., both the dates in Wright, p. 167, are more ies three centuries too early). The only chronologically certain event seems to be the invasion of Hari-simha of Simraon, which is given probably enough as N. 8, 444 (a.p. 1324); and this is exactly confirmed by the postscript of the Nepalese Sanskrit MS. No. 6 of the ‘Deutsche Morg. Ges.” (see Dr, Pischel’s catalogue, p. 8). Compare also Kirkpatrick. (-Suire A, THIyWSvAV P= TTS LP, yIysete p oY} YIM sooise 4so1 07) eyoow 61 e[[VUl-Vyoow TITIGASVAR CT B[[VUI-BI5 () e][BU-VyOoW OL S[[BUL-B.IPU95R NT Il e[[eur-peselede e GI Bl [VUL-V5B NT GI e][eu-eipeyqers “pol0qSal SVI[TLT CT eyuris-eme ds) (, eBUN) ABN, GG BywTs-1437@0) ) S][VUL-BAop-11) CL _ SYUITS-13°8 TT eS | (eav[@A =) TIME, — 83 BAP BYUIIS Te peste ber Li keas 040 , “eysye we USTAI JO “MOVIUITG JO _ Cav eee =) a Nostied med UW10q aoe nes ae UT») ie eae case BIULIS-L1V FT cotta ate VYULISVULIL Yf eyuriseaeyg eyuttsy hele yy Ken 4 Sale af ey WISeULe yy eYUIIST JVC) | BAOp-VIUIIS-BUTEY VAOP-CYUIISVAV FT VYULISRULB YT eAopvie p? BAOP-T}IR/) BY ULISRIB NT UUIIST.L NT VyULIry (viTeu-wesoery, efve VASP- BY UIIS-BAG NT BAOP-BSULK) BAOp-eSUBH jo 4 ereu-egtinsede BAOP-VSUBY) eaop-eAuv Ny eaop-e£UB N suos eaop-epuvuvie if : eAop-eAue N “Ayseudp ryejeure yy ‘OW enae st - Oey ape ‘dasurrg pue ‘Fe ‘Z8I—LOT ‘dd 9 ‘ON “SIX Ut AdoTvotey payep “xosur [eorBorveuen «¢ [BdON Jo 4stHZ,, “Worsyedyaryy « [BGON ,, SAUSIIAY ‘ITeaesure A XV1 _ HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION, CHRONOLOGICAL APPENDIX ITV. List of the Gorkha Kings. Prith(i)vi Narayana Sah (a. p. 1768—1774). Pratapa Simha Sah (1774—1777). Rana Bahadir Sah (1777—1779). Girvana Yuddha Sah (1799—1816). Rajendra Vikrama Sah (1816—1847). Surendra Vikrama Sah (18471881). Prithivi Vira Vikrama Sah. | I 19 [om. HJ. LHI yo. dd. 1355, and Brit. as. Or. 2206; om. II. AD. ETTi, ean Cf. 4 Line or Lavirapur (Patan) | in) Siddhinarasimha 1.1637) A.D. ) in) | Nivasa Coin) be Yoganarendra oe ee { (Yogendra) Lokaprakaga | (queen dowager, Yogamati) ey (L21 and Coin) a ee \ idrasimhadeva oR ae, : 9 Coin) Jayayogaprakaca is } Vishnu Rajyaprakaca, | ” WwW. i I oe Vicvajit VGH. : Coins | Dalamardana Sah VGH. | | | Tejanarasimha VGH. 7H=Mr Hodgson’s papers in the India Officd80. The coins referred to are in the Britis | / CHRONOLOGICAL APPENDIX ITI. Kings of Nepal from the division of the Kingdom to the Gorkha conquest. LINE oF BHATGAON Raya VHDe (Rama, G). Suvarna VG (Bhavana H, Bhuvana De). Prana VGHDe«. Vicva VGHDe. Trailokya VGHDs. A.D. 1628 De Jagajjyotih VGH. » 1633 (Add. | 1687) Cf. Add. 1696_ Narendra V (Nareca H, | om. GC), A.D. 1642 (Coin) Jagatprakaga VGH. | | ee LODO a; Jitamitra VGH. POO aks. Bhipatindra VGH. Pe, et. 155 Ranajita VGH Explanation of Abbreviations. Office. D=MSS. V=Vameavali (Dr D. Wright’s History of Nepal), 5 and 6 in the library of the Deutsche Morgenlindische Gesellschaft. Yaksha-malla (ob. circa A.D. 1460). | Line oF KATHMANDU — S| Ratna VGHI0. eres VH [om. GT]. Sirya VGHI19. Nees VGIi9[om. H]. need VGHI)po. | A.D. 1576 (Add. 1355) Sadagiva V, Add. 1355, and Brit. | Mus. Or. 2206; om. | GHI. Civasimha VGH Is. | (King of Patan only, V) Hariharasimha [17 & 19. Line or Lavirapur (PAtan) a.p. 1631 (Coin) ) , 1633(Add.1637) ,, 1637 (I17) | 5, 1654 (Coin) | LINE oF KATHMANDU r 1? * . il : Siddhinarasimha Lakshminarasimha Ap. 1649 Tieh Te | » 1654 Inser. eee | in pl. 13 Pratapa » 1665 (Ds) Nivasa ,, 1656 (Coin) | ,, 1665 (2) (Coin) 5, 1659 (Add. 1385) | 5 1686) fone: ( Yoganarendra ” ve (Coins) Cakravartendra Cr Vv », L700/ ( (Yogendra) oye) Nripendra w as ht », 1682 (Coins and Add. Bhupalendra ( 250) : Fe POD Lokaprakaca 1475) | art (queen dowager, Yogamati) , 1701 (Coin) Bhaskara (I21 and Coin) Co; f1709 Ji ayaviramahindra a ea ng Ws b (W. ) Mahindrasimhadeva » 1722 (Coin) J agajjaya (styled Mahi- __,, 1722 (?) (Coin) Jayayogaprakaca » 1728 (Coin, W.) ; patindra) 1736 ? \ Ja a ; le 1729 . 22 , yaprakaca (later also at 26 Vishnu » $1753, J Lalitapur) ,, 1731 : | 5, 1749(Coin,struckap- [Jyotihprakaca] ’ - e 0) a ( Rajyaprakaca parently ina rebellion ; ” ; D9 Visine Hi ; aD) peg Say ze) No dates from Coins alom sae ere Sah or MSS. hae Tejanarasimha VGEe VGH. Mr Hodgson’s papers in the India The coins referred to are in the G=Gorkha histories, Add. 1160 and B. M. Or.6. H= I=Inscriptions in the Indian Antiquary, Aug. 1880. British Museum, except those marked W., which are in the possession of Professor W. Wright, at Cambridge. [To follow page xvi. | PALMOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. Ir is now perhaps generally known amongst Sanskritists and other Orientalists that one distinguishing feature of the present collection is the high antiquity of its MSS. as compared with any Sanskrit MSS. previously discovered. Some doubt, indeed, has been expressed as to the genuineness of these dates; and it was one of the objects of the paper read by the present writer at the Fifth Congress of Orientalists, referred to in the Historical Introduction, to establish the antiquity claimed for them by showing the great variety of testimony on which that claim rests. It will not, therefore, be out of place to repeat here the general heads of argument there* enumerated, before proceeding to note the various details which it is the special object of the present Introduction to collect and classify. (1) The climate and remote position of Nepal, as compared with other parts of India, have favoured the preservation of MSS. (2) The decline of religion and learning in the country for the last five centuries has caused many ancient works to be forgotten and quite unused. Nor are we left to conjecture here. In many of our Cambridge MSS. of the xivth, xuth, and even the xith century, I have found the powdered chalk, put in by the scribes to preserve the leaves, still quite fresh: But even if not read, old MSS. were, and are, often preserved as heirlooms and the like, with all the superstitious care that an ignorant people can sometimes give to the monuments of an * See Verhandlungen des fiinften Orrentalisten-Congresses, 2ter Theil, 2te Halfte, pp. 190—1. XVUl PALHEOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. unknown learning. Compare the passage of the old native Chronicle, the Vameavali (Wright’s Nepal, p. 159), in. which we read that, in the reign of Cankara-deva (xiIth cent. A.D.), “at the time when the village of Jhul was burning, Yasodhara, the Brahmani widow, fled to Patan with a small model of a chaitya, the book Pragya-paramita (written in gold letters in Vikrama-sambat 245 [= A.D. 188]), and her infant son Yasodhara.” (3) The evidence of inscriptions discovered in Bengal, and recently in Nepal itself, remarkably confirms in several highly interesting cases, the sometimes detailed information given by scribes as to contemporary dynasties, etc. See the Historical Introduction, pp. ii, vili, 1x. (4) Evidence from astronomy and the (lunar) calendar. An eclipse in one case, and in several others the days of the week and month,—stated according to the complicated lunar calendar, which a forger would have required far more learning than modern scribes possess, to work out correctly,—have been calculated by Professor Adams, and are found to tally. (5) Lastly, the whole chain of paleographical and monu- mental evidence is as convincing as it is instructive, seeing that we have here to deal not with isolated MSS., but with a regular series, showing a progressive development of handwriting corre- sponding to the dates given. The review of the testimony under this last head is of course at present our more immediate object. It may, however, not be out of place to notice here one objection urged against the antiquity of these and other early Indian MSS. In an interesting article on Nepalese history and antiquities in “Indische Streifen” 111. 528, Professor Weber suggests grave doubts lest the boasted antiquity of MSS. from Nepal may not fall to the ground in the same way as did that of a Sanskrit MS. at Paris, where the date of the archetype has been heed- lessly reproduced by the scribe, not from any desire to forge or otherwise deceive, but from sheer unreflecting thoughtlessness. PALHOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. Sie A few weeks before the death of the greatest authority on Indian paleography, the late Dr A. C. Burnell, I received from him a letter which showed that even he felt misgivings on the same ground. Dr Burnell wrote: “I was hardly prepared to believe that these palm-leaf MSS. [at Cambridge] could be so old as was said; but I think you have made it clear [in the article cited above] that some are really of the dates they bear. I fear still that some are merely copies with the date of the original given in the copy, as is commonly done in India. I am led to this by the modern appearance of the palm leaves, so far as I can judge from the engravings etc. that I have seen; I have not seen one of the originals as yet. In the dry parts of 8. India, the palm leaves become nearly black in 400 years, and in the damp parts (Malabar and Canara e.g.), the same time turns them to the colour of mahogany. In every case, they become so fragile that it is impossible to touch them.” I have quoted more of this interesting passage than strictly bears on the point now in question, as being perhaps the last utterance of its distinguished author on palxo- graphy, his greatest study, and as showing that the preliminary considerations (1) and (2) urged above are far from irrelevant. Returning, however, to the subject of copied dates, our chief answer to objectors must of course be of a palzeographical nature. Let any candid critic, even if his patience fail him for - the perusal of the minuter examinations of the gradual develop- ment of letters which form a large part of the present essay, simply turn to the table of selected letters appended, and then say if on the hypothesis of copied dates so regular and gradual a development would be traceable. On such a hypothesis we should rather find the latest and most modern forms of letters in MSS. professing to be of early dates. Certain at least it must needs be admitted to be, that our MSS. in the older forms of character have been in no sense written recently; for at the present day, there is scarcely a person in Nepal who can read, much less write, such a hand. c 2 xX PALEHOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. But we are not left entirely to inference or conjecture. We have indeed two cases of copied dates; but the circumstances under which they occur are most instructive. In each case the last leaf of a palm-leaf MS., as so often happens, has suffered by time and usage, and we have a paper supply-leaf recording the date of the original, which was in a perishing condition, preserved together with it. See especially the account of Add. 1644, p. 153. Here then we find not the inconsiderateness or stupidity attributed by Prof. Weber to the scribes in this matter, but, on the contrary, a most considerate regard for posterity and indeed a surprising amount of genuine antiquarian feeling. For a case of mere retracing, truthfully executed however, see p. 155, 1. 25. Strong auxiliary evidence as to the real date of MSS. may be also gained from a careful examination, of their materzal. On this point I may again repeat remarks already published. ‘Progressive development may be traced in material, as has been long acknowledged in the case of European MSS. Even in palm-leaves the earlier show differences from the later in colour, form and texture; and in paper this is especially noticeable. The two MSS. [Add. 1412. 1 and 2] are written on paper no more like the modern paper of Nepal than Caxton’s paper is like that of a modern journal. The xvuith century too, when paper had become common, has its own special paper.” See Add. 1611 and 1405, both archetypes. Before proceeding to examine, century by century, all the local and other paleographical peculiarities of our collection, extending, as we shall hereafter show, over more than a thousand, years, 1t may be well to notice very briefly the chief stages in the history of the development of the alphabet in North India, so far as it can be traced. The earliest period (B.c. 200—a.D. 100) of which we have a connected series of monuments, the Acoka inscriptions, is that of’ the Ariano-Pali and the Indo-Pali alphabets. This is well illustrated in Cunningham’s “ Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum,” PALAOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. XX1 where also references to the various theories of their origin are given (pp. 50 sqq.). Following the line of the Indo-Pali, we find that, at the time of the ascendancy of the Gupta dynasty, a fresh stage of writing, now called after them, is reached. The era instituted by the Guptas has been recently fixed by General Cunningham as beginning A.D. 167. The character was in general use throughout Northern India from this time till about A.D. 600, the time of the appearance of the great conqueror Cri- harsha, of whom we shall have more to say in the Excursus appended to this Introduction. We find that it prevailed in Nepal from the earliest* monuments of that country at present known to us. It is also found on the Nepalese coins of the viith century, of which I have treated in the “ Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlindischen Gesellschaft”? for 1882, p. 651. Towards the end of this century, however, changes begin to arise, as may be seen from thé same series of Inscriptions, Nos. 9—14 (compare the editors’ introduction, p. 171). Simi- larly modified forms occur in contemporary inscriptions from other parts of India. No traces of the Gupta character have as yet been found in MSS., nor indeed of any form of writing approaching it in antiquity. Two MSS. (one dated) presenting a modified form of this character are preserved in the present collection, and to them a special Excursus, appended to the present essay, is devoted. In the 1xth and xth