A Social Audit of A Social Service Agency The Jewish Aid Society and The Jewish Social Service Bureau of Chicago 1919 to 1925 By Maurice J. Karpr | A Social Audit of A Social Service Agency The Jewish Aid Society and The Jewish Social Service Bureau of Chicago 1919 to 1925 By Maurice J. KArRpF TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Index to Tables, Charts and Illustrations......... 4/4 Jf /.4....-- ££ Index.to Appendixes et eee ee er OF Sy 10 ietter ofl ransniittalern ee eee ae ee 11 Officers, Board of Directors, Standing’ Committees and’ Bx- ecutives May 1919) to‘ December 31, 1924220 eee 13 Administrativetotatiias.ot Weceniber 19244, 8 2 ee eee 19 Gireanizations Ghar tee ee Pr te aed ee en eae 21 Boreword'.... ere cm ae Pe 22} eb eee ne me eee Baker 22 PA REDAAL SECTION 1] EARLY PROBLEMS Before the Amalgamation — January 1, 1919 to January 1, 1921. Miss Taussig leaves Relief Department, (May 1919), —Effect on staff—New superintendent takes charge Aug. 2, 1919—Problem of existing deficits necessitates early study —-Rising cost of living results in mounting case count—Re- quest for larger appropriation granted—Establishment of pensions by pension committee tends to weaken responsi- bility of case workers—Differentiation of expenditures— Need of administrative control—Former high standards of case work encouraged—Early devices for purposive think- ing—Effects of more adequate medical service—Value of Diagnostic Clinic—Value of Children’s Examining Clinic— Methods of control—Cooperation of affiliated agencies— Relation between Bureau of Personal Service and Relief Department—Division of responsibility detrimental to work of both organizations—General survey ineffective—Attempt at reorganization—Decision to amalgamate B. P. S. and Tei) ae LATHE yok 9A Mea yee re Ate ce eee eye one ee 27 PART «Il SECTION 2 BUILDING A SOCIAL SERVICE AGENCY General Problems and Developments after Reorganization — January 1, 1921, to January 1, 1924. Guiding aims in re- organization—Departments of new organization— Redis- tricting for more equitable distribution of work—Problem of combining of records—Strong case work departments aimed at—Problem of decentralization of authority— Need for adequate executive control greater because of size of organizations — Methods of control — Fin- ancial accounting Financial control—Possible objections to financial control—Service control—Inadequacy of “Case” as unit—Limitation of ‘Visit’ as wunit—Possibilities of “Problem” as unit—Problem of turn-over—Attempts at stabilization of professional staff—Attempts at recruiting —Professional preparation and more adequate salaries re- duce turn-over—Probationary period and service pledge further reduce turn-over—Unconscious conflict between newer and older workers threatens advantages of better training—Need for additional training of older workers— Special courses given in building by University of Chicago 3 526565 —Other educational efforts—Development of outline for studying personality—Need for cultural background— Special courses arranged—Educational and _ professional equipment of present staff SECTION 3 DOES ADEQUATE SOCIAL WORK PAY? Attempt at a Financial Evaluation of the Work Done. Difficulty of evaluation — Lack of adequate criteria —-Varying standards of work—‘Rehabilitation” vs. “habili- tation’”—Case citations and statistics as means of commu- nity education—Limitations and advantages of each— Reasons for choice of statistical methods for this section— . Comparison of case count and expenditures Jan. 1920, to Jan. 1925—Approximately 200% increase in work with 10% increase in appropriation—Actual expenditures compared with interpolated expenditures—Saving on Regulars during period—Factors responsible for saving—Role of larger staff —Statement of results in financial terms—Possible alterna- tives if saving had not been effected—Value of adequate staff to community and organization SECTION 4 PSYCHIATRIC VS. FAMILY CASE WORK The Mental Hygiene Department. Function of department —Need for medical contact and supervision—Transfer of department ‘of Michael Reese Dispensary—Problem of jurisdiction between Mental Hygiene Department of Michael Reese Dispensary and J. S. S. B.— Difference of point of view and approach between general and special case workers—Implications—Possible solutions eee een we cece enn neces SECTION 5 BRINGING JUSTICE TO THE POOR The Legal Aid Department. Description of work before amalgamation — Change in personnel after amalgamation — Reorganization of work — Review of work indicates discontinuation of service to outlying police courts—Other changes—Problem of “Justice and the Poor’—Function and types of Legal Aid Agencies—Attorneys vs. social workers —Relation and contribution of legal aid to socialization of courts—J. S. S. B. problem—Value of cooperation of Vol- unteer Counsel Committee of Young Men’s Jewish Chari- ties—Broadening influence of social service point of view on young attorneys—Present work of Legal Aid Department —Courts covered—Community Work ; SECTION 6 BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS AMONG GIRLS The Girls’ Department. Reasons for establishment — Attitude of Jewish people toward delinquency — Inadequacy of early Juvenile Court staff — Recent change for the better required modification of department’s work — Present arrangement — Advantages — Are special workers for girls necessary? — Problem of special worker — Possible alternatives—Advantages and disadvantages of each—Pres- ent status of department 41 60 77 80 SECTION 7 THE PROBLEM OF CASE WORK WITH BOYS The Boys’ Department. Reasons for its establishment — Work appears unsatisfactory in review in 1921 Early attempts at improvement — Intensive study of work in 1922—-Results of study—Implications — Possibility © of method employed in study—Larger study undertaken to test method—Value of study to Boys’ Department—Causes for unsatisfactory work: Lack of public recognition of need for training for case work—Implications—No provision for maintenance of adequately trained personnel—Three aspects of problem (1). inadequate training facilities, (2). inadequate remuneration, (3). low professional status of social work— Conditions must be changed—Injustice and social waste of present situation—Particularly difficult for young men— Men cannot remain in work though attracted to it............... 96 SECTION 8 FAMILY REHABILITATION THROUGH FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE The Self-Support Department. Discouragement. with work in 1919 unjustified — Review of work 1917-1920 shows it satisfactorily — Findings — $21,000 saved on 20 families in three years — Analysis of “successes” and “failures” — Development of department impossible during depression— Five year study in 1922 results in additional funds from Mr. Max Adler—Two types of self-support establishments —Value and place of each—Procedure for establishing— Principle of repayments—Its advantages and disadvantages . —Self-supporit vs. Industrial Shops—Purchasing established business vs. opening new ones—Payment of interest as an NANA ey RITE Gay VEC YORE D5 0 TOS ea ann Ue ann ge Ded ee 109 SECTION 9 HOUSEHOLD ECONOMICS AND FAMILY REHABILITATION The Household Economics Department. Work started as experiment by Mrs. Rosenwald — Adequate supervision impossible until 1924 — Value of work in treating domestic difficulties—Usual causes of domestic difficulty— Types of women handled by visiting housekeeper—Prob- lems presented by each type and methods of handling— Visiting housekeeping work very costly—Alternatives— Value of department for budget making and application— Datcer ol: rivid@apoicationeor-any Dude et sc. cc. 126 Section 10 BRINGING SOME SUNSHINE INTO LIVES OF DARKNESS Institutional Visitation. Service discontinued during war — Re- established in 1923 — Limitations of service — Humane aspects — Need for information on Jewish inmates in State SINS LAE CLO TIS oe. se eee ee tee ce Seneca a 134 SECTION 1] CENTRAL PURCHASING AND SUPPLIES Department of Purchases and Supplies. Extent of work — Re- organization in 1922 — Installation of perpetual inventory ~~ Drive for cast-off clothing unsuccessful — Amalgamation of. store-room with J. H. F. S. — Need for central purchas- ine .division of Jewish “Charities....2_.21.2 ee 137 SECTION 12 WORK AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR CHARITY Industrial Workshops. Industrial shops most important development exclusive of general reorganization — Factors leading to reorganization — General dissatisfaction with “relief” as only method for adjustment — Industry’s ejection of inefficient results in constantly mounting relief expenditures—Study of extent of handicapped . problem— Aims and method of study—Summary of findings—Re- organization of Shops May, 1923—Jewish Manual Train- ing School buildings made available for shops—Results thus far—Ahbout 120 handicapped employed—Six depart- ments and their problems—Machine sewing—Hand sewing —Value and danger of employing dependent mothers— Shoe repair—Problem of securing sufficient work—Latest attempt at solution—Textile Department—Value for occu- pational therapy and establishment of work habits—Broom Department—Employs blind men only—Questionable as occupation—No other suitable occupation found thus far— Difficulty of disposing of output—Woodwork Department —Too new for comment—Other types of work—Play room for children of working mothers—Its value—Present prob- lems of shops: Flexibility—Sales—Work of volunteers— Placement of trainees—Employment of tuberculous—Care- ful case work before induction—Danger of sheltered in- dustry to persons able to work in general industry—Types of: cases handled: 25270 Fe os eee ees ee 140 SecTION 13 SOME WHO MADE OUR WORK POSSIBLE Co-operating Agencies. Great variety of contacts makes complete acknowledgment impossible — Most contacts with Michael Reese Dispensary and Hospital — Jew- ish Home Finding Society—Recent reversal of point of view between child care workers and family care workers— Jewish Free Employment Bureau—Need for specialization on placement of J. S. S. B. clients—Jewish Peoples Insti- tute—Availability of their resources boon to good case work—Influence of Eisendrath Foundation on case work —Brief statement of experiment and effects on work— Council of Jewish Women—Jewish Scholarship Committee —Sunset Camp—Young Men’s Jewish Charities—Confer- ence of Jewish Women’s Clubs’ attempt to organize small relief societies—Dangers of their work—Effective work of Lawndale Ladies’ Aid—Work of Hungarian Society—Dis- continuation of holiday baskets and substitution of more constructive method of giving—Temple Sholom Sisterhood —Good-Fellow Club—Contacts with Chicago Council of Social Agencies—J. S. S. B. represented on various com- 6 mittees—Work of Committees—Representation on civic and welfare committees of City Club—Cordial relations with United Charities—Cooperation with public agencies— Cordial relationship with University of Chicago--Helpful- ness of Sociology Department—J. S. S. B. Scholarship in Graduate School of Social Service Administration—Scholar- ship of Chicago Women’s Aid—Generosity of Wieboldt Foundation—J. S. S. B. took full share of community re- SHOmSi bi lit yaya eee eee ee er eral eS roe Sd ise 172 Section 14 WHAT WE NEED FOR CONTINUED PROGRESS Future Needs and Recommendations. Value of review largely in implications for future development. Present limitations OL a}! See ae emi Ced Syren el ee en 183 1. More Adequate Staff—Implications of large case count —Even 40 cases may mean 150 or more problem per- sonalities--Danger of swamping case worker with too much work—Need for initial and subsequent training— Need for provision for time off for further study—Need for more adequate salaries—Will attract better personnel and reduce turn-over—Need for social insurance for social workers; Need for separation of district offices from Administra- tion Building—Advantages of such separation—More real community work possible—Possibilities of social control thru community organization—Saving of time and energy of workers—Would facilitate greater inter- change of information between workers—Would carry out Mr. Rosenwald’s vision in establishing Administra- tion Building—Would relieve congestion in building— Would develop strong sub-executives—Would eliminate danger of large number of psychopathic personalities in same building; 3. Special psychiatric service—Advantages and disadvan- tages of such service—Can weaken as well as strengthen case work—Value of special psychiatric service—Con- tribution of psychiatry to behavior problems—Necessary qualifications of a psychiatrist who could be of help to the staff. 4. More adequate medical work—Though medical service greatly improved, frequent delays still obtain—Danger in delays—Value of special clinic for J. S. S. B. clients —Lack of contact between case worker and physician —Serious handicap to adequate case work—Present method and its implications; 5. More adequate Child care—J. S. S. B. handles more de- pendent children than all other Jewish agencies com- bined—Present inadequacies—Need for Children’s Ex- amining Clinic—Need for observation center for be- havior problems before placement—Problem of tem- porary placement; 6. Research and Study—Validity of such department in J. S. S. B. may be questioned—Importance of continu- ous study and review—Internal vs. external reviews— Is necessary objectivity possible in self-criticism ?—Be- lieved to be a problem in organization—Value of present Biiudiesain. J. Saoa Bb: tw , INDEX TO TABLES, CHARTS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS TABLE ABE Ta ais TABUE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE AB La TABLE TABLE TABLE oA Bae TABLE A BLE TABLE Tables Page Table of Average Number of Visits per Day made by’ Case Workers Dec.)1922, to Jan) 1925s 50 - Table “of Turn-over of Professional Staff,” Jam LOZOR eto bans: 1925. cc hier ha eee eee Percentage Distribution of Separations of Mem- bers of Professional Staff by Causes, Jan. 1920, tow fan O25 ee Re eee 55 Summary Table of Length of Service in Years of present Staff up to and Including Dec. 1924...... 55 Table Showing Length of Time Certain Problems Have Been under Treatment with Adjustment or Improvement) in Status of Problem.2..2.........em 101 Summary of Financial Costs and Savings in Cases Established in Business, Sept. 1917, to May 1920.... 111 Analysis of Results by Success and Failures of Cases Established, Sept. 1917, to May 1920............ 111 Distribution of Number of Cases Established by Years, Sept M1i9i721to Way +1920... 2 ee 1 Frequency Distribution of Establishments by Types of Business, Sept. 1917, to May 1920............ 111 Summary of Financial Costs and Savings on Cases Established in Business, Sept. 1917 to May 1922... 115 . Analysis of Results by Success and Failure of Cases Established, Sept. 1917, to May 1922..._.... ese (th Financial Analysis of Failures of Cases Estab- lished) Sept! 1917# to May 1922.53. ee 115 Distribution of Number of Cases Established and Costsaby Years,’ Septri1917 ito sMay ) 19222. eee 116 Frequency Distribution of Cases Established by Types ot Business. Sept; 1917 to. May 192255 29e 116, Distribution of Losses by Year of Closing of Cases Established, Sept. 1917) sto cMay /19220 2 ee 137 Analysis of Failures by Causes of Cases Estab- lished); Sept; 1917 tot: May” 19220 2 oe AB Relation of Loss to Investment on Cases Estab- lished, Sept. 1917, ee ree ms ry = Soren T bam = a as 7H A. 5 pane pean tae ors af SE = ot So oe) 3 Stes isosaoe! == a =3 as ToT at t sagdae j a : pgauapana A pei ~ S F 5 : + 4 ne - 5 FS F F 2 = > —_ sa E = : eet my + f pennants : + Tt i a t = t odan’ or + = = is - abe: f f 3a exes s ewe 3 75E1 = Sata =e ps t = { Bt III LA4VHO Service Bureau for,the period of January 1920, to December 1924, with the financial expenditures for the same period. lt will be noted that whereas the case count rises to a point where it is more than three times as high as in April 1920, the expenditures increase only slightly and are, on the whole, fairly stationary, such increases as appear being accounted for by our assuming new responsibilities from other organizations. Startling as this comparison seems, it becomes even more interesting on further analysis. We had an opportunity to make this analysis in May 1922, when the President and Superintendent of the Jewish Social Ser- vice Bureau were invited to appear before the Board of Directors of the Associated Jewish Charities to explain the work and accomplishments of the Jewish Social Service Bureau. A number of special studies were made for this occasion and the results of these studies were charted in order to present graphically some of the more outstanding financial achievements of the organization up to that date. The last figures available at that time were for March 1922, and these were compared with the figures for the same month in 1921 and 1920, with astonishing results. It was found, for instance, that whereas the number of cases not requiring financial assistance, handled by the Bureau in March 1922, increased 175% over the same type of cases in March 1920, (784 cases as compared with 284), and whereas the number of cases requiring intermittent and emergency relief increased 199% in March 1922 over March 1920, (305 in 1922 as compared with 102 in 1920), this tremendous increase in work was carried with only a very slight increase 1n appropriation from the Associated Jewish Charities, approximately $3000 or less than a 10% increase in funds. In other words, the J. S. S. B. handled almost 200% more work in March 1922 than in March 1920, with an increase in funds of less than 10%. This phe- nomenal showing seemed even more remarkable when it was found that the organization spent about $1200 out of this increase, on the increased rents alone, because our rent expenditures increased about 25% during this period, the rent per family having increased 47.4%. fa addition to this there was an increase in staff of about 25% so that the *Non-Monetary Cases. * Non-Regular Cases. *See Chart IV. 64, Y.01 oS'T$ 00°s$ 00Sz$ Sased CZ S9sed CZ Seseo C/ = — DS od18] == DS 2618] = PS 1ey = ) Bo ethevotnres agencies, or resold by peddlers and shop keepers in the public market. The problem of placing the trainees in industry will have to be handled in the same way as the same problem will be handled in the other departments of the shops. 