4.GS: LPI65 .3 ILLINOIS GEOLOGICW sORVEV LIBRARY STATE OF ILLINOIS HENRY HORNER, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION JOHN J. HALLIHAN, Director DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY M. M. LEIGHTON, Chief URBANA REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS — NO. 6: AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES OF CUMBERLAND, EFFINGHAM, CLAY, RICHLAND, AND JASPER COUNTIES R. M. GROGAN AND J. E. LAMAR PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 1940 STATE OF ILLINOIS HON. HENRY HORNER. Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION HON. JOHN J. HALLIHAN, Director EDSON S. BASTIN. Ph.D., Geology WILLIAM A. NOYES, Ph.D., LL.D., Chem.D., D.Sc., Chemistry LOUIS R. HOWSON, C. E., Engineering WILLIAM TRELEASE, D.Sc, LL.D., Biology BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION HON. JOHN J. HALLIHAN, Chairman HENRY C. COWLES, Ph.D. D.Sc, Forestry. (Deceased) ARTHUR CUTTS WILLARD, of the University of Illinois D. Engr., LL.D., President STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION Urbana M. M. LEIGHTON, Ph.D., Chief ENID TOWNLEY, M.S., Assistant to the Chief JANE TITCOMB, M.A., Geological Assistant GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES Coal G. H. CADY, Ph.D., Senior Geologist and Head L. C. McCABE, Ph.D., Assoc. Geologist JAMES M. SCHOPF, Ph.D., Asst. Geologist J. NORMAN PAYNE, Ph.D., Asst. Geologist CHARLES C. BOLEY, M.S., Asst. Mining Engineer Industrial Mi n era Is J. E. LAMAR, B.S., Geologist and Head H. B. WILLMAN, Ph.D., Assoc. Geologist DOUGLAS F. STEVENS, M.E., Research Associate ROBERT M. GROGAN, Ph.D., Asst. Geologist ROBERT R. REYNOLDS, B.S., Research Assistant Oil and Gas A. H. BELL, Ph.D., Geologist and Head G. V. COHEE, Ph.D., Asst. Geologist FREDERICK SQUIRES, B.S., Assoc. Petr. Engineer CHARLES W. CARTER, Ph.D., Asst. Geologist F. C. MacKNIGHT, Ph.D., Asst. Geologist ROY B. RALSTON, B.A., Research Assistant WAYNE F. MEENTS, Research Assistant Areal and Engineering Geology GEORGE E. EKBLAW, Ph.D., Geologist and Head HARRY McDERMITH, B.S., Asst. Topographic Eng. RICHARD F. FISHER, B.A., Research Assistant Subsurface Geologx L. E. WORKMAN, M.S., Geologist and Head ELWOOD ATHERTON, Ph.D., Asst. Geologist MERLYN B. BUHLE, M.S., Asst. Geologist I. T. SCHWADE, M.S., Asst. Geologist FRANK E. TIPPIE, B.S., Research Assistant Stratigraphy and Paleontology J. MARVIN WELLER, Ph.D., Geologist and Head CHALMER L. COOPER, M.S., Assoc. Geologist Petrography RALPH E. GRIM, Ph.D., Petrographer RICHARDS A. ROWLAND, Ph.D., Asst. Geologist Physics R. J. PIERSOL, Ph.D., Physicist DONALD O. HOLLAND, M.S., Asst. Physicist PAUL F. ELARDE, B.S., Research Assistant GEOCHEMISTRY FRANK H. REED, Ph.D., Chief Chemist W. F. BRADLEY, Ph.D., Assoc. Chemist G. C. FINGER, Ph.D., Assoc. Chemist HELEN F. AUSTIN, B.S., Research Assistant Fuels G. R. YOHE, Ph.D., Assoc. Chemist in Charge CARL HARMAN, B.S., Research Assistant Industrial Minerals J. S. MACHIN, Ph.D., Chemist and Head JAMES F. VANECEK, M.S., Research Assistant . Analytical O. W. REES, Ph.D., Chemist and Head L. D. McVICKER, B.S., Asst. Chemist GEORGE W. LAND, M.S., Research Assistant P. W. HENLINE, M.S., Research Assistant MATHEW KALINOWSKI, M.S., Research Assistant ARNOLD J. VERAGUTH, M.S., Research Assistant M I N E R A L ECONOM I CS W. H. VOSKUIL, Ph.D., Mineral Economist GRACE N. OLIVER, A.B., Assistant in Mineral Eco- nomics EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION DON L. CARROLL, B.S., Assoc. Geologist PUBLICATIONS AND RECORDS GEORGE E. EKBLAW, Ph.D., Geological Editor CHALMER L. COOPER, M.S., Geological Editor DOROTHY ROSE, B.S., Technical Editor KATHRYN K. DEDMAN, M.A., Asst. Technical Editor ALMA R. SWEENY, A.B., Technical Files Clerk FRANCES HARPER LEHDE, M.S., Asst. Technica Files Clerk MEREDITH M. CALKINS, Geologic Draftsman LESLIE D. VAUGHAN, Asst. Photographer DOLORES C. THOMAS, B.A., Geologic Clerk Consultants: Ceramics, CULLEN WARNER PARMELEE, M.S., D.Sc, RALPH K. HURSH, B.S., University of Illinois; Pleistocene Invertebrate Paleontology, FRANK COLLINS BAKER, B.S., University of Illinois. Topographic Mapping in Cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. This Report is a Contribution of the Industrial Minerals Division. 11. Results of Calcium Carbonate Equivalent tests on samples from Richland County 42 12. Results of Calcium Carbonate Equivalent tests on samples from Jasper County 43 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE PAGE 1. Sketch map of Bear Creek area 9 2. Sketch map of area two miles west of Toledo 11 3. Sketch map of the Fulfer Creek area 16 4. Sketch map of the Lime Creek area 20 5. Sketch map of the Dismal Creek area with enlarged insert of a part of sec. 36 22 6. Sketch map of the Crooked Creek area 26 7. Sketch map of Area B, a part of the general Crooked Creek area (fig. 6) 28 8. Sketch map of area two miles west of Louisville 39 4| AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES OF CUMBERLAND, EFFINGHAM, CLAY, RICHLAND AND JASPER COUNTIES By R. M. Grogan and J. E. Lamar INTRODUCTION This report gives the results of an in- vestigation of the limestone resources of Cumberland, Effingham, Clay, Richland, and Jasper counties, with particular empha- sis on the value of the resources for agri- cultural limestone. The data presented are also valuable in determining the probable suitability of the deposits for many other uses of limestone. There are a number of limestones exposed in the counties covered by this report, but only four of them are known to be suffi- ciently thick to have significance as sources of agricultural limestone even in small amounts. These limestones are, in order of age from oldest to youngest, the Bogota, Newton, Omega (Calhoun?) and Shum- way limestones. 1 Since the limestone resources of Richland and Jasper counties were found to be of minor commercial importance, most of this report deals with the resources of Cumber- land, Effingham, and Clay counties. In these three counties the Omega limestone is the only limestone consistently more than 2 feet thick. It appears to be the only formation capable of supplying economically 5,000 or more tons of stone from a single deposit. Its calcium carbonate equivalent (C.C.E. ) or neutralizing value varies but is usually more than 90 per cent in Effing- ham County and between 80 and 90 per cent in Cumberland County. In Clay County the C.C.E. of the limestone is about 90 per cent where the formation is 4 feet thick or less, but where the thickness exceeds 4 feet the C.C.E. ranges from 40 to 95 per cent but is commonly 70 per cent or more. 'For further information regarding the details of the stratigraphic succession of the "Coal Measures" rocks in southeastern Illinois, see Weller, J. M., and Bell, A. H., The Geology and Oil and Gas Possibilities of Parts of Marion and Clay Counties: Illinois State Geol. Survey Report of Investigations No. 40, 1936; also, Newton, W. A., and Weller, J. M., Stratigraphic Studies of Pennsylvanian Outcrops in Part of Southeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geol. Survey Report of Investigations No. 45, 1937. Several other limestones crop out in the three counties, notably the Shumway lime- stone which reaches a thickness of 8 to 12 inches in Effingham County and the New- ton limestone which is 10 to 12 inches thick in Cumberland County. These and other thin limestones, in a few places offering favorable quarrying conditions, may furnish a few hundred tons of limestone, but in general they are believed to be of minor, if any, commercial importance. The writers acknowledge the aid obtained in this studv from the notes and maps of Dr. George E. Ekblaw and Dr. J. M. Weller of the Survey staff and Mr. Win. Newton, formerly of the Survey staff. Mr. Cove Heilbronner assisted in the field work. OMEGA LIMESTONE Occurrence and Character Outcrops of the Omega limestone in Effingham County are restricted to a small area south of Altamont and were observed only along Big Creek, Fulfer Creek, and Lime Creek. In Cumberland County they occur along Bear Creek and one of its tribu- taries northwest of Toledo, along a small creek two miles west of Toledo, at a number of localities in the bluffs bordering the bottomland of Embarrass River, and at sev- eral other points. In Clay County outcrops of Omega limestone are restricted to the valleys of Dismal and Crooked creeks and their tributaries northwest of Louisville with the exception of one outcrop along Little Wabash River east of Iola. The stream valleys in which limestone was observed are characterized by relatively high, steep valley-walls, made up largely of glacial clay plus bedrock in some places, and by comparatively flat bottoms of variable width underlain mainly by sand, silt, and clay into which the stream has cut its pres- ent narrow channel. The streams wander from side to side over the flat bottomlands, 5] AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES in some places exposing the limestone in the valley walls, in others uncovering the lime- stone in present or former channels in the valley floors. The overburden on the limestone in the valley walls and also on the valley-flats is generally too thick to permit profitable quarrying except in limited areas where the overburden has been thinned by erosion or where the limestone is unusually thick. Exposures of Omega limestone along streams are continuous for short distances only. Usually in a given area the outcrops consist of a series of two or more relatively small outcrops. The limited extent and dis- continuity of outcrops may be due to one or more of the following factors : ( 1 ) the limestone bed may be actually discontinuous because it has been worn away by the stream, (2) the surface of the limestone may be uneven because it has been only partially worn away by the stream, or (3) the limestone stratum may not be flat-lying but gently warped into a series of low ridges and depressions. It is believed that the third factor is primarily responsible for the dis- continuity although the other factors are contributory and locally may be of first importance. Where the maximum thickness of the Omega limestone is exposed in Effingham County it has the following characteristics : at the bottom a medium- to coarse-grained fossil-bearing gray portion as much as 14 inches thick ; a middle portion consisting of medium- to fine-grained dense gray lime- stone 2 to 2]/> feet thick; and an upper unit of medium- to coarse-grained fossil-bearing limestone having a maximum thickness of 14 inches or more. The outcrops in stream beds commonly belong to the middle portion of the formation although in places the upper unit is also exposed. The basal unit is rarely seen and is not everywhere present. Northward in Cumberland County the formation consists of a fine-grained fossil- iferous hard gray massive lower portion as much as 2]/? feet thick and a nodular fine- to very fine-grained gray upper portion from 2 to 5 feet thick. Nearly all of the stream outcrops consist of the upper nodular por- tion. The massive lower part is absent at some localities. In Clay County on the south the most common exposures of the Omega limestone consist of a massive bed. 2 to 4i/> feet thick, of light to dark gray, fine- to very fine- grained, dense crystalline fossiliferous lime- stone. Where the limestone is 5 feet or more thick it is usually divisible into two parts: an upper portion from 3 V? to 13 feet thick of fine- to very fine-grained clayey lime- stone, in beds 1 inch to 3 feet thick, and having a leached zone at its top ; and a lower portion 6 to 15 inches thick of dark gray medium- to fine-grained very fossil- iferous generally soft and thin-bedded lime- stone. The thickness of the formation varies considerably from one outcrop to the next and may vary within a single quarry site. Overburden The overburden on the Omega limestone in the valley walls consists of pebbly and sandy glacial clay plus shale or sandstone or both. The total thickness ranges from less than one foot to 35 feet or more. Close to the streams where outcrops occur the thickness of the overburden varies because it has been unequally eroded. The cost of stripping shale from the limestone would probably be greater than the cost of remov- ing a sand, silt, or clay overburden. The overburden on the limestone in the valley-flats is chiefly sand, clayey silt, and clay. Its thickness is variable, ranging from less than 1 foot to 10 feet or more. This overburden should be relatively easy to re- move. Observations from outcrops and soil au- ger borings show that the surface of the limestone is quite uneven so that the thick- ness of overburden can be accurately pre- dicted only after extensive prospecting. At some localities in Clay County the top of the Omega limestone is marked by a zone of soft brown rotted limestone, a few inches to a foot or more thick, which has been leached of most of its calcium carbonate. This rotted stone is found most commonly in those deposits in the valley walls whose overburden includes no shale. Such leached rock should be excluded from agricultural limestone, and in the quarrying of limestone for this purpose it should be considered as a part of the overburden. General Quarrying Considerations An important item in the location of a quarry is the ease with which the proposed quarry can be kept dry. In some places the Omega limestone occurs high enough in the OMEGA LIMESTONE valley walls of streams that quarries would not be subject to Hooding by high water. In general, drainage in quarries in the valley walls should be relatively easy to maintain. On the other hand, most quarries located in valley Moors would be subject to flooding and their operation would be confined large- ly to dry periods unless levees were built to protect them. Provisions may usually be necessary for pumping flood water, rain water and snow water from valley-flat quar- ries. For the foregoing reasons it is desirable to locate crushing equipment and storage piles for finished rock on high ground. The quarrying and crushing of the Ome- ga limestone is not believed to offer any unusual problems. Locally the limestone is cut by rather frequent vertical or nearly vertical joints, some of which have been enlarged by solution and are filled with mud, giving rise to "mud seams." The mud from these seams probably could not be separated readily from the stone during quarrying if machine loading of the stone were practised. It might hamper hand load- ing but would be a less serious handicap. If the stone is quarried for agricultural limestone, care should be exercised to elim- inate the mud from the finished agstone. It is believed that the Omega limestone is sufficiently well bedded that proper blast- ing would reduce most of it to "man size" or to a size which could be sledged to "man size". Some secondary blasting to reduce large pieces might be necessary. There is considerable difference of opin- ion as to the thickness of overburden which could be removed from a 2 to 13-foot lime- stone bed, such as the Omega limestone, and still leave a profit to the operator after other quarrying and crushing costs are deducted. Obviously a great many factors influence ideas on this matter such as whether or not mechanical loading equipment is employed for stripping off the overburden, ease of disposal of removed overburden, the size of the quarry