centuries the Gupta dis- appears, and gives place either to the ordinary square and straight-topped writing of North India, known generally as Devanagari, or else to the early, yet ornamental and somewhat fanciful variety, called Kutila. This variety was possibly due in the first instance to individual caprice, and then passed through the stage of a fashion into a currency which was general, though not of long duration. This character again, hitherto * See the Indian Antiquary, Vol. 1x. pp. 163, sqq. XX PALHOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. only known from inscriptions, is found amongst the MSS. now described, more markedly in some not originally written in Nepal. | This brings us to a feature in our collection most important for its classification; viz. its double local origin. The favourable influence of the remote position of Nepal has been indicated above. This is seen in the fact that both Dr Wright and Mr Hodgson* found in Nepal MSS. actually written in Bengal, but older than any brought to light even by recent investigations in the latter country itself. On the other hand, we find one case at least of a MS, (Add. 1693) written in Nepal by a hand precisely similar to that in vogue at the time in Bengal and not in Nepal. We shall have also occasion hereafter to note what may be called ‘Bengalisms’ in the writing of MSS. otherwise thoroughly Nepalese. Paleographical testimony thus bears out what we should naturally have expected, that adjacent countries, allied by a common religion, as well as doubtless by political and commercial relations, had considerable mutual influence up to comparatively late times. Besides, Nepal was no doubt in some sense a place of refuget. For although we find, in the case of Add. 1364, Buddhist monks and laymen still existing even among the better classes in’ Eastern India, yet no doubt the Mohammedan conquest brought some persecution and danger to Buddhists and their books. So at least we may infer from the postscript of Add. 1643, which tells us how the book was rescued when ‘fallen into the hands of a people alien to the faith.’ The next century, the x1Ith, witnessed at its close the entire subjugation of Bengal by the Mohammedans; and from this time each of the two countries develops an individual style of writing. In Bengal we find the first beginnings of a variety of * See MS. No. 1 in the R. A. 8. Hodgson-collection, noticed below. + Compare Wright’s Vepal, p. 72 at-the foot. PALEOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION, XX1l1 writing now called Bengali, of which the present collection affords the earliest dated specimens. In Nepal also, where up to this time no local peculiarity is observable in inscriptions or MSS., a distinct writing is developed. This seems to originate in a caprice or fashion analogous to that observed in the case of the Kutila. At the same time, as might be expected from the geographical remoteness of the country, as well as, in later times, from its political and religious isolation, many archaisms are preserved even to modern days. The special trick or fashion referred to is the addition of a curve or hook to the top of each letter. , | This fashion becomes general in the x11Ith century; in the Xivth, however, we find the ordinary horizontal and the hooked tops in about an equal number of cases; in the xvth century there is again a decided preponderance of the hooked form, but by the xvith century it has disappeared altogether. This hook was regarded by Dr Haas as the ‘dominant feature’ of the Nepalese hand (Pal. Soc. Or. Ser. Pl. xxxmt),* which furnished ‘the connecting link between the ordinary Devanagari and the Uriya alphabet.’ The circumstances of the case as just summarized, and more fully investigated below, put it in | a somewhat different light. The hooked top in Nepal lasts only for three centuries and a half, and was never universally used there. Its total disappearance after the xvth century thus makes the connexion with the modern Uriya doubtful. Unless, then, some direct connexion between the two alphabets can be shown, it seems safer to regard both as mere local fashions of independent growth. Owing, however, to the con- servation of archaisms above referred to, and to several other features more fully described below, a distinct and characteristic Nepalese hand has been maintained to the present day. We may now proceed to treat of the manuscripts in detail, * See also his ‘pedigree’ of alphabets in the same series, Plate XLIV. XXIV PALHOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. considering them in their two main classes of Nepalese and Bengali, and by centuries or other periods of development in writing. Reserving our curiously isolated examples of the ixth century for separate treatment, we come first to MSS. of the XIth century. Of MSS. written at this time in Nepal we have six dated examples. These are all written in a square, clear, and often beautifully clean hand, the contrast between thick and fine strokes being strongly marked. In the first MS. (dated = a.p. 1008) the right-hand twist at the bottom of the vertical strokes, which seems to have suggested the name Kutila, is clearly discernible ; in the second (A.p. 1015) somewhat less so. The transition seems marked by the third MS., of A.p. 1039, written by more than one scribe, where the body of the letters is uniform throughout, but the Kutila curves are far more pro- nounced towards the middle of the MS. (leaves 35b-—68) than elsewhere. In the three remaining MSS., all of the latter half of the century, this characteristic disappears. Of MSS. written in Bengal we have two examples from the middle of this century. These show the Kutila twist very markedly, but instead of the vertical stroke curving or sweeping round in the form that would naturally be produced by graving- tools or the like, we get an angle formed apparently by a sudden turn of the kalam, so that a fine stroke at an angle of 120° with the vertical thick stroke is the result. It may be here observed, in general, that the alphabet employed exhibits hardly any of the forms of what is now known as Bengali writing (as distinct from Devanagari), that writing having arisen apparently at the end of the next century in MSS. A specimen of the earlier of the two is given in Plate 1. The chief paleeographic details of these MSS., to be taken in connexion with the tables of letters and figures appended to this Introduction, are subjoined. Add. 866 (a.p. 1008) preserves several remarkable archaisms. The forms of j, t, and 1, if compared with those of our two PALHOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. XXV MSS. of the ninth century (see the Excursus appended to the present essay), are most interesting survivals of a stage of writing antecedent even to the Kutila, as known to us from the inscriptions of Bareli (see Prinsep’s Zable of Alphabets) or Dhara (Burgess, Arch. Surv. W. Ind. for 1875, p. 101). A reproduction of part of the last leaf is given in Plate 1. Add. 1643 (a.p. 1015*), less like Kutila in general appearance than Add. 866, shows in several cases Kutila forms (gh, j, n, etc.), in some cases where that MS. shows still more archaic ones. See the Table of Letters. Add. 1683 (a.p. 1039). This MS. is in several hands. From leaf 66 to the end, though less curved, as has been said, than the 30 leaves preceding, it is in many respects more archaic, e.g. in preserving the earlier form of th, as in Add. 866. The forms given in the table recall the Tibetan and Carada forms. Add. 1684 (4.p. 1065) exhibits the first examples of the modern r conjunct and the modern Nepalese ¢. Of the latter we get an early anticipation in the Deogarh Inscription (Cunning- ham’s Survey, x. Pl. 32). Add. 1680.1 (a.p. 1068) is a small, clearly written MS., and is similar, as might be expected from the nearness of the date, to the last. | Add. 1161 (a.p. 1084), to which much the same remarks apply, preserves however the archaic th. Add. 1704 is a well written MS., strongly resembling Add. 1680. 1. Add. 1464 and 1688 (c, 1025—1055). Among the most notice- able forms in these are the two forms of e and ai medial, kh, gh (peculiar, but less archaic than the contemporary N epalese), fi, n, and especially ¢, the rounded top of which is an in- teresting survival. * It should have been observed in the account of this MS. in the text that possibly the main date, and probably that of the later note, constitute cases, isolated in our collection, of the use of aftta or ‘elapsed’ years (cf. Burnell, S. J. P., ed. 2. p. 72). If this be so, we get A.D. 1016 and 1140 respectively. XXV1 PALHZOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. The xitth century is extremely interesting and important for our present investigation. Both in Nepal and Bengal we find the last specimens of an old style of hand, followed with surprising abruptness by a new writing, possessing in each case a marked individuality for which the older style gives little or no preparation. The only dated MS. that we possess of the first half of the century (Add. 1645, a.p. 1139) is written in practically the same hand as the Nepalese MSS. of the last half of the x1th century (see the Table of Letters). The first half of the year 1165 (month of Cravana) gives us another last survival, viz., that of the square hand as then written in Bengal. Of this we shall speak in connexion with the Bengali MSS. of this time. To this year also belongs a MS. written in Bengal (R. A. 8. Hodgs. No. 1) in a strikingly similar character. The latter half of the same year (month of Pausha) gives us the first certain example of the hooked hand peculiar to Nepal. There are four more examples of this hand in the same century ; the dates of two of these, however, are somewhat doubtful. It is from this time, then, that we find Nepalese on the one hand, and Bengali on the other, as distinct alphabets or styles of writing. It has been already observed that the hooked feature cannot be regarded as the distinguishing note of Nepalese, as this was never universally employed, and has now disappeared for several centuries. If again we observe the forms of indi- vidual letters, we fail to find any distinct original development. One of the few scientific observers of this style of writing, Dr Johann Klatt*, gives a list of ten letters which he finds in Xvuth century MSS. as characteristic of Nepalese. He observes: “ Plurimum notae i, e, i, jh, i, n, ph, bh, x, ¢, -ab Nagaricis nunc usitatis differunt.” True; but the Nepalese forms of each of these letters may be paralleled from earlier Devanagari, even from distant parts of India. The Nepalese must not, then, be regarded as a distinct and original develop- * “De CCC. Canakyae sententiis.’ ” PALHOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. XXVJ, ment of the Indian alphabet in the same sense that Bengali, for instance, is so. The fact rather is that, from the x11th— X1uth century onwards, the geographical and political isolation of Nepal resulted in the conservation of early forms, accom- panied by the prevalence of several more or less transient embellishments or calligraphic fashions peculiar to the country. From this time, therefore, we treat of Nepalese MSS. alone, and reserve the remaining examples of Bengali hand for connected treatment later on. In the Table, note that Add. 1686 is the first MS. written in Nepal that shows the regular Nepalese bh ; though the earlier form is also in use. The later form is also found in Central Indian inscriptions of the twelfth century ; see Cunningham, Survey, 1X., pl. XVI. In this century also we find the first examples of the modern - Nepalese e initial and kh, akin to the Bengali forms. The open top of the dh seems a preparation for the modern shape. The list of initial vowels is valuable and interesting (see Plate 111). The curious Kutila siteenetion of Add. 1691.1 (see text) has quite exaggerated slanting and angular strokes at the bottom of the letters, and looks somewhat like the protest of a more conservative scribe of the old school against the incoming hooked style in which the MS. is written. Add. 1657 no doubt belongs to the end of this century. Its date (=1199 a.p.) is reproduced in a note to the Table of Numbers. As to the letters, we find that gh, j, n, 1, ¢ and sh, take the forms given under Add. 1645; bh varies, as in Add. 1686; dh is of the transitional form given under Add. 1691.2 (cf. u, e and th in that MS.). In the next century, the x11th, the hooked form of character is thoroughly in vogue; for there exists, as far as I know, only one dated Nepalese MS. of this time otherwise written. The large bold handwriting usual in the x1Ith century, with strongly contrasted thick and fine strokes, continues through most of XXVI1 PALEHOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. this century, though in some later MSS. we observe a transition commencing. The dated MSS. of this century are Add. 1644 (a.p. 1205), 1648 (c. 1216), 1465 (12..4), 1412. 1. 2 (1276 and 1278), 1707 (1276), 1706.1 (1261 2), 1706. 2 (1279). Add. 1644 has been already referred to on the question of copied dates. The year assigned (4.D. 1205) is fully borne out by the paleographic phenomena of the MS., as this is one of the finest examples we possess of the bold and clearly written early hooked Nepalese. Amongst individual letters, it may be noted that e takes the form given in the table from Add. 1693; dh has the early form similar to the modern 4; bh varies between the older and newer forms. The general character of the letters may be seen from the letter-numerals in the table of numbers, where also the character used for 7 is noteworthy. Compare the Bengali @g. Add. 1648 (c. 1216, wide text) is the one MS. of this century with horizontal-topped characters. The hand is in other respects exceptional, as it shows considerable affinity to the early Bengali hand of which we shall treat below. Note especially the forms of bh, ], sh and y, and of 1 and e medial as given in the table. The variation in the figures is difficult and often confusing. Add. 1465, though the middle figure of the date is not clear to me, belongs to the middle of this century (see text). The hand is very similar to that of Add. 1644, though rather less bold. The early parts of the remarkable paper MSS. Add. 1412. 