The person charging this material is re¬ sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN DEC - 5 « W MAY 1 01Q7!* 2 4 \Y ?3 ffAR 2 2 133& y/ 2-3 APR 1 9 19h L161 —0-1096 8061 'UWltfd A "N SOJH piO[iCBf) The Press on the League OPINIONS OF NEWSPAPERS ON THE LEAGUE’S PROPOSITIONS TO DEPORT ALIEN CRIMINALS, AND TO REQUIRE A TEN YEAR PROBATIONARY PERIOD BEFORE CITIZENSHIP H stream tbat ts bangerous wben uncbecfeeb will prove a blessing to tbe lanb wben well birecteb FOURTH EDITION National Liberal Immigration League Headquarters: 150 NASSAU STREET, Room 1019 NEW YORK CITY The League’s Purposes. The National Liberal Immigration League aims preserve for our country the benefits of immigration wl keeping out undesirable immigrants. To realize this object, we advocate the followil measures: The laws excluding criminals, paupers, persons haviil dangerous contagious diseases, and similar undesirable class* should be maintained and carefully enforced. There should be no further restriction of immigration. Immigrants should be educated, Americanized and fittd for American citizenship. Ample provision should be made for the distribution immigrants, who should be especially directed to the Sout| and West. In order to diminish the evils of congestion, free tran portation should be granted from overcrowded regions t| places where there is a demand for labor. Laborers who li\| in congested cities should also receive free or cheap transport;] tions to suburbs. Aliens who commit crimes after coming here—unle paroled or pardoned—should be deported. Membership Dues, $1.00 per Annum. The Press on The League. •< The League has sent to newspapers throughout the country a statement of its objects and activities, of which the following is a summary : “The National Liberal Immigration League has been endeavoring to create an enlightened public sentiment toward immigration, and oppose specific pieces of hostile legislation. In this respect, we had a share in reducing the proposed head- tax from $40 in the original Gardner bill to $5, and then to $4, and in defeating the educational test. Congressman Bennet gives the League the entire credit for the defeat of this provision. (*) “As to our present endeavors : While we consider immi¬ gration as a great boon to this country, and while we believe that the educational test, the unnecessary increase in head-tax and other restrictive measures are harmful through excluding immigrants of the right sort without barring out the undesira¬ bles, yet we urge a drastic policy against those who abuse the hospitality of this country. We are making efforts to (*) We accompanied our statement with a copy of a letter from Congressman William S. Bennet, in which he said : “ I should advise that your League continue. The increased head-tax is worth protesting against and in addition to that, notice was publicly given on the floor of the House that the Restriction- ists intend to continue their campaign with the idea of getting the educational test in the Sixtieth Congress. “ If the Restrictionists continue their campaign, you ought to continue yours, and I cannot speak too highly of the work of your League during this Congress, without which it is quite certain that there would have been an educational test upon the Statute Books to-day, thus excluding yearly about 200,000 deserving immigrants.” 2 secure the deportation of members of the Black Hand and of criminals of all races. As the Bible says, ‘Ye shall put the evil from amongst you.’ We believe that instead of being held in our prisons as a burden to the community, all new arrivals who become criminals should be deported, as is now done with those who become public charges, criminals being a real public charge. “We also consider it quite proper to lengthen to ten years the period of probationary citizenship. The honorable title of ‘American Citizen’ would then be conferred only upon those persons who, by proper conduct and by their knowledge of our institutions, had shown themselves worthy of this privilege. The cry for labor in this country is so great that we welcome immigrants to work as laborers on our streets, railroads, farms, and mines. We welcome even more willingly the illiterates, as they can do harder work. But when is it a question not of the admission of aliens, but of conferring on them the rights of citizenship—the right of choosing our public officials, the right to vote for judges and to serve as jurymen entrusted with our material interests, with our life and with the honor of our women—then we are more exacting. “ In view of the importance of this subject, we hope you will discuss it in your paper.’' This statement elicited comments not only from newspapers inclined toward a liberal policy in regard to immigration, but also from those favoring the restriction of immigration. It is significant that nearly all agree in commending our two propositions referred to above. The following articles are chosen from various papers without regard to their attitude toward the restriction of immigra¬ tion. Washington Herald—July 3, 1907. As to Italian Immigrants In view of the frequency of the so- called “Black Hand” outrages in various parts of this country, especial interest will attach to the statement of Congress¬ man Bennet, of New York, who is now in Italy as a member of the Federal com¬ mission appointed to investigate the im¬ migration problem. He is reported to have made the discovery that the return to Italy of so many Italians from the United States is due to the fact that they are safer in Italy from the secret socie¬ ties. This is especially interesting in connec¬ tion with Emily Fogg Meade’s report on “The Italian on the Land,” published by the Department of Commerce and Labor, on which we commented recently. If such is indeed the case, it is a sorry re¬ flection on the police methods of this country. It also goes far toward proving that we need a stricter enforcement _ of the present laws against the admission into this country of members of the crim¬ inal classes. It has not been so many years ago that the Italian Mafia won un¬ pleasant notoriety in this country, and because the people of New Orleans took the question of punishment into their own hands it cost this government a large sum of money in the form of an indem¬ nity. Now it seems that the Black Hand Society is becoming as powerful and as terrifying as the Mafia was. Attention has been focused on this society recently by the murder of a six-year-old child near New Orleans by members of the band, who had stolen the child for ransom. In this connection the work of the Na¬ tional Liberal Immigration League de¬ serves attention. It has taken up agita¬ tion in favor of deporting criminal aliens and urges the raising of the standard of citizenship by prolonging the probation¬ ary term and by requiring candidates for naturalization to give a guaranty of good conduct and to show a working knowl¬ edge of our institutions. Our laws at present provide for the ex¬ clusion of paupers and diseased and other undesirable classes, but it is evident that the clause about the criminal classes is evaded extensively. Normal Italian im¬ migration is desirable. The honest, in¬ dustrious Italians make good laborers and are efficient, hard working, and thrifty, but the secret societies that fatten on the earnings of this class should be subdued in some way. One plan proposed by the National Liberal Immigration League seems to have much to commend it. It is that immigrants should be put on a probationary term of ten years, and if, during that period, they are convicted of crime they shall not be put into prison and then turned loose on the American community, but shall at once be deported, never again to land on these shores. Brooklyn, N. Y., Standard-Union—July 1, 1907. Some Good Immigration Suggestions. Curious enough is the coincidence that at one and the same time the sentiment for restrictive immigration laws is in¬ creasing and the economic demand for immigrants is growing in intensity. The last Congress increased the head-tax and made more strict the naturalization rules. Meanwhile the State of South Carolina, through its agents, is chartering steam¬ ships to bring in immigrants, employment agencies have been accused even of kid¬ naping and unlawful imprisonment to meet the demand lor unskilled labor, and the vast works in and about New York, which have provided employment for tens of thousands of muscular foreigners in the past half-dozen years, are not half completed. “Black Hand” outrages have aroused the community to the angriest resentment, but the thought of prevent¬ ing this foreign crime by excluding for¬ eigners en bloc is arrested by the reflec¬ tion that it is foreigners who are doing the absolutely necessary work which Americans are not willing, or are too prosperous, to do. A better and less prejudiced under¬ standing of the whole principle of immi¬ gration is arising out of all the perplexi¬ ties. So long as America continues to make progress, it will need immigrants, as wealth is here increasing faster than population. The notion that we could get the most desirable class of immigrants 4 by excluding those who cannot read and write has been pretty thoroughly explod¬ ed, since all the dangerous criminals who come here are educated and many of the sturdy workers are not. But some good suggestions have been made by a National Liberal Immigration League, recently formed with Edward Lauterbach as presi¬ dent, and an organization of representa¬ tive citizens including R. Fulton Cutting, Gen. Tracy, Dr. Parkhurst and Bishop Potter and men of similar standing in different parts of the country. The League urges that the deportation law be amended as to one obvious and glaring defect. A foreign resident who becomes a pauper before taking out his final papers may be deported to the place whence he came; but there is no provi¬ sion whatever for sending back the for¬ eign resident who becomes a criminal. This is a matter that should be attended to early in the next session of Congress. Furthermore, the League calls for still higher requirements of good character and intelligence as a requisite for nat¬ uralization. This also will readily obtain popular assent. Another feature of the League’s pro¬ gramme may not at once secure approval from everyone, but is based upon reasons which ultimately will seem convincing. This is a requirement of ten years’ resi¬ dence for naturalization. There is here more than a question of political expe¬ diency. Not only is ten years a short time in which to become acquainted with the institutions and needs of the country enough to act as one of its rulers, but it is also a fact that the longer the pro¬ bation the less encouragement is there for the political corruption which begins with the buying of votes and frauds up¬ on the electorate and ends with debauch¬ ing the whole system of government and business. The advantages to the community in general of a carefully selected extension of the franchise to the foreign-born can easily be seen. Lest the requirement of a longer probation should seem invidious to the worthy immigrant honestly seek¬ ing citizenship, he cannot be too earnestly assured that any apparent advantage to him in thrusting the ballot into his hands too early would not be real, or satisfy¬ ing to his own self-respect. Gloucester, Mass., Times—July 6, 1907. THE PROBLEM OF THE ALIEN CRIMINAL, The problem of the alien criminal is awakening much interest in New York City and is being thoroughly discussed by the National Liberal Immigration League. The cry for labor in this country is so great emigrants are welcomed to pave our streets, build railways and dig subways. We welcome even more willingly the il¬ literates, as they are considered the bet¬ ter fitted for hard work. But when it is a question not of the admission of aliens, but of conferring on them the rights of citizenship—the right to choose our may¬ ors, governors and the President, the right to vote for judges, and to serve as jury¬ men entrusted with our material inter¬ ests, with our life and the honor of our women—then we are more exacting. The league above mentioned advocates a ten-year requirement for naturalization which would save our government much concern from naturalized citizens who raise troubles in foreign lands. It also lays stress on raising the standardship of citizenship by prolonging the period of probationary citizenship to ten years, and by requiring of candidates for naturali¬ zation a guarantee of good conduct and knowledge of our institutions. Another idea which is being advanced and finding favor with those who have given the subject their attention is, in effect, to extend to alien criminals the principle already applied to the depend¬ ent classes. Under the present law, if an immigrant for any reason become a public charge before becoming a citizen, he may be sent back to the country from which he came. This plan is endorsed by men who speak with authority, and calls for serious consideration by Con¬ gress. There may be diplomatic obsta¬ cles in some instances, but it is certainly worth the attention of our law makers, as it is a question of much importance. 