operation, and the price ob- tained for the finished agstone. It is believed that the removal of 2 feet of unconsolidated overburden to uncover 1 foot of stone is usually the maximum possible for a com- mercial operation and that a much lower overburden-to-stone ratio is commonly nec- essary. Therefore, in this investigation only those deposits having an overburden-to- stone ratio of less than 2 : 1 were given detailed attention. hi Effingham County the quantity or Omega limestone available at any one place with less than an average of 1 1/> feet of overburden is probably quite small, possibly not in excess of 2,000 tons. Stone with an overburden averaging 3 feet thick is prob- ably to be found in deposits of 5,000 tons or more. In Cumberland County stone with an average overburden 3 feet thick or less is probably to be found in deposits or approximately 5,000 tons, and stone with an overburden averaging 5 feet thick is probably to be found in deposits of 10,000 tons or more. In Clay County probably not more than 5,000 tons of stone is gen- erally available from any one deposit with less than an average of 1 foot of overburden for 1 foot of limestone. One deposit con- taining an estimated 100,000 tons is an exception. There is one deposit of limestone with a ratio of rock to overburden from 1:1 to 1:1-2 which is estimated to contain about 400,000 tons. In both the last two deposits the C.C.E. is comparatively low. Suggestions Regarding Prospecting It is possible by simple inspection of out- crops to select sites favorable for the quarry- ing of a few hundred tons or possibly a few thousand tons of limestone, but the estab- lishment of any commercial quarry which is intended to be relatively permanent should be preceded by adequate prospecting to de- termine the amount and character of over- burden and the thickness and character of the limestone. The unevenness of the top of the Omega limestone makes prospecting especially necessary. The approximate thickness of overburden can be determined by borings made with a posthole auger or by soil auger providing no boulders or gravel are encountered. Test pits may also be dug. Thickness of lime- stone may be ascertained by drilling through the stratum with hand- or power-operated drills. Core drills usually yield the best samples for testing. Test pits may also be blasted through the limestone to determine the thickness of the stone and to provide samples for testing. In general it is believed that the calcium carbonate equivalent value of the Omega limestone in Effingham and Cumberland counties is fairly constant within a given area, so that prospecting need not involve 8 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES as frequent testing of purity as would be necessary in Clay County, where the C.C.E. apparently varies with changes in thickness of the formation and is commonly different in different layers of the formation. Where the limestone shows changes in thickness or character, frequent C.C.E. determina- tions should be made. CUMBERLAND COUNTY OMEGA LIMESTONE DEPOSITS Bear Creek Area The Bear Creek area comprises a tract along Bear Creek in sec. 15, T. 10 N., R. 8 E. (fig. 1). In this area the creek has in places a valley-flat as much as 600 feet wide which is bordered by bluffs 20 feet or more high. The Omega limestone crops out locally in the bed and in cut-banks along the creek. The fact that only the top of the limestone is exposed in the creek bed in some places whereas in exposures in the creek banks nearby the base of the limestone is visible as high as 4 feet above water level suggests that the limestone stratum is not flat lying but rather is arched into a series of low ridges and shallow depresisons. It is likewise probable that Bear Creek locally has worn away part or all of the limestone formation. A combination of the foregoing factors is thought to be responsible for the discontinuity of the outcrops of the Omega limestone in the valley of Bear Creek. At (A) (fig. 1) Omega limestone crops out in the south valley wall of the creek where the following strata are exposed: Strata exposed in south valley wall of Bear Creek near (A) Ft. in. 6. Soil and glacial clay 3-15 ± 5. Limestone, gray, nodular, fine- grained, fossiliferous, in beds from Yl inch to 6 inches thick. One foot above base of this bed occurs a clay parting ranging from ^ inch to 2 inches thick 5 4. Limestone, gray, very fine-grained, crinoidal, dense, massive 6 3. Sandstone, gray-buff, fine-grained. . V/i 2. Shale, greenish-gray, thin-bedded, contains numerous limy nodules. 20 1. Sandstone, gray, fine-grained 2 Covered Sample 22 taken from bed No. 4 tested 85 per cent C.C.E. ; sample 23 from bed No. 5 tested 89 per cent C.C.E. In the east-west road south of (A) there is a poor exposure of Omega limestone over- lain by at least 12 feet of glacial clay. The valley-flat area at (A) on the north side of Bear Creek rises north and north- west from the center of its south margin toward the valley wall on the north. The level of the flat is about 3 feet above the base of the limestone cropping out in the south valley wall and 7 to 9 feet above the top of the limestone cropping out in the creek bed west of (A). Limestone may underlie parts of this valley-flat area, but it is believed to have a comparatively heavy overburden and to be less attractive as a potential quarry site than some of the other deposits described. Table 1. — Records of Soil Auger Borings in the Bear Creek Area Ft. in. Boring No. 11 Silt, brown, sandy, clayey 1 Silt, sandy 3 6 Silt, sandy, pebbly 6 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 5 feet No water was encountered. Boring A T o. 12 Silt, brown, sandy, clayey 3 6 Sand, brown 1 Clay, gray, sandy, small pebbles at base 1 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth b l /2 feet No water was encountered. Boring No. 13 Sand, brown 1 8 Clay, black, pebbly 3 4 Clay, gray-brown, pebbly 1 6 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth d l / 2 feet No water was encountered. Boring No. 14 Soil, black 6 Clay, black, pebbly 3 Clay, dark gray, pebbly 3 6 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 7 feet No water was encountered. Boring No. 15 Soil, black 6 Silt, brown, clayey, grading into sand below 1 6 Sand, brown, silty 2 Sand, brown, pebbly, clayey, silty 2 4 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 6 feet, 4 inches Water encountered at 6 feet. Near (B) (fig. 1), Omega limestone crops out in two places in the bed of Bear Creek close to the north valley wall. From 8 to 10 inches of nodular limestone is ex- posed at low water. Twelve feet of shale overlain by 2]/? feet of sandstone occurs in CUMBERLAND COUNTY ''/8 ! /4 /2 MILE SCALE Fig. 1. — Sketch map of the Bear Creek area. the valley wall above the limestone at the western outcrop. Midway between the two limestone outcrops, the lower part of the overlying shale is exposed at water level on the north side of the creek. At (B) there is a roughly rectangular tract of valley-flat approximately 700 feet long and 300 feet wide which may be under- lain by limestone at a shallow depth. The area is bounded on the south by the valley wall and on the remaining three sides by the creek. Two borings were made with a soil auger in this flat (see fig. 1 and table 1). Both borings stopped at what was believed to be rock, probably limestone, boring No. 13 at 6]/2 feet and boring No. 14 at 7 feet below the surface. The apparent thickness of overburden where the limestone crops out in the bed of Bear Creek along the north boundary of the area is 5 feet. Hence it appears probable that at least part of this tract of approximately 5 acres is underlain by limestone with an overburden from 5 to 7 feet thick of sand and pebbly clay and possibly some shale. The thickness of the limestone probably underlying this tract is unknown, but where the limestone is fully exposed in the cut bank 250 feet to the east it is 5]/z feet thick. Assuming that the limestone averages 2]/? feet thick, there may be approximately 35,- 000 tons of limestone available at (B) under an average overburden of 5 to 7 feet. During times of low water, gray fine- grained nodular limestone crops out almost continuously along the creek west of (C) (fig. 1). Two outcrops also occur in the creek southwest and southeast of (C). The general level of the valley-flat in the vicinity of (C) appears to be 5 to 6 feet above the top of the limestone. Soil auger boring No. 15, (table 1 and fig. 1), encountered im- penetrable material, probably Omega lime- stone, at a depth of 6 feet 4 inches. The 10 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES thickness of limestone underlying this tract is unknown. Assuming a thickness of 2]/z feet for the limestone, and further assum- ing that limestone underlies all the valley- flat in the vicinity of (C), the tract at (C) might provide 40,000 to 50,000 tons of limestone with an average overhurden of 5 to 7 feet. In addition to the outcrops in the creek east of (D) (fig. 1), limestone is also ex- posed in the hed of a flood channel of Bear Creek west of (D). It is believed that the area between the normal channel of the creek and the flood channel is underlain by limestone at a probable average depth of less than 5 feet. If the limestone averages 2l/> feet thick in this tract it is estimated that it contains about 6,000 tons of stone. Addi- tional stone is probably available with a somewhat thicker overburden in parts of the tract west of the flood channel. That part of the valley-flat at (E) (fig. 1 ) adjacent to the creek is low-lying, but the surface rises gently to the west and south as a result of the merging of low alluvial fans developed at the mouths of several gullies. It is possible that the lime- stone bed observed in the creek extends westward under area (E) and that pros- pecting might reveal quarryable deposits of stone. At (F) (fig. 1) the Omega limestone crops out in the west valley wall of Bear Creek. The beds exposed are as follows: Strata exposed in west val/ev wall at (F) Ft. 3. Soil and glacial clay 2-20+ 2. Limestone, gray, nodular, fine-grained, dense, in beds 1 to 3 inches thick 2 1. Limestone, gray, fine-grained, fossilifer- ous, dense, in beds from 4 to 6 inches thick 2 Covered, to creek level 4 Samples 20 and 21 were taken from beds 1 and 2, respectively. Both tested 89 per cent C.C.E. Shale and sandstone crop out in the creek below the level of the limestone about 100 feet southeast of the outcrop at (F). West of the creek at (F) the thickness of overburden increases rapidly with the slope of the land. East of the creek the level of the valley-flat is below that of the base of the exposed limestone, and the valley-flat therefore is probably not generally under- lain by limestone. No limestone outcrops were observed in the creek east of (G) (fig. 1). At the south end of this tract of valley-flat the sur- face is about at the level of the middle of the limestone bed exposed at (F), whereas at the north end of the tract it lies between 5 and 10 feet above the top of the limestone in the creek. Though limestone is not known to underlie tract (G), it may be present in places, most probably at the north end of the tract. Six to 15 inches of gray fine-grained nod- ular fossiliferous limestone is exposed at low water in the bed of Bear Creek at (H) (fig. 1). On the south side of the creek the limestone is covered by 5 to 10 feet of soil and glacial clay. North of the creek is an area of valley-flat approximately 600 feet long and 200 to 300 feet wide which rises gently toward the valley wall to the north. Two soil auger borings were made in this tract (fig. 1 and table 1). Boring No. 11 reached hard material, probably limestone, at a depth of 5 feet. Boring No. 12 is believed to have struck the limestone at 5 \A feet. It is probable that this tract is underlain by Omega limestone and that an area of approximately one acre would have an overburden of sand and sandy clay from 3 to 5\4 f eet thick. No information about the total thickness of the limestone was obtainable. If the limestone were 2yi feet thick, approximately 10,000 tons should be available in this area with about 5 feet or less overburden. It is believed that roughly 1,000 tons of limestone with less than 2 feet of overburden is quarryable from the creek bed and its immediately adjacent banks. Bear Creek Tributary In sees. 16 and 17, T. 10 N., R. 8 E., the Omega limestone crops out in the bed of a gully tributary to Bear Creek. In the NW. i/J SW. \/ A NW. \/ A sec. 16, 15 inches of nodular gray limestone is exposed in the stream bed just south of the intersection of the gully and the road. The thickness of overburden increases rapidly east and west of the gully to a maximum of 15 feet or more. The limestone appears again in the gullv bottom a short distance southwest and again in the SE. \/ A SE. l/ 4 NE. \/ A sec. 17. Only small amounts of limestone are avail- able from these outcrops under thin over- burden. CUMBERLAND COUNTY 11 At the last mentioned locality, 12 to 15 inches of gray fine-grained nodular Omega limestone is exposed beneath 4 to 10-(- feet of soil and glacial clay for a short distance along a north-south trending portion of the gully. Twenty-five feet west of the gully is a small abandoned limestone quarry, now water-filled, in which no rock is visible. The pit occupies an area approximately 40 by 60 feet over which the overburden must have been at least 6 feet thick. West of the quarry lies an area of 20 acres or more where, if the limestone is present, its over- burden is 6 to 10 feet thick. The full thick- ness of the limestone is nowhere exposed in the gully, and no information as to its thick- ness in the quarry was available. The quarry is said to have been abandoned be- cause of too thick overburden and trouble with water Hooding. West of Toledo The Omega limestone crops out in the bed of a small creek in the NE. l/J sec. 27, T. 10 N., R. 8 E., approximately two miles west of Toledo and one mile north of Illi- nois State Highway No. 121 (fig. 2). The creek enters Muddy Creek a short distance east of the east line of sec. 27. Along that portion of the valley shown in figure 2, the valley-flat averages about 125 feet in width and is bounded by low bluffs 10 to 20 feet high. The outcrops of limestone shown in figure 2 are in the bed of the creek or low in its banks. LEGEND '"//, BLUFF o AUGER BORING • LIMESTONE OUTCROP A LOCALITY DISCUSSED IN TEXT b;^ \\'/2 MILE TO HWY 121 *C> I '/B 'A MILE SCALE Fig. 2. — Sketch map of area two miles west of Toledo comprising the NE. 14 sec. 27, T. 10 N.. R. 8 E. The Omega limestone apparently dips roughly southeast at a low angle, and as a result the same part of the formation crops out at intervals for four-tenths of a mile in the bed of the creek. Southeastward beyond the map limits, outcrops occurring in the bluffs above the level of the valley-flat indi- cate that there the slope of the gully exceeds the general dip of the limestone formation. The formation is probably locally arched and depressed as it is in the Bear Creek area but to a lesser degree. Directly east of boring No. 1 (fig. 2) the following strata are exposed in the creek bed and banks : Strata exposed east of boring No. I Ft. in. 4. Soil, buff, sandy, pebbly (east bank) 3-10 3. Limestone, light gray and buff, fos- siliferous, very nodular, in indis- tinct beds, 1 to 8 inches thick. ... 