1 and 2 are very similar to the other MSS. of this time; the form of dh, however, is often more modern. Add. 1707 is mostly written in a hand less bold than the pre- ceding, the strokes being more uniform and finer, and the letters usually smaller. Bh and dh both appear in the later form ; altogether, the MS. shows the transition to the style of the next century. Add. 1706, 1 and 2 are unimportant MSS., written in a small PALZOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. XX1X hand on small leaves and with no great care. 1706. 1, the earlier of the two (though the middle figure of the date is not quite clear), has the early dh and transitional bh ; 1706. 2 has also the early dh. The bulk of Add. 1656 also is a fine example of the bold hand of this century ; but the date is not ascertainable, as the last leaf of the original MS. has disappeared. Compare also Add. 1680, fragments 8 and 9. The xivth and xvth centuries may be treated as a single palzographic period. Books seem to have been commoner at this time* than in the centuries immediately succeeding or preceding. Our MSS. are plentiful and generally written on leaves of serviceable size and quality. We neither find scarce- ness of literature, as in the xvith century, nor the merely ornamental MSS. which we shall notice hereafter in the xvuth century. On the other hand, writing as a fine art seems to be more or less on the decline. We no longer meet with the large boldly written MSS. of early times; nor have we any single instance of illumination. With the diminished size of the material, the handwriting is also diminished. The characteristic hooked form of the letters generally, but by no means univer- sally, prevails. Thus in the xivth century about one third of the MSS. have letters with straight tops, and in the next century we find nearly the same proportion. It should be observed, however, that we do not get the horizontal regularity of good modern Devanagari MSS. In some cases the tops, though not hooked, are very irregular, and in no case are they quite joined so as to form a continuous line. The handwritings of the MSS. of this century hardly require a minute separate examination. A few important and repre- sentative ones only are selected and given in the Table. As to individual letters, note that the second form of e (see Add. * Compare the passage in Dr D. Wright’s Nepal, p. 183 sqq., cited in the Historical Introduction. _ XXX PALHOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. 1693 in the Table) gradually gives place to the form still common to Nepal and Bengal (see Add. 1648). The early dh, resembling Y, may be observed passing through various stages (found also earlier, see 1691. 2 and 1648 in the Table) to its modern form. Bh is likewise seen in various forms, though the old form, often (as in Add. 1665, a.p. 1487) side by side with the modern, lingers on into the xvth century. The Bengali form is also found in not a few instances. The ordinary Nepalese shape is however generally prevalent. Taking first the four examples of straight-topped characters, we notice that all present Bengali forms. Add. 1306 (a.p. 1302), like Add. 1409 (a.p. 1360), given in the Table of Letters, has the Bengali bh, e medial, i initial (see Add. 1690. 1. 2), and occasionally t; it has moreover the Bengali p, which is very rare in MSS. from Nepal. In the Table of Numbers note the strange and somewhat ambiguous letter- form used for 5 in Add. 1409. Add. 1689 closely resembles Add. 1409 in style of hand ; but the forms of bh and e medial vary between Bengali and middle Nepalese. There is also a curious survival of the early gh, similar to that in Add. 1645 (a.p. 1135) ; see Table. Add. 1406* furnishes our only example of the system of notation for dates by syllables, noticed by Burnell (S. Ind. Paleogr. ed. 2, p. 72) and Mr L. Rice (Mysore Inscriptions p. xxii.). If the colophon, which reads ¢rimat-karnaprakdcga vyavaha- randyam sasama samvatsare, be correctly interpreted on this principle, the date comes out N, 8. 557 or a.p. 1437; though from the archaic forms of e, dh, bh, and s, we should have been prepared for an earlier date. Of the remaining MSS. of these centuries little need be said ; they are mostly written in a rather small, but clear, hooked- top character. The earlier of two, Add. 1395 (a.p. 1385) (see Plate 111) and Add. 1708 (a.p. 1450), selected as ex- amples in the Table, show some tendency to the long down- * A non-Buddhistic MS. and therefore not described in the present volume. PALEHOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. XXX1 ward flourishes (e.g. in bh, s and h) so common in late and modern Nepalese MSS. The numerals are more or less in a state of transition, as may be seen from the examples in the table. In Add. 1685 (a.p. 1380) at is used for 40, apparently under the influence of the use of *f for 30 (compare the signs for 100 and 200 in Add. 1643), Dated MSS. of the xvith century are almost too scarce to afford a basis for generalization, as we possess only five examples. These, nevertheless, have in common the important feature of showing the horizontal top line nearly continuous, while the vertical strokes often slightly project above this line, thus, 417. Paper seems to have come into general use at the end of this century. Two of our palm-leaf MSS., Add. 1659 (a.p. 1501) and Add. 1479 (4.pD. 1546), are written in a hand the individual letters of which hardly differ from those of the preceding century, yet the regular square and horizontal appearance gives the general effect of Devanagari. There is also a paper MS., Add. 1597 (A.D. 1574), similar to those which we shall treat of in connexion with MSS. of the next century. This century, too, gives the first two instances of what seems like an archaistic revival in Nepalese writing. These MSS. recall in a remarkable manner the square hand usual in Bengal in the xIth—xrth century, but also, as we saw in the case of Add. 1693, employed in Nepal. Besides several remarkable reproductions of letters noticed below, there is a decided resemblance in the square uprightness of the characters (albeit the later hand shows a certain attenuation and want of boldness), and also in the peculiar pointed form on the left horizontal top- stroke (as in the f of Add. 1693 in the Table). The two MSS. just referred to belong to the last quarter of the century. The first, Add. 1355, dated a.p. 1576, is on palm-leaf, the last complete MS. of that material. Among the. letters given in the Table, those which most forcibly suggest a con- scious revival of the square hand of the x1—x1ith century - are n, ¢ and e (ai) medial. XXX PALZOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. Add. 1556 (A.D. 1583) is written in the same style (see Plate 11). The letternumbers in the Table, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, should be noted as remarkable revivals of x1th century Ben- gali forms. Add. 1556 is important also as being the earliest specimen of a class of MSS. of which our collection affords several examples; those written on black paper in white or yellow letters. | The use of silver and gold in writing was early known, as we see from the passage of the Vamcavali cited on p. xviii. No examples of palm-leaf MSS. written in anything but ink are extant; but after the introduction of paper, writing in the materials just mentioned becomes frequent down to the end of the xvitith century, though these MSS. are not very often dated. At present, as I learn from Dr Wright, this kind of writing is only practised in Tibet. We may now pass to the xviith century, which contrasts markedly with the last in the great abundance of MSS. Literature was at this time evidently flourishing under monarchs like Pratapa-malla, whose name will be found amongst the authors of works in the present collection. The various hand- writings fall into two main groups, corresponding to those noticed | in the last century. The first may be called the normal or natural style, in contradistinction to the artificial and partly ornamental archaic style described above. It includes the great majority of the MSS., and falls into several subordinate varieties, not distinguish- able in the form of the letters but in the general character of the hand. The first is a thick, bold and square style, which carries even further than in the case of MSS. noticed in the last century the tendency to approximate. to the general appearance of Devanagari, while preserving the individualities of Nepalese. Good examples of this variety are Add. 1405 and 1475 (A.D. 1614 and 1682 respectively), and also the palm-leaf PALEZOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. XXX1ll supply to Add. 1662 (a xuth century MS.), written in 1619, and constituting our latest dated specimen of palm-leaf. In contradistinction to this, we find several MSS., as M. Feer* says of one of them, Add. 1611 (4.D. 1645), “d’une écriture fine et serrée.” These MSS. are usually written with ruled lines, which are exceedingly prominent. Other examples are Add. 1586 (a.p. 1661), and to some extent Add. 1634 (a.p. 1652) and 1638 (a.p. 1682), though in these last the writing is less fine. To this century may also possibly be assigned Add. 1041 (see the account in the text). Between these two varieties lies a third, the distinguishing feature of which is a thick and regular top to each letter, the body of the letters being more or less fine. One example of this hand occurs in the previous century, Add. 1597 (a.p. 1574). In the present century good examples are Add. 1695 (a.p. 1629) and Add, 1588 (a.p. 1669). The individual letters common to the three varieties of this group will be found accurately described in the plate ac- companying Dr Klatt’s dissertation on Canakya already cited. The MS. there used for illustration (which I have not examined) seems to lie between the first and second varieties, being boldly written, yet with somewhat thin, fine, and uniform strokes. In Dr Klatt’s table, as generally representing this century, we may note especially the relative distinction of i and i initial, and the long sweeping form of t conjunct, as well as the form of r. Our second group contains only about three dated examples, but these are important for the history of writing. The con- ventional hand becomes still more stiff and, so to say, decorative. Our black-paper MS., Add. 1485 (4.p. 1677), has the appearance of being written to be looked at rather than to be read. The usual case, indeed, with these MSS. is that the letters are hard to distinguish and the readings corrupt and barbarous. * Journ. Asiatique, Aug. 1879, p. 144. XXXIV PALAOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. The other two MSS., Add. 1536 and 1385, are on ordinary paper, and, though apparently under the influence of the conventional archaic style, revert to the modern forms of some letters, as n and ¢. In the xvitith century, the same traditions continue in the black paper MSS., and the same general style of hand (though without any specially archaic forms of letters) is followed in some ordinary paper MSS. In Add. 1623 (A.D. 1700), a black and gold MS., both the archaic and modern Nepalese forms of ¢ are found; Add. 875 (A.D. 1794), however, of the same materials, presents all the archaic forms. With regard to the ordinary paper MSS. of this and of the present century little remains to be said. A few of the earlier MSS. of the xvitth century (e.g. Add, 1595, A.D. 1712) - preserve something of the fineness and regularity of the preceding period, but the majority of them seem to show that the art of writing, as indeed arts and civilization in general, have declined since the Gorkha invasion. In contrast to the beautifully drawn, coloured, and sometimes gilded illuminations commonly occurring down to the xu1th century, the illustrations are coarse in colour and so feeble in drawing as to be unworthy of the name of art. Instead of colophons written in metre, correct and elaborate, such as we find in some MSS. of the xith century, or at all events attempted, as is the case down to the xvth century, the postscripts are now often in the vernacular or in Sanskrit hardly distinguishable therefrom. Since the predominance of Hindu influence consequent on the conquest of the country, we find the Devanagari hand not uncommonly employed, especially for non-Buddhistic works. Indeed the leaves sent to the library as specimens of transcrip- tion (see the account of Add. 1042, p. 27) are in Devanagari, though the copies that were actually made for us are not usually in that hand. We may conclude this part of the present essay by examining PALAOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. XXXV the characteristic letters of the Nepalese alphabet as at present employed. These are, as Dr Klatt gives them, i, e, 0, jh, fi, n, ph, bh, r, g. The present Nepalese forms of these letters will, as before remarked, be found to be survivals, rather than original local developments. We may remark specially i (initial). This letter is not given in the columns of the table, because, though characteristic of Nepalese throughout, its shape varies but little. On the earlier forms, see the Excursus on the MSS. of the rxth century. Its shape in A.D. 1179 hardly differs from that given in Klatt’s table (and still used), except that the stroke like a comma beneath the two circles, formerly dis- tinguishing i, is now used for i. The forms of e, fi, n and ¢ are, as Dr Klatt notices, paralleled by the Bengali developments, and the same may be said of ph. Perhaps the only letter really characteristic of Nepalese MSS. of all dates is one form of e medial, that with the curved or wavy line, a very slight development or modification of the form of the letter as found in inscriptions of the Devanagari period. Indeed the most archaic of our MSS. (Add. 1702, see Table of Letters) shows a form exactly corresponding with that of the Samangarh inscription of A.D. 753 (Bombay Asiatic Journal, 11. 