132 JOHS WIVdaY AOHS AL AO aH AOD ay. Textile Department The Textile Department was established in July 1923. The aim of this department is occupational therapy and the establishment of work-habits. The products are various types of men’s and women’s scarfs, linen products, rugs, blankets, luncheon sets, etc. About 20 men and women are employed here for different work periods for the purpose of accustoming them to work. This shop also employs persons who cannot fit into industry. Insofar as possible, it is aimed to use this department - as an introduction to work or training. Loom weaving is particularly adaptable to persons who need mental or occu- pational therapy because of the comparatively simple move- ments and manipulations required, at the same time re- quiring sufficient attention to be stimulating without being fatiguing. ‘The employees in this shop represent a large variety of physical and mental handicaps. The rate of pay is similar to the rates in the other departments. Broom Department This department has been in existence for a number of years and is devoted exclusively to the employment of blind or near-blind men. It now employs ten men, the largest number employed in this department at any one time. It aims at little more than giving employment to blind men since it is not feasible to prepare them for industry, es- pecially in broom making, because they cannot compete with sighted persons in the quality or the quantity of their output. Various attempts have been made to find a different occupation for the blind men because of the feeling that the opportunities for an adequate living wage at broom making are exceedingly limited. Although the employes in this shop have been with the shop for many years and although they are working with the greatest degree of efficiency possible for men with this type of handicap, nevertheless they have been working at a comparatively low wage, earning from 15 to 25 dollars per week. The problem of the sale of the output, too, has been a serious one. Large inventories are accumulated from time to time so that they can be disposed of only at a considerable sacrifice. The conditions prevailing in this industry are such as to make successful competition on the part of our 154 (pZ6l ‘Jequiss0q url Ayroedeo ay} a[qnop 0} pasievjus useq sey doys siyy) ATO{—LNAWLUYVdAGC ATILXAL AHL ‘ ecol shop impossible. Whereas the industry, employing sighted people, uses labor saving machinery which reduce the cost of production, our shop cannot do this because it would mean either the increase of production which would make our sales problem even more difficult than it already is, or it would mean the reduction of the number of men or the hours of employment, both of which are incompatible with the larger purpose of the Industrial Shops. ‘Thus far, how- ever, we have been unsuccessful in finding any other oc- cupation for the blind which would be satisfactory, and we have continued this department with the hope that sooner or later some way out of the difficulty may be found. Woodwork Department The Woodwork Department was established in the latter part of 1924 in order to increase the facilities of the shops for employing and training men. Thus far this shop has only been able to do chair caning and some light furni- ture repairing. It is planned, however, to develop a com- plete woodworking shop with special reference to general furniture repairing. Because of the newness of this de- partment it is impossible to say at the present time how effective this type of work can be for handicapped persons. It has proved to be helpful in providing employment for persons who could not otherwise have been properly ac- comodated in the shops. Other Types of Work In addition to the types of work enumerated above, the shops give employment to a considerable number of per- sons about the building as wrappers, messengers, ete. This type of work requires little skill and is used, usually, as an introduction to work for people who have not worked for long periods, or where for one reason or another, it is thought inadvisable to place a person at a definite task in association with others. Play Room The Industrial Shops maintain a play-room for the chil- dren below school age whose mothers work in one or the other of the shops. The playroom is in the charge of a trained kindergarten teacher paid for by the Chicago Wo- men’s Aid. This playroom is a very valuable adjunct to 156 BLIND MEN AT WORK! (One of the rooms of the Broom Dep't.) (sdoys 94} 0} UOTIppe jsa}e’T) dOHS AXYOMAOOM HFAHL the Shops not only because of the mothers who are able to work since their children are cared for, but also because of the training in proper habit formation, which it affords to children who would be roaming the streets if not for the existence of the play-room. Present Problems of the Industrial. Shops The problems which the Jewish Social Service Bureau faces with regard to the shops are many and difficult of solution. First of these is the problem of flexibility. In order to be most successful from a social viewpoint, the shops should have a large number of different occupations so that the occupation may be suited to the person rather than that the person be suited to the occupation. ‘This is exceedingly difficult of accomplishment because of the administrative problems involved. Such a policy, if car- ried out to the full extent would mean that the overhead in the shops would be prohibitive, that it could not develop any standard products, and that the sales problem would be much more difficult than it now is. While flexibility must continue to be the ideal of the shops, a certain degree of standardization and uniformity is essential for their success. The problem then becomes one of striking a proper balance between these two extremes. Another problem which the shops face continuously and which is closely connected with the problem of flexibility is the disposal or sale of the products. Thus far, the shops have not employed any professional salespeople (with the exception of a brcom salesman employed for a few months as an experiment which did not prove successful). The sales of all of the products have been effected by a group of volunteers, the most active being Mrs. Hortense Stumis, Mrs. A. R. Frank, Mrs. Isaac H. Mayer, and more recently, Mrs. M. D. Cahn. ‘These women, with a number of loyal assistants have sold practically the entire output of the shopene ii ine ialeands VV inter ot 1923, and during the Spring of 1924, the Federation of Jewish Women’s Clubs, under the able leadership of its president, Mrs. Abe Simon, and Mrs. I. H. Mayer for the shops, undertook an intensive selling campaign in the clubs affiliated with the Federation. This campaign has kept the shops busy the entire year, including the summer, when volunteers are usually inactive. During this period the orders came in such large quantities 159 (pry ,suUsWOM O8BvdIYD 94} Aq pouTejurey]{ ) AV ld AHL — SLNAWHSHYAAN Puke LSHY AV Id that the shops were always several months behind in filling them. However, in the fall of 1924, there was evident a notice- able slackening of pace on the part of the rank and file of the volunteer sales people. While individual organizations and their representatives remained loyal and are still work- ing as devotedly as ever, it is apparent that unless some new method is found to stimulate the interest of the volunteers and the purchasing public, this method of selling the prod- ucts of the shops cannot be counted on for very much longer. tine volunteers have, of course, created an interest and good will in the Community toward the shops which is worth a great deal from the standpoint of advertising the shops as a community enterprise, but in spite of this good will, an active selling campaign must be carried on con- tinuously in order to keep the shops supplied with orders. Whether the solution of this problem lies in a regularly employed sales force, or whether volunteers can carry the shops indefinitely, or whether a greater degree of coopera- tion on the part of the social agencies in the Federation will solve the problem, remains to be seen. Perhaps a com- bination of all these resources will be necessary to maintain and develop the shops. That-the actual net sales of the shops during 1924 amounted to more than $87,000 without any selling cost to the shops is the finest tribute to the loyal group of volunteers and friends of the shops. - Another problem which the Industrial Shops must face sooner or later, the importance of which cannot be over- estimated, is the problem. of placing its trainees. While training for industry is only one of several aims of the Shops* and while the success or failure of the entire enter- prise cannot and should not be judged on this one phase of its work, its importance must not be overlooked. The proper placement of “the graduates” not only will com- plete the task of the shop but it may prevent a feeling of another form of dependency on the part of the trainees, and will reduce the working population in the shops thus making them available to a larger number of persons in need of these special facilities. It is not conceivable that the Shops will ever be able to accommodate all of the people needing them at any given time. By keeping in the Shops persons who *See page 143. 161 could work in industry, others, more in need of this facility, are denied the opportunity and the greatest ef- fectiveness of the Shops is thus hampered. Successful placement in industry requires first of all educating the employers to the realization that handicapped persons are usually more reliable and may be as efficient, and frequently are more efficient, provided they are pro- perly adjusted, than normal persons. Various experiments along these lines have been successfully conducted and there is ample proof of this contention, The responsibility of adjusting its trainees to industry must be assumed by the Shops or its agent. Successful adjustment requires careful study of the conditions prevail- ing in the industry in relation to the handicaps of the per- sons to be adjusted. Careful follow-up must also be under- taken in order that the periods of discouragement and de- pression which are bound to arise in the beginning may be successfully bridged over. Already we have to our debit a failure on the part of one of our men, who was at first remarkably successful, because we were too certain of our success and failed in the follow-up. This person, a painter by trade, had not worked for a long time after being dis- charged from a sanitarium. for tuberculosis. It required months of the most careful thinking and planning to get him to work in the Shops at his trade, at first for a few hours per day, gradually increasing this through various incentives until he was working a full day. He was en- couraged to leave the Shops and was helped to secure a job for himself in which he employed two assistants. He was successful for a little while, and became independent. We discontinued contact only to find, several months later, that he deserted his family because he could not carry himself across a period of unemployment which followed the discontinuation of our contact, with the result that all of our work in this case has gone to naught. In view of the importance of adjustment and follow-up for successful placement, it may be questioned whether this work can be done through any other agency than the Shops, because of the interest in and knowledge of the client which are necessary. While the Shops must be open minded on this question and must give the existing placement agency a fair trial at it, they must watch this effort with the greatest care because of its great importance to the entire enterprise. 162 Still another problem which the Shops must face in the near future is the need for making some provision for those who are suffering or recuperating from tuberculosis. The Shops have been obliged to draw the line at em- ploying persons who were suffering or at one time suffered from any contagious disease. This is not so much be- cause of the problem of proper sterilization, difficult as that may be, as because of the danger to the whole enterprise if it became known in the community that such persons are employed in the Shops. This is not an idle fear. A rumor had gotten about that T. B. patients are working in the Shops and the volunteer sales force insisted on a state- ment from the authorities as to whether this report was true or false because of the effect it was having on the community. Another complicating feature is the attitude of the workers in the shop. It is safe to say that they would refuse to work by the side of people whom they would know to be tuberculous or as discharged from tuberculosis institutions. Nor can the Shops afford to assume the re- sponsibility for such mingling. Nevertheless the problem of employment for the T. B. patient is a serious one with the J. S. S. B., and must be handled in connection with the Shops. It is well known that after several months of idleness in a Sanitarium, patients come out with very little desire to go to work. Not only must provision be made for them when they are discharged but they must be given training and employment suited to their particular needs while still in the sanitarium. It would be comparatively easy to es- tablish a branch of the Shops in Winfield Tuberculosis Sanitarium to care for the occupational needs of the pa- tients while there. In fact this was part of the plan for extending the Shops to meet the general needs of the Jew- ish community. But the problem of caring for the dis- charged patient is much more difficult and complicated. If segregation is necessary, (and it is fairly certain that this must be resorted to until such time as we are more certain of just what the dangers of infection are and until the com- munity is more enlightened on this matter), then the Shops must create a parallel organization for the tuberculous with as many facilities and types of occupations, with the neces- sarily larger overhead because of the comparatively smaller number of available workers and trainees. The problem 163 of selling this output may be much more difficult in such a shop than in the general shop, because of the unen- lightened public opinion on this subject. Indeed, it 1s very likely that the existence of such a shop under the same auspices, even though a separate institution, would do serious damage to the sale of the products of the general shops because the average purchaser would not be likely to differentiate between the two and would choose to be on the safe side by refusing to buy any of the products. However, as already indicated, the problem of the tuber- culous must be handled because it is just as much a prob- lem of the Bureau as is any other problem. It requires a solution because experience has taught us that some of the most difficult cases which the Bureau has to handle are ex- tubercular patients: Perhaps the solution les in the es- tablishment of a series of non-sectarian shops for all the tuberculous patients of Chicago. This may well be and if so the Jewish community will have to take the lead if only because it has seen the value of such an enterprise in its Industrial Shops. A resource such as the Industrial Shops represent, can become a hindrance just as they may be a great help to good case work. With the great pressure under which the case worker constantly finds herself, it is quite natural that the Shops should be thought of in connection with every puzzling problem, which she faces in which employment or vocational adjustment might be a solution. While it is desirable that the Shops should be used as a first rather than as a last resort, nevertheless, there is considerable danger of their being used as a catch-all or dumping ground. This would not only tend to weaken the case worker and the case work but has distinct dangers for the persons placed in the Shops. It should not be forgotten that the Shops give employment under sheltered conditions. To people not physically or mentally handicapped but suffering per- haps from a tendency to go along the line of least resist- ance, a very common failing in humans, the Shops can be just as definite a danger to those not needing them as they are a help to those really in need of this type of cure. It is important, therefore, that the thinking and case work should be of the very best before placement in the Shops is resorted to. Wherever a satisfactory adjustment out- side of the Shops can be made, they should not be resorted 164 to, or, the best possibilities of the enterprise will not be realized. It may perhaps not be amiss to attempt here an evalua- tion of the Industrial Shops on the basis of our experience with them thus far. It is of course too early to hazard a complete and final statement of their value. It may be said, however, that there can be no question of the great value of this means of adjusting persons maladjusted vo- cationally and socially. Whether the handicaps be physical, mental or social,* the Shops have been of equal value in overcoming them. People who have not worked for many years have learned to work there and are very much hap- pier because of the diversion. Others who were on, the road to pauperization have been saved and completely re- habilitated through the Shops. Impostors on the Jewish Social Service Bureau have been checked and their dis- honesty was brought to light because for the first time the Bureau has been able to test out the claims of people that they are willing to work but lack the opportunity to do so. At the same time, the Shops have been a means for treat- ing neurasthenic and psychasthenic persons who would have deteriorated without this facility. Financially, the Shops have meant a great saving to the Jewish Social Service Bureau. Not only has the organiza- tion saved the greatest portion of the $35,000 paid out in wages which would have been expended in relief but numer- ous men and women were kept from becoming “relief cases” because of the Industrial Shops. Some left the shops after working there but a short time without requiring or receiv- ing relief because their work and earning capacity was established; others, who were undoubtedly malingerers, refused to work in the shops or insisted on so high a wage as to make it reasonably certain that they had other sources of income. One of these, a peddler, who claims to be mak- ing only ten or twelve dollars a week and whose earnings had been supplemented by the organization for several years, refused to work in the shops unless he were paid at the rate of twenty-five dollars per week. He was offered twelve dollars per week while he would learn the cobbling trade and he was told that his earnings would be sup- plemented according: to the budget. This he stubbornly *See table 19, for types of handicapped employed in the shops, page 166. 165 TABLE 19 TYPES OF HANDIGAPPED EMPLOYED IN@ THE IND@sT RIAL SHOPS Disability* Total Arrested: “PDC yt tet oS ee ie ee 2 Tbe.) Spitie seek oo on el ee ee 1 Rheurnatistins sete nto, oe eee ee 3 CISteOariniriismee ats. s+ sce AE Maia) es 1 Diabetes gee ce esl) ee 2 Aneitiia Peete sik ols) Mens role eae ee 1 Elyperthyvraidisni.. 2. ok eee sae: 1 Mmotionalgiistability 2220e ee eee PBR stnide eB 1 BeebleaMinded) 15 0)....202, oi eee ee eee Z MaALSACFUStINENE 1.0.1 ueee We, yee Ae ee 4 Merntalo Detective isi) eee ee 9 Manic? Deéepressive.\ 5) ee ee ee 4 Mentalthetardation ).2.0 5 ee eee 2 Neurasthenia:®. ./ 212...) oe oes ee ee 6 IN @UIROS15 oc. 6 tated 22, bcc yh cere ee ee 4 Psyehor Necrosis toc) ee ee eee 1 Psychasthetiiai.:.2.:.5... 