2 3 2. Clay, dark gray and buff, car- bonaceous, not consistently pres- ent 1 1. Limestone, light gray and buff, fos- siliferous, especially in upper 6 inches, nodular but more massive than bed No. 3 2 6± Covered Sample 76 from bed No. 3 tested 88 per cent C.C.E. ; Sample 77 from bed No. 1 tested 87 per cent C.C.E. North of the described outcrop, the top of bed No. 1 forms the bed of the creek as far as rock crops out. The outcrop at the north end of tract (A) consists of sev- eral inches of limestone in the creek bed, probably also near the top of bed No. 1. South of the outcrop east of boring No. 1 the stream has cut through the limestone and exposed as much as 2 feet of gray thin- bedded shale underlying the limestone. On the east side of the creek the over- burden ranges in thickness from 5 feet at the northernmost outcrop to about 3 feet east of boring No. 1 where the stream has cut into its east valley wall. The 3-foot thickness increases rapidly to 10 feet within a few feet east of the outcrop. Elsewhere the valley-flat surface rises gradually toward the east bluff. On the west side of the creek in tract (A) the overburden ranges from 5 feet at the north end to 1-3 feet at the outcrop near boring No. 1. Tract (A) is part of the valley-flat, and the surface rises very gently from the stream channel westward to the west valley wall. Boring No. 1 (fig. 2, table 2) encountered hard material, prob- 12 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES ably limestone, at a depth of 3 feet below the surface and at a level 1 foot above the exposed top of bed No. 1 in the stream channel. Assuming tract (A) is underlain by lime- stone 2\6 f eet thick, then between the creek and the bluff there is an area about 100 feet wide and 250 feet long which is estimated to contain roughly 5,500 tons of rock with 3 feet or less overburden. Possibly 8,000 tons is available under 5 feet or less over- burden. The valley-flat at tract (B) (fig. 2) rises gently from the creek toward the valley wall. South and southwest of boring No. 2 (fig. 2) limestone appears only in the creek banks, the following beds being exposed south of boring No. 2: Strata exposed south of boring No. 2 Ft. in. 4. Soil, black, silty 1 6 3. Limestone, nodular, uneven 1 2 2. Limestone, fossiliferous 4 1. Shale, gray, thin-bedded 1 6 Covered Boring No. 2 (fig. 2, table 2) struck hard material, probably limestone, at a depth of 5 feet and an estimated 21/ feet above the exposed top of bed No. 3 in the outcrop east of boring No. 1. Apparently the limestone formation is slightly arched in the vicinity of boring No. 2. South and east of boring No. 3 the top of the lower member of the limestone for- mation which is exposed east of boring No. 1 crops out continuously in the creek bed with occasional exposures of the lower part of the upper member appearing in the banks. Boring No. 3 (fig. 2, table 2) encoun- tered impenetrable material at a depth of 4l4 feet and at a level 2]/z feet above the exposed top of the lower member of the limestone in the stream channel directly south. The overburden in the southwest bank of the creek in tract (B) ranges from 1 to 3 feet in thickness, but rapidly increases to 10 feet in the southwest valley wall. On the northeast side it is 2j/2 to 3 feet thick over most of the valley-flat and increases gradually to about 10 feet in the valley wall. It is difficult to estimate the thickness of limestone underlying tract (B), not only because of the observed thinness of the for- mation south of boring No. 2, but also be- cause borings Nos. 2 and 3 struck rock well above the level of the exposed limestone in nearby gully outcrops. If its thickness aver- ages 2]A feet then approximately 11,000 tons of stone is available with 5 feet or less overburden from an area roughly 600 feet long and 100 feet wide. Possibly 5,000 to 6,000 tons is available with 3 feet or less overburden. The top of the lower member of the Omega limestone is exposed continuously in the bed of the creek on the north and east sides of valley-flat tract (C) (fig. 2) and on the east half of the south side. A maxi- mum of 1 foot of this lower member appears in the creek bed, but the base is not ex- posed. The overburden on the east side of the stream channel is about 2i/> feet thick, increasing rapidly to 10 feet or more in the east valley wall. The overburden on the west side ranges in thickness from 2i/> to 3 feet at the channel to 5 feet at boring No. 4 (fig. 2). This boring struck hard material at a depth of 5 feet. If this hard material is limestone, then it occurs at a level 2l^ feet above the exposed top of the limestone in the creek bed. Assuming that the limestone underlies an area roughly 100 feet wide and 200 feet long and is 2j/2 feet thick, it is estimated that approximately 4,500 tons of stone is available from tract (C) with an average of 4 feet or less overburden. At the bend in the creek south of boring No. 4, 18 inches of very earthy nodular limestone is exposed in the west bank. About 2 feet of the same material appears at the next outcrop southeast. Apparently the rock exposed is part of the upper, more nodular portion of the Omega limestone formation which at this locality contains a large amount of clay. The appearance of the upper member of the formation in the creek bed indicates that the beds have been slightly downwarped. Because of the im- pure nature of the limestone, that part of the valley-flat between tracts (C) and (D) is not thought to have much commercial importance. Along the east edge of tract (D) (fig. 2), from 2|/2 to 3 feet of hard nodular limestone is exposed in the bed of the creek. The base of the limestone is not exposed. Whether the limestone belongs to the upper or lower members of the formation is not certain. Sample 78 taken from a 3-foot thickness of limestone at the bend in the creek southeast of boring No. 5 tested 88 CUMBERLAND COUNTY 13 per cent C.C.E. Immediately east of the stream channel the east valley wall rises to a height of 8 to 15 feet. It consists of glacial clay and loess. The overburden in the west bank of the creek ranges from 6 inches to 3 feet in thickness. The surface rises very gently toward the west valley wall. Boring No. 5 struck what is believed to be the sur- face of the limestone at a depth of 3^4 feet and at a level 6 inches below the exposed top of the limestone in the creek bed east of the boring. If a 2]/> foot thickness of lime- stone underlies an area roughly 325 feet long and 125 feet wide, then from tract (D) approximately 8,000 tons of stone is available under an average of 4 feet or less overburden, and probably 5,000 tons under an average of 3 feet or less of cover. From tract (D) southeast to the mouth of the valley, outcrops are infrequent and occur above the level of the valley-flat in the creek banks or valley walls under mod- erately heavy overburden. The one such outcrop shown on the map consists of 4i/> feet of very earthy nodular limestone, only the lower 2 feet of which may be present under the opposite valley-flat. It is esti- mated that clay which is mixed with nodular masses of limestone makes up 30 to 40 per cent of the formation. The overburden con- sists of 5 to 15 feet of soil and glacial clay. At this locality the thickness of the over- burden and the impurity of the limestone are unfavorable for the production of agri- cultural limestone. Approximately 100 yards southeast of the preceding outcrop, the following strata are exposed in the west vallev wall, SE. corner of the NE. Va sec. 27, T. 10 N., R. 8 E. : Strata exposed in west valley wall Ft. in. 7. Soil and glacial clay 10 + 6. Sandstone, brown, calcareous 1 6 5. Clay, gray to buff 6 4. Limestone, light gray, nodular, fos- siliferous, in indistinct beds 1 to 3 inches thick 3 2 3. Clay, gray, not always present. ... 1 2. Limestone, light gray, slightly nodu- lar, more massive, beds averaging 3 inches thick 2 6 1. Shale, gray, soft, thin-bedded 8 Covered to bed of gully 3± It is unlikely that agstone could be quar- ried economically at this locality because of the thickness and character of the over- burden. At intervals throughout the course of the creek from tract (A) to tract (D) con- siderable amounts of loose limestone nodules occupy the stream bed and form a relatively small but easily available source of agstone. It is estimated that as much as 2,000 tons of limestone may be available from the creek bed in the form of nodules and also solid limestone w T ith practically no over- burden. All the deposits described in the preced- ing paragraphs are less than a quarter of a mile from a road. From tract (D) it is only two-tenths of a mile southwest to a dirt road and thence half a mile south to Highway 121. Table 2. — Records of Soil Auger Borings in the Area Two Miles West of Toledo Ft. in. Boring No. 1 Soil, black, sandy 2 Clay, gray-buff, pebbly 1 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 3 feet No water was encountered. Boring No. 2 Silt, gray-brown 3 6 Clay, buff, sandy 1 Clay, buff and gray, tough, laminated 6 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 5 feet No water was encountered. Boring No. 3 Silt, dark brown 2 6 Clay, buff, very sandy and pebbly 1 6 Clay, brown red, tough 3 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 4 feet, 3 inches No water was encountered. Boring No. 4 Silt, gray-black, sandy 4 6 Clay, buff to gray, weathered 6 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 5 feet No water was encountered. Boring A T o. 5 Soil, black, sandy 3 Clay, buff, sandy, gravelly 9 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 3 feet, 9 inches No water was encountered. Bluffs along Embarrass River The Omega limestone crops out in sees. 2 and 3, T. 9 N., R. 9 E., in road cuts where State Highway 121 descends the bluffs on either side of the Embarrass River vallev. On the east side of the highway in the NW. |4 NW. 14 SW. 14 sec. 2, 100 feet south of the bridge, the following beds are exposed in the southeast valley wall : 14 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES Beds exposed along State Highway 121 Ft. in. 8. Soil and glacial clay 5-20 + 7. Limestone, gray, fine-grained, nodu- lar, detrital 20 6. Limestone, gray, fine-grained, cri- noidal, very fossiliferous, dense . 12 5. Shale, green 3 4. Sandstone 2 3. Shale, buff grading to black in lower 6 inches 5 2. Sandstone, grading into shale below 3 1. Shale, gray and bufF, thin-bedded. . 5 6 Covered Sample 16 from bed No. 6 tested 79 per cent and 17 from bed No. 7 tested 88 per cent C.C.E. Half a mile northwest, essentially the same beds are exposed in a similar road cut on the northeast side of Highway 121 in the northwest valley wall of the river, SE. 14 NW. |4 NE. 14 sec. 3. At all these outcrops in the river bluffs the base of the Omega limestone is 20 to 25 feet above the level of the valley-flat. The thickness of overburden on the lime- stone is variable ; it increases rapidly away from the outcrop and in general appears to be too thick for profitable quarrying of the limestone. It is possible, however, that small areas may be available having an over- burden less than 5 feet thick. The same situation with respect to thick- ness of overburden and availability of lime- stone recurs in sec. 23, T. 10 N., R. 9 E., where the Omega limestone crops out in roads ascending the west valley wall of the Embarrass River. The following strata are exposed in the north-south road in the center 5. ]4 S. 14 SW. |4 sec. 23: Strata exposed in road Ft. 4. Soil and glacial clay 5-20+ 3. Limestone, gray, fine-grained, dense, nodular 3 2. Shale 5± 1. Sandstone, gray, fine-grained 6 + Covered The same strata are exposed in the east- west road, center of the south line, SE. 1/4 SW. 14 SW. 14 sec. 23. Though this local- ity appears unpromising, prospecting might reveal limited tracts having comparatively thin overburden from which small amounts of stone could be produced. In a small gully in the NW. cor. SE. \/\ SW. 14 NW. 14', sec. 14, T. 10 N., R. 9 E., a few hundred feet west of the west valley wall of the Embarrass River and 150 yards north of an east-west road, the Omega limestone is exposed as a ledge of gray very- fine-grained dense nodular limestone, 4]/2 feet thick, overlying 15 inches of shale and 5 feet of sandstone. Sample 24 taken from the limestone tested 84 per cent C.C.E. The limestone underlies 2 to 3 feet of soil, sand, and clayey silt over an area of valley- flat estimated to be 40 feet wide and 150 feet long. The gully walls rise very steeply on both sides to a height of at least 30 feet. It is estimated that 2,000 tons of limestone may be available in the valley-flat under an average overburden of 3 feet or less. A quarry in this deposit would be subject to flooding by heavy rains. Though limestone has never been quarried at this locality, a considerable amount of the underlying sand- stone is said to have been quarried for foundations and well linings before the ad- vent of concrete. The Omega limestone crops out low in the east bank of the Embarrass River for a distance of about an eighth of a mile in the SW. 1/4 SE. 14 SW. 14 sec. 35, T. 1 1 N., R. 9 E. The following series of beds is exposed : Reds exposed in east bank of Embarrass River Ft. in. 5. Glacial clay and slumped slope. . . .20-30 4. Limestone, gray, fine- to medium- grained, very fossiliferous, in beds 1 inch to 6 inches thick 1 6 3. Limestone, gray, very fine-grained, nodular, fossiliferous, in beds 34 inch to 2 feet thick 4 9 2. Limestone, gray, fine-grained, very fossiliferous 3 1. Shale, gray to buff, soft, thin-bedded 6± Covered to water level Three samples were taken from the lime- stone and tested. The results are as follows: Sample Bed C.C.E. per cent 64 2 86 65 3 91 66 4 90 The average C.C.E. value for the entire thickness of the exposed limestone is 90.5 per cent. At this locality the river is against its east valley wall and as a consequence the valley wall is quite steep. The thickness of the overburden on the limestone in the valley wall increases from a few feet at the outcrop to approximately 40 feet thick a short distance back from the outcrop. Small amounts of limestone could be quar- CI WBERLAXD COUNTY 15 ried here but the thickness of overburden is discouraging to extensive development. Across the river west of the outcrop is a valley-Hat three-tenths of a mile wide whose general level appears to be about 8 feet above the level of the top of the lime- stone in the river bluff. If the limestone is present beneath this Hat, prospecting may reveal areas with 5 feet or less overburden, especially in shallow surface depressions marking irregular Mood channels. There is. however, considerable question whether or not the Omega limestone underlies this valley-flat. A soil auger boring was made in one of the low places on the valley-flat, 675 feet northwest of the west end of Ryan bridge at a point 5 feet below the level of the river bank. Drilling was carried to a depth of 10 feet through sandy silt without encountering solid rock. Other Localities In the NW. I/4 SW. L 4 SE. l , 4 sec. 26, T. 10 N., R. 8 E., in the north bank of a small creek at a point 250 feet northwest of a ford across the stream, the following strata are exposed : Strata exposed in north bank of creek Ft. in. 4. Soil, buff to gray, silty 3-5 3. Limestone, light gray, nodular, fos- siliferous, containing thin clay seams 2 + 2. Limestone, light