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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN
L161 O-1096
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
Agricultural Experiment Station
BULLETIN No. 276
PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF
WINTER WHEAT IN ILLINOIS
BY ROBERT W. STARK
URBANA, ILLINOIS, JUNE, 1926
SUMMARY
Wheat is decidedly susceptible to climatic conditions and varieties differ
widely in their adaptation to environment. As Illinois extends nearly 400 miles
from north to south, marked variations in climate occur, and one of the prob-
lems in successful wheat production is to find those varieties that are particu-
larly suited to the different sections.
Tests at DeKalb, in the northern part of the state, indicate the superior
winter resistance and high yielding capacity of the hard wheats of the Turkey
Red type, such as Ilred (Turkey Red 10-110), Minnesota Reliable, Kanred, Red
Russian, and Turkey Red (Station strain). Soft varieties that have made a sat-
isfactory record are Hardy Northern and Red Cross. These tests have been con-
ducted since 1907. During this time 44 varieties have been grown, 19 of which
were hard, 23 soft, 1 of unknown origin, and 1 hybrid, one parent of which was a
hard wheat.
In central Illinois also winter resistance frequently is the deciding factor in
successful wheat production. Among the 57 varieties and strains tested at Ur-
bana since 1904, those of the Turkey Red type have proved superior in this char-
acteristic. Minnesota Reliable, Worlds Champion, Ilred (Turkey Red 10-110),
Kanred, Malakof 5-460, and Turkey Red (Station strain) comprise the hard
wheats with the best records for a period of eight years or more. Other hard
varieties tested for a shorter period which deserve mention are Red Russian,
Malakof C. I. No. 4898, Minturki, Kanred 2401, Michikoff, and Blackhull. Soft
varieties which have made good records are Indiana Swamp, Dawson Golden
Chaff 9-225, Red Rock, Red Cross, Michigan Amber, and Gladden.
Soft varieties seem best adapted to the southern section of the state. At
Fairfield in Wayne county 41 varieties and strains of wheat were tested from
1906 to 1923. Eight of the varieties were of the Turkey Red type and one was
a hybrid, one parent of which was Turkey Red; the remainder were soft varie-
ties. Fulcaster, a soft variety, which was taken as the standard variety with
which to compare all others, was exceeded only by Illini Chief, also a soft variety,
in average yield. Other varieties which were grown for six years or more and
which made favorable records on this field are Red Cross (synonym for Harvest
Queen), Economy, Marvelous (synonym for Fulcaster), and Jersey Fultz.
On the Alhambra field in Madison county Fulcaster has been slightly ex-
ceeded by Mediterranean, as a six-year average, while Rudy, Gipsy, Illini Chief,
Red Wave, Marvelous, and Jersey Fultz, all soft varieties, during five-year
periods have yielded but slightly less than Fulcaster.
A description of the varieties used in these tests, together with a summary
of their performance on the above fields, will be found on pages 27 to 35.
PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF
WINTER WHEAT IN ILLINOIS
BY ROBERT W. STARK, Associate in Crop Production
From the early settlement of Illinois to the present date, wheat
has been one of the most important crops grown in the state. Some
conception of the magnitude of the industry and the distribution of
the wheat-growing sections may be derived from the map on page 4,
which shows the acreage by counties grown in 1923. In that year the
total production of winter wheat in the state was 60,534,000 bushels,
and this crop was harvested from 3,363,000 acres.
Extensive wheat growing is confined to certain fairly well-de-
fined areas. In general, the principal wheat-growing counties lie east of
the Illinois river and east of the Mississippi river south of the mouth
of the Illinois. The wheat sections, therefore, include practically all the
region covered by the Middle Illinoisan glaciation, the western por-
tion of the Lower Illinoisan glaciation, and a smaller area in the same
glaciation bordering on the Wabash river. These constitute the two
oldest glaciated regions in the state.
Variety trials of winter wheat have been conducted at DeKalb in
DeKalb county, at Urbana in Champaign county, at Fairfield in
Wayne county, at Alhambra in Madison county, and at Cutler in
Perry county. The results of these investigations up to and including
1916 are given in Bulletin 201, "Yields of Winter Wheat in Illinois."
In the present publication the previous data from the DeKalb, Urbana,
and Fairfield fields are repeated, and the further data from these
fields for the years 1917 to 1925 inclusive are added. The yields from
the Alhambra tests, which were begun in 1919, are also given, but the
results of the tests at Cutler, which were begun in 1902 and discon-
tinued in 1907, are not repeated.
TESTS IN NORTHERN ILLINOIS
DEKALB IN DEKALB COUNTY
The character of the varieties of wheat adapted to the different
sections of Illinois are influenced materially by the wide variations in
climatic conditions occurring between the northern and southern
boundaries of the state.
DeKalb is situated in the northern part of the north-central dis-
trict of the state. The average annual precipitation for this section
BULLETIN No. 276
[June,
is about 34 inches. 1 The average temperature for the winter months is
approximately 24.7 F., while the average annual minimum tempera-
ture is 16.3 F. below zero. The effect of the long continued low tem-
perature is usually lessened by a snowfall of 30 to 35 inches.
Winter Wneot
Distribution 1923
WINTER WHEAT DISTRIBUTION IN ILLINOIS
Data taken from Illinois Crop Statistics for 1923
issued by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U. S.
Department of Agriculture.
A number of soil types occur on this field, but they are all com-
mon to the region and are productive. The wheat is grown in a rota-
'Meteorological data taken from Bulletin 208 of this Station, "Climate of
Illinois," issued in 1918.
1926} PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT 5
tion of corn, oats, wheat, and alsike clover. The soil treatment con-
sists of applications of crop residues and rock phosphate and manure
and rock phosphate. Each variety is represented an equal number of
times on each system of soil treatment.
Variety trials of wheat were begun in 1907 and have been con-
tinued to date. During this period 44 different varieties and strains
have been tested ; of this number, 19 are hard varieties and 23 are soft.
The character of one designated as native is unknown, while another
is a hybrid, one parent of which was a hard wheat.
During the period of these trials inferior varieties or lesser known
strains have been discontinued and other untried varieties substituted.
This process of elimination has resulted in the gradual casting out of
all but the highest-yielding varieties. The varieties that are now in
the test, and have been for a number of years past, constitute, there-
fore, with one or two exceptions, the hardiest and most prolific varie-
ties tried.
The annual yield of the entire list of varieties that have been
grown at DeKalb is given in Table 1. Since the different varieties
have been grown for irregular periods, average yields manifestly are
not comparable. Turkey Red, however, is one of the best varieties
tried, and it has been grown during the entire period. The percentage
yield of each of the other varieties, with Turkey Red as the standard
for comparison, may therefore be calculated by dividing its average
yield by the average yield of Turkey Red for the same period. This
percentage rating appears in the last column. A summary showing
the number of years each variety was grown, together with its average
yield and the average yield of the standard variety for the same per-
iod, is given in Table 2.
During the entire period covered by these tests, 1907 to 1925,
seven varieties were tested for six years or more, each of which has a
percentage rating greater than Turkey Red (Station strain 1 ). These
varieties are, in order of rating, Red Russian, Ilred, 2 (Turkey Red
10-110), Kanred, Hardy Northern, Wisconsin No. 18, Minnesota Re-
liable, and Worlds Champion. With the exception of Hardy North-
ern, these are all strains of the Turkey Red type.
In 1922 a considerable number of varieties were discontinued.
Those retained were either the highest-yielding varieties or they pos-
sessed characteristics which made it desirable to give them a further
trial. The performances of the nine varieties which have been grown
continuously during the last six-year period, 1919-1925, are directly
comparable (Table 3) .
*The Turkey Red designated as "Station" strain lias been grown continu-
ously for many years on the University farm and is of no known special selection.
2 Turkey Red 10-110 has recently been given the name Ilred.
BULLETIN No. 276
[June,
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PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT
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BULLETIN No. 276
[June,
TABLE 2. DEKALB FIELD: COMPARABLE AVERAGE YIELDS OF VARIETIES OF
WINTER WHEAT USING TURKEY RED AS A STANDARD FOR COMPARISON
(Bushels per acre)
Varieties
Number
of years
com-
pared 1
Years on which comparisons
are based
Average
yield
Turkey Red (Station)
13
1910, 1911, 1913, and 1915-
1925 except 1920
35 7
Minnesota Reliable
13
1910, 1911, 1913, and 1915-
1925 except 1920
36 1
Turkey Red (Station)
11
1907-1921 except 1908, 1909,
1912, 1920
32 7
Dawson Golden Chaff
11
1907-1921 except 1908, 1909,
1912, 1920
27.1
Turkey Red (Station)
10
1915-1925 except 1920
35.6
Red Cross .
10
1915-1925 except 1920
33 7
Wisconsin No. 18
10
1915-1925 except 1920
36 8
Turkey Red (Station) . .
9
1907, 1913-1921 except 1920.. . .
32.1
Kharkof (U. S. D A. No. 11603)
Turkey Red (Station) ....
9
9
1907, 1913-1921 except 1920. . . .
1916-1925 except 1920
28.7
35.0
Hardy Northern. .
9
1916-1925 except 1920
36.6
Red Russian
9
1916-1925 except 1920
37 9
Turkey Red (Station) . .
7
1914-1921 except 1920
32.5
Malakof 6-458
7
1914-1921 except 1920
31.3
Wheedling 5-464 . . .