0 nee ee = eee ee + Epilepisy wets 5, iacck eS ie ee i Batre ha Oi oe sae: 2), SO ee re ae ee 8 Neate Blitidh sayy ik i eae ee ee ee 2 Car dig ee ie ee es ee 16 Varieosé’ Veins, S27.) Seas oie ee er) eee ee 2 (SOLS) chit te oa ae ae a ie gon ce ne ee 1 Nephritigieg 2 0s. 20s ee eeenur ee te oar eee ere eee 1 Grinbled ) poke. eee te tek Aes 5 ee ee 4 Pes. Plannis igs tee ret hia ree ke ee eee 1 Mya bei a fire eee hg CE sa RA re ee ae ere 1 Octal | Wa ie ete eee eee eee 27 *Disabilities are arranged in accordance with International Code. 166 refused to accept until the worker became suspicious and forced the admission from him that he had been making approximately twenty-five dollars per week during the entire time. If not for the shops, the worker could not have forced the issue because there is no way in which peddlers’ earnings can be verified. Another case illustrating the possibilities of the shops, in preventing imposition on the J. S. S. B. is that of the C. family.* “Mr. C., 32 years old, and his family, consisting of Mrs. C. and four young children have been assisted intermittently and “reculariwepyathes momo wb ston a period of over ten years. Illness of the wife, unemployment, bad luck in business, and finally his own bad health, were the various causes of distress given by him on application. chetlatterscause* took, fim tow Calitortia;and at’ his request his fanuly was sent by the J..5. Ss. Bisto join him there. They soon became dissatisfied with this arrange- ment, and demanded return transportation under threats of suicide, so that this too had to be granted. “Upon returning to Chicago the man went to the Muni- cipal Tuberculosis Sanitarium, claiming illness, and re- mained there seven months under observation. He was finally discharged with the statment of ‘no findings and able to work.’ The same opinion was rendered at the Michael Reese Dispensary, but Mr. ©. was at variance with this opinion and was therefore sent through the Diagnostic Clin- ic,* where he was diagnosed as a mental defective and psy- cho-neurotic, acknowledged as incapacitated for work, and treated by a psychiatrist for a period of five months. Throughout that period the family received a regular al- lowance from the organization. “When pronounced by the psychiatrist as able to work, Mr. C. stayed away from the organization for a very short period, and reapplied on pretext of a new physical illness which was again observed medically, with the result of ‘no findings.’ “The man was then referred, as a last resort, to the In- dustrial Shops but he refused to work there. After a good deal of unsuccessful effort to induce him to go to the shops, *Quotations taken from a statement prepared by Mrs. Luba Lazareff, Supervisor of District 3. _ 167 relief was discontinued in the face of a great deal of pres- sure brought by the man through various organizations and individuals in the community. It was finally discovered that he had been employed throughout the entire period of his treatment by the psychiatrist on a part time basis. It was because of this that he did not find it profitable to enter the Industrial Shops.” ‘If the worker did not have the Industrial Shops to test this man it is fairly certain that his duplicity would not have been discovered especially since he was able to fool even the psychiatrist. The following statement of our experience with Mary K. and the final solution of her problem through the Diag- nostic Clinic and the Industrial Workshops will serve to illustrate the more positive value of these facilities for case work.* . “Mary has been ill most of her life, suffering from chorea with a heart complication, and as a consequence has done very little work.” Between December 1915 and August 1923, when the workers decided that a change in treatment was necessary, she spent the greater portion of her life in hospitals and dispensaries. Her medical history indicates almost con- tinuous contact with medical agencies.** *Quotations taken from a statement prepared by Miss Irene Schwarzman, Supervisor of District 5. ***Tyecember, 1915, Cook County Hospital—diagnosis; chorea. Discharged February 9, 1916. “November, 1916, operated on nose at Cook County Hospital for sinus infection. “December, 1916, Cook County Hospital for treatment for sinus infection. Also diagnosis of chorea and mitral stenosis. January, 1917, she was sent to Michael Reese Hospital and later to Rest Haven. “May 15, 1917, nose re-operated upon at Cook County Hospital. 6-8-17, sent to Lake Geneva, but returned 6-20-17, ill with rheumatism. “Was at Presbyterian Hospital from November, 1918, to April, 1919. Was transferred to Grove House. “March 27, 1919, she was operated upon at Presbyterian Hospital for chronic appendicitis and discharged April. 24th. “August 6, 1919, again entered Presbyterian Hospital. Diagnosis, chorea and rheumatism. ‘February 5, 1920, Medical social worker advises that physician at Presby- terian Hospital suspects that the complications were due to an infection at the base of the brain. **8-5-20, discharged from Presbyterian Hospital and sent to Grove House. **9.9-20, went to Rest Haven of her own accord. “9-30-20, she again became ill and was sent to St. Luke’s Hospital, dis- charged 3-4-21. Diagnosis—chorea and cardiac condition. “October, 1921, admitted to Wesley Hospital. Physician advised that she had been running a temperature for some time and she received hospitalization for observation. He stated that she may have a hemorrhage of the brain at any time. Discharged 1-16-22. “8-10-22, admitted to Rest Haven upon the recommendation of Michael Reese 168 “In August of 1923, when the dispensary again reported that Mary be allowed to rest, the District decided that although a definite diagnosis had been received, they were making no progress and Mary was fast becoming recon- ciled to leading a life of invalidism. She spent much of her time talking of her ills and of the gloomy future in store for her. She was encouraged in this attitude by her family and especially by her sister Jane, two years younger, who also is suffering from chorea complicated by a heart and stomach condition, which have totally incapacitated her for work. “On November 12, 1923, Mary started her examination in the Diagnostic Clinic. Her cooperation was perfect and on November 22nd, her case came up for discussion before the Group. It was decided that she be hospitalized for treatment for chorea. It was found that her heart con- _ dition was such as not to be considered a handicap. She entered Michael Reese Hospital on December 10th, and remained there until April 23rd, 1924. On May Ist, her case again came before the Group. The diagnosis was— double mitral lesion, (double valvular lesion) and chorea (St. Vitus Dance.) Her heart condition was found to be well compensated but the chorea had not improved appre- ciably. The physician, who observed her at the hospital during her entire stay there and who was present at the diagnostic meeting, was of the opinion that she might be malingering; although her shaking was very violent, many of the symptoms of a true chorea were not present. . After being told of his findings, the Group decided that some occupation at the Shops be insisted upon in spite of her physical condition. No further medical treatment was thought necessary. “Mary did not look with favor upon her admission to Hospital. Physician of Rest Haven advised that patient was suffering from a double heart lesion. Discharged November, 1922. ““(2-8-22, referred to Michael Reese Dispensary with background history. Diagnosis—mitral regurgitation—no chorea at present—prognosis fair. “5.3-23, Mary referred to Michael Reese Dispensary for re-examination. The doctor advised rest. “5-15-23, report from Michael Reese Dispensary—Diagnosis; mitral regurgi- tation. She has lost weight and appears quite nervous. Physician recom- mended rest and sojourn in the country. “726-23, turbinectomy performed at Central Free Dispensary. *8.1-23, report from Michael Reese Dispensary in which it was recommended that the patient continue to rest. ““8.6-23, report from Michael Reese Dispensary. Recommended that the diagnosis was mitral regurgitation. Heart well compensated. Patient to be allowed to rest a few weeks longer. 169 the Shops as she considered herself a very sick girl and backed up this argument by saying that she would not have been kept in the hospital four months had there not been a good cause for such confinment. However, the worker after accompanying her on a visit of inspection to the Shops, finally persuaded her to enter. An application was sent in stating her preference as general office work. The Shops were able to give her work in the office four hours daily. She entered the Shops the middle of June and has adjusted herself remarkably well. She likes her work and is happier than she has been for years. “In a conference with the manager and her supervisor in the Shops on August 2l1st., it was learned that Mary’s shaking had subsided and almost entirely disappeared. Her work was found to be most satisfactory. It was decided to try her for two weeks at full time and if this experiment proved successful to give her a regular position at full time sometime after the middle of September. “The following report was received on September /th, 1924, from Mary’s supervisor in the Shops: “ “Miss K. has been with the Industrial Workshops since June 19th, working on an average of four hours per day. I have found her very satisfactory and very willing to help in any department. When she first came I noticed consider- able twitching, especially when she realized that she was being observed. However, I think it has almost entirely disappeared. One day last week I saw her on the street car. I sat where I could observe her without her knowledge and could not see any twitching at all. This morning I sat opposite her for a full half hour, she being unaware of the fact that I was watching her, as I was talking about her work and so far as I could observe she was absolutely normal —no twitching of any kind. In the last two weeks she has been working full time—from 9 to 5 with an hour for lunch, for which she was earning $15.00 per week. I think we will be able to use her full time after October Ist.’ ” “Mary has been working full time since October, 1924. Her work is very satisfactory and she has proven herself quite valuable to the Shops. She has had no recurrence of her attacks and is more happy and hopeful than she has been ever since we have known her. She has expressed herself to the effect that just as soon as she feels a little surer of herself, she hopes to enter industry so that she can 170 make more money. There is no doubt in our minds that she will be adjusted outside of the Shops in the course of a short time.” Lack of space does not permit citing other cases where the shops have been the means of rehabilitating handi- capped persons and preventing others from taking advan- tage of the organization and becoming handicapped. How- ever, it may be safely said that the Industrial Shops have reduced our relief expenditures to a very considerable ex- tent, have been a very positive influence in the improvement of our case work, and were the direct means of bringing happiness and joy to people who were miserable and un- happy. 70a SECTION =13. SOME WHO MADE OUR WORK POSSIBLE Co-operating Agencies An agency such as the J. S. S. B., touches almost every phase of organized community life. Consequently, its con- tacts with the other organizations in the community must be frequent and in many cases most intimate. ‘These contacts are so numerous that only the most important co-operating agencies can be mentioned here. We shall first consider the Jewish agencies within the Federation, then the Jew- ish agencies outside of the Jewish Charities, and finally the city wide non-sectarian organizations. Jewish Organizations Within the Jewish Charities. Of the Jewish agencies in the Federation, the Michael Reese Dispensary and the Michael Reese Hospital have been most frequently called upon by us for service. ‘This is especially true of the Dispensary because we have hardly a client in our various departments who does not at one time or another come in contact with the Dispensary at our re- quest. As indicated elsewhere* our contact has been most friendly and the service which we have been receiving from the Dispensary has improved immeasurably in the last few years, so that it is infinitely superior to what it was before 1919. Adequate medical service is indispensable to good case work and neither the intensive case work nor the results of this work elsewhere described,** would have been pos- sible without the wholehearted co-operation of the medical agencies. This co-operation they gave us willingly and we pride ourselves on the cordial relationship which has existed between the two organizations. The same may be said of the Michael Reese Hospital although our contacts with it are less frequent than with the Dispensary. The agency with which the J. S. S. B. has the next largest number of contacts is the Jewish Home finding Society. These contacts, though numerous, have not always been entirely satisfactory because of the differing points of view between the child care and the family case workers. The last few years have seen a peculiar reversal of atti- *See page 33 ff. **See section 3. 172 tude on the part of these two groups. Five or ten years ago, the family case worker insisted on keeping families intact regardless of how poor the home care was, on the ground that the poorest natural home is better than the best foster home. - The child care worker, on the other hand, felt that a good foster home and sometimes even a good institution is better than a poor natural home. In the last few years, both groups reversed their positions. Today, the family case worker who has obtained a deeper insight and a keener understanding of the influence of good and bad en- vironment on character formation, is frequently only too ready to remove children from what they consider to be undesirable home influences. The child care worker, too, has obtained a finer appreciation of home life because she has seen the effects of institutional and foster home care and she holds that the poorest natural home is better than a good institution or a foster home. Needless to say, both groups are thoroughly honest in their views. The older workers, especially those who have had the good fortune to engage in both types of work, know the limitations and ad- vantages of both kinds of homes, which gives them the balance and poise necessary to good case work thinking and planning. Unfortunately, this cannot be said to be true, at the present time, of most workers in either field. With the limited training and experience now the rule among case workers, they rarely have the. maturity and perspective which would make it possible for them to see the good and bad means of adjustment. Misunderstanding and occasional friction must be the result. Only a more adequate and a broader preparation for social work can eliminate the fac- tional strife now consuming so large a part of the energies of the social workers in the respective fields. It is, there- fore, a pleasure to be able to say that during the last few months, the relationship of the two organizations has been . most pleasant. The differences of opinion and methods are eradually being worked out and a mutually helpful co- working relationship has been established. The Jewish Free Employment Bureau is another agency with which the J. S. S. B. has frequent contact. The em- ployment Bureau, doing a general placement work, has not been able to concentrate on the problem of placing the J. S. S. B. clients who are especially difficult to place. They have been giving us the best service possible for them. But 173 their work has always been so heavy in relation to their staff that the specialization necessary for our particular problem has not been possible. ‘This service is of the great- est importance to the Bureau. We have consistently re- frained from doing any placement on our own account be- cause of our fear of weakening the Employment Bureau by so doing, even assuming that we would be successful where they with their greater experience and wider contacts failed. It would more than pay for the J. 5. S. B. to place a worker in the Employment Bureau to handle the J. S. S. B. clients because of the saving which that would mean. This, however, seems to be unsound from a community standpoint, and the Jewish Charities would be wise and far sighted, if it made it possible for the Employment Bureau to concentrate on the J. S. S. B. problems by adding to its budget so that additional staff may be engaged for this purpose. The J. S. S. B. has also had most cordial relationship with the other agencies in the Jewish Charities, such as the Winfield Tuberculosis Sanitarium, with which we have a great deal of contact because of common problems; the Women’s Loan Association which administers the Johannah Lodge Fund whereby J. S. S. B. clients may secure loans without guarantors, the loans being guaranteed by the Bureau without the clients’ knowledge; and finally, the Marks Nathan Jewish Orphans’ Home and the Chicago Home for Jewish Orphans. 7 The subject of our relations with the constituent soci- eties of the Jewish Charities cannot be discussed without at least mentioning the cordial relationship which has ex- isted between the J. S. S. B. and the parent organization— the Jewish Charities of Chicago. The readiness of the officers and especially, the Executive Director, to listen to and participate in any plans for the improvement of the service which we were in position to make because of our many community contacts, made our efforts not only more effective than they would have been otherwise, but made our work a pleasure. City Wide Jewish Organizations Outside of the Federa- tion. Of the Jewish organizations not included in the Jew- ish Charities, the J.:S. S. B. has the most contacts with the Jewish People’s Institute, one the Chicago Hebrew Institute. 