gray, fossiliterous massive 7 1. Shale, gray, soft, thin-bedded 6 Covered The overburden in the adjacent valley- flat ranges from 3 to 5 feet in thickness. The valley-flat is 50 to 60 feet wide. To the northwest down the creek occasional poor outcrops of limestone appear higher in the banks. The base of the formation is well above the level of the valley-flat an eighth of a mile north of the described outcrop. At the locality described above, the thin- ness of the limestone and the fact that its C.C.E. is probably low make the site appear unattractive as a source of agstone. North- west down the creek, the scarcity of out- crops and the heavy overburden on those which do appear in the valley walls are like- wise not encouraging. There is a small, poorly-exposed outcrop showing about 6 inches of Omega limestone on the east slope of a small gullv in the NW. i • NW. i 4 NE. i 4 sec. 34. T. 10 N., R. 8 E. If the limestone exposed is in place, it is overlain by from to 20 feet of soil and glacial clay. The outcrop appears unfavorable for quarrying. On a narrow vallev-nat on the west side of a gully in the SE. i 4 SW. i 4 NE. \/ A sec. 5, T. 10 N., R. 8 E., occur pieces of gray fine-grained nodular fossiliferous lime- stone believed to be Omega limestone. About one foot of the rock is said to crop out in the bed of the gully at low water. No accurate information concerning the total thickness of the limestone was obtain- able. It is believed that the amount of stone available under less than 5 feet of over- burden is small. The Omega limestone occurs under a thick cover of soil and glacial clay in the east valley wall of a small creek in the NE. ii NW. i 4 NE. i 4 sec. 29. T. 10 N.. R. 10 E. Several pieces of gray fine-grained nodular dense limestone were observed in a test pit but no limestone in place was visible due to slumped soil. The limestone appar- ently underlies from 3 to 20 feet of soil and glacial clay and is situated too high in the valley wall to underlie the valley-flat. The valley walls are steep and would offer only very narrow elongate tracts for quarrying with 5 feet or less of overburden. No relia- ble information as to the thickness of the limestone was available. The limestone is said to be underlain bv a thin coal seam. NEWTON LIMESTONE DEPOSITS The Newton limestone crops out over a small area in the southwest corner of Cum- berland County close to the south county line. It is well exposed in the sides of a small gully in the SE. L 4 SE. 1 4 SE. l 4 sec. 35, T. 9 N., R. 7 E., about four-tenths of a mile north of the town of Montrose. Here 10 inches of dark gray very fine- grained dense tough fossiliferous limestone overlies 10 feet of thin-bedded buff to gray shale. The limestone is covered by soil and pebbly glacial clay from 2 to 20 feet thick. Sample 25, taken from the limestone, tested 86 per cent C.C.E. The Newton limestone rarely exceeds 1 foot in thickness and is hence believed to be generally unimportant as a source of agricultural limestone. 16 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES EFFINGHAM COUNTY 17 LIMESTONE FOR CONCRETE AGGREGATE AND ROADSTONF. It was not the purpose of this study to investigate the suitability of the limestone of Cumberland County for concrete aggre- gate and roadstone. It is believed, however, that the Omega limestone will generally be satisfactory for roadstone, but it should be submitted to standard concrete aggregate tests before it is used in concrete, especially if the concrete is to be used in exterior con- struction. The Newton limestone, judging from its behavior in weathered outcrops, should serve either purpose. EFFINGHAM COUNTY OMEGA LIMESTONE DEPOSITS Fulfer Creek Area The Fulfer Creek area comprises a tract in sees. 11 and 12, T. 6 N., R. 4 E., and sec. 7, T. 6 N., R. 5 E. (fig. 3). In this area Fulfer Creek is bordered by bluffs 30 feet or more in height but has a valley bot- tom or flat as much as 1000 feet wide in places. At (A) (fig. 3) Omega limestone crops out at the south valley wall in the bed and immediate banks of Fulfer Creek. Between 2 and 3 feet of characteristic Omega lime- stone is exposed including about 4 inches of the upper granular layer. Sample 10, taken from this outcrop, tested 95 per cent C.C.E. Five hundred feet north and 550 feet west of the outcrop in the creek is an aban- doned water-filled quarry once operated by M. G. Winter and Sons, of Altamont. The quarry lies in the valley-flat of the creek and near the base of the north valley wall. The outcrops in the creek and the old quarry probably mark the westernmost ex- tent of the Omega limestone in the Fulfer Creek area. Two borings were made with a soil auger in the vicinity of (A) (fig. 3 and table 3). Boring No. 1 stopped in gravel at a depth of 7i/? feet below the surface. The Omega limestone at this point, if present, has there- fore at least 7l/? feet of overburden. Boring No. 2 is believed to have hit rock, probably limestone, at a depth of 8]/? feet. Table 3. — Records of Soil Auger Borings in the Fulfer Creek Area Ft. in. Boring No. 1 Sand, silty 1 o Clay, black, silty 1 6 Sand, medium to coarse 3 6 Gravel 1 Total depth 73^ feet Further boring through gravel impossible with soil auger. Water encountered at depth of 5 feet. Boring No. 2 Soil, black, silty 1 Sand, fine 4 Clay, pebbly, iron-stained at top 3 6 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 8^ feet Boring A T o. 3 Soil, silty, buff 2 6 Clay, brown, sandy, pebbly 5 6 Carbonaceous material, coal? 4 Hard material Total depth 8 feet, 4 inches Boring No. 4 Soil, silty, dark gray 7 6 Clay, sandy, gray brown 6 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 8 feet Boring A T o. 5 Soil, black, silty 2 Silt, sandy, clayey, dark gray-brown . 1 6 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 3H> feet Boring No. 6 Soil, black, silty 2 6 Sand, brown 3 6 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 6 feet Boring No. 7 Soil, black, silty 2 Sand, brown, loose 2 6 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 43^2 feet Boring No. 8 Soil, black, silty 1 Sand, brown, clayey at top, pebbly at base 7 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 8 feet Boring No. 15 Soil, black, sandy 1 Sand, brown, clayey 1 6 Sand, brown, loose, pebbly 3 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth S l A feet No water encountered. Boring No. 16 Sand, gray-brown, silty 6 Soil, black, silty 1 Clay, dark gray, silty 1 Clay, brown, sandy, silty, becoming very sandy at base 2 6 Rock or pebble zone, no samples ob- tainable, may be thin limestone 1 ± Carbonaceous material, coal (?) 3± Clay, gray to bright orange-yellow, soft, mav be underclav 18 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES Ft. in. Clay, buff to gray, silty, may be shale. . 1 2 Total depth 7 feet No water encountered. Boring No. 17 Silt, dark gray, sandy 3 10 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 3 feet, 10 inches Water encountered immediately above the rock. Boring No. IS Soil, dark gray, silty 1 Clay, brown, sandy, pebbly 3 Clay, brown, sandy, silty, pebbly, very sticky 8 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 4 feet, 8 inches No water encountered. It seems possible that at (A) a triangular tract, bounded on the east by the road, on the north by the valley wall, and on the west by a line connecting; the old quarry and the outcrop in the creek bed, and comprising roughly 3 acres, may be underlain by 2 to 3 feet of limestone. The overburden prob- ably reaches 10 feet but over about two thirds of the tract it is estimated to be 5 to 7 feet thick. Comparatively small areas near the creek and the old quarry have less than 5 feet of overburden. Prospecting of the deposit is recommend- ed before development of any magnitude is undertaken. At (B) is another tract of valley-flat which may be underlain by limestone though none was observed. As shown in figure 3, two soil auger borings were made in the vicinity of (B) with the results given in table 3. Boring No. 3 encountered at a depth of 8 feet what is believed to be the thin coal normally lying a short distance below the Omega limestone. This suggests that the limestone is absent at the point where boring No. 3 was made. Boring No. 4 encountered impenetrable material, prob- ably the Omega limestone, at a depth of 8 feet. P'rom the foregoing it appears prob- able that the overburden on any limestone present at (B) is relatively thick and that the limestone may be cut out in places. The north bluff of the creek shows abun- dant pieces of limestone at (C) and though no outcrops were observed it is likely that limestone is present at a shallow depth. The valley wall is only moderately steep at this place and it is possible that a comparatively small amount of stone could be quarried with less than 5 feet of overburden. In a small tributary to Fulfer Creek (D) (fig. 3), there is exposed the following: Series of beds along tributary to Fulfer Creek Ft. in. 5. Soil and silt 0-5 + 4. Limestone, grayish-brown, granular, fossiliferous; upper surface irregu- lar 6-8 3. Limestone, fine-grained, gray, dense 2± 2. Limestone, gray, granular, fossilifer- ous 1 2 1. Clay, gray 1 Covered Sample 11, taken from the three lime- stone strata exposed, tested 94 per cent C.C.E. A short distance south of the above out- crop, a fine-grained sandstone is exposed in the gully and presumably lies below the limestone. However, in the bed and banks of Fulfer Creek outcrops of the Omega limestone were observed both upstream and downstream from the mouth of the gully. It appears likely that the tract around (D) contains one or more areas where 5,000 to 10,000 tons of limestone could be obtained with an average overburden of less than 3 feet. Prospecting will be necessary to determine exactly which tracts are best suited for quarrying. In general, however, the north side of the creek seems to offer more promise than the south side. The value of the tract in general is lowered by lack of ready access to a public road. The road to the south is at the top of the south valley wall. The valley-flat in the vicinity of (E) is probably underlain by limestone. This is suggested by a series of outcrops in the bottom of a ditch trending roughly east- west and by three soil auger borings, Nos. 15, 17, and 18 (fig. 3 and table 3), which struck hard rock, probably the Omega lime- stone, at depths of from 3 feet 10 inches to 5 feet 6 inches. Boring No. 16 (fig. 3 and table 3) encountered a 1-inch rocky or pebbly zone at a depth of 5 feet, below which occurred 3 inches of black organic material, probably coal, and 1 foot 8 inches of clay and shale. Elsewhere in the region the Omega limestone commonly overlies a thin coal bed and it is possible, therefore, that the rocky or pebbly zone found in this boring is a remnant of the limestone, most of which has been eroded away. Further prospecting is necessary to determine wheth- er or not the limestone in adjacent parts of the valley-flat was also thinned by erosion. The limestone in a large part of this area probably has an average of less than 5 feet of overburden. El 1 INGHAM COUNTY 19 Limestone crops out in the bed of Fulfer Creek at the ford where the north-south road crosses the creek near the east line of sec. 12 (fig. 3). Only a few inches of the limestone is exposed above water level. The limestone appears in a similar outcrop in the creek bed at the northeast corner of tract (F) (fig. 3). The overburden in tract ( F) appears to be 5 feet or less thick, but further prospecting is necessary to deter- mine if the limestone is actually present under this portion of the valley-flat. Along the east side of tract (G) (fig. 3) is located a quarrv which was being operated in 1939 by M.'G. Winter and Sons, of Altamont. At that time the quarry was roughly 50 feet wide and 500 to 600 feet long. Two and a half to 3y? feet of Omega limestone was exposed including 6 inches or less of the granular top rock. The basal granular layer, if present, was not exposed. Sample 13 from the uppermost granular bed tested 92 per cent C.C.E. Sample 12 taken from the underlying 2 to 3 feet of fine-grained gray limestone tested 94 per cent C.C.E. Much of the rock being quar- ried had been stripped of its overburden when Fulfer Creek scoured out a new channel during a flood stage. Due to the removal of stone, a large part of the creek flow passed through the quarry. Three soil auger borings, Nos. 5, 6, and 7, were made in the vicinity of (G) (fig. 3 and table 3). All borings reached impenetrable material, possibly the Omega limestone, at depths between Z]/i and 6 feet. These data sug- gest that prospecting of the valley-flat of Fulfer Creek in the general vicinity of (G), both east and west of the road, may reveal considerable bodies of limestone under an average overburden of 5 feet or less. Limestone does not crop out in the chan- nel of Fulfer Creek southwest and east of (H) (fig. 3). Instead, sandstone and shale appear in several places low in the south and east valley walls. In this tract, soil auger boring No. 8 reached hard material, possi- bly the Omega limestone, at a depth of 8 feet. It is believed that if limestone under- lies this tract the overburden on it generally exceeds 5 feet in thickness. Exposures of limestone occur in two places in the bed of Fulfer Creek near (J) (fig. 3). At the junction of the two creek channels a short distance north of the Winter quarry, 18 to 20 inches of limestone appears above water. The overburden to the west and northwest appears to be 5 to 7 feet thick. About 12 inches of limestone is visible above and below water at the next outcrop east, the overburden being about 7 feet thick on both sides of the creek at this locality. A considerable area of valley-flat in the vicinity of (J) may be underlain by Omega limestone with 7 feet or less of over- burden. In a bend of Fulfer Creek near (K) (fig. 3), about 8 inches of limestone is visible in the bed of the creek, at and below water level. On both sides of the outcrop the valley-flat is about 7 feet above the level of the limestone. A single, partly buried block of limestone at least 12 inches thick was observed in the creek bed a short distance northeast of this locality. Although no outcrops of limestone occur along the creek between (J) and (K) it is nevertheless possible that limestone is pres- ent under the valley-flat. Evidence tends to indicate, however, that the overburden in this tract is 7 feet or more thick. No data regarding the total thickness of the lime- stone were obtained. Aside from the tracts specially mentioned there are doubtless other parts of the valley- flat which may merit consideration as possi- ble quarry sites but no specific data were noted regarding them. Lime Creek Area The Omega limestone crops out in an abandoned quarry near the center of the NW. 1/; NE. ]/ 4 sec. 18, T. 6 N, R. 5 E., a short distance west of the road and south- west of the bridge, about 2i^ miles east- southeast of Welton (fig. 4). A description of the strata exposed in the quarry follows: Strata exposed in old quarry Ft. in. 3. Soil and glacial clay 3-10 + 4. Shale 3 3. Limestone, medium-grained, granu- lar, gray 1 2 2. Limestone, gray, very fine-grained dense 2 1. Clay 1 + Water level. The quarry was once operated by M. G. Winter and Sons, Altamont, Illinois, for agricultural limestone, but is reported to have been abandoned because of increasing- ly thick overburden. It is situated on a nar- row flat against the north bluff of the creek. 