7
1914-1921 except 1920
32.0
Turkey Red (Station)
7
1915-1922 except 1920
33.6
Worlds Champion
7
1915-1922 except 1920
33.9
Turkey Red (Station)
7
1918-1925 except 1920
35 7
Red Rock . . .
7
1918-1925 except 1920
34 1
Turkey Red (Station) . . .
6
1915-1921 except 1920
31.4
Miracle
6
1915-1921 except 1920
20.5
Turkev Red (Station)
6
1919-1925 except 1920
37.8
Kanred . . .
6
1919-1925 except 1920
39 7
Ilred (Turkey Red 10-110)
6
1919-1925 except 1920
40
Turkey Red (Station)
5
1907-1914 except 1908, 1909,
1912
34.3
Wheedling
5
1907-1914 except 1908, 1909,
1912
26.0
Indiana Swamp
5
1907-1914 except 1908, 1909,
1912
27.4
Turkey Red (Station)
5
1914-1918
33.7
Turkey Red 9-233
5
1914-1918
33.7
Turkey Red (Station)
5
1916-1921 except 1920
29.4
Early Red Clawson
5
1916-1921 except 1920
21.4
Turkey Hybrid 509
5
1916-1921 except 1920
26.2
Canadian Hybrid
5
1916-1921 except 1920
28.1
l ln each case the number of years given for the variety compared with Turkey
Red is the total number of years the variety was grown.
1926}
PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT
TABLE 2. Concluded
(Bushels per acre)
Varieties
Number
of years
com-
pared 1
Years on which comparisons
are based
Average
yield
Turkey Red (Station)
4
1915-1918. .
32 3
Mediterranean
4
1915-1918 . .
17
Gipsv
4
1915-1918
19 5
Turkey Red (Station)
4
1913, 1914, 1919, 1921....
33 9
Red Hussar
4
1913,1914,1919,1921
32 6
Hungarian
4
1913, 1914, 1919, 1921 . . .
33 3
Turkey Red (Station)
3
1916-1918..
29 2
Marvelous
3
1916-1918
5 1
Rudy
3
1916-1918
9 8
Prize Taker. .
3
1916-1918
14 5
Turkey Red (Station)
3
1913, 1919, 1921
32 1
Pesterboden
3
1913, 1919, 1921
29
Beloglina
3
1913, 1919, 1921
30 2
Turkey Red (Station)
3
1923-1925
40 3
Blackhull
3
1923-1925
37 1
Turkey Red (Station) . .
2
1907, 1913
30 5
Malakof
2
1907, 1913
28 2
Turkey Red (Station)
2
1917, 1918
26 3
Red Wave
2
1917, 1918
10 6
Turkey Red (Station)
2
1924, 1925..
39 6
Trumbull
2
1924, 1925
37 9
Michikoff. . .
2
1924, 1925
40 7
Fulhio...
2
1924, 1925
41 3
Turkey Red (Station) . .
1
1907..
24 3
Padi
1
1907
18.6
K. B. No. 2
1
1907
21 8
Turkey Red (Station)
1
1910
37 4
Native wheat
1
1910
29 5
Turkey Red (Station)
1
1914. .
39.2
Dawson Golden Chaff 9-211. ..
1
1914
22.6
Fultz
1
1914
30.6
Gold Coin
1
1914
32.5
Turkey Red (Station)
1
1910. .
33.9
Turkey Red (native)
1
1910
30.1
Turkey Red (Station)
1
1924..
46 1
Wheat Mixture
1
1924
37 7
Turkey Red (Station)
1
1925..
33
Minturki
1
1925
43.7
J In each case the number of years given for the variety compared with Turkey
Red is the total number of years the variety was grown.
10
BULLETIN No. 276
[June r
During this period, Ilred (Turkey Red 10-110) produced an aver-
age of 40.0 bushels an acre and ranked first in average yield, altho in
no single year was it the highest-yielding variety. Red Rock produced
nearly 40 bushels an acre and exceeded Turkey Red (Station strain)
during this period, notwithstanding the fact that it was given a per-
centage rating in Table 1 of only 95.5. This low percentage yield is
TABLE 3. DEKALB FIELD: COMPARATIVE TEST OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT
GROWN DURING THE Six- YEAR PERIOD 1919-1925
(Bushels per acre)
Varieties
1919
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
Average
yield
Ilred (Turkey Red 10-110) .
Minnesota Reliable
33.4
31.0
33.1
36.7
45.2
44.0
42.2
37.8
44.1
45.9
42.2
44.2
40.0
39.9
Kanred
29 1
30 6
44.4
42.5
45.5
46.1
39.7
Red Rock
38
38 2
48
38 3
42.9
31.9
39.6
Wisconsin No. 18
32.2
31.4
44.6
39.9
45.3
43.6
39.5
Red Russian
23.5
29.3
49.3
42.2
46.4
44.7
39.2
Turkey Red (Station)
21 8
37.7
46 9
41.7
46.1
33.0
37.9
Red Cross
26 5
32 8
40 5
38 3
45.3
36.8
36.7
Hardy Northern
24.1
24.9
45.5
38.5
44.0
37.8
35.8
due to its having made practically a complete failure in 1918, which
year is not included in this table. In 1920 (the data for which also
are not included 1 ) it was again almost an entire failure. Red Rock
has shown a decided tendency to be seriously injured in this section by
unfavorable winter conditions. When it has survived the winter suc-
cessfully, it has proved a heavy yielder.
Of the varieties given in Table 3, all belong to the Turkey Red
type and are hard red winter wheats, except Red Rock, Red Cross,
and Hardy Northern. These latter varieties are awned except Red
Cross.
Sufficient data concerning the more recent entries in these tests
(see yields in columns for 1923, 1924, and 1925, Table 1) have not
yet been secured to warrant drawing definite conclusions as to their
relative adaptation to the conditions which obtain in this section.
TESTS IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS
URBANA IN CHAMPAIGN COUNTY
The Urbana experiment field lies in the eastern part of central
Illinois. This section has an average annual precipitation of about 37
inches. The average temperature for the winter months is approxi-
mately 28.8 F. At Urbana, during a 25-year period, the average an-
J The data for all varieties grown in 1920 were discarded because of the un-
reliability of the threshing records.
PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT 11
nual minimum temperature has been 13 F. below zero. This section
has an average annual snowfall of 20 to 25 inches. Frequently the
snow melts quickly so that it affords little protection to the wheat.
The soil of the field on which the Urbana variety trials are con-
ducted is Brown Silt Loam, which represents fairly well the better
soils of this type thruout this section of the state.
In these experiments wheat constitutes one of the crops in a rota-
tion of corn, oats, wheat, and red clover. Each variety has been
equally represented on plots fertilized with crop residues and rock
phosphate, crop residues with rock phosphate and limestone, manure
and rock phosphate, and manure with rock phosphate and limestone.
Fifty-seven varieties and strains of wheat have been tested during
the period 1904 to 1925. Of these varieties 18 are hard wheats, 33 are
soft varieties, and 6 are hybrids, one parent of which was a hard
wheat. The complete list of these varieties, together with their annual
yields and percentage ratings based upon the average yield of Turkey
Red (Station strain) for the same periods, is shown in Table 4. A
summary showing the number of years each has been tried, and the
average yield of each variety compared with the average yield of
Turkey Red for the same years, is given in Table 5.
If the behavior of these wheats on the Urbana field may be taken
as a criterion of their probable performance thruout central Illinois,
then it may be concluded that strains of Turkey Red or hybrids of
that variety are dependable high-yielding varieties for that section
as well as for the northern section. In Table 4 Turkey Red (Station
strain) ranks nineteenth. Of the 18 varieties having a higher percent-
age rating, Michigan Amber, Dawson Golden Chaff 9-225, and Glad-
den are the only ones which are not either of the Turkey type or
hybrids with a hard Russian wheat as one parent.
A considerable number of the varieties at present competing in
these trials have been grown for too short a period to permit definite
-conclusions concerning their relative productiveness. Those varieties
which have been grown for a period of not less than eight years, from
1918 to 1925 inclusive, are shown in Table 6.
Six of the 10 varieties listed in this table are hard wheats; the
other 4, Indiana Swamp, Dawson Golden Chaff 9-225, Red Rock, and
Red Cross, are soft varieties. During this eight-year period, Indiana
Swamp exceeded Turkey Red by 2.3 bushels an acre, tho its average
yield for a period of twenty-one years was 2 bushels an acre less than
Turkey Red (Table 5). Indiana Swamp has never been extensively
grown. It is produced to a limited extent in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio,
Kansas, and Texas, under a number of different names.
Dawson Golden Chaff 9-225, which ties Minnesota Reliable in
ranking second in yield, is a selection from Dawson Golden Chaff. The
parent stock is a white wheat, whereas this strain, while containing
12
BULLETIN No. 276
[June,
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PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT
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14
BULLETIN No. 276
[June,
TABLE 5. URBAN A FIELD: COMPARABLE AVERAGE YIELDS OF VARIETIES OF
WINTER WHEAT USING TURKEY RED AS THE STANDARD FOR COMPARISON
(Bushels per acre)
Varieties
Number
of years
com-
pared 1
Years on which comparisons
are based
Average
yield
Turkey Red (Station)
21
1904-1925 except 1912. . .