174 Before 1920, the Institute charged us for the tuition and supplies used by our clients who were sent to the Institute by us. This meant that only a small propor- tion of those of our clients who needed the facilities of the Institute could take advantage of them. This situation was presented to the superintendent and a special committee of the Institute, with the result that all fees were remitted and the doors of the Institute were opened wide for the clients of the Bureau without charge. The Institute is losing a good deal of money each year by this arrangement, but it is making its facilities available to that portion of the population mostly in need of them. We have made free use of the classes, clubs, gymnasia and the other activities of the Institute. Our Boys’ and Girls’ Departments have been especially fortunate in having this outlet. The Districts, too, have used the Institute for their children and adults. The visiting housekeepers held their cooking classes in the west and northwest branches of the Institute and we have been waiting impatiently for the branch which is to be built in the Lawndale section of the city, not only because we want to establish a housekeeping center there, but because we have frequently been brought face to face with the need for some such agency as the Institute, in that section of the city. The Institute has also made available its Girls’ Camp for a number of our girls each summer without charge. In every other way has it been eager to extend to us the courtesies of its many activities and we are happy to say that we have taken advantage of them freely. The relation- ship between the two organizations has been as cordial as possible, not only because of the friendship of the respective executives, but also because there is a considerable inter- change of staff, since a large number of our staff members are teaching in the elmentary and high school classes of the Institute. Of the non-federated organizations in the Jewish com- munity, the Eisendrath Foundation, no doubt, had the most profound influence on the work of the organization. The plan, aims, and scope of work of the Eisendrath Foundation have been set forth elsewhere.* Nor does space permit a detailed statement of the work of the Foundation here. It *See Report on the Eisendrath Foundation prenared hy the J. S. S. B. in 1922. Also the Jewish Social Service Quarterly, De- cember, 1924. 175 must suffice*to say that the funds of the Foundation estab- lished by Mr. and Mrs. B. D. Ejisendrath, were made available to the Relief Department in October 1919, for supplementing the budgets of a number of families for the purpose of correcting malnutrition in children. This plan was chosen rather than the one of establishing a home to which the: children might be sent for the same purpose, because it was believed that supplement- ing the incomes and doing intensive case work with the families at the same time would be productive of more lasting good for the entire family than the removal of the children from the home. The experimental period of two years expired the latter part of 1921, and a careful study was made of the results of the work with the eleven families and 57 children supplemented during the two years. This study and the periodic reviews of the cases coming within the scope of work of the Foundation during and after the experiment, served to focus the attention of the organiza- tion on the more subtle social and psychological factors, inherent in most case work situations, to a remarkable degree. The contribution of the Eisendrath Foundation to the development of good case work standards can hardly be over estimated. The study, which was the first attempt at a critical and objective evaluation of the work of the organization, was by no means entirely complimentary to the organization. But it called the attention of the workers to the dangers of family tensions resulting from intensive case work, the strain on the family of too close supervision, the danger of raising standards of families to a point where they cannot maintain them, thus inducing permanent de- pendency, etc. The study, and especially the attempt at correcting the malnutrition of the children, brought the problem of child health and care to the attention of the worker to a degree never before equalled. And finally, the Foundation served to make the Bureau conscious of its responsibility for the health of the children in its families so that it assumed the responsibility of providing special diets to the extent of spending about $1,000 per month for this item. The Foundation has been more than worth while in the indirect benefits which it brought to the Jewish Community in, general, and the Jewish Social Service Bureau in par- ticular. It is now ready to undertake a new piece of work. 176 We have urged it to undertake an intensive and extensive study of child care in the Jewish community of Chicago in conjunction with the Research Bureau of the Jewish Chari~ ties. As these lines are being written, there is a strong pos- sibility of this suggestion being carried out. If that be so, the Foundation has the opportunity of making another very much worth while contribution to the development of stan- dards in child care in the Jewish community of Chicago. Some of the other non-federated Jewish agencies with which the Bureau is co-operating and which are making a worthwhile contribution to its work are: the Council of Jewish Women which conducts a camp for Mothers and School children at Waucanda, Illinois; the Jewish Scholar- ship Committee which has been doing a most excellent and worth while work in providing scholarships for Jewish boys and girls who might otherwise not be able to continue their schooling, a work by the way, which should be extended to reach the “average”’ child instead of the especially gifted or especially handicapped child, because it is from the group commonly called “average children” that the largest pro- portion of the maladjusted persons comes; the Sunset Lodge Camp Committee which maintains a camp at Sunset Lodge, a most beautiful spot providing what must be a never-to-be- forgotten experience for most of the girls fortunate enough to spend two weeks there; and finally, the Young Men’s Jewish Charities, previously mentioned in connection with the Legal Aid Department, and deserving mention here because of the boys’ Camp which they maintain. With all of these and other agencies, too numerous to mention, the contact of the Bureau has been most pleasant and each of them has its own particular contribution to make to the improvement of living conditions for the economically dis- advantaged Jews of Chicago. One effort which deserves special mention here because of the possible far-reaching effects which it may have, is the attempt of the Conference of Jewish Women’s Clubs to organize the smaller, independent relief societiesyof which there are so many in Chicago. ‘This effort was started by Miss Minnie F. Low, at our suggestion, as her first task of community organization after leaving the Bureau of Per- sonal Service. In this effort, she had the wholehearted co-operation of Mrs. Ignace J. Reis, at that time President of the Confer- 177 ence. The effort came to full fruition, however, under the administration of Mrs. Abe Simon, who followed Mrs. Reis as President of the Conference. The smaller organizations usually calling themselves “Immediate Relief Society,” or by some other such name, though well-meaning and seek- ing to be of service to the poor, are in reality, a pernicious and pauperizing influence in the Jewish Community. Their work is in most cases loose, slipshod, hyper-emotional and frequently lacks every element essential to sound and con- structive social service. They pride themselves on “giy- ing charity without asking questions” although they know that in the vast majority of cases, they are duplicating each other’s efforts and all of them are interfering with the work of the Social Service Bureau. These groups were called together by the Conference, organized and encouraged to clear their cases among themselves and were asked to clear them with the Social Service Bureau... They were ap- proached with the assumption that they are eager to be of service and that while some of them want the satisfaction and recognition to be derived from holding office, most of them are really honest and give of their funds in a genuine desire to be helpful to their less fortunate fellow beings. After three years or more of the most devoted efforts on the part of Mrs. Simon, most of the groups are now convinced that they are not doing a very important or worth while piece of work. Although Mrs. Simon did not aim at this, the fact remains,and they recognize it now, that there is no need for their work in the Jewish community. If they are to do the work along modern lines, the Jewish Social Service Bureau, with its trained staff and effective organiza- tion can do the same work, and is doing it as a matter of fact, infinitely better than they can ever hope to do it. It is now a struggle for existence with them and they are plead- ing for a programme of work which should require their energies and keep the interest of their members. We have been unable to convince them as a body to pieces of work which we suggested to them. Only one organization, the Lawndale Ladies’ Aid, one of the largest of these organiza- tions, has had the courage, thanks to its president, Mrs. Fred Abrams, to throw overboard its old methods of work. It has frankly acknowledged its failure and has undertaken to supplement the Bureau budgets in given families. The other two score or more organizations, have not as yet been 178 able to gather up the courage to admit what they know to be the truth. Unless the business men, from whom they solicit their funds, recognize the waste, futility and dis- astrous effects of the work of these organizations and refuse to be imposed upon any longer, there is little hope. It is possible that their able leader may still convince them that they should follow in the path of the Lawndale Ladies Aid. Until then, they will probably continue to do the mischief which they are about, although they are more cautious now, realizing as they do that their days are num- bered. It should be admitted, however, that they represent a challenge to us to find some way to utilize the tremendous amount of energy which their membership has and which they want to devote to a “worthy cause.” Unfortunately they educated their members to feeding upon thrills derived from sob-stories of poor starving families, and they frankly admit that they cannot hold their membership unless they continue along the same lines. Any suggestion for con- structive service which does not offer this opportunity, is therefore unacceptable to them. Greater success has attended our efforts at discouraging promiscuous giving on the part of other groups. Each holiday season, whether Chanucah, Thanksgiving or Christ- mas, would bring hundreds of requests for the names of families for holiday baskets. As early as 1920, we deter- mined to discontinue this dangerous practice for the sake of the families involved. Although we appreciated the spirit which prompts this generosity, we nevertheless re- fused to subject our families to the demoralizing experience of receiving holiday baskets in the full sight of the entire neighborhood. We explained to the would-be givers the dangers of this method of distribution and a good many who saw the situation in its true light, gave us the money to use for the families as a special allowance for the holiday. The outstanding organization in this respect is the Temple Sholom Sisterhood which abandoned its practice of giving Chanucah baskets and uses its funds for the purpose of re- furnishing the homes of our clients where growing children require better living conditions than we can. easily afford. They have been doing this for several years to their and our entire satisfaction and are accomplishing excellent re- sults. Another organization which utilizes the holiday spirit intelligently, is the Good Fellow Club, which sends us a 179 good deal of knitted goods, through its leader, Mr. Leo Sanger, each Christmas season. Other organizations and individuals are beginning to recognize the value of doing their special holiday giving through the regularly con- stituted agencies which are in a position to see that the gifts go to those most in need of them and where they are likely to do the most good. General recognition of this fact will go a long way toward making the family case work agencies more effective. Co-operation with City Wide Non-Sectarian Organi- zations. Of the non-sectarian City wide organizations, our contacts with the Chicago Council of Social Agencies have been most frequent. The Council of Social Agencies has come to play a very important role in the social service activities of our community and its various committees touch every phase of social work. The J. S.S. B. is represented on most of the committees of the Council and we have taken our share in promoting and developing the various activities in which all social agencies in the city are interested. The J. S. S. B. is represented thru its superintendent, or some other representative, on the following committees: (a) The Committee on Family Social work, which issues the Nesbit Budget, for dependent families, directed and published Nels Anderson’s Study of “The Hobo,” and is now engaged in two studies, one on Street Begging in Chicago, and the other on the Relation of Income of Main Wage Earners to Family Needs; (b) the Committee on Mental Health which is concerned with the care of the feeble minded and insane in the State institutions. This Committee was responsible for a study undertaken by the Institute of Juvenile Re- search, on the Extent of Feeble-mindedness in the State of Illinois; (c) committee on Boys’ Work and the Committee on Girls’ Work, the function of these committees being to. co-ordinate the work being done for boys and girls in the city; (d) Legislative Committee—which reviews all the social legislation proposed in the State Legislature before enactment and either endorses or opposes the bills sub- mitted for enactment; (e) Joint Workshops Committee— aiming at organizing for the general community an organi- zation similar to our Industrial Workshops, our own ex- perience in this field having made it possible for us to be of considerable service to the community in this respect; 180 (f{) other special committees which are organized from time to time. Our organization is also iets sda on various com- mittees of the City Club which are concerned with civic and social service problems. Our relationship with the United Charities has been most cordial. he two organizations have been helpful to each other wherever possible. At one time, we hoped that a joint study would be undertaken by the United Charities and ourselves with funds made available by the Wieboldt Foundation. Because of the many problems which we have in common with the United Charities, such a study should prove most helpful for comparative purposes. Un- fortunately, the time was not auspicious for such a study until now. The J. S. S. B. has also received most active and excel- lent co-operation from the non-sectarian medical agencies, and the Mental Hygiene Clinics. This is especially true of the Mental Hygiene Clinic of the University of Illinois, the Illinois Mental Hygiene Society, and the Institute for Ju- venile Research. These three institutions have been fre- quently called upon by us in our numerous problems and have placed their entire resources at our disposal. It is extremely unfortunate that the Institute for Juvenile Re- search cannot be more certain of its budget and future than it has been in the last few years. If its Director and staff could be given the economic security essential to good work, there is no doubt that they could make some very important contributions to the treatment of behavior problems. The community owes it to its childhood to give the Institute a permanent lease on life so that it may freely devote itself to the scientific problems which it is endeavoring to solve. Our contact with the University of Chicago has been especially cordial. As elsewhere indicated, we have a large number of University of Chicago graduates on our staff. The departments of Sociology and Social Service Admini- ' stration have been as helpful as possible to us. The mem- bers of the Department of Sociology have sent us their students for work and study and they were always ready to give of their time and energy to help us solve such problems as we brought to them. We, on our part, made available to the students and faculty of the department, the rich sociological material contained in our files. The same 181 is true of the Graduate School of Social Service Admini- stration and its predecessor, the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy. During the last three years, we offered a number of scholarships for junior and senior Jewish stu- dents in the School of Social Service Administration who chose Jewish. Social Service as a profession. We also secured a graduate fellowship for the School from the Chicago Wo- men’s Aid. These efforts yielded some very excellent work- ers for our staff. The Wieboldt Foundation has been very generous to us during 1924, and repeated its generosity for 1925. It has made possible a study of about 1000 cases in 1924, and has appropriated sufficient funds for the completion and pub- lication of this study in 1925. Its generosity has also been helpful to us in meeting some special extra-budget needs in our Industrial Shops. Aside from the few agencies enumerated above, we had contact with a great many others which have a direct or in- direct bearing on and contribution for social work. ‘The municipal, county and state agencies engaged in social work have had our support and co-operation whenever we could be of help. Private organizations, other than those enumer- ated above, have co-operated with us and had, in turn, our co-operation so that it may be safely said that although we concentrated our main efforts on building up and perfect- ing our own organization, because we felt that that was our primary function, we always assumed our due share of the responsibility for the general community needs. This was done not only because of our interest in general com- munity welfare, but also because we felt that our own effectiveness depended, to a large degree, on general com- munity development. By first perfecting our own organiza- tion insofar as that could be done, we were in a position of special strength and advantage because it was generally known that we practiced what we preached. 