20 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES ^£#0* ®, QUARRY X | /' f LIMESTONE DIRT \ \ \ OUTCROP R0A D..JjL) i o AUGER :-i*(| 4 BORING '} ^^A / 9 v& © '/a SCALE Fig. 4. — Sketch map of the Lime Creek area, T. 6 N., R. 5 E. Other outcrops of Omega limestone from 1 ]/? to 3 feet thick occur along Lime Creek where it parallels the road, southeast of the old quarry (fig. 4). West of these outcrops lies a tract of valley-flat only a little above the level of the exposed limestone. Borings Nos. 9 and 10 were made in the flat (fig. 4, table 4). Boring No. 10 encountered im- penetrable material, possibly limestone, at a depth of 2]/? feet. Boring No. 9, however, encountered coal at a depth of 6 feet which is probably the coal usually underlying the Omega limestone, thus suggesting that the limestone is absent at boring No. 9. Table 4. — Records of Soil Auger Borings in the Lime Creek. Area Ft. in. Boring No. Soil, black 1 Soil, brown, loose 1 Clay, brown, pebbly, sandy 3 Clay, black, pebbly 1 Coal ^ ' 2 + Total depth to rock 6 feet. Boring No. 10 Soil, black, sandy 9 Sand, loose, brown 1 9 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth 2}/% feet What part of the valley-flat is underlain by limestone cannot be determined without extensive testing, but it seems reasonable to expect that an area of 3 to 5 acres may be underlain by limestone with an average overburden between 3 and 5 feet thick. Three outcrops of Omega limestone oc- cur in the bed of Lime Creek in sec. 7 (fig. 4) some distance north of the abandoned quarry in sec. 18. Only 3 to 8 inches of limestone is uncovered at any place, and the full thickness of the bed is nowhere exposed. The overburden on the limestone consists of sand and silt and it is generally 6 to 9 feet thick. Big Creek Area Outcrops of Omega limestone occur at intervals along Big Creek for a distance of half a mile west of the bridge on the road following the east line of sec. 26, T. 7 N., R. 4 E. Two hundred yards west of the bridge about 6 inches of limestone is exposed in the creek bed. Adjacent creek banks indicate a cover of at least 8 feet of silt and sand. Further upstream at a creek ford in SW. \4 NE. 14 NE. 14 sec. 26, 14 inches of dense, crystalline gray limestone appears above water. It underlies a terrace composed of silt and sand at least 6 feet thick. Still further upstream in the center NW. |4 NE. 1 4 sec. 26, 1 foot of dense gray Omega limestone is exposed in the creek banks. The overburden on both sides of the creek is at least 8 feet thick. No data were available in the Big Creek area to indicate the total thickness of the Omega limestone. Due to the thickness of overburden, however, this area appears less promising for quarrying than some of those previously described, unless the limestone is thicker than the usual 2 to 3 feet. County Corner Area A few inches of limestone and coal crop out a little south of the center of the west line of sec. 20, T. 6 N., R. 4 E., at the intersection of a creek and a road along the west section line. Little can be told about the thickness of the limestone but as it is believed to be the Omega limestone its thickness is likely to range between 2 and 4 feet. About a quarter of a mile east of the creek bed a prospect pit was observed which evidently encountered limestone al- though the thickness and depth of the lime- stone could not be ascertained because the pit was partially filled. Presumably the limestone was thin at this place. There is, however, a considerable valley-flat area along the creek which may be underlain by the Omega limestone with an average over- burden of 3 to 5 feet. Ell IXGHA M CO I Y T Y 2\ The possibility that the area may contain a reasonably thick limestone stratum is sug- gested by a report on the geology of Effing- ham County 1 published in 1875 which states that in a coal bank half a mile west of G. W. Nelson's in sec. 20, T. 6 N., R. 4 E., 4 feet of bluish-drab limestone was observed below 2 feet of cherty rock. Coal was re- ported 2 feet 8 inches below the limestone. The intervening strata are said to be shale. SHUMWAY LIMESTONE DEPOSITS The Shumway limestone crops out in numerous places in the southern and south- western parts of Effingham County and at and near the type locality one mile east of Shumway just west of the center of the north line of the county. It was examined at a number of places and sample 15 was taken from a gully along the w r est side of Bishop Creek in the center N. l/? NE. 14 NE. 14 sec. 21, T. 6 N., R. 6 E. The sample tested 77 per cent C.C.E. The limestone ranges in thickness from a few inches to a little over a foot, the usual thickness ranging from 8 inches to 1 foot. It is fine-grained, usually dark gray weath- ering to buff, often fossil bearing, commonly clayey, and locally grades into a calcareous sandstone. The rock crops out in many places as a single bed which exhibits con- siderable variation in thickness and locally is thinned or broken into discontinuous lenses or blocks. No outcrops of the Shumway limestone were noted which appeared to offer favor- able sites for quarries from which the pro- duction of more than small tonnages of stone might be expected. QUARRYING INDUSTRY M. G. Winter and Sons, Altamont, Illi- nois, operated the only quarry and crushing plant which produced agstone in Effingham Countv in 1939. The quarrv is situated in the SE. cor. of the NW. ]/ 4 SW. \/ A sec. 7, T. 6 N., R. 5 E., a mile and a half east- southeast of Welton. The limestone quar- ried is the Omega, which was taken from a shallow pit in an abandoned channel of Fulfer Creek. The crushing plant was lo- cated about 200 feet northwest of the quarry on a flat, open field. Most of the overburden of the deposit being worked had been stripped by the creek during a time of high water. Necessary additional stripping was done with a team and scraper. The rock was blasted with dynamite. Holes for blasting were drilled with a compressed air drill supplied with air from a two-cylinder compressor powered by a farm tractor. As was necessary the blasted rock was hand-sledged to chunks approximately 6 by 6 inches. The broken stone was loaded by hand onto a horse- drawn wagon in which it was transported to the crusher. The stone from the quarry was fed into a small jaw crusher set to deliver pieces about 1 by 2 inches. The crushed product was carried by a short bucket conveyor from the jaw crusher to a small hammer mill. The pulverized product from the hammer mill was carried to an open stock pile by another bucket conveyor. This product was the finished agstone. The crusher and one conveyor were powered by a large gasoline engine, the hammer mill and the other con- veyor by a large steam thrashing engine. A wagon scale was used to weigh the loads of stone hauled away. A small shed housed all apparatus but the heavy equip- ment, which remained in the open. LIMESTONE FOR CONCRETE AGGREGATE AND ROADSTONE No investigation was made of the suit- ability of the limestones of Effingham Coun- ty for concrete aggregate and roadstone. However, it is believed that much of the Omega limestone will be satisfactory for these purposes. The Shumway limestone and the other thin limestones of the county should be used with caution for concrete, especially concrete exposed to the weather, but they may be suitable for farm-to-market roads of the stabilized or traffic bound macadam type. 'Worthen, A. H., Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. VI, p. 181, 1875. 22 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES CLAY COUNTY OMEGA LIMESTONE DEPOSITS Dismal Creek Area Exposures of Omega limestone appear at numerous places along Dismal Creek both in the creek bed and in the valley walls in sees. 25, 26, and 36, T. 5 N., R. 5 E., and in sec. 31, T. 5 N., R. 6 E. (fig. 5), two to three miles east of Iola. Outcrops were observed in several places in tributary streams and doubtless others occur which were not seen. The limestone in this area is gray, blue- gray, or brownish-gray, fine- to very fine- grained, crystalline, fossiliferous, and dense. It usually crops out as one massive bed from 2 to 4 feet thick but at one locality is 10 feet thick. In the NE. \/ A SW. % SW. \/ x sec. 25, T. 5 N., R. 5 E., in the valley wall about an eighth of a mile north of Dismal Creek is located a quarry that was operated in 1938 and 1939 by William E. Hewitt Hewitt Engineering and Materials Com- pany of Iola (fig. 5, outcrop g). Quarrying operations in 1939 were being conducted at the west end of the outcrop but limestone also had been quarried recently at a quarry opening at the east end of the outcrop. At the southeast corner of the latter quarry opening, a 9-foot face of blue-gray very fine-grained dense fossiliferous limestone was worked. One foot of limestone was left to form a quarry floor, making a total of 10 feet of rock, the thickest deposit of lime- stone observed along Dismal Creek. The overburden consists of 1 to 12 feet of soil and brown pebbly glacial clay which rests directly on the limestone and increases rapidly in thickness to the east and north- east. Sample 40, taken from a fresh expo- sure of the upper 6 feet of limestone crop- ping out in a quarry opening not a part of the Hewitt operations but immediately ad- jacent to the east opening, tested 81 per cent C.C.E. R.5 E 2 6 2 5 R.6 E. LEGEND % hv BLUFF 9? QUARRY • LIMESTONE OUTCROP o AUGER BORING 77 BOUNDARY OF INSET g OUTCROP DESCRIBED IN TEXT SCALE SCALE Fig. 5. — Sketch map of the Dismal Creek area with enlarged inset of part of sec. 36. CLAY COUNTY 23 At the northeast corner of the east quarry opening only the upper part of the limestone is exposed. However, the stratum is esti- mated to be b]/z feet thick and is underlain by soft gray shale. The overburden along the east side of this opening consists of 8 to 12 feet of soil and brown pebbly glacial clay and includes 3 feet of soft gray to buff shale just above the limestone near the northeast corner. In the west quarry opening 6 to 6]/? feet of stone was quarried with an overburden of about 12 feet of pebbly clay and soil. At the extreme west end of the opening the limestone bed dips sharply to the west at an angle of 6° to 7°. Here 5 feet of soft sandy thin-bedded gray to buff shale over- lies the limestone, and is itself covered by about 15 feet of pebbly clay and soil. Sample 75, taken from a 6-foot face of limestone near the west end of the opening, tested 72 per cent C.C.E. Near the center of the E. Yl sec - 36, T. 5 N., R. 5 E., (fig. 5, outcrop 1), in the east valley wall of Dismal Creek, a maximum of 3]/z feet of Omega limestone crops out under 8 to 15 feet of soil and glacial clay. The base of the limestone is practically at low water level of the creek. The limestone is gray, fine-grained, dense, and fossiliferous. Sample 59, taken from a face of rock 3 feet 4 inches thick had a C.C.E. value of 95 per cent. The bed thins toward both ends of the outcrop to a thick- ness of less than 1 foot. It was estimated that if the limestone were present under the valley-flat lying west of the creek outcrop, it should be covered by a very thin overburden there. Two soil auger borings were made in this flat area (fig. 5), but neither one struck limestone (table 5). Boring No. 2 was carried to a depth of 10 feet and then discontinued be- cause of the improbability of finding Omega limestone below that depth. The nearbv outcrop of limestone (m) at the center of" the SE. \/ A NW. \/ A SE. l/ 4 sec. 36 (fig. 5) indicates that the surface of the limestone dips to the south, for here only 6 inches of limestone appears above water. It is overlain by approximately 10 feet of overburden of which the lower 3 feet is gray to buff thin-bedded sandy shale. It is estimated that if the limestone under- lay the valley-flat on the north side of the creek opposite (m), it would be covered by 5 to 6 feet of overburden. A quarry here would probably be below creek level and for that reason there might be trouble with seepage and flood water. Table 5. — Records of Soil Auger Borings in Dismal Creek Area Boring No. 1 Ft. in. Sand, brown 4 6 Sand, gray, clayey, silty 5 Gravel 1 Silt, brown, clayey, with some black stain resembling organic matter 1 Shale, gray, soft 1 Total depth penetrated, 7 feet No water encountered. Boring No. 2 Silt, light gray to brown, with some clay 10 Total depth penetrated, 10 feet Silt below 8 feet was damp. In addition to the outcrops described, a number of other exposures of limestone occur along Dismal Creek (fig. 5). Data regarding these outcrops are given in table 6. In many instances only the upper part of the limestone stratum is exposed so that the total thickness of the bed is not known. However, assuming that the thickness of the limestone is not in excess of its usual thickness of about 3 feet, most of the depos- its are believed to be incapable of economi- cally furnishing more than 1,000 tons of stone, and from many of them the amount of stone economically obtainable is probably less. A few outcrops may have commercial possibilities but available data are too scanty to demonstrate the extent of their possibili- ties. 24 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES P o co 00 ' +-' •- _ O- cu c ^ ? ^•5 >^ c io V O -J (U . cu o £^ CU CU (LI C -3333 >- « b * > *-o *o <~ * E" ^■3« £ £ co jy _o - CU £ c u E c c o rt o-i: <-» -^ c c - cu J-; -f- O » fct-tN CU .— c 33 3*€ -^ C O — i rt . J- X3 3 3 O O co Q T3-C ns E ^ £! aJ Ji ^ rt 5 C0^»- — , .« g-HlJ .^ U « O o^ |^= C co Jl' CO 4^ (LI ^Q 3 <^ C rt rt ^.E^ :£o % co ^ > .- - "* •> ^5 OX' *^ 7 3 33 E M 3 3 ^ ; O "3 - 2 E- w •" 2 o ° «-S O rt cu T3 . O CM - |£2o 33-° S ° rt > O - -O a, £ _C co 33 — k > - (U 4JQ^ "O = cu w CU rt^; o £ St es +j c 2 o c 2^ s § "a-P 3 5 ^ c o ** rt 6 33 S S^3 X c rt rt o - ~£ CO U, CU CO C.E - I "a. 4^ co cu i O ^^ 2 a, ^3/ co « ° a. ° 3 -Q 3T »-, 0-3 2 - -a 4-1 c/j 3 r> CU O ^, O •— cu Cl 3 13 « Jr ° c x O to rt > - £ _2 ■ n 33 o rt y: CLAY COUNTY 25 E £ S 3 8-a £ O £ O o*~ > U ft O-C o ^ *^ ft & <2 * S3 S-S 4_ ° a _^ o c*3 o ^ 1-8 g^ » o !3 d S 3:3-! 3 8 = 5 S °"^ _2 m c x u.2 3 o--= T3 y O ft V 2 — ~ ox B-l-SSt o o C £X .3-C « 3 2 £ Z Z m £ Z c ,o-> c """ ■*- ■j BiO "7 3 =£-f > S £ § c 8 c ■*. -' Vr P ' ' Hi £ © _0 j^-jj _o o --a O C £'g c ~ o _. 3 2 o £ •- > o * o o til C 4- 3 o ^ u <*, 0-1 33 c rt o-> > -3 .so T ° 8«s '-> »- , 0-1 O "! 13 t| a no Ij K U !^ £ ° ■7. r u P ^ 3 "5 «> CN p_*-* *J g-aJS a in O rt 2C ■S.& .£ 3 X 4^ •- o _0 — \c-i op (L> (Li — .— §.§ .sg C C § 3 Q - —^ 5 6 9 ft 26 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES Crooked Creek Area Outcrops of Omega limestone are very numerous along Crooked Creek and a num- ber of tributary streams in sees. 