5 Translation from the N. Y. Italian Herald. National Liberal Immigration League. Against the agitation for restricting immigration which the open and secret adversaries of European immigration have carried on for a long time, and which has its centre in the manufactur¬ ing and industrial districts of New Eng¬ land, the National Liberal Immigration League has opposed sagacious and pru¬ dent activity which can never be suffi¬ ciently praised and which deserves the greatest possible publicity. The short ac¬ count of the League’s activities which we received yesterday from the president of the League, Hon. Edward Lauterbach, is documentary proof of our assertion. The League has distributed by thou¬ sands books and pamphlets in favor of immigration, and organized mass meet¬ ings in order to make known the public sentiment. It sent delegates to the White House and to Congress to protest against the restrictive bills. The League made its voice heard at the conventions of Nashville, Missouri, Mississippi and Bir¬ mingham, where its representatives met the apostles of restriction and by discus¬ sions and debates enabled the gatherings to see both sides of the great question. The League was also useful and active in legislation. When in 1905 Hon. Gard¬ ner introduced into Congress a bill im¬ posing a head-tax of $40 on each steerage passenger, the League opposed it with such vigor and happy fortune that in the following bills the tax was reduced as low as $5, which in the new law has again been reduced to $4. In June, 1906, the prohibitive law which passed unanimously the Senate failed in the House through the opposition of the League. In February, 1907, the well- known educational test aiming to debar from America all illiterates, was com¬ pletely defeated, and for this defeat the League has the “pars magna” of the credit. In the future the League will pass from a negative to a positive position in the following way. Though maintaining and supporting the principle that free immi¬ gration conduces to the best interests of the country, yet the League does not dis¬ guise that drastic measures ought to be taken to bar out those who do not de¬ serve American hospitality. For this rea¬ son the League strongly advocates the deportation of those affiliated with the Black Hand, and criminals of every race. For the same reason the League also pro¬ poses to lengthen to ten years the time between the first and second papers. There is no doubt that the appeal of Hon. Edward Lauterbach for moral and material aid of the propaganda of the Liberal Immigration League, will be re¬ sponded to by all, and, let us hope, with greater generosity than in the past. Pawtucket, R. I., Times—June 27. 1907. Immigrant Probation. The National Liberal Immigration League’s plan to protect the American population against immigrants who devel¬ op criminal tendencies commands atten¬ tion. The idea is to apply the deportation principle as in the case of dependents. To this end the League would prolong the period of probationary citizenship to ten years and require of candidates for nat¬ uralization a guarantee of good conduct and knowledge of our institutions. Any immigrant who became a criminal during that period would not then be locked in jail and maintained at our expense, but would be shipped back to the country whence he came and not be allowed to return. The need and efficacy of such a plan are almost daily demonstrated. Many foreigners enter our gates and become residents only to begin criminal careers. Many of them are desperate offenders against law and order. If a foreigner can only pass the usual tests at Ellis Island and is not a pauper or invalid, he may stay and do as he pleases. If he sins, the authorities will support him. There is a great inconsistency here. There is no moral test, but only a material one. We let in the germs of crime without ques¬ tion and guarantee to keep them while they spread in the social body. 6 Lincoln, Neb., Journal—June 28, 1907. The National Liberal Immigration League is working on a systematic cam¬ paign to secure important amendments to the immigration laws in the next session of Congress. The idea of the League is to admit as many illiterate laborers as care to enter the country—not only to admit them, but to welcome them, in or¬ der that our railroads may be built, our subways dug and our farms cultivated. But when it comes to exercising citizen¬ ship, these aliens are to be required to serve a probationary term of at least ten years before receiving their final papers. The League claims to be receiving a vast amount of influential support in this pro¬ gram. New York Evening Post—May 1, 1907. A POSITIVE IMMIGRATION PROGRAMME. Beyond all question, one of the most effective arguments of the immigration restrictionists is the recent activity of Italian and other alien criminals in this country. A few weeks ago two New York policemen were killed in the pursuit of an Italian assassin. For the last two days the press has been full of news about the arrest of alleged kidnappers among the “Black Hand.” This, as Lieut. Petrosino says, is not a large society, but a name often assumed by small bands of Sicilians or Calabrians for threatening purposes. “Look at the list of outrages,” say the re¬ strictionists. “Are we to allow men of this kind to continue entering our coun¬ try by hundreds of thousands every year?” A drastic restrictive measure, with an educational test as its chief feature, failed of enactment in the last Congress by the narrowest of margins; while a compro¬ mise bill, carrying an increased head-tax, became law. That efforts will be resumed in the next Congress to put through all the eliminated provisions is certain. It is therefore most significant that the friends of reasonable immigration are preparing to abandon a purely negative programme and offer constructive legis¬ lation of their own. The Liberal Immi¬ gration League, the influential organiza¬ tion which led in the opposition to the narrow bills of the last two years, has already suggested a method of dealing with the pressing problem of the alien criminal which certainly deserves consid¬ eration. The idea is, in effect, to extend to crim¬ inals the principle of deportation already applied to the dependent classes. Under the present law, if an immigrant for any reason becomes a public charge before be coming a citizen, he may be sent back to the country from which he came. The Immigration Bureau has developed a sys¬ tem of co-operation with the poor author¬ ities of various localities and kept its rec¬ ords in such a way that the operation of this law is now comparatively certain. Several hundred deportations under this provision are made from this city alone every year. If the same foreigner com¬ mits a crime, however, instead of becom¬ ing a pauper, we cot only put ourselves to the expense of his punishment, but, after he has served his term, let him con¬ tinue to live in this country. It is cited as an illustration of present conditions that 132 Italian “confidence men” are now serving time in Sing Sing. If the same men, within a certain period after their arrival, had merely applied for aid at the foot of East Twenty-sixth Street, Italy could have been compelled to take them back. It has been the usual practice, in this city at least, not to deport paupers who had taken out their “first papers.” The new naturalization law, which simplifies " and makes uniform the process of acquir¬ ing citizenship, will probably facilitate somewhat the working of the deportation law in future. There are doubtless con¬ siderable difficulties in applying the same principle to the criminal classes. Proper legal safeguards should be provided, with machinery for this kind of unsolicited extradition. There may be diplomatic ob¬ stacles in some instances, but the plan, on the endorsements it has already re- 7 ceived from men who speak with author¬ ity, calls for serious attention by Con¬ gress. Lieut. Petrosino is quoted as saying that, since a criminal deportation law was passed at Tunis, ten thousand Sici¬ lian criminals and semi-criminals have emigrated to the United States. A great many of these have long criminal and prison records in their own country. It is suggested that the requirement of a passport from every arriving immigrant would keep out many criminals who have hitherto slipped past our immigration au¬ thorities because of lack of identification. Unless a counter-proposition is offered, some practical means of getting rid of undesirable immigrants, some method of keeping the good and eliminating the bad, it is safe to say that the restriction- ists will be more formidable than ever at the next trial. It is not enough to point out that the successful swindler could pay much more easily than the honest day laborer the $40 head-tax provided by the Gardner bill of 1905, nor that the writing of a “Black Hand” letter is in itself evi¬ dence of the ability to pass a test of lit¬ eracy at Ellis Island. The effort to re¬ awaken Know-Nothing sentiment in this country has been skilful and audacious. Organized labor has brought strong pres¬ sure to bear upon Congress, and, as we have said already, every outrage commit¬ ted by Italians in our large cities helps in the creation of this sentiment. The criminal and dishonest Italians in New York are heard of, while the fifty times larger population of the industrious and law-abiding are forgotten. Our immigration law is now about as sweeping as logical and discriminating legislation can be. We exclude every class of persons demonstrably “undesirable.” The next proposal of the restrictionists will be to cut down the number of arriv¬ ing aliens in some way or other. Wheth¬ er the new bill cuts out those who cannot read and write, or who cannot pay a high head-tax, or who are of “low vitality,” or who merely stand number 500,001 or worse in the line at our gates, it will keep out many we should be sorry to miss, and let in many who will plague us here¬ after. The alternative is for the friends of immigration to uphold and supplement the good features of our policy. When our Italian residents unite, as their lead¬ ers are now urging them to do, in the pursuit of criminals of their own race, and the believers in unrestricted asylum for all races are zealous in seeing that our hospitality is not abused, the dema¬ gogue’s appeal has its best answer. Portland, Mains, Advertiser—July 17, 1907. FOR FREE IMMIGRATION. There is an organization known as the National Liberal Immigration League which opposes all forms of restrictive im¬ migration laws—such as educational and property qualifications, a head-tax, etc., and which contends that the free admis¬ sion of aliens would be for the benefit of the country. Heretofore its activity has been entirely in opposition to pro¬ posed restrictive measures, on the ground that while they would exclude those who would be good material for citizenship, they would be no great bar to the unde¬ sirable. But it now advocates positive instead of negative policies, and would have more done than has been to keep out, and to get out, those who would be¬ come a burden upon our institutions, and the lengths to which it would wish to go are shown by what it urges should be done. It wants all new arrivals who be- become criminals deported—as are those who become paupers—instead of be¬ ing kept in prisons and penitentiaries at the expense of the community. It also believes in lengthening to ten years the period of probationary citizenship. “While,” it says, “i t is right to admit men and give them opportunities to earn a livelihood, we are not bound or called upon - to confer citizenship too freely. The title of citizen stTouIcTTRr conferred onl^ upon those who, by proper conduct and knowledge of our institutions, have shown themselves worthy of the privilege.” There is much in this plan with which all who want to see immigration a benefit rather than a detriment can agree. An especially good point is made in the de¬ mand that an immigrant should not be regarded as here permanently if it should be seen any time after his arrival that there is no hope of his becoming one of the desirable class. It will be well for the future of America if a law to that effect can be enacted. 