182 SECTION 14. WHAT WE NEED FOR CONTINUED PROGRESS Future Needs and Recommendations If there is any value at all in the foregoing review, then it must be not alone in the recital of what has been accom- plished nor in the statement of the methods used for the results obtained (the treatment necessarily had to be brief and sketchy,) but also in the implications for future de- velopment and progress which our past experience holds. Insofar as this was feasible, it was aimed to include some statement of our future needs in each section of the review This section is written not because it is desired to repeat or emphasize the future needs, although these reasons, in themselves, would seem to justify this section, but rather because it is feared that but few persons will take the time to-plough thru the preceeding sections and gather from them the suggestions which they embody. It was felt therefore that a summary statement of needed future development is necessary although it may duplicate to some extent what has already been said in other connections. The writer is painfully aware of the many inadequacies and lacks in the J. S. S. B. of today. While we are not so modest as not to recognize that considerable advance has been made during the period covered in this review, we know also that in most instances we have made but the beginning and that in some instances we accomplished little more than to analyze our problems into their factors. To be sure, analysis and diagnosis are frequently the first steps and most essential steps to cure. However, cure is not always possible without most painful as well as painstaking operations. So it with us. Some of our needs for effective work may be fairly easily and inexpensively met. Others require rather thoroughgoing changes. Our only justifi- cation for asking for a careful consideration of our needs lies in the fact that the best development of the work de- mands that these needs be met. Furthermore, the organi- zation is basically very sound and will richly repay further expenditures in money and energy for its development. These needs, as we see them, may be summarized under six headings: 1. more adequate staff; 2. separation of dis- trict offices from the administration building; 3. special 183 psychiatric service; 4. more adequate medical service; 5. better child care; and 6. a department of research and study. 1. More Adequate Staff. Perhaps the foremost need. of the J. S. S. B. is a larger staff so that the case count per worker may be reduced. We now have a staff of con- scientious, devoted and intelligent workers who are most eager to attack the problems which they are handling. Most of them have had a good educational background and a considerable number of them have had fairly good profes- sional preparation insofar as such preparation is obtainable at the present time. Not to give this type of staff the op- portunity to do the best that is in them is to waste most excellent opportunities for constructive social work. Yet this is precisely what is happening now. We have been aiming at a case count of 40 families per worker. However, the actual case count has usually been much nearer 50 and sometimes 60 than 40. It requires but little thought to realize the implications which so large a case count holds for case work. The case worker today is nothing like the “investigator” of former days. “Investigation” is only the first step in the process of case work. The case worker is held and holds herself responsible for all the problems coming up in, the families under her jurisdiction. More than that, she must anticipate and prevent problems which are likely to arise and she must meet and adjust the economic, health, educa- tional, recreational and social needs of every member in each of her families. Even 40 families, with an average of five persons to a family, makes 200 persons each of whom she must study, know, guide and help. The supervision of 200 normal persons oisalil be a task impossible of accomplish- ment for most of us. What shall we say of the task of supervising 200 persons, most of whom, or at least a large proportion of whom, are abnormal in one way or another? Mothers having one child which is difficult nervously, or which offers difficult behavior problems, have been known to break down under the responsibility. How shall we compare to that the task and responsibility of the case worker who frequently handles scores of difficult children at the same time. If it should be said that the mother takes. a deeper interest in her child than does the social worker we can only counter by saying, that the good and true social worker is just as concerned about her charges as. - 184 — are most parents because of the humane and professional elements involved. “But,” it will be asked, “how is it possible for any one person to carry all that responsibility?” This question is the key to the difficulty. It is not possible for one person to do all that, and it is not being done! It is not physically possible for the social worker to handle her problems with any degree of adequacy when she has a case count of 40, 50, or 60. In fact most conscientious workers would almost prefer a case count of 60 or 70 to a case count of 50, because with the larger case count they cannot even be aware of the problems in their families, whereas in a case count of 40 or 50 they may have the time for discovering a large num- ber of the problems without having the time to treat them. Unfortunately, no reliable information is available as to how large a case count a worker may be expected to carry without jeopardizing her health or the welfare of her families. Considerable research and study is necessary before an adequate answer can be given to this question. Until this question is more adequately answered, however, we should make it possible for the workers to concentrate on their problems to a greater degree by giving them a smaller number of cases to handle. Another factor which must be considered in relation to an adequate staff is the matter of initial and subsequent training for case work. The job of the case worker is primarily that of controlling and guiding human behavior. Frequently it becomes a problem of character building in addition to the problem of breaking down old habits and establishing new ones. Effective work along these lines can be done only if the worker is equipped with as much knowledge concerning the principles and mechanisms of human interaction in addition to having as rich a cultural background, as is obtainable in the best of our institutions. Unfortunately here, too, the difficulties are beyond our immediate control. Not only have the social sciences de- veloped comparatively little that is immediately applicable but even such materials as are available have not as yet been incorporated in most courses of study in our colleges and schools of social work. Bad as the situation is, even in the case of such persons as take special training for social work, it is much worse in the case of those who have had no more than the average course in arts and literature. 185 Nevertheless, we and other social agencies, are frequently forced to engage persons of such inadequate training because better trained persons are not available especially for field positions. Furthermore, people already in the work, should be given an opportunity for further study not only in order to make it possible for them to keep abreast of the times and to be able to take advantage of the newest developments and discoveries in the fields pertaining to their work but also because of the danger of their falling into a rut unless this stimulation comes to them. Most social workers, how- ever, cannot afford to take off the time from their work to go back to study and re-equip themselves. Also, they are usually too tired to get the best out of study after a day’s work. Their work is too straining mentally, nervously and physically for them to be able to put forth this addi- tional effort and gain sufficiently thereby to justify the ex- penditure of the energy. Does it.not seem natural, then, that the agency which is to benefit from the additional prepara- tion should pay.for it? Most universities make it possible for their staff members to engage in special study periodically. Why not social agencies? Social workers are certainly just as much in need of the most up-to-date information, per- taining to their work as are college instructors, if their work is to be effective! Finally, the matter of salaries and tenure of office. There is little question that the large turnover in social work today is due to low salaries, insecurity, comparatively low status, and lack of provision for old age. ‘That the large turnover is much more costly than adequate salaries would be is just as true in social work as it is in industry.* Why not apply the same “common sense” to social work that is being applied to a similar problem in industry? It certainly cannot be argued that the community is saving by paying its social workers low salaries any more than this could be argued in the case of large turnover in industry. The community pays and pays more dearly, in our humble judgment, in large turnover and in inadequate social work than it would by keeping its experienced and worthwhile workers. Nor can we expect the training, intelligence and ability which we seek in our social workers unless we are *See Section 7, page 103 :ff. 186 willing to offer at least a reasonable compensation for these qualities. Social workers do not ask nor do they expect, as arule, any very large share of the world’s goods for them- selves. They must have, however, a compensation which will enable them to live on a standard at least partially com- patible with their cultural interests. That this is not possible now for social workers, especially in the subordinate posi- tions, hardly needs proof or argument. Of equal importance, although less so immediately, is the need for some form of social insurance or some pension system such as is now available for college teachers. Only very few, if any, social workers can save enough from their salaries to enable them to view their future in advanced age with any degree of assurance. Their daily work brings them in close touch with the tragedies due to people’s fail- ure or inability to make such provision. Can we expect that those who are to have the wisdom necessary to guide and look after the future of others shall be so unwise as not to look after their own futures? Or shall we entrust the community wards to such persons as have not sufficient circumspection to provide adequately for their own future? Is it fair of communities to take the best years and energies of people without assuring them that they will have the means with which to meet their own wants when they shall no longer have the strength to carry on their work? Shall the communities be less just to and less considerate of their servants than the more enlightened industries are of their employes? Industry, competitive, impersonal and selfish industry, is finding it to its advantage to provide for its workers. Are communities to be less wise? We believe that all that is necessary is the proper educational effort to bring these matters to the attention of our community leaders. The cause is so just and so promising are the benefits to be derived from more adequate provisions along these lines, that we have the utmost confidence in the future. 2. Separation of District Offices from Administrative Building. The physical location of all of our district offices in one building is not conducive to the best or highest type of social work. While the Administration Building has been a great boon to the development of our organizations and while this arrangement still has some advantages over dispersed offices, there can be little question that the best 187 interests of the community require that the district offices from which the case work is being done should be located in the respective geographical areas in which their work centers. This method of organization is so universally ac- cepted as to make an argument for the necessary change seem as if we were arguing for the obvious. Nevertheless it may be worthwhile to set down here at least the more important reasons why this change should be brought about in the near future. First might be mentioned the fact that social workers would be able to do more actual community work and organization than they now do because of their close proxi- mity to “their communities.” At the present time they are outsiders,. without being intimately acquainted with the community forces and without being able to organize them or take proper advantage of the community backing. At the present time also, the community frequently or- ganizes against the social worker, whereas if the social worker were one of the community it would organize for her. If centers were established in the respective districts, with some form of local representation and partial auto- nomy the charge could not be so easily made that there is a “charity trust” in Chicago. It would also bring out people who would become interested in and would assume re- sponsibility for the local problems. At the present time we do comparatively little more than handle the individual family situation. The social setting of the family is but rarely considered and still more rarely used for purposes of control. And yet all of us, social workers and social scientists, are aware of the possibilities and greater ef- fectiveness of neighborhood control. Without having exhausted in any way the arguments for neighborhood centers for our case work districts from the social control point of view, because a great deal more can be said about the effectiveness of such a centre with regard to the various problems which each of our neigh- borhoods faces such as pool-rooms, disorderly houses, im- proper dance halls and other types of vicious commercial recreation, school overcrowding, filthy streets and alleys, ets. etc., we must: turn to another and immediately more compelling reason, namely, the saving of time and energy which this would mean for the case workers. The time which the workers use in going and coming 188 to and from their homes, the central office, and their dis- tricts, could be very materially reduced if their offices were located within their districts. Travelling under present transportation conditions is fatiguing and there can be no doubt that the work suffers therefrom aside from the fact that it consumes a considerable portion of the workirig day. This time could be devoted to actual work. Moreover, if these centers were developed in accordance with the best practice along these lines, so that not only the family case workers but all the workers from all the agencies, operating in a given area were to work out of such a centre, not only would it mean a tremendous saving of time but it would quickly bring about a realiza- tion of the considerable amout of duplication, at least geo- graphically speaking, which prevails now. There would be a greater interchange of information as to method and tech- nique as well as to information available on the families which are the concern of several agencies. That this would vastly improve the service cannot be questioned because in essence, it would make possible the same type of intercom- munication which was aimed at when Mr. Rosenwald made his generous contribution to the community by donating the funds for the erection of the Administrative Building— only, it would bring together the workers actually working with the same families and in the same areas who have a great deal in common and because of that can contribute toward each others work. It would also obviate the use or rather the abuse of the telephone as a means of case con- ference between agencies—an evil long since recognized and decried by social workers. | We are not arguing for the abandonment of the Ad- ministration Building! It has by no means outlived its usefulness. It has been and continues to be a very im- portant asset to the work. We are merely urging the ex- tension of this idea so that we may secure. even greater benefits from it. The Administration Building should be used for the executive offices. There is a lack of space in the building now. All-the agencies need more space to be effective. Moving the district offices out of the building would offer much needed relief. From the standpoint of the further development of the Social Service Bureau, and the same is also no doubt true of the other agencies, the plan suggested has additional 189 value in the opportunities which it holds out for the de- velopment of sub-executives. In all our thinking and plan- ‘ning, during the last few years, we held before ourselves the ideal of decentralization with adequate control in order to develop initiative, self-dependence and strength on the part of our department heads. We aimed to give them always a little more responsibility than they were ready for, in order to develop them. This was the principle which guided us. While we aimed always to know what and how work was being done, the responsibility for the work was placed, in so far as possible, where it belongs,—on the workers. Nevertheless, this ideal was not always possible of realization—first because the staff was not entirely ready for this during the entire period, and, secondly, because their close proximity to the final authority made it easy to defer judgment and responsibility to that authority. Nor was it easy or possible to check this very natural tendency to avoid making decisions when such avoidance is possible. There is no doubt that this must weaken the staff if indefi- nitely continued. An organization like the J. S. S. B. can be truly effective only by having capable and upstanding sub-executives. No one person nor any few persons can or should carry the responsibility for the organization. No one-man-organization is sound or efficient. The J. S. S. B. is, at the present time, a decentralized organization from the standpoint of division of responsibility. The plan suggested can be put into operation comparatively easily because preparations have been made for this and it is the next step in our development. Not to take advantage of our readiness for this development within the near future is to lose an excellent opportunity and will mean our going back- ward instead of forward. Finally (and again we must say that we have by no means exhausted the factors to be considered), there is real danger in congregating as many abnormal and psy- copathic personalities as are usually present at any one time in the Administration Building. One of the develop- ments of which we were quite proud was the abolition of the old large waiting room of the Relief Department, made possible by the amalgamation in 1921. We opened a num- ber of small waiting rooms, one for every two departments. The large waiting room was for the clients, what the Ad- ministration Building was to be for the workers—an easy 190 means of communication for the exchange of information, experiences, methods, and-techniques. “All of us felt at that time that is was a dangerous institution because it was put to good use by our clients. They had more time to commune with their fellow clients than the social workers could spare to commune with each other, and the large waiting room provided ample. opportunity for such com- munion. The small waiting room was a relief. There was no congregating, infinitely less noise and mischief, than formerly. Unfortunately, lack of space made it impossible for us to spare these rooms continuously and we were forced to convert some of them into offices for workers. However, whether we have one or more waiting rooms, the’ number of abnormal people coming into this one building daily is too great for the safety of the organizations. That tragedies do not occur more often than is the case is a blessing such as we hardly appreciate. It seems to us that we are tempt- ing fate in allowing the present conditions to continue. It is extremely fortunate that the