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14, T. 4 N., R. 5 E. (fig. 6). One outcrop was observed in sec. 7, T. 4 N., R. 6 E. Descriptions of the more important outcrops follow and are arranged for con- venience into groups which include all those occurring in one section or two adjacent sec- tions. Data regarding outcrops of lesser im- portance are given in table 9, page 34. Section 10 The Omega limestone ranges from 6 inches to 4 feet 4 inches thick in section 10. Most of the exposures occur along the channel of Crooked Creek where it is against or close to the valley wall. The overburden ranges from several feet to 20 feet or more in thickness and consists main- ly of soil and glacial clay, although locally several feet of shale immediately overlie the limestone. The limestone is gray, fine- to very fine-grained, fossiliferous, dense, and is usually in one massive bed which, however, tends to split into layers ]/? inch to 10 inches thick during weathering. Below the limestone occur in order a clay bed 1 foot thick which is locally absent, 5 to 10 inches of coal, and 6 to 6]/? feet of gray to brown soft thin-bedded shale grading downward into a series of alternating thin layers of brown medium- to fine-grained sandstone and sandy shale. Several soil auger borings were made in the W. 1/ SW. 14 NE. 14 sec. 10 (table 7, and fig. 6) in the valley-flat of Crooked Creek where it was thought limestone might exist under a thin cover because of the pres- ence of several outcrops (k, 1, m, and n). '/a 'AM\L£ SCALE bbb LEGEND ° AUGER BORING BOUNDARY OF AREA A(lNSET) AND B (FIG. 7) OUTCROP y OUTCROP DESCRIBED IN TEXT ''<„,, BLUFF K QUARRY f LIMESTONE V '/8 V4 \ Z Aa SCALE Fig. 6.— Sketch map of the Crooked Creek area. An enlarged inset "A" for part of sec. 10 is shown as well as the limits of a part of sec. 11, marked "B," which is shown in greater detail in figure 7. CLAY COUNTY 27 Table 7. — Records of Soil Auger Borings in Crooked Creek Area Ft. in. Boring Xo. 3 Clay, brown, silty, grades into clay below 1 6 Clay, brown, sandy, silty 1 6 Clay, gray, stiff 2 Coaly material 4 Shale, gray to buff, soft, crumbly 6+ Total depth penetrated, 4 feet Xo water encountered. Boring Xo. 4 Silt, light gray to brown, sandy, clayey. 8 6 Impenetrable zone oi clay ironstone concretionary pebbles Total depth penetrated, 8 feet, 6 inches Water encountered at 8 feet, 6 inches. Boring Xo. 5 Silt, brown, clayey, sandy 3 6 Total depth penetrated, 3 feet, 6 inches Xo water encountered. Boring Xo. 6 Silt, brown, sandy and clayey 6 6 Solid material, possibly limestone, with a red pebbly surface Total depth penetrated, 6 feet, 6 inches Xo water encountered. Boring Xo. 7 Silt, brown, varying amounts of sand and clay 5 6 Silt, brown, clayey 2 Sand, brown to gray, some silt, clay and a few pebbles 2 6 Shale, gray, soft Total depth penetrated, 10 feet Xo water encountered. Boring Xo. 8 Clay, buff, sandy 2 6 Clay, gray to dark gray, sandy, pebbly . 3 6 Rock, calcareous, hard, probably lime- stone Total depth penetrated, 6 feet Water encountered at top of rock. Boring Xo. 9 Clay, brown, sandy 3 6 Clay, brown, sandy, iron-stained zone. . 1 Clay, gray, sandy, pebbly 1 6 Rock, possibly limestone Total depth penetrated, 6 feet Water encountered on top of rock. Boring Xo. 10 Silt, brown, clayey 2 6 Clay, brown, sandy, pebbly 1 Clay, brown, sandy, pebbly, iron-stained 1 Clay, dark gray, sandy 1 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth penetrated, 5 feet, 6 inches Water encountered just above top of hard material. Boring Xo. 11 Ft. in. Silt, brown 4 Clay, brown, sandy, some pebbles 3 6 Solid material, possibly limestone Total depth penetrated, 7 feet, 6 inches Water encountered on top of solid material. Boring No. 1 2 Silt, brown, sandy, clayey 4 6 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth penetrated, 4 feet, 6 inches Xo water encountered. Boring Xo. 13 Silt, brown, sandy, clayey 6 Solid material, possibly limestone Total depth penetrated, 6 feet Xo water encountered. Boring Xo. 14 Silt, brown, sandy, clayey, becoming pebbly in basal 1 foot 6 8 Hard material, possibly limestone Total depth penetrated, 6 feet, 8 inches Xo water encountered. Boring Xo. 3 was made in a low place in the valley-flat, and in it a coaly layer suc- ceeded by soft gray shale was encountered 3 feet 2 inches below the surface. Since coal appears below the limestone exposed 250 feet west, this boring suggests that the limestone has been removed by erosion at this place. Boring Xo. 4 ended at a depth of 81/ f eet at an impenetrable clay iron- stone concretion zone, proving neither the presence nor absence of limestone. This boring was made at the break in slope be- tween the valley wall and valley-Hat. Boring Xo. 6, on a high spot in the valley- Hat, struck hard rock, possibly limestone, having a red pebbly upper surface, at a depth of 6 J/? feet. Boring Xo. 5 was discontinued at 3 1/2 feet because the elevation of nearby outcrops showed it was not likely limestone would be found below that depth. The results of these borings suggest that Omega limestone has been eroded from some parts of the valley-flat in this area, but that it may be present under 6i/> or more feet of overburden in other parts. Extensive testing would be necessary to accurately out- line the area underlain by limestone. At the creek outcrop (n) (fig. 6), a maximum of 45 inches of limestone is ex- posed beneath 4 feet of soil and glacial clay in a low knoll. It is estimated that possibly 1,000 tons of rock is available there. The other exposures along the channel of Crook- ed Creek in sec. 10 appear to be of doubtful 28 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES R. 5E. SCALE Fig. 7. — Sketch map of area "B," a part of the general Crooked Creek area (see fig. 6) CLAY COr STY 29 importance as commercial sources of lime- stone because of the thinness of the lime- stone, the thickness of overburden, or both. The Omega limestone crops out at several places in the bed and valley walls of a small creek tributary to Crooked Creek and trend- ing northerly along the center line of the S. Yi sec. 10 (fig. 6). The maximum ex- posed thickness of the limestone at (r) is 15 inches, and at (s) 10 inches, but its base is not visible. At (r) and (s) the limestone crops out in the bed of the creek for a width of about 25 feet and for an estimated com- bined distance of 300 feet. The valley-flat in the vicinity of these outcrops is approxi- mately 150 feet wide, and in it the over- burden on the limestone is estimated to be from 4 to 51/ feet thick. Since the actual thickness of the limestone at (r) and (s) is not known, the quantity of stone available cannot be estimated ac- curately. However, if the limestone is 1^ feet thick, approximately 850 tons of stone is obtainable from the bed of the creek. The quantity of limestone economically available under the valley-flat of the gully, including the stream bed, depends upon the average thickness of the overburden as well as the thickness of the limestone stratum itself. Both these matters should be investigated before quarrying is undertaken. It would appear, however, that 3,000 tons or more of limestone may be available at this site. The limestone at (r) and (s) was not tested, but sample 69 from 30 inches of limestone at (q) tested 93 per cent C.C.E. Since sample 47 from 4 feet of stone at (f ) (fig. 6) tested 94 per cent C.C.E. and throughout sec. 10 the limestone has about the same appearance and thickness, it is believed that the Omega limestone in sec. 10 will generally have a C.C.E. value of more than 90 per cent. Sections 11 and 14 The Omega limestone crops out exten- sively along Crooked Creek in sec. 11 (fig. 6 and fig. 7). In this section the limestone attains the greatest exposed thickness ob- served in Clay County, 13 feet, and has been worked in two quarries. Since with two exceptions all the out- crops along Crooked Creek in sec. 1 1 occur where the creek is cutting into the valley wall or in small narrow tributaries, the overburden on the limestone is thick, usually 10 feet or more, but the increased thickness of the limestone tends to offset this disad- vantage. The overburden consists of soil, glacial clay, and gray thin-bedded shale. The shale is present only in places, but is known to be 12 feet thick at one locality. The limestone ranges from 2 to at least 13 feet in thickness, is gray to dark gray, fine- to very fine-grained, dense, crystalline, fossiliferous, and, where 9 feet or more thick, consists of two parts. The lower part is 6 to 15 inches thick, dark gray, thin- bedded, very fossiliferous and of shaly ap- pearance, and the upper part is 8 to 10 feet thick, gray, dense, and fossiliferous, in beds from 6 inches to 3 feet thick. There is in places an additional thickness of \\/> feet of leached limestone above the "upper" part of the formation. The leached zone is most pronounced on those deposits which have an overburden of sand, silt, or clay, but has not developed where the limestone has a bedrock over- burden. The former deposits are also likely to have irregular upper surfaces due to the combined effects of solution and erosion. Even small limestone sinks may occur in a few places (fig. 7). At some places a coal bed which reaches an observed maximum of 10 inches is pres- ent below the limestone, and 3 inches of underclay appears below the coal at one exposure. Gray to buff sandy thin-bedded soft shale containing i/?- to 2-inch sandstone beds underlies the coal, or the limestone if the coal is absent. BLUFFS OF CROOKED CREEK At outcrop (x), (fig. 6 and fig. 7), the following beds are exposed : Beds exposed at (x) in east bank of Crooked Creek Ft. in. 6. Soil, glacial clay; probably some shale 10 6± 5. Limestone, gray, porous, very fos- siliferous, highly leached 1 6 4. Limestone, gray, very fine-grained, dense, fossiliferous, weathers into beds 1 inch to 3 feet thick, grades into bed below 10 3. Limestone, shaly, dark gray, very fossiliferous, becomes soft when weathered, but is originally almost as hard as bed No. 4 1 3 2. Limestone, crumbly, crinoidal 1 1. Shale, gray to buff, sandy, thin- bedded, soft, contains sandstone beds x /i to 2 inches thick 5 6 Covered to creek level 3 30 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES C.C.E. determinations were made on samples from three beds. The results are as follows : s imple 60 61 62 No. Bed No. 3 4 5 C.C.E . per 66 75 30 cent Pieces of limestone-float occur at inter- vals for about 900 feet northeast along the front of the valley wall, indicating the con- tinued presence of the limestone along the bluff in that direction. In the valley-wall at outcrop (y) (fig. 7) from 4 to 7 feet of Omega limestone is exposed beneath at least 15 feet of soil and glacial clay. The elevation of the lime- stone bed decreases steadily to the southeast. Sandy shale with interbedded thin sand- stone layers appears below the limestone at several points. At outcrop (bb) a maximum of 5 feet of limestone is exposed above water and under 2 feet of shale and 10 feet or more of glacial clay. The surface of the limestone dips 5° due northwest. The attitude of the beds at outcrops (y) and (bb) indicates the exist- ence of a local shallow downwarp or trough whose axis is thought to extend approxi- mately northeast-southwest. Soil auger borings Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 (fig. 7) were made in the upland area east of outcrops (x) and (y) to determine the thickness of overburden on the limestone if it is present there. The results of these borings are given in table 7. The bluff top east of outcrop (x) is quite level for some distance northeast, east, and southeast of (x) . Boring No. 7 was made on the southward extension of this level area. At a depth of 10 feet soft gray shale was encountered. This is probably the shale which commonly overlies the Omega lime- stone in this region, and limestone is believed to lie not far below the bottom of the bor- ing. Borings No. 8 and No. 9 were made in the north end of a shallow depression which extends southward toward the valley-flat (fig. 7). The surface at No. 9 is 4 feet below that at No. 8. Both borings struck hard material believed to be limestone at a depth of 6 feet. Boring No. 10 is located in the same de- pression as Nos. 8 and 9 at a level 4 feet below the surface at No. 9. Solid material, probably limestone, was encountered at a depth of 5y? feet. Boring No. 1 1 is located in another shal- low depression at a level 13]/^ feet below the bluff top at No. 7. Limestone is believed to have been struck at a depth of 7]/? feet. The surface elevation at each of the bor- ings with reference to the observed top of the limestone bed at (x) was obtained by running a series of elevations by hand-level. The elevation, relative to the top of the limestone at (x), of the material thought to be limestone is indicated in table 8. Table 8. — Elevations in Area East of Outcrop (x) Elevation of Elevation of ground material surface thought to Location above or be limestone below top below top of limestone of limestone at (x) at (x) Feet Eeet Top of* limestone at (x) Boring No. 7 +<>'■_> (top of shale at _ 4- 2feet) Boring No. 8 + 1 -2V> Boring No. 9 —3 —&/> Boring No. 10. . . —7 —10 Boring No. 11 . —4 —9 The probable existence of a shallow down-fold in the limestone trending rough- ly northeast from a point approximately midway between the southeast end of the outcrop at (y) and the outcrop at (bb) has been pointed out. Such a fold may be ex- pected to continue through the area where borings 8, 9, 10, and 11 were made and may account for the depression of the prob- able surface of the limestone indicated by the elevation data in table 8. Thinning of the limestone bed or the removal of a part of it by erosion would also account for the same data. It is believed likely that under the "bluff top" tract and the "ridge" tract (fig. 7) the full thickness of the limestone is present. In the surface depressions ad- joining the "ridge" tract this may also be true but is less certain. If the foregoing data, seeming to indicate the presence of limestone in the uplands southeast and east of (x), are correct and if the limestone has an average thickness of 8 feet it is estimated that 400,000 tons or more of limestone may be present under CLAY CO {'STY 31 7 to 10 feet of overburden. It is recom- mended that before development is attempt- ed the deposit be test-drilled to check the estimate and the data on which it is based. In the southern portion of outcrop (dd) (fig. 7) is located a quarry operated in 1939 by D. H. Gammon, of Louisville, Illinois (see also page 41). Here a gully enters Crooked Creek from the south, and the quarry occupies a section of valley wall bounded by the gully on the west and the creek on the north. When operations were begun in July 1937, only roadstone was produced, but in 1938 most of the output was agricultural limestone. The quarry is irregular in shape but a face between 100 and 200 feet long was being worked. Strata exposed in Gammon quarry Ft. 1. Soil and glacial clay 1-2 3. Shale, gray, in 34-inch to 3^2-inch beds. . . 2-12 2. Limestone, grav, fine- to very fine-grained, crystalline, fossiliferous, dense, in beds from Y2 foot to 3 feet thick; grades into bed below 8 1. Limestone, dark gray, fine- to very fine- grained, fossiliferous, one bed; weathers to thin slabs. The quarry floor is in this stratum J^-l Covered to creek level 8-9 The thickness of overburden increases rapidly to 20 feet or more southeast of the quarry. In the creek bluff a short distance west of the Gammon quarry 8 to 10 inches of coal appears below the limestone. North- west of the quarry the Omega limestone crops out almost continuously for about a tenth of a mile. Northeast of the quarry the outcrop is continuous for about a sixth of a mile (fig. 7). The overburden on the limestone throughout most of these out- crops in the immediate valley wall is at least 10 feet thick and increases rapidly in thickness up the slope of the valley wall. Limestone crops out south of the west end of Gammon's quarry in the sides of a small gully for a distance of about 150 feet. The outcrop ends at a small waterfall where the limestone is exposed in two beds, the upper one massive and 12 to 15 inches thick, and the lower one crumbly and of about the same thickness. Below the limestone, 10 inches of shaly coal appears, and below that several inches of shale. The limestone stra- tum dips 2° to 3° N. The gully is too narrow and steep-walled to permit extensive quarrying. An abandoned quarry is situated in the valley wall at the east end of outcrop (dd). The quarry occupies a rectangular area about 35 feet on a side. Very much the same section is exposed as was observed in the Gammon quarry, but the limestone is 13 feet thick and much of it is brown and badly weathered. Sample 50 taken from the full thickness of limestone tested 63 per cent C.C.E. Above the quarry face the over- burden comprises 7 feet of gray to buff soft shale and 1 to 10 feet of soil and glacial clay. South of the quarry the valley wall rises at a moderate rate until the total thick- ness of overburden is from 25 to 30 feet. Approximately 50 feet south of the quarry the overburden is estimated to be 15 feet thick. In the east valley wall of Crooked Creek at (ff) (fig. 7) the following beds are exposed : Beds exposed in northeast bank of Crooked Creek Ft. in. 6. Soil and glacial clay 10 5. Limestone, gray, very fine-grained, argillaceous, fossiliferous, weather- ing into beds 6 inches to 2 feet thick 9 4. Limestone, dark gray, very fine- grained, fossiliferous, of shaly ap- pearance 6 3. Limestone, gray, fine-grained, fossil- iferous, in one bed 1 8 2. Limestone, shaly, brown, very fos- siliferous, soft, thin-bedded 6 1. Shale, gray to buff, soft, thin-bedded 6 Covered to creek level 1 Sample 63 from the combined beds 3 and 5 has a C.C.E. value of 76 per cent. In some places an inch or less of brown porous earthy leached material rests on the top surface of limestone bed No. 5. The debris cast out of several animal burrows dug into the overburden above the lime- stone contains fist-sized pieces of this same soft porous material. It is believed that this material is a residuum resulting from the leaching of the carbonates from the upper part of the limestone. The bluff top east of outcrop (ff) is nearly flat, but slopes gently down to the valley-flat beyond the bluff line indicated east of boring No. 14 in figure 7. North of borings 12 and 13 the surface rises toward a gently rolling upland about 8 feet above the level of the flat bluff top east of outcrop (ff). 32 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES Three soil auger borings (table 7, fig. 7) were made in this flat. Boring No. 12 en- countered hard material at a depth of 4 feet 6 inches. Boring No. 13 was drilled to check this result, and in it solid material was struck 6 feet below the surface. Boring No. 14 encountered solid material at a depth of 6 feet 8 inches. Assuming that the hard material encountered in all three bor- ings was the limestone surface, the top of the limesetone is estimated to be from 2 inches to 6 feet 10 inches higher under the flat bluff top than at the outcrop at (ff). It is estimated that as much as 100,000 tons of limestone may be available at (ff) under an overburden averaging about 10 feet thick, or about one foot of overburden for one foot of rock. Since the data at hand do not conclusively prove the presence of limestone under the tract, it is recommended that it be prospected by drilling before de- velopment is undertaken. Additional Outcrops in Section 14 Two other comparatively extensive out- crops of Omega limestone were observed in sections 11 and 14 besides those in the bluffs of Crooked Creek. In the bed and the val- ley walls of a small tributary creek at (z) (figs. 6 and 7) limestone is exposed for a total distance of about 450 feet. A maxi- mum thickness of 6 feet of limestone ap- pears at the northeast end of the outcrop where the basal 3 feet of the stratum is massive and the upper 3 feet weathered into horizontal, irregularly shaped slabs a few inches thick. Approximately 100 feet south- west the limestone is also 6 feet thick, but has been weathered similarly to the upper 3 feet of the more eastern exposure. Sample 74 taken from freshly broken rock at this exposure tested 42 per cent C.C.E. Both of these outcrops are in the valley wall of the gully and are covered by from 1 to 25 feet of soil and glacial clay overburden. In the southwestern 175 feet of the ex- posure the limestone crops out as a massive stratum about 30 inches thick in the bed of the stream. At one place it is broken into blocks about \y> feet on a side, between which are 1- to 5-inch mud seams. This massive layer appears to be somewhat purer than the slabby material sampled. The valley-flat in the vicinity is about 100 feet wide. The overburden would average 5]A feet or less over that width, and 3 feet or less for a width of 50 feet. If the limestone averages 2i/> feet thick under an area of valley-flat 175 feet long and 100 feet wide, then approximately 3,000 tons of stone is available with Sy? feet or less overburden. The following strata are exposed in a small creek trending north-south, outcrop (ee) (fig. 6): Strata exposed at (ee) Ft. in. 6. Soil and glacial clay 0-30 5. Shale, dark gray 3 + 4. limestone, dark gray, fine-grained, tossiliferous, crystalline, one bed. 3 6 3. Limestone, gray to brown, medium coarse-grained, very fossiliferous, in one bed 2 6 2. Covered, probablv clav or shale. ... 1 1. Coal 8-12 Covered Sample 41 from bed 3 tested 95 per cent C.C.E. and 42 from bed 4 tested 93 per cent. The limestone crops out in the bed of the stream for a distance of approximately 400 feet. The creek has a valley-flat averaging about 50 feet wide in which the limestone is covered by from to 4 feet of soil, silt, and sand. This overburden would probably average 3 feet in thickness. On either side of the valley-flat the valley walls rise to heights of 30 or more feet. It is estimated that about 10,000 tons of limestone might be quarried from this deposit with an over- burden averaging less than 5 feet thick. Sections 12 and 13 Outcrops of Omega limestone occur at several places along Crooked Creek and along a tributary north of Crooked Creek in sec. 12 and in a number of small tribu- taries south of Crooked Creek in sec. 13 (fig. 6). In the western two-thirds of sec. 12, the limestone formation lies at a level 15 feet or more above the bed of Crooked Creek, whereas in the eastern third the outcrops occur close to water level in the creek. The Omega limestone in sees. 12 and 13 is commonly 2 feet thick, but thins and is even locally absent. The overburden of soil, glacial clay and silt, and in places shale, is thickest at cut-bank exposures along Crooked Creek where it commonly ranges from 5 to 20 feet or more. It is thinnest in the valley-flats of small valleys, being to 5 feet thick at most localities. Coal CLAY COUNTY 33 1 to 12 inches thick is present in places under the limestone. At one exposure from less than 1 inch to as much as 30 inches of clay occurs between the limestone and coal bed. Below the limestone, or coal it present, occurs soft gray to hurt usually micaceous and somewhat sandy shale, in j 4 to 1 j-inch beds. Its maximum exposed thickness is 20 feet. Because of the thinness of the limestone and the thickness of overburden, the possi- bilities of locating a quarryable deposit of Omega limestone along Crooked Creek in sec. 12 are not encouraging. However, at three outcrops in tributary creeks subse- quently described, it is thought that small deposits capable of supplying from 1,500 to 3,500 tons of limestone may exist. At outcrop (tt) (fig. 6), as much as 30 inches of Omega limestone crops out in the valley-flat of a small creek but is absent locally. Over an area roughly 100 by 250 feet the overburden consists of soil and sandy silt, plus some soft gray thin-bedded shale, and averages about 3 feet in thick- ness. Though the limestone thins and at some places disappears it would probably average 1 foot thick or possibly more over the area. An estimated 1,500 tons of rock is available in this deposit. Sample 51 taken from a 24-inch thickness of limestone gave a C.C.E. value of 91 per cent. Omega limestone is exposed for about 400 feet in the bed of a small creek at out- crop (vv) (fig. 6) where it forms a small waterfall. Here the limestone is pinkish- gray, medium- to fine-grained, fossiliferous, and is 10 to 24 inches thick. The over- burden on the limestone in the valley-flat is probably soil and silt but may include, near the walls of the valley, a bed of conglom- erate from less than 1 inch to 4 feet thick composed of shale and limestone pebbles. Such a stratum is exposed in the valley wall 1 to 2 feet above the top of the limestone a short distance south of the limestone out- crop. The conglomerate would be compara- tively costly overburden to remove. It is believed that a tract about 100 feet wide and 400 feet long in the valley-flat has a soil and silt overburden averaging roughly 2 feet thick. If the limestone aver- ages li_> feet thick in this tract, omitting the area in the creek bed below the falls where the limestone is absent, about 3,500 tons of stone is estimated to be available. The limestone ( sample 52 ) tested 03 per cent C.C.E. The Omega limestone crops out in the bed of a small creek at ( ww ) (rig. 6) and forms a low waterfall. It is overlain by soil and glacial silt and clay. Some shale is visible above the limestone at places. The limestone itself is from 2 to 2} 2 feet thick. An area 200 feet by 100 feet is thought to be underlain by an average thickness of 2 feet of limestone covered by roughly 2 feet of silt, clay, and shale overburden. This deposit might provide approximately 2,500 tons of limestone. On either side of the valley-flat the overburden in the valley walls increases to 15 feet or more in thickness. In addition to the outcrops described, a number of other exposures of limestone occur along Crooked Creek (fig. 6). Data regarding these outcrops are given in table 0. Only the upper part of the limestone stratum is exposed at many of these out- crops so that the total thickness of the bed is not known. However, assuming that the thickness of the limestone is not in excess of its usual thickness of about 3 feet, most of the deposits are believed to be incapable of economically furnishing more than 1,000 tons of stone, and from many of them the amount of stone economically obtainable is probably less. A few outcrops may have commercial possibilities but available data are too scanty to demonstrate them. 34 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES *-> Wi 3 rt O o 3 ^) G ... rt c/) C O t> o *■« £ c a | S_ si's c I re £■ > « C c on ■^ o "" _D c C re re O . 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Since the level of the limestone exposed along the gully is observed to vary by as much as 3 feet, all estimates of overburden are neces- sarily only approximate. Considering both the north and south portions of outcrop (a) together, possibly 5,000 tons of limestone is available in this deposit with less than 5 feet of overburden. The western branch of the creek in which occur outcrops (c) to (g) (fig. 8) also con- tains an old quarry at (f). The quarry is about 40 feet wide and 70 feet long. The limestone in the quarry is mostly below water, but is at least 2 feet thick. It closely resembles the limestone cropping out at (a) and is naturally jointed into large blocks, between which mud seams are present at some places. Outcrops occur in the bed of the creek for approximately a tenth of a mile west- ward from the quarry. Over this distance the valley-flat ranges from 60 to 150 feet in width and has an estimated average width of about 100 feet. It further is estimated that the area of valley-flat which includes outcrops (c) to (g) has 5 feet or less of soil and clayey silt overburden on the limestone and that about two-thirds of the area has an average of 3]/> feet of overburden. If the limestone underlying this area averages 2 feet thick, it is estimated that in this deposit approximately 10,000 tons of lime- stone is available with 5 feet or less of over- burden, and about 6,500 tons probably with an average of 3'/ feet of overburden. 40 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES In the main creek east of the road, 24 inches of Omega limestone crops out at (h) (fig. 8). The limestone appears in the bank slightly above the bed of the stream and is overlain by 3 to 5 feet of the soil and silt of the valley-flat. The upper surface of the limestone is also exposed in two places in a small tributary gully at (i). The over- burden at (i) is about 3 feet thick. The area of valley-flat underlain by limestone in the vicinity of outcrops (h) and (i) is probably small. This deposit is of doubtful importance as a source of agstone. Data regarding outcrops not described in detail above are given in table 10. northwest of a road bridge. The limestone forms rapids in the creek, but above water only a few inches of stone is visible and the total thickness of the limestone could not be determined. Overburden on the south- west side of the stream consists of 15 feet or more of sandy shale and sandstone, while on the northeast or floodplain side the lime- stone is overlain by 6l/£ feet of soil and clayey silt. The overburden increases in thickness away from the creek channel to- wards the northeast. The unknown thick- ness of limestone does not permit an estimate of the probable importance of this deposit as a source of agstone. Other Outcrops At the base of the west bank of the Little Wabash River a short distance north of the center of the south line of the SW. i/J NW. ]/ 4 SW. J4 sec. 29, T. 5 N., R. 6 E., about 18 inches of Omega limestone is exposed, partly under water. At this point the river is against its west valley wall and the over- burden on the limestone is very thick. The limestone does not appear on the opposite side of the stream. The Omega limestone is exposed at two places in the bed of Dismal Creek in sec. 5, T. 4 N., R. 6 E. A short distance east of the center of the west line of the NW. l/j SW. |4 NW. ]4 approximately 30 inches of limestone crops out in the stream. At this place the creek channel is in the valley- flat, some distance from either valley wall. Overburden on the limestone consists of pebbly glacial clay topped by several feet of soil ; it is 5 ]/? feet thick on the north side of the creek and 7]/z feet thick on the south side. The outcrop consists of numerous large blocks of stone separated by "mud seams" or solution cavities up to several feet wide. It is estimated that roughly 75 per cent of the outcrop consists of these "mud seams". The limestone is reported to be somewhat more than 2]/? feet thick in un- exposed parts of this deposit. If this is correct a limited amount of stone may be economically available. Otherwise the thickness of overburden is probably too great to permit economical quarrying of agstone. Sample 72 from 12 inches of lime- stone tested 94 per cent C.C.E. The other outcrop of Omega limestone along Dismal Creek is in the SE. cor. NE. 14 SE. l/i NW. 14 sec. 5, about 150 feet OTHER LIMESTONES The Omega is believed to be the only limestone of economic importance in Clay County. Two outcrops of