8 New York Wall Street Journal—June 28, 1907. IMMIGRATION AND CITIZENSHIP The National Liberal Immigration League is opposed to any narrow limi¬ tation of immigration, but it proposes a ten-year requirement for naturalization of aliens. The National Liberal Immigration League is on the right tack. We ought not to restrict immigration because we need more labor for the development of our national resources. But we ought to be more and more careful about extend¬ ing the rights of citizenship to those who come to our shores. We should not deny them the privilege of citizenship, but we should make a longer period of probation and residence the necessary preliminary for citizenship. Easton, Pa., Press—June 27, 1907. OUR IMMIGRATION LAWS. The National Liberal Immigration League, with offices in New York City, advocates that criminal aliens should be deported just as those who become pub¬ lic charges. It also lays stress on raising the standard of citizenship by prolonging the period of probationary citizenship to ten years, and by requiring of candidates for naturalization a guarantee of good conduct and knowledge of our institu¬ tions. The cry for labor in this country is so great that we welcome immigrants to pave our streets, build railroads, dig sub¬ ways, work on our farms and enter indus¬ tries. We welcome even more willingly the illiterates, as they are more fitted to do hard work. But when it is a question not of the admission of aliens, but of conferring on them the rights of citizen¬ ship—the right to choose our mayors governors, and the President, the right to vote for judges, and to serve as jurymen entrusted with our material interests with our life and the honor of our women then we should be more exacting, and the League’s efforts are directed to this at tainment. The ten-year requirement for natural! zation presents many sound points, and it would save our government much con¬ cern from naturalized citizens who raise troubles in foreign lands. In view of the importance of this sub ject, it is well to give it proper attention, and to raise a discussion of it with a view of creating a strong public sentiment ir its behalf. Our immigration laws cannot be too liberal in welcoming desirable classes no matter how poor, nor too strin gent in excluding the vicious no matter how rich. Elkhart, Indiana, Review—June 27, 1907. The Liberal Immigration League is working on some lines that ought to result in better if not restricted impor¬ tations from foreign lands. It advocates that criminal aliens should be deported, just as are those who become public charges. It also lays stress on raising the standard of citizenship by prolonging the period of probationary citizenship to ten years, and by requiring of candidates for naturalization a guarantee of good conduct and knowledge of our institutions. No one, even the most ardent advocate of making this country an asylum for the oppressed and the ambitious of the world, can reasonably object to these modifica¬ tions of our laws. The League says in a circular letter what is emphatically true, that the cry for labor in this country is so great that we welcome immigrants to pave our streets, build railroads and dig subways. We need not exclude the illit¬ erates, as they are more fitted to do hard work. But when it is a question of con¬ ferring on these aliens the rights of citi¬ zenship—the right to choose our mayors, governors and the President, the right to vote for judges, and to serve as jurymen entrusted with our material interests, with our life and the honor of our women —then we need to be more exacting. 9 Easton, Pa., Sunday Call—June 30, 1907. NEW IMMIGRATION LAWS. How Shall European Criminals Be Kept Out of the United States. The fact that many crimes are commit¬ ted by aliens is not disputed by the bet¬ ter class of our much respected foreign- born citizens, but very much regretted by them. The National Liberal Immigration League of New York City, while in favor of encouraging the coming to America of the industrious and honest laboring class¬ es, has been debating and planning how to keep out the criminal and degenerate. The following article from the New York Evening Post is a fair consideration oi a matter of no little consequence to all Americans. We think it is a fair state¬ ment of the situation and might in part prove corrective of existing evils: The Sunday Call then reproduced the article from the Evening Post, which will be found on page 6. Rochester, N. Y., Chronicle—June 13, 1907. IDEAS ABOUT IMMIGRATION. The National Liberal Immigration League seems to occupy a sort of middle ground on the question of admitting aliens into our ports and permitting them to live among us. It believes in large immigration, but it favors strict exclu¬ sion of undesirables. The League believes that the educa¬ tional test, the increased head-tax and other restrictive measures do harm in keeping out immigrants of the right sort, without barring those who are not wanted. The proposed remedy is not to strength¬ en the barriers, but practically to abolish them, and afterward to expel from the country those who abuse its hospitality. There is some force in the suggestion that we should not house foreign criminals in our prisons, but should send them back to their native countries. But there would probably be formidable obstacles to the carrying out of such a policy. Having once received on our shores a body of immigrants, thus admit¬ ting by implication that they were fit sub¬ jects for our hospitality, some delicacy might attend the task of subsequently picking out the criminals and unloading them on the countries of their birth. A well-defined system of probation would have to be devised to carry out such a policy. While it is undoubtedly true that our immigration laws do not fully accomplish their purpose, the true remedy would seem to be a strengthening of those laws at weak or defective points, instead of absolutely repealing them. It is difficult to see how anything can be gained by ad¬ mitting everybody who wants to come and afterward selecting the undesirables for deportation. There are many worthy immigrants in Rochester, but there are others who never ought to have been per¬ mitted to land on American soil. Another recommendation by the League is worthy of consideration. It is to the effect that the probationary period of citi¬ zenship be lengthened to ten years. The argument is that “the honorable title of ‘American citizen’ would then be con¬ ferred only upon those persons who, by proper conduct and by their knowledge of American institutions, had shown themselves worthy of this privilege.” The late Kate Field, one of the brightest and most patriotic of American women, stren¬ uously urged a period of twenty-one years. She contended, with much force, that in¬ asmuch as a native American must be twenty-one years fitting himself for the privilege of voting, a foreigner should be put through as long a period of discipline. This policy, of course, was never adopt¬ ed, and probably never will be; but it can not be denied that it is worse than ab¬ surd, in many cases, to put the ballot in the hands of persons who have no con¬ ception of the responsibilities of Ameri¬ can citizenship, who are profoundly igno¬ rant of our institutions, and who have not even taken the trouble to learn the lan¬ guage of their adopted country. 10 N. Y. Globe and Commercial Advertiser—June 27, 1907. FROM IMMIGRANT TO CITIZEN. When a country has become the Mecca for the ambitious poor of the entire civ¬ ilized world, as has the United States; when its annual increment of foreigners amounts to over a million individuals, all of them familiar with life under a differ¬ ent and stricter form of government and trained to a different social organization; when, mixed with this great grist of good human wheat, there comes, as is inevita¬ ble, a certain amount of chaff in the shape of criminals and paupers—when, in short, the immigration question reaches the stage it has in this country to-day, a new problem in the assimilation of aliens is put before the world. Never before on so large a scale, nor with peoples of so various an origin, has the question been presented to a nation. It is little to be wondered at, therefore, that extreme differences of opinion have arisen as to the best method of meeting the great inrush and making the immi¬ grants into useful citizens, or at least workers, in the shortest possible time. A certain amount of information has, how¬ ever, come through experience, and there are two conclusions regarding present methods of receiving new arrivals which seem not open to serious dispute. As set forth by the National Liberal Immigration League these are, first, that we are too careless in admitting crimi¬ nals, and, secondly, far too precipitate in labelling the immigrant a citizen and giv¬ ing him the franchise. The criminal alien should be deported as soon as discovered, just as are now those aliens who become public charges. Indeed, there is far more need for such a policy in the former than the latter case. The pauper is simply a drag on his community; the criminal is not only a drag but a menace to social welfare and law and order. In the matter of citizenship the proba¬ tionary period of ten years advocated by the Immigration League in place of the present five years seems none too long. While the spirit of American institutions is directly opposed to closing the door of opportunity against any honest, law-abid¬ ing voyager to the new world, and, as President Eliot put it at the Civic Federa¬ tion’s immigration conference, the coun¬ try really needs all “the good blood and brain and muscle” it can attract from other countries, the unusual democracy of its government and the voice each citi¬ zen has in public affairs make it extreme¬ ly important that the franchise be not lightly given or received. The applicant for naturalization should not only be imbued with the spirit of his new country but have a realizing sense of the privilege he is asking and the obli¬ gations its receipt imposes. Mr. Carne¬ gie used to say that if he “was running America” as a business proposition he would give every honest, frugal man am¬ bitious to enjoy the rights of an Ameri¬ can citizen a premium for taking them, but he certainly would not make the man a director in the concern until he had learned something about the business of self-government. He would not—at least if he ran the country the way he did his steel works. Wilkes-Barre, Pa., Record—Jusie 21, 1907. ALIEN UNDESIRABLES. The National Liberal Immigration League, organized for the proper regula¬ tion and better distribution of immigra¬ tion, has just sent out a brief summary of the work accomplished and the ques¬ tions with which the League is at present occupied. The membership, by the w r ay, is made up of some of the most eminent men of the country. While the Record cannot agree with every feature of the program advocated by the League, it does heartily agree with that portion of it which aims at the en¬ forcement of a drastic policy against those who abuse the hospitality of this country. In this connection the circular says: “We are making efforts to secure the de¬ portation of members of the Black Hand and of criminals of all races. As the Bi¬ ble says, ‘Ye shall put the evil from amongst you.’ We believe that instead of being held in our prisons as a burden to the community, all new arrivals who become criminals should be deported, as is now done with those who become a public charge.” The Record has for several years been urging this very point. It would be an excellent solution of the immigration 11 problem if our inspectors could pick out the desirables from the undesirables. But that cannot be done. An educational test might in a measure shut out the most ig¬ norant, but some of the most ignorant are likely to be the most law-abiding and industrious. A heavy head-tax might keep out the most poverty-stricken, but pov¬ erty does not always mean crime. Fur¬ thermore, it is impossible to say from an inspection of the immigrant whether he is criminally inclined. That is a tenden¬ cy that must be observed from experience with the immigrant, and it is the only way. We know that a large number of those who accept our hospitality are more or less of the degenerate type. Their first thought after landing is to arm them¬ selves with revolvers and stilettos. They use these weapons upon the least provo¬ cation. They have little regard for the value of human life or for the laws of the country. Our courts are burdened with this class of criminals, and the com¬ munities in which they congregate are put to heavy expense in the matter of taxation. The idea of deporting an immi¬ grant who commits serious crimes with¬ out such provocation as will stand as an adequate defense, instead of allowing him to remain in this country as a menace and supporting him in his imprisonment, seems to be the best possible solution of the alien criminal problem. The possibil¬ ity of deportation should act as a deter¬ rent against the commission of crime by those who desire to remain here and fol¬ low up the opportunities of employment and American freedom. Washington, D. C., Pathfinder—July 6, 1907. Restriction of Immigration. Perhaps no law that has yet been leg¬ islated has been found equal to every case to be decided within its limits; the in¬ accuracies of language and the imperfec¬ tions of human judgment are too numer¬ ous to admit of a flawless code. The laws governing immigration to this country furnish no exception to this state of things and the National Liberal Immigra¬ tion League is making efforts to secure a different basis for them. It points out that most of the proposed amendments to the existing laws promise little im¬ provement on their illogical and unsatis¬ factory exactions; it considers that legis¬ lation has proceeded on a false basis, it being calculated to shut out many immi¬ grants whose services are wanted and to let in many who are certain to become “undesirable citizens”; the property and educational qualifications seems to be in¬ sufficient and thousands who have no money and no education, yet who would make good citizens, are turned away de¬ spite their good character and willingness to work. The Immigration League proposes to deal with the problem by prolonging the period of probationary citizenship to ten years by requiring of candidates for nat¬ uralization a guarantee of good conduct and knowledge of our institutions, and by deporting all unnaturalized criminals. The president of the organization says in this connection: “The cry for labor in this country is so great that we welcome immigrants to pave our streets, build rail¬ roads and dig subways. We welcome even more willingly the illiterates, as they are more fitted to do hard work. But when it is a question not of the admission of aliens, but of conferring on them the rights of citizenship—the right to choose our mayors, governors and the President, the right to vote for judges, and to serve as jurymen entrusted with our material interests, with our life and the honor of our women—then we are more exacting.” The Providence Journal considers that, “in other words, it is restriction of cit¬ izenship rather than restriction of immi¬ gration that is essential. There is much force in this view. There is possibly a danger in illiteracy apart from citizen¬ ship. It will not do to unbar the gates altogether even if some welcome immi¬ grants are shut out and some unwelcome ones get in by the lowest bars. And any test which may be applied, whether on property or of education or what not, must be at best a rough and ready way of making the distinction. But it is obvious that there is opportunity for establishing a more intelligent test than any we have yet employed, and that the League has a valuable idea for our legislators to con¬ sider.” 12 New York Daily Tribune—June 12, 1907. IMMIGRATION LEAGUE’S WORK Statement Showing Productive Activity at Washington and Elsewhere. The National Liberal Immigration League, of which Edward Lauterbach is the president, has issued a statement of the work done by it in the last year. The statement calls attention to the delega¬ tions that have been sent to Washington to oppose restrictive measures, and also to the delegations that have been sent to many national gatherings to advocate free immigration. At these conventions, the most noted of which were at Nashville, Tenn., and Birmingham, Ala., these dele¬ gations often met representatives seeking adverse state and federal legislation, who might otherwise have presented their cause without opposition. In all parts of the country the example of the local league has been followed, so that Congress has received many delega¬ tions and resolutions in the cause of free immigration. The statement calls atten¬ tion to the fight that was made by the League against the Gardiner bill, which provided a head-tax of $40 from each steerage passenger, and also to the defeat of the “educational test,” for which Rep¬ resentative Bennet gives full credit to the League. The League is making efforts to obtain the deportation of the members of the Black Hand and of all foreign criminals. It also considers it quite proper to length¬ en the period of probationary citizenship to ten years. “The honorable title of ‘American citizen’ would then be con¬ ferred,” says the statement, “only upon those persons who, by proper conduct and by their knowledge of our institutions, have shown themselves worthy of this privilege.” In his letter Mr. Bennet advises that the League continue its work and fight any act on the part of the restrictionists. He wrote commendingly of the work done, and said that without the aid of the League there would surely be an act call¬ ing for an educational test upon the stat¬ ute books at the present time, thus ex¬ cluding about two hundred thousand de¬ serving immigrants yearly. Trenton, N. J., Advertiser—June 30, 1907. TO PROTECT WORTHY IMMIGRANTS. The National Liberal Immigration League of New York City is engaged in an endeavor to create public sentiment looking to closer protection of the rights of American citizenship. It does not ad¬ vocate the rejection of immigrants simply because they are illiterate; it rather wel¬ comes this class to perform a kind of la¬ bor for which there is always an active demand. Street paving, the building of railroads and the digging of subways utilize a vast amount of unskilled labor in all parts of the country. But, says the League in a circular recently issued: “When it is a question not of the admis¬ sion of aliens, but of conferring on them the rights of citizenship—the right to choose our mayors, governors and the President, the right to vote for judges, and to serve as jurymen entrusted with our material interests, with our life and the honor of our women—then we are more exacting. A ten-year requirement for naturalization would also save our government much concern from natural¬ ized citizens who raise troubles in for¬ eign lands.” There is no question, in view of the very large immigration of recent years and much of it of a not very desirable character at least in its raw state, that great caution should be exercised in turning over to the new arrivals the full privileges of our institutions. Indeed, the numerous crimes of late laid at the doors of newly arrived foreigners in the larger cities of the country, have strengthened somewhat the clamor of those who seek to enforce an educational test upon im¬ migrants, and to incorporate in our im¬ migration laws other intolerant features. A drastic restrictive measure, with an educational test as its chief feature, failed of enactment in the last Congress by the narrowest of margins; while a compromise bill, carrying an increased head-tax, became a law. That efforts will be resumed in the next Congress to 13 put through all the eliminated provisions is certain. It is therefore most signifi¬ cant that the friends of reasonable im¬ migration are preparing to abandon a purely negative programme and offer constructive legislation of their own. The Liberal Immigration League, the influen¬ tial organization which led in the oppo¬ sition to the narrow bills of the last two years, has already suggested a method of dealing with the pressing problem of the alien criminal, which certainly deserves consideration. *• The idea is, in effect, to extend to criminals the principle of deportation al¬ ready applied to the dependent classes. Under the present law, if an immigrant for any reason becomes a public charge before becoming a citizen, he may be sent back to the country from which he came. The Immigration Bureau has de¬ veloped a system of co-operation with the poor authorities of various localities and kept its records in such a way that the operation of this law is now comparative¬ ly certain. Several hundred deportations under this provision are made from New York City alone every year. If the same foreigner commits a crime, however, in¬ stead of becoming a pauper, we not only put ourselves to the expense of his pun¬ ishment, but, after he has served his term, let him continue to live in this country. It is cited as an illustration of present conditions that 132 Italian “confidence men” are now serving time in Sing Sing. If the same men, within a certain period after their arrival, had merely applied for aid, Italy could have been compelled to take them back. Reading, Pa., Telegram—June 26, 1907. NEW IMMIGRATION LEAGUE. The National Liberal Immigration League is the name of a busy organization of eminent Americans which is campaign¬ ing vigorously for immigration reform on new lines. It does not oppose plentiful immigra¬ tion nor especially care for an education¬ al test, for it realizes that this country needs raw labor and that some of our worthiest citizens evolve from among the illiterate aliens drawn hither by brighter wage prospects. What it wants is more careful effort to keep out criminals; and a ten-year re¬ quirement of good probationary citizen¬ ship before naturalization. It would de¬ port the alien who misbehaved if misbe¬ havior came during this probationary pe¬ riod; and it would exact at naturalization a strong show of familiarity with Ameri¬ can institutions and their purposes. In other words, it would put up the bars not so as to exclude the worthy poor or ig¬ norant, but so as to reduce the number of imported rascals. These general principles seem sound. We are in hearty accordance with them. Cincinnati, O., Star—June 27, 1907. Liberal Immigration League Favors Deporting Criminal Aliens. The National Liberal Immigration League has issued letters to Cincinnati¬ ans interested in immigration and appeal¬ ing to them to support a movement for a law providing for deportation of crim¬ inal aliens, just as dependent aliens may be deported. The League would also make a ten-year requirement for naturalization. The letter says in part: “We also lay stress on raising the standard of citizenship by prolonging the period of probationary citizenship to ten years, and by requiring of candidates for naturalization a guarantee of good con¬ duct and knowledge of our institutions. The cry for labor in this country is so great that we welcome immigrants to pave our streets, build railroads and dig sub¬ ways. But when it is a question not of the admission of aliens, but of conferring on them the rights of citizenship—the right to choose our mayors, governors, and the President, the right to vote for judges, and to serve as jurymen entrusted with our material interests, with our life and the honor of our women—then we are more exacting.” 