41
Indiana Swamp
21
1904-1925 except 1912
39
Turkey Red (Station)
18
1904-1922 except 1912
41.1
Hungarian
18
1904-1922 except 1912
37.5
Turkey Red (Station)
18
1905-1923 except 1912
41 3
Beloglina
18
1905-1923 except 1912
39.2
Turkey Red (Station)
18
1904-1925 except 1908, 1909,
1910, 1912..
40 5
Malakof
18
1904-1905 except 1908, 1909,
1910, 1912
40.1
Turkey Red (Station)
17
1905-1922 except 1912
41 6
Red Hussar
17
1905-1922 except 1912
37.0
Turkey Red (Station)
14
1906-1920 except 1912 ..
43 6
Pesterboden. . .
14
1906-1920 except 1912
39 4
Turkey Red (Station)
12
1904-1917 except 1910 and 1912
42.3
Dawson Golden Chaff
12
1904-1917 except 1910 and 1912
38.7
Turkey Red (Station)
12
1905-1917 except 1912
43 5
KB. No. 2
12
1905-1917 except 1912
37.9
Turkey Red (Station)
12
1914-1925. .
40
Red Cross
12
1914-1925
38 1
Turkey Red (Station)
11
1915-1925
40.1
Dawson Golden Chaff 9-225. . .
11
1915-1925
41 2
Turkey Red (Station)
10
1904-1914, except 1912
42.0
Wheedling
10
1904-1914, except 1912
35.6
Turkey Red (Station)
10
1904-1 910 and 1916-1918. .
41 2
Rudy
10
1904-1910 and 1916-1918
27.0
Turkey Red (Station)
10
1916-1925
39 1
Minnesota Reliable
10
1916-1925
39.4
Worlds Champion
10
1916-1925
39.4
Turkey Red (Station)
9
1915-1923. .
39.5
Turkey Hybrid 402
9
1915-1923
39.6
Turkev Hybrid 509
9
1915-1923
43 8
Turkey Red (Station)
9
1916-1924..
39 1
Mediterranean
9
1916-1924
32 4
Turkey Red (Station)
8
1916-1923..
38 3
Red Wave
8
1916-1923
33 2
Wisconsin No. 18
8
1916-1923
36.6
J In each case the number of years given for the variety compared with Turkey
Red is the total number of years the variety was grown.
PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT
15
TABLE 5. Continued
(Bushels per acre)
Varieties
Number
of years
com-
pared 1
Years on which comparisons
are based
Average
yield
Turkey Red (Station)
8
1918-1925..
38 4
Red Rock
8
1918-1925
38 3
Kanred
8
1918-1925. ..
39 1
Ilred (Turkey Red 10-110) . . . .
8
1918-1925
39 2
Turkey Red (Station)
6
1906-1911. .
46 3
Kharkof (U. S. D. A. 11603) . .
6
1906-1911
42.6
Turkey Red (Station)
6
1916-1921
39.2
Gipsy. .
6
1916-1921.
28 2
Turkey Red (Station)
6
1918-1923. .
37
Turkey Red 12-41
6
1918-1923
39.1
Turkey Red (Station)
6
1920-1925
38.8
Gladden
6
1920-1925
39.2
Turkey Red (Station)
5
1908-1913 except 1912. . .
44 6
Fultz
5
1908-1913 except 1912 .
42 1
Turkey Red (Station)
5
1921-1925..
37.7
Michigan Amber
5
1921-1925
39.7
Turkey Red (Station) . .
4
1910-1914 except 1912
44 3
Gold Coin
4
1910-1914 except 1912
38 7
Turkey Red (Station)
4
1916-1919. .
39.6
Miracle
4
1916-1919
18.7
Turkey Red (Station) . .
4
1917-1920. .
39.9
Illini Chief....
4
1917-1920
23.1
Turkey Red (Station)
4
1919-1922
36.7
Turkey Hybrid 514
4
1919-1922
37.6
Turkey Red (Station)
4
1922-1925. .
39.0
Blackhull
4
1922-1925
45.0
Turkey Red (Station)
3
1906-1908. .
46.5
Padi
3
1906-1908
32.1
Turkey Red (Station)
3
1916-1918
41.3
Marvelous
3
1916-1918
15.7
Turkey Red (Station)
3
1923-1925
40.2
Hardy Northern
3
1923-1925
37.7
Forward
3
1923-1925
38.1
Malakof (C. I. No. 4898) .
3
1923-1925
42.8
Red Russian
3
1923-1925
45.0
Turkey Red (Station)
2
1904, 1905... .
31.1
Jones Longberry . .
2
1904, 1905
18.5
Satisfaction
2
1904, 1905
19.1
*In each case the number of years given for the variety compared with Turkey
Red is the total number of years the variety was grown.
16
BULLETIN No. 276
[June,
TABLE 5. Conchtded
(Bushels per acre)
Varieties
dumber
of years
com-
pared 1
Years on which comparisons
are based
Average
yield
Turkev Red (Station)
2
1909, 1910
43 5
Economy
2
1909, 1910..
39 5
Turkev Red (Station)
2
1921, 1922
33 9
Jones Climax
2
1921, 1922
27.6
Turkey Red (Station)
2
1924, 1925..
42 4
Berkeley Rock
2
1924, 1925
30.1
Fulcaster (Missouri selection) . .
2
1924, 1925
31.5
Poole (Missouri selection)
2
1924, 1925
32
Trumbull
2
1924, 1925
33.2
Fulhio
2
1924, 1925
39.0
Altara 2048
2
1924, 1925
42.2
Michikoff. . . .
2
1924, 1925
42 7
Kanred 2401
2
1924, 1925
44.3
Minturki
2
1924, 1925
44 5
Turkey Red (Station)
1
1904
32 2
Poole
1
1904
7.8
European
1
1904
11.9
Turkey Red (Station)
1
1925
44 5
Honor
1
1925
38.7
Purkoff
1
1925
46.4
*In each case the number of years given for the variety compared with Turkey
Red is the total number of years the variety was grown.
some white kernels, is for the most part amber and red. It has not
been distributed.
Red Rock has given an average yield practically equal to Turkey
Red. It has been subject, however, to rather wide annual fluctuations
in yield.
Red Cross has averaged during this eight-year period only 1.9
bushels an acre less than Turkey Red. It has been rather consistently
inferior to Turkey Red, however, the latter exceeding it in yield six of
the eight years. Red Cross is susceptible both to the rosette disease
and to flag smut, and therefore should not be grown in localities where
these diseases are known to exist.
Other promising varieties which have been grown from one to five
years are Red Russian, Blackhull, Minturki, Kanred 2401, Michigan
Amber, Malakof C.I. No. 4898, Michikoff, Gladden, and Hardy
Northern. Michigan Amber, Gladden, and Hardy Northern are soft
wheats; the others are hard varieties.
1926}
PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT
17
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IS BULLETIN No. 276 [June,
TESTS IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS
FAIRFIELD, WAYNE COUNTY
Wayne county is situated in the east side of the south-central
section of the state. The average annual rainfall in this district is
41.5 inches. The winter months have an average annual temperature
of 33.1 F., while the average annual minimum temperature is approx-
imately 7 F. below zero. Over most of this section the snowfall
ranges between 15 and 20 inches. At Fairfield, however, the records
indicate less than 15 inches.
The soil of this field is Gray Silt Loam On Tight Clay, which rep-
resents large areas of relatively infertile land thruout this section.
The rotation on this field consisted of two years of legumes alter-
nating with one each of corn and wheat. During the last six years
the order was as follows: corn, soybeans, wheat, sweet clover. One
half the field was tile-drained, while the other remained untiled. The
fertilization consisted of crop residues supplemented with rock phos-
phate and limestone, and manure with rock phosphate and limestone.
Each variety was equally represented on the tiled and untiled land,
and on the plots receiving residues with mineral fertilizers, and those
receiving manure with mineral fertilizers.
This land is normally strongly acid and deficient in organic matter
and nitrogen. Very few attempts to grow wheat are made on much of
the land of this type thruout Marion, Clay, and Wayne counties. The
yields obtained, particularly from 1917 to 1922, clearly indicate the
possibilities of producing wheat on such land when the soil is limed
and properly fertilized, such fertilization being accomplished partly by
means of mineral fertilizers but more especially by the growing and
turning under of legume crops. Liming, however, is first necessary in
order to produce the legumes abundantly.
Variety trials were conducted on this field from 1906 to 1923, at
which time the field was discontinued. Altho wheat makes a less vig-
orous fall growth in this section than in the more fertile regions, still
there was but one year in which the crop was a complete failure.
During the seventeen years that wheat was grown at Fairfield, 41
varieties and strains were tested. Fulcaster was taken as the standard
variety, and is the only one continued thruout the entire period. The
annual yields are given in Table 7, and the percentage rating of each
variety based upon the average yield of Fulcaster for the same period
is shown in the last column, A summary showing the years each vari-
ety was grown, and the average yield compared with the average yield
of Fulcaster for the same period, is given in Table 8.
Illini Chief is the only variety which gave a percentage rating
greater than Fulcaster. It will be observed from Table 8 that in many
19S61
PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHE.\T
19
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20
BULLETIN No. 276
[June,
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19X6}
PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT
21
TABLE 8. F AIRFIELD FIELD: COMPARABLE AVERAGE YIELDS OF VARIETIES
OF WINTER WHEAT USING FULCASTER AS A STANDARD FOR COMPARISON
(Bushels per acre)
Varieties
Number
of years
com-
pared 1
Years on which comparisons
are based
Average
yield
Fulcaster
15
1906-1921 except 1909
18 9
Harvest King
15
1906-1921 except 1909
16 6
Fulcaster
14
1906-1920 except 1909
18.1
Wheedling
14
1906-1920 except 1909
16 6
Fulcaster
13
1906-1920 except 1909, 1915. . .