shooting which occurred in our office some time ago was in no way our fault because we were on the friendliest terms with the demented would- be-slayer and he therefore had no intention of hurting any of our workers. Nevertheless, the reaction in the com- munity was extremely unfavorable. Can we afford another such occurrence? While the danger of irresponsible action is always present when dealing with irresponsible persons, it seems that wisdom would dictate reducing this danger through every available means. To be sure, separation of the district offices would not eliminate the danger entirely. It would however serve at least to lessen the possibilities of trouble in the same building by reducing the number of potential trouble-makers who would come to it. 3. Special Psychiatric Service. It is not without some hesitation that the establishment of special psychiatric facili- ties in the Jewish Social Service Bureau is urged as another great need of the organization. ‘This hesitation does not arise from any doubt as to the need which exists but rather from a doubt as to the readiness of social case workers to utilize such service and at the same time develop their own strength as case workers. Paradoxical as it may seem, we are afraid that a special psychiatric service might not prove to be an unmixed blessing. We fear that there would be a tend- ency on the part of the case worker to relax in her thinking 191 because she would and could have an “expert” at her beck and call. Case work thinking and planning in fundamental terms, is now only in the very beginning of its development. It is due in large measure to the case worker’s dissatisfaction with her own accomplishments and technique. Accordingly the better trained ones have turned to the various social sciences for such contributions as each has to make. In this ecclecticism of the social worker lies the greatest prom- ise for the development of a sound, balanced, and effective approach to the treatment of human behavior. Adhering too closely to any one of the social sciences carries with it the handicap of a limited outlook. This is particularly true of psychiatry, which, because of its biological origin, is usually fatalistic in its outlook—a point of view incompatible with the philosophy underlying social work. Furthermore, psychiatry, because of its close affiliation with medicine has developed an approach, a methodology and nomenclature which are definite and compelling so that the social worker would be in danger of being overawed. This might result in her becoming timid and obedient, losing her independ- ence and critical judgment, to the point where she would merely follow instructions. These attitudes are now char- acteristic of the nurse and are already observable in the medical and psychiatric social workers, some of whom think that it is heresy to challenge the physician. That such attitudes on the part of the social worker would not make for the best development of social case work can hardly be questioned. Aside from the above considerations, it may be ques- tioned whether the case worker would do her best think- ing if she had some one who would “authoritatively” solve all her problems for her, even though the solution might consist only 1n a labeling of her client. It takes the sting out of failure when one is told that the failure is due not to the fault of the worker but to a lack of capacity on the part.of the material which one works with. We do not mean to imply that there is no stimulation which could ~ come to the case workers from contact with a psychiatrist or that all psychiatrists are arbitrary and require unques- tioned obedience. However, psychiatrists are still primarily physicians and as such they frequently use the most common technique of the physicians — requiring unques- tioned confidence in and obedience to their authority. 192 In spite of all of the above, a psychiatrist on the staff could not only make a genuine contribution to the im- provement of the case work but is almost a necessity. Thus far, the psychiatrist has done more to develop a definite technique for the study, interpretation, and control of human behavior than any one else. The problems which our case workers are called upon to handle are frequently so intricate, so involved, and have their roots so deeply imbedded in the fundamental aspects of personality that much more knowledge is necessary to fathom the difficulties than the average case worker has. Without an adequate understanding and appreciation of the deeper underlying causes, whatever these may be, any attempt at handling the situation becomes pure guess work, a trial and error pro- cedure, which, barring accidental success, must result in very frequent and most costly failure. That. a broadminded psychiatrist with a well rounded social.science training and point of view, who would have a sympathetic understand- ing of the background and traditions of the Jewish people and who would conceive his function in the J. S. S. B. to be not only to diagnose and suggest treatment for the difficult cases brought to him by the staff, but also to train the workers themselves to a better understanding of human nature, that such a person could increase greatly the per- centage of successful treatments, cannot be questioned. This is another development which would yield large returns for the investment. 4. More Adequate Medical Service. In stressing the need for more adequate medical service, we desire to ac- knowledge once more our indebtedness to the Michael Reese Dispensary for the great improvement of its service to us during the past few years. There are, however, some very important defects in some aspects of the medical service which we now receive. The most important of these is the frequent delays in obtaining complete diagnosis from the © dispensary. This is due to no administrative weakness but rather to an inherent difficulty in the type of organization which the dispensary is. Its medical staff. serves with- out remuneration, and while all the physicians are no doubt conscientious, and while their rate of attendance may be high (as compared with other similar organizations) there are frequent absences, with the result that clients come to the dispensary time and again without their examination 193 being completed. ‘This frequently results in the clients losing confidence in the dispensary and ourselves. In the cases of financial dependency this means an actual outlay of money on the part of the J. S. S. B. and what is worse, it means also the beginning of an attitude of dependence on the part of the client, because in the absence of definite knowledge the organization can do little else than meet the requests of the client in accordance with our standards. We have never had the opportunity of making an ad- equate study as to what such delays cost us in money. It would be extremely worth while to obtain this information on the basis of one or two years work insofar as such in- formation is obtainable. (The costs of delays in terms of dependency and disorganization can never be ascertained!) In the absence of such facts the writer hazards the opinion that the money that could be actually saved in relief if prompt examinations were available, would more than pay for the professional service necessary to make these ex- aminations. We frequently discussed with the superin- tendent of the Dispensary the advisability of instituting a special clinic in the dispensary conducted by a paid staff. But the means with which to try such an experiment never could be obtained. Although such a clinic involves many difficulties from the standpoint of the administration of a dispensary, it is, nevertheless, thought to be eminently worth while because of the savings which it would effect. We need only consider the effects of the diagnostic clinic on our work and the savings which it made possible, to realize the importance of prompt and adequate medical service for our clients. Another defect in the medical service is the in- direct contact now obtaining between the physicians and the social case worker. The present arrangement is that the case worker writes out an elaborte “Background His- tory” which the physician is supposed to read before he examines the patient. The medical social worker is sup- posed to “interpret” this “Background” to the physician and to communicate, by mail, to the case worker his findings and recommendation. This would be an ideal arrangement if it worked. The difficulty with it is that it does not always work. There is ample evidence, both implicit and explicit, that the physicians and the medical social workers are too crowded for time to study the “Backgrounds” so as really 194 _ to get an adequate idea of the situation. Our workers have frequently expressed the opinion, unfortunately well- — founded, that they are the only ones who study the Back- ground Histories, and they naturally feel that it is a waste of their time which they could more profitably devote to their other work. And yet, this is, at. present, our only means of communication with the dispensary and the physi- cians. They also feel that if they could present their knowl- edge of the situations to the physicians, their recommenda- tions would frequently be different from what they are. Furthermore, the medical case worker’s knowledge of the patient and the home condition is at best superficial, gained as it is, from the “Background.” Consequently, she cannot evaluate the findings and recommendations to the physician as would the case worker if she were to have direct contact with him. Then, too, there is the possibility of losing a good deal that is of value to the understanding and treatment of the client or patient through this relay method of com- municating the information. The obvious solution to all these problems is for the case workers to have direct contact with the physicians. Administratively, this is not desirable either for the dis- pensary or the J.S.S. B. The only other possible solution seems to be a liaison person between the dispensary and the J.S. S. B. Such a person could familiarize herself with the problems involved and interpret the worker’s needs to the physicians and the physicians findings and recommenda- tion to the workers. For various reasons, including lack of funds, we have not been able to solve this problem. In- cidentally, it may be pointed out that the establishment of district offices* would also go a long way toward helping to solve this problem. 5. More Adequate Child Care. At first blush it may seem that this is a matter outside of the province of the J. S. S. B., which is primarily a family case work agency, On closer analysis, however, it must be apparent that the J. S. S. B. is the largest child care agency in the Jewish community of Chicago. In its families there are, con- servatively estimated, a minimum of 4,000 children who are to a greater or lesser degree the responsibility of the or- ganization. This is four to five times as many children as are handled by all the other Jewish child care agencies in *See page 187 ff. 195 Chicago. Even if we were to consider only the dependent. children, those of the regular and intermittent relief cases, we still have responsibility for 1,500 to 2,000 dependent | children, which is at least twice the number of dependent children handled by all the other organizations. It follows, therefore, that our child care problem is a real one and that we are not going outside of the limits of our work in dis- cussing the needs for adequate child care. Our needs for child care may be considered under two heads: first, medical care, and, secondly, an observation station for children offering behavior problems. Until a little over about two years ago, the Children’s Examining Clinic* of the Michael Reese Dispensary met our need quite adequately. Due to lack of funds the activi- ties of this clinic were curtailed so that the J. S. S. B. does not any longer have this facility. This clinic together with the work done on the Eisendrath Foundation cases** made our workers conscious of the need for paying special at- tention to the health of the children in our families. The clinic, by examining all of the children whether well or not, was able to do a great deal of preventive work by discover- ing defects before the health of the children was under- mined. Instances of malnutrition were easily and quickly discovered and attended to, insofar as that was possible, so that we were always watchful of the health problems in our families. With the discontinuation of this clinic the emphasis has been shifted from the preventive to the curative aspects of child health, a shift not compatible with good standards of case work. Our efforts at re-establishing this clinic have availed us nothing because the funds have not been made available for the dispensary. That this is a short-sighted policy on the part of the community is, of course, obvious. The need for an observation centre is a more complicated problem because it involves not only the J. S. S. B. but all the child care agencies in the Jewish community. For many years we have been urging the need of studying the personalities and problems, which children present before they are placed permanently or temporarily. When chil- dren are to be placed because of the temporary removal *See) page 175/ff- **See page 35. 196 or death of the mother, they are usually placed by the child care agency. At the present time these placements are be- ing made with but little study and knowledge of the child’s personality, obviously necessary for proper adjustment. While we have no intention here to criticize the work of a cooperating agency, candor and the best interests of the community demand that we voice our regret, to say the least, that a real opportunity and, in some cases, the only opportunity for observing children under controlled con- ditions is allowed to slip through our fingers so that we must continue to work in the dark in the case of those same children. : Besides, even a superficial consideration of placement technique would seem to indicate the need of adjusting the foster home to the child. That this cannot be done without a careful study of the child is, of course, clear. Our experience leads us to believe that no facilities for such study are now available, so that the children are adjusted to the home rather than the other way around. Furthermore, in the case of temporary and emergency placements, and it is this type of placement that concerns us here because the chil- dren most always come back to us, the manner of place- ment, the frequency of change of home, the distribution of children of the same families throughout the city so that they frequently cannot see each other, etc., all have a de- cided effect on the recovery of the parent as well as upon the character of the children. All these matters concern us deeply and affect our work most seriously. We strongly urge a reconsideration of the entire child care problem in our community. We hope that the study now in con- templation and mentioned elsewhere* will point the way to the solution of this problem. 6. Research and Study. We feel very strongly that a department of research and study should be established in the J. S. S. B. as soon as possible. We are aware of the fact that some may question whether research is a legit- imate function of an agency such as ours and furthermore whether an agency can study its own work with that de- tachment and objectivity necessary for scientific inquiry, To the first question we would say that the time must come when social agencies will recognize the validity of *See page 176 ff. 197 research as a legitimate and integral part of their work even as industry has recognized that the establishment of re- search laboratories is necessary to its development. We are not referring to pure research for the purpose of furthering scientific knowledge, which should be the function of schools and universities, although it should be said that even this could be successfully defended, in our judgment, on the ground that such knowledge would ultimately improve the work and therefore add to the effectiveness of the agencies. We are referring here to the need for reviewing and evaluat- ing the work as it is being done in terms of standards and methods which have been developed in the field. Such studies partake of the nature of case reviews, statistical treatment of data collected which can be so treated, the de- velopment and testing of administrative principles and pro- cedure and passing judgment on the basis of factual data on the effectiveness of the work done in the light of such knowledge and criteria as may be available. Unless this be done continuously so that the staff may come to look upon it as a necessary part of the work, they will consider any single study as a reflection upon their work and are likely to develop an attitude of uneasiness and defense which is injurious to the work. Moreover, if the workers knew that the materials which they are working on and collecting are to be used in this way they would be stimulated to do their very best and would be eager for the information and light which would come to them, on their past and future work, from such studies. A department such as we contemplate, headed by a com- petent research student with an adequate knowledge and background in the social sciences and the principles of case work, reviewing the work on the basis of standards and criteria developed and accepted by the entire organization and in the field in general, could become the greatest stim- ulus for effective work which could be devised. The results of such studies would be accepted by the staff because they would have a hand in the studies themselves and they would not be considered as a superimposition. If in addition each of the supervisors were given an opportunity to do case reviewing under the direction of the head of such a depart- ment, they would be stimulated to an extent which is hardly conceivable. Its benefits to the work would be in- calculable. | 198 Several studies have been undertaken in the J. S. S. B. during the last four or five years. We never had the means for organizing the work according to the plan suggested above. Neither the staff nor the finances of the organiza- tion were ready for such work. The studies were therefore undertaken without giving the staff full participation during the progress of the study, although we were fully aware that the value of these studies would not be as great as they would otherwise be. However, it was not a matter of choice but of necessity and the plea in now made for an arrangement which would be feasible and beneficial. The question as to whether an organization can be suf- ficiently objective to study its own work and be dispas- sionate in its findings can best be answered by the studies which have thus far been made. These studies, exclusive of minor studies which we need not consider here, are four in number. A study of the Eisendrath Foundation work; a study of the handicap problems facing the Jewish com- munity; a study of the Boys’ Department, and a study of about 800 cases closed in 1923, which is now in process. Each of these studies was undertaken and executed under our own immediate guidance and supervision. In the case of the Eisendrath Foundation and the Boys’ Department studies, we were much more critical and severe on the or- ganization than an outside organization would have been had we called one in to make these studies for us. Our method was strictly scientific and every conclusion drawn is derived from the facts as submitted in the study and subject to check by any one interested in the study. The study of the handicap problems was frankly undertaken to test, prove or disprove, our hypothesis that an industrial shop would immeasurably help us in the work. Here, too, the data is submitted in detail in the study and was sub- jected to the critical review of the entire staff, the Board and other lay and professional people in the community. The study now in progress is being made with the most careful and strictest possible attention to scientific procedure. In each of these studies we had the service of an outsider of un- questioned ability and disinterestedness who approached the problem without any bias. More than this no one can ask. Objectivity would be impossible perhaps where one reviews the work for which one is immediately responsible. However, where reviews are made in accordance with 199 scientific procedure, especially when the reviewer is entirely detached from and has no responsibility for the work under review, there can be no objection. In fact, there is con- siderable advantage in such an arrangement because it makes it possible for the study to be made on the basis of an intimate knowledge of the actual prevailing conditions, a very necessary element in the treatment of material involv- ing human personalities and institutions. 