14 Brooklyn, N. Y., Eagle—June 11, 1907. NEW IMMIGRATION POLICY. Exclude the Undesirables and Raise Probationary Period to Ten Years. The National Liberal Immigration League has been active both in helping to create an enlightened public sentiment throughout the country, and in opposing specific pieces of hostile legislation. Its headquarters are at 150 Nassau Street, Manhattan. Besides distributing by thou¬ sands books and pamphlets in favor of immigration, the League has been the pioneer organization to hold mass meet¬ ings and send delegations to Washington in protest against restrictive measures. The League has sent delegations not only to Congress, but to many national gath¬ erings, such as the Nashville, Missouri, Mississippi and Birmingham conventions. At these assemblies, the advocates of free immigration often met representatives seeking adverse state and federal legis lation, who might otherwise have pre¬ sented their cause without anyone to speaK on the other side. While the League considers immigra¬ tion as a great boon to this country, it believes that the educational test, the un¬ necessary increase of head-tax and other restrictive measures are harmful through excluding immigrants of the right sort, without barring out the undesirables, and while it maintains that me most benefi cial policy is that of free immigration, yet urges a drastic policy against those who abuse the hospitality of this country. The League is making efforts to secure the deportation of members of the Black Hand and of criminals of all races. It believes that instead of being held in our prisons as a burden to the communi¬ ty, all new arrivals who become criminals should be deported, as is now done with those who become a public charge. The League also considers it quite proper to lengthen to ten years the pe¬ riod of probationary citizenship. The honorable title of “American citizen” would then be conferred only upon those persons who, by proper conduct and by their knowledge of American institutions, had shown themselves worthy of this privilege. Edward Lauterbach is president of the League. Norfolk, Va., Landmark—August 25, 1907. The circulars from the National Liberal Immigration League indorse the idea of protecting the country against the menace of indigestible immigration “by prolong¬ ing the period of probationary citizenship to ten years, and by requiring of candi¬ dates for naturalization a guarantee of good conduct and knowledge of our insti¬ tutions,” and also by deporting criminal aliens as we now deport those who become public charges. We indorse both of these suggestions. The probationary period of ten years might not be long enough, but it would be a great improvement on the present lax system of naturalization, which per¬ mits our own votes to be negatived by those of half-baked aliens who do not know a hawk from a handsaw, so far as our national institutions and ideals are concerned. There could be nothing more absurd than the law which provides for the de¬ portation of unnaturalized immigrants who become paupers, while it allows those who become criminals to remain. The Liberal Immigration League is to be thanked for pointing out this inconsist¬ ency; and its co-operation in the move¬ ment to lengthen the probationary period for aliens who wish to become citizens ought to be exceedingly valuable. The recklessness with which the United States have conferred the full privileges of citizenship upon those who are unquali¬ fied for them has got the country into all sorts of trouble, and it is time to stop. All that has been done cannot be undone, but more blunders can be prevented. 15 St. Louis, Mo., Agriculturist—June 27, 1907. NEW IMMIGRATION POLICY. Many of the policies advocated by the National Liberal Immigration League are new and some of them are very commend¬ able. The chief object of the organiza¬ tion is to secure free immigration with¬ out restriction, but it is doubtful if that will ever be obtained, owing to the strong opposition that was shown to prevail against such a policy when the present law was before Congress. In the opinion of persons not members of the League, some of its other policies are more im¬ portant and certainly more likely to be adopted by the government. On one point in particular should the League have the support of all law-abiding citizens of this country, and that is in its efforts to se¬ cure the passage of a law providing dras¬ tic punishment for immigrants who abuse the hospitality of our nation. Deporta¬ tion for such offenders is the penalty sug¬ gested and it would seem that no better way could be devised for getting rid of members of the “Black Hand” and similar organizations that are terrorizing our cit¬ izens. Instead of thrusting new arrivals, who break our statutes, into prison where they are an expense and a burden to the community, it would be far better to ship them back to the countries from whence they came. Such a system, combined with the present restrictions, should serve to furnish protection to desirable immi¬ grants and raise the standard of new in¬ habitants who are flocking to this coun¬ try in countless numbers. Johnstown, Pa., Tribune~~June 12, 1907. FOREIGN CRIMINALS. The National Liberal Immigration League, whose purpose is to aid in the proper regulation and better distribution of immigration, announces that it will make efforts to secure the deportation of members of the Black Hand and of crim¬ inals of all races. The League will prob¬ ably endeavor to secure the passage of legislation that will authorize the ban¬ ishment of unnaturalized immigrants convicted of minor offenses, especially those who make repeated appearance in the criminal courts. Industrial communities are greatly bur¬ dened with the expense of detection, ar¬ rest, and imprisonment of unnaturalized foreign violators of the law. A glance at the court repor ts of Cambria County must carry the conviction that an undue per¬ centage of foreign names appear on the trial lists. It cannot be that the people of southern Europe average up so much worse than the American product. It must be that some incentive is offered these undesirable persons to forsake their own land. The suggestion for a sort of espionage over immigrants, extending over a term of yeais, and based upon the records of criminal courts, has some merit. The Im¬ migration League says: ‘V. r 3 believe that instead of being held in our prisons as a burden to the commu¬ nity, all new arrivals who become crim¬ inals should be deported, as is now done with those who become a public charge.” The following article appeared both in the Bangor, Me., News of July 8, 1907, and in the Manchester, N. H., Mirror of June 26, 1907. CITIZENS ON PROBATION. The National Liberal Immigration League, which is opposed to such restric tive proposals as an educational test, a head-tax or a property qualification t'oi aliens seeking admission at our gates and which has so far limited itself to negative policies—that is, to agitation against specific measures, states in the annual report it has just issued that henceforth it will endeavor to obtain cer¬ tain results of a positive character. It believes that free immigration is a boon to the country, to-day as at any previous period, and that all the restrictive meth¬ ods that have been proposed would ex¬ clude desirable aliens without seriously v. 16 incommoding the really undesirable ones. But at the same time it believes that a good deal more than has been done can and should be done to bar out and rid the country of immigrants who are known, or discovered after landing, to be unde¬ sirable. It holds, for example, that all new ar¬ rivals who become criminals should be deported—as are those who become pau¬ pers—instead of being kept in prisons and penitentiaries at the expense of the community. It also believes in lengthen¬ ing to ten years the period of probation¬ ary citizenship. While, it says, it is right to admit men and give them opportuni¬ ties to earn a livelihood, we are not bound or called upon to confer citizenship too freely. The title of citizen “should be conferred only upon those who, by proper conduct and knowledge of our institutions, have shown themselves worthy of I he privilege.”- With these sentiments, at any rate, the advocates of immigration restriction will sympathize. The Liberal Immigration League has among its members such men as President Eliot, Andrew Carnegie, Bishop Potter, General Tracy, President Woodrow Wilson and R. Fulton Cutting, and it certainly cannot be charged with lack of devotion to the material and moral welfare of the country. Between it and the leagues advocating restriction the question is one of fact, not of principle Investigation and study should determine which of the two policies is beneficial to the country. Syracuse, N. Y., Daily Post-Standard—Dec. 6, 1907. PHARISEEISM AND IMMIGRATION. With the resumption of Congress the National Liberal Immigration League re¬ sumes also, intent upon preventing the Sixtieth Congress, as it did the Fifty- ninth, from passing a law to the effect that only educated persons need apply. The Gardner bill last year proposed a head tax of $40 and would have excluded unlearned aliens from the country. The league got the head tax reduced to $4 and defeated the education test ; hut pub¬ lic notice was given by the restrictionists that the campaign for the education test would be resumed in the Sixtieth Con¬ gress. As Representative Bennett of Manhattan says, the fact that the re¬ strictionists propose to continue their efforts makes it a duty for the league to continue its efforts also. Indeed, it would seem to be a duty for all who desire to preserve the best Ameri¬ can traditions to protest against the nar¬ row, selfish and unwise policy of making book learning a test of fitness for immi¬ grants. The league itself does not hold that the vote should be given to the un¬ fettered alien; it says, on the contrary, that there should be a probationary term of ten years’ residence before an alien is granted citizenship. Neither does the league propose the throwing down of the bars to all sorts and conditions of men; on the other hand, it is making efforts to secure the deportation of members of the Black Hand and criminal aliens of all races. They should not be confined in American penal institutions, the league believes, but deported as are others who threaten to become public charges. But before the restrictionist in Con¬ gress are allowed to impose an educa¬ tional qualification upon the immigrant they should ask why the country should go to such pains to shut out the honest and able-bodied persons who are in such great demand for the performance 0 f the rough tasks of American physical devel¬ opment. They should ask what country in New York State has the highest per cent, of illiterates. It is a country inhabited mostly by the native born. They should ask what part of our population shows the keenest desire for the advantages of the American schoolhouse. It is the for¬ eign-born and their children. Let us all, so far as possible, brethren, avoid the sin of the Pharisee. It doesn’t pay. 17 Columbus, O., Dispatch—Dec. 8, 1907. An Immigration Suggestion. A happy thought in regard to immigra¬ tion has been suggested by the National Liberal Immigration League, an organization which has fought most of the immigration restriction bills that have been introduced in Congress. The head tax and the educational test have been particularly offensive to the League which has, nevertheless, recog¬ nized that it is proper to do something to shut out the undesirables. To this end the League proposes a probationary period of ten years for all immigrants, during which they are to demonstrate their worthiness to be American citizens. If, within that period, one is convicted of crime, deportation is to be a part of his punishment and he is never to be allowed to return. If, however, at the end of that probationary period, he has de¬ meaned himself as an honest man, he is to be allowed to become a naturalized citizen. There is a good deal of hard sense in this proposition. Under the present law, an im¬ migrant who becomes a pauper before taking out his final naturalization papers may be deported, but there is no provision whatever for sending back the immigrant who be¬ comes a criminal. Instead, he is punished by imprisonment and then turned out to resume his criminal career in the land to which he is already indebted for months, perhaps years, of maintenance. There is more need for sending back the criminal than for sending back the pauper immi¬ grants, and there certainly is wisdom in the ten-year probationary citizenship. It is not just to ourselves to permit these foreigners to participate in our elections of judges, mayors, governors, legislators and presi¬ dents till they have something of the native American’s fitness for suffrage. American citizenship has been all too cheap. It should be an honorable title, conferred only on those who, by proper conduct and knowl¬ edge of our institutions, have shown them¬ selves to be worthy of it. Bloomington, Ill., Pantagraph—December 10, 1907. SHUT OUT THE CRIMINALS. It is probable that the present Congress may amend the immigration laws along lines suggested by the National Liberal Immigration League. This League is made up of eminent American citizens who are actuated by no hostility to immi¬ gration but are moved by considerations of safety for both foreign born and na¬ tive citizens. The plan of the League in brief is the encouragement of a liberal immigration policy, the deportation of alien criminals and the fixing of a probationary term of ten years’ residence before an alien is granted final naturalization papers. In short the League would continue the present liberal policy of imposing as lit¬ tle restriction as possible upon the hon¬ est and industrious who seek our shores and would put harder restrictions upon all criminals who would come this way. In respect of criminals the present law is weak. The law provides for the de¬ portation of all who are found to be paupers before their “first papers” look¬ ing to citizenship are taken out and un¬ der this provision hundreds have been sent back annually. But there is no provision for getting rid of such as are not paupers, but have proved to be crim¬ inals. The country is burdened with these and hundreds of them are in the penitentiaries while hundreds of others are at large. If deportation could be adopted toward this criminal element it would save the country immensely and if the barriers imposed before they can reach naturali¬ zation can be made harder—the proba¬ tionary term longer—it would undoubt¬ edly operate as a wholesome corrective. It would give a leeway in sending back the undesirable would-be citizens along with the paupers and the riddance of the criminals would be worth far more to the country than the riddance of the paupers. A curious circumstance of the case is that while we have not guarded our ports from the entry of such a class foreign 18 countries have actually been deporting their own criminals and the result has been that we have caught more than our share. A high authority declares that since a criminal deportation law was passed at Tunis ten thousand Sicilian criminals and semi-criminals have emi¬ grated to the United States. It seems that there has been no demand for these persons—many of them with long crim¬ inal records at home—to show their pass¬ ports on coming here. In this way many have slipped in that should have been shut out. They may come with money enough to keep above the line of paupers and may be able by hook or crook to meet all the pecuniary requirements in becoming citizens although they may continue as blackmailers, b?,ndits and kidnapers to prey upon the honest peo¬ ple of the country. Deportation is the cure for such an infliction. The question has a fresh and live in¬ terest in view of the outrages committed recently by members of the Black Hand and other secret orders of cutthroats from Southern Europe. It is fresh in mind how Italian kidnapers murdered a child in Louisiana which they held for a ransom that was not paid. An Italian desperado recently killed one of his countrymen in New York and when an attempt was made to arrest him he killed two policemen before he was subdued. A prosperous Italian contractor in the same city some weeks ago received let¬ ters from the Black Hand threatening him if he did not pay them money at a certain time and place. He disregarded their threats and the other night he was shot from ambush and killed. These are but samples of numerous other outrages. It is not enough to try such cases in court and send the guilty to the gallows or the electric chair. Every member of such an order ought to be ferreted out before the overt act and deported from the country and all who show criminal tendencies before becoming citizens should be rounded up and sent back whence they came. And the probation¬ ary term necessary to determine their disposition to appreciate the privileges of American citizenship might well be lengthened. If it would appear as a hardship to some it might be borne for the benefits it would bring to all. The immigration to this country for the year now closing has been more than 180,000 in excess of the year previous. The country wants honest immigrants and has a place for them, but it wants no European criminals—many of whom have come here to prey upon and mur¬ der their own countrymen. Stricter laws governing this class are what the situa¬ tion imperatively demands. Fargo, N. D., Forum and Daily Republican—December 10, 1907. The National Liberal Immigration League wants to put prospective citizens on more probation. It would demand a ten-year residence before an alien is granted final citizenship. The suggestion will no doubt be generally endorsed in the Eastern half of the United States and out on the Pacific Coast. In the North¬ west, the necessity for doubling the time from five years is less imperative—in fact such a plan is not demanded. The Scandi¬ navian immigrants largely predominate in this part of the country. There are some Germans and kindred races, the large majority of whom readily assimi¬ late American ideas and rapidly become intelligent and desirable citizens. They are sufficiently enterprising to readily adopt American customs and the five-year probationary period is amply sufficient for them. In localities where the immi¬ grants are largely from Southern Europe and of a lower and a dangerous class— citizenship should no doubt be made more difficult. The movement is unlikely, how¬ ever, to gain much force in this part of the Northwest. The League has other objects—one of which is the deportation of alien criminals. The organization will receive the unanimous co-operation of all good citizens along that line. 19 Butte, Mont., Inter-Mountain—December 11, 1907. REGULATION OF IMMIGRATION. The National Liberal Immigration League, whose purpose avowedly is “the proper regulation and better distribution of immigration,” embraces within its ranks many notable men. R. Fulton Cut¬ ting of New York, Dr. Parkhurst, Wood- row Wilson, General Tracy, Mr. Bliss and Dr. Burrell, are only a few of the big minds in the movement. The League thinks all decent immigrants should be admitted and all the unfit barred or if already ad¬ mitted, deported. “While we consider im¬ migration as a great boon to this country, while we believe that the educational test, the unnecessary increase in head-tax and other restrictive measures are harmful through excluding immigrants of the right sort without barring out the undersir- ables, and while we maintain that the most beneficial policy is that of free im¬ migration, yet we urge a drastic policy against those who abuse the hospitality of this country,” says a recent statement. “We are making efforts to secure the de¬ portation of members of the Black Hand and of criminals of all races. We believe that instead of being held in our prisons as a burden to the community, all new arrivals who become criminals should be deported, as is now done with those who become public charges, criminals being a real public charge. “We also consider it quite proper to lengthen to ten years the period of pro¬ bationary citizenship. The honorable title of ‘American citizen’ would then be con¬ ferred only upon those persons who, by proper conduct and by their knowledge of our institutions, had shown themselves worthy of this privilege.” The repeated atrocities of the Black Hand and other alien secret societies with murder and blackmail as their trade have induced permanent aliens to turn their at¬ tention to regulation of the ingress of foreigners. Whereas, a decade ago, a con¬ gressman risked his seat by mere insinua¬ tion that the most ignorant European is not immeasurably more needful to the na¬ tion than the most enlightened American, free discussion of the subject is now per¬ missible in Congress without retailiation by the foreign vote. For the aliens in America, mind you, are almost solely to blame for the entrance of undesirable fel¬ low countrymen. During many years, they flew into rage at the slightest attack upon European accessions. The motives were sometimes generous, sometimes self¬ ish, but ill-advised. Many of them wished to bring over friends and relatives. Others hoped to see more of their countrymen enter, in order to strengthen their politi¬ cal position. Hence, Congress feared openly to take up the evil and this, per¬ haps the most vital matter since 1890, has gone without proper attention. Now, however, the alien in America is as anxious as the native, to regulate the entrance of all foreigners. The Italian Herald of New York now comes forward with advocacy of more strict laws and other alien journals are commenting with less rancor and more patriotism, on the proposition to prolong our national exist¬ ence awhile by beginning, with due hu¬ mility, to sweep the refuse of Europe back into Europe’s backyards. Such laws as we have do not seem to have been particularly well framed. The central notion of all our Legislation to-day is so to bind the enforcing official that he will be unable to find a single loophole for graft. In this policy, we pursue a wide¬ spread national error, permeating every walk of American life and every branch of American effort, an absurd notion that a dead statute of itself can restrain a live rogue. Nothing would be lost by injecting some common sense and common human¬ ity into our American laws, for if the of¬ ficial in power is a grafter, no law or laws will restrain him. A case in point comes in a New York dispatch this week. A poor Spanish girl from Hayti comes to New York, as a stow¬ away. She was starving and friendless at “home.” A New Yorker, meeting the young woman on the dock, fell in love with her and offered marriage. But our august government, majestic in its wis¬ dom, has enacted statutes forbidding just this thing, and the little maid must go back to Hayti, there to go to the devil as she sees fit, while an American who might have made her happy is left lonely upon the dock, biting his finger-nails. The dispatches are full of instances of such fool laws, laws sweeping and general, with consideration of exceptional cases. Of all our jurisprudence, that relating to immigration is the least humane and sen¬ sible and for this—because by his oppo¬ sition he has stifled proper discussion in Congress—the alien himself is to blame. 