19.0
Dawson Golden Chaff
13
1906-1920 except 1909, 1915
15.2
Fulcaster
13
1910-1922..
20.8
Economy
13
1910-1922
20.6
Fulcaster
9
1906, 1907, 1916-1922
20.9
Poole
9
1906, 1907, 1916-1922
18.6
Fulcaster
9
1914-1922
21.3
Jersey Fultz
9
1914-1922
19.6
Fulcaster
8
1906, 1907, 1916-1921 . .
20.7
Rudy . . .
8
1906, 1907, 1916-1921
19.2
Fulcaster
8
1907, 1910-1916..
17.5
Missouri Pride
8
1907, 1910-1916
16.4
Fulcaster
8
1915-1922
21.9
Gipsv . .
8
1915-1922
20.7
Red Cross
8
1915-1922
20.7
Fulcaster
7
1906, 1907, 1910-1914
16.4
Indiana Swamp
7
1906, 1907, 1910-1914
14.9
Fulcaster ...
7
1915-1921..
21.7
Miracle. . .
7
1915-1921
16.7
Mediterranean . .
7
1915-1921
17.4
Fulcaster
7
1916-1922
24.1
Marvelous
7
1916-1922
22.9
Harvest Queen
7
1916-1922
24.0
Fulcaster
6
1916-1921. .
24.3
Early Red Clawson
6
1916-1921
20.7
Turkey Hybrid 509
6
1916-1921
20.8
Fulcaster . . .
6
1917-1922
24.5
Illini Chief. . .
6
1917-1922
25.6
Fulcaster
5
1906, 1907, 1912-1914
13.2
Red Hussar . .
5
1906, 1907, 1912-1914
10.7
Fulcaster
5
1915, 1917-1920
20.0
Red Wave
5
1915, 1917-1920
15.7
*In each case the number of years given for the variety compared with Turkey
Red is the total number of years the variety was grown.
(Table concluded on page 22.)
22
BULLETIN No. 276
[June,
TABLE 8.-
(Bushels
-Concluded
per acre)
Varieties
Number
of years
com-
pared 1
Years on which comparisons
are based
Average
yield
Fulcaster
4
1908, 1912-1914
15 7
Fultz
4
1908, 1912-1914
14.0
Fulcaster
4
1914, 1915, 1921, 1922
19 1
Nieeer. . ,
4
1914. 1915, 1921, 1922
18 6
Fulcaster
4
1917-1920
23 4
Canadian Hybrid
4
1917-1920
22 9
Fulcaster
4
1917-1920
23 4
Marvelous, J^ seeding
4
1917-1920 . .
15 4
Fulcaster
3
1906-1908
11 8
Theiss (U. S. D. A. No. 12004) .
3
1906-1908
4.7
Malakof
3
1906-1908
7 9
Fulcaster
3
1912-1914..
15 5
Kharkof
3
1912-1914 .
9 1
Hungarian
3
1912-1914
12 8
Fulcaster
3
1917-1919 .
25.1
Prize Taker
3
1917-1919
20 4
Fulcaster
3
1918-1920
22 2
Ilred (Turkey Red 10-110)
3
1918-1920
17.2
Fulcaster
3
1921-1923
23 8
Trumbull
3
1921-1923 :
23.6
Fulcaster
2
1906-1907
9 7
Turkey Red.
2
1906-1907
6 3
KB. No. 2
. 2
1906-1907
7.4
Fulcaster
2
1912, 1913
14.7
Beloglina
2
1912, 1913
8.5
Pesterboden
2
1912, 1913
11.1
Fulcaster
2
1920, 1921
24.3
Big Harvest Fultz
2
1920, 1921
16.2
Fulcaster -
2
1921, 1922..
26.5
Gladden
2
1921, 1922
24.0
Portage
2
1921, 1922
25.0
Fulcaster
1
1921
30.1
Dawson Golden Chaff 9-225
1
1921
18.2
Poole (Ohio Station)
1
1921
29.1
Fulcaster (Soil Field)
1
1921
32.9
*In each case the number of years given for the variety compared with Turkey
Red is the total number of years the variety was grown.
1926}
PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT
23
instances the average yield of any particular variety is not greatly
surpassed by Fulcaster. Probably in most instances the differences are
within the range of experimental error ; still the constancy with which
Fulcaster has exceeded the yields of other varieties is strong evidence
of its reliability.
Of the 41 varieties grown on this field, 8 were of the Turkey Red
type and 1 was a hybrid of that variety. None of these varieties
proved to be adapted to the conditions on this field.
The yields of 9 varieties, each of which was grown during the six-
year period 1917 to 1922, are given in Table 9. Compared in this
manner, Illini Chief retained its position at the head of the list. Ful-
caster, however, dropped to sixth place tho, excepting Illini Chief, it
TABLE 9. F AIRFIELD FIELD: COMPARATIVE TEST OF VARIETIES OF WINTER
WHEAT GROWN DURING THE Six- YEAR PERIOD 1917-1922
(Bushels per acre)
Varieties
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
Average
yield
Illini Chief
31
26.3
25 6
19.8
27.8
23.1
25 6
Red Cross
34 5
26 1
23 2
23
26 2
17 3
25 1
Economy
35.4
21.3
24.5
19.6
28.5
20.6
25.0
Harvest Queen
33.6
22.1
22.5
24.9
27.2
18.3
24.8
Marvelous
26 2
23 1
26
19 8
31.8
21.9
24.8
Fulcaster
27.2
23.9
24.2
18.4
30.1
22.9
24.5
Jersey Fultz
24.4
21.3
25.8
20.6
29.8
22.1
24.0
Gipsy. .
30.4
22 2
26 2
13.1
27.4
20.7
23.3
Poole
28.7
20.2
20.5
20.1
23.8
22.8
22.7
was not exceeded in average yield by any variety more than 0.6 bushel,
which difference is easily within the limits of experimental error.
ALHAMBRA IN MADISON COUNTY
This field is located in the western part of the south-central section
of the state. The soil is classified as Brown-Gray Silt Loam On Tight
Clay. "Scald spots" or "slick spots," the nature and cause of which
are not well understood, are numerous. The soil of the field is repre-
sentative of. a considerable area in this section of the state.
A four-year rotation consisting of corn, oats, mammoth clover,
and wheat is employed. In case the clover fails, soybeans are grown
in their stead. All plots from which variety yields are taken are fer-
tilized with crop residues, ground limestone, and rock phosphate. A
catch crop of sweet clover is sown with the wheat to be plowed under
for corn.
Wheat has been grown on this field since 1919, except during the
season of 1924 when, owing to a series of unfortunate circumstances at
seeding time in the autumn of 1923, no crop was produced. In all, 21
varieties of wheat have been tested on this field for one to six years.
24
BULLETIN No. 276
[June,
The annual yields and the percentage ratings with Fulcaster as
the standard for comparison are given in Table 10, while in Table 11
are given the number of years each variety has been tried and the aver-
age yields compared with Fulcaster for the same years.
Of the varieties grown for three to six years, Mediterranean has
made the highest record, Fulcaster ranking a close second. The hard
varieties have been represented by Blackhull and Ilred (Turkey Red
TABLE 10. ALHAMBRA FIELD: ANNUAL YIELDS OP VARIETIES OF WINTER
WHEAT AND PERCENTAGE RATINGS USING FULCASTER AS A STANDARD
FOR COMPARISON
(Bushels per acre)
Varieties
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1925
Percentage
rating
Forward .
27.0
121.6
Fulhio
26.4
118.9
Michigan Amber
25.7
115 8
Gladden . . .
25.1
113.1
Shepherd
24.9
112 2
Red Rock
39.0
22.5
108.3
Fulcaster (Missouri selec-
tion)
23.9
107.7
Trumbull
23.9
107.7
Poole (Missouri selection) .
23.6
106 3
Mediterranean
14.9
16.5
i5.2
28.9
39.6
23.9
102.9
Fulcaster
15.6
15.7
15.2
31.8
34.6
22.2
100.0
Rudv
13.0
11.5
16.6
31.4
38.6
98.4
Gipsy
16.6
16.8
14.3
23.4
38.5
97.1
Blackhull
33.7
27.8
24.3
96 8
Illini Chief
15.0
16.2
29.1
31.9
22.5
96.0
Red Wave
15.1
14.6
13.4
26.0
38.4
95.2
Marvelous '-
13 1
16 4
15 5
23 3
37 7
93 9
Jersey Fultz
15 2
12 5
16
25 2
36 1
93
Ilred (Turkey Red 10-110) .
Harvest King
17.6
11.5
14.4
10.9
12.9
13.0
21.3
31.9
22.6
89.4
76.1
Harvest Queen
17.1
32.9
75.3
10-110). Blackhull has exceeded the standard variety, Fulcaster, two
of the three years it was grown, and its average yield was but 0.9
bushel less. Ilred (Turkey Red 10-110) was out-yielded by Fulcaster
four of the six years it has been tested.
A number of varieties not hitherto grown on this field were intro-
duced in 1925. Some of these, such as Forward, Fulhio, Michigan
Amber, Gladden, and Shepherd, have made rather promising prelim-
inary records.