371). We pass now to the consideration of MSS. distinctively Bengali. From the xuith century onwards, this writing, though apparently of less antiquity as a separate hand and perhaps on the whole less archaic than the Nepalese, has a stronger claim than it to be considered a separate alphabet: for we have here both letters in more archaic forms than are found in the contemporary Devanagari, though these are fewer in number than in the Nepalese, and also original and peculiar local developments and modifications. Again, we have what is more than a passing fashion in writing, like the Nepalese hooked tops, namely a distinct tendency continuously in force and even increasing down to modern times: I refer to the use of pointed d 2 XXXV1 PALHOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. appendages, especially at the bottom of several letters, e. g. Es rvsty: It is interesting to note that this hand seems to have been specially developed by scribes, for we find many inscriptions from Bengal, several centuries later, in a character hardly, if at all, differing from ordinary Devanagari. | Our collection claims the earliest examples yet noticed of genuine Bengali handwriting (Add. 1699.1, 2,& 3). The dates of these three MSS. are A.D. 1198, 1199, 1200, respectively (cf. pp. iii. and 188). | To this century belong also two MSS. in the square character similar to that observed in MSS. from Bengal in the previous cen- tury. One of them, apparently written in Bengal, isin the Hodg- son collection of the Royal Asiatic Society (No. 1, see Plate 2 in the Catalogue); the other is in the present collection (Add. 1693). The two hands are as much alike as if written by the same scribe, and it is not the least curious or significant among the paleographical and chronological coincidences of these collections, that the MSS., though dated according to the different systems of the two countries, belong to the same year, A.D. 1165. The general style of the writing, as may be seen from our tables, and Plate 11, as also from the Plate in the R. A.S. Catalogue, already cited, is that of the quasi-Kutila MSS. written in Bengal in the previous century. It will be noticed however that the ornamental and characteristic fine strokes at the bottom of the letters have almost disappeared. There is a tendency to modern Bengali forms in the letters e (initial) and bh. Specimen leaves of two of the group (Add. 1699. 1—4) of early Bengali MSS. were reproduced by the Palexographical Society (Oriental Series Pl. 81) soon after my discovery of their true date [see also Plate m]. The letters which I have called in the accompanying description “distinctively Bengali” are initial i, Iri and Ivi, initial and medial e, ai, 0, au; k, kh, c, fi, dh, y, r, v, and sh. Several of these forms may be found, PALHZOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. XXXVII however, in our Table from Nepalese MSS. C approximates rather to the Nepalese or the early Devanagari, as seen in the inscription in the Indian Antiquary, 1. 81: h has the ordinary Devanagari form; n, d, and p are all more or less transitional, Initial 1 may now be paralleled from Add. 1691. 2 (see Table). The next MS. of certain date in this department of our col- lection is Add. 1364, dated Vikrama Samvat 1503 (a.p. 1447). The last leaf of this MS., perhaps the most beautifully written of the whele collection, is given in the Paleographical Society’s Oriental Series, Plate xxx111. The general appearance of the writing is more like the early MSS. just noticed than the contemporary and later MSS. of which lithographs are given by Dr Rajendralala Mitra in his Notices of Sanskrit MSS., Vol. v. Amongst individual letters we may note that initial i has nearly reached the modern form ; ¢ still resembles the Nepalese letter ; 1 is still distinguishable from n, but n, d, and p have nearly or quite assumed their regular Bengali forms. | For a full examination, however, of Bengali writing the materials exist at present onlyin India. Our collection presents only a few other examples, more or less isolated; and other Bengali MSS. in Europe reach back only about two centuries. One of our later MSS. Add. 1654. 2, dated 452, I described in Plate LxxxiI of the Oriental Series of the Palaographical Society, together with a MS. sent by Dr Rajendralala Mitra and considered by him to be his earliest specimen. I was then obliged to point out some inconsistencies in the learned Babi’s first interpretation of the colophon, especially in view of certain alterations given in his 5th Vol. of “ Notices” above referred to, which reached me as my account was in the press. On further examination, it seems not unlikely that one or both MSS. are of the xvith century. The date of our MS,, at all events, is expressed in characters almost identical with those of the MS. given in Dr Rajendralala Mitra’s new volume, Plate 111. if the lithograph can be relied on, viz. 7 W%. The Bengali q XXXVI1ll PALHMOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION, I had read as (from which it is often quite undistinguishable), and naturally concluded that 4 3 indicated “ Nepal Samvat” (452 = A.D. 1332). If however the Lakshmana Samvat be es- tablished as commencing in A.D. 1106 (see Dr Rajendralala Mitra in the Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society, xLvi1. 399, ° sqq.), the date 452 corresponds to A.D. 1558. | Our collection contains several other MSS. and fragments, both palm-leaf and paper, in this hand, but our present unsys- tematized knowledge of later Bengali paleography, renders it difficult to assign to them certain dates. What is required is, no doubt, that some of the oldest MSS. in Bengal should be collected and systematically arranged, somewhat in the manner that has been attempted for our more continuous collection of Nepalese writing. EXCURSUS ON TWO MSS. OF THE [Xtra CENTURY, ADD. 1049 AND 1702. As these MSS. are almost isolated survivals of an altogether earlier stage of writing, and lie away from our dated Nepalese series, they require special examination both as to their date and other peculiarities. A few words first on the history of the dated MS., Add. 1049. During Dr D. Wright’s sojourn in Kathmandu, one of the ancient temples in the durbar fell into disuse, owing to the extinction of the family who were its hereditary guardians, and Sir Jung Bahadur gave orders for the building to be restored. “Restoration” being almost as summary a process in Buddhist temples as in some of our own sacred buildings, the temple furniture, including buckets full of coins and bronze tablets, and a huge pile of manuscripts, was brought out into the court—just as the European church- restorer hurls forth his ancient paving-tiles or tombstones into the churchyard, in favour of the “improved” modern flooring. Of the coins some few were saved from the smelting-pot by Col. F. Warren, who was then at Kathmandu, through whom and Dr Wright they have reached Europe. In the “ Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft,” 1882, I have identified some as of Amcuvarman (vith cent. A.D.; see above p. xxi). The great mass of the MSS. were abandoned to rot, at the instigation of the jealous Brahmans; but a handful of fragments, including this MS. and portions of others of various dates and subjects (see Add. 1679 and 1680), were given to Dr D. Wright. | ——_— xl . EXCURSUS ON TWO MSS. The circumstances of the discovery of Add. 1049 were thus exceptional. Its date, as given in Plate 1, is beyond question ‘Samvat 252’; for as regards the first letter, 4 is the undoubted — equivalent for 200, and that “M1 is in this MS. the mode of expressing & may be seen from the alphabet on the other leaf. ~ See the plate, where the alphabet-leaf has been photographed entire, together with the important part of the date-leaf. The character for 50 turned to the left, though unusual, has been noticed by Gen. Cunningham in his “Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum,” I. 22*, The figures being clear, it only remains to consider to what era they refer. That this is not the ordinary era of Nepal (which would give the MS. a date equal to A.D. 1132) is, it may be almost said, obvious, from a comparison of the letters with those of x1th century Nepalese MSS. as repre- sented by the specimens in our Table, which show the adoption of a very marked local peculiarity, the hooked top, fully described above, and further exemplified by Plate 3 in the Catalogue of the Hodgson MSS. of the R. A.S. From the detailed examina- tion of the letters which we shall presently give, it will be seen that some of the forms cannot be at all paralleled even in the xIth century, of which we have so many well preserved and archaic examples. Palzographical considerations, again, forbid us to place the writing earlier than A.D. 600 at the furthest, even supposing _ that the palm-leaves could have lasted so long. This disposes of the Vikramaditya, Caka, Gupta, and Vallabhi eras. One era remains, which we know to have been used in various parts of Northern India—that instituted by, and called after, the great conqueror Criharsha. This era, which commenced in the * A wore recent notice of the use of this symbol, in MSS. of ' Western India, is to be found in Dr Kielhorn’s “ Report on Sanskrit MSS.” (Bombay, 1881), p. ix. ; but from the whole passage there no very decisive result can be deduced as to.its general usage. See also Sir E. C. Bayley’s paper on the Numerals in the R. A. 8. Journal for 1882. OF THE IXtn CENTURY. xli year 606 A.D.*, was known in Kashmir in Al-Bérini’s time, and we find it used in inscriptions of the xth century in Central and Eastern India (see Gen. Cunningham’s Archeological Survey, 1x. 84 and x. 101). But further, there has recently been brought from Nepal itself a series of inscriptions (already referred to in the preceding essays), published in the Indian oS ata aitweararareataeta Gare | Add, 1384. Paper ; 14 leaves, 5 lines, 9 x 3in.; chiefly xvith century. SARVA-DURGATI-PARIGODHANA (Part 1). Leaves 6 and 7 are filled in with newer paper and ink. For beginning, etc., see Add. 1623. 2. Ends with same sentences as 1623. 2, more briefly expressed, and title as follows : WIAs Aaa CATAL TAY RUT aad TATE | Add. 1885. Paper; 17 leaves, 5 lines, 94 x 3in.; dated n.s. 779 (A.D. 1659). APARIMITAYU-DHARANI-SUTRA. The leaves are numbered 54—70. The work stood apparently fifth, from the No. 5 at the beginning, in a series. Compare Add, 1623. For beginning and end see Add. 1277. On 696 after the title, a WaT? qa etc., and full date, the scribe proceeds : Valet TS BLS BTA ASUS BHATZICY ay- at wataate VAG SATA (2) | ARTI... Fz- Walqaaed THAR A TATACTIS] Then after various minor particulars chiefly in the vernacular: fataqa watnurtcaeraat al MAKER ARE ec o~ ataa aaqaTataanrsaata | 82 CATALOGUE OF BUDDHIST (App. 1386. Add. 1386. Paper; 180 leaves, 12 lines, 133 x 6in.; modern, AVADANA-CATAKA. See under Add. 1611 and Feer as there cited. Text begins : UuagTS Waa HATST afTsAar | Add, 13877. Paper; 117 leaves, 5—6 lines, 9 x 3in.; dated (in words) N.S. 950 (A.D. 1830). BUDDHA-CARITA-KAVYA, Written by several hands. The leaves run thus; 1—3, 2*, 3*, 4—109, 109%, 110—114. A fresh hand begins at 2*b which may account for the repeated numbering. On 109* see below. On the work see Burnouf, Jntr. p. 556- Begins : qa: waata: fra weet facurauretaa_ aat fareatrardwa_| ataqTa Taayteqgat: a aja Seay Ga ATTAT tt 1. Ends: qfa slaguica aetata unaataara waa: A: 8b. Bree Be aTtaeret ara feats: At 13d, 14a. 3, Fe We agtreagraara Sara: At 20a. 4, Fo Bre Wifaalaal ATA. WA: Be t 270. Zo HUTAGHAUT ATA WHA: A 35. 6. Fo We RATA ATA GS: Ae 40d. bo Or App. 1387.] SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS. 83 7. F° We AUTAAMaNT ae aTa: we 4G. 8. 5° Wo Way TaATaT ATATEA: | 550-0, 9. 5° WH? HALTAGUT ATA AAA: Be} G2. 10. %° Fo HAAG WATAATAAT ATA TMA: AI G6. 11. F° Ae ATATATSEUT ATHRTT A: |e | 73. 12. 3° WH? ALTISTWAT ATA ATSW: He | 81, 13. 5° 4° We AILTaaay ATA AGTSW: 1 88. 14, 3° Bo BMRA AAMT ATA WAST: | 937, 15. Fo A? VARIA ANGI ATA TAS TW: B00, 16. 5° Be waaMatadad ara GST: a1 108. 17. F° B° setattartaa ata WAT: Wey 1749, The MS. terminated originally at leaf 109: on the back of which we get a long colophon, chiefly in the vernacular, of which the following is the first part (intended for clokas) : RUT AGH At ATs shea Ar AaATaeas Fahad TEATS GEM lt (sic, contra me. trum) waaay at wat waa a aha | WASH GYM Grew wArH aan eH Then follow some lines, chiefly in vernacular, as to the reigning monarch (Rajendra Vikrama). The remainder of the MS. (109*— 114), written in the same hand, on leaves fresher looking and slightly smaller, contains ch. 17. Add. 1389. _ Paper; 61 leaves, 7 lines, 10x 4in.; xXvuth or early XVilth cent. GOPI-CANDRA-NATAKA (vernacular). Siddhinrisimha is mentioned at 61c 1. 7. Compare Dr Pischel’s Catal. der Deutschen Morg. Gesellsch. No. 4 (also a vernacular play), p. 6 med, oe Cl 84 CATALOGUE OF BUDDHIST [App. 1389. At 16, 1. 1, Govinda-candra, ‘Bangero adhipati’, is mentioned. Begins : At TAT ATATUTS | we aaraeaSn Paya | Ends : ofa Waa RUUATH: WATA: | 180. The latter part of the MS. is a good deal damaged. Add, 1395. Palm-leaf; 123 leaves, 5 lines, 133 x 2in.; dated N. 8. 505 (A.D. 1385). 3 PANCA-RAKSHA. For chapters see Add. 1325 ch. 1, 31a, also the verse @ WaT? at the end. At the end of the book after q War? we find: HA si Waa wy ahaa Na AAT faut a- faacaat | sie watefa UWHAEeIa fasaciTsy fated Another hand on the cover, newer-looking but in the same style of character, gives a date (? of recitation) N. s. 572, month J yeshtha, in a vernacular. Add. 1398. Paper ; 46 leaves, 7 lines, 13 x 44n.; modern. MANICUDAVADANA. Begins and ends as Add. 874, which see; compare also Add. 1375. The text however seems independent of both these MSS. Add. 1400. Paper; 18 leaves, 6 lines, 12x 8in.; dated N. 8. 