200 to 10. Ge ie ro: 14. 15. 16. tf 18. £o. APPENDIX A List of Problems and Definitions in Use in Districts Acute Illness: To be used when any member of the family has an illness of other than chronic nature. Chronic Illness: To be used when there is in the family a case of disease of long duration. Tuberculosis—Active: To be used when a member of the family suffers from an active tubercular condition of any part of the body. Tuberculosis—Non-Active: ‘To be used when medical author- ity pronounces a patient’s tubercular condition “arrested,” ‘Jatent,” or “non-active.” Malnutrition: To be used in case of a condition of improper nourishment amounting to a medical problem. Venereal Disease: To be used where there has been a medical diagnosis of syphilis or gonorrhea, and until the patient has been discharged as cured or apparently cured. Physical Defect: To be used in case of a physical lack or mal- formation whether or not associated with active disease. Drug & Alcohol Addiction: To be used when intoxicants or drugs are used to such an extent as to cause physical deteriora- tion or social disorganization. Insanity: To be used where there is a commitment or a diag- nosis of insanity and until there has been enough improvement to make the patient fairly adjusted in the community Mental Deficiency: To be used when the individual is classified as dull, borderline or feebleminded. Personality Defect: To be used when a peculiar mental twist works against the suitable adjustment of the individual to his environment. Physical Injury: To be used when an accidental injury has occurred to any member of the family. Unemployment: To be used when any employable member of the family is without work for over three consecutive days at any time during the month. Insufficient Earnings: To be used where earnings of wage- earner (husband) when receiving normal wage and holding as good a position as can be obtained for him, is insufficient to support the family. Work Maladjustment: When any adult (over 21 years) mem- ber of family is employed at some occupation for which he is decidedly less suited than for some other form of employment which might be obtained or for which he might be trained. Domestic Difficulty: To be used when there is maladjustment or conflict between husband and wife. Desertion: To be used where husband or wife leaves the home, giving no information as to his or her destination. Separation: To be used when the couple live apart by pre- arrangement because of domestic reasons. Non-Support: To be used in case of failure of support from those legally responsible. 201 39, 40. Divorce: To be used after divorce decree has been rendered. Family Incompatibility: To be used when there is discord or lack of adjustment among members of the immediate family group. Widowhood: To be used in case of the death of the husband or wife. Illegitimacy: To be used in the case of any child born out of wedlock, until it has been legitimatized. Neighborhood Difficulty: To be used where there is conflict between any member of the family and neighbors. Illiteracy: To be used when an adult is unable to read or write in any language because of lack of training. Naturalization: To be used when any member of the family lacks full citizenship. Imprisonment: To be used when any member of the family is in a penal institution or detained awaiting trial. Gambling: To be used when any member of the family makes it a practice to play games of chance to such an extent that disorganization occurs in the individual or in the family life. Old Age: To be used where problems arise because of the advanced years of an individual. Bad Housing: To be used where living quarters are below the local legal standard of health and sanitation. Poor Housekeeping: To be used when the physical care e the home is decidedly inadequate. Parental Neglect: To be used where the children’s physical condition suffers because the father or mother fails to meet his responsibility. Immorality of Parent: To be used when the sex conduct of either parent may affect the children unfavorably. Inadequate Home Control: To be used when the family has failed to exercise proper control over the child’s conduct, or - where the child has failed to respond to existing home control. School Maladjustment: To be used when school contacts or curricula are unsuited to the child’s individual needs. School Retardation: To be used when a child is more than one year behind his normal grade according to chronological age. Defective Recreation: To be used when young peoples’ recrea- tion is conspicuously inadequate or unsuitable. Vocational Maladjustment: To be used when a young person’s employment is not in line with his desires, abilities or possibili- ties for development. Bad Associates: To be used when children’s companions are of such a character as to be a demoralizing influence. Sex Irregularities: To be used when problems arise out of the individual’s sex life of a serious enough ‘nature to require treatment. It may involve the individual only or the individual in relation to others. 202 APPENDIX B List of Problems and Definitions in Use in Boys’ and Girls’ Department (In the following classification of behavior disorders and factors, the effort was made to include all of the major types of disturbances and the important causal influences. Three main divi- sions are used in order to make it possible to employ the classifi- cation as a diagnostic summary of the case. The first division is devoted to behavior disorders, the second and third to the factors or causes likely to call them out. The first division may be re- garded as a grouping of symptoms or effects, the second and third, ‘as series of conditioning influences and causes). A. BEHAVIOR DISORDERS 1. Home Difficulties. To be used in instances where home behavior includes such characteristics as keeping irregular hours, in- subordination, excessive quarreling or fighting and in a general way creating a disturbance in the home. to School Maladjustment. To be used where school contacts or curricula are unsuited to the child’s individual needs giving rise to truancy, retardation, general misbehavior or insurbordination. 3. Industrial Maladjustment. To be used when there are very - frequent changes of employment; where the work is not in ‘harmony with the individual’s interests or capacities or where it does not offer adequate possibilities for development. - 4, Runaway. To be used when a young person repeatedly leaves home for ga period of a day or more without his parent’s consent. 5. Creating disturbance in neighborhood. To be used where a young person makes himself objectionable to his neighbors by rowdyism and destructive behavior. _.6, Stealing. To be used when a young person makes a practice of taking other person’s property without their consent. 7. Gambling. To be used when a young person makes it a practice to play games of chance to such an extent that disor- ganization is likely to occur. 8. Idleness. To be used when a young person is unemployed for long periods and where a definite resistance must be overcome to induce him to work. 9. Habitual Lying. To be used where there is a tendency to lie for any possible gain thereby. Also to be used when there is a deep-seated tendency toward coloring one’s experience and glorifying oneself by continuous lying even when it is obviously contradicted by the facts and where there is no apparent gain. 10. Irregular Emotional Behavior. To be use when a young person’s behavior departs from the normal in the direction of depression or apathy; where the person is easily upset, goes into frequent tantrums, is a prey to irrational fears, hates and outbursts of anger, and also where there is an undue attachment for some particular individual or where there is excessive demonstration of affection. 203 it 13. 14. 13: 16. we 18. 19. 20. Sex Irregularties. To be used when problems arising out of the individual’s sex life are of a serious enough nature to re- quire treatment. These situations may involve the individual only or the individual in relation to others. B. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Use of Narcotics or Stimulants. To be employed where a young person makes use of such drugs as cccaine or morphine and its derivatives, and even where the use of coffee or cigarettes is so excessive as to be harmful. Detrimental Neighborhood Influences. To be used when there are such influences in the neighborhood as disreputable dance halls, pool rooms, or disorderly houses that may contribute to delinquency; where the locality is over-stimulating because of its night life or commercial activity, and also where there are railroad yards, dilapidated buildings, interstitial areas, or other influences favoring the development of gang life. Bad Living Conditions. To be used when housing ordinance rules are violated, or when there is inadequate space for the natural activities of the family, such as children’s play and entertaining by the young people, or when sleeping arrange- ments crowd the family together in such a way as to foster unwholesome sex habits and imagery in the young. To be used also where the household equipment is very inadequate or where the physical care of the home is poor. Undesirable Associates. To be used when young people are frequently in the company of others who are vicious, rowdy or law breaking or when their companions by reason of difference of age, experience or defective mentality, may exercise an unwholesome influence. Turbulent or Vicious Home. To be used when the home life is disturbed by continuous quarreling, violence, intoxication, im- morality or defiance of law. Defective Family Relationships. To be used when there is ap- parent a lack of sufficient “family solidarity” as indicated by an undercurrent of antagonism or indifference toward the at- titudes and ambitions of the other members in the family. Divergent Family Standards. Where the various members of the family have widely different values and standards. This may be due to age, different cultural levels and experience or varying degrees of assimilation of American culture. Defective Family Control. To be used when the discipline of the children is over-indulgent, over-strict, or where partiality is shown, or where the parents lack interest in the welfare of the children, To be used also where one parent is dead, out of the home, mentally or physically defective in such a way as to make it impossible to render adequate supervision. Inadequate Income. To be used when the family is unable to maintain itself without outside assistance. 204 28. YASe 30. a 2h oe. SBP 34. C. PERSONALITY FACTORS Lay oy un, be Chronic Illness. To be used when the young person has an illness of long duration. Acute Illness. To be used in the case of the young person having an illness of other than chronic nature. Venereal Disease. Malnutrition. To be used when a young person’s condition is one of improper nourishment amounting to a medical problem. Developmental Defect. To be used when the individual is either over or under-developed physically or sexually and also where there has been a very eventful medical history. Physical Defect. To be used in case of a physical lack or mal- formation whether or not associated with active disease. Unfavorable Hereditary Findings. To be used when evidences of epilepsy, feeble-mindedness, nervous instability, psychotic disorders, tuberculosis, alcoholism or syphylis, are known to have existed in grandparents, parents, maternal and paternal aunts, uncles and siblings. MENTAL Defective Intelligence. To be used when an individual is classi- fied as feeble-minded, borderline defective, dull or backward on the basis of his intelligence quotient. Temperamental Defect. To be used where it is recognized either on the basis of close observation or of a psychiatric ex- amination; that an individual is known to be unusually sensitive, impulsive and petulant; where there are frequent changes of mood, the individual being inclined to be depressed at one time and joyous and optimistic at another and also where there are prolonged spells either of depression or elation. Disorders of Sex Life. To be used where it is definitely known that a person has been habitually practicing some form of perversion or auto-eroticism for a prolonged period. Compulsive Interests or Habits. To be used where some ac- tivity, such as frequenting dance halls, motion picture theatres, pool rooms, etc., some form of athletics, collecting, play, gambling, or interest in the opposite sex gain such preponderant importance for the individual as to serve as an unbalancing factor so as to absorb the energy that might normally be directed along a variety of lines more conducive to the in- dividual’s welfare. Lack of Wholesome Interests. To be used where a person is a prey to suggestion and bad influences owing to a lack of healthy mental and physical activities. Neurotic Adaptations. To be used where a psychiatric ex- amination indicates the existence of some form of anxiety neurosis, neurasthenia, psychasthenia, hysteria or compulsive reaction. Psychotic Disorders. To be used where there is some definite form of insanity such as dementia praecox, paranoia, etc. 205 35. Psychopathic Without Psychosis. To be used where there are psychopathic findings not covered by main classifications, that is, the known psychotic and neurotic disorders. These cases are sometimes diagnosed as psychopathic personalities, con- stitutional inferiors, egocentric personalties, etc. 36. Homeless Child. To be used when a young person has no home because one or both parents are dead, or are living in another city, are separated or have deserted. This includes also young persons whose homes are closed to them. 37. Unmarried Mother. 206 APPENDIX C List of Problems and Definitions in Use in Legal Aid Department 1. Go 15, 16. Annulment of Marriage: To be used where an annulment of a marriage is sought through court action. Bastardy: To be used where illegitimate birth of children necessiiates legal treatment. Business Difficulty: To be used where difficulties arising out of contracts or sales, such as money claims, real estate diffi- culties and damage suits, necessitate social or legal treatment. City Ordinance Violation: To be used where individuals charged with violating city ordinance necessitate treatment in Court. Concealed Weapons & Sadler Act: To be used where in- dividuals charged with carrying concealed weapons, or who are charged under the Sadler Act (state weapon statute) necessi- tate treatment in Court. Contrib. Delinquency: To be used where individuals contri- buting to delinquency or dependency of children as defined by Statute require treatment in Court. Crimes Against Person: To be used where injury or attempted injury of a person (exclusive of sex crimes) necessitates treat- ment in Court. Crimes Against Property: To be used where criminal violation of accepted code of property rights necessitates treatment in Court. Divorce: To be used where prosecution or defense of divorce action or modification of decree is necessary. Estates: To be used where the estates of (a) Minors, (b) Insane, and (c) Deceased, necessitate social or legal treatment. Immigration: To be used where immigrants require adjust- ment with the Federal Immigration Service. Landlord & Tenant: To be used where difficulties between tenant and landlord necessitate legal treatment. Naturalization: To be used where procuring naturalization or the establishing of naturalization data requires legal treatment. Non-Support: To be used where the non-support or insufficient support of wife, children or both or indigent relatives necessi- tates legal treatment. Pardon & Parole: To be used where application for pardon and parole require legal treatment. Personal Injury: ‘To be used where social or legal treatment is necessary due to personal injury. 207 ite i. 19. DOTTIE ISG INe boet = Ov WwW W = © See ete ge aoe tae Separate Maintenance: To be used where the separation of husband and family and the support of the latter by the former is sought through court action. Sex Offenses Involving Adults: To be used where individuals charged with: a—Disorderly conduct b—Adultery c—Inmate of house of prostitution d—Keeper of house of prostitution e—Soliciting f—Pandering require treatment in Court. Sex Offenses Against Children: To be used where individuals charged with: a—Crimes against children b—Crimes against nature c—Rape d—Taking indecent liberties require treatment in Court. Violation of Liquor Act: To be used where violation of either State or Federal laws regarding liquor require treatment in Court. Violation of Postal Laws: To be used where persons charged with violation of postal laws require legal treatment. Wage Claims: To be used where claims for service by em- ployee from employer necessitate social or legal treatment. Legal Advice.# Violation by Adults of Compulsory School Attendance Statute.+ Bigamy.# Feeble-Minded or Insane.# Contempt of Court.# Breach of Promise.# Military Offense.