HARD vs. SOFT VARIETIES IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS
The data that have been presented show that the hard Crimean
wheats are well adapted to the central section of the state. Further-
1926]
PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT
25
more, because of their recognized reliability and productiveness they
have come to be very largely grown thruout this section. There are
many growers, however, who still adhere to the soft varieties.
The growing of the two classes of wheat in the same community
leads inevitably to more or less mixing. This mixing may result from
the transfer of seed from one farm to another by the threshing outfits,
or it may occur at the elevators. For most purposes mixed wheat is
inferior to its component classes of the same grade.
A considerable portion of the central section, as well as the entire
southern part of the state, is tributary to soft wheat markets. For
TABLE 11. ALHAMBRA FIELD: COMPARABLE AVERAGE YIELDS OF WINTER
WHEAT USING FULCASTER AS A STANDARD FOR COMPARISON
(Bushels per acre)
Varieties
Number
of years
com-
pared 1
Years on which comparisons
are based
Average
yield
Fulcaster
6
1919-1925 except 1924
22.5
Ilred (Turkey Red 10-110)
6
1919-1925 except 1924
20.1
Mediterranean
6
1919-1925 except 1924
23 2
Fulcaster
5
1919-1923
22.6
Jersey Fultz
5
1919-1923
21.0
Marvelous
5
1919-1923
21 2
Red Wave
5
1919-1923
21.5
Gipsv . .
5
1919-1923
21.9
Rudy
5
1919-1923
22.2
Fulcaster .... . . .
5
1920-1925 except 1924
23 9
Illini Chief
5
1920-1925 except 1924
22 9
Fulcaster
3
1919-1921..
15.5
Harvest King
3
1919-1921
11.8
Fulcaster
3
1922, 1923,1925..
29.5
Blackhull
3
1922, 1923, 1925
28.6
Fulcaster
2
1922, 1923
33.2
Harvest Queen
2
1922, 1923
25
Fulcaster
2
1923,1925
28.4
Red Rock ... .
2
1923, 1925
30.8
Fulcaster
1
1925 . .
22.2
Forward
1
1925
27.0
Fulhio .
1
1925
26.4
Michigan Amber
1
1925
25.7
Gladden
1
1925
25.1
Shepherd
1
1925
24.9
Fulcaster (Missouri selection)
1
1925
23 9
Trumbull
1
1925
23.9
Poole (Missouri selection)
1
1925
23.6
l ln each case the number of years given for the variety compared with Turkey
Red is the total number of years the variety was grown.
26 BULLETIN No. 276 [June,
some time these markets have paid a premium for soft wheat, and at
times the spread in prices has been rather wide. Whether this condi-
tion will continue indefinitely is difficult to predict. At the present
time, however, there is considerable complaint from certain marketing
agencies concerning the amount of hard and mixed wheat which is
being shipped from the central section of the state. Likewise, because
of the premium paid for soft wheat, a renewal of interest in soft wheat
has recently been shown by the growers residing in this section.
As the situation exists at present it would appear that the farmers
in this section will have to choose between a lower price for their w r heat
or the possibility of a lower yield of grain. The hazard involved in
the latter contingency may be minimized by growing the hardiest and
most productive varieties of soft wheat. Of the commercial varieties
more or less extensively grow r n, the following have proved reasonably
dependable in these tests: Red Rock, Red Cross, Michigan Amber, and
Gladden.
Within recent years the only season at Urbana which has given
the varieties a severe test of their relative winter resistance was the
season of 1923-24. Red Rock proved to be rather the more resistant
of the four varieties mentioned above, which are listed in the order
of their resistance and which yielded in the same order. The average
yield of all four varieties for that season was 39.5 bushels an acre,
while the average yield of 10 varieties of hard w r heat was 43.3 bushels.
Red Rock produced 43.1 bushels an acre. The highest-yielding hard
wheat that year was Red Russian, which produced 48.5 bushels an
acre. Red Rock is a bearded variety, w-hile Red Cross and Michigan
Amber are smooth. Most growers of soft wheat prefer awnless varieties.
1926} PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT 27
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES 1
Including Origin, Source of Seed, and Performance
on Experiment Fields
Altara 2048. A selection from Alberta Red made by the Kansas Station.
Similar to Turkey Red. In Kansas it has been found to produce very hard red
kernels which usually do not show a yellow berry. Has not made a high yield
record as compared with other hard wheats. Not yet grown commercially.
Seed obtained from the Kansas Station in summer of 1923, from which a
crop was grown at Urbana in 1924. Average yield for two-year period 422 bush-
els an acre, Turkey Red (Station) same period 42.4 bushels. Proved winter
resistant during severe winter of 1923-24.
Beloglina. Similar to Turkey Red (see page 34). Introduced by the U. S.
Department of Agriculture in 1900 from Russia, where it was grown near Belog-
linskaya in northern Stavropol. This section of Russia is subject to extreme con-
ditions of both temperature and moisture.
Seed obtained from U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1904. First crop pro-
duced at Urbana in 1905. Yields: eighteen-year average at Urbana 39.2 bushels,
Turkey Red 41.3 2 ; three-year average at DeKalb 30.2 bushels, Turkey Red 32.1;
two-year average at Fairfield 8.5 bushels, Fulcaster 14.7. Winter hardy; weak
straw.
Berkeley Rock. Originated at the Michigan Station. Is the result of a cross
between Berkeley and Red Rock made in 1915. Considered at the Michigan
Station to be winter hardy and of outstanding quality. Awned; chaff white,
glabrous; straw purple; kernels red, soft.
Seed obtained from the Michigan Station. First crop harvested at Urbana
in 1924; seriously injured during winter of 1923-24. Average yield for two-year
period 30.1 bushels, Turkey Red 42.4.
Big Harvest Fultz. A selection from Fultz (see page 28). Has longer and
stronger straw and larger heads than the original Fultz.
Seed obtained from Everitt's O. K. Seed Store, Indianapolis, Indiana, in
1919. Two-year average yield at Fairfield 16.2 bushels, Fulcaster 24.3. The
variety is late and proved susceptible to scab.
Blackball. Resembles Turkey Red but differs from it in having black mark-
ings on the chaff; is also less resistant to winterkilling and produces softer grain.
Selected from a field of Turkey Red in 1912 by E. G. Clark of Sedgwick, Kansas.
Grown first at Urbana and Alhambra in 1922 from seed secured from W.
H. Miller of Williamsville, Sangamon county, Illinois. Winterkilled seriously
in the season of 1923-24. Yields: four-year average at Urbana 45.0 bushels,
Turkey Red 39.0; three-year average at Alhambra 28.6 bushels, Fulcaster 29.5;
three-year average at DeKalb 37.1 bushels, Turkey Red 40.3.
Canadian Hybrid. Synonym for Jones Fife, which is said to be a hybrid
resulting from crossing Fultz, Russian Velvet, and Mediterranean. Was orig-
inated by A. N. Jones of Newark, Wayne county, New York, in 1889. Awnless;
chaff white, pubescent; straw white, medium strong; kernels red, soft to semi-
hard. Inferior for bread making.
Seed obtained from the John A. Salzer Seed Company, La Crosse, Wiscon-
sin, in 1915. Yields: five-year average at DeKalb 28.1 bushels, Turkey Red
29.4; four-year average at Fairfield 22.9 bushels, Fulcaster 23.4.
1 Fbr description of varieties and history of their origin, the writer has drawn freely upon
Bulletin 1074 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, "Classification of American Wheat Vari-
eties," by J. Allen Clark, John H. Martin, and Carleton R. Ball. 1922.
2 A11 yields are given in terms of bushels an acre. All comparisons of yields are bas?d on
averages of the same seasons.
28 BULLETIN No. 276 [June,
Dawson Golden Chaff. Originated in 1881 by Robert Dawson of Paris,
Ontario, Canada, who found a single superior plant in a field of Seneca or Claw-
son. Awnless; chaff brown, glabrous; stem white, strong; kernels white, soft.
Seed obtained from the Michigan Station in 1892. Yields: twelve-year
average at Urbana 38.7 bushels, Turkey Red 42.3; eleven-year average at DeKalb
27.1 bushels, Turkey Red 32.7; thirteen-year average at Fairfield 152 bushels,
Fulcaster 19.0.
Dawson Golden Chaff 9-211. Pure-line selection made by the Plant Breed-
ing Division of the Illinois Station. Tested at DeKalb; one-year yield 22.6
bushels, Turkey Red 392.
Dawson Golden Chaff 9-225. Originated from a single head selected from a
plot of Dawson Golden Chaff in 1909 at the Illinois Station; introduced in crops
variety trials in 1915; differs from Dawson Golden Chaff in producing for the
most part red kernels. Stands well.
Yields: eleven-year average at Urbana 41.2 bushels, Turkey Red 40.1; one
year at Fairfield 182 bushels, Fulcaster 30.1.
Early Red Clawson. Originated by A. N. Jones of Newark, Wayne county.
New York, in 1888 by crossing Clawson and Golden Cross. Awnless; chaff brown,
glabrous; straw purple, strong; kernels pale red, soft.
Seed obtained from the John A. Salzer Seed Company, La Crosse, Wiscon-
sin, in 1915. Yields: five-year average at DeKalb 21.4 bushels, Turkey Red 29.4;
six-year average at Fairfield 20.7 bushels, Fulcaster 24.3.
Economy. Synonym for Fultz (see Fultz). Origin of seed sown by Sta-
tion unknown; grown at Urbana in 1909 and 1910.