888 (A.D. 1768). | VASUDHARANI-KATHA (?) or SUCANDRAVADA[NA]. The second title is written on the left-hand margin of each verso. App. 1400.] SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS. 85 The above date though paleographically possible is not altogether trustworthy, as it is added in a somewhat later hand. The work is a tale of a rich merchant Sucandra who, with his wife Candravati, is reduced to poverty, and on consulting the Buddha is told of the magic efficacy of the Vasudhara-dharani (10a). Compare Add. 1355. Begins with the same words as Add. 1357 (which compare, and R. A. 8. Cat. ib. cit.) ; after which : ata ate wad anara wataqey arqrai wer. ATTA FI Ends: ata Gea Deuta: Pegta Blragarcwiaygr yaaa UIMAAAATAAT ATTA: VATA: A VAT VF ete. fateaa qaturiwasrant caaqaziiaercaheaa (sic) SMU UTATAT Ta TaaTtaatara (sic) Add. 1401. Paper; 17 leaves, 8—9 lines, 4x 9in.; dated N. 8s. 926 (A.D. 1806). VASUNDHARA-VRATA (from the Vratavadanamala). The MS. has been recently pieced and mended in most leaves. Begins : STAT SUIT a Uist: | Upagupta then tells the story of a king Siiryodaya who gained offspring, wealth and power by the observance of the Vasundhara-vow. After 32 verses, the tale proceeds in prose: aa: ATIATAAT Bat UistTa fa... Ends: ata AIAATaASTHATRATST BlAGUCAARGA AAT | Then the date, as above. 86 CATALOGUE OF BUDDHIST [ApD. 1405. Add. 14.05. Coarse paper; 55 leaves, 5 lines, 94 x 24in.; dated N. 8. 734 (A.D. 1614). CAITYA-PUNGALA. Compare R. A. 8. Cat. No. 22, A very faulty copy. The work is a siitra on the ritual connected with caityas, the hearer being a king, Indraprishtha. Begins : ait TAT FETS Il qa SaaS aaa UMATg | fAANTA AAG AA IPFRATA YI CHV SATA | BATAATA_ AHI aI Wey wawarta ufyat fasaatta araciiw warts Fl qgQqarara | BT AGATATRIS WT! ° ll UVaTa Badahaaqaa wrara waagi aerawer fa Stid GI BARS AA HAACTAAT SCAR STH ACARI TAN The following sections are marked : Sta VYTFCASTLA ATVATAAT I 6d. Sf VAUFAASTCH AVATARS I 70. Sia AIGACASTCA HIATT | 16. TSMRICIAAAHRAT CIHAF TB (sic) | 24. sfa HARA AIARATLTIAARTYTD (sic) | 26 (ad). Ends : Sia VATFC STAR TASTTAT EU sic AHA WTA QATaAAT CRT TATA! | @ O38... cte. (see above). fafea sragrarsaqg [aa] (The full name of the scribe and some ‘scribe’s verses’ are added in a much smaller hand.) App. 1409.] SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS. 87 Add. 1409. Palm-leaf; 143 leaves, 5 lines, 13 x 2in.; dated Nn. s. 480 (A.D. 1360). RAMANKA-NATIKA by DHARMAGUPTA, and fragment. Besides the leaves numbered as above there is a cover and a sepa- rate leaf with a summary (1) of each actina vernacular. 43 is missing. The MS. is the author’s autograph (see below). The work is a play in Sanskrit and the usual Prakrit by Dharma- gupta, also called “Balavagigvara” (? a mere complimentary title), son of Ramadasa, a magistrate of Nepal (see below), in four acts. The plot is taken from the myth of Ravana and seems to have no Buddhistic references ; the Nandi, too, ends: Ul GATAUITC: The Prastavana begins thus (after the Nandi) : aat areqed fraTan: aareare: | faatt eta tatgertata ata: sthaqetarat fa- HAG ATATAATL AL: UTRUUHTS aA wat at se Weal ATF Il Further on (2a, ll. 3, 4) the original place of production is thus referred to: aruaqraracrarvettaradt ahat Baas aat aata (tle. ATA] UtaaTaTaateetaqat away frarwa Tana | On 2) the Vinayaka enquires : HQ Alatca | To which the answer is: afte faareat areartrac: ata: aa area Hal CTATHATSAT Another speaker thus continues: faaaa wai wa fei Sead Ayers IITA_DTAATA_CTAA SAT S 88 CATALOGUE OF BUDDHIST [ App. 1409. zata, atatanararea fafa crawa_ ae way Tasaraarasn at aty +frwfay wat: aqarieahaargy wat wRrteatara fasqtqenea: Wy--L--l (a few letters obliterated). King Dagaratha is then introduced with his followers, and the first act begins. Act l ends: ta a Waal SE 1 400. Actt2 ,, f° We Teqvat S¥:1 700. Actt3 , &? We Sata?! 1028, Act4 ,, T° We ATA?! 1608. After this we read: VATA AITTAT RK ATSAT I Tara Badia a vata ATRUSTATALT AUT ATATAAT A AwWAA: BlCTASTA: | Then a verse in praise of the poet’s education, etc. : UTAATAAA AAT... Then the subscription, giving the date: Twa: Hat frat GaRaTaty faqw wears fafa UaTalavaT Sagat & Haala_ Cratheararfeat | HA SB Waa_yoe MHacuat cla arat ata wa. WHA WlAAT Caray | aaa Cay fafear XT- ATSATSAT | Waa Baeq i Leaves 141—2 are namaskaras, or short prayers, to various beings connected with the stage. Another leaf, in a different hand, is a ““namaskaratavali” for the various acts. There are also two leaves, unnumbered, apparently from a play on a similar subject, Sita and other characters being named. Add. 1411. Paper; 381 leaves, 7 lines, 17 x 4in.; dated N. 8S. 952 (A.D. 1832). BHADRAKALPAVADANA. Copies exist at Calcutta and Paris. App. 1411.] SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS. 59 The work is supposed to be a dialogue between Acoka and Upagupta, and consists of 28 adhyayas. Begins after invocation, 44T mlaa Tata . arbi : ~ {o] oN Ses AMY MATA TAC AAAT Gat APE WTit- THATS: WUA TFAA ARRAS I Jinagri is first introduced, reminding Jayacri (cf. Burn. Zntr. 221) that he has heard from him the ‘‘Crilalita-vytiha,” and desiring now to hear “Cakyendra-pratyagamana-satkatha,” Jayacri complies, and accordingly Acoka is introduced as enquiring of Upagupta as follows: BTAATATA TY TAAL TARY | Uld HAFHASTAST HA WTIGAT It THATSTAAT TH-VITTAATGAT | ayer fa frag TaTea ye I quryiagqaat area facerfsar | Waal VACTUITAaeTSARTY aTHAT: I weTyatey: Wa ay faarcat wa | faaay AaTasA HY GAT WATAAT tl faagataa wera ata aearaa: | AAAS TAT WIATTAUTAT AS I These verses give a kind of short summary of the contents of the book (compare also the titles of the chapters, below). As the work is entirely in verse, we are not surprised at the confession of posteriority to the Jataka literature and to the (Lalita-)Vistara. For the connexion with the former, see, for example, ch. 34; of the latter the work may be regarded as in some sense a poetical continuation, as it treats of the middle and later life of the Buddha. The work also has some interest as bearing a certain analogy of plan and subject to the Pali Vinaya-Pitakam. Thus the first chapter corresponds to Mahavagga I. 6, describing the beginning of the Buddha’s ministry, and his meeting with the Paficavargika Bhikshus. After a number of chapters devoted to Gopa and Yagodhara, the conversion of several of the celebrated disciples is described, in somewhat different order to that of the Pali, though chs. 20, 21 correspond to Mahavagga I. 22—-24. In some episodes however the 90) CATALOGUE OF BUDDHIST [App. 1411. legends give many particulars not contained in other accounts hitherto noticed. Thus in ch. 35, Rahula, before his conversion, is induced by Cuddhodana to marry: he accordingly marries Kamala, and has a son Sakalananda (see next chapter). Rahula is himself received (as in the Southern account) by Maudgalyayana and Cariputra. The titles of the chapters are: 1. ofa sragraraeta aeiicataad VITa- TAA ATA WAAT SMITA: | 110. 2, FBT? GATACTAHAYT CAT ATA TATA SA" 200. 3. Fo Be BMTATITATaTGN SAS AATAAT ATT AMA’ T° TA? | 308. 4, Fo We We WaT aAAAAT Ae Wey? | 484-49. 5. T° He WITAAIAAAT A? TEA? | 55. 6. Fo Be WatqAUrasy A? TH? | 620. 7. F° We WAwWAIT A Ae AA?! 69. 8. Fo We AATACTAL ATLA ATATS? | 73. 9, Fo Re AUTACI GAA ATA AAAT 82a. 10, 3° 3° TaURieANAATaCUyCata Ala TWA? | 840. Ll. TF? He PAUTTARHRAASTILG A? WHT? 360. 12. Fo Re HarawrqanasyTyTUgCa a A? STS? | 89. 18. Fe We we aTaHaraqaTaaaTUghCa a ATA AATS HT SA? 1 99d. 14. %° afar drranrearareceye WAS? | 107. 15. S° G@ATSTASTA WHT? | 1180. 16. Fo fA STANAT ARIA VATT AAT ICU 7? GTS? | 17. Fo WiAqAATHARAATAATACUT Ao WAT?! 1408. TB. asa Qatqete Ta TUTTA 4° WETS? | 149. 19. €° ATNTATS THY CUAL TATA AA? | 1500. App. 1411.] SANSKRIT MANUSORIPTS. 91 20, x° fafaatcacifuqearaantcatt a fantaae 160. 21, T° ATAYUCAICAT S|]. TL? ]- AAT -AETATE- GAA STAASUVASTAALT TAL UIT Ta ae waTA? 1680. «gk, SP TAU ATUL aaaaetcraraayr 4° atta? 172. 23, F° ATRIVASITAATACUT F° BATA 179. 24 Fo ALS MTETIMUAA?e Wala? | 1970. a5, <° TaaTqawararaytcadt 4° wats 2070. 26, F° CISBWHSTMSHTYAT Ae BTS 219. o7, T° TIBMALHATAITHITC a? Ae Bae | 2255. 98, F° AARAMATTA Ae BST! 2340. 29, T° GYATHACATARTAISTAAT La? | 2490. 30, T° HUgrwaratcae Tantaaa: | 302b—303. 31, x° BfwaaTyarenranatcae Wa | 325. 39, F° ATSUITSTAATAHATL a? SITS | 332. 33, <° UAW Farag aragnagrsrag Sts | 337, 94, T° MISTATSCG GaaTaaTaR Ae WATA? | 3560. Compare Carya-Pitaka Tales 25, 32 and Jataka-mala (Add. 1415), Tale 32. 35, Fo GealAalleryAUI A ASAT AASTTAATT AT. LUT A° WA | 3614. (see above), 36. ©? WHATS Th ekenee eo a BTS? | 368b—369. 37. Waguarauraytcae ae wWarae | 376. BGA? aHaTaae IES VAT aATATAATTAT ATATSTI ALATA SATA: VATA: | Colophons in Sanskrit and vernacular follow, giving the date and stating that the MS. was written by Niramuni and his son Jinendra, at the Yampivihara in Lalitapur. 92 CATALOGUE OF BUDDHIST [App. 1415. Add. 1415. Paper; 130 leaves, 7 lines, 16 x 34in.; dated N. Ss. 757 (A.D. 1637). J ATAKA-MALA. Contains 34 Jatakas, and purports to be the composition of Aryagira. (Cf Journ. Asiatique, May, 1875, pp. 413—417.) Begins ; sata wAuatqaeayganra HSITUSTUAAM AAA SCT | YaNHAS aagrargarst WAT SATUS SATS AAT Aas [1 TA] I The titles are as follows: CO OM ND Kw w PO fom fae pte ata ATMIaTaAR WA! 4. =o fufastaa fedta sp. Zo HMI wisaran SATs | 108. Zo HSTATAR (sic) WEA | 13. Zo BraasypHTesaran THA! 150. Zo WUBIN GH! 19. Fo BATMATAH TAA! 23. Z° HAaaAATAsa | 29. Zo fagqacsalah AIH | 38. Zo AVATAR SWA! 410. , Fo WAATARAARTS W (sic) | 430. 12. Zo ATSUATAR TSW | 450. Zo VRISAMAAR AITSWA | 50. Zo YUTCATATAR (sic) WLS WA | 54. . Fo Aaah TATU | 550. Fo PAATAT ARH AH GST | 560. App. 1415.] SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS. 93 17, T° HARTA AATWA | 580. 18, F° ATAMTARATTS WA | 606. 19. F° TAAATARARTATAUTATA (sic) | 63d. 0, oo Afeatan fautaas | 67. a1, Fo THATHHATARAATAMAH (sic) | 700. 99. <° Sastan altauataaa | 79. 03. T° ASTANA AR AMTAUTAA | 850. o4 So AeTatastad Wafantada | so. a5, Fo UCHAAR TYAUT Ta | 92. og, Fo REMAN UQATAH | 96. o7 Fo HeTATaATAR TATAUTAA | 998. 99 Fo VTTMAATARATIAU TA | 1040. 09, F° AM AMARAATAT ALAA | 109. 90, Fe STAM AH TAU AA | 113. a1. Fe GAA AM AHAA AU Aa | 122. 39 Fo HATTEAAR SIAC Aa | 126. 99. Fo ASTM AH AMAT | 128. 94 FOxTATatan Walauws aaratatd! &- farcaaraggaararaty | aagafraacta | Ia | As only the words Kritir wam Aryacirapadd- are written in the page, and the rest is written in a somewhat more recent hand vertically on the margin, this MS. may be the original from which the MS. 95 ‘1 the Bibl. Nationale was copied ; see Feer, Journ. As. l.c. p. 413. eee ee se Tira * The MS, had originally WAAA?, but the SH has been corrected in the margin to W (which agrees with the narrative) ; the Paris MS. reads curiously WTAITA® ; sce Feer, Journ. As. ibid. p. 419. + M. Feer reads this name as ‘l’auguste Cirapada’; but it seems safer to take it as Aryacira with the honorific addition of pada in the plural ; cf. the mention in the Sahitya-darpana, p. 23, of the author’s ereat-great-grandfather as Narayana-padaih ; and ‘Candragomi-pada,’ Add. 1164. 94 CATALOGUE OF BUDDHIST [App. 1416. Add, 1416. Paper; 21 leaves, 5 lines, 84 x 3in.; modern, SARVA-DURGATI-PARICODHANA (Part 2). The same work ag Add. 1632. 2, which see, Add. 1418, Paper; 11 leaves, 7 lines, 94 x 4in.; modern. KATHINAVADANA. A treatise on vinaya, especially on dress, etc.; not a tale or avadana in the ordinary sense of the term. See Burn, Jnir. p. 39, Hodgs. Ess. Lit. Nep. p. 19. This work is found at Paris (Bibl. Nat.) in MS. 98 (Divyavadana-mala). Begins : a wtara @ aUretcfacd weretasartga: ar Was TarquTaaganeryaraty: waa | At 76 a bhikshu Sumana gives an enumeration of the chief requisites of ritual, etc., in short paragraphs (7b—10qa), with titles such as ay an |, ete. Ends: aTSsalacra Wad: (then a scribe’s verse), Add. 1419. Paper; 30 leaves, 5—7 lines, 74 x 3y1n.; Xviith century, with recent supply. LOKECVARAGATAKAM by VAJRADATTA, Leaves 1—3, 17—30 are a recent copy : but the remainder of the MS. is in a square hand on paper of last century; words etc. divided in red ink. The work is a hundred verses in praise of Lokegvara. See R, A. 8. Cat. p. 23 and Hodgson Essay Lit. Nep. 18. * The Paris MS. has WMT, App. 1419.] SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS. 95 Begins : Weatuyyaagealaqagqaaryraary AAs ACIATAAT ACs CAATAATATAATAT: || Ara Ar. MAATAT 1° After v. 25: . ata Brags auretartad Breas AaAahy. quar | After v. 75: ata Haqawat | Ends: MAAS AAC aa BlATAACTAR TATS Il Add. 1420. Paper; 6 leaves, 7 lines, 7 x 34in.; modern, LOKECVARA-PARAJIKA. Each leaf bears the title MIA ACATCUT HAT, A dialogue between Lokegvara and Tara in verse, apparently not identical with, though similar in subject to, the work at Paris mentioned under Add. 1353. I have however only examined the two MSS. apart. Begins : HTAGATH ATCT GTIAYCAT RT | aaa Hlidtastta Teacragtray | MIRA SATA_| aaa Teatara VuTaqary” wz WU ATT VAMTTA aaa AIT AH TIT Ends : Sta Bra A AT_ATT Pare fagtraqcraw yreiisaar Sarat i 96 CATALOGUE OF BUDDHIST [App. 1421. Add. 1421. Paper; 183 leaves, 7 lines, 7 x 34 in.; modern ordinary Devanagari. VaAsRA-stcl by AQVAGHOSHA. Edited by Prof. Weber (Berlin, 1860). ‘This is a distinct work from the treatise of the same name attributed to Cankaracarya, shortly to be published by the compiler of this Catalogue. Begins, after invocation to Mafjunatha : WTAR ABA AAT ATHTA IAAT Il Ends : ata qaqa waratara Add, 1422. . Paper; 20 leaves, 7 lines, 7$ x 341n.; modern. DHARMA-SANGRAHA, attributed to NAGARJUNA (called SAPTABHIDHANOTTARA in Dr D. Wright’s list). There are some marks indicating hiatus in the original MS. on 6), 126. A fairly correct MS. ; much more so than the India Office copy, which contains an interpolation of the period of the later mythology inserted after the first two lines. The book is a summary of the terminology of Buddhist philosophy and metaphysics, etc. Begins : AAT CTAAaTS Il Laad WAM waaaheqrze | HAG ASATUIA THAT CRAG Il aa atadtia catia agar ag. way. wagta ii Site aratia | Banas VARIA BARTATaT ST Il VAAATATATIAT | ATS SATUH: (2) HUTA: UTAH. VIAQISA Teqyq ll 2 ll App. 1422.] SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS. 97 aal aaa asa etc....in the same strain for 4 verses, after which : : ata WATIT ATA TIS T sep UB fer. Teal u arty guaaatta U Teas. Next come the 4 Evehinay tiaras: the 10 Paramitas, ne SO on. Ends with an enumeration of the 3 Cikshas; after which : Ka aTaT Spa SACHA (1 TSA) WHNTE: AT. atata i Add. 1423. Paper ; 8 leaves, 7 lines, 7 x 3in.; xvuth cent. AMOGHAPAGA-LOKECVARA-PUJA. A tantric manual of devotion, ete. There are several works extant in the Chinese Tripitaka in honour of Amoghapaca. Begins: at Ta: Braaraqqrara Wl arcaudary aeur. SATA | SATSUTMATATAT SaaTey aah aE Ends : aT tqaweaa_i ofa FATT ATH ALISA Add. 1424. Paper; 4 leaves (and cover), 7 lines, 7 x 3in.; xvutth cent, MANJUGHOSHA-PUJAVIDHI, Same hand as Add. 1423. A work of tantric devotion, in very corrupt Sanskrit. Begins: at aT ASaTaTS | At races (7) | we. uttad QL BRIS Frararg «facafaurar..... | Ends: sta ACT AA Aaa fare Vary 98 CATALOGUE OF BUDDHIST [App. 1444, Add. 1444. Paper ; 5 leaves, 7 lines, 8 x 41n.; modern. TANTRIC FRAGMENTS. Chiefly ejaculations to various divinities. _ Add. 1445. Paper ; 2 large sheets, modern. NEWARI SONGS. Written down for Dr D. Wright. Add. 1446—47. Paper; 6 lines; XVII—XvVIIIth cent. TANTRIC DEVOTIONS. 