+ Violation Federal Narcotic Act.# Adoption.# These problems were added more recently. 208 APPENDIX D Ready Reference Table of District and Special Department Problem DISTRICT: PROBLEMS A—HEALTH: 1. Acute Illness 2. Chronic Illness 3. Tuberculosis, Active 4. Tuberculosis, Non-Active 5. Malnutrition 6. Venereal Disease 7. Physical Defect 8. Drug & Alcohol Addiction 9. Insanity 10. Mental Deficiency 11. Personality Defect 12.) Physical Injury, B.—_INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS: 13. Unemployment 14. Insufficient Earnings 15. Work Maladjustment C.—FAMILY RELATIONS: 16. Domestic Difficulty 17. Desertion 18. Separation 19. Non-support 20. Divorce 21. Family Incompatibility 22. Widowhood D.— PERSONAL PROBLEMS: 23. Illegitimacy 24. Neighborhood Difficulty 27 se liliteracy 27. Imprisonment 28. Gambling 29. Old Age F—SANITATION PROBLEMS: 30. Bad Housing 31. Poor Housekeeping F.—CHILDREN’S SPECIAL PROBLEMS: Parental Neglect Immorality of Parent Inadequate Home Control School Maladjustment School Retardation Defective Recreation Vocational Maladjustment Bad Associates Sex Irregularities SPECIAL: DEPATCOMEN PROBLEMS A.—BEHAVIOR DISORDERS: SO 90 NID eae Home Difficulties School Maladjustment Industrial Maladjustment Runaway Creating Disturbance in Neighborhood Stealing Gambling Idleness Habitual Lying Irregular Emotional Behavior Sex Irregularities Use of Narcotics or Stimulants B.—ENVIRONMENTAL 13; 14. {3: 16. We. 18. 19° 20. FACTORS: Detrimental Neighborhood Influences Bad Living Conditions Unsuitable Associates Turbulent or Vicious Home Defective Family Re- lationships Divergent Family Standards Defective Family Control] Inadequate Income C.—PERSONALITY FACTORS: 209 PHMSICAL Chronic Illness Acute Illness Venereal Disease Malnutrition Developmental Defect Physical Defect Unfavorable Hereditary Findings MENTAL Defective Intelligence Temperamental Defect Disorders of Sex Life Compulsive Interests or Habits Lack of Wholesome Interests Neurotic Adaptations Psychotic Disorders Psychopathic Without Psychosis Homeless Child Unmarried Mother APPENDIX E Arthur Young & Company Members American Institute of Accountants Schedule B THE JEWISH AID SOCIETY RELIEF DEPARTMENT Statement of Income and Expenditures for Year Ending December 31, 1920. INCOME Associated « Jewisii@nartties 2)...----.2 ces ates. $290,330.00 Lrrteres eager ee se ee 1,788.35 Excess of Expenditures over Income for year ending December 31, 1920................ 5,035.81 $297,154.16 PP Xe ete Nar lee Rei SS Relief: General. VR@NCE Brae eee eee $125,309.86 Rents fii eee et oe roe 46,462.76 Pension “Rents so ee ee ee 12,833.92 Pension Monthly Allowances ................ 31,057.96 LYANSP Osta tiGt wc tes ere ch es 656.28 Cal otter eae eee eee ee a eas ae 13,184.99 Clothin gece tie Soo nan ee ee 8,693.23 Furniture sirseets ee ee ee ve SO 3E225 Shoes come ete ae 2 Wee an Ne te a 3,388.21 Manufacturing Department Expense .... 2619.24 Administration: Salartes eee Eye Pie, NRC Mol Pededas OS Pe $40,665.39 Télephonegand al elewtaph 22.220. 05h. 177.26 General Alix pense: ce man = ee, oe LE ee 1,974.51 TaSUra rice ee ice ieee ee acl ya eae 116.26 Postage Aire ie ett ee kos. eee nee 491.14 Office Suppiies ear t ie eee eesal ie eee 585.31 Maintenance 1 cme re tt ee ae 3,600.00 Car. Bares ere Se ee ee 564.45 AutomobilesExpense? a eee 841.14 210 $248,138.70 49,015.46 $297,154.16 APPENDIX F Arthur Young & Company Members American Institute of Accountants Schedule D. THE JEWISH AID SOCIETY SELF-SUPPORT DEPARTMENT BALANCE SHEET December 31, 1920. AMS rai rorbas CASH: AMET Eat cle MEE Cha Bi es ews Fat ee BIRR oe Ae he oe $ 3,501.90 eC Sle er ae ci Le a AY ad cae Ol ea SO I ae 11,745.97 Een TON Laks Co Px Poe Lg PSE OR GL ES eae ee te ep 364.00 $15,611.87 LIABILITIES AND FUNDS Beetle key CE be) temas, Fe Grn Ls eee eee se ee eee Se ee ee ee $ 15,611.87 APPENDIX G Arthur Young & Company Members American Institute of Accountants Schedule G THE JEWISH AID SOCIETY BUREAU OF PERSONAL SERVICE Statement of Income and Expenditures for Year Ending December 31, 1920 TEN CLO OME Associatedy Jewishw Chariticss 2.3.0 2 ee. (serera lL aLiOnatiGiisaie ne a. ses ee ee ae $ 693.30 Julius “Rosenwald sDonations!\1.2....80 4 ee . 976.65 Welfare Committee for Jewish Girls’ Dona- CLOTS Mite Weer, eles ot ba atl wales a ee 1,008.45 SUpPOmen eee Lone ety rua Owe te? 26,972.53 Excess of Expenditures over Income for the year ending December 31, 1920.-.......... Hime UN: Dl aa Rebs Generals Donationse. asters se were Sa O39 72 Julius vRoséenwalds Donations v4 eee 934.46 Welfare Committee for Jewish Girls’ Dona- TIONS: ee Be oe ae Ores aren eee 933.55 SUDpOries dss cea AEs: re REN Re TO 26,818.02 Administration: Sala riche ett tee ee teat ey Sie ear 41,448.91 Maintenance stl erst te oes cee 2,280.00 A(OificesSup olicsr iain wre ee os yh 359.24 POStaOGae waar wer eee ee 3 Ds 201.88 ‘Lélephotecand -Pelesraphe 0 ees 347.90 LiPansportanons ieee te hk Peace e 158.62 Instance kai ee ae Ate eo es ee re 86.73 Ca td PALS ao ete tia sts oerel al boat ae er 669.93 Printitig ¢.c0 Gee rel eka ee 221.29 Officer EOXPEnse See Ai. iis mk ee eens 767.51 AlZ $45,649.82 ~ 29,650.93 573.01 $75,873.76 $29, d20eh0 46,548.01 $75,873.76 APPENDIX H Arthur Young & Company Members American Institute of Accountants Exhibit B JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE OF CHICAGO RELIEF DEPARTMENT Statement of Income and Expenditures for the Year Ending December 31, 1921. IyN-C O-M E PXLSGOCTI GEO SIC WISP IATITICS) cc.cscec-c-c-cscsereseceeac 324,450.00 IER he ad RO 2 en ne 1,933.70 Furniture and Fixtures transferred from HERsOna service DULeAll ) icvcec.b cn -e-- 1,584.08 Wneimimed aa neck sm Written. Olf-.ccccc.. estos 45.00 Excess of Income over Expenditures for year ending December 31, 1921 (Subt.)..... 2,944.14 Relief: PeexeietouN ble LD URES SoRSTU PU VERS Beth IS Ul sda enn ee Oo $102,859.26 Dole ag cee res ee es Ti 49 597.65 Temi URNs Ciba ee ey Eh a 6,784.44 Pension ‘Monthly Allowance. .......:....... 11,601.54 er eVet iG L a ti he ee seal le we 937.49 BRE ces Se Rice, a a 14,213.50 Sie Ca Tome eee ee ge 2,490.79 Pate ilu Ec ern e) ae e 2 he 24130.35 SAOSIN a 2,006.29 Manufacturing Department Expense .... 727.84 (alsa Keg gaat pha od RAY) dpe oe 9,336.07 Parrereencw eA lowances uu... ss oes as 21,989.86 Administration: OS A fed Smee re ld 83,021.10 elephonevandm telegraph .2....2-2.:..03.45-- 2,200.93 ree fare IPSC ee deh S70 oe VaR See Co Ra See 157.74 UEgaay ey eats yoo ol 4 A ee 622.69 Ohi COMO ID OTIC GBer et ee ee 1,855.04 Mati Leta GCM eee Me ee 5,500.00 Mone LANES «0 ge es een 1,040.50 PUTO MOD Uem PE kNeTISE Ma. oe 94.97 Depreciation of Furniture and Fixtures 648.76 Depreciation of Automobile ........... “hate 465.57 Other Expenditures: Overdraft of Personal Service Bureau PNSETTIVOC Bree ees st hehe A vAG $325,068.64 $224,681.08 99,629.82 757.74 $325,068.64 APPENDIX I Arthur Young & Company Members American Institute of Accountants ,Exhibit D JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE BUREAU OF CHICAGO SELF-SUPPORT DEPARTMENT BALANGE SHEERS? December 31, 1921 CASH: Lreasturer-serund: <4. Ngee ig ed (iS: “LIABILITIES AND FUNDS SELF-SUPPORT FUND Oe wen oe nee ccm e ewan cee ce ens een enw en meee acaneces > 214 3,263.95 6,660.76 9,924.71 9,924.71 APPENDIX J Arthur Young & Company Members American Institute of Accountants JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE BUREAU OF CHICAGO GENERAL ADMINISTRATION ACCOUNT Statement of Income and Expenditure for the Year Ending December 31, 1922 IN COME ASSOCIA LE BLEW ISH Da TItlGS » wrcte focegseticces cals $402,205.51 US eet adhe ee SS Cy a Bs ih hy en Pe 1,877.97 Unclaimed: Checks: written off 2.2.5. 222.....21..... 104.22 $404,187.70 Relief: EXPENDITURE et ae Regula ge slo wa ticey rues oe nese ate th ee $ 70,371.09 Emervencys Allowance. — 2.-5342).08. 51,509.29 Recularay Rettameiiaeeet ee nes 44,864.15 WINOPPCUCVS Rett te ake eee 27,978.15 Homesminding ey eee eee 38,404.17 PIOUSE MULT tS iti woe era ek O2o5.02 a eee tain eee PS, Noosa NI, 17,619.93 Clothing: Rae 0, yr MT eo AEE een 4,749.85 SHOE Shy ie rings Oe tera a ess Se 2,262.85 Mii llomet Nase Nase ewes oF Ses ls he se oh! 6,122.36 EL EAIVSD GTI iOine ee ete ee. 717.75 Storeroom Workshop Expense ............ 1,183.18 Administration: | $268,665.79 Salariesy con ein Mm mcrae Menlo Rea ty 0G tt $114,368.45 Telephone and Telegraph. ...................... 2,869.97 RrCHeralMEGK PD CNSam eens oe eee ee ae 3,422.99 OTA CEsSUDP HES ars hs sce Gat, Se ee ee 2,031.78 Postage wean s tate eee tee ee) Seen 750.55 (Care ares gee sektin: lew sy eee ie We pan 1,294.66 TRS UPAT COM rece eee eers CRs ees 210.21 FATAL Ou FORD CTS Gan te ree be aa eens Se 21,15 TeOSSe ODO ales Ol WA ULOs ete ee 165.58 Main tétlance east eet eed Eat 5,880.00 Depreciation on Furniture and Fixtures 648.76 131,664.10 $400,329.89 Excess of Income over Expenses for year ending, December SLA 19220 ae 3,857.81 $404,187.70 215 APPENDIX K Arthur Young & Company Members American Institute of Accountants Exhibit D JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE BUREAU OF CHICAGO SELF-SUPPORT DEPARTMENT BALANCE SHEET December 31, 1922 POS oS 4 PL es CASIiG Trea Sire is Mle nti ec Ue Wee 2 at ee ee $ 699.06 LOANS. tee Me Wee eA. Ge a eg Rote SNe ok Sa ca eee, Wes ay eee 11,994.64 $12,693.70 LIABILITIES AND FUNDS SF ESS Gi Bas Sam is CN ae nee acct Ute ee $12,693.70 APPENDIX L Hiram E. Decker Certified Public Accountant JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE BUREAU OF CHICAGO GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Statement Showing The Income and Expenditures for the Calendar Year of 1923 Schedule E Tee oO MCE Associated Jewish SONY Ghia Soe) eee epee $357,000.00 BG pmo eH Rb Reh eof ce (AA ame eee Sal 5,515.90 Unredeemed Checks of Long Standing........ 98.07 $362,613.97 beeen Dol LAR ES Relief Work: Hie@iitte UO wancespaeen oie. heres. $50,971.95 Regular Rene, 3 (| 2) A ae 39,504.83 Himercency ello wances 4.8 eel. 48,971.37 BQVEPCeN Oye Ci se ir hee es 27,345.43 PROT el des Ge Sa). al ee ee ee 762.89 Oley Wee eee TS Aas on oN a an Ne 16,795.24 SHOES Aa wae es ee Se, 2,118.53 PiU see UiRislitt es eres weet ae. 5,731.48 COWL eeb ivan) eo hur, Gay | lal! ey eee 5,543.17 IUD Sak 8, Sh a NE a 8,895.37 STO LOLOOMM VV OL RSIIOD 7 fc. clans oud wcctune 419.06 Administrative Expenses: cick [atl cc aaa pers. POM Ee le 124°378.51 Welepione ance werostap hts: see. G. 2,863.09 Cer ak Cpe emer et ee Yet 1,306.35 EOS al reer et ta Poe ea 773.54 OT AIC AIC e recent ger. ee 5,880.00 Riyetir ie emer mete ok te 358.70 DE ng tY A SOY Oe a Batt RR an RI COR Tee ae a oe 1,846.65 (Sele ately Menses went os We hue 4,349.40 Balance, Net Income—Transferred to Gen- Sralriind bra ges 2. 0 eo. 217 Exhibit 1 $141,756.24 $348,815.56 $13,798.41 APPENDIX M Hiram E. Decker Certified Public Accountant JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE BUREAU OF CHICAGO SELF-SUPPORT DEPARTMENT STATEMENT OF CONDITION As of the Close of Business December 31, 1923 ee OR Re AS Cash in Banker eS MN Tee, A ANTE Dasha 2 $ 3,418.41 A dvAnGeSforhwls Oa Isiee errr ee ese eee deg cee 16,698.61 $20,117.02 PPAR ENOTES oly Sky HIP hE AS Geérieral. Fund 2(Seli-S apport) meee nse ence $20,117.02 218 APPENDIX N Hiram E. Decker Certified Public Accountant JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE BUREAU OF CHICAGO /, ,— INDUSTRIAL WORK SHOPS J Statement of Condition as of the Close of Business December 31, 1923 Rave ows UPR CES DS Pog RO aKa) ANCE 0 Coen Senet SOA ire ON alee ane $ 100.00 West Side Trust & Savings Bank—Chicago 224.35 Accounts Receivable: Bi iet mee. CROUELL Streets etn ireg nse sate c3 toe $ 4,671.46 Jewish Social Service Bureau. .................. 156.00 Inventories—Merchandise on Hand: SOO Mme antmien ts see. iets. es. $ 4,076.55 Se wile s Department i256 --1 222... 3,964.07 Hand Sewines Departinent 52.002. 0 se. 2,633.70 Ripe Ce OOD ALE EN i ac-os fav c55o-c0es koe easels 1,238.23 VOC ea Puhletiere nf a.g ee 113.62 OAS CS abe aS PN i er 288.67 PEATION CVs ACmEFINtIN® mo. o secs sn ee tscetina 273.44 (ON jer SORE (DY ay a/R RN. ge, CORON tone ae Ueda a eee ee 54.90 Machinery and Equipment: Administration Building Equipment ........ $ 3,474.30 PHICTILie rane Ur eeures! aie ee 1,783.93 ib Raa gecesi OS 0S Ee aL Mae oe ae 3,112.04 » $ 8,370.27 Less . Reserve tor Depreciation 22.0c.c.cs.n5 5. 1,204.25 i gexmincuerits iranCewe ee teet ee el 2 is TA Aa ee tas ie Pans WOLCS ma Va Diels eae See ss cory ee I ae PA CCOUL Sia AD LOM aN cae eA Lote er eee Capital Funds: Capita lees ee ee ee ie ee Shas SVM PRS $ 6,884.48 CSOTIETADUTIO Ge ees Ree a ae ee ed Aa 3,020.94 Malle Fin de t,t oe peer ele rer ee nl dh 3.12 Associated Jewish Charities..........020.......-... 14,310.00 $24,218.54 Profit and Loss Account—Page 19....°...0.. 8,461.69 219 $ 324.35 4,827.46 12,243.18 7,166.02 129,92 $24,690.93 $ 500.00 8,434.08 $8,934.08 15,756.85 $24,690.93 (T) (‘T) gs‘zer'c $ (1)S0'082_ $ (1)06%r $ (d)FOZOLIT$ (T)POOEST$ CI)IS 28 $ 9T'8Sz C7 WS eee ean whe ee a p89ZI Obl 19°¢ apes pausegq pnoosiq CAlhe es Desa o> L0G TOL $= (da J0L9C6 5 >) CLUS VOO1 o GCE S20 Bk ae os ““Sso'T 10 WYO1d JON 98'0Ss°Z $ Ssirel $ egiZse $ cS Z0r'l $ 86'82Z'¢ $ SO IZ6'T $ Mis ue es ae C7, ie ee ar oe ee COC rS ITI Seca syuswaoe[ day pue sareday Corhr ma a eer 06'T 86°7S £e°SOl LS°€6 eae esusdxy eYO Sc eee a 86°25 Ize 97° £9 Ale emma Nie x So4n}XIy] pue oinyiuiny uo uoljenoidad 6 ITE SZ rl 0S°2 0ST LL YS1 p9°Le ~~ ApourpIeyy UO wo!eI041d9q] O€ 18s soe cy'8 1$°¢Z OL TIT Oleh “ssoidxy pue zYslo1y ‘9de}1e) eZses SO'LI ec'cl bS°S0Z LS p02 f0.S0st = oar sesuedxy [e19ua4) BRC Cy ae CClless 00°08S €2°6S6'T OS2PL aero SOLB]VS SNOsUeTJIOSI | Ce cage aiges see BS Ee gZtrs § Lres0't $ 2590 5S ee eerie SoHEjeS 290 bite See ee es See ee Es oe Bed eS Bee ees sosuodxy (a)rL098'r $ (T)er'ort $ (T)LO'SEI_ $ (a)eMEEE TS (A)BPPOLTS (A)ESEPOL $ ~~ ae Seed SEAR TBI 59, 92°9£0'8r$ cz'6s9 $ 66 TZS'T$ S6'0ze'8 $ 66°S8S'91$ 19°868'0c$ £1929 Il co CUI eZ 8ET7'T OL e£9'Z LO'P9S'E SO°OL0 eke es Fee een eZ6l ‘T¢ Joquisd9q7—A10}JUIAUT SSo’T £6'799'6S$ y3'24Z_$ cc O18‘Z$ $9'rS6 01$ 90°0S 1 0z$ 9L'SL6 bc$ | by ses’ ZI $690 OZ TLE | PoOOL'e 8e°Pz9'9 LEGCO 9 sae tie oF each eae JoqeT 39911q 99°999'9¢ 68°S9Z 98°9SE'T 8z'Sb8'9 pS Ses tt OOS ED ee es 39 N—Soseyoin DET ao ee aan OV'Z81 £0°€00'T r1069'T 0928S eae €Z6l ‘I eR Gis 06°968'zS$ os'zIs $ c69Eh I$ LS'pS9'01$ Ly'0Se'st$ bl cre tz$ oe 2 SO gap at Cent a ee $79 OL 88°S8I COC ae he Steak SIDUBMO} -[V pue sjyunoosiq, S9[e¥g sso’T 8Z OPT ess oscIs $ LVerr i$ L9°PS9'01$ seoes BIg GL OO Op en genie eee ein es gts [230L yusujiedsq yuswijyIedaq yuswuzIedaq qustwzIedaq quounsiedsqg ireday 3s0y4s ay xey pue sny yIOM pueTy BSUIMIS woolig CZ6L ‘TE Joquis.0q Suipuy 1e9X% oY} JO yUNOXIV sso pue WZYOIg 94} SUIMOYS JUdL9}e}G SdOHS MYOM IVINLSNGNI ODVOIHD AO NVAANA ADIAAAS TVIOOS HSIMAl H 2[npeqas JuRJUNOIIY Iqng peyyiseg Isyoeq “WT wei O XIGQNUddV APPENDIX P John K. Laird & Company Certified Public Accountants JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE BUREAU OF CHICAGO Exhibit B Statement of Income and Expenditures for the Year ending December 31, 1924 Income: Jewish (Charities ole Chicago: ./2..--...... $389,000.00 Interest Earned on Investments ............ 4,592.50 Unclaimed Checks Written off................ 32.98 Ota el MeO Gert se). Relief: Deere) Lolo U RES Regular es Mowomces meets... --a2sc¢22-----;------ $ 37,482.17 Clene Gale Cpe iS oe eee ek cde cnc cee eeneeae 39,298 .25 Emergency MAllowances i222 .2...-...-.-. 63,881.86 Paereks gegeheley od Wey) Nt > jet yee 41,825.88 Industrial pisphsose ak 2. COG ha rr 20,605.00 TPR ee RS Bk epic TON ils 2 ae 7,600.17 Bae WR ENR ei Se 21,671.86 By LC Se ee a eee 2,696.45 House Mirmisiin comer ee A. 6,647.33 CNet ir oy ere ee ese 7,758.51 Workshop Srameroon = heute eee a 444.53 Expense: Se Ree obine a NA ee te ol oe ae nr 142,706.36 TROT t tee gat eeee eee men ee nr See) 5,880.00 Greneral exper sonnel 4,113.84 ‘belephonletanuebelreerap ie. ..clctc-c.s, 3,268.12 COM GOAT DO ies ee te cee oly be tetdectse. 1,833.35 CGanlare..5 gener nem ee omer ek 1.264.72 Dep eeClatigiim ee mrrer eee i Son Tc 946.05 sna NSDOtLatio lin temeae te e e 647.72 A? COSTAL et pee ee es es | Na 784.26 IgSurance, eee ee fe COA | 161,697.13 otavreexpenditures. 2..-.:)-......: Excess Expenditures over Income for ‘the year ended December 31, 1924.................... 221 emo eee ae Uh ND $393,625.48 $249,912.01 411,609.14 $ 17,983.66 APPENDIX Q John K. Laird & Company Certified Public Accountants Exhibit A JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE BUREAU OF CHICAGO THE SELF-SUPPORT DEPARTMENT Balance Sheet as of December 31, 1924 AES Sete lias C225 hi Ps oe cee ten es eds oak cen dn $ 4,172.23 ADVANI CESina renee eet kc be ek Se ee Ee ee ee 21,299.92 $25,472.15 Dd aM ea elon ead Bd Red Ok ACOQUTIEBE Pa yap iG ue icc ae dee eee ee, eee eae ae $ 188.79 Stirpls’s 75 seen ce See ee Sa Oe ae eh ae 25,283.36 $25,472.15 2A2 APPENDIX R John K. Laird & Company Certified Public Accountants JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE BUREAU OF CHICAGO INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOPS Exhibit A Balance Sheet as at December 31, 1924 AR Sao tcme las Current Assets: Cash in Bank and on hand, Account No.1 $ 457.16 Cash in Bank and on hand, Account No.2 1,893.61 $ 2,350.77 AecoUunts ReCcelVaDlew | rade. in. tne acre 9,007.38 Inventories, Raw Materials, Work-in- Process, and Finished Stock ............ 15,715.08 Total Current Assets ................ $27,073.23 Fixed Assets: Improvements to Land and Building, Equipment, Furniture and Fixtures, and @Miscellaneous, 012s een eee $14,211.06 Less: Reserve for Depreciation ................ 2,333.31 Lotaltlixed@Acsetem 2 ewes: 11,877.75 $38,950.98 CSAS Belvicclie® ol aes Current Liabilities: Accounts Payable, Account No. 1............ $ 6,098.68 Accounts Payable, Account No: 22.22... 707.46 $ 6,806.14 General Fund: Surplus Balance. December 31, 1923........ $15,756.85 Add: Net Income for the year ended December 31, 1924, Exhibit B............ 16,387.99 32,144.84 | Surplus Balance, December 31 1924........ $38,950.98 223 ‘suoseal d1ynedei9y} 10} wry pied ee'c6z's $ (T)ES'rZI S6'S80‘08$ 6b 297 OF$ 19°C1¥'6 83'srs‘oe$ 1S°269'r 6e TrS‘Se$ OF £73 6E$ 80°STZ'ST rs'ges‘scg LE'C16 h LV'9Z9'IT$ rO'CIs‘e 26 F6£ 68$ s}uswj}Iedsq Te [8307 Sz 188°Ss$ ‘sdoys ey}? jo Je8pnq [e19us ay} Woy jaw JIe pue jUsWIedap Aue 0} a[qeaZieYyo A[JOAIIp jou are SUIe]I asey} YIOg Je[es ay} pue YIOM s,uosiod eB JO aNj[eA JY} UI2MjEq JdUaIIJJIP 94} JURPIU SI ,SAaBEAA SSeoxy,, AG ‘sAljonpoid-uou sf YIOM VY} sJ9yM pue sasodind o1jnade19y} 10} yUsUILo]duIa aprAoid 0} AapsO ut pd}eaId uadq BSuraey suoiisod ay} “ueujivdep e Jo sdoys 94} Jo Jonpuod sy} 0} [eIyUassa JOU SI SE YIOM YONS jo jsOd oY} JUL si ,.A0qe] snjidang,, Ady SHOP YOO Ios CISL Sec lee: Sieve Pige™ 0506 21s © RE SL6 > TUE SoyBS uo —— —___— S50") IO La yO1 qr Ss0se) Ir'zoo $ Leosz's $s § verzes‘s$ —- os 08z‘0z$ Gr SO Loot AG sO (ore. 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