Yields : two-year average at Urbana 39.5 bushels, Turkey Red 43.5 ; thirteen-
year average at Fairfield 20.6 bushels, Fulcaster 20.8.
Forward. A selection made from a commercial lot of Fulcaster grown at
the Cornell Station. Awnless; chaff white; kernels soft, red; stems white.
Grown first at Urbana in 1923 from seed secured thru Professor H. H. Love
of Cornell. Yields: three-year average at Urbana 38.1 bushels, Turkey Red 40.2:
one year at Alhambra 27.0 bushels, Fulcaster 22.2. Very badly winterkilled at
Urbana in 1924. Stands well.
Fulcaster. This variety resulted from a cross of Fultz and Lancaster made
by S. M. Schindel of Hagerstown, Maryland, in 1886. Awncd; chaff white,
glabrous; straw strong, purple; kernels red, semi-hard.
Seed secured from W. E. Braden, Sparta, Illinois, in 1915; later from south-
ern Illinois soil experiment fields. Grown at Fairfield seventeen years, average
yield 19.1 bushels; six-year average at Alhambra 22.5. Used as standard on both
fields.
Fulcaster (Missouri selection). A superior strain grown by the Missouri
Station.
Seed secured from the Missouri Station in 1923. Winterkilled very seri-
ously at Urbana in 1923-24. Yields: two-year average at Urbana 31.5 bushels,
Turkey Red 42.4; one year at Alhambra, 23.9, Fulcaster (Station strain) 22.2.
Fulhio. Pure-line selection made by the Ohio Station from Fultz.
Seed secured from Dan Davies of Jonesboro, Illinois. Yields: two-year
average at DeKalb 41.3 bushels, Turkey Red 39.6; two-year average at Urbana
39 bushels, Turkey Red 42.4; one year at Alhambra 26.4 bushels, Fulcaster 222.
Fultz. Selected by Abraham Fultz of Mifflin county, Pennsylvania, in 1862
from a field of Lancaster. Three spikes of awnless wheat found in a field of
bearded wheat constituted the foundation stock. Variety named after the orig-
inator. Awnless; chaff white, glabrous; kernels red, semi-hard; straw medium
strong, purple; fairly hardy.
19%6\ PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT 29
Origin of Station stock of seed unknown. Yields: five-year average at Ur-
bana 42.1 bushels, Turkey Red 44.6; one year at DeKalb 30.6 bushels, Turkey
Red 39 2; four-year average at Fairfield 14.0 bushels, Fulcaster 15.7.
Gipsy. Origin not definitely known. Awned; chaff white, glabrous; straw
white, medium strong; kernels red and soft to semi-hard.
Seed obtained from the Wing Seed Company, Mechanicsburg, Ohio.
Grown first at DeKalb and Fairfield in 1915. Yields: four-year average at De-
Kalb 19.5 bushels, Turkey Red 32.3; eight-year average at Fairfield 20.7 bushels,
Fulcaster 21.9; six-year average at Urbana 28 2 bushels, Turkey Red 39.2; five-
year average at Alhambra 21.9 bushels, Fulcaster 22.6. Complete failure at Ur-
bana in 1917 due to winterkilling.
Gladden. Pure-line selection from the Gipsy variety made by the Ohio
Station in 1905. Has stronger straw and in Ohio has proved superior to Gipsy
in yield and quality.
Seed obtained from the Ohio Seed Company, Wapakeneta, Ohio, in 1919.
Yields: six-year average at Urbana 39.2 bushels, Turkey Red 38.8; two-year aver-
age at Fairfield 24.0 bushels, Fulcaster 26.5; one year at Alhambra 25.1 bushels,
Fulcaster 22.2. Winterkilled at Urbana very seriously in season of 1923-24.
Stands very well.
Gold Coin. Origin not definitely known but probably a descendant of the
Redchaff variety grown at a very early date in the Genesee valley of New York.
Awnless, clavate; chaff brown, glabrous; straw strong, purple; kernels white and
soft.
Source of seed unknown. Grown first at Urbana in 1910. Yields: four-year
average at Urbana 38.7 bushels, Turkey Red 44.3; one year at DeKalb 32.5 bush-
els, Turkey Red 392.
Hardy Northern. Origin unknown. Awned; chaff brown, glabrous; straw
white, strong; kernels red and semi-hard.
Seed obtained from the John A. Salzer Seed Company, La Crosse, Wiscon-
sin, in 1915. Grown first at DeKalb in 1916. Yields: nine-year average at De-
Kalb 36.6 bushels, Turkey Red 35.0; three-year average at Urbana 37.7 bushels,
Turkey Red 402. Very winter hardy and stands well.
Harvest King. Synonym for Poole (see page 32). Seed obtained from W. E.
Branden, Sparta, Illinois, in 1904 and 1910; also from the John A. Salzer Seed
Company, La Crosse, Wisconsin, in 1915. Yields: fifteen-year average at Fair-
field 16.6 bushels; Fulcaster 18.9; three-year average at Alhambra 11.8 bushels,
Fuloister 15.5.
Harvest Q ueen - This variety is said to have been originated by E. S. Mar-
shall of De Soto, Kansas, who in 1895 found a superior appearing plant growing
in a field of some other variety. He saved the seed from this plant and in-
creased it. Grown chiefly in Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Illinois. Awnless;
chaff white, glabrous; kernels red, soft; straw white, stands well.
Seed secured from the John A. Salzer Seed Company, La Crosse, Wisconsin.
Yields: seven-year average at Fairfield 24.0 bushels, Fulcaster 24.1; two-year av-
erage at Alhambra 25.0 bushels, Fulcaster 33.2.
Honor. This variety is a selection made from Dawson Golden Chaff at the
Cornell Station. There is no difference in the appearance of the two varieties.
Honor, however, is said to have somewhat stronger straw, to be more winter
resistant, and to yield more.
Seed secured thru Professor H. H. Love of the Cornell Station in 1924.
Yield at Urbana in 1925, 38.7 bushels, Turkey Red 44.5.
Hungarian. Synonym for Turkey Red (see page 34). Seed obtained from
the Kentucky Station in 1902. Yields: eighteen-year average at Urbana 37.5
30
BULLETIN No. 276 [June,
bushels, Turkey Red 41.1; four-year average at DeKalb 33.3 bushels, Turkey
Red 33.9; three-year average at Fairfield 12.8 bushels, Fulcaster 15.5. Hardy;
straw weak.
Illini Chief. Introduced in the fall of 1915 by E. L. Gillham of Edwards-
ville Illinois, who advertised it as being resistant to Hessian fly. His stock came
originally from Ohio, where it was known locally as Early Carlyle. Awnless; chaff
brown, glabrous; straw long, strong, purple; kernels soft, red.
Seed obtained from E. L. Gillham, Edwardsville, Illinois. Yields: four-year
average at Urbana 23.1 bushels, Turkey Red 39.9; six-year average at Fairfield
25.6 bushels, Fulcaster 24.5; five-year average at Alhambra 22.9 bushels, iul-
caster 23.9. Not winter hardy at Urbana; in 1917 complete failure.
Ilred. See Turkey Red 10-110 (page 35).
Indiana Swamp. Synonym for Valley. Exact origin unknown. The Ohio
Station obtained seed in 1883 from Elias Tetter of Pleasant Plain, Ohio. Re-
sembles Gipsy but is taller, slightly earlier, and has somewhat longer spikes and
glumes.
Seed obtained from the Kentucky Station in 1902. Yields: twenty-one-
year average at Urbana 39.0 bushels, Turkey Red 41.0; five-year average at De-
Kalb 27.4 bushels, Turkey Red 34.3; seven-year average at Fairfield 14.9 bushels,
Fulcaster 16.4. Hardy; straw medium strong.
Jersey Fultz. Synonym for Fultz (see page 28). Seed secured from the
Kentucky Station in 1913. Yields: nine-year average at Fairfield 19.6 bushels,
Fulcaster 21.3; five-year average at Alhambra 21.0 bushels, Fulcaster 22.6.
Jones Climax. The origin of this variety is somewhat in doubt. Distributed
by Everett's O. K. Seed Store, Indianapolis, Indiana. Apparently the same as
K. B. No. 2. Awnless; chaff white, glabrous; straw white, medium strong, long;
kernels red, soft.
^ Seed obtained from Everett's O. K. Seed Store, Indianapolis, Indiana. First
grown in trials at Urbana, 1921. Two-year average yield 27.6 bushels, Turkey
Red 33.9.
Jones Longberry. Synonym for Red May. Probably was selected from
Virginia May, a white-kerneled wheat, by General Harmon about 1830. Has been
grown extensively under the name of Red May and numerous other synonyms.
Awnless; chaff brown, glabrous; straw purple, medium strong; kernels red and
soft.
Seed obtained from J. A. Everitt, Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1902. Two-year
average yield at Urbana 18.5 bushels, Turkey Red 31.1.
Kanred. A pure-line selection made at the Kansas Station in 1906 from a
Crimean wheat, C.I. No. 1435. Practically identical in appearance with Turkey
Red except that the beaks on outer glumes are somewhat longer. Resistant to cer-
tain forms of leaf and stem rust, and said to be somewhat more winter hardy
and earlier. Awned; chaff white, glabrous; straw white, weak; kernels red and
hard.
Seed obtained from the Kansas Station in 1917. Grown at Urbana first in
1918. Yields: eight-year average 39.1 bushels, Turkey Red 38.4; six-year average
at DeKalb 39.7 bushels, Turkey Red 37.8. Straw weak.