1446. 20 leaves, 10x 2in. A species of manual of tantric pija; with a considerable admixture of vernacular phrases. 1447, 2 leaves, 12x 4in. Fragments of the Ushnishavijaya- dharani, Another copy will be found in R, A. §. Cat. p. 50. . Add. 1449, Coarse brown paper; 24 leaves, folded backwards and forwards, 5—6 lines, 7 x 3in.; modern. DHARANIS, STOTRAS, &c. Various prayers &c., in several hands, all barbarous in form and language. Add. 1451—53. Paper ; Xvulth cent. 7 TANTRIC FRAGMENTS. 1451. 8 leaves folded backwards and forwards, 6 lines, 74 x 3 in. Stotras, in different hands, mainly ejaculations to Mafijucri and other divinities, App. 1451—53.] SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS. 99 1452. 6 leaves folded backwards and forwards, 6 lines, 7 x 24 in. Devotions, partly vernacular; ejaculations to Mealolateana and others, 1453, 7 leaves, 5 lines, 7} x 3in. Fragment (leaves 5—11) of the Aikajata-dharani. Add. 1454, Paper; 2 leaves, 5 lines, 8 x 3in.; dated n. s. 927 (A.D. 1807). 5 FRAGMENT of the STUTI-DHARMA-CANTU (2). Kjaculation of praise to Avalokitegvara and the Sukhavatiloka, chiefly interesting from containing the exact date and place of writing, which latter occurs thus : STATA AQT AAWS AATITARTANT HaETA qy- UraHettaert Saieazs sahya arya wra agra. SH UTATARA,. | Add. 1455—56. Paper ; modern writing. TANTRIC FRAGMENTS. 1455. 3 leaves, 5 lines, 7 2x 2}in, Fragment of a dharani or stotra, partly corrupt Sanskrit, partly vernacular. 1456. 1 leaf, 6 lines, 8x 3in. Part of a tantra, chiefly vernacular. | Add. 1460. Thick paper; 50 leaves, 5 lines, 11 x 3in.; dated n. 8, 792 (A.D. 1672), PANCARAKSHA. The beginning, and the ends of the chapters, are substantially the same as in Add, 1325 (which see), 7—2 100 CATALOGUE OF BUDDHIST [| App. 1460. After the title at the end, 49a]. 5, follows the verse a WaT? . and invocations of blessing .on teachers and parents in terms seis identical with those used in Add. 875 (which compare). Then follows, (496, 1. 4): STATTAWIASTANTITH AT. .... (titles) TAWATIAE- aq TATaACS TATALT SZ It aTaata- wataat-agrag ASTITSVTT UITAT (?) aeitaercitytsa- aT aA - Zel- fuatfaa-arat awatuaral ae WyATaTATATa Bt WAI:Z A att (sic) caura- wat aa attra (!) Wat AR UWATA Waal Watt a aelaqada CTSIATAS QUST LTT AAA Y AAT ATATTSAT SG (sic)! FTAA SATHATST (2) Qe UWA wataasa aast aaata Hl 3 UACATA ATSIC TaA SUTAT | Ty UTTATAA- SA AGAAT AAATATA- Ua Harary arqateare | q- Taaaa SEQ (exact day, etc.) fataqqa ASACAAAA ART. Taree TATA RTCA AAT SS ATH (2) ) TATATEANT. aAzaaq fafattad | aur "€ GI° (a scribe’s verse). “Add. 1464. Palm-leaf; 227 leaves (numbered in letters and figures) ; 5—6 lines, 21x 2in.; Kutila character; dated 5th year of Maoipala of Bengal (circa A.D. 1020). ASHTASAHASRIKA PRAJNAPARAMITA. This MS., which is in excellent preservation, has several illustra- tions—chiefly of Buddhas, showing various mudras ete.—both near the beginning and end of the MS. and on the binding-boards. On the date and paleography see the Introductions. There are several glosses (e.g. at 193—4) in a hand from which it would appear that the MS. remained in Bengal many centuries after it was written. The last leaf is much obliterated, but the subscriptions are in the same form as those of Add. 1688; in that beginning with the formula SaTAISa , the name mentioned also bears some resemblance, Twa facher-ATSTAT (cf. CTH SETAT Add. 1688). App. 1464.] SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS. 101 The colophon runs thus: UCAS THAT AaT AAA STU SLT A ATA, - ARUaS VAS ATA AHA SY T_T AAA... On the work see Add. 866. Add. 1465. Palm-leaf; originally 299 leaves (see below), 7 lines, 13 x 2in.; dated Nn. s. 384 (2) (A.D. 1264). ASHTASAHASRIKA PRAJNAPARAMITA. Leaves 32, 46, 108, 110, 145—147,188, 191, 193, 197, 211, 238— 243, 245, 297, are missing. . There are also two leaves which belong to other places, or to other MSS., numbered 113 and 11...(last fig. indistinct): there evidently however is some. confusion in this part of the MS., as the real number 113, formerly placed elsewhere, and 114 do not quite fit (see the passage in 866, 79a 1. 6 fin.) and moreover leaves 118—121 were originally numbered 116—119. There are also several other corrections of pagination. The date is somewhat doubtful ; it is expressed in letter-numerals but not on the usual system. The first figure is clearly TA so that the digits are expressed each by a unit-figure, not, as usual, with separate notation for tens and hundreds. The middle number is of strange form. It may be meant for @ (5), or for @ or B (8)*— though it more resembles the syllable . The latter value is however -preferable on chronological grounds, as regards the king (Abhaya-malla) named. (See Hist. Introd.) The last figure is certain. As in Add, 866, the number of verses in each chapter is given at the end. On the work see Add. 866. | The colophon, after some verses in praise of the book and the verse a WaT? runs thus: Squat sa vacaeraraaifaa: WaratieaH- TTT. AINTASS () TEATY, . . ete. | * See Bhagwanlal in the Indian Antiquary, vi. 46. 102 CATALOGUE OF BUDDHIST [App. 1465, uaa fae HaThaANAedraral Aire qarayt TT- arTfycisataatsacuuaaery Uy fataatata i Add. 1467. Paper; 297 leaves, 9 lines, 18 x 5in.; modern. GANDA-VYUHA. _ There is an illustration on If, 1. On the work, see under Add. 917. Add, 1468, Paper; 132 leaves, 11—12 lines, 14 x 54in.; modern. VRIHAT-SVAYAMBHU-PURANA, The leaves are numbered 1—48, 48*, 49-131. At least three hands are observable. On the work see Add. 870. Add. 1469. Paper; 158 leaves, 13 lines, 184 x 7in.; modern. MADHYAMA-SVAYAMBHU-PURANA (also called SVAYAMBHUT- PATTIKATHA), with vernacular translation. Begins : Haat FA ASATaA ey AAATTAA: | Baa Gq AVIA Aq SS ACUTTAA: tl vat Paarerara wad TrAaTTaa | AMMLIAE A TAA WATS UTA, Il AEA 4: WUiarat qa aIaHa4ra_| “ufuggitaara: & aifeaat wae Waa ATUTAGU AAI: VIASAT: | qrtyawutaent [a] faaeret wartas: ie For chapters etc., see Dr Pischel, cited under Add. 870. App. 1470.] SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS. 103 Add, 1470. Paper; 50 leaves, 9 lines, 12 x 5in.; dated N. Ss. 962 (A.D. 1842). : [EKARA® or EKALLAVIRATANTRAM] CANDAMAHA- ROSHANATANTRAM. Compare Add. 1319, and R. A. 8. Cat. No. 46. Begins : Ud HAT Waaataaay Aaa AWA: ° Ends: afa Bl TWaRTUITUA a ATH Il 492. Then a mantra of one page: after which date ut supra; then: Fiz BATA AATATY PLT FR [2 legend. THA] qa ..f.7. awe varacey fated dqufata Add. 1471. Paper ; 10 leaves, 5 lines, 9 x 3in.; modern. BHADRACARI-PRANIDHANA. See Add. 899. 2. Add. 1472. Paper; 6 leaves, 5 lines, 8 x 4in.; modern. VRISHTICINTAMANI, by RAgA PRAaTAPA MALLA. A charm for rain in 34 numbered stanzas or sections. On the royal author see Wright’s Vepal, p. 213. Begins ; tihararangzeateyce fatratatautaqyarcy | Ends: : Sha AVA STC ATT ACTH ATR HAT AAV AT AA 24 facied afutenratedra Ts aye 104 CATALOGUE OF BUDDHIST [App. 1473. Add. 1473. Paper; 16 leaves, 7 lines, 94 x 4 in.; modern Devanagari hand. C@AGA-JATAKAVADANA (Northern redaction in verse). This is a different redaction of the story both from the Cacajataka of the Avadana-mala (Add. 1415) and from that of the collection of Add. 1598. Its distinctively northern character is shown by the _ cosmogony referred to on 2a, 1. 1, where Adi-buddha is mentioned. The MS. begins with an invocation to Padmakara of two verses. Then a dialogue ensues between Upagupta and Acoka, thus: AUGTT: Wary wUtH Waa | WAU TRAIT ATA AS I WY UAT TATATH ATH TARA (sic) WHT SATTTTATAT ARTY: WHAT: GIT: I The actual story of the hare is only reached on leaf 8b, and from here to the end it will be seen that the verses of the (prose and verse) story in the Jataka-mala are to be found in our MS. Thus v, 1 (p. 59 ed. Fausbill, “Five Jatakas” 1861) is to be found on 9a 1. 1, and the last verse on 150 1. 1, The dramatis personae (which may be compared with the list in the Pali tale, Fausb., “Five Jatakas,” p. 58, 1. 9) are thus given (155—16) :. | : aT sat UT LAAeTAaT WAIT A AATAT: | Wa: WATS SAAT TSA avacy saa | BR AA UAT ETAT Verna: Il Ends : Sia Wrateattes Waray: @ wata: | auta utatawrg wnaareee ae: II tcn, on leaf 296 of the text occurs here at leaf 3a, line 4, fin, Several sitras, however, on 4a correspond with Pan. vi. i. 74, sqq., and, as the earlier parts of this pada correspond with the same pada of Panini, the identification of this leaf may be regarded as very probable. Add. 1658. Palm-leaf; 29 leaves, 5 lines, 11 x 2in.; circa A.D. 1390 (see below). ABHINAVA-RAGHAVANANDA-NATAKA by MANIKA. Part of a play on the life of Rama, originally produced at Bhatgaon (see below). The MS. contains the Nandi (leaves numbered independently 1, 2), Prastavana, and Acts i.—iii, and part of iv. (leaves 1—27). A curious and somewhat illegible note on the cover mentions the Ramayana as the source of the play. The Nandi and Prastavana contain several allusions to the reigning dynasty, fixing the date of the play and agreeing with the interesting inscription lately discovered at the great temple of Pacupati (Indian Antiquary, ix. 183), The Nandi, which is pronounced by a sage Bhringin, with some remarks from the Vinayaka and others, begins with mythological genealogy thus : at Waarateryrarta WatiTaey aaa ** Bl Aha aA WTAE ATARTATE Ul ote After this the place of performance (Bhatgion) is thus fixed : sata faartarct atucriatarsataaa | afaaragy ary aga BATA BWA TUTTI ST aT II Taare aa atya_ aaa (atta) 160 CATALOGUE OF BUDDHIST [App. 1658. tats aT aT ATaTSaT agte | fac aa WHA, Haat AT sa ATT Ee: Well BATTS: ll (SBT) wma BAA i aAfIaTa GaaTA Ale aaa WUTS. Ra aagtCa Wace Bre areaqtiacuate utc. Steattarsyayl SaTanay: Wt Watata TIHaAgs aay. - WA +p STATA: AMT ; WR WaWAAAeTA TH. HAA AAC AAT HAA TAA MATA ATAT- AATAAILT aA AeA SH Waa THA SANAATA aat- aac anata TaAATaR: | SH ll BATS TWUTY sia tl aa arya, waAaacTa: tl Sta Pa wAT HRT: The Prastavana then follows: Bi Tal ATaaCTa | aa: utauta faaraa: | fatg- ataat | Wye] I The sage says that he has arrived at Bhatgaon, iaraciauty. faa UTat sta WATT | further (2a), that he is under the orders of J ayasthiti. The royal family are referred to thus: Buy: vata waratatisas Tisaetaecaa: | Ta. feutqaqiaaaaraygag tas Tae: Then follows a line in praise of Jayasthiti, who has amongst other titles lS Qqacaa : [°W°] (cf. Inscription 1. 17): also of the assembly of the grandees of Nepal. Next, various compliments are paid to the heir-apparent Jaya-dharma-malla, mention is also made of Jyotirmalla who is spoken of as FT@TATC TAA: = This seems to put the composition of the play at least 20 years before the inscription (of n. s. 533 or A. D. 1413) as we there find Jyotirmalla the father of three adult children. * Cf. inscr. supr. cit. for the name and whole phrase, and note ” thereon. y...— The text is half obliterated here. § Inser. ver. 2. App. 1658.] SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS. 161 After this an actress enters from the Nepathya and the Siitradhara thus reminds her of the name of the play and its author :—(2b—3a) Bat MITSUI tcaawMay AUHRaTa- Waa aq: alativaaiaalaeara AleH AGT ATeY- Taqarata! aa Waa: UPTRTMT sa arete: | ara atteue tie uaait a atafaaeara_| fea sa ava4r- ATILUTaAT RAT | The actress invokes Natyeevara and refers to the sacrifices offered. After her apprehensions have been removed, the subject of the play is introduced; and Act 1 accordingly begins (30) with the entry of Vigvamitra, solus; who is presently joined by Dacaratha and others. Acti, ends 13, with title, thus: ATSHTAUT (2?) ATA VAA CF! | » i, ,, 228, Wratatcway Tearayr se: » iii. ,, 260, BATAAN ATA SAAT SH i The MS. ends abruptly after a speech or two of Act 4. With this MS. are several fragments, consisting of single leaves, with writing of the xv—xvith century, as follows: 1. Part of the first leaf of a play, containing the Nandi. Hand- writing very similar to that of the preceding play. 2. “gee 4 y , : eaeat Fe . | rs ay a v3 Tew ra ; a ‘ ares ; ees BE raerley rel pees : ; . ; ne a : Pt Pe eae oT ee es ie +" Fe ae sey eo PURE ae: ah . as ae < po. ? 4 ‘ te i ° 2 : . ie oa . ee ‘ 4 * = 4 bd a oe | INDEX I. TITLES OF -MSS. Abhidharmakoga-vyakhya, 25 Abhinava-raghavananda-nataka, 159 Abhisheka-vidhi, 179 Acokavadana-mala, 110 Agcvaghosha-nandimukhavadana, fe Lo version), 67 Adiyoga-samadhi, 39, 46 Aikajata-stotra, 125 Alphabets, ete., 171 , Amara-koga, 52, 61, 118, 149, 150, 151, 156, 161, 163, 173, 186, 187 Amoghapaca-lokegvara-piija, 97 Anmrita-kanika, 29 Aparimitayu(-dharani)-siitra, 38, 81,141 ~ Arya-tarabhattarikaya nama- - shtottaracataka, 45 Aryavritta, 14 Ashtami-vrata (vernacular), 73 . Ashtamivratavidhana-katha, 15 Ashtasahasrika Prajnaparamita, 1, 32, 100, 101, 124, 143, 151, 182 Astrology, fragments of works on, 164, 165, 169, 182 Astronomical diagram, 25 Avadina-cataka, 82, 137, 168 (with vernacular Avadanasarasamuccaya, 134 Avalokiteevaraguna-karandavyi- ha, 9, 34, 47 Balimalika, 185 Bali-puja (?), 136 Bhadracari-pranidhana-raja, 14, 103, 167 Bhadrakalpaivadana, 88 Bhimasena-dharani, 68 Bhimasena-pija, 53 Bodhicaryavatara, 6 Bodhisattva-bhimi, 191 Bodhisattvavadana-kalpalata, 18, 41 Buddha-carita-kavya, 82 Buddha-pratimalakshana, 200 Cagajataka, 104 Caityas, fragment on, 201 Caitya-pungala, 86 Cakra-puaja, 136 Cakrasambaradandakastuti, 186 Cambara-panjika, 202 Cambikavadana, 128 Canda-maharoshanatantra, 45 Candra-pradipasitra (?), 4 Candravyakarana, 157, 158 (bzs), 180, 181, 198 Catasahasri Prajiaparamita, 143, 145, 146, 148 Catuhpitha-tantra, 197 14 210 Chando-mrita-lata, 76 Cikshasamuceaya, 104 Cishyalekha-dharmakivya, 31 Dagabhimicvara, 4, 141 Dagikugalajam phalam, 129 Dana-vakya (1), 68 Devaputrotpatti, 135 Dharanis, 33, 44, 66, 98, 105, 117, 125, 128, 169 Dharani-sangraha, 49, 60, 86 Dharma-lakshmi-samvada, 129 Dharma-sangraha, 96, 191 Divyavadana, 1, 122, 168 Doshanirnayavadana, 135 Dvatrimgatkalpa-tantra, 58 Dvavimgatyavadaina-katha, 36, 50, 139 i Ekaravira-tantra, 45, 113, 186 Ganapati-stotra, 163 Ganda-vyiha, 23, 102 Gopi-candra-nataka, 83 Guhya-samaja (Aparardha), 140 Guhya-samaja (Pirvardha and Parardha), 70 Guhya-samaja (Pirvardha), 15,51 Guhyavali-vivriti, 188, 190 Haragauri-vivaha-nataka, 183 | He-vajra-dakinijalasambara-tan- tra, 58, 184 Hiranya-saptaka, 177 Jataka-mala, 51, 92 Jiainairnava-tantra, 28 Kalacakra-mantra-dharani, 127 Kalacakra-tantra, 69 Kalpadrumavadana-mala, 131 Kapicavadana, 61, 121 Karanda-vytha (prose version), 4, 34, 38, 52, 77, 174; (poetical version) see Avalokitecvaragu- nakar®. INDEX I. Karuna-pundarika, 73 Kathinavadina, 94 Kausigha-viryotsahanavadana, 80 Khadga-pijavidhi, 199 Kirtipataka, 148 Kriyapanjika, 183 Kurukulla-kalpa, 178 Lalita-vistara, 24, 77 Lexicon, fragment of a, 165 Lokegvaracataka, 94 Lokegvara-parajika, 95 Madhyamaka-vritti, 114 Madhyama-svayambhi-purana, 102 Magic, fragments of works on, 167 Mahakala-tantra, 64 Maha-sambara-hridaya-dharani, 125 Mahavastu, 55 Maniciidavadina, 11, 78, 84, 168 Maiijughosha-pijavidhi, 97 Megha-siitra, 120, 176 Nairatmaguhyeevari-mantra- dharani, 33 Nama-sangiti, 29, 52, 77, 126, 204 —— (with Newari ver- sion), 47 Namiashtottara-cataka, 26 Nama-sangiti-tika, 203 tippani, 29 Nepaliya-devata-stuti-kalyana- paticavimeatika, 13. Newari songs, 98 Nishpanna-yogambara-tantra, 40 Paiicakara, 188 Paiica-maha-raksha-sitrani, 126 Pafica-raksha, 33, 48, 99, 105, 152, 153, 157, 162, 175, 190 Paiicavim¢atika-prajhaparamita- hridaya, 33, 170 INDEX I. Paiicavimgatisahasrika Prajiia- paramita, 144 (bis) Papa-parimocana, 38 Papragekhara-avadana, 130 Paramarthanaimasangati (2), 62 Paramegvara-tantra, 27 Pindapatravadana, 40 Pindapatravadaina-katha, 120 Prajhaparamita (in 9 glokas), 170 (see also Ashtasahasrika Pra- jap’, Catasah°, Paficavimeati- sah°, Saptagatika, Sarddhadvi- sahasrikia) Prajiaparamitahridayadharani, 128 , Pratimalakshana, 199 Pratimalakshanavivarana, 200 Pratyangira-dharani, 63, 68, 118 Ramanka-natika, 87 Rashtrapala-paripriccha, 130, 206 Ratnaguna-saiicaya, 133 Ratnavadinamala, 131, 139, 141 Saddharma-lankavatara, 136 Saddharma-pundarika, 24, 48, 172 (bis), 173 Sadhana-mala-tantra, 132 Sadhana-samuccaya, 154 Samadhi-raja, 22, 110 Samvats, work on (vernacular), 63 Sangita-tarodayacidimani, 150 Saptabhidhanottara, 96 Saptabuddha-stotra, 14 Saptagatika Prajiiaparamita, 5 Sarddhadvisahasrika Prajiiapara- mita, 123 Sarva-durgati-paricodhana, 81, 94, 142 Siddhisara, 155 _ Snatavadana, 80 78, 211 Sphutartha (Abhidharmakoea- vyakhya), 25 Sragdhara-stotra, 29; (with ver- nacular commentary), 35, 69 Stotras, 53, 79, 127, 138 Stuti-dharma-cintu (4), 99 Sucandravada[na], 84 Sugatavadana, 35, 78 Sukhavati-vytha, 74 Sumiagadhavadana, 129 Suvarnaprabhasa, 12, 60 Suvarnavarnivadana, 59 Suvikrantavikrami-paripriccha, 123 Svayambhii-purina (smallest re- daction), 9, 121; (other redac- tions) see Vrihat-sv°, Madhya- ma-sv° Svayambhitpatti-katha, 102 Tantric fragments, 45, 98, 205 Tattva-sangraha,. 156 | Uposhadha-vrata, 118 Uposhadhavadana, 135, 137, 139 Utpata-lakshana, 64 Vagicvara-pija, 34 Vajra-siici (of Agvaghosha), 96 Vajravali, 197 Vameavali, 31, 205 Vasudhara-dharani, 65, 84, 169, 176 Vasudharani-katha, dhara-dharani Vasundhara-vrata, 85 Vicitrakarnikavadana-mala, 130 Virakigaivadana, 122 Vivriti, 187 Vratavadanamala, 85 Vrihat-svayambhi-purana, 7, 102 Vrishticintamani, 103 see Vasu- | Yogaratna-mala, 189 14—2 212 INDEX II. INDEX II. NAMES OF AUTHORS AND COMMENTATORS. Abhayakaragupta, 197 Kahna, 189 Acvaghosha, 96 Kambila, 170 Amara, see Index I., Amara-koga | Krishna, 189 Amrita or Amritananda, 76 Kshemendra, 18, 41 Anandadatta, 158, 181, 198 Kuladatta, 183 Aryagiira, 92 Kunigcarman, 148 Candragomin, 31, 180 Manika, 159 Candrakirti, 114 Manikya, 187 Crighana, 131, 139 Nagarjuna, 96, 191 Dipankara, 120 Pratapa-malla, 150 Dharmagupta, 87 Vajradatta, 94 Ghanadeva, 188 Vasubandhu, 25 Gunanand, 171 Vilasavajra (1), 203 Jagajjyotir-malla, 183 Yagomitra, 25 J yotiraja-malla, 155 IIL. GENERAL INDEX. The spaced type and thick figures denote references already given .in Index I. This Index does not include the names of those kings of Nepal and Bengal that are given in the Tables at pp. xii—xvi. Sanskrit words, used in a technical sense or otherwise of interest or importance, are given in italics, where these occur as chapter titles, (t) has been added. To obviate the necessity of separate indices, several general headings have been made, the chief of which are: Avadanas, Dharanis, Inscriptions, Jatakas, Kathas (tales), Scribes (and their patrons), and Viharas. Abhidharmakoga-vyakhya, 25 ablijna-carya, 195 abhimukhi (bhiimi), 5 A bhinava-raghavananda-na- taka, 159 abhisamaya, (t), 21 Abhisheka-vidhi, 179 acala (bhimt), 5 Agoka character, xlvii, sqq. Agokavadana-m4la, 110 acraddadhanatd, 206 A gvaghosha-nandimukh§ava- dana, 118, 119; (with ver- nacular version), 76 Acvalayana, 21 acvasapratilabha dharmah, the four, 206 acgvatthadbhutadharmata, 192 ddharayogasthana, 197 —— nishtha-y°’, 195 —— dnudharma-y’, 194 adhimukticarya (bhiimt,) 195 adhipatya-parigraha, 195 adhyacaya (t), 195 Adhyagayasaficodanasiitra, 107 adirghakalika parigraha, 195 A diyoga-samadhi, 39, 46 Agama (quoted), 116 agauravata, 206 Aikajata-stotra, 125 Ajatagatru, 112 Ajita, 75 Akacgagarbha-sitra, 107 akritajnata, 206 Akshayamati-siitra, 107, 116 Alinda, (queen), 122 Alphabets, ete., 171 214 Amara-koga, 52, 61, 1]8, 149, 150,151,156, 161, 163, 173, 186, 137 = prety pax Amguvarman, Xxxix, sqq. Amitabha, 75 Amoghapaga-lokecvara-pij a, 97 Amoghavajra, 14 Amrita-kanika, 29 Amritananda (scribe 1), 133, [ef. Index 11. ] Amrita Pandita, 76 Ananda, 74 Anantamalla, king of Kashmir, 42 ananutapakarand (dharmah), 206 Anavataptahradaipasankramana- sitra, 116 Angulimilaka, (cited), 22 anigrihitacitta, 207 anulomadharmacravana, 206 anupalambhadharmakshantth, 206 A parimitayu(dharani)-sitra, 38, 81, 141 Gradhana, 154 Ayralli, 171 aranyasamvarnana, (t) 109 arcishmatt (bhimi), 5 Ariano-Pali (character), xx Aryagiira, 92 Aryasaiiga, 23 Arya-tarabhattairikaya mashtottaragataka, 45 Aryavritta, 14 Ashtamivratavidhaina-ka- tha, 15, cf. 73 | Ashtasahasrika Prajiiapara- mita, 1, 33, 100, 101, 107, 124, 143, 151, 182 Astrology, fragments of works on, 164, 165, 169, 182 INDEX III. Astronomical diagram, 25 dimabhavapariguddha (t), 109 atmapariksha (t), 116 atmapttha, 198 aupamya (t), 3 Avadanagataka, 82, 187, 168 Avadanas. [The Avadanas of the Avada- nacataka, Kalpadrumavada- na-mala, and Ratnavadana- mala are not given here. See the lists of M. Feer, cited on p. 131, 137. Those of the Divyavadana are in course of publication ; see p. 1.] Acokadamana, 111 Acokanripatipamcupradana, iii Agvaghosha-nandimukha, v. su- pra 8. VOC. Adinapunya, 18, 42 Ahoriatravratacaityasevanu- camsa, 111 Ajatacatru-pitridroha, 19, 43 Asthisena, 57. Bhadrakalpa, 88 Bhavagarman, 43 Bhavalubdhaka, 112, 134 Bodhicaryavataranucamsa, 111 Bodhisattva, 19 Cacaka, 19, 43 Cakracyavana, 19, 43, 112 Cambika, 128 Calistamba, 19, 42 Citrahasti-cayyatiputra, 19, 43 Civi-subhashita, 43 Conavasi, 42 Creshtimahajana, 112 Cuddhodana, 19, 43 INDEX III. 215. Avadanas : Dagakarmapluti, 18, 42 Dhanika, 19, 43 Dharmarajikapratishtha, 43 Dharmaruci, 19, 43 Divyannapradina, 112 Ekagringa 19, 43 Gargarastha, 112 Gopalanagadamana, 18, 42 Hamsa, 112 Hastaka, 42 Hasti, 19, 43 Hetiittama, 19, 43 Hiranyapani, 19, 43 Hitaishi, 19, 43 Jambala, 112 Jimitavahana, 19, 43 Kacchapa, 19, 43 Kaineyaka, 43 Kanaka, 42 Kanakavarman, 19, 43, 132 Kapiga, 61, 121 Kapifjala, 19, 43 Karshaka, 43 Kathina, 94 Kausighaviryotsahana, 80 Kavikumara, 19, 42 Kritajna, 43 Kunala, 18, 43, 112 Madhyantika, 42 Madhurasvara, 19, 43, 113 Mahakacyapa, 18, 42 Mahendrasena, 19, 43 Maitrakanyaka, 19, 43 Mallapataka 112 Manicida, v. sub. voc. Matsarananda, 134 Nagaditacreshana, 43 Nagakumara, 18, 42 Naraka-pirvika, 19, 43 Avadanas : Padmaka, 19, 43, 113 Padmavati, 42 Pandita, 19, 42 Papracekhara, 130 Pindapatra, 40 Pracantikaruna, 132 Pracnottara, 132 Pratityasamutpada, 43 Pretika, 132 Prithivipradana, 43 Priyapinda, 19, 42 Punahprabhasa, 19, 43 Punyabala, 18, 42 Punyaraci, 112 Punyasena, 113 Rahula-karmapluti, 43 Raivata, 43 Rashtrapala, 112 Rukmati, 19, 42 Samudra, 19, 43 Sangharakshita, 19, 42 Saptakumarika, 112 Sarvamdada, 18, 42, 134 Sarvarthasiddha, 19, 42 Sattvaushadha, 18, 42 Shaddanta, 19, 43 Simha, 19, 43. Snata, 80 Stipa, 42 Subhashita, 19 Subhashitagaveshin, 19, 43 Sucandra, 65, 84 Sudhanakinnari, 19, 43, (cf. 91) Sugata, 35, 78 Sukari, 132 Sumagadha, 19, 43, 129, 184 Tapasa, 19, 43 Triratnabhajananucamsa, 111. Upagupta, 42, 111 216 Avadanas : Upaguptacokaraja, 111 Uposhadha, 135, 187, 139 Valgusvara, 112 Vapushman, 132 Vidura, 43 Virakuga, 122 Vitacoka, 111 Vyaghra, 43 Yacoda, 18, 42, 90 Yacomitra, 19, 43 Avalokana-sitra, 107 Avalokitecvaraguna-kiaran- davytha, 9, 34, 47 Bahubuddha-sitra, 55, 57 Bali, 41 Balimalika, 185 Bali-pija (?), 181 bandhandni, four, 207 Bengali writing, xlvii, ete. (Al)-Bérani, xl Bhadracari-pranidhana- raja, 14, 103, 167 Bhadrakalpavadana, 88 Bhaishajyavaidtryaprabharaja, 107 Bhavabhiti, a rishi, 11 Bhavagarman, 113 Bhavaviveka, 115 Bhidrika, a merchant’s wife, 182 -Bhimasena-pija, 53 Bhringin, a rishi, 159, 183 Bimbisara, 91 bodhi, 193 bodhicittaparigraha, 111 ——— pramada, 111 bodhipaksha-caryd, 195 (cf. 194) bodhiparipanthakarakaé dharmdah, four kinds, 206 INDEX III. Bodhisattva-bhimi, 191 Bodhisattvavadana-kalpa- lata, 18, 41 Brahmadatta (a king), 11, 135 Brahmaparipriccha, 107 brahmaviharas (four), 97 Buddha-carita, 82 Buddha-pilita (cited), 115 buddhadarcana, 192 buddhadharmaparipaka, 206 Buddhapratimalakshana, 102 Cacajataka, 104 caccaputa, a musical measure, 150 Cacilekha, 113 . Caityas, fragment on, 201 Caitya-pungala, 86 Cakra-puja, 136 Cakrasambaradandakastuti, 186 Caktis, five, 153 Cambara-panjika, 202 Cambikavadana, 128 Canda-maharoshanatantra 45, (cf. 127) candanddi-pija, 53 Candragomin, Candrakirti; see Index II, Candrakumara, 135 Candraloka, 113 Candraprabha (hero of a tale), 135 Candra-pradipasittra (?), 4, 107 Candravati, 85 Candravyakarana, 157, 158 (dts), 180, 181, 198 . Cankara-deva, king of Nepal, XVlll Carada writing, xliv, sqq. carama, 195 Cariputra, 5, 90 INDEX III. ?1 Cariya-pitaka, 91, 135 caryd, four kinds of, 195 Catasahasri Prajilaparamita, 143, 145, 146, 148 cathyasevanata, 206 Catuhpitha-tantra, 197 Chandomaiijari, 76 Chando-’mrita-lata, 76 cikshas, three, 97 Cikshasamuccaya, 104 Cishyalekha-dharmakavya, 36 cittotpada, 192 Cobha, 113 Craddhabaladhanavataramudra- siitra (quoted), 107 Crighana, 131, 139 Crilalita-vytha, 89 Crimalasimhanada-sutra, 107 -rutavarman, 113 cuddhacaya-bhami, 195 Cuddhodana, 90, 171 Cirangamasamadhi-sitra, 107 Dacabhimi, 107 | Dacabhimigvara, 141 Dacaikugalajam Phalam, 129 dana, nine kinds of, 193 Dana-vakya (2), 68 Devaputrotpatti, 135 dhérani-pratilabha, 206 Dharanis : Abhaya-kali (?), 106 Aikajata, 99 Akshobhya, 125 Amitabha, 125 Amoghasiddhi, 125 Ashtamahibhaya-tarani, 70 Bhimasena, 68 Bhitagambara, 128 “I Dharanis : Buddhahridaya, 169 Ganapatihridaya, 117 Grahamatrika, 44, 117, 170 Hemanga, 169 Hrishtapratyayah Stutidhara, 169 Jangula mahavidya, 169 Jatismara, 170 Kalacakra-mantra, 127 Kallajaya, 169 Laksha, 169 Mahacambara, 128 (Arya)mahadharani, 169 (Arya)maha-kala, 127 (cf. 44) Maha-sambara-hridaya, 125 Marici, 44, 66, 117, 170 Nairatmaguhyegvari-man- tra, 33 | Navagrahamatrika-dh°, 66 Pannagapati, 44 Phalaphalahridaya, 169 Pratyangira, 63, 68, 118 Samantabhadra, 169 Samanta-bhadraprajna, 170 Sarvamangala, 169 Sarvarogapracamant, 169 Sarvaruciranga-yashti, 169 Sarvatathagatahridaya, 169 . Svapnandada, 169 (Arya)-tara, 106 Tathagatavyaptagatam, 33 Ushnishavijaya, 66, 98 Vajra-manda, 116 Vajrottara, 169 Vasudhara, 65, 84, 169, 176 Dharmakara, 74 Dharmalabha, 135 Dharmatlakshmisamvada,129 218 dharmamedya (-bhiimt), 5 Dharmapala, 137 Dharmasangiti (quoted), 107 Dharmasangraha, 96,191 - Dhitukaranda, 169 Dhatupariksha, (t), 115 (Arya)-dhyapitamushti-sitra, 116 Dinajpur genealogical inscription, lil Dipankara (cf. Index 11), 74 dirghakalika, 195 Divyavadana, 1, 122, 168 Divyavadana-mala, 35, 94 Doshanirnayavadina, 135, 137 dirangama (-bhumi), 5 Dushprasaha, 11 Dvatrimgatkalpa-tantra, 58 Dvavimgatyavadana-katha, 36, 50, 139 Ekagcringa, muni, 91 Ekaravira-tantra, 45, 103, 186 Gaganaganjasamadhi-sitra, 116 Gaganagafija-sitra, 107 gambhiradharmakshanti-pratila- bha, 206 Ganapati-stotra, 163 Ganda-vyiha, 23, 102 Gandhavati, a city, 36 Gangadasa, 76 ghargharika, 165 Gopa, 89 Gopadatta, 20 Gopi-candra-nataka, 83 Gorkha sovereigns, xi, etc. Gotrabhimi, 195 Govinda-candra, a king, 84 guhyapitha, 192 Guhya-samaja (Aparardha), 140 INDEX III. . Guhya-samaja (Pirvarddha and Parardha), 70 ~ Guhya-samaja(Pirvarddha), 15, 51 Guhyavali-vivriti, 188, 190 Gupta character, xliv, sqq. Haragauri-vivaha-nataka, 183 ‘Harsha-deva-bhipati,’ 138. Hastikaksha (name of a book), 22 He-vajra-dakinijalasambara- tantra, 58, 184 Hiouen Thsang, 25, 156 Hiranya-saptaka, 177 Hitopadega, 161 Images, 201 Indo-Pali alphabet, xx Indra, 114 Indraprishtha, 36, 86 Inscriptions : Bareli, xxv Deogarh, xxv, xliii, sqq. Dinajpur, ii Dhara, xxv Gopala, xlv Mathura, xlv Morvi, xliii, sqq. Samangarh, xxv Sarnath, 11 Jataka-mala, 51, 92 Jatakas : Agastya, 92 Agnindhana, 115 Ajfiatakaundinya, 57 Amaraye karmarakadhitaye, 56 Aputra, 93 Arindama-raja, 57 Avisajyagreshthi, 92 INDEX III. Jatakas : Ayogriha, 93 Ayushmata pirnamaitrayani putrasya, 57 Brahmana, 92 Brahma, 93 Buddhabodhi, 93 Caga, 92, 134 Cakra, 92 Cakuntaka, 56 Campaka-nagaraja, 65 Candra, 134 — Candraprabha, 134 Carabha, 57, 93 Carakshepana, 56 Citi, 56 Ciriprabha-mrigaraja, 56 Civi, 92 Creshthi, 92, 93 Cyama, 56 Cyamaka, 56 Dharmalabdha-sarthavaha, 57 Dharmapala, 56 Hamsa, 93 Hasti, 93, 134 Hastini, 57 Hastinika, 57 Kaka, 57 Kalmashapindi, 93 Kinnari, 56 Kogalaraja, 57 Kshanti, 93 Kumbha, 93 Mahabodhi, 93 Mahakapi, 33 Mahisha, 93 Maitribala, 92 Maksha, 92 Manjari, 55 Markata, 55 219 Jatakas : Matriposhahasti, 91 Mayira, 134 Mriga, 134 Nalini, 57 Paiicakanim bhadravargika- nam, 57 Punyavati, 56 Rishabha, 55 Ruru, 93 Ripyavati, 134 Sarthavaha, 134 Soma, 91 Sudhanakinnari, see Avadanas Suparaga, 92 Supriyasarthavaha, 91 Sutasoma, 93 — Trigakuniya, 55 Unmadayanti, 92 Upaligangapala, 57 Vadaradvipa, 134 Visa, 93 Vicvantara, 92 Vyaghri, 92 Yacodhara Vyaghribhita, 55 Japanese forms of Indian writing, xlili, sqq. Jayacri, 89 Jayaditya, 19, 198 ‘ Jayadityadih,’ 198 Jayamuni, 134 Jhera or Jhara, in Magadha, iv, 70 Jhul, a village, xviii | Jinacri, 10, 89 — Jinendra, 91, 198 Jianagupta, 130 Jnanaketu, 36 Jianarnava-tantra, 28 Jianavaipulya-sutra, 108 220 INDEX III. Kagika-vritti, 198 Kathas: . Kagyapa, 5, 113 Ujvalikadana, 37 Kalacakra-tantra, 69 Vastra, 37 Kalingaraja, 135 Vihara, 37 Kalpadrumavadana-m4la,131 kalyanamitra-pratilabha, 206 Kamala, 90 Kanishka writing, xlviii, ete. Kapigavadana, 61, 121 Karanda-vy tha (prose version), 4, 34, 38, 52, 77, 174; (poeti- cal version) see Avalokitec vara-gunakar® karma (t), 46 Karmavarana-viguddha-siitra, 107 Karuna-pundarika, 73 Kashmir, iv Kathas: Ashtamivrata-vidhana, 15 Bhojana, 37 Cakyendra-pratyagamana-sat- katha, 89 Dharmacravanaprotsahana, 37 Dhatvaropa, 37 Dipa, 37 Jirnoddharanavimba, 37 Kantamati, 11: Kricchapa, 56 Kunkumadidana, 37 Manushyadurlabha, 37 Mandala-k, 37 Padmiavati, 11 Panadiana, 37 Pranama, 37 Punyakama, 37 Punyaprotsahana, 37 Punyaprotsahe danakatha, 37 Pushpa, 37 Snana, 37 Kathinavadana, 94 Kiatyayana (sage), 5 ————_- (grammarian), 21,158 kausidya, 206 Kausigha-viryotsahanava- dana, 80 Kaushthila, 5 Khadga-pijavidhi, 199, 178 Kirtipataka, 148 Kondra-dharani-caityakarana-vi- dhih, 169 Krakucchandra, 113 Kriyapanjika, 183 Kshemendra, (see Ind. II.) Kshitigarbha-sitra, 107 Kshiti-sitra, 107 kucala, 196 kuhanalapanata, 206 Kuladevata, ix Kumudakara, 155 Kurukulla, 78 Kurukulla-kalpa, 178 labhasatkaradhyavasanam, 206 Lalitavistara, 24, 77, 108, 117 Lankavatara, 49 | Lexicon, fragment of a, 165 Lokapalas, the, 114 Lokegvaragataka, 94 Lokegvara-parajika, 95 Madhusvara, 113 : Madhyamaka-vritti, 114 Madhyama-svayambhi-pu- rana, 102, 7 Magic, fragments of a work on, 167 INDEX III. 9? 1 Mahakala, 64, 155 Mahakarunasitra, 101 Mahasthanaprapta, 75 Mahatsvayambhipurana, 7 Mahavagga, 89 Mahavastu, 55, 135 mana, 206 Manasa, 113 Maneevari, a goddess, ix Manictdavadana, 11, 78,84,168 Mahjucribuddhakshetragunavyt- halankara-sitra, 107 (Arya-)mafijucrivikridita-s°, 108 Maiijughosha-ptjavidhi, 97 Mantrabala, 113 mantras, 39 Marici (rishi), 11 Maradamana-sitra, 116 Matrikas, the eight, 54 Maudgalyayana, 5, 90 Megha-siitra, 120, 176 Mena, 183 Mikira, a merchant, 182 Mitra, 113 mudras, 39, 171 miilapatti, 118 Nagarjuna (cf. Index 11), 170 Nagira, 11 Nakka, 19 Nalini, 91 Nama-sangiti, 52, 77, 126, 204; (with Newari version), 47 -tika, 203 — -tippani, 29 NamAashtottara-gataka, 26 Nanda, 132, 135 Nanda, 113 Nandimukha-agvaghosha, 67 Naradatta, 91 Narayanaparipriccha, 107 Natyecvara, 161 Navagraha, 138 | Nepaliya-devata-stuti-kalya- napahcavimeatika, 13 Newari Songs, 98 Nirdega-sitras, 177 miraya (t), 2 nirvana, 116 Nishpanna- yogambara- tan- tra, 40 nishtagamana, 198 niyata-bhiimi, 195 niyatacarya-bhiimi, 195 nyasas, 167 Pagupatas (sect), 21” Padmaka, 113 . Padmottara, 11 paksha, 14 Pala dynasty, i Pancakara, 188 Paiica-maha-raksha-sitrani, 126 Patica-raksha, 33, 48, 99, 105, 152, 157, 162, 175, 190 Paficavargika Bhikshus, 39 — Paficavimgatika-prajfapara- mitahridaya, 33, 170 Paficavimgatisahasrika-pra- jhaparamita, 144 (bis) Panini, 21, 158, 180, 198 ‘Panjabi writing, xlix papadecana papacodhana, 109 Papa-parimocana, 38 Papragekhara-avadana, 130 Paramarthanamasangati (1) 63 Paramegvara-tantra, 27 ’ paramita-carya, 195 paranitds, (the ten), 9 Paranirmitavagavartin gods, 75 222 parapitha, 170 parapushtershya& matsaryam, 206 parartha-sthana, 192 paratimanyuta, 207 paricuddhacilasamacarata, 206 parigraha, six kinds, 195 paripaka, 192 Patafijali, 198 pindakrishti, 161 Pindapatravadana, 40 Pindapatravadana-katha, 120 : pindika, 201 Pingala, 77 Pitriputrasamagama 57, 198 prabhakart (-bhimi), 5 prabhava, 192 Pracdantaviniccayapratiharyas- sttra, 101 Prajhaparamita, 108, 116 Prajilaparamita (in 9 clokas), 170 (see also Ashtasahasrika Prajilaps, Catasah*, Pafica- vimeatisah,, Saptacatika, Sarddhadvisahasrika Prajiaparamitahridaya, 117, 128 pramadasevanata, 207 prapata, four kinds, 206 Prasenajit, 112 Pratapamalla, 103 pratibaddhacittasya kulasansta- vah, 207 Pratimalakshana, 199 Pratimalakshanavivarana, 200 pratipattr-bhami, 195 pratishtha (t), 195 Pravrajyanuraya (°? anucaya’) -siitra, 107 INDEX III. pritikarana dharma, four kinds, 206 priyavadita svabhava, 113 Punyaragmi, 207 Punyasena, 113 Punyavati, 36 Purna, 5 purvaparakotipariksha, 115 ragarakta-partksha, 115 Rahula, 57, 90, 171 Raivata, 19 Rajavavadaka-sitra, 108 Ramadasa (a magistrate of Nepal), 87 Ramanka-natika, 87 Rashtrapala, 112, 206 Rashtrapala-paripriccha, 130, 206 Rashtrapala-sitra, 107 Ratnaciida-sitra, 107, 116 Ratnaguna-saficaya, 133 Ratnakaragupta, 155 Ratnakarandaka-sitra, 108 Ratnakita-siitra, 108, 116 Ratnamegha-sitra, 107 Ratnaraci-sitra, 107 Ratnavadanamala, 131, 189, 141 | Ravana, 87 Ripaka (a fisherman), 129 Saddharma-lankavatara, 1386 saddharma-parigraha, 108 Saddharma-pundarika, 24, 48, 107, 172 (bis), 173 Saddharmasmrityupasthana-si- tra, 107 sddhanas, 154 Sadhana-mala-tantra, 54, 132 Sadhana-samuccaya, 154 sddhumati (-bhimz), 5 Sagaramati-sitra, 107 INDEX IIL. Sahalokadhatu (region), 75 Sakalananda, 90 Saketa (place), 11 sakritsatvasatva-parigraha, 193 Samadhi-raja, 22, 110, 116 samagrt (t), 116 sambhava-vibhava-(parivarta) (t), 116 samprajanya (t), 11 Samskrita-pariksha, 115 Sangita-tarodayacidamani, 150 Sankhyas, 21 Saptabhidhanottara, 96 Saptabuddha-stotra, 14 Saptagatika Prajilaparami- ta, 5 Saptarshi era, the, 18 Saptavara, 66 Sarddhadvisahasrika jiaparamita, 123 Sarvadharmapravrittirnirdeca- sutra, 107 (Arya)sarvadharmavaip ulyasan- graha-siitra, 107 Sarva-durgati-parigodhana, 70, 78, 81, 94, 142 Sarvajiiamitra, 35 sarvasvaparityaga, 206 Sarva-tathagata-dvadacasahasra- Pra- parnjika-vinaya-sitra, 38 sattvaparipaka, 192 sativaparipakacarya, 195 Scribes (with their patrons, etc.) : Avantapala, 162 Cikiddhisimha (?), 153 Citrananda, 140 Daddaka (queen), 175 Indramuni, 145 Jagandala (patron), 109 223 Scribes (with their patrons, etc.) : Jambhinanda, 13 Jinendra, son of Niramuni, 91 Jinideva, 80 Jivayibhadra, 197 Kacrigayakara, 188 Karnajoti, 110 Ladaka (queen), 100 Lalitakrama (patroness), 191 Mafjubhadrasudhi, 42 Maiijugriya (sic), 182 Niramuni, 91, 109 Patideva, 50 Pirnacandra, 150 Ramadatta, 173 Rama pasida (?) (patron), 101 Ratnadevi, 100 Siddhisena, 26 Siryadeva, 86 Vekhananda, 73 Vicgvabhadra, 12 Vilasimhadeva, 175 (7. e. Viras’) Siddhisara, 155 Simhaparipriccha (quoted), 107 Skandapurana, 49 Skandha-pariksha, 115 Snatavadana, 80 Somendra, son of Kshemendra, ee) Sphutartha (A bhidharmako- cavyakhya), 25 Sragdhara-stotra, 29; (with vernacular commentary), 35, 69 sthanas, the seven, 192 Stotras, 53, 127, 138 Stuti-dharma-gantu (2), 99 Subhiti, 145 ete. Subhiti-paripriccha, 116 224 Sucandra, 45 (cf. 84) Sudhira, 113 sudurjaya (bhimn), 5 Sukhavatiloka, 99 Sukhavati-vytiha, 74 Sumagadhavadana, 129 Sumanas, 94 Sumetra, 113 Sunanda, 41 Sunanda, 113 Supriya, 135 Stiryodaya, 85 Suvarnabhasottamatantra, 103 Suvarnaprabhasa, 12 Suvarnavabhasa, 135 svabhava, (t), 115 svartha, 192 Svayambhinatha, the hill of, 20 Svayambhipurana, 138(small- est redaction), 9, 121; (other redactions) see Vrihat-sv°, Madhyama-sv° Svayambhitpatti-katha, 102 Tantric fragments, 45, 98, 205 Taradevi, stotra to, 127 “ Tarkikah,” 21 Tathagataguhyaka-sitra, 116 | Tathagata-[guhya|}ratna-sittra, 108 tathata (t), 145 tativartha, 192 Tattva-sangraha, 156 Tirthas, the twelve, of Nepal, 139 uddadina, 195 Ugradatta-paripriccha, 107 Ugraparipriccha, 107 Upaliparipriccha, 108, 116 upapattr, (t),.195 Upasena, 113 upayakaucalyamimamsa (t), 3 INDEX III. Upayakaucalya-siitra, 107 Uposhadha, see Avadanas Uposhadha-vrata, 114 Utpata-lakshana, 64 Vagicvara, 34 Vagicvara-pija, 34 Vaiceshikas, the, 21 Vaipulya-stras, 177 Vajracchedika, 108 Vajradhvaja-sitra, 107 Vajragarbha, 158 Vajra-stci(ofAgvaghosha),96 Vajravali, 197 Vajravara-sitra, 108 Vajrottara, 169 Valmiki, 21 Vameavali, 31, 205 Varahamihira, 199 Vasubandhu, 25, 36 Vasudharani-katha, see Dha- ranis, Vasudhara-dharani Vasundhara, a devi, 67 Vasundhara-vrata, 85 vatsalya in seven forms, 194 Vicitrakarnikavadana-mala, 130 vicuddha, (t), 2 viharas, the twelve, of the Bod- hisattva, 194 Viharas (ii Nepal) named in the colophons of the MSS: Cakra-mahavihara(Manadeva- samskarita), 148 Crilham, 4, 152 Crinaka, 154 Crivaccha, 191 Dharmacakra-mahavihara(colo- phon ofthereign of Manadeva; ef. Cakra-mahavir), 182 INDEX III. 225 Viharas (in Nepal) named in the colophons of the MSS: Dharmakirti, 151 Gophalatora, 12 Harnavarna-mahavi’, 197 Kvatha, 132, 134 Lham, see Crilham Maitripiri, 81 Paravarta, 50 Tarumura, 143 Vampi, 173 Yampi, 91 Vimala (bhiimi), 5 Vimalakirtinirdeca (quoted), 108 116 vinaya, 40, 94 ’ Vinaya-Pitaka, 89 Viradatta-paripriccha, 107 Virakicavadana, 122 Viripa, 112 Viryabhadra, 20 Vivriti, 187 Vratavadanamala, 59, 85 Vrihatsagaranagarajaparipriccha, 108 Vrihat Svayambhi-purana 7, 102 Vrishti-cintamani, 103 Yagodhara, 89, 138 Yajfiavalkya, 21 _ Yasodhara (sic), xviii | yoga-pitha, 198 Yogaratna-mala, 189 CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. & SON, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 15 tase we Yi : ’ = 7 2 al ’ ¢ » Jt - a ee ‘e%2 = i, iW) us i i if § +S) ite & ae ~~ 2 b! * = re 8e55 d i Ab “! 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A “UpPpTra C hi AVAL es eae ty SO 7tC s / 4 ; : a ag : eS x “n) Datlea Art Srtihfiav5e@ SQulyaft $! s ie -7#*D % 5 ¥ é a gsr aR A HN “masta RAeEIRY | 423 BE SbRRS Be mor yiay LO ; Agee ta *hayvackrs » ) (ee f ( DPevanagarl w / Some Ku i : neuer. Prare I 3: Ms ADD. 866, leaf 201. BATA Le =< bi / SR ed a ry oe NS Dakda tn Nepal famvuat (2ge Ard. (005 Lh/}46'°C°’GY = roped! UP) ABD) CAN wy 8E poasrd G Fel 'T ‘EGOT ‘aqy ‘OW ‘+ Tr See dal ies £8 7705 pula) cilt@iskle cr iets |S [% belle) BIS D9 fhe ne BSE Eke 62)! SRR SELLE) SE To Ub ki Le Be) Gieie ee SRN re aoe | Ashe ee aa ale hry ed Ok ee Kade (4 Chyac fe, Si vee! A CPLare 11. eM! Ae 1464, leaf 128. ley heat OVER GPLALE IIT, at ee nee. = oF jy gona ramen eras — u 9 ‘ 9 iA 14 Chacles Ppatea PuatE IT. 2, MS. App. 1693. leaf 295. 3 (sage AEE FUT ate 3) sg me & i danse sat PES : (SENHA Hala EN sean sole SS = Ser | — SS = = ee ee = _— Rigi Paap phe # hLiooked. aD Baa 2 2 Rees Pe leur ee IL. 3. MS. ADD. 1686. leaf 58 yteape Chit ple é : . 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PES fotred irae : = i. aa: en | - — la a & 7 [ats 3 | 2 & | a Tess mir cate @ & , 3 , Q | | § | 3 [ a | Lo Sead a i eee W556 | 7888 < | ole. Vurrerald aove ZOO OAL GF verily WW O%- CCF ¢ Pee oe fie 2’ « JV I . y beth HO a CX, heated AT £70 fhe Aate le W053 7, 2 Ge efi abe GE L. x ey V0 ale =) TRC L Or Cageing) WO7¢ Phot OW. Fob fhe WADE elena COVE ate 200 timc Sed A. 1049 aed fhe fo treed tH pe Loge, c Pf Vi Le V7 kg i Li J Wate, ptessed ty Lyn cn Pi0 Hert of « ee 2 VW0C43 [th C v; CATALOGUES OF MANUSCRIPTS. GENERAL. A Catalogue of the manuscripts preserved in the library of the University of Cambridge. 5 Vols. 8vo. 1856-67. 10s. each. A Catalogue of Adversaria and printed books containing MS. notes preserved in the library of the University of Cambridge. 8vo. 1864, 3s. 6d. 7 Index (to the preceding six volumes). By H. R. Luarp, M.A. 8vo. 1867. 10s. ORIENTAL. Catalogue of the Hebrew manuscripts preserved in the Uni- versity Library, Cambridge. By Dr 8. M. ScHILLER-SzINEssyY. Vol. I. containing Section 1. The Holy Scriptures. Section 1. Com- mentaries on the Bible. 8vo. 1876. 9s. Vol. Il. containing Section m1. Talmudic Literature. Section tv. Liturgy. Jn the Press. Catalogus librorum orientalium M.SS. nummorum, aliorumque cimeliorum, quibus Academiz Cantabrigiensis bibliothecam locuple- tavit Reverendus Vir Georgius Lewis, Archidiaconus Midensis, 1727. 8vo. (1727.) Out of print. Catalogus Bibliothecee Burckhardtianz, cum Appendice libro- rum aliorum orientalium in bibliotheca Academiz Cantabrigiensis asservatorum. Confecit T. Preston, A.M. 4to. 1853, 5s. Catalogue of the Buddhist Sanskrit manuscripts preserved in the University Library, Cambridge, with introductory notices and illustrations of the paleography and chronology of Nepal and Bengal. By C. Benpat1, M.A. 8vo. 1883. 12s. A Chronological list of Graces, documents, and other papers in the University Registry, which concern the University Library. By H. R. Luarp, M.A., Registrary. 8vo. 1870. 2s. 6d. 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