20 Memphis, Tenn., Scimitar—December 13, 1907. NATIONAL LIBERAL IMMI¬ GRATION LEAGUE. The National Liberal Immigration League is still another organization that promises progress. Its purposes as stated are: (1) A liberal immigration policy. (2) The deportation of alien criminals. (3) A probationary term of ten years’ residence before an alien is granted the final citizenship papers. We rather think a ten-year period is too long. The League has been instrumental on the other hand in reducing the tax on worthy immigrants, and either has avoided or proposes to avoid any edu¬ cational qualifications. It believes prop¬ erly that there are many immigrants of good character and natural intelligence who would develop into good citizens and yet who are not book-learned. It will undertake to direct immigration away from the crowded cities to the country and smaller towns. It is right in the view that the country needs good immigrants, and equally needs the avoid¬ ance of bad ones. The basic principle of the organization seems to be one of selection. Its headquarters are at 150 Nassau street, New York. It has on its committees a representative number of the foremost men in the country. Brockton, Mass., Times—December 14, 1907. DEPORT ALIEN CRIMINALS. The National Immigration League may be expected at this session of Con¬ gress to again bring up for passage the bill, which so narrowly failed last year and which in general terms calls for a liberal immigration policy, the im¬ mediate deportation of all alien criminals and a probationary term of ten years’ resi¬ dence before an alien is finally granted his citizenship papers. The League does not lay very much stress on the educational tests nor on the amount of money in the possession of the immigrant. They would admit ignorant but honest laborers freely, but draw the most impassable of lines be¬ tween the alien criminal and his landing on American shores. And more than that. if any alien became engaged in criminal practices before attaining citizenship, he would be sent back as promptly as the one, whose crimes were committed in Europe. The officials of the League merely urge that we approach this ques¬ tion of immigration calmly, sanely and intelligently, and cease putting a pre¬ mium upon imbecility. Of the deportation of alien criminals there can be no two minds among the people of this coun¬ try. The line is drawn right there for of such material decent citizens of the republic cannot possibly be made. Ig¬ norance can be enlightened in our schools, but we have no way of making over the natural and inborn criminal. Europe, which dumped them on our shores, should receive them back in record time. It is a very just solution of the problem. Meridian, Miss., Evening Star—December 16, 1907. A TIMELY MOVEMENT. The National Liberal Immigration League, promoted and maintained by a number of noted American -citizens, is one of the newest and most active forces we have in this country looking toward the proper handling of the great question of foreign immigration. We are in receipt of a communication from the organization enumerating the several reforms it hopes to work out, the two paragraphs below giving some idea of the character of labor the society has taken on itself. Says the circular: While we consider immigration as a great boon to this country, while we be¬ lieve that the educational test, the un¬ necessary increase in head-tax and other 21 restrictive measures are harmful through excluding immigrants of the right sort without barring out the undesirables, and while we maintain that the most bene¬ ficial policy is that of free immigration, yet we urge a drastic policy against those who abuse the hospitality of this country. We are making efforts to secure the de¬ portation of members of the Black Hand and of criminals of all races. As the Bible says, “Ye shall put the evil from amongst you.” We believe that instead of being held in our prisons as a burden to the community, all new arrivals who become criminals should be deported, as is now done with those who become pub¬ lic charges, criminals being a real public charge. We also consider it quite proper to lengthen to ten years the period of proba¬ tionary citizenship. The honorable title of “American citizen” would then be con¬ ferred only upon those persons who, by proper conduct and by their knowledge of our institutions, had shown themselves worthy of this privilege. The cry for labor in tnis country is so great that we welcome immigrants to work as laborers on our streets, railroads, farms, and mines. We welcome even more willingly the illiterates, as they can do harder work. But when it is a question not of the admission of aliens, but of conferring on them the rights of citizenship—the right of choosing our public officials, the right to vote for judges and to serve as jurymen entrusted with our material in¬ terests, with our life and with the honor of our women—then we are more exacting. Especially to be commended is the pur¬ pose of the League to work for a “ten- year citizenship” law. For many years the corrupt politicians of the Northern cities have run hundreds of thousands of ignorant, vicious men to the courts and through fraud obtained for them papers of citizenship for the sole purpose of vot¬ ing them at elections. Many of our great national policies are frequently defeated by the vote of these people who have not the slightest conception of or care for our institutions. If the League does only a small part of the work it has planned for accomplish¬ ment it will have performed a noble un¬ dertaking and worthily won distinction as one of the really useful societies of the country. Bridgeport, Conn., Standard—December 17, 1907. AN. EFFORT TO APPROVE “The National Liberal Immigration League,” is for “the proper regulation and better distribution of immigration” and is doing considerable in that line of work too. It has been working up public opinion continually and systematically along reasonable and legitimate lines and it has received the support of the press very generally. The subject of immigra¬ tion is one which has long needed regu¬ lating by some broad and comprehensive plan which should be just and even gen¬ erous to the immigrant and yet recogniz¬ ing facts and conditions to which the pres¬ ence of immigrants in ever increasing numbers have given rise. The managing members of the League are such men as £> Edward La terbach, president; Charles D. Parkhurst, D. D.; Charles W. Eliot, president of Harvard University; Wood- row Wilson, president of Princeton Uni- , versity, Hon. Cornelius N. Bliss, Rt. Rev. Henry C. Potter, Bishop of New York, Andrew Carnegie, Gen. G. M. Dodge, etc. The League advocates: (1) A liberal immigration policy, (2) the deportation of alien criminals, (3) a probationary term of ten years’ resi¬ dence before an alien is granted the final citizenship papers. This platform has been approved very generally already and the reasons for it are given by the League itself in its pamphlet. The first principle is founded on what has always been the American idea with reference to such things and the second is only the rule of right reason and sound common sense. With respect to the third, the pamphlet of the League says: “We also consider it quite proper to lengthen to ten years the period of proba¬ tionary citizenship. The honorable title of ‘American citizen’ would then be con¬ ferred only upon those persons who, by proper conduct and by their knowledge of our institutions, had shown themselves 22 worthy of this privilege. The cry for labor in this country is so great that we welcome immigrants to work as laborers on our streets, railroads, farms, and mines. We welcome even more willingly the illiterates, as they can do harder work. But when it is a question not of the admission of aliens, but of conferring on them the rights of citizenship—the right of choosing our public officials, the right to vote for judges and to serve as jurymen entrusted with our material in¬ terests, with our life and with the honor of our women—then we are more exacting.” As has been said the pro¬ gramme of the League has been largely endorsed by the press of the country and certainly the character of the men who are in and of it is enough to give it a place in the consideration, if not the com¬ mendation, of all intelligent citizens. As stated in their pamphlet the full plan and programme of the Immigration League is as follows: To promote the welfare of immigrants, while serving the best interests of this country. To endeavor to diminish the congestion in large cities by aiding the unemployed to go to small towns and farming districts and different parts of the country where their services will be most useful. To deflect the current of immigration to parts of the United States where the demand for labor is large and untilled land is available, by bringing together in¬ tending immigrants in their own coun¬ tries into groups expressly destined for and proceeding to such localities, thus placing them outside the congested re¬ gions and establishing them in contented villages where their Americanism will be fostered and their welfare assured; in other words, helping the immigrants to form in assigned localities such per¬ manent settlements as will benefit both themselves and the country. To promote, when necessary, the enact¬ ment of such legislation as will make this direction of immigration more effective. To oppose any unjust and un-American restriction of immigration. To advocate principles of justice in our national laws dealing with the subject of immigration. To educate newcomers to this country and fit them to become intelligent, loyal and law-abiding American citizens. To distribute literature and employ other means to circulate generally the facts concerning immigration. To establish branches in all the princi¬ pal cities of the United States for the above purposes. Springfield, O., Republican—December 19, 1907. A Constructive Immigration Policy. Notwithstanding the recent turn in the tide of immigration, on account of the financial panic and curtailment in business operation, the annual report of the United States commissioner of immigration and naturalization, for the year ending June 30 last, must impress the country by its presentation of facts. It is not necessary to call fresh attention to Mr. Sargent’s statistics. That over 1,200,000 immigrants came to this country in the last fiscal year is now the demonstration of the country’s power of attraction in prosperous times. For a year or two the figures will prob¬ ably decline, but we shall know what to expect when prosperity vaults upward again, and the immigration question that Commissioner Sargent has stated will surely remain with us. He asks whether our ability to absorb foreign elements is not on the verge at least of being over¬ taxed. A renewal of the battle over the restric¬ tion of immigration in Congress this win¬ ter is hardly to be expected in