Kanred 2401. A selection of Kanred secured in 1923 from the Kansas Sta-
tion for the purpose of studying the effect of change of environment upon the
composition and the bread-making quality of the flour. Two-year yield at Ur-
bana 44.3 bushels, Turkey Red 42.4. Proved very hardy during severe winter of
1923-24.
K. B. No. 2. Similar to Jones Climax. Originated from a single head of
wheat found growing in field of Long Berry Clawson belonging to the Knight
1926] PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT 31
and Bostwick Seed Company, Rochester, New York. Awnless; chaff white, glab-
rous; straw white, medium strong, long; kernels red, soft.
Seed obtained from Knight and Bostwick, Rochester, New York, in 1904.
Yields: twelve-year average at Urbana 37.9 bushels, Turkey Red 43.5; one year
at DeKalb 21.8 bushels, Turkey Red 24.3; two-year average at Fairfield 7.4
bushels, Fulcaster 9.7.
Kharkof (U. S. D. A. No. 11603). Similar to Turkey Red (see page 34).
Kharkof seed was imported by the U. S. Department of Agriculture from Star-
obielsk, Kharkof, which is much farther north than the region from which Tur-
key Red originally came. For this reason it was thought to be more winter
resistant.
Seed obtained from the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1905. Yields:
six-year average at Urbana 42.6 bushels, Turkey Red 46.3; nine-year average at
DeKalb 28.7 bushels, Turkey Red 32.1 ; three-year average at Fairfield 9.1 bush-
els, Fulcaster 15.5.
Malakof. Synonym for Turkey Red (see page 34). Malakof is a name
applied to a number of strains of wheat which came from Russia.
Seed obtained from the Ratekin Seed Company of Iowa. J. W. Ratekin
stated that his firm imported 35 bushels of the original wheat from the Russian
town of Malakof near the Black Sea. Yields: eighteen-year average at Urbana
of Malakof and Illinois selection, Malakof 5-460, combined, 40.1 bushels, Turkey
Red 40.5; two-year average at DeKalb 28.2 bushels, Turkey Red 30.5; three-year
average at Fairfield 7.9 bushels, Fulcaster 11.8. Also seven-year average at De-
Kalb of Malakof 5-458, 31.3 bushels, Turkey Red 32.5.
Malakof (C.I. No. 4898). A selection of Malakof made by the Bureau of
Cereal Investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture (see Malakof).
Seed obtained from the Indiana Station in 1922. Three-year average at
Urbana 42.8 bushels, Turkey Red 402. Lodges badly on fertile soil.
Marvelous. Synonym for Fulcaster (see page 28). One of the numerous
synonyms for the Miracle or Stoner wheat. Distributed under the name Mar-
velous by Everitt's O. K. Seed Store, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Seed obtained from Clark Brothers, Freeport, Ohio, in 1915. Yields: three-
year average at DeKalb 5.1 bushels, Turkey Red 29.2; seven-year average at
Fairfield 22.9 bushels, Fulcaster 24.1; three-year average at Urbana 15.7 bush-
els, Turkey Red 41.3; five-year average at Alhambra 21.2 bushels, Fulcaster 22.6.
Not winter- hardy in central and northern Illinois.
Mediterranean. Probably introduced into the United States from the Medi-
terranean region early in the nineteenth century. Became important in New
York between 1845 and 1855. Is a few days earlier than many varieties and is
said to be somewhat resistant to Hessian fly and to rust. Awned; chaff brown,
glabrous; straw purple, medium strong, coarse; kernels red, soft.
Seed obtained from G. N. Scarff, New Carlisle, Ohio, in 1914. Yields:
seven-year average at Fairfield 17.4 bushels, Fulcaster 21.7; nine-year average at
Urbana 32.4 bushels, Turkey Red 39.1 ; four-year average at DeKalb 17.0 bush-
els, Turkey Red 32.3; six-year average at Alhambra 232 bushels, Fulcaster 22.5.
At times Mediterranean has been severely or entirely winterkilled at De-
Kalb, Urbana, and Fairfield.
Michigan Amber. Synonym for Red May (see Jones Longberry). Yields:
five-year average at Urbana 39.7 bushels, Turkey Red 37.7; one year at Alham-
bra 25.7 bushels, Fulcaster 222. Stands well; medium hardy.
Michikoff . Originated at the Purdue Station by crossing Malakof and
Michigan Amber. Awnless; chaff white, glabrous; straw white; kernels red, hard.
Seed obtained from the Purdue Station in 1922. Yields: two-year average
at Urbana 42.7 bushels, Turkey Red 42.4; two-year average at DeKalb 40.7
bushels, Turkey Red 39.6.
32 BULLETIN No. 276 [June,
Minnesota Reliable. Synonym for Turkey Red (see page 34). Seed ob-
tained from the Northrup King Seed Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1909.
Yields: thirteen-year average at DeKalb 36.1 bushels, Turkey Red 35.7; ten-year
average at Urbana 39.4 bushels, Turkey Red 39. 1. Straw weak.
Minturki. Originated at the Minnesota Station as a result of a cross of
Turkey Red and Odessa, the latter a soft Russian wheat. Awned; chaff white,
glabrous; straw white, weak; kernels red, semi-hard to hard. Plant very much
resembles Turkey Red; very winter hardy.
Seed obtained from the Minnesota Station in 1923. Yields: two-year av-
erage at Urbana 44.5 bushels, Turkey Red 42.4; one year at DeKalb 43.7 bushels,
Turkey Red 33.0.
Miracle. Synonym for Fulcaster (see page 28). In 1904, K. B. Stoner of
Fincastle, Virginia, discovered a single wheat plant growing in his garden. He
became particularly interested in the plant because of the great number of tillers
it produced. There were 142 stems. He increased his seed in 1905 and 1906 and
put it on the market in 1907. At first it was usually distributed under the name
Miracle because of its supposedly remarkable ability to tiller. It has been widely
advertised and distributed under many different names. Miracle closely resembles
Fulcaster morphologically, and as the latter was grown commonly in that sec-
tion, it doubtless came from a single plant of that variety.
Seed obtained from J. J. Haubert, Bala, Pennsylvania, in 1914. Yields: six-
year average at DeKalb 20.5 bushels, Turkey Red 31.4; seven-year average at
Fairfield 16.7 bushels, Fulcaster 21.7; four-year average at Urbana 18.7 bushels,
Turkey Red 39.6. Very badly winterkilled at times on all of these fields.
Nigger. Origin undetermined. It is said to have been distributed first under
that name from a farm belonging to a Negro living in Darke county, Ohio.
Awned; chaff white, glabrous; straw medium strong, purple; kernels red, soft.
Source of seed secured in 1913 unknown; that secured in "1920 was pur-
chased from the Ohio Seed Company, Wapakeneta, Ohio. Four-year average
yield at Fairfield 18.6 bushels, Fulcaster 19.1.
Pesterboden. Almost indistinguishable from Turkey Red; is slightly taller
and has somewhat larger and softer kernels. Seed imported from Budapest by
the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1900.
Seed obtained from the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1904. Yields:
fourteen-year average at Urbana 39.4 bushels, Turkey Red 43.6; three-year aver-
age at DeKalb 29.0 bushels, Turkey Red 32.1; two-year average at Fairfield 11.1
bushels, Fulcaster 14.7.
Poole. Origin not definitely known. The Ohio Station grew it as early as
1884. Important variety in Ohio and Indiana. Awnless; chaff brown, glabrous;
straw purple, medium strong; kernels red, soft.
Seed for Urbana secured from the Michigan and the Missouri Stations.
Seed from the Michigan Station in 1904 produced 7.8 bushels at Urbana, Turkey
Red 32.2. Seed from the Missouri Station made a two-year average yield at
Urbana of 32.0 bushels, Turkey Red 42.4; one year at Alhambra 23.6 bushels,
Fulcaster 22.2. Very badly winterkilled in 1924 at Urbana.
Native-grown seed used at Fairfield for two years. In 1915 seed was secured
from the Wing Seed Company, Mechanicsburg, Ohio, and in 1920 from the Ohio
Station. Yields: nine-year average of native and Wing Seed Company wheat,
18.6 bushels, Fulcaster 20.9; one year from seed priginating at the Ohio Station
29.1 bushels, Fulcaster 30.1.
Portage. A pure-line selection from Poole; differs in having a stiffer straw
and produces larger crops of better quality (see Poole).
Seed obtained from the Ohio Seed Company, Wapakeneta, Ohio. Two-year
average yield at Fairfield 25.0 bushels, Fulcaster 26.5.
1926] PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT 33
Prize Taker. Synonym for Gold Coin (see page 29). Seed obtained from
the John A. Salzer Seed Company, La Crosse, Wisconsin, in 1915. Yields: three-
year average at DeKalb 14.5 bushels, Turkey Red 29.2; three-year average at
Fairfield 20.4 bushels, Fulcaster 25.1.
Purkoff. Originated at the Purdue Station as a result of crossing Malakof
and Michigan Amber. Awnless; chaff white; kernels red, semi-hard; straw white,
strong.
Seed obtained in 1924 from the Purdue Station. Yield at Urbana in 1925
46.4 bushels, Turkey Red 44.5.
Red Cross. Synonym for Harvest Queen (see page 29). Seed obtained
from the John A. Salzer Seed Company in 1913. Yields: twelve-year average at
Urbana 38.1 bushels, Turkey Red 40.0; ten-year average at DeKalb 33.7 bushels,
Turkey Red 35.6; eight-year average at Fairfield 20.7 bushels, Fulcaster 21.9.