limestone not belonging to the Omega formation are de- scribed in table 9, and another similar lime- stone crops out in the valley walls of a small tributary to Crooked Creek in the SE. cor. SE. 14 SW. 14 SE. 14 sec. 33, T. 5 N., R. 5 E., about 1 mile southwest of Iola. This outcrop consists of numerous flat pieces of "float" from 1 to 8 inches thick. No limestone was seen in place. Sample 70 taken from several limestone masses tested 87 per cent. Limestone crops out at intervals for roughly a quarter of a mile south of the road, in a small creek trending north and south at right angles to the east-west road, along the north line of the section at a point a quarter of a mile west of the east line of sec. 32, T. 3 N., R. 5 E. It is dark gray, very fine-grained, fossiliferous, and about 6 inches thick. This limestone is too thin to be quarried commercially. Beginning at a point 200 feet north of the road, in the same creek, limestone is exposed at intervals for a distance of 900 feet. The limestone crops out in the valley walls as a stratum rang- ing from 3 inches to at least 4 feet and possibly 5 feet thick, overlying sandstone and shale, and in turn overlain by a black very thin-bedded shale not everywhere ex- posed, plus glacial clay and soil. The over- burden on the limestone everywhere exceeds 10 feet, making the feasibility of quarrying doubtful. Sample 71 of the limestone, taken from a 4-foot thickness at an exposure in the west valley wall a fifth of a mile north of the road, tested 85 per cent C.C.E. CLAY COUNTY 41 A few blocks of limestone were observed which had slumped from a concealed ledge along the east bank of a creek near the center of the west line of the NW. |4 sec - 29, T. 5 N., R. 8 E. Judging from the thickness of the blocks, the ledge must be about 1 foot thick. It is probably of no commercial importance. Several loose blocks of limestone 15 inches thick were found a few yards south of the road in the NW. V A SW. y 4 NE. \/ 4 sec. 19, T. 4 N., R. 6 E. The parent ledge was not discovered. QUARRYING INDUSTRY Two limestone quarries were being oper- ated in Clay County in 1939, the Hewitt quarry located on Dismal Creek 2 miles east of Iola, and the Gammon quarry on Crooked Creek about 5]/> miles northwest of Louisville. Hewitt Quarry The Hewitt quarry is in the valley wall several hundred feet north of Dismal Creek in the NE. ]/ 4 SW. ]/ 4 SW. \/ 4 sec. 25, T. 5 N., R. 5 E. In 1938 and 1939 the operator, William E. Hewitt, Hewitt En- gineering and Materials Company, Iola, produced a stabilized roadstone mixture for local use in highway construction and was planning to produce agstone. A face of Omega limestone 6-9 feet thick is exposed in the quarry. In February 1939 the workings occupied an area about 225 feet wide and 650 feet long. The over- burden of soil and glacial clay ranged from 1 to 12 feet in thickness. It was removed by a gasoline shovel, loaded into trucks and dumped at a nearby central dump pile in the valley-flat. About 1 inch of clay was left on the limestone to supply the clay nec- essary for the stabilized mixture. Drilling equipment consisted of two jackhammers and one small wagon drill. The broken rock was loaded into trucks by a second gasoline shovel and taken to the crushing platform located just south of the quarry. Primary crushing was done by a jaw crusher set to deliver 2-inch material which was carried by a conveyor belt to a Western-Austin roll-crushing screening and mixing machine. In this machine the dis- charge from the jaw crusher first passed over a -)4-inch screen, the oversize pieces going to rolls set for l/-inch. The under- size was thoroughly mixed with the product of the rolls and the included clay. The mixed product was carried by a belt con- veyor to hopper bins where it was stored. Two steam engines operated the crusher and rolls and the screening and mixing plant. A road to the south provides access to the quarry. Gammon Quarry The Gammon quarry, operated by D. H. Gammon of Louisville, is located in the south valley wall of Crooked Creek in the SW. cor. SW. \/ 4 SW. 14 SE. 14 sec. 11, T. 4 N., R. 5 E. The product was used for agstone in 1938, although it was also suit- able for roadstone. The working face ex- poses 8 to 9 feet of Omega limestone under 3 to 15 feet of overburden including from 2 to 12 feet of shale. The overburden was removed by a bull- dozer which shoved it over the edge of the quarry facing Crooked Creek. Holes for blasting were drilled with a jackhammer to within 1 foot of the bottom of the 9-foot thickness of rock. The holes were placed about 4 feet apart, in a staggered pattern, and were loaded practically to the top with 60 per cent dyna- mite. If necessary, the blasted rock was further broken by sledging and was then loaded by hand into trucks which hauled it up a steep grade to the crushing and screening plant located on top of the bluff above the quarry. Primary crushing to 2-inch size was done by a jaw crusher having an hourly capacity of 18 to 20 tons. The crushed material was elevated by a bucket conveyor to an over- head revolving screen. Screenings 1,4 -inch and less in size were discarded in order to remove dirt which would contaminate the finished agstone. The oversize was fed to a hammer mill discharging to a bucket con- veyor which carried the stone to the storage bin. The finished product was trucked over a road to the south. Power for the operations, including the air compressor, was provided by one 75- HP steam engine. CONCRETE AGGREGATE AND ROADSTONE No investigation was made of the suit- ability of the Omega limestone of Clay County for concrete aggregate or roadstone. However, since roadstone has been pro- duced from both the operating quarries in 42 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES the county, it would seem probable that it could also be produced from other deposits of the Omega limestone. It is thought probable that these deposits whose C.C.E. value is more than 90 per cent would furnish a stone suitable for con- crete aggregate. However, stone testing less than 90 per cent, and especially stone test- ing less than 80 per cent, should not be used in concrete which is to be exposed to the weather without ample tests to determine whether or not it has adequate weather resistance. RICHLAND COUNTY The available agricultural limestone re- sources of Richland County are limited because the limestone strata found in the county are generally thin, are not exten- sively exposed, and have a heavy overbur- den. Three limestone formations are pres- ent, the Calhoun, Bogota, and Newton limestones. Of these the Calhoun is the most important because it is the thickest, exceeding 2 feet at several localities. The Bogota limestone ranges from 6 to 30 inches in thickness, while the maximum observed thickness of the Newton limestone is 12 inches. No limestone deposits were observed from which more than 5,000 tons of stone can be obtained economically. One deposit of Cal- houn limestone may yield about 2,500 tons of limestone under favorable quarrying con- ditions. One deposit of Bogota limestone may contain 400 tons of available stone. Table 1 1 gives the results of C.C.E. test on samples taken from outcrops of the sev- eral limestones in Richland County. Outcrops of Calhoun limestone are re- stricted to the southeast corner of Richland County and occur in creeks and gullies trib- utary to the Bonpas River east of Calhoun and Parkersburg. Occasional blocks of this limestone are also exposed on the waste dumps of several abandoned strip mines in the area. The most promising locality for quarry- ing agstone from the Calhoun limestone is in the vallev-flat of the southward flowing stream in the SW. \/ A SE. ]/ A NE. \/ A sec. 19, T. 2 N., R. 14 W. The limestone is gray, medium-grained, and occurs as one massive bed which ranges from 18 to 25 inches in exposed thickness. It crops out for 250 feet along the creek and probably underlies the valley-flat which is about 70 feet wide. The overburden in the flat con- sists of soil, sand and silt, and possibly some shale and averages about 5 feet thick. In some places a coal bed 6± inches thick underlies the Calhoun limestone and may be present in this tract though it was not exposed. The amount of stone available from the deposit is estimated to be 2,500 tons, assuming that the limestone is gener- ally present under the valley-flat. The C.C.E. is believed to be about the same as that of a sample taken from a strip mine a quarter of a mile southwest of the out- crop, namely 86 per cent. The maximum thickness of Calhoun limestone observed in Richland County is exposed in a road-cut in the south bluff of a vallev on the east line of the NE. ]4 NE. i/i NE. 14 sec. 6, T. 2 N., R. 14 W. Here the formation consists of two beds totalling 4 feet 10 inches in thickness. It is overlain by 5 to 10 feet of brown sandy shale and from 2 to 20 feet of glacial clay. Roadstone and agstone were quarried in 1935 and 1936 from a 3 to 3i/ 2 foot bed of Calhoun limestone in a quarry approxi- mated two-tenths of a mile north of the Table -Results of Calcium Carbonate Equivalent Tests on Samples from Richland County Sample No. Limestone Location Thickness Ft. in. C.C.E. value per cent 33 34 35 36 37-38 39 Newton Bogota Bogota Calhoun Calhoun Probably glacial boulder T. 4 N., R. 14 W., sec. 17, NE. cor. NW. NW T. 3 N., R. 10 E., sec. 22, cen. S. line, SE. NW. NW. T. 3 N., R. 10 E., sec. 22, cen. S. line, SE. NW. NW. T. 2 N., R. 14 W., sec. 19, cen. N. H SW. SE T. 2 N., R. 14 W., sec. 6, near cen. E. line, NE. NE. T. 3 N., R. 14 W., sec. 6, SW. NW. NW 10-12 10-26 stock pile 2 4 10 3 94 94 89 86 86 94 RICH LAX D AXD JASPER COUNTIES 43 road outcrop. It is said the maximum over- burden was 10 feet and included some sand- stone. In a nearby road-cut 6 feet of sand- stone immediately overlies the limestone. The increasing thickness of overburden is said to have caused abandonment of the quarry. Unless prospecting in the vicinity of these outcrops reveals tracts where the overburden is thinner it is believed that only comparatively small amounts of agricultural limestone could be economically produced from this locality. The Bogota limestone crops out in a small area three miles south of Olney. It is exposed for 375 feet in the bed of a gully near the center of the E. l/? W. \/i NW. |4 sec. 22, T. 3 N., R. 10 E. The limestone is gray, very fine-grained, and is from 10 to 26 inches thick at the center of the outcrop. Sample 34 taken from a 26-inch thickness tested 94 per cent C.C.E. The limestone has been quarried from a pit approximately 30 feet wide and 175 feet long in the center of the outcrop. It is estimated that about 400 tons of agstone is available from the margins of the present pit with an average of 4i/2 feet of overburden. The Bogota limestone is not usually thick enough to be an important source of agricultural lime- stone. The Newton limestone crops out in the bed of a small stream near the northeast corner of the NW. l/J NW. \/\ sec. 17, T. 4 N., R. 14 W., 50 feet south of the road bridge. It is 10 to 12 inches thick, the usual thickness of the formation. Other outcrops probably occur in nearby gullies, but it is believed that the Newton lime- stone is generally too thin to be of com- mercial importance as a source of agstone in Richland Countv. JASPER COUNTY No limestone deposits were noted in Jas- per County which would furnish economi- cally more than a few hundred tons of agricultural limestone. The Omega, New- ton, and Bogota limestones crop out in the county but are all consistently 2 feet or less in thickness. The Omega formation has the greatest average thickness but the low- est average C.C.E. value. Only under very favorable local conditions could these thin limestones be economically quarried for ag- stone, and then probably only a few hun- dred tons would be available at any one place. The results of C.C.E. tests on samples from the limestones of Jasper County are tabulated in table 12. Outcrops of the Omega limestone are re- stricted to the northwest quarter of the county and were observed along Croce Creek and one of its tributaries east and southeast of Montrose, along two eastward- flowing tributaries of the Embarrass River southeast of Gila, and at three localities north and northeast of Lis. The limestone is 12 to 18 inches thick at most outcrops and is usually sandy, being much more im- pure than in Cumberland, Effingham, or Clay County. The outcrops giving most promise of being a source of agstone are those occur- ring in the beds of Croce Creek and a small tributary creek in the NW. I/4 NW. 1 j sec. 21, T. 8 N., R. 8 E. The small out- crops are exposed along a quarter of a mile of the main creek, and one appears in the small tributary creek. From 10 to 12 inches of gray nodular limestone appears in the main creek, but the base of the formation is Table 12. — Results of Calcium Carbonate Equivalent Tests on Limestone Samples from Jasper County Sample No. Limestone Location Thickness Ft. in. C.C.E. value per cent 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 43 44 Omega Omega Omega Omega Omega Bogota New ton Newton Bogota T. 7 N., R. 9 E., sec. 17, SE. cor. SE. SE T. 7 N., R. 9 E., sec. 17, cen. N. line, NW. XE T. 7 X., R. 9 E., sec. 4, cen. W. Y 2 NE T. 8 X., R. 8 E., sec. 3, cen. S. line", NW. XE. SE. . T. 8 X., R. 8 E., sec. 3, XE. NW. XE T. 5 X., R. 8 E., sec. 20, cen. XE. SE T. 7 N., R. 10 E., sec. 22, cen. X. line, NW. NE T. 7 X., R. 10 E., sec. 15, NE. NW. SE T. 5 X., R. 8 E., sec. 17, cen. X. Y> X. y 2i XE. XE. . 2± 2 12-18 12-14 1 3 1 1 1 4 64 63 58 48 74 93 90 82 88 44 AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE RESOURCES not exposed and hence the full thickness of the stratum is not known. It was not possible to obtain a representative sample of the limestone but it appears to be purer than elsewhere in the county. The valley- flat of Croce Creek is estimated to be 200 feet wide. At the creek banks the over- burden is 5 to 6 feet thick and would prob- ably average about 7 feet in thickness over the valley-flat. In a small tributary creek at a point 250 feet west of the main creek the overburden is probably only 3 feet thick over a width of 40 feet. How much of the valley-flat is underlain by limestone is not known. Extensive prospecting would be necessary before the value of this area as a source of agricultural limestone could be determined. None of the other observed outcrops of Omega limestone appear to offer much promise because the limestone is either too thin, too impure, or the overburden is too thick. The Newton limestone crops out at a number of localities in the valley walls of Crooked Creek in sees. 15, 16, 21, 22, 27, and 28, T. 7 N., R. 10 E., northeast of Newton. This limestone is 8 to 12 inches thick and has a thick overburden of glacial clay wherever exposed. The Bogota limestone is exposed along Muddy Creek and some of its tributaries in a small area in the extreme southwest corner of Jasper County and also in a gully tribu- tary to Hickory Creek 100 feet south of the road bridge in the center of the north line of the NW. 1/ SW. J4 sec. 16, T. 6 N., R. 14 W., where only loose blocks were ob- served. The Bogota limestone apparently ranges from 6]/? to 18 inches in thickness. At all outcrops visited the overburden was too thick to permit economical quarrying. Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 65, 1940