view of the current exodus of laborers from our shores and the approaching presidential election. The new law enacted at the last session may well be allowed to work undisturbed by fresh legislation for an¬ other year. But, inasmuch as the advo¬ cates of drastic restriction are likely to become active again when the conditions are more favorable, those who have hith¬ erto successfully opposed them may profit by a careful reconsideration of the ques¬ tion. There is undoubtedly a growing be¬ lief that the difficulties encountered in the government of our great cities are due partly to the mass of raw and undigested citizenship which swollen immigration, combined with indulgent naturalization 23 laws, has created for the manipulation of politicians and the exploitation of selfish corporate interests. The question of im¬ proved municipal government is interest¬ ing an increasing number of people, and they are sure to study the connection be¬ tween inefficient government and the vot¬ ing lists. There is, also, the question of crime. The Black Hand infamies among the Italian population in New York and other cities have added to the disquiet. As a matter of fact, some of the races that come to America have excellent rec¬ ords in respect to obedience to law, and it is true also that races weak in one particular are strong in another. The im¬ migrant Italians from Southern Italy may he prone to crimes of bloodshed, but those who know them best assert that stealing among them is comparatively unknown. It would be exceedingly hazardous to in¬ dict any race for criminal propensities, in comparison with other races, yet it is doubtless true that the special criminal weakness of an immigrant race will be an influence in forming public opinion concerning more restrictive laws. In the more recent debates on the im¬ migration question it was fully established that, from an economic point of view, the problem was really one of distribution over an extensive territory. Many sec¬ tions of the country remain backward in the production of wealth because of a sparse working population, and this is one of the exigent causes of the oriental issue that has lately been revived on the Pacific Coast. The country’s development as a whole is undoubtedly open to criticism as having been too rapid, for which the high protective tariff should be held chiefly re¬ sponsible, but it is not open to dispute of course that the United States, econom¬ ically speaking, is capable of sustaining a population several times larger than the present number of its inhabitants. Oppon¬ ents to the restriction of immigration have justly placed emphasis upon this fact. Give us a suitable distribution of the newcomers from Europe over the na¬ tional domain and most of the evils aris¬ ing from congestion in the cities would disappear. Efforts to divert the stream to various sections of the country are being made with some degree of success, yet the at¬ traction of the great cities, where “col¬ onies” of their compatriots flock together in particular localities, is irresistible to many immigrants. These “colonies” are a problem in themselves, and intelligent ef¬ forts are being made to provide them with Americanism by means of social settle¬ ments, whose mission cannot be too warmly indorsed. But, after all, the ques¬ tion arises whether the opponents to the restrictive policy should not now offer a positive, conservative policy in dealing broadly with the immigration issue. The question grows more pressing whether, as Commissioner Sargent says, we have not reached the point where our assimilative powers are on the verge at least of being overtaxed. A certain kind of assimilation, of course, is always possible, but the kind of assimilation the majority of us are anxious for is that in which the American people absorb the immigrants rather than one in which the immigrants absorb the American people. The National Liberal Immigration League, among whose sponsors are such men as President Eliot of Harvard, Pres¬ ident Wilson of Princeton, Bishop Potter, Rev. Dr. Parkhurst and Andrew Carnegie, has in the past been very influential in checking the restrictive movement, but in now coming forward with a constructive programme it reveals a policy guided by wisdom and patriotism. It proposes two new measures, while adhering strongly to its old position of leaving wide open the door to the alien. First, the League sug¬ gests that those immigrants who become criminals within a certain period after their arrival should be deported to the country of their origin. Second, the League advises that the period of proba¬ tion before an immigrant may become an American citizen be lengthened to ten years. And it announces with a sense of conviction: “When it is a question not of the admission of aliens, but of conferring on them the rights of citizenship—the right of choosing our public officials, the right to vote for judges and to serve as jurymen entrusted with our material in¬ terests, with our life and with tne honor of our women—then we are more ex¬ acting.” These two proposals are exceedingly simple, and it was well to place them before the country. They are worthy of serious discussion, and it is to be frankly said that they promise to gather a for¬ midable body of support. 24 The following article appeared both in the Marquette, Mich., Journal of December 24, 1907, and in the Waterbury, Conn., Republican of December 25, 1907: TEN-YEAR CITIZENS. The National Liberal Immigration League has heretofore fought efforts for the restriction of immigration. It has held that we should leave our doors open to all mankind and that as our forebears found here a refuge from the oppressions of the old world, political, religious and economical, so ought the present genera¬ tions of Europeans and future generations for all time, if they desired. Nevertheless the League now comes forward with two proposals designed not strictly to limit immigration, but to protect the country from the effects of too great an influx. First, the League proposes a rule under w r hich those immigrants who become criminal within a certain period after their arrival here shall be deported to the country from which they come. Sec¬ ond, it advises that the period of proba¬ tion before an immigrant can become an American citizen be lengthened to ten years, and in this connection it says that “when it is a question not of the admission of aliens, but of conferring on them the rights of citizenship—the right of choosing our public officials, the right to vote for judges and to serve as jurymen entrusted with our material in¬ terests, with our life and with the honor of our women—then we are more ex¬ acting.” The proposals of the League will ap¬ peal to every citizen. The problem pre¬ sented by immigration is a serious one. The immigrants congregate in the large cities and form colonies in which the language and customs of the old country are maintained. Under such conditions they remain in effect foreigners, yet they are given a voice in the government of the city and the country. In many re¬ spects what is said against the orientals is true of the majority of the foreigners now coming to this country. We can utilize them and in time can assimilate them, we hope, but the work of assimil¬ ation is slower than it was formerly and it becomes a little more difficult each year. The suggestion that a longer period of probation be required before making them American citizens seems to be a sensible one and it might be supple¬ mented to our manifest advantage by greater requirements in the way of education. Houston, Texas, Chronicle— December 24, 1907 NATIONAL LIBERAL IMMIGRATION LEAGUE. There has been so much discussion of the question of immigration, and so many demagogues have declaimed in so many ways upon it, veering in their opinions, or at least their expressions to catch the ever-changing breezes of public sentiment that it is very interesting to get hold of some utterances upon the question which are sane, sincere and practical. The Chronicle has persistently and con¬ sistently contended that there must be some reasonable limitation put on immi¬ gration to the United States, some tight¬ ening of the lines of restraint. Every in¬ telligent man must see that no country can stand to have millions of the refuse of every land poured into its borders, and vested as soon as they land with all the privileges and powers of citizenship, and this truth has impressed itself upon the minds of those who are responsible for the organization and operation of the National Liberal Immigration League, which numbers among its membership many of the most distinguished men in every walk of life in the United States. The League contends (1) for a liberal immigration policy; (2) the deportation of alien criminals; (3) a probationary term of ten years’ residence before an alien is granted final citizenship papers. The League contends that the educa¬ tion test, head-tax and other restrictive measures serve to exclude desirable im¬ migrants without barring out the unde¬ sirables, and while it believes that free immigration is beneficial, yet urges a drastic policy against those who abuse the hospitality of this country. It is proposed to secure the deporta- tion of all members of the Black Hand, and criminals of all races, following the Bible injunction, “Ye shall put the evil from amongst you.” One of the announcements of the League is: “We also consider it quite proper to lengthen the probationary period of citi¬ zenship to ten years. The honorable title of ‘American citizen’ would then be con¬ ferred only upon those persons who, by proper conduct and by their knowledge of our institutions, had shown themselves worthy of this privilege. The cry for labor in this country is so great that we welcome immigrants to work as laborers on our streets, railroads, farms, and mines. We welcome even more willingly the illiterates, as they can do harder work. But when it is a question not of the admission of aliens, but of conferring on them the rights of citizenship—the right of choosing our public officials, the right to vote for judges and to serve as jurymen entrusted with our material in¬ terests, with our life and with the honor of our women—then we are more exacting.” These are sensible words, and a sign of returning reason—a reaction from a lot of insincere demagogy which has cursed the nation. The president of the League is the dis¬ tinguished Jewish lawyer of New York, the Hon. Edward Lauterbach, and when such men as he and Dr. Parkhurst, Presi¬ dent Eliot of Harvard, President Wilson of Princeton, Bishop Potter, Andrew Car¬ negie and General Greenville Dodge join in such a movement, the public is encour¬ aged to believe there will be soon some national legislation on a subject of ever¬ present importance. INDEX ( Newspapers Arranged by States ) Page Conn.,, Bridgeport, Republican. 24 “ Standard.21 D. C.., Washington, Herald. 8 “ Pathfinder. 11 Ill., Bloomington, Pantagraph. 17 Ind., Elkhart, Review. 8 Me., Bangor, News. 15 Portland, Advertiser. 7 Mass., Brockton, Times.20 Gloucester, Times. 4 Much., Marquette, Journal. 24 Miiss., Meridian, Evening Star. 20 Mo., St. Louis, Agriculturist. 15 M. ont., Butte, Inter-Mountain. 19 Neb., Lincoln, Journal. 6 N. H., Manchester, Mirror . 15 N. J., Trenton, Advertiser. 12 N.^ Y., Brooklyn, Daily Eagle . 14 “ Standard-Union. 3 New York, Evening Post. 6 Page N. Y., New York (Continued) Globe and Commercial Advertiser 10 “ Italian Herald. 5 “ Tribune. 12 Wall Street Journal.. 8 Rochester, Chronicle . 9 Syracuse, Post-Standard. 16 N. D., Fargo, Forum and Daily Re publican. 18 O. , Cincinnati, Evening Star. 13 Columbus, Dispatch. 17 Springfield, Republican.. 22 Pa., Easton, Press. . 8 “ Sunday Call. 9 Johnstown, Tribune. 15 Reading, Telegram.. 13 Wilkes-Barre, Record. 10 R. I., Pawtucket. Times. 5 Term., Memphis, Scimitar. 20 Tex., Houston, Chronicle. 24 Va. Norfolk, Landmark. 14