Hardy; stands well.
Red Hussar. Similar to Turkey Red (see page 34) ; softer and has more
humped kernels.
Seed obtained from William Rennie, Canada, in 1904. Yields: seventeen-
year average at Urbana 37.0 bushels, Turkey Red 41.6; four-year average at
DeKalb 32.6 bushels, Turkey Red 33.9; five-year average at Fairfield 10.7 bushels,
Fulcaster 13.2.
Red Rock. Origin, a single red kernel found in a lot of white wheat known
as Plymouth Rock. Selection made at the Michigan Station in 1908. By 1914
the increase was sufficient to permit the Station to distribute 60 bushels of the
seed. Closely resembles Mediterranean (see page 31) ; differs in having slightly
longer, wider, and laxer spike and harder kernel; yields better and produces
stronger flour.
Seed obtained from the Michigan Station in 1917. Yields: eight-year aver-
age at Urbana 38.3 bushels, Turkey Red 38.4; seven-year average at DeKalb
34.1 bushels, Turkey Red 35.7; two-year average at Alhambra 30.8 bushels, Ful-
caster 28.4. Has been practically a complete failure at DeKalb two seasons.
When not winterkilled, is very productive. Does not lodge readily.
Red Russian. Synonym for Turkey Red (see page 34). Imported from
northern Russia by the John A. Salzer Seed Company, La Crosse, Wisconsin.
Seed obtained from the John A. Salzer Seed Company in 1915. Yields:
nine-year average at DeKalb 37.9 bushels, Turkey Red 35.0; three-year average
at Urbana 45.0 bushels, Turkey Red 40.2. Seems to have a little stiffer straw
than Turkey Red.
Red Wave. This variety is said to have resulted from crossing Early Red
Clawson and a hybrid wheat of Russian ancestry. A. N. Jones of Le Roy, Genesee
county, New York, is the originator. Awnless; chaff brown, glabrous; straw
white, medium tall to tall, medium strong; kernels red, soft; inferior for milling
and bread making.
Seed obtained from Everitt's O. K. Seed Store, Indianapolis, Indiana, in
1914-15. Yields: eight-year average at Urbana 33.2 bushels, Turkey Red 38.3;
two-year average at DeKalb 10.6 bushels, Turkey Red 26.3; five-year average
at Fairfield 15.7 bushels, Fulcaster 20.0; five-year average at Alhambra 21.5 bush-
els, Fulcaster 22.6. Not winter hardy in central and northern Illinois. Stands
well.
Rudy. Originated by M. Rudy of Troy, Ohio, in 1871. The variety is
descended from a single superior plant which Mr. Rudy found in a large field.
Awned; chaff yellowish-white with black-striped margins; straw white, weak to
medium strong; kernels red, long, and soft.
34 BULLETIN No. 276 [June,
Original source of seed sown at Urbana unknown; seed for DeKalb and
Fairfield later secured from F. P. Hoopgardner, Ossian, Indiana, in 1915; a third
lot of seed was purchased for Alhambra in 1920 from the Ohio Seed Company,
Wapakeneta, Ohio. Yields: three-year average at DeKalb 9.8 bushels, Turkey
Red 29.2 bushels; ten-year average at Urbana 27.0 bushels, Turkey Red 41.2;
eight-year average at Fairfield 19.2 bushels, Fulcaster 20.7; five-year average at
Alhambra 22.2 bushels, Fulcaster 22.6.
Shepherd. A strain of wheat developed by the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture which is resistant both to flag smut and to rosette diseases. At the pres-
ent time there is no large supply of seed but the stock is being increased. Awn-
less; chaff light brown, glabrous; straw white, kernels red, soft.
Seed obtained in 1924 from John Segar of Granite City, Illinois. Crop at
Alhambra in 1925 yielded 24.9 bushels, Fulcaster 22.2.
Theiss (U. S. D. A. No. 12004). Synonym for Turkey Red (see Turkey
Red). This strain of Turkey Red was introduced by the U. S. Department from
Budapest, Austria-Hungary, in 1900.
Seed obtained presumably from the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1905.
Three-year average yield at Fairfield 4.7 bushels, Fulcaster 11.8.
Trumbull. Originated by the Ohio Station about 1908. Is a pure-line selec-
tion of Fultz and in Ohio tests out-yielded the original Fultz stock. Trumbull
is taller than Fultz, has stronger and less purple straw, and the heads are more
erect.
Seed obtained from the Ohio Seed Company, Wapekeneta, Ohio, in 1920.
Yields : three-year average at Fairfield 23.6 bushels, Fulcaster 23.8 ; two-year aver-
age at DeKalb 37.9 bushels, Turkey Red 39.6; two-year average at Urbana 332
bushels, Turkey Red 42.4; one year at Alhambra 23.9 bushels, Fulcaster 22.2.
Turkey Hybrid 402. Originated from an accidental cross discovered in a
Turkey Red head row in the wheat nursery of the Plant Breeding Division of
the Illinois Station. The original hybrid plant was awnless. It is supposed that
the male parent was Dawson Golden Chaff. Awned; chaff white, glabrous; straw
white, medium tall; kernels originally white and soft, in later years became red
and most of them hard.
Nine-year average yield at Urbana 39.6 bushels, Turkey Red 39.5.
Turkey Hybrid 509. Origin similar to that of Turkey Hybrid 402. Awnless;
chaff white, glabrous; straw white, medium tall, medium strong; kernels origin-
ally white and soft; in later years became red and most of them hard.
Yields: nine-year average at Urbana 43.8 bushels, Turkey Red 39.5; five-
year average at DeKalb 26.2 bushels, Turkey Red 29.4; six-year average at Fair-
field 20.8 bushels, Fulcaster 24.3. This variety was finally removed from the
trials because it continued to segregate, producing both awned and awnless
spikes and both red and white kernels. The red kernels finally greatly pre-
dominated.
Turkey Hybrid 514. Origin similar to that of Turkey Hybrid 402. Closely
resembles Turkey Red. Four-year average yield at Urbana 37.6 bushels, Turkey
Red 36.7.
Turkey Red (Station strain). The original Turkey Red seed was brought
to Kansas by Mennonite immigrants about 1873 from Southern Russia. The
original source of Turkey wheat is that region north and east of the Black Sea
and north of the Caucasus Mountains. Awned; chaff white, glabrous, straw
white, weak, rather short; kernels red, hard, winter hardy and drouth resistant.
Seed obtained from the South Dakota Station in 1901. Yields: twenty-one-
year average at Urbana 41.0 bushels; fifteen-year average at DeKalb 352 bushels;
two-year average at Fairfield 6.3 bushels, Fulcaster 9.7. Very hardy and is pro-
1926} PRODUCTIVENESS OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT 35
ductive in central and northern sections of the state. Not adapted to the southern
section; straw weak.
Turkey Red 10-1 10. 1 Originated by the Plant Breeding Division of the
Illinois Station in 1910 from a single head selection. In the Plant Breeding trials
it made such an excellent record that eventually it was distributed as a superior
strain of Turkey Red.
Yields: eight-year average at Urbana 39 2 bushels, Turkey Red 38.4; six-
year average at DeKalb 40.0 bushels, Turkey Red 37.8; three-year average at
Fairfield 17.2 bushels, Fulcaster 222; six-year average at Alhambra 20.1 bushels,
Fulcaster 22.5. Straw weak.
Turkey Red 12-41. Originated by the Plant Breeding Division of the Illi-
nois Station from a single head selection in 1912. Has never been distributed.
Six-year average yield at Urbana 39.1 bushels, Turkey Red 37.0.
Turkey Red 9-233. Originated by the Plant Breeding Division of the Illi-
nois Station from a single head selection in 1909. Has never been distributed.
Five-year average yield at DeKalb 33.7 bushels, Turkey Red 33.7.
Wheedling. Originated about 1890 by Louis Wheedling of Indiana, who
discovered some heads in his wheat field differing slightly from the others. Awn-
less; chaff light brown, glabrous; straw medium long, strong, purple; kernels red,
soft.
Source of seed unknown. Yields: ten-year average at Urbana 35.6 bushels,
Turkey Red 42.0; five-year average at DeKalb 26.0 bushels, Turkey Red 34.3;
fourteen-year average at Fairfield 16.6 bushels, Fulcaster 18.1.
Wheedling 5-464. A selection made by the Plant .Breeding Division of the
Illinois Station. Strain discontinued. Seven-year average yield at DeKalb 32.0
bushels, Turkey Red 32.5.
Wisconsin No. 18. Synonym for Turkey Red (see page 34). A strain of
Turkey Red distributed by the Wisconsin Station.
Seed obtained from the L. L, Olds Seed Company, Madison, Wisconsin, in
1914. Yields: ten-year average at DeKalb 36.8 bushels, Turkey Red 35.6; eight-
year average at Urbana 36.6 bushels, Turkey Red 38.3. Straw weak.
Worlds Champion. Synonym for Turkey Red (see page 34). Seed ob-
tained from the L. L. Olds Seed Company, Madison, Wisconsin, in 1914. Yields:
seven-year average at DeKalb 33.9 bushels, Turkey Red 33.6; ten-year average
at Urbana 39.4 bushels, Turkey Red 39.1. Straw weak.
1 RecentJy named Ilred.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA