OF THE 
 
 U N I VLR.S ITY 
 Of ILLINOIS 
 
 331.8 
 
 P>33X. 
 
 * b 
 
LABOR’S HARD TIMES 
 SCHOOL 
 
 A VOLUME OF INTEREST TO EVERY 
 WAGE EARNER 
 and 
 
 TO EVERY EMPLOYER. 
 
 Founded on the Scriptural Injunction, 
 
 *Xbe Eaborcr i$ worthy of l)i$ biro/' 
 
 By geo. H. REYNOLDS 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 PUBLISHED ONLY BY 
 
 WABASH PUBLISHING HOUSE, 
 Chicago, III. 
 
A copy of this book can be obtained only from the 
 
 WABASH PUBLISHING HOUSE 
 Or its Authorized Agents. 
 
 Sent prepaid for $1.50. 
 
 Copyrighted, 1897, 
 by 
 
 Wabash Publishing House. 
 All rights reserved. 
 
'^^ADGE 
 
 I 
 
 c I I 
 
 S 
 
 
 that great army to whose genius, 
 Vl^ energy and activity the phenomenal 
 progress of our beloved country is due, 
 the sellers of day^s works, this volume is 
 dedicated. 
 
 GEO. H. REYNOLDS. 
 
 -i. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2017 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates 
 
 https://ar6hive.org/details/laborshardtimess00reyn 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 Our country and our flag, which are simply our 
 people, are quite safe when the masses use their rea- 
 soning faculties and in the broadest and best sense 
 follow in lines politically and otherwise that have 
 been well thought out. 
 
 An individual may find a special delight in doing 
 wrong, and in going wrong, and may have a follow- 
 ing of his own class and kind who ignore all conse- 
 quences and ends, and many people well inclined 
 fall into the habit without enquiry of rendering 
 support to the sentiments of such classes. 
 
 While the lessons following cover but a fractional 
 part of the broad field of our industries, we feel jus- 
 tified in claiming that the points made in the few 
 that have been considered and discussed, will enable 
 many of our wage-earning masses who desire sub- 
 stantial results to discover the intrigue of many of 
 our flowery and polished intriguers. 
 
 The American workingman is ever full of ears for 
 the self-constituted hero who in a brass band voice 
 offers something for nothing, and later, when the 
 strained labor seller to his sorrow has learned that 
 on the lines proposed he has accepted nothing and 
 exchanged something for it, instead of charging his 
 discomforts to the false prophet, listens to him 
 again when he comes claiming that his medicine 
 should have been taken in stronger and more heroic 
 doses. 
 
 It is these features of the wage-earners’ interests 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 that in an indirect way we have aimed to treat. We 
 have endeavored to show why we have had hard 
 times, and why the sorrow, strife and want of the 
 past few years. As well have we endeavored to 
 point the way to relief that we believe can become in 
 a large measure permanent, subject, of course, to in- 
 fluences that tend to swell and broaden at times, and 
 to be less promising at others, but in reality will for- 
 bid such stringencies and perils as we have had occa- 
 sion to battle with the last four years. 
 
 If there is any class of citizens among us who can- 
 not afford to make errors it is our sellers of days’ 
 work, whether by the day, week, month or year, and 
 yet they are the very first that the conniving parti- 
 san smiles upon, and attempts to bring within reach 
 of his clamrny grasp. To avoid error, and so far as 
 possible shun labor’s enemy should be the wage- 
 earner’s study, remembering that the most dangerous 
 possible enemy is one in the disguise of a friend. 
 
 The following lessons undertake to draw the seller 
 of labor close to his own interests. And as faith- 
 fully do they undertake to show that when labor is 
 hurt the vital interests of our whole country are hurt. 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 9 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 Knowledge is the mould in which must be cast the 
 character and value of every country that turns its 
 face to the Suh. 
 
 Knowledge is the parent of every artificial foun- 
 dation and every superstructure that does or will 
 grace this earth. 
 
 “ Knowledge is an increase of human production.” 
 
 “Knowledge is obedience to law.” 
 
 “Knowledge is peace.” 
 
 “ Knowledge is money.” 
 
 Knowledge is what we know, not what we guess at. 
 
 What proportion of those claiming distinction as 
 teachers and leaders are free from a blind prejudice 
 upon subjects and questions that are fads with them? 
 
 Prejudice may be inspired by selfish motives or it 
 may be inherited; in either event it will be time 
 wasted to combat it, except in the former it may be 
 classed as commercial integrity, a commodity on the 
 market which can be turned, provided you choose to 
 pay the price. Labor’s Hard Times School does not 
 even hope to have any effect upon any prejudice 
 that is blind except to rob it of its pernicious and 
 unpardonable influence. In our classes we shall so 
 far as is possible endeavor to instruct by demonstra- 
 tion as near the occular as words can make it, and 
 those who believe and are willing to admii that a 
 fact is the truth and that the truth is a fact, w^' hope 
 to benefit. 
 
i8 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School* 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 Labor. Mr. Jackson, you are a worker in the glass 
 industry. I will call on you first in opening this 
 school to please tell us what labor is. 
 
 Mr. Jackson. Labor is what I have to sell. 
 
 Labor. Is labor all you have to sell? 
 
 Mr. Jackson: Yes, sir; it is all I have to dispose 
 of; not a thing else is there in my possession that I 
 can command a penny for. 
 
 Labor. What is the chief commodity in manu- 
 factured glass? 
 
 Mr. Jackson. Labor, — it is practically all labor„ 
 
 Labor, Yes, but an observer would call it glass. 
 
 Mr. Jackso7i. Certainly, but it is wrongly named. 
 Mr. Observer can as well call it sand, but when you 
 compare the value of the sand with labor does not 
 the sand lose its rights? The digging, hauling and 
 freighting the sand, which is paid labor, is worth 
 many times what the sand was before it was moved. 
 
 Of course, Mr. Labor, everything, by necessity, has 
 to have a name and that without recognizing the 
 labor it contains. Everything is, quite all of it labor, 
 but by custom when looking at a finished article or 
 product we do not see or take heed of the days works 
 it contains, any more than we see the air we breathe, 
 but if we stop to think we know the days works are 
 there. I predict nojv, in the very first lesson in this 
 school, that you will not be able to find a product 
 that its value is not from seven to nine-tenths of it 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. iq 
 
 days works that have been paid for. Exceptions 
 may be cited, but if they are it will be like finding a 
 swarm of bees when chopping in the woods, and 
 with but little effort securing the honey; but if the 
 bees are hunted for the honey, when gotten, will rep- 
 resent labor performed. 
 
 Some things may contain an extravagant profit, 
 but if they do it will be at the expense of patience, 
 time and hazard in disposing of them, which is one 
 kind of labor. All that is produced through care 
 and attention, requiring any time whatever, is labor 
 of its kind. 
 
 The field of labor is so broad I could not define it 
 to suit myself, and I am conscious that any effort I 
 might make would hold but little satisfaction for 
 those present. I might talk a long time about the 
 manufacture of glass yet one who had listened to me 
 could spend thirty minutes in some glass works and 
 come to the conclusion that I had hardly referred to 
 the subject. 
 
 Labor, - All we desire, Mr. Jackson, relative to the 
 manufacture of glass is to gather some idea as to 
 what share of the finished product belongs to labor. 
 We do not care for data or detail, or for particulars. 
 If any of us need to know all about making glass we 
 can go to some glass works, as you have suggested, 
 and see and learn what it would be very difficult for 
 you to impart by word of mouth. 
 
 Mr. Jackson. All the ingredients used in making 
 glass traced back to their raw state, Mr. Labor, like 
 the sand, contain but a trifle of value. It is not until 
 the hands of toil have transformed them into pro- 
 ducts called material, and money paid for such 
 labor, that they represent any special value or 
 
20 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 worth, the same as handling the sand puts value into 
 it. Hence, up to the point of beginning the manu- 
 facture of glass, we must make due allowance for 
 the labor the material we begin with contains. 
 
 The first process is to purify the material, which is 
 labor. After being purified, labor places it into a 
 furnace or calcar, to be calcined. This is called 
 fritting, all of which is labor. The substance when 
 taken out in a soft and yielding state is cut in 
 chunks which soon harden. These are piled away 
 as a product, having advanced a step further and 
 into another form, but are still called material. All 
 this is accomplished by days work, Mr. Labor, and 
 it is plain enough that the material has taken on 
 value equal to the cost of the days works it contains. 
 This material, when melted again by labor, is formed 
 into all kinds of designs, up to the limit of weaving 
 it into cloth for a dress. Some of it is cast and some 
 of it is blown; but regardless of the forms it has been 
 made to assume it has all been wrought by hands 
 earning wages, either by the day, by the week or by 
 the piece. 
 
 I would not have you infer, Mr. Labor, from the 
 remark I made that glass cloth has become a staple 
 product. It was for the novelty of showing what 
 could be done with glass thread that cloth has been 
 woven from it and a dress made. 
 
 It is wonderful what can be made of glass in the 
 way of ornament, as well as goods of utility. 
 
 Glass vessels, when formed complete, are placed 
 in the annealing oven, where they are heated and 
 then very gradually cooled, otherwise they would 
 not stand changes of temperature, or handling with- 
 out breaking, etc. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 21 
 
 The weight and size of glass articles cause a vari- 
 ance of from six to sixty hours in annealing. All the 
 process requires strict care and attention, which is 
 labor that must be remunerated. 
 
 The grinding, polishing and squaring plate glass 
 is all labor. To make a mirror is days works, 
 and the additional material required is composed in 
 value of days works. Should you ask me, Mr. Labor, 
 to tell you the value in glass after the days works 
 has been taken out of it, I would be compelled to 
 cite you to the value of the sand that is at rest on 
 the shores of the sea. This citation may appear 
 slightly strained when the coal and coke used are 
 considered, but take the labor out of them and place 
 the other ingredients required back into the earth 
 and the strained appearance will quite disappear. 
 
 I shall claim, Mr. Labor, that while certain ingre- 
 dients and properties are required to manufacture 
 glass, the only real thing of value it contains is 
 days works. 
 
 Before I take my seat, Mr. Labor, I want to con- 
 demn the practice of our country buying abroad 
 from six to nine million dollars worth of glassware 
 yearly. How would I look buying foreign glassware 
 to equip my house, and thus forbid my making just 
 that amount of glass? When out of employment, 
 on this principle, which means no food for me or 
 mine, would I be entitled to any sympathy or 
 charity? 
 
 Then, why should I buy a foreign made clock, 
 send my money to the workmen on the other side of 
 the deep, and thus forbid the clockmaker in the 
 United States having that money to buy the glass- 
 ware I make? 
 
22 
 
 Labors' Hard Times School. 
 
 The man who has built a row of houses and de- 
 manded that the glass used should be of foreign 
 make ought to fail to sell or rent them. How could 
 I pay him rent, or buy one of his houses, if he sends 
 the money I ought to have out of our country? 
 
 We glass workers, Mr. Labor, can make all the 
 glass our country needs, and if our people send in 
 one year eight million dollars to other countries for 
 glass and glass goods we sellers of days work in that 
 line will have fully six million dollars less money to 
 spend in our own markets, and the other two million 
 dollars would fall in other hands in this country and 
 thus increase our market. 
 
 Every seller of days works in every other industry 
 in the United States is to some degree interested in 
 us sellers of days works in making glass having this 
 six million dollars that goes abroad, because when 
 we have that money we are stronger patrons of labor 
 in all other industries to just the extent of that six 
 million dollars. 
 
 Can I word this any plainer, Mr. Labor? I hope 
 the point I make will not be missed. There is a 
 great principle involved. On the one hand it holds 
 plenty for the American wage earner, while on the 
 other hand it holds hunger and want. 
 
 I thank you, Mr. Labor, for the compliment of the 
 first lesson. I hope that what will follow in this 
 school will be clearer and straighter from the 
 shoulder than what I have said. 
 
 Don’t let any hesitate for fear of the charge of re- 
 peating. Iterate and reiterate until every seller of 
 days works and every other citizen recognizes the 
 importance of the sellers in this country finding a 
 market for their days works, and keeping those 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 23 
 
 
24 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 wages in circulation here in the United States. 
 
 It is plain that our money cannot be in circulation 
 in foreign countries and here at home at the same 
 time. If our money goes abroad to buy glass I can- 
 not hope to find employment to make glass here 
 where I want to live. 
 
 I earnestly hope this feature will be kept in front 
 of this class on every product that shall be con- 
 sidered. 
 
 Labor, Your request is important, Mr. Jackson, 
 and I hope it will not be lost sight of. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 2 S' 
 
 LESSON 11. 
 
 A gentleman on his feet, waving his hand, secures 
 Labor’s attention, and addresses him in the follow- 
 ing words: 
 
 “ I am a coal mirier, Mr. Labor; my name is Slo- 
 cum. With your permission, I would like to say a 
 word with relation to our dreary and hazardous 
 branch of toil.’- 
 
 Labor. Very good, Mr. Slocum. Yours must 
 truly be a life of toil, burdened with risk and 
 venture, requiring a special courage in forsaking the 
 sunshine to do battle for bread with all that is 
 gloomy and dismal. We shall listen to you with 
 much interest. 
 
 Mr. Slocum. It is so thoroughly understood that 
 coal represents days works and little else, that I need 
 not consume any of your valuable time in attempt- 
 ing to establish that fact. An incident in proof that 
 occurred not so long ago, however, might not be out 
 of place here. A mine owner could not pay the price 
 our miners demanded per ton for taking out the 
 coal, and made a settlement with them by giving the 
 miners all the coal they took out, provided the latter 
 would keep the mine in good order, free from ac- 
 cumulation of water, etc. To this, of course, our 
 people could take no exception, and by force of cir- 
 cumstances accepted the proposition. The result 
 was that the miners realized five cents per ton less 
 
26 
 
 1>AB0RS’ Hard Times School. 
 
 for the coal than they demanded from the owner of 
 the mine for mining it. 
 
 Of course, a mine owner could not afford to con- 
 tinue such methods very long, neither could he 
 profitably allow his mine to fill with water and get 
 out of repair generally. He was, naturally enough, 
 waiting and hoping for conditions to change. What 
 were the then present or past conditions, Mr. Labor? 
 
 Labor. Undoubtedly, Mr. Slocum, the trouble was 
 due to the fact that, including the whole country, 
 too much coal was being mined and placed on the 
 market. 
 
 Mr. Slocum. You have named the very fault, Mr. 
 Labor. If the market could take the coal, the mine 
 owners and we miners would, if possible to do so, 
 take every pound of coal out of the bowels of the 
 earth in one week. 
 
 Labor. Such an event as that would wreck the 
 world with our present preparation, Mr. Slocum. 
 
 Mr. Slocum. We miners ^nd the mine owners 
 would not stop to think about the wreck. If we could 
 get the coal all out in one week and sell it we would 
 do it, and this very disposition, Mr. Labor, in the 
 coal industry, is the cause of the starvation wages 
 many of us miners are victims of. The burden all 
 falls back on us. Everything, virtually, is out of it 
 already except labor; that is the only thing left 
 where a' cut may be made, as was evidenced by the 
 owner who gave the miners the coal for taking it 
 out, and their remuneration in the end was five cents 
 per ton less than they asked him for mining it. 
 
 Labor. Is there any remedy for such a condition, 
 Mr. Slocum? 
 
 Mr. Slocum. Yes, Mr. Labor, there is a remedy. 
 
Labors’ Haro Times School. 
 
 V 
 
 but the people are not ready to submit to it; but it 
 must come, and time will bring it. 
 
 Labor. What is the remedy? 
 
 Mr. Slocum. Kick off the face of the earth that 
 old motto that competition is the life of trade. Com- 
 petition today, Mr. Labor, is the ruination of busi- 
 ness, and the man who in the end bears the burden 
 is the seller of days works, as was made manifest and 
 clear again in our branch of toil when the mine owner 
 offered the diggers his mine to make what they could 
 out of it. “Competition is the life of trade” might have 
 been good enough as a motto long ago, but like many 
 other things it has served its time and now belongs 
 to the scrap pile with the old stage coach, ox cart 
 and wooden plow. A plan or method should be 
 sought out whereby competition can be regulated, 
 Mr.Labor. Open competition has resolved itself into 
 a bitter fight in which individuals are, in a financial 
 sense’, trying to exterminate each other. First, the 
 profits in nearly all industries, as in coal, are elim- 
 inated, and the next and only available step towards 
 lower prices is to reduce wages. 
 
 Labor. We are a free people, Mr, Slocum, and 
 every person is supposed to manage his business to 
 suit himself. 
 
 Mr. Slocum. I do not agree with you, Mr. Labor. 
 A man’s business may be open thievery. We have 
 laws to punish that. No man has any right to 
 take from me stealthily, or in any other way, what 
 is my own, and I believe when any system in vogue 
 keeps full pay from me which is my own, the system 
 is worse than the thief, for I can watch the latter and 
 head him off. A man’s full rights in what is his own 
 is a proper and good sentiment, but those rights 
 
28 ^../vUORS’ Hard Times School. 
 
 should not be broad enough to allow that man to 
 absorb me and thousands of others. Do not take it, 
 Mr. Labor, that I am making charges against indi- 
 viduals. I am arraigning the policy which individ- 
 ual business men become victims of and which forces 
 them to do things they abhor themselves. Public 
 sentiment says that we must have open competition, 
 and anything short of that is combine. I say any 
 law that prevents business men in any branch con-' 
 ferring with the view of making the line of business 
 they are engaged in one of safety, and denies such 
 men the right to arrange prices and output, is war- 
 ranting a continuance of the deplorable statistics 
 that 95 per cent, of our business men fail to succeed. 
 Look at the industry where I sell my days works, 
 Mr. Labor. What can be plainer than that the prices 
 and output should be regulated, but you let the price 
 of coal be put up 25 cents a ton and what a cry of 
 coal combine there would be, even though we miners 
 should get twenty cents per ton of the raise, and the 
 mine owners the other five cents. 
 
 Labor, Do you think, Mr. Slocum, if coal should 
 sell at a higher figure that the miners would be better 
 paid? 
 
 Mr, Slocum, The mine owner cannot pay the miner 
 any more for digging the coal than he sells it for 
 net after paying freights, can he, Mr. Labor? 
 
 Labor, No, certainly not; but why have the mine 
 owners allowed the price to drop so low? 
 
 Mr, Slocum. Over production, open competition 
 and the keen purchasing agents of the railroads have 
 done it all, and our laws forbid the mine owners 
 regulating any of these questions, and the result is 
 that we miners are digging coal for from ten to 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 >9 
 
 twenty-five cents a ton less than we ought to have. 
 
 Labor, What do you mean by the keen railroad 
 purchasing agent, Mr. Slocum? 
 
 Mr, Slocum, It will only be the smaller railroads 
 that do not buy fully one million dollars worth of 
 coal, if not more, each year. To do this they en^ploy 
 the keenest kind of a man, who is called the railroad 
 fuel agent. The position is a good one, and the man 
 filling it endeavors to give the best satisfaction pos- 
 sible to the company and the men over him. Should 
 he be a new man in the position he' will strive to beat 
 the record of the man he succeeds, while if an old 
 employee in the place he fills you will find him 
 straining diligently to beat his own record, or the 
 record of some fuel agent on some other road. Open 
 competition between purchasing agents, you see, 
 Mr. Labor. Of course there is no law preventing the 
 fuel agents of all the railroads combining regardless 
 of how hard we miners get hit. I do not charge, 
 Mr. Labor, that the fuel agents of the various roads 
 ever confer, or have any understanding among them- 
 selves, but if they do the law will protect them. I 
 do charge, though, that as an expert artist touches 
 up his picture, the fuel agent touches up the mine 
 owner and seller of coal. Open competition sends 
 all the sellers to him, and the same close scrutiny 
 that tells the artist where to land another stroke of 
 the brush, admonishes the fuel agent when his op- 
 portunity has come, all of which he proceeds to im- 
 prove. In a word, Mr. Labor, the railroad companies’ 
 fuel agents become experts in buying and are the 
 men who largely make the price of coal, and the only 
 possible remedy is for the mine owners to arrange 
 prices between themselves below which they will not 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 3c 
 
 go, and to estimate what the demand for coal will 
 be, and then take out no more than will be consumed. 
 
 Labor, Such a course, Mr. Slocum, would possibly 
 not employ all the miners. 
 
 Mr. Slocum. We would soon learn then how many 
 miners could depend on steady employment, and 
 such as were thrown out would see that they must 
 look for work in some other field of labor. Were I 
 one I would be content under such circumstances to 
 seek some other mode of earning my living. 
 
 Labor. Then, you think, Mr. Slocum, that the mine 
 owners ought to arrange prices among themselves 
 for the heavy buyers, such as railroads, etc.? 
 
 Mr. Slocum. What show have the mine owners, 
 pitted separately against one shrewd buyer of years 
 of experience in his line? 
 
 Labor. Wouldn’t their combining in that way have 
 a bad look on the face of it? 
 
 Mr. Slocum. In keeping with past customs, it would 
 look bad, but how does it look to see fifty men the 
 victims of one man, and when you add us miners, 
 where the blow hits last and hurts the most, it is 
 thousands to one, and all of us practically subjects 
 of his mercy. Let the mine owners select one man 
 just as smart as the railroad companies’ purchasing 
 agents, and then let them loose at each other, and 
 allow them both to become experts, one in selling 
 and the other in buying, arrange their prices and 
 publish them with no cards up their sleeves. Let us 
 workers under the ground have full pay for our toil 
 and risk, and allow the owner something for his 
 property. Any condition which forces the owner of 
 a good mine to say to the miners: “Boys, take the 
 coal out and sell it for what you can and keep the 
 
Labors’ Hard Timrs School. 
 
 31 
 
 money,” is deplorable, out under the present cus- 
 toms and laws that is about the condition we are in. 
 We men, ourselves, Mr. Labor, are very much to 
 blame that uniformly we do not get better pay. 
 Some railroad company will offer to contract a large 
 amount of coal with an owner, naming a price. The 
 latter goes to his miners and tells them by reducing 
 their pay to a given figure he can fill this contract 
 and give them steady work. The miners foolishly 
 consent, never stopping to think that such a step on 
 their part makes a new price for coal that other mine 
 owners will be forced to meet, and cause a fight for 
 lower wages all along the line. The man I am work- 
 ing for is bound in self-defence to come to me and 
 say, ^‘In such and such a mine the men are working 
 for less pay and unless we can meet the price we 
 shall have to shut down.” Then with me it is a case 
 of out of work or less pay, and in place of the mine 
 owners being to blame for the cut, it is the fault of 
 our own men. This all traces back, Mr. Labor, to 
 the shrewd railroad purchasing agent. He can tell 
 the color of shirt the seller wore last year, and the 
 color he will wear next year. Even though he never 
 saw him before, he can discover what the seller goes 
 home and tells his wife, and what he ought to go 
 home and tell her. He has combined against thous- 
 ands of our meal chests, which are always scanty 
 enough, but the people and our laws say the sellers 
 must not combine against the fuel agent. 
 
 Labor. You will continue, Mr. Slocum, until you 
 convert me to your line of thinking, I fear. I begin 
 to recognize the power in the market of skilled and 
 extensive buyers, and I can see that it is possible, 
 when sellers are anxious and not in harmony, for 
 
32 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 such buyers to send hardships where they should 
 not go. 
 
 Mr. Slocum. Yes, Mr. Labor, we miners have hard- 
 ships in plenty without any being specially sent, and 
 I shall be glad, indeed, when everybody is converted 
 to the principle of a willingness to pay a price that 
 holds a comfortable living to those who produce 
 it for what he requires. The head of a mine said to 
 me a few days ago that these low prices did untold 
 harm. On one hand it meant starvation and on the 
 other hand it meant change of ownership. I feel 
 that the Government ought to step in and regulate 
 the whole thing. The present public owes to any 
 given class a fair living, and manifestly it owes to 
 future generations that no coal shall be wasted now. 
 
 Labor. No doubt, Mr. Slocum, there is an obliga- 
 tion in the sense you cite, resting upon us to future 
 generations, and some regulation as to the output of 
 coal could do no harm. 
 
 Mr. Slocum. The law could allow the mine owners 
 to arrange all this among themselves, to say the 
 least, without the cry of combine being thrust at us 
 on every turn. I like one thing about it, anyway; 
 they all think so much of our votes they don’t dare 
 say a word to us miners about combine. All we need 
 is to do what is right and know enough to hang to- 
 gether and the people will be with us all the time, and 
 the mine owners will be with us, too, if we treat them 
 all alike. I do not believe but the consumers would 
 rather pay a good price for coal than to feel that a 
 large class of men like us miners are living the clos~ 
 est kind of a pinched life. Anyway, we do not owe 
 the people that much, neither do any class of sellers 
 of days works in any of our industries. You can add 
 
Labors* Hard Times School, 
 
 3.^ 
 
 coal as one more product, Mr. Labor, in which 
 days works are about all that can be found and they 
 are days works of the solid kind, too. 
 
Labors’ Hard Timrs School. 
 
 3>- 
 
 LESSON III. 
 
 Labor, Are you ready, Mr. Horton, to tell us 
 your experience in country merchandizing? Receiv- 
 ing an answer in the affirmative. Labor adds: 
 
 “I have the pleasure of introducing Mr. Horton. 
 
 No doubt many members of the class have made 
 the gentleman’s acquaintance ere this.” 
 
 Mr. Horton. I want to assert ^rst, Mr. Labor, that 
 in looking back upon thirty years devoted to the 
 mercantile trade the most striking element that con- 
 fronts me is the necessary toil I have contributed 
 during that time. 
 
 You will pardon me for interrupting, Mr. 
 Horton. We laboring people have not taken the 
 view that the country merchant, or any other mer- 
 chant, if you please, thought of classing his calling 
 as one of labor. 
 
 Mr. Horto7i. That is just where the sellers of “days 
 works,” as the term is commonly accepted, do us an 
 injustice. I have simply been a seller of days works 
 to myself for years, and I have been out of patience 
 with the man who paid me a thousand times. 
 
 I have worked early and late all these years, rarely 
 ever failing to be the first and last person at my 
 place of business. I cannot conceive of any seller of 
 days works who has uniformly, from the demands of 
 his toil, been -so late to bed as I, or who has as a rule 
 gone to bed so tired and exhausted as I have. 
 
 My whole life, Mr. Labor, has been one unceasing 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 35 
 
 round of work, work, work, and for the most unsat- 
 isfactory paymaster a man can meet, and I want it 
 understood from now on that I am and ever have 
 been a man of toil. 
 
 Labor. It is supposed, Mr. Horton, that you can 
 add to your goods an amount that would warrant 
 you an excellent remuneration for your labor. 
 
 Mr. Horto7i. There is a gentleman across the 
 street from me and some others a few doors down 
 the street who prevent my doing that, Mr. Labor. I 
 do not deny that I would do that very thing by put- 
 ting such a price on my goods as would pay me well 
 if I could. 
 
 Labor. Could not some place be found where you 
 would have the situation more to yourself, Mr. 
 Horton? 
 
 Mr. LLorton. Should I start a store in some woods 
 all to myself, Mr. Labor, and it was known that I 
 was selling any goods and making any money, I 
 would awake some morning to find a man near me 
 with a full line of goods in a tent. He would not 
 wait to build, but would afterwards construct his 
 store around his tent. It is a very skillful and for- 
 tunate man who will have very much to himself in 
 the future. 
 
 Nature’s motto, it seems, is that we shall make a 
 fair division whether we feel so disposed or not. 
 
 The only method to-day that holds any merit in 
 business, or anything else is, “first be true to your- 
 self; if you do that you will not be untrue to others,'’ 
 and when this is found out and the people compre- 
 hend it thoroughly you will have established and 
 fortified yourself in a position that cannot be bat- 
 tered down. A man cannot seek to shift his mis- 
 
36 Labors’ HARD'TriviLS School. 
 
 takes and losses on to the shoulders of others and 
 at the same time realize these ends. 
 
 If through some strain or special influence you 
 have done what knowledge acquired later on con- 
 demns in your own mind, go square yourself with 
 the party misled; and when you have re- 
 trieved yourself in your own conscience, and it fails 
 to even matters up with the party appealed to, then 
 the latter’s good graces are of little worth and it will 
 be of little matter how this portion of the contest 
 ends as long as your own conscience has been thor- 
 oughly cleansed. 
 
 There are people whom nature has so ordained 
 that they cannot do this, others are naturally so 
 crooked that they will not. Time will put the stamp 
 of the latter indelibly on both of them. 
 
 Fifteen years of faithfulness to yourself in your 
 business and all other avenues will place you where 
 but little need be expended in advertising, while 
 fifteen minutes in the opposite direction may do you 
 up in all kinds of affairs for all time. 
 
 How many we meet, Mr. Labor, who will declare 
 there is not a cloud in sight when there is nothing 
 but clouds all around them. The time is certain to 
 overtake that class when they deceive no one but 
 themselves. 
 
 Labor. As a man in business, Mr. Horton, will you 
 kindly give us your opinion of what puts money in 
 circulation and what takes it out? 
 
 Mr. Horto7i. I am of the opinion, Mr. Labor, that 
 I am an agent whereby money is taken out of circu- 
 lation. My trade is with farmers chiefly. I sell 
 them goods, and when they pay their bills I deposit 
 the money they pay me in our country bank. When 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 37 
 
 the sum thus gathered is of a sufficient amount I 
 forward a check or draft to the wholesaler of whom 
 I purchase. In this way I cannot see why I have 
 not taken money out of circulation. The latter deal 
 with the wholesale merchant is purely a bank trans- 
 action, and does not, that I can see, put any money 
 in circulation except what I have used out of the 
 margins for the support of my family, and what I 
 have paid to my clerks and other help. 
 
 Labor. Does not the wholesaler you have remitted 
 to put the money in circulation? 
 
 Mr. Hortofi. Only such a sum as he pays his 
 salesmen, clerks and help, which you see goes for 
 days works. Of course, what he expends for the 
 support of his family, like my own, goes into circu- 
 lation. 
 
 Labor. How does it get into circulation, then ? 
 
 Mr. Horton. The wholesaler’s accumulations are 
 finally sent through check or draft to the manufac- 
 turer, which is another bank transaction and puts no 
 money in circulation, but when the manufacturer 
 pays his help their weekly wages and they send the 
 money in every conceivable direction, then the 
 money absolutely gets into circulation. 
 
 I am confident that forty per cent, of the money 
 put in circulation is sent there by the straight sellers 
 of days works. 
 
 Labor. How is the other sixty per cent, sent into 
 circulation, Mr. Horton? 
 
 Mr. Horton. The working people and all others 
 consume of the farmers’ products, and what the 
 latter receive puts forty per cent, more of our money 
 into circulation, 
 
38 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 Labor, You have twenty per cent, yet unaccounted 
 for, Mr. Horton. 
 
 Mr, Horto7i, The other twenty per cent, we people 
 in between start on its travels. You will not ask me, 
 Mr. Labor, to name whom this last class covers. 
 
 Labor, No, Mr. Horton; we shall have to use our 
 imagination on them. I should judge that wage 
 earners, when all considered, put more than forty 
 per cent, of money in circulation and this, too, with- 
 out including wages paid to farm help. It matters 
 not, however, whether the proportions are correct. 
 All we want are the principles involved. Do you 
 sell, or in any way handle many imported goods, Mr. 
 Horton? 
 
 Mr, Horto7i, Not if I can avoid it, Mr. Labor. Of 
 course, tea, coffee and such articles as we have to im- 
 port, there is no question about our selling. I try, 
 though, to discourage customers from dealing in 
 such goods from abroad as we can produce here at 
 home. 
 
 Labor. Will you kindly give your reasons for such 
 counsel? 
 
 Mr. ILorton. Suppose, Mr. Labor, all the goods I 
 should handle were foreign. Then, when I remitted 
 money to the wholesaler he would have to forward 
 it on to the 'foreign manufacturer or his agent, which 
 is the same, and thus the money would be lost to us. 
 It would be out of circulation here to stay out and 
 it would not thus increase the consumption of our 
 farmers’ products, and anything that weakens their 
 purchasing ability hurts my business, no matter how 
 indirectly or in how small a way it comes. Farmers 
 only buy abundantly when they sell abundantly at 
 fair prices. There is no sense in claiming that for- 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School^ 
 
 39 
 
 eign countries will use any more of our farm products 
 because we trade with them. What they buy of us 
 is what they require to appease their hunger, because 
 they cannot raise enough to supply their wants at 
 home, the same as we buy tea and coffee, and they 
 will buy what they want when their demands urge 
 them to, just as we purchase tea and coffee of other 
 countries, and we will buy the tea and coffee of 
 them whether they buy anything of us or not. 
 
 We have certain brands of goods that other coun- 
 tries will have, the same as we demand certain 
 brands of tea and coffee, regardless of any other 
 trade we may have with the countries that produce 
 them. 
 
 No, Mr. Labor, I buy and sell American goods 
 because if it helps my trade ten dollars, one hundred 
 dollars, or one thousand dollars each year, I am 
 that amount ahead without perceptibly having taken 
 an extra step to gain it. 
 
 By purchasing and selling American goods I pat- 
 ronize our own labor, and when I patronize that 
 labor I increase its consuming ability, which increases 
 its patronage of our farmers, who are my patrons. 
 
 Look at the farmers’ trade with me the past four 
 years, Mr. Labor. I never in my life knew it to be 
 reduced to such narrow limits. Truly, I have not 
 made the accounts at my store balance. My business 
 expenses have been in excess of my profits, and the 
 expense of maintaining my family has eaten into my 
 capital. 
 
 What has brought all this to me? I will tell you, 
 Mr. Labor, what has done it. It has been the shrink- 
 age in consumption by our working people. They 
 have been idle and living within narrow limits, have 
 
40 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 gone hungry and been in distress, all due, every bit 
 of it, to the cry of free trade and tariff for revenue 
 only. 
 
 I believe, as I have stated, that 8o per cent, of the 
 money that goes into circulation is put there by the 
 working man, seller of days works, as you all call it, 
 and the farmer, and that you cannot weaken the 
 days works portion without injuring the farmers’ 
 portion; hence, when either one is hurt I am hurt, 
 and so it is with everybody else. 
 
 I want to claim, Mr. Labor, that my line of business 
 is good, hard work, and that there are but few people 
 who work harder than merchants; and it is a question 
 whether we get pay for it or not. I know, for four 
 years I would have been better off if I had been out 
 of business. Goods and commodities of all kinds, as 
 you claim here, represent so much labor. 
 
 When I receive a shipment of goods, I must add 
 all the expense I shall be to in selling the goods. 
 
 The wholesaler has already added his expense, 
 which I have paid, and I have paid his profit also. 
 That profit and that expense is already in the goods, 
 much of which is pay for traveling salesmen, clerks, 
 packers and all the help demanded in and about a 
 house of that kind, not forgetting the army of teams- 
 ters and freight handlers a large wholesale house 
 employs. Some of them have from one to three 
 thousand people in their employ, all told, which can 
 be called nothing but more days works to go into 
 goods. 
 
 Labor. As yet, we have said nothing in particular 
 about what profits and capital in goods represent, 
 Mr. Horton. 
 
 Mr, Hortoa. As between American and foreign 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 41 
 
 goods in comparison, you have no need to, Mr. 
 Labor. It is a case of cancellation. There must be 
 a like expense in handling foreign or domestic goods 
 and there should on general principles be profits in 
 each, but about as many times there are no profits 
 in either, days works and expenses for freight having 
 eaten them all up. 
 
 Business of nearly all Icinds has gotten down to 
 that point where if a man or firm makes net an 
 amount equal to the usual rates of interest on the 
 capital they turn over they are quite satisfied. Of 
 course none will object to realizing more, but those 
 who accept less will outnumber by far the few who 
 are fortunate enough to gather in profits in excess of 
 what the same capital would bring if loaned. 
 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 dP"- 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 Labor. I see, Mr. Sigler, that you are with us to- 
 day, and I will ask you as a retailer of goods in a 
 factory town to relate to us some of your ex- 
 periences. 
 
 Mr. Sigler. I have been deeply interested in lis- 
 tening to Mr. Horton, and what he has related rela- 
 tive to the hard work and toil in our line. I can, from 
 experience, thoroughly confirm, although the class 
 of customers we have each had are not quite the 
 same. However, I have quite a farming trade, but 
 it is in no sense equal to my trade with factory em- 
 ployees when they have work. 
 
 I was pleased with Mr. Horton’s sentiments rela- 
 tive to handling our own make of goods and his 
 endeavor to impress upon his customers the import- 
 ance to themselves of their patronizing and using 
 such goods. It was quite a surprise to me, Mr, 
 Labor, to learn that a merchant whose patrons were 
 farmers was taking so broad a view. Mr. Horton 
 has sent his mxind out over the whole field, which is 
 exceedingly creditable to him. 
 
 Since listening to Mr. Horton I see points in my 
 own interests that I had not grasped before. How 
 manifest it is that if the farmer gets more money he 
 will be, through his merchant, a greater consumer of 
 factory goods of all kinds, and anything that pushes 
 the factories along, increasing the demand for days 
 works, helps trade. 
 
 When the factory employees are all busy they are 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 43 
 
 extensive consumers of the farmers’ small stuff, and 
 it is these products that hold the farmers’ most 
 cheerful profits. I had studied this gardening inter- 
 est of the farmers, because living in a factory town 
 I had come more in touch with it, but I had not gone 
 out into the broader fields of farming with my mind. 
 It does us good, Mr. Labor, to rub up against each 
 other; nine-tenths of us are living in the narrowest 
 kind of a way. 
 
 Many farms are devoted largely to fruit. This the 
 factory workmen when idle do not buy, but when 
 they have plenty of work I see them carrying a bas- 
 ketful of grapes, peaches, currants, and everything 
 that grows, home with them regularly. When you 
 count these instances by the thousands in each fac- 
 tory village, in addition to what their families order 
 delivered from the store in these relishing fruits, etc., 
 it means everything to the farmer. 
 
 It means everything to the factory employee, too, 
 for the farmers send the money back to them to 
 make more goods, and we men handling the goods, 
 Mr. Labor, are benefited when both these ends are in 
 a healthy and robust condition financially. 
 
 It is a wonderfully interesting sight some morn- 
 ings to see the stuff farmers cart into our town, be- 
 sides what the railroads bring in from farther away. 
 Everything in its season comes — strawberries, rasp- 
 berries, blackberries, blueberries, cucumbers, squash- 
 es, radishes, beets, onions, early potatoes, corn, 
 cabbage, turnips, carrots, and everything imaginable 
 that can be grown and eaten, and they find a market, 
 too, for our sellers of days works when they find em- 
 ployment are great livers. When times are good 
 they buy and use what each other makes, and the 
 
44 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 farmer buys what they all make, and the latter sells 
 them what he raises, and so the money flies back 
 and forth. 
 
 Labor, That is the kind of business, Mr. Sigler, 
 that puts money into circulation? 
 
 Mf. Sigler. It is emphatically, Mr. Labor, and 
 buying foreign goods is to buy days works away 
 from home and let our people keep theirs, which the 
 Wilson bill tried to do. 
 
 Labor. You say '‘the Wilson bill tried to do.” 
 Did not that bill accomplish what it tried to? 
 
 Mr. Sigler. Not in our town, if you mean buying 
 foreign days works stored in foreign goods. 
 
 Labor. What did you sell, Mr. Sigler; our own 
 make? 
 
 Mr. Sigler. We didn’t sell our own make or any 
 other. What, Mr. Labor, did the factory employees 
 have to buy anything with when our factories closed 
 down or run on one- quarter time, etc.? 
 
 Labor. You had your farming trade loft, did you 
 not? 
 
 Mr. Sigler. I asked some of my farm customers 
 why they did so little trading, and their reply was 
 that all they could sell the factory employees or gro- 
 cery stores now was potatoes and a few cabbages, 
 and claimed the sellers of days works were not buy- 
 ing butter and eggs and all the little things they had 
 dealt in so freely, and by this means the farmers had 
 no money to buy of us what the factory men made, 
 either at home or abroad. Our own market, Mr. 
 Labor, was gone up; a thing of the past, and the 
 families of the factory hands were not using one sack 
 of flour where formerly they had used three, and 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 45 
 
 sugar, tea, coffee and everything else in that same 
 ratio. 
 
 Labor. You do not claim, Mr. Sigler, that they 
 were making one sack of flour answer where they 
 had used three before, do you? 
 
 Mr. Sigler. I make just that claim, Mr. Labor. 
 The people were not throwing dry bread and old 
 cake out of the back doors as they had done. They 
 were frying and making toast of the bread, and they 
 had abandoned the thought of making pie and cake. 
 
 Labor. Then, Mr. Sigler, we can consider the 
 Wilson bill a lesson in economy? 
 
 Mr, Sigler. To the winds with such lessons in 
 economy! We Americans, if our market is kept as 
 our own, which it is, can have what we want. Any- 
 thing that contributes to make life agreeable is what 
 we are seeking. The man or woman who has found 
 the greatest comfort and contentment through life is 
 the one who dies the richest. It is not the idiot who 
 has left a great quantity behind him to spoil others 
 who has in most instances met and utilized the elixir 
 of living. 
 
 Labor. Would you advise people to be profligate 
 and extravagant, Mr. Sigler? 
 
 Mr. Sigler. You misinterpret me, Mr. Labor. I 
 would not counsel that people go to the bad or that 
 they waste their means; I would help them to be 
 prudent and save for old age, but to do this I would 
 not invite a condition that would force them to be 
 constantly under a strain that forbade the possibility 
 of contentment or saving, either. That is all the 
 Wilson bill did. It never taught any economy. It 
 will require wider brains than the men who origin- 
 ated that bill posses to teach true economy. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 |6 
 
 True economy does not need pain and starvation 
 to accomplish it. Punishment and lessons are two 
 different things. Lessons which take the blood out 
 of everything in order to punish a few ought to be 
 called by some other name. 
 
 I do not want to be found discourteous, Mr. Labor, 
 and I am to blame for introducing the Wilson bill 
 into this talk. I had agreed with myself never to 
 confer with myself, or anyone else, again upon that 
 bill. It is so odious and so repulsive to everything 
 tending towards a higher civilization for our people 
 that my patience gives out completely when it is 
 under consideration. I .beg your pardon again, Mr. 
 Labor, for exhibiting temper. We can become 
 rational by dropping that bill, a thing everybody 
 should have done four years ago. 
 
 Labor, I am inclined to agree with you, Mr. Sig- 
 ler, that we could have gotten along without that 
 bill. 
 
 Mr. Sigler, I have no mental relish for it and will 
 not take it in my mouth again; the taste it leaves is 
 too much for me. 
 
 In regard to our patronizing other countries, Mr. 
 Labor, I have something slightly realistic in the way 
 of illustration here which I will take the liberty to 
 read, and request that it appear in your records 
 as I read it and where I read it. 
 
 The article is an editorial clipped from the “Akron 
 Evening JournaL’ of May 27, 1897. 
 
 “AKRON A SUBURB OF CLEVELAND. 
 
 “Is Akron to maintain the independence as a 
 business center which she has won by long years of 
 energy and enterprise and effort, or is she to become 
 — as far as her mercantile interests are concerned — a 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 47 
 
 mere suburb of Cleveland? That this question must 
 be answered, and answered soon, can be shown by 
 taking the merchant tailoring business as an ex- 
 ample. 
 
 “A few months ago the largest establishment of 
 this kind in Akron closed up its department because 
 it was no longer profitable to maintain it owing to 
 the fact that so many Akron orders were placed in 
 Cleveland. Last week another prominent merchant 
 tailor was forced to make an assignment, on account 
 of the competition of Cleveland tailors. 
 
 “While these changes were taking place in Akron 
 business circles an agent for a Cleveland merchant 
 tailor was vigorously canvassing this city. Last year 
 he alone secured orders to the amount of over 
 $y,QOO. This year he claims his business in Akron 
 will be considerably greater. On one day not long 
 ago nine suits of clothes were sent to him from 
 Cleveland to be delivered to his Akron customers. 
 
 “This agent pays no rent, no insurance, no taxes, 
 does not leave a dollar in Akron except what he 
 pays for his hotel bill and his personal expenses, 
 and he does absolutely nothing towards maintaining 
 or building up this municipality. While he is reap- 
 ing a rich harvest for his Cleveland employer, his 
 Akron competitors who have to help support our 
 fire and police departments, who pay their full share 
 of the salaries of our city and county officials, who 
 are taxed to keep up our city and county govern- 
 ments, who pay rent to Akron’s property owners and 
 wages to Akron working people — while the Cleve- 
 land tailor is getting rich on Akron money, Akron 
 tailors are placed under such hardships that, as we 
 stated above, one concern decided to abandon the 
 
48 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 business and another one, almost as prominent, is 
 forced into bankruptcy. 
 
 ^‘The Cleveland tailor cannot be blamed for send- 
 ing an agent to Akron — he has a perfect right to do 
 so — and he is very fortunate in being able to find a 
 representative who has the ability, the tact and the 
 energy to secure so many Akron orders and to 
 divert so many thousands of Akron dollars to 
 Cleveland. 
 
 “The root of the trouble is not located in Cleve- 
 land, but right here in Akron. If Akron men had 
 the proper public spirit, if they had any adequate 
 realization of the duty one citizen owes to another, 
 if they had any regard for the great principles of the 
 Golden Rule, the agent of the Cleveland tailor could 
 not get an order for a dollar’s worth of clothing in a 
 year. 
 
 “The most surprising thing in this whole matter is 
 the fact that the list of customers of this Cleveland 
 agent is made up of names of men who depend 
 entirely upon Akron money for their own living. In 
 the list are the names of city and county officials, 
 policemen, firemen, lawyers, doctors, and even mer- 
 chants who are in the retail trade and who howl 
 lustily whenever the effects of Cleveland competi- 
 tion are felt in their own respective lines of business. 
 The men who do not stand by Akron and Akron 
 enterprises should not receive one iota of sympathy 
 when they are hurt by outside competition. 
 
 “Thus far we have spoken only of what Akron 
 business houses have suffered through the efforts of 
 one agent of one Cleveland concern. But even now 
 another Cleveland clothing establishment has a dis- 
 play, in a prominent hotel, of boys’ and children’s 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 49 
 
 suits, ladies' shirt waists and similar articles. The 
 town has been flooded with circulars announcing 
 this display, and we presume that the wives of the 
 lawyers and the doctors, and the city officials and 
 the merchants — all of whom depend upon the wel- 
 fare and prosperity of this community for their 
 individual success — we presume that these wives 
 will take the money which has been paid their hus- 
 bands by Akron people and buy clothing for the 
 children who are to be educated in Akron schools 
 by Akron money — will buy clothing from this 
 Cleveland concern which does not pay one penny of 
 tax in Akron, or one nickel for insurance, or one 
 dime for wages to Akron people, or one dollar for 
 anything except the hotel bill of its agent. 
 
 “It can be stated with truth not only in regard to 
 the clothing business, which we have been consider- 
 ing, but in regard to other classes of retail trade, that 
 Akron stores can furnish goods in their particular 
 line, of as good variety and quality, and at as low a 
 price as the same goods can be purchased in Cleve- 
 land stores. Yet it seems impossible to get this fact 
 fixed in the minds of local purchasers. Akron mer- 
 cantile establishments are first-class, and should 
 enjoy the patronage and receive the support of the 
 local trade, this being especially true when the qual- 
 ity of the goods is equal to and prices are as low as 
 are to be found in a foreign market. Loyalty to 
 home industries helps to widen the extent of home 
 business. 
 
 “The principle that, other things being substantially 
 equal, the stocks of Akron stores should be given 
 the preference by Akron buyers, is as sound as the 
 law of nature. If we are to secure the full benefit 
 
50 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 of reviving commercial activity, we must give all 
 possible encouragement to our own industries, so 
 that they can meet and withstand competition and 
 eventually push further into the fields that form the 
 debateable ground for their business. 
 
 “The time is auspicious for a new impetus to the 
 patronage of home industry. With increased oppor- 
 tunities for employment, the people will have in- 
 creased resources for purchasing goods to satisfy 
 their needs and they should be impressed with their 
 duty to prove their loyalty to their own city in every 
 possible way.” 
 
 It is not necessary to remind any of you that 
 Akron is in the great State of Ohio, where all our 
 Presidents come from. 
 
 This editorial talks common sense, so far as the 
 interests of Akron are concerned. The best thing 
 the citizens of Akron can do to weaken the dignity, 
 character and standing of their own town is for all 
 of them to go to Cleveland or some other city to do 
 their trading, and this sentiment will hold good for 
 any other city, and as well does it hold good for a 
 nation. 
 
 In proportion, Mr. Labor, as the citizens of Akron 
 can benefit their own city by trading away from 
 home for things they can get at home, our whole 
 country can benefit itself by going to other coun- 
 tries to purchase what they can as well buy at home. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 
 LESSON V. 
 
 Labor, Will some farmer present, who depends 
 chiefly upon the product of grain for his income, 
 explain to the class how far labor enters into his 
 industry. 
 
 (A m'ember of the class rises to answer.) 
 
 Labor, Give your name, please. ' Ajiswer, Henry 
 Williams, of the State of New York. 
 
 Labor. You Lire a farmer, Mr. Williams? 
 
 Mr, Williams. Yes sir; I have 320 acres of good 
 productive land. I suppose you want a direct answer 
 to your question. 
 
 Labor: Yes sir, if you will kindly give it. 
 
 Mr, Williams. With your permission I will take 
 the question up from the standpoint of hiring all the 
 work done, and see what part of it is labor. 
 
 Labor. That is a good method. 
 
 Mr. Williams. I can hire a man with his own team 
 to plow for about ^2.00 per acre, including harrowing 
 the land once before seeding. I can hire the grain 
 drilled in for about 50 cents per acre. I can get it 
 cut, bound and set up at harvest time for about $1. 
 per acre. I can hire it hauled, stacked and put into 
 the barn, threshed and afterwards cleaned and taken 
 to market for, say ^1.50 per acre. 
 
 Labor. What particular grain are you referring to 
 now, Mr. Williams? 
 
 Mr. Williams. The cost I have mentioned thus far 
 will apply to nearly all kinds of grain. What we 
 have now is: 
 
 y. OF ILL UB, 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 52 
 
 For preparing the ground, per acre, ^2.00 
 
 For seeding, 50 
 
 Harvesting, i.oo 
 
 Threshing and cleaning and marketing. 1.50 
 
 $S-00 
 
 Amounting to ^5.00 per acre. 
 
 Suppose now we consider wheat, and the price I 
 am to get for it is 70 cents per bushel. I shall have 
 now to add the cost of two bushels of wheat per 
 acre for seed, and while good seed wheat usually 
 brings a little more than the market price, we will 
 only call it 70 cents per bushel. The former cost 
 with the two bushels of seed wheat added brings our 
 estimate up to $6.40 per acre. A fair yield of wheat 
 on my farm is from eight to twelve bushels to the 
 acre. If the latter figure, my receipts will be $8.40, 
 leaving just ;^2.oo profit to the acre. If the former 
 (8 bushels) I shall have lost 80 cents per acre. 
 
 Labor. Mr. Williams, are there not other items to 
 add to your cost? 
 
 Mr. Williams. Certainly; boarding parties doing 
 the work, feeding their team, hauling manure on to 
 the land from time to time, taking care of and re- 
 building fences, etc., etc., are all to be added, but it 
 is difficult to make an estimate on these items. 
 
 Labor. I supposed, Mr. Williams, that farmers 
 usually did a large part of their own work. 
 
 Mr. Williams. True, we do; but you see from the 
 estimate that it is a question whether we get fair 
 wages for our work, let alone making any money. 
 
 Labor. What about other grains; barley, oats, rye, 
 etc.? 
 
 Mr. Williams. The yield of those grains is more 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 53 
 
 to the acre, but the prices are corres'ponding'ly less 
 per bushel; hence the results are about the same. 
 
 Labor. How about corn? 
 
 Mr. Williams. Corn requires more attention, and I 
 have never raised any more than I needed for feed. 
 
 I would not think I could get anywhere near fair pay 
 for my labor by growing it for market. 
 
 Labor. We are inclined to think, when we see a 
 cargo of wheat or grain of any kind, that it simply 
 grew and that there was but little if any labor in it, 
 but from your analysis it appears to be all labor. 
 
 Mr. Williams. It is all labor; grain of any kind 
 represents labor in the same ratio as anything else, 
 and you are right in your claims that everything is 
 from seven to nine-tenths labor. 
 
 With your permission, I will add that 30 and 40 
 years ago when I was a boy my father could always 
 get a dollar a bushel and upwards for his wheat and 
 could raise 50 per cent, more to the acre than we can 
 now. Our land is in a sense worn out, and for the 
 last 20 years we farmers in the East have been using 
 our spare time nights hunting around with the old 
 lantern trying to find tracks our fathers made, when 
 in fact we should have been hunting for the reasons 
 why grain has not been bringing the price in recent 
 years that it did formerly. 
 
 Since the war closed Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, 
 Minnesota, Dakota and other States covering an 
 unlimited territory of the richest soil the sun shines ’; 
 upon has been opened up by railroads, where plow- 
 ing is done by steam and the farming done on so 
 broad a scale that with the bountiful yields they get 
 wheat can be raised at a profit when the farmer nets 
 40 and 50 cents per bushel. Many of us farmers in 
 
54 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 New York have been asleep for years. We can’t raise 
 grain here and compete with those people in that 
 new and comparatively level and fertile country with 
 a rich black loam from six inches to three feet deep 
 all over it. We must grow more meat and garden 
 stuff, milk more cows and ship the milk or make 
 more butter and cheese for the city and factory 
 towns, which will pay, provided Congress ever gives 
 us a law that will justify the factories in trying to 
 run. 
 
 A very pleasant gentleman said a few months ago 
 that times were always good when wheat brought 
 gi.25 per bushel. 
 
 If it could be known that wheat would bring $1.25 
 a bushel for the next three years how much, Mr. 
 Labor, do you suppose the new and fertile lands of 
 the west would produce? They would raise enough 
 to supply the whole world; anyway, they would try to. 
 
 No, Mr. Labor; except in the event of war or 
 some failure of crops in this or some other country, 
 or for some specially good reason, wheat will not 
 bring $1.25 a bushel again in the next 40 years. 
 
 Labor, You say, Mr. Williams, that grain repre- 
 sents toil; how will it be if you raise stock, milk 
 cows and ship the milk, or make butter and cheese, 
 grow garden stuff, etc.? 
 
 Mr. Willia?ns. Gardening will be all work and no 
 play; in shipping milk and making butter and cheese 
 there will be plenty of toil, and early and late at 
 that; caring for stock from its birth until it is ready 
 for market means close attention and much work, 
 also. 
 
 Labor. Mr. Williams, while you have been raising 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 55 
 
 grain for the market and not feeding much stock, 
 did. you have any hay to sell? 
 
 Mr, Williams. Yes, and I am glad you remind me 
 of it. I was making some money on my hay and 
 found a bit of comfort in that until the Wilson bill 
 reduced the duty from four to two dollars per ton. 
 Since then I have taken less, and sometimes it has 
 been difficult to market my hay at all. Canada has 
 seemed to bound over here with her hay, sold it and 
 taken the money home with her to spend on the 
 other side of the line. I think we farmers here in 
 the United States might better have that money and 
 spend it here in the States. 
 
 I have some data here, Mr. Labor, showing how 
 much hay was imported during the last seventeen 
 months of the McKinley law, and how much was 
 imported during the first seventeen months under 
 the Wilson law. 
 
 It also gives the acreage, tons and value of our hay 
 crop for the year 1895. 
 
 Last 17 Months of McKinley Law. 
 
 1803: Tons. 
 
 Last 17 Months of 
 
 1894. 
 
 Wilson Law* 
 Tons. 
 
 April 
 
 
 
 September. 
 
 
 21.538 
 
 May 
 
 
 . . . 7,604 
 
 October 
 
 
 14,278 
 
 June 
 
 
 
 November. 
 
 
 11,373 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 
 . .. 6,186 
 
 , . . 2,477 
 
 December. 
 
 1895. 
 
 19.927 
 
 September. 
 
 
 . . . 4,188 
 
 January 
 
 
 
 October — 
 
 
 ... 8,178 
 
 February. . 
 
 
 13.823 
 
 November. 
 
 
 . . . 5^292 
 
 March 
 
 
 
 December. 
 
 1894. 
 
 • • • 5.536 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 
 12,538 
 
 January 
 
 . . . 9.546 
 
 June 
 
 
 26,858 
 
 F ebruary . . 
 
 
 • • • 9.339 
 
 July 
 
 
 30.306 
 
 March 
 
 
 . . . 8,587 
 
 August 
 
 
 
 April 
 
 
 . .. 6,182 
 
 September. 
 
 
 21,068 
 
 May 
 
 
 
 October 
 
 
 ■ . . ■ . 34,637 
 
 June 
 
 
 
 November. 
 
 
 
 July 
 
 August . . . : 
 
 
 . .. 11,799 
 , , . 6,040 
 
 December. 
 
 January 
 
 1896. 
 
 30,529 
 
 28,513 
 
 Total. . . . 
 
 
 . . . 140,080 
 
 Total. . . . 
 
 
 373.864 
 
56 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 It is unnecessary to remind anyone that largely 
 our hay crop is fed to stock on our farms where it is 
 produced. With me, however, while I have been 
 giving more attention to raising grain than I have 
 stock, I have as a rule, when I could, marketed 
 most of my hay. The above history of comparative 
 importations of hay under the McKinley and Wilson 
 laws shows why it has been difficult at times for me 
 to find sales for my hay recently, and why I have 
 \aken less for it. 
 
 Farmers who pay special attention to stock raising 
 as a rule make their plans to have an abundance of 
 hay, and it is rare, except the winter is unusually 
 long and severe, that they do not have some over for 
 the matket, and the money to them from this source 
 is always very acceptable and looked upon as an 
 extra; at least, it is a portion that is never classed as 
 a product for market. 
 
 By the above record, Mr. Labor, we see that in 
 seventeen months under the McKinley bill 140,080 
 tons of hay were imported. I may be called narrow, 
 but for the life of me I cannot see what we wanted 
 of that amount of hay even. Not less than a million 
 dollars of our money went to some other country for 
 it, and no doubt our people had hay that rotted in 
 the stack and went to waste during that time. With 
 this view of the McKinley bill, what should we say 
 of the Wilson bill when 373,864 tons were imported 
 in 17 months? 
 
 It is too much like the family of a dry goods 
 merchant going to some other store to purchase 
 their dry goods to have any relish for me. How 
 would I look, Mr. Labor, going to a neighbor farmei 
 to buy corn to fatten my hogs when I had a crib full 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 57 
 
 of corn at home? Such kind of an exchange of trade as 
 that is an infernal nonsense, and Mr. Wilson might 
 just as well tell my neighbors to come and milk my 
 cows and take the milk away, and then urge that the 
 reason my family have no milk and butter is due to 
 the breed of cows I keep as to try and mislead the 
 people, and convince them they are hard pressed for 
 reasons thal are not true. Mr. Wilson was instru- 
 mental in arranging for other countries to sell their 
 truck in our markets, get our money and take it 
 home with them, and however much he may try to 
 distort the cause that is just what ails us. 
 
 Such conditions and such sentiments are shams 
 and the man who defends them is the farmer’s 
 enemy, and it is beyond my conception how a 
 farmer can take any other view. We tillers of the 
 soil ought to all act together on lines that will con- 
 demn such people and fire them into oblivion so far 
 as public affairs are concerned, and to do all within 
 our power to minimize their influence, for it is per- 
 licious. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School, 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 
 Mr. Labor, I have been an attentive listener to 
 your lessons thus far, and I have been most singular- 
 ly impressed. 
 
 Labor. What is your name, please? 
 
 My name is Grover. 
 
 Labor. What is your line of business, Mr. Grover? 
 
 Mr. Grover. I have simply been an observer and 
 listener here; am able to live without engaging in 
 any business. 
 
 Labor. You are one of the fortunate ones and I am 
 glad of it. As an observer and listener you are wel- 
 come here. What have you to offer, Mr. Grover? — 
 Any suggestions or criticisms from your standpoint 
 as an observer will be appreciated. We are seeking 
 after light and knowledge. 
 
 Mr. Grover. As I said, I have been very deeply 
 impressed, and one thing that has attracted my 
 special attention is what has, by most people, 
 thoughtlessly been termed raw material. We have 
 been looking at lumber, pig iron, leather, wagon- 
 hubs, felloes and spokes, cotton thread, woolen 
 yarns, silk thread, and a thousand things as raw 
 material. You will show in your various lessons, that 
 hundreds of thousands of people have made their 
 living bringing these products to the stage of what 
 I said before we had thoughtlessly called raw 
 material. 
 
 Labor. You agree, then, Mr. Grover, that the true 
 raw material in any product is but a fractional part 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 59 
 
 uf its real cost, and in its component parts the chief 
 and whole one nearly is labor? With this view, then, 
 you must also agree that the labor ought to be done 
 in our own country, and that we should have laws to 
 protect it with that end in view? 
 
 Mr, Grover. I cannot do that; I am a democrat 
 and a free-trader from start to finish. I claim to be 
 of the stock that is clean and loyal; I have never 
 been anything but a true democrat, and it is my pride. 
 
 Labor. Did not your democracy waver any from 
 i860 to 1865? 
 
 Mr. Grover. Not a bit; it has never wavered and 
 it never can; it is of the right kind — loyal to the 
 core. 
 
 Labor. If you pay close attention to the lessons, 
 we shall show that grain, provisions, vegetables, and 
 everything we grow, as well as everything we man- 
 ufacture is more than nine-tenths labor, as you have 
 already anticipated. Then you will be ready to ad- 
 mit that labor is about all we have to sell; at least, 
 you will admit if we take all the labor out we will 
 only have left grass, weeds, forests, wild flowers, 
 wild animals, etc. 
 
 Mr. Grover. I do not admit anything. Any true 
 and loyal Democrat considers it a weakness to make 
 admissions. We are the people that have always 
 been right and driving our stakes there and holding 
 to that claim, together with firmly charging that the 
 ills that come to us are the faults of others, never 
 explaining, but always firmly charging, whether we 
 had any proof or not, has been our success. 
 
 Labor. But, Mr. Grover, in the first of your re- 
 marks you admitted you had gathered some better 
 ideas on raw material. 
 
6o 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times Schood. 
 
 Mr. Grover. I was for the moment too hasty; I 
 recall all I said. 
 
 Labor. Certainly, Mr. Grover, you must be inter- 
 ested in the prosperity of the country, and since if 
 in every lesson we may take up, and every product 
 we may consider, and every product that it would 
 be possible to consider, we show that labor is prac- 
 tically the whole of what we are offering to sell, 
 there being no exceptions to this claim under any 
 circumstances or conditions, you will admit then to 
 yourself if not publicly, or to this class, that we can- 
 not afford to allow other countries to sell their pro- 
 ducts (which only means their labor) in our markets 
 to the injury of our wares, which means our labor 
 wholly, and our people as a whole. 
 
 Mr. Grover. You, Mr. Labor, cannot blame me for 
 holding a special reverence for the olden times of 
 this country, and for those grand old planters of the 
 South who were practically the whole of it in their 
 day, and would be now had it not been for the ag- 
 gressiveness of the New England Yankees whose 
 descendants have spread out all over the whole 
 country, carrying with them the sentiments of pro- 
 tection and a thousand isms that were full of dis- 
 rupting influences. It was an exhilerating solace to 
 me when a boy to read of Southern chivalry. I ad- 
 mired and learned to love those people. They were 
 from the first true Democrats and free traders; St. 
 Louis and New York City were their headquarters; 
 all the people of those two cities ‘^uncovered to 
 them.” St. Louis may be in a manner changed, but 
 the old and substantial people of New York City 
 today, and their children, too, are Democrats, and, 
 as of old, are free traders. You must not look for 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 6i 
 
 the swaths that those old Southerners once cut, or 
 the sentiments they planted in the bosoms of the 
 people who once knew and loved them, to die; they 
 are indelible, they will not down. 
 
 I am in perfect accord wkh the leaders in the City 
 of New York, and we distinctly believe that the 
 United States can compete with any country in the 
 world. You will show that no country on earth leads 
 ours in inventive genius. You claim that nine-tenths 
 and more of any and all products is labor. Then, if 
 we are more ingenious, why cannot we compete with 
 any people on the face of the earth? 
 
 Labor. Certainly, we can compete with any country 
 and without a protective tariff, too, but we must do 
 it by lowering the price of our goods, and to lower 
 the price of our goods so long as the original value 
 will be shown to practically cut no figure, we must 
 lower the price of labor, which is virtually all that 
 represents any value in the goods. To lower the 
 price of days works and monthly salaries means to 
 cut out the bath rooms in the working man's apart- 
 ments; it means living by the cook stove’s heat or 
 warming one room by old methods a part of the 
 time in place of all the rooms all of the time. It 
 means one spare dress to the wife each three or four 
 years, as of old, in place of two or three spare dresses 
 each year. It means carrying children in the arms 
 instead of pushing them about in baby carriages. It 
 means long, tiresome early and late walks to and 
 from work to save the car fare. It largely means no 
 doctor when perhaps there ought to be a council of 
 physicians. It means bread without butter and eggs 
 and meat on rare occasions. It means but few bicy- 
 cles, skates, toys and a thousand things that make 
 
62 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 life cheerful. It means restricted consumption, and 
 less consuming ability means less to the farmer and 
 a general paralysis of business as compared to what 
 we had prior to 1893. 
 
 It means a few Lords who permit their wives to 
 follow them into the carriage. Certainly, Mr. Grover, 
 you cannot, as a good American, find any comfort 
 in any such prospective conditions. You would not 
 go back to the days you can remember prior to free 
 school laws in New York when the lady teacher re- 
 ceived two dollars per week and boarded around, 
 and only a few could find money to give their chil- 
 dren this piece of education, at that. No, Mr. Grover, 
 we are up to the days of free and compulsory edu- 
 cation. It seems that the masses will hail “Forward, 
 march,” rather than a sentiment and spirit that would 
 carry us back to the old. Steps have been, and may 
 be taken again, that will permit foreign countries to 
 enter our markets and take our money home with 
 them and keep it, causing a serious halt in our pro- 
 gress, causing collapse and failure in business of 
 every conceivable nature, causing destruction of 
 values until pride will not only kiss the dirt but will 
 eat it, causing agony of every imaginable character, 
 even to the extent oi suicide. 
 
 Time and further light and knowledge will put a 
 stop to such methods. We must, and by some means 
 we will, sooner or later, sell our own labor in our 
 own markets, regardless of any other country. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln said, “All the people can be fooled a 
 part of the time, a part of the people all of the time, 
 but all of the people cannot be fooled all of the 
 time.” 
 
 Mr, Grover. I am somewhat surprised at the stand 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School, 
 
 ^3 
 
 you take, Mr. Labor. How can you hope to go into 
 the foreign markets with American goods, if you 
 practically shut those people out of our markets? 
 
 Labor. Statistics show that for every dollar of 
 products marketed by this country that only a few 
 cents of that dollar’s worth of trade has been with 
 foreign countries; that nearly the whole dollar was 
 our own consumption and our own market. 
 
 Mr. Grover. Then I understand that Labor is not 
 in favor of increasing the small per cent, of trade 
 with foreign countries. 
 
 Labor. Is Labor to understand, Mr. Grover, that 
 you are in favor of turning our trade (home trade) 
 or a large portion of it, over to other countries that 
 we might slightly increase our sales to them? Statis- 
 tics show that nearly all we sell to foreign countries 
 is grain, provisions, cotton, etc. 98 cents of every 
 dollar of our manufactured goods are sold in our 
 own market, and slightly less than two cents of every 
 dollar’s v/orth is sold to foreign countries. 
 
 Mr. Grover. I see Labor is determined to bear 
 down heavily on the great Democratic party. 
 
 Labor. Not so, Mr. Grover. We must sell our 
 labor; we have such an unlimited supply that we 
 must turn as much as possible of it into money, and 
 we must send people to Congress and choose our 
 Presidents from among those who will help us. It 
 is knowledge we are endeavoring to diffuse. We 
 want the leaders and the constituency of every 
 political party to be ready and anxious to make and 
 pass laws to help us sell our labor. We do not want 
 laws that will allow foreign countries to sell their 
 days works in our markets and take the money away 
 with them, and sellers of labor will ultimately vote 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 against any party thus inclined. We are beginning 
 to understand this question and refuse to be hood- 
 winked any longer. Labor will hail the day when 
 any party in power will scorn to give our markets 
 away to foreign countries. When that comes we will 
 be practically safe, no matter how we vote. 
 
 Labor is quite sure, Mr. Grover, since you have 
 taken part and been so deeply interested in our 
 lessons, that within you are thoroughly convinced, 
 or will be if you listen to further lessons, that the 
 success of our country depends upon holding our 
 own markets for our own goods, and it seems too 
 bad that the traditions of any party are such as to 
 virtually compel you to abandon your convictions, 
 in order to remain in line and be counted true blue 
 (as you term it) in every particular. 
 
 Think what a dire calamity it would be to the 
 country under such circumstances, should you be 
 elected to some high office where you had influence 
 and power. It does seem that all those old questions 
 you referred to should be thoroughly gone over and 
 reconsidered. 
 
 The Southern Planter is not looking with the eyes 
 he formerly did. Everything has gone through such 
 a thorough change of condition and sentiment that 
 they are not only inventing in the South, but they, 
 too, are becoming Protectionists. It must be evident 
 to you, Mr. Grover, as to others, that the factory is 
 seeking to be close to its base of supplies. Econom- 
 ics will not justify hauling three cars of raw ma- 
 terial when one car will answer for the finished 
 product. Cotton goods in large quantities are being 
 manufactured in the South now; that section will 
 soon decide that protection is what we must have. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 65 
 
 and labor then may feel that our country is com- 
 paratively safe, regardless of the party that may be 
 favored with power. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times Schooi,. 
 
 6(: 
 
 LESSON VII. 
 
 Mr. Phelps, your line of work is making crockery? 
 
 Mr. Phelps. Yes, sir, it is in that branch of toil 
 that I have found a market for my labor for the last 
 twenty years. 
 
 Labor. What is the value of the raw material 
 used in the manufacture of crockery? 
 
 Mr. Phelps. It is but little, if anything; in fact, it 
 is what clay and sand could be sold for in their nat- 
 ural state in the ground. The coal or wood con- 
 sumed in baking or burning is quite an itemo We 
 must not lose sight, though, of the fact that nearly 
 the whole value in the wood and coal is labor. The 
 first requisite in making crockery, of course, is the 
 plant, which when equipped will contain some ma- 
 chinery and many implements for carrying on the 
 work. We must not forget, however, that labor is 
 the parent of the machinery and implements and 
 constitutes nine-tenths of their cost. There can be 
 but little contention as to what enters into the con- 
 struction of the plant. After deducting the cost of 
 the site, the closest scrutiny will develop that the 
 balance is all days works, whether done by contractor 
 or owner. 
 
 The site is usually selected where land by the 
 acre is purchased at a reasonable figure prior to im- 
 provements, and as a rule it contains the chief 
 material for the manufacture of the crockery. With- 
 out going into minute details, Mr. Labor, this brings 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 67 
 
 us to the point where we are ready to begin the de- 
 velopment of our product. 
 
 Labor, Your statement, Mr. Phelps, is concise 
 and clear, and covers the ground sufficiently to dem- 
 onstrate the principles involved. What we want to 
 discover is, where a product is offered for sale what 
 share of the value, in it is due to labor. You have 
 shown up to this stage that if the labor were de- 
 ducted from the plant the only thing remaining of 
 any value would be the raw, unimproved land. You 
 have made this point very clear and it is an essential 
 feature. As we proceed, however, we must bear in 
 mind that every time the raw material is handled or 
 advanced a step it takes on value to the full extent 
 of what such handling costs, no matter how valueless 
 it was at the start. 
 
 Mr, Phelps, Very true, as is evidenced in the man- 
 ufacture of crockery. As soon as the clay and sand 
 have been dug and delivered to the plant, ready to 
 be ground and mixed, they have taken on value to 
 the extent of the cost of the labor, and the men 
 doing that work get that value to put into bread, 
 clothes, drugs, doctor bills, etc. 
 
 The next advance towards value is the labor 
 of those who grind, mix and prepare the 
 material for the men who mold and form the goods. 
 At this stage there is no value except for the uses 
 for which the material is intended, and it is worth no 
 more except for the manufacture of crockery than 
 before it was first moved. Up to this degree of ad- 
 vance the work has been done by what is termed the 
 common laborer, for which, in ordinary parlance, but 
 little credit is given, while in fact it has been the 
 means of support of quite a number of people. This 
 
’68 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 feature should not be lost sight of in the construc- 
 tion of any product. It is a question whether the 
 common laborer is not the one who should be first 
 considered; everybody is his boss, and it is rare that 
 he meets with very much good cheer. 
 
 The material is now ready to be passed to the man 
 of skill, who molds and shapes it into the desired 
 articles, and it is not until it leaves his hands that it 
 has taken on any appearance of value. 
 
 How natural, as we see it in this last form, to fall 
 into the error of thinking that up to this period it 
 has received only the touch of the man who molded 
 it; forgetting that prior to reaching him it has been 
 instrumental in feeding and clothing many families, 
 schooling children, and in many ways doing a power 
 of good. 
 
 The next step it again falls into the hands of the 
 common laborer, who carefully places it into the 
 kiln to be baked. The fires are started and continued 
 by labor, and so on until it is a finished product. 
 When the kilns have cooled, labor again places it in 
 the storage rooms, or packs, crates and prepares it 
 for shipment to fill orders, and so it moves on into 
 other hands, on railroads or water transportation, 
 always in front of the man of toil, until it reaches 
 the city of its destination, where the hands of labor 
 grab hold of it again. We will leave it now to the 
 wholesaler, to whom you will have to look for infor- 
 mation as to how many times labor will have occa- 
 sion to turn it over before it reaches the consumer. 
 
 ‘ I have not noticed the broad field of ornamenting 
 crockery, Mr. Labor, and I take it for granted that 
 you do not care for a description in detail of the 
 processes of coloring, painting, burning, etc. Each 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 69 
 
 color may require a different temperature of heat to 
 perfect it, and this is where the scientific features of 
 treating crockery enter, all of which means labor the 
 same as the ordinary and more generally understood 
 methods. 
 
 It is due to aoQ, nowever, that for much of the 
 finer goods a special quality of clay is required, 
 which is rarely found near the factory; but no mat- 
 ter where this material comes from it is labor that 
 digs, transports and delivers it to the factory, re- 
 gardless of the distance it travels. 
 
 I desire to assert, too, Mr. Labor, that the United 
 States can make good enough crockery for any 
 human being, I care not how delicate or finely organ- 
 ized he be. Our imports of earthen, stone and china- 
 ware amount to from seven to ten million dollars in 
 value each year. I should like to see more of this 
 money remain at home, and it would be my pleasure, 
 Mr. Labor, to aid in making these goods. We are 
 “mproving the quality of our goods each year, and 
 when the time comes that manufacturers of crockery 
 feel that they can have the share of our own market 
 which is their due, the goods will grow finer and 
 more choice very rapidly. 
 
 Labor. We see, Mr. Phelps, by your analysis of 
 the manufacture of crockery that it adds its testi- 
 mony to the long line of proof that all we see or 
 know of is labor. 
 
 Mr. Phelps. Yes, labor is nearly all that can be 
 found in crockery. These lessons are very interest- 
 ing to me. I am paying strict attention to all that 
 passes here. If there is any product in which nine- 
 tenths of it is not shown to be labor I want to dis- 
 cover what that product is. 
 
70 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 71 
 
 Labor, Do you consider it essential, Mr. Phelps, 
 that other countries should pay a duty on crockery? 
 
 Mr. Phelps. I wish it were within my power, Mr. 
 Labor, to answer that question in a manner to give 
 full expression to the feelings within my heart on 
 that subject. What living American can have the 
 brazen effrontery to ask me to so far forget my wife 
 and children as to consent that some man in France, 
 Germany, England, China or any other country shall 
 sell his days work to my neighbors, get their money 
 (or, more truly speaking, my mo'ney) and take it 
 home with him to his own country to live on and in- 
 vest, and thus compel me through enforced idleness 
 to ask those same neighbors to give me food to keep 
 my little flock from starving, and when I get it (as I 
 surely will in this good country) it is handed me on 
 a dish that could I have had the privilege of making 
 I would have been spared the pain and agony of 
 constantly looking into the faces of patched and 
 ragged children and wife? I would have been spared 
 the pain and agony of anxious faces at the window 
 when I came home, hoping to see something in my 
 arms to appease their hunger. I would have been 
 spared the pain and agony of being wakened at 
 night by the sobbing of my wife, weeping over our 
 distressed condition. I would have been spared the 
 pain and agony of my family being frowned upon by 
 everybody. I would have been spared the pain and 
 agony as a subject of scorn by all who knew me, 
 charging that I was a worthless and lazy lout. I 
 would have been spared the pain and agony that the 
 future did not hold a happy thought or hope for me 
 and those I love. 
 
 No, Mr. Labor, free trade or nominal duties means 
 
72 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 giving to other countries before our own families are 
 fed. 
 
 Protection means to feed and clothe our own first, 
 then if we have anything to spare we can, if the 
 people in other countries are in need, contribute to 
 them if we choose (a thing this country nearly 
 always does choose to do) and take credit for the 
 gift on the score of charity — which would be our 
 due. 
 
 To me so long as labor is all I have on this earth 
 to sell I look upon those who vote for and support 
 men with the view that when they become officials 
 they will make laws not only permitting but inviting 
 other countries to sell their labor to my neighbors 
 as not indirectly but directly keeping flour out of my 
 meal chest. There may be a difference in taking 
 out and keeping out, but to me and mine the result 
 in either case would be the same. Providence kindly 
 forbid that I should myself vote for candidates that 
 I had the faintest suspicion would, if elected, help 
 make laws that would keep it out. 
 
 Right here I want to ask the question, — when the 
 time comes that I cannot sell my labor (which is all 
 I have or can sell) what will I have to purchase 
 other countries’ labor (products) with? 
 
 Lessons here have already shown that the talk 
 about our goods, particularly our manufactured 
 products in foreign markets, is not a thing less than 
 impertinent hypocrisy on a swell and ruthless 
 masquerade. 
 
 If our own home markets represent ninety-eight 
 cents of each dollar oi our manufactured products, 
 ignoring the ninety-eight cents interest to chase 
 after the two^ has about as much business sagacity 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 73 
 
 with regard to prudence and safety as a man would 
 display should he jump overboard in mid-ocean from 
 one of our modern greyhound liners to grab on to a 
 floating plank, hoping to find better accommoda- 
 tions. The liner would serve the fool man right not 
 to stop to pick him up, and people who are contin 
 ually harping about foreign markets for our manu- 
 factured products, to the neglect and abuse of our 
 own home markets, should be ignored in a like 
 manner. 
 
 Right now in these beautiful June days our mar- 
 kets are being loaded to rounded measure with for- 
 eign products, which means fewer days works for 
 our own people, while the United States Senate is 
 wrangling whether to stop it at all or not. Their 
 treatment of American labor in this is about as just 
 as it would be to the inhabitants of a city should 
 their officials take special pains to purchase only 
 balky horses for their fire department. 
 
 Times are never easy and good except when labor 
 in all lines is employed and there is an interchange 
 of purchases by the employees of a multitude of fac- 
 tories representing our various products. I will take 
 it for granted, Mr. Labor, that I have your permis- 
 sion to try to illustrate what I mean, although it may 
 be done in a homely kind of a way. 
 
 Let us suppose that we have an ideal manufac- 
 turing city covering fifty industries, and that each in- 
 dustry employs five hundred adult men; counting 
 four persons to the family for each adult man gives 
 us two thousand persons for each industry, or one 
 hundred thousand people for our ideal city, which, 
 for convenience, we will call Groversville. Such a 
 city would support ten thousand more people, mak- 
 
74 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 ing forty thousand, including their families. This 
 latter number would include retailers of goods, mar- 
 ket men, bankers, lawyers, physicians, school teach- 
 ers, traveling salesmen, etc., etc. They all have their 
 method of laboring for a living, and are to be 
 counted as well as the common laborer who will be 
 found among them. 
 
 We will now, for the convenience of illustratirfg, 
 make the pay of each employee and the pay roll of 
 each factory the same. The wages of each employe 
 shall be ^2.50 per day, or ^15 per week. This esti- 
 mate makes the weekly pay roll of each factory em- 
 ploying 500 adults $7,500; the total weekly pay roll 
 of the whole fifty industries amounting to $375,000. 
 
 When these factories are all running and all the 
 employees are busy, everybody in this brisk little 
 city has money; you see the children even buying 
 nuts, candy, toys, etc. 
 
 All the 140,000, or the men among that number, 
 are buying, wearing and destroying the hats the 500 
 men are making, and the women of this same num- 
 ber of people are wearing hats and bonnets made by 
 500 other adults suitable for them. 
 
 All the 140,000 people are wearing out the shoes 
 the 500 are making; they are wearing shirts the 500 
 in that line are turning out; 500 more are making 
 hosiery for the 140,000. 
 
 Carry this on into clothing, gloves, crockery, tin- 
 ware, stoves, cigars, umbrellas, brushes, pins, cloth, 
 jewelry, watches, clocks, carpets, underwear, cutlery, 
 and on and on until the whole fifty industries are 
 covered and then endeavor to recognize the consum- 
 ing ability of this 140,000 people of their own 
 products among themselves. Do they consume one- 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 75 
 
 fourth, one-third, one-half, two-thirds, or what pro- 
 portion do they purchase, wear out and in a manner 
 waste? When this country is prosperous our people 
 do not wear their clothes threadbare as in former 
 days. When they are rusty or out of style they cast 
 them off and buy new, (and what a boon this cast- 
 off clothing and shoes, etc., of the few fortunate ones 
 the past few years has been to the great masses who 
 have been less fortunate). This practice reaches on 
 into all classes of goods; carpets are rarely worn out 
 any more. When they show wear and decay and 
 patterns have changed, if times are good they are 
 replaced with the new and more modern. The same 
 with furniture and a thousand things; it is not con- 
 sidered economy to pay for a full days work and 
 accept a half days output on account of worn-out 
 machinery; hence the constant change of the old for 
 the new in this line. Add to this the modern ma- 
 chinery that is daily taking the place of that which 
 is still good. 
 
 Think of the good railroad locomotives that of 
 late years have been relegated to the scrap pile to 
 make room for the more powerful and swifter ones. 
 
 It is these features covering the wide fields of the 
 broadest and best known life and living to the great- 
 est number that make our markets nearly as great as 
 the combined markets of the balance of the world. 
 Our markets are so inviting that they become a tar- 
 get for the vicious commercial eye of the inhabitants 
 of the whole earth, 
 
 I shall not undertake to decide, Mr. Labor, just 
 what proportion of the product of Groversville the 
 inhabitants and the farming community who trade 
 there will consume, but I shall undertake to show 
 
76 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 that if you take that consuming ability away from 
 them, from that moment the city is doomed. 
 
 Now, when all is prosperity what patrons they are 
 of the farmer; what a feast he has supplying them 
 with milk, butter, garden stuff, etc., and in turn the 
 farmer with the money he receives from them buys 
 their products to supply the wants of his own family. 
 
 This exchange of commodities covers and makes 
 happy a large territory surrounding Groversville. 
 Farmers as a class find a special satisfaction in grat- 
 ifying the desires of their families, and seldom can 
 anything exceed the market of a good live factory 
 town in equipping them to do this very thing. 
 
 We will remain within consistent bounds now in 
 presuming that most of the goods now manufactured 
 in Groversville, where all appear to be so contented 
 and happy, can be produced and supplied by foreign 
 countries. This feature being accepted as a fact, we 
 are led to ask what are the foreign goods? There 
 can be no answer other than “ Like our own, they 
 represent labor and but little else.” 
 
 Proceeding now from the standpoint of the free- 
 trader, we permit the foreigner to ship his products 
 into our prosperous little town without paying any 
 duty. The next question shall be: “What are the 
 costs of the foreign goods as compared to our own?” 
 Ocean freights and bulk car load rates by rail will 
 not amount to a penny apiece on -hats when figured 
 down to the single one, and it is safe to claim that 
 the same ratio will hold good in all the lines, heavy 
 freights not differing sufficiently to destroy the 
 principle involved. 
 
 ■ Since, then, the transportation practically cuts no 
 figure, the cost of raw material in foreign countries 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 77 
 
 being nearly zero, the same as our own, the chief, 
 and, in a sense, the only item we have as a base in 
 estimating the comparative cost of the goods is the 
 labor. This true, then what is their scale of wages 
 as compared with ours? That it is very much lower 
 is a fact never disputed. Then, for convenience in 
 comparison, we will call it one dollar per day for 
 their adults, while our wages had been $2.50 per day. 
 Their weekly pay roll for 25,000 men would amount 
 to $150,000, while the sum of our pay roll for the 
 same number of men at $2.50 per day had been 
 $375,000 per week, showing in round numbers that 
 the product manufactured abroad (same goods as 
 ours) delivered will be less than half the cost of our 
 own. 
 
 We must bear in mind that our ideal manufactur- 
 ing town’s (Groversville’s) prosperity was due to pro- 
 tective duties, which practically prevented foreign 
 countries from disturbing their business. 
 
 For illustration, as named before, we are going to 
 open it up now and permit products from all coun- 
 tries to come in free of duty. What is the result? 
 Foreign representatives come thick and fast; the 
 retail merchants in our snug and happy city are 
 astounded and delighted with the new quotations 
 and stock up heWily. They advertise extensively, 
 offering goods for half of former prices. Their chief 
 customers, who are the very employees of Grovers- 
 ville’s own factories, are elated that a little money 
 goes so far, and do not stop to think as to the man- 
 ner of pushing each other about in their frenzy to 
 reach the counters first. 
 
 While their money lasts they continue to buy, and 
 
78 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 because everything is cheap they load themselves 
 down with articles they have no use for. 
 
 There is a great buzz and talk among the factory 
 employees and their families about the new order of 
 affairs. They ruthlessly score the robber manu- 
 facturers for the robber profits they have been mak- 
 ing, virtually declare, vengeance, ask for an increase 
 of pay, and threaten to strike, never having business 
 vision sufficient to see or learn that the difference in 
 the cost of the products had been paid to them, and 
 up to the time of their blindly taking labor by the 
 throat and choking the life out of it themselves, they 
 had been the very ones receiving the special benefits^ 
 
 During all this rash and imprudent happiness and 
 wrath on the one side, yet barely three months old, 
 the manufacturer is walking about with a long drawn 
 and careworn face. For some time his salesmen 
 have been reporting they could get no orders; that 
 their old customers were giving them the laugh and 
 flashing in their faces quotations on foreign goods 
 that it was utterly impossible to meet. 
 
 The manufacturer’s stock of completed goods con- 
 tinues to accummulate; he looks on with awe; many 
 of his employees have noticed his confusion; they 
 converse in low voice; slyly nudge each other and 
 show in their faces a smothered pleasure at his dis- 
 comfiture, never for a moment recognizing any feature 
 of their own part in the delusion. 
 
 The retail merchants wink at each other when he 
 (the manufacturer) passes on the street, children 
 point at him as he goes along with. a sad face, and 
 
 say: “There goes the old Papa and Mamma 
 
 were talking about.” All blind, everyone of them 
 blind as bats, buying foreign goods, chuckling over 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School, 
 
 79 
 
 the prices and ridiculing the man who had supplied 
 them the money to buy them with, fancying there 
 could be no limit to his ability to continue doing so. 
 
 Postively there must be an end to all this, and 
 what is it? 
 
 The manufacturer looks at the stock of unsold 
 goods; he calls his salesmen into his private office; 
 they tell him there is no use trying, they cannot get 
 orders, merchants refuse to pay two prices when 
 they can buy the goods for one. He turns to his ac- 
 countants, they tell him his bank account is over- 
 drawn and that his notes to the bank are falling due. 
 There is but little discussion as to what must be 
 done; one course only can be pursued, which is, to 
 largely reduce his force, or shut down entirely. The 
 whole fifty enterprises are in the same condition. 
 Say that the finances of twenty-five of the concerns 
 are such that they can run one-half time by reduc- 
 ing their force one-half; that is, they can run 250 
 men half time in place of 500 men full time. The 
 financial condition of the other twenty-five factories 
 is such that they have to shut down at once. 
 
 What have we now in our once ideal and happy 
 manufacturing little city of Groversville? We have 
 a panic. 
 
 Just what the whole U. S. had in 1893 and it did 
 not come from what had been done, but was caused 
 by a simple promise of what was going to be done. 
 
 In the past, when all was running smoothly, and 
 it looked like such conditions would continue inde- 
 finitely, there was but little if any anxiety; now it is 
 all anxiety. 
 
 Manufacturers hoping against hope had run too 
 long, having had no experience in the conditions 
 
8o 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 8i 
 
 that confronted them they allowed products to ac- 
 cumulate that it was out of the question to market 
 and realize on. Meeting obligations promptly for a 
 term of years had given them unlimited credit at 
 the banks, and failing to anticipate the magnitude ot 
 the crisis they were approaching they used their 
 credits in a manner to cause them many regrets 
 later on. 
 
 It is rare at best when manufacturers are not large 
 borrowers three quarters of the time. It requires 
 large capital to invest in labor during March, April, 
 May, June, July and August constructing goods for 
 the following Winter’s market and it is the same 
 conditions for the next six months for the following 
 Summer’s market. Some products can be realized 
 on in thirty days, some ninety and others again 
 require six months and a year to turn them. What 
 an immense sum of money then must a large manu- 
 facturer possess to avoid being a heavy borrower 
 most of the time. 
 
 Groversville has been no exception to the customs 
 and laws that govern commerce. The manufactur- 
 ers’ paper was falling due at the bank and for the 
 first time in their lives they could not meet it. They 
 were first-class men with all that the term implies 
 and it was their intention to continue to be, but now 
 they were befogged, confounded, bewildered; with 
 not a path or road to follow that promised the 
 slightest relief. 
 
 The banks extended their paper thirty, sixty and 
 ninety days only to extend it again when the time 
 rolled around. 
 
 The bankers of our once ideal Groversville, keen 
 business men as they must be, were forced unwil- 
 
82 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times Schood. 
 
 lingly to recognize the danger ahead and they began 
 to buckle on their life preservers. Business friend- 
 ship made an unconditional surrender to that inex- 
 orable law “Self Preservation.” 
 
 The banks began to demand payment; they stood in 
 terrible awe of threatened runs; many of the frugal 
 and saving employees had deposited portions of 
 their weekly pay with them for years, and in addi- 
 tion to so many being out of work and needing their 
 money to buy food, which was drained out daily, 
 they wer^ becoming alarmed as to the safety of 
 the banks. 
 
 The manufacturer, hard pressed, had but one ave- 
 nue, which was to force his products on the market, 
 not at prices they ought to bring but at prices they 
 would bring, and with that he could not place enough 
 to meet the paper he had out. The merchants of 
 Groversville did not want them at any price, except 
 to replace an occasional article they had run out of. 
 They were not making purchases of either foreign 
 or home made goods now, and why? Nine-tenths of 
 their trade had been with the employees of the fac- 
 tories, but the days of the latter receiving, combined, 
 ^375,000 each week to put into circulation in their 
 little town, was past. 
 
 The few that had work half the time now were 
 receiving ^93,750 all told, every week and this had 
 to be used very judiciously at the market. There 
 was not one penny for luxuries and much that had 
 once been deemed necessities had been thoroughly 
 trimmed down. 
 
 By the changed conditions ^281,250 per week had 
 been taken out of circulation, amounting in fifty-two 
 weeks to the modest sum of ^14,625,000, leaving 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 83 
 
 ;?4,875 ,ooo for the 140,000 people to subsist on per 
 year as compared to the former good times when 
 $19,500,000 represented the handsome total of yearly 
 wages. It is safe to estimate that not more than 
 ten per cent of that sum was laid by, which left over 
 $17,500,000 absolutely in circulation in our Grovers- 
 ville yearly. What have we since the change, every 
 body felt so good about at one time? We have 6,500 
 adults employed about half the time; Vv^e have 18,750 
 adults out of work entirely. 
 
 Do you think the manufacturer is the only man 
 wearing a serious countenance now? The merchants, 
 although they do not appear to recognize what hit 
 them, are not winking at each other when he (the 
 manufacturer) passes. 
 
 The mirth that was on every street corner and in 
 every conversation up to the time of the changed 
 conditions has taken wings and sailed away. 
 
 The Doctor and Lawyer, who once walked up the 
 street arm in arm with cheerful glee, go alone now, 
 and are talking to themselves. 
 
 The idle workmen meet in groups around the 
 silent factories that boys have stoned the windows 
 out of and otherwise defaced 'till the old workshops 
 have as worried and dilapidated a look as the men 
 themselves. They discuss their misfortunes and at- 
 tribute them to all kinds of causes, chiefly blaming 
 their former employers, never discovering that by 
 purchasing foreign goods, which means foreign labor, 
 rather than our own products and their own labor, 
 they brought the disasters on themselves. 
 
 It is due to charge too, that primarly the laborer 
 is more to blame for free trade laws that cause them 
 to suffer than any other class. They are always 
 
84 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 listening to the demagogue, and following in the 
 paths he marks out for them. 
 
 We are all laboring men, but the class I refer to is 
 the factory man and the mechanics. Farmers are 
 laboring men, but a large majority of them know 
 enough to know that when all factory men and me- 
 chanics have work, what they raise on the farm finds 
 a swifter market, and sometimes, Mr. Labor, I feel 
 that were it not for the farmer vote our country 
 would go to the d 1 and stay there. 
 
 Ask the farmers who sold vegetables, chickens, 
 eggs, butter, etc. to the merchants or factory people 
 of Groversville prior to the failure of the manufac- 
 turers and some of the merchants and prior to the 
 collapse of a few of the banks. They will tell you 
 that as compared to the ideal times they prac- 
 tically have no market now, and that the people 
 must have been living on dry bread and potatoes, 
 and presumably on restricted quantities of these 
 substantial. 
 
 This question could be handled more in detail, 
 Mr. Labor, but would have required more time and 
 possibly would have been at the expense of interest. 
 The principles involved are vital to our country and 
 I have not proceeded so much with a view to ac- 
 curacy as that the workingman may discover his 
 own true interest, and in the future ignore the dema- 
 gogue who attempts to misleade him. 
 
 I want the physician, the banker, the lawyer, the 
 merchant, the clerk, the blacksmith, the plowman to 
 recognize in the broadest and best sense what it is 
 that puts money in circulation. 
 
 You take labor out of a product and you have 
 quite touched zero, and as our labor in manufactured 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 B5 
 
 products and farm products approaches zero, so will 
 our money in circulation approach zero. 
 
 It is beyond dispute, should we purchase all the 
 products we use, both farm and manufactured, from 
 foreign countries, those countries would in time 
 have all our money, and when our money was gone 
 the circulation would be zero pure and simple, 
 would it not, Mr. Labor? 
 
 I earnestly desire to emphasize the fact that it is 
 just as essential to sell our own labor accumulated 
 in manufactured products as it is to sell our labor 
 accumulated in farm products, and that there can 
 be just as clean an argument made in favor of our 
 buying farm products of foreign countries, which is 
 accumulated labor, as there can be to purchase 
 manufactured goods of foreign countries which is 
 accumulated labor. There are many products to 
 purchase from foreign countries that we do not 
 manufacture or raise, but when we have bought them 
 we have gone far enough, and if we Americans will 
 stop at that point there will always be plenty of 
 money in circulation in the U. S., so long as our Con- 
 gress increases the volume that works on the markets 
 as an acceptable medium of exchange, call it money 
 or what you may, in ratio to the increase in inhab- 
 itants, which they always have done and very likely 
 always will do. 
 
 When the physician buys the cloth for his clothes 
 of a foreign country and sends his money to that \ 
 country, he should not complain if the factory man 
 making cloth in our own country fails to pay his 
 doctor bill. 
 
 This sentiment holds good with the minister, the 
 lawyer, the dentist, the school teacher, the college 
 
86 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 instructor, the servant girl, the spectacle man and 
 the spectacular man; true home prudence forbids a 
 single exception, and the success of the industries 
 in our country are dependent on such sentiments. 
 
 There is as little sense in a factory man belonging 
 in the United States buying a set of knives and 
 forks made by foreign labor, when he could buy a 
 set he made himself, as there would be if a farmer 
 should throw his own wheat in the lake and then go 
 to his neighbour farmer and buy wheat for bread for 
 his own family. 
 
 The ideal city of Groversville, that we have used, 
 endeavoring, Mr. Labor, to illustrate that the suc- 
 cess of the citizens depended upon an undisturbed 
 exchange of commodities among themselves, is quite 
 an example of what we have experienced all over 
 the United States duting the past four years. 
 
 Labor. Has not the strain our country has under- 
 gone since 1893 been the cause, Mr. Phelps, of your 
 thinking out what you have just illustrated to us? 
 
 Mr. Phelps. Yes, with the prosperity we had prior 
 to that time we had but little occasion to study such 
 questions. 
 
 Labor. Your thoughts and talk have been very in- 
 teresting, and I am confident the class feel very 
 grateful to you for your views and illustrations thus 
 far and are anxius for more. 
 
 Mr. Phelps. I thank you, Mr. Labor, for the kind 
 expressions, and for fear I may overlook one point I 
 will add now: 
 
 Should any critic succeed in picking the compar- 
 isons and illustrations I have made or may make to 
 pieces; should he be able to establish that foreign 
 countries pay as high wages as our own, and that 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 87 
 
 the goods he may mention cost as much as ours in 
 the same line do, granting it can be possible to prove 
 all this, then I shall ask him to give us sufificient 
 reasons why we should patronize foreign countries, 
 purchase their products, take our money out of cir- 
 culation, send it to those countries and starve our 
 own. 
 
 If all my country has to sell is labor, why don’t 
 we buy our own and keep turning our money over 
 and over here at home, regardless of any other coimtry? 
 
 Can any critic or any living man conceive of a 
 surer method of reducing the circulation of money 
 in our own country than by sending it to other 
 countries? 
 
 I understand, Mr. Labor, that these sentiments are 
 what this school is endeavoring to bring to the at- 
 tention of the American people, and I firmly believe, 
 had they been thoroughly analyzed ten years ago, 
 we would have been spared the strain our country 
 has suffered the last four years. Of course, w^e are 
 always in danger of a set-back through over-pro- 
 duction, but when the over-production comes, why 
 not let it be all our own? 
 
 We virtually had no over-production in 1892. No 
 doubt, the production was equal to the demand; so, 
 too, was the demand equal to the production. Then, 
 what did ail us in 1893? Why was there talk about 
 January ist, 1893, of President Harrison’s adminis- 
 tration having to issue bonds, a thing unknown for 
 a long term of years except for the purpose of re- 
 funding our debt at less interest? 
 
 Did not the free trade platform for 1892 declare 
 for tariff for revenue only; which all protectionists 
 
88 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 charge except for revenue is no better than free 
 trade? 
 
 Did not the free trade speakers proclaim from the 
 stump that it practically meant free trade; at least, 
 that it was a step in that direction, a thing they 
 coveted so much? Did they not keep' up this talk 
 from the time of the Convention in June until the 
 election in November, especially whenever they had 
 an audience that gave them the slightest evidence 
 such a dectrine would suit? 
 
 Did they not dwell upon the fact, particularly 
 when talking to the laboring men, that everything 
 would be cheaper, and try to show that a protective 
 tariff robbed the working man? 
 
 Did not their prediction that everything would be 
 cheaper prove true? Hasn't a large proportion of 
 our labor been so cheap that it has brought no price 
 at all? 
 
 Did they not, when they cheapened everything, 
 cheapen our people as well? If cheap everything 
 does not mean cheap people, then why can you get 
 so much for your money in China? I overheard this 
 conversation: 
 
 A said to B a few days ago that B had never 
 seen the time when a dollar would buy as much as 
 at the present. B told A he was slightly mistaken 
 so far as he was concerned, and continued: As the 
 case with me and thousands of others stands today, I 
 couldn’t buy a dollar’s worth of stockings, a dollar’s 
 worth of neckties, a dollar’s worth of collars and 
 cuffs, or a dollar’s worth of anything, for the absence 
 of the dollar to make the purchase with shuts me 
 out utterly. 
 
 The absence of the dollar has included such a 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 89 
 
 mass of people during the last four years that this 
 fact should be allowed to solve the question of 
 cheapness in this country for a long time. 
 
 If tasting is not believing, then our late lessons in 
 the concrete have been in vain. 
 
 I want to ask you, Mr. Labor, had you been ever 
 so extensive an importer, ordinarily bringing millions 
 of dollars worth of foreign products into our country 
 yearly, would you not after June, 1892, with the pos- 
 sibility of a party coming into power under a promise 
 of radical changes in our tariff, leaning toward free 
 trade, would you not have imported in as small 
 quantities as possible and hold your trade in line? 
 Would you not have advised your trade to withold 
 their orders and not be caught with a heavy stock 
 of foreign goods and thus subject themselves to loss 
 through a promised reduction in tariff duties? 
 
 Labor, Surely, Mr. Phelps, that is about what I 
 would have done. 
 
 Mr, Phelps. Yes, Mr. Labor, and that is what the 
 importers did, and there was but little occasion for 
 them to advise their customers to withold their 
 orders, either. Men who hazard their money in busi- 
 ness that custom duties can affect, keep close watch 
 of plain questions such as tariff, whether high, low 
 or no duties at all; hence it is evident that all in- 
 vestors in foreign products were awaiting the result 
 of the election prior to stocking up. 
 
 Such being the case, what have we to expect of 
 them after election when the defenders of low duties 
 and free trade had successfully carried all depart- 
 ments of the National Government and there was 
 not a single thing standing in the way of their putting 
 into practice what they had been preaching. Under 
 
go 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 siuh conditions, Mr. Labor, as an importer, you 
 would have brought in only such products as were 
 required to supply the immediate demand. 
 
 Labor. Certainly, it would have been rash madness 
 to be found with a large stock of either our own or 
 foreign goods on hand and the duty lowered, and 
 you are right, Mr. Phelps, when you claim that in 
 the light of all the facts arnd prospects importers 
 would not and did not import except just what they 
 were compelled to have to properly protect their 
 trade. 
 
 Mr. Phelps. Then, Mr. Labor, if importing had 
 been largely deferred awaiting tariff legislation from 
 the new administration, the receipts to the govern- 
 ment or revenue from duties on such goods would 
 have largely fallen off, would they not? 
 
 Labor. Yes, and the shrinkage in revenue would 
 have reached back to the opening of the campaign 
 prior to election, which covered the last nine months 
 of President Harrison’s administration. 
 
 Mr. Phelps. Then it is no wonder that President 
 Harrison’s administration at the close came so near 
 having to issue bonds. 
 
 Labor. Not any wonder; the McKinley bill was 
 ingeniously drafted with a view to first thoroughly 
 protect American labor and then, if possible, provide 
 but a small amount of revenue more than was re- 
 quired to pay interest on the public debt and cover 
 the cost of running the Government, and anything 
 that tended to stop imports very much would very 
 quickly cut off revenue to the extent of embarrass- 
 ment. 
 
 Mr. Phelps. Then it is a plain question why the 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. gi 
 
 new administration had to issue bonds shortly after 
 it came into power. 
 
 Labor, Very true; it is clear enough, Mr. Phelps, 
 that importers would continue to defer contracts of 
 any magnitude until after the promised change in 
 the tariff schedule. During this time the usual 
 expenses of the government had to be met, and if 
 the income from revenues was insufficient in order 
 to preserve the credit of our country the money had 
 to be found in some other way, and the only alter- 
 native was for the government to give its note, and 
 one that was backed with a pledge the same as a 
 merchant would hypothecate some securities for 
 money at a bank to pay his debts or to do business 
 with. Your version of the situation is the true one, 
 no matter how scientifically any critic may endeavor 
 to disguise the fact. The new administration found 
 in the treasury just sufficient money left over from 
 President Harrison's administration to preserve the 
 tone of the government’s credit, which had been 
 brought to this, the danger point, by the causes you 
 have outlined. There being no surplus left, the new 
 administration had to dip its hands into the vitals of 
 the reserved fund in order to keep the wheels mov- 
 ing, and for the falling off of revenues that had for- 
 merly kept the reserved fund not only whole but 
 with a surplus, they were forced to issue bonds. 
 
 Mr. Phelps. Now, Mr. Labor, there was one other 
 condition that did not only confront, but v/as on top 
 of us; we were under its very feet and its victims 
 utterly, and this is where we received the blow that 
 knocked us out; the one that stopped the functions 
 of our commercial heart. We have not recovered 
 our breath yet, and it will be a long time after the 
 
92 
 
 Labors* Hard Times School. 
 
 adoption of a good measure protecting our own 
 market for the sale of our own labor, before we can 
 take a good long natural breath. 
 
 I will ask you now, Mr. Labor, to act the part of 
 a large manufacturer whose pay roll to the working 
 man had for years aggregated ^50,000.00 per week. 
 We will take it for granted that your line was one 
 that could be materially affected by a change in the 
 tariff, with all the conditions that met the importer 
 in June, 1892. What would you, as a manufacturer 
 of large quantities of goods, have done? 
 
 Labor, Under the circumstances I would have pro- 
 ceeded very cautiously, and if I had but few orders 
 on hand to fill, possibly I would have shut down for 
 a while. To say the least, in the absence of good 
 orders for the future, I should and would have made 
 every possible cut in expenses, and ventures also. 
 
 Mr. Phelps. Won’t you please outline, Mr. Labor, 
 what >iDur process of cutting would have been? 
 
 Labor. It will require but few words to do that. 
 The gravity of the situation was such that I could 
 not have been justified in anticipating the market 
 for any small amount even, and as labor is the chief 
 cost in all products, there is where my cut would 
 have fallen wholly, even to the extent of cutting out 
 my own salary, and in place of holding to a pay- 
 roll of $50,000.00 each week, it would have been re- 
 duced to from one to five thousand dollars. It is 
 evident, if the value of goods was to be largely re- 
 duced in our markets by foreign manufacturers 
 stocking it up with products that cost them only 
 half for labor that the same goods cost me, I would 
 have to wait and not dare anticipate a market until 
 I could arrange with my workmen to be satisfied 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 93 
 
 v/ith half the pay they had formerly received or such 
 a reduction as to put me on an even basis with 
 people who, when we accord full justice to our own 
 working classes, have no more right to our market 
 than you, Mr. Phelps, have to take my overcoat and 
 through some hocus-pocus law be protected to the 
 extent of keeping it. 
 
 Mr, Phelps, Then if your product, Mr. Labor, had 
 been one that had two seasons, one spring and sum- 
 mer and the other fall and winter, you would, man- 
 ufacturing through the spring and summer for the 
 following winter’s market, at the rate of ^50,000.00 
 pay roll each week, have had to anticipate the mar- 
 ket in the sum of over a million dollars invested in 
 labor, and a like amount again manufacturing 
 through the fall and winter for the following spring 
 and summer market. 
 
 Labor, To a limit, Mr. Phelps, you are correct, 
 but not wholly. During the summer many whole- 
 salers would contract with me for large quantities of 
 goods for the next winter, and during the winter 
 they would give orders for the following summer^ 
 thus I would, as a rule, have goods sold in advance 
 in such quantities as to justify me in anticipating the 
 market sufficiently to keep my factories running the 
 whole year. 
 
 Mr, Phelps, It is very clear then, Mr. Labor, that 
 the usual investors, wholesalers or general distribu- 
 tors of goods, or whatever name you may choose 
 to give them, would be governed by the same mo- 
 tives that influenced the importers. Keen foresight, 
 that experience is always touching up to a hair- 
 splitting edge, would prompt them to forego making 
 contracts for goods six months in advance, as had 
 
94 
 
 Labors* Hard Times School. 
 
 been their custom, and they would have held off 
 until the mooted questions were settled one way or 
 the other, ever mindful that should we have a reduc- 
 tion in duties (which had been sacredly promised, 
 and there was not one thing standing in the way of 
 that promise being fulfilled) they might want to 
 place the orders formerly given to you with foreign 
 manufacturers, and especially would they make their 
 plans such as to be free to do so, provided you could 
 not meet the prices of the foreign goods when tariff 
 reduction came. Receiving telegrams and letters 
 daily from your agents on the road that they could 
 not secure orders for future delivery from old cus- 
 tomers or make any new patrons, would serve to 
 modify the appetite of the most brilliant and ambi- 
 tious manufacturer our country could boast. The 
 melancholy pervading everything at that time would 
 have thoroughly admonished you to remain on shore 
 while the danger signals were up, just as all conserv- 
 ative manufacturers did do. I ask you, Mr. Labor, 
 how any producer of goods could have had the 
 courage to push his industry to its accustomed limit 
 when he believed himself that there was a business cri- 
 sis inevitably near and all the commercial transactions 
 of the day, week or month bore testimony that his 
 convictions were the convictions of a mass of people? 
 Many no doubt felt that they were waiting for some- 
 thing better, but manufacturers with rarely an excep- 
 tion could not be lured into any such belief; they 
 knew what was coming was not only bad but full of 
 hazard. They gathered before the powers at the 
 capitol to point out the dangers, but they were 
 turned down, not from the standpoint that they had 
 for years fed, clothed, housed and schooled millions 
 
Labors’ Hard Times Schood. 
 
 95 
 
 of people, but from the standpoint that they had 
 been ruthless robbers of millions; as if the astron- 
 omer should know nothing about astronomy, the 
 geologist nothing about geology, the physician noth- 
 ing about medicine, the dentist nothing about dent- 
 istry, the watchmaker nothing about a watch, the 
 farmer nothing about farming, so the manufacturers 
 knew not a thing about their own business, as to 
 what would save it or kill it, in the eyes of those in 
 authority. Experience and practice, no matter for 
 how long a term of years, was charged to selfishness 
 and was compelled to and did give way to theory 
 and destruction. 
 
 Labor. You have made a strictly logical state- 
 ment of the situation, Mr. Phelps, and, as I said at 
 the outset, I should not have entertained a single 
 thought of anticipating the market, and should be- 
 yond any doubt have reduced my expenses to $5,000 
 per week if not less, or shut down entirely. 
 
 Mr. Phelps. To have reduced your expenses to 
 $5,000 per week would have forced you to discon- 
 tinue the services of a multitude of people? 
 
 Labor. Yes, enough to fill two large churches, and 
 their families would fill eight more. 
 
 Mr. Phelps. By making such a reduction, Mr. 
 Labor, you would keep from them $45,000 per week, 
 the. sum they had formerly, which provided them 
 their means of living? 
 
 Labor. This is true, and this carries us back to 
 your ideal manufacturing city of Groversville. Your 
 illustration there made vivid just what happened to 
 our country in 1892 and 1893. 
 
 Mr. Phelps. You have, Mr. Labor, with just one 
 stroke and only one factory, taken $45,000 out of 
 
96 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 circulation each week, amounting for the whole year 
 to ^2, 340,000. Only one factory, mind you, did this, 
 when, if you will ask any man who traveled to any 
 extent in the United States during 1893 and 1894 he 
 will tell you what a multitude of factories were 
 empty and silent in those years, from the small ones 
 to the large ones, with the glass in the windows 
 stoned out, just as I pictured, Mr. Labor, in our once 
 ideal city of Groversville, and most of those that 
 continued to run were doing so with half force on 
 half time or less. 
 
 If one large factory cuts its force to the point of 
 practically closing, reducing the circulation of money 
 in the United States $2,000,000 and over yearly, what 
 will 100 factories large and small, virtually shut 
 down, do? How much will 500 closed, or at best 
 operated with a small force, reduce it? And in a 
 like manner how many millions of dollars will 1,000 
 idle factories take out of circulation in the United 
 States yearly, as compared to their running full 
 force, full pay, full time, which they were doing 
 prior to the fall of 1892? 
 
 Gold men with free trade proclivities told us in 
 the fall of 1893 that a repeal of the Sherman bill 
 would give relief and good times again. Men in 
 favor of protective duties for our labor told them it 
 would not make an iota of difference, but that if the 
 President would issue a message that he would veto 
 any bills affecting the tariff that Congress could 
 pass, business would revive at once. 
 
 The Sherman silver purchasing bill was repealed, 
 and it did not lessen the strain with the idle a part- 
 icle. A free silver man told me to-day (May 25, 1897) 
 that the repeal of the Sherman bill reducing the 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 97 
 
 purchase of silver is what took the money out ot 
 circulation and caused the hard times. 
 
 Think of it, Mr. Labor, the Sherman bill purchased 
 in round numbers ^50,000,000 worth of silver bullion 
 each year. The reduction in twenty-five factories 
 such as you represented amounts to more than that. 
 One hundred such closed factories will amount to 
 five times the sum the repeal of the Sherman bill 
 took out of circulation, and 1,000 factories closed, 
 take them as they averaged, or running with reduced 
 force on one-fourth or one-half time, would take 
 thirty to fifty times the money out of circulation 
 that the repeal of the Sherman bill did. The sum of 
 money that would represent the amount that labor 
 lost by workingone-half or one-fourth or partial time, 
 as compared to what it received for full time prior to 
 the fall of 1892 added to a sum that would represent 
 what labor has lost through idleness since the fall of 
 1892 as compared to the steady work prior, would ag- 
 gregate money enough to have continued the purchase 
 monthly of all the silver bullion that the Sherman 
 bill required the Government to take, and labor 
 would have had enough over to have made millions 
 of mortals happy, who for the past four years have 
 been total strangers to a thing that had a single 
 finger pointing in the direction of contentment. 
 
 The combined labor of the United States em- 
 ployed, as it had been up to the summer of 1892, 
 could have purchased the four and a half millions 
 of silver monthly, the amount named in the Sherman 
 bill, and dumped it into the middle of ihe ocean and 
 never found out it had been hit. It would have been 
 like an infant striking a giant. 
 
 What is silver bullion, Mr. Labor? 
 
g % Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 Labor. Silver bullion represents labor the same as 
 wheat or anything else. If not, why do silver mine 
 owners claim that they cannot afford to work their 
 mines at present prices for the bullion? If they pay 
 their help more to produce an ounce of silver bullion 
 than they can sell it for they lose money, and what 
 on? On the labor, of course, the same as the farmer 
 does on a bushel of wheat if he cannot sell it for as 
 much as it costs him to raise it. Our government, 
 Mr. Phelps, buys flour, which literally is the farmers’ 
 wheat, for the army and navy, and when they pay 
 for it it puts money into circulation, but it aims not 
 to buy anymore than the army needs. 
 
 Mr. Phelps. Yes, Mr. Labor, and during the late 
 war the government purchased immense quantities 
 of flour, oats, etc., but when the army was disbanded 
 after the close of the war its purchases were so 
 largely reduced that practically it demonetized 
 flour and oats. I have often wondered since the 
 silver agitation why the farmers did not kick at the 
 time and make a national issue of the demonetiza- 
 tion of grain by the government. 
 
 Labor. You must keep in mind, Mr. Phelps, 
 that the silver men claim that the purchase of 
 $50,000,000 worth of silver each year by our govern- 
 ment put that much more absolute money in circu- 
 lation yearly. 
 
 Mr. Phelps. It looks to me, Mr. Labor, like it put 
 that many more tons of silver in the government 
 vaults each year. If the silver men could show me 
 that the people carried the silver and used it I could 
 take a more charitable view of their claims. 
 
 Labor. Yes, Mr.' Phelps, but the government is- 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 99 
 
 sued silver certificates that the people did carry, and 
 held the silver to redeem the certificates. 
 
 Mr. Phelps. I understand that, Mr. Labor, and I 
 understand, too, that if silver was the only thing be- 
 hind the silver certificates to-day it would be worth 
 less than one-half its face value. It looks to me too 
 much like putting a small boy in front of me to pick 
 a fuss with someone full grown, when I know the 
 boy hasn’t stuff enough in him to make the fight. I 
 might be able to get boys enough together to even 
 the contest up, but I don’t believe all the law crea- 
 tors on earth could put stuff enough in that one boy, 
 so that he could have an even show with a man who 
 had by nature more than twice the boy’s power. And 
 in my opinion we are losing time when we try to 
 make ourselves believe that by some hocus-pocus 
 national law, as you call it, we can change any of 
 nature’s laws. 
 
 Labor. Won’t free silver men, Mr. Phelps, charge 
 you with carrying this question too high when you 
 attempt to bring nature into it? 
 
 Mr. Phelps. How can they keep nature out of the 
 qualities of our minerals any more than they can out 
 of the various qualities of grass, flowers, timber and 
 men? When they undertake to tell me that they 
 can, by national legislation, send the sweet fragrance 
 of a choice rose into some noxious weed I shall not 
 believe them. There has always been, and always 
 will be, an exchange between gold and iron, but the 
 fluctuating changes of ratio of value by weights be- 
 tween the two metals in the past would make some- 
 thing of a monkey of any man who would recom- 
 mend laws regulating and establishing any given 
 
lOO 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 ratio of exchange by weights between the two metals 
 for the future. 
 
 In this is there not something of a lesson, Mr. 
 Labor, to free silver men when they charge that gold 
 has gone up? How has it been with iron? Has 
 gold gone up, or has iron gone down? 
 
 How about diamonds and glass? Can any fixed 
 exchange by law that will hold be established be- 
 tween the two, or between either or any precious 
 stones ranging between glass and diamonds? No, 
 not even though diamonds became as plenty as glass, 
 for then, on account of the utility of glass, it would 
 be the more valuable. The same holds good with 
 gold and iron. Should gold be found in the same 
 abundance as iron its special value would depart at 
 once, the same as the special value of silver is depart- 
 ing, and all the law below, and all the law in Heaven 
 above could not stay its departure. No doubt, Mr. 
 Labor, we could, if forced to, get along without 
 gold, but what would we do without iron? As well, 
 too, could we live without diamonds, but what would 
 our discomforts be in the total absence of glass? 
 
 Let the free silver advocates strike at nature if 
 they so choose, Mr. Labor, but if they do, and avoid 
 any and all harm to themselves, you and I will be 
 just as safe as they. I cannot believe in their theory; 
 with all their efforts they have not proven one thing 
 to me except that I must distrust their motives. 
 
 Their claim to all wisdom is only equalled by the 
 claims of the free trader. All who disagree with 
 either of them are fools or dishonest. The free trade 
 we have tried for nearly four years; the free silver I 
 hope we shall never be compelled to try, and now, 
 to all free silver men who claim that there was a feature 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 lOI 
 
 in the $50,000,000 of silver purchased yearly by our 
 government up to nearly the last of 1894, that should 
 not be associated with labor because it became 
 money, I will add, just to gratify them, another 
 $50,000,000 for silver and help them make a pet of 
 it, and then claim that the $100,000,000 taken out of 
 circulation by the repeal of the Sherman bill, had 
 days’ works remained what they were prior to 1893, 
 could have been replaced, every dollar of it, by 
 labor and proved absolutely no burden whatever. 
 
 Then, Mr. Labor, if silverbullion represented labor 
 and somewhere near its full value had been paid to 
 labor,all the repeal of the Sherman silver bill could take 
 from labor was, in round numbers, some $50,000,000 
 each year, while just from a promise only of a change 
 in the tariff duties leaning towards free trade, at least 
 in a sense ignoring the protection to labor features, 
 factories enough closed during the last of 1892 and 
 first of 1893, so that labor was receiving $30,000,000 
 a week less in the fall of 1893 than it did in the fall 
 of 1892. Thus, while the repeal of the Sherman bill 
 took from, labor $50,000,000 a year, the tariff legisla- 
 tion was keeping out of labor’s pockets $125,000,000 
 each month. Then give labor that $125,000,000 and 
 how easy it would be to pay the $4,500,000 each 
 month for silver, even though the silver were thrown 
 away. 
 
 To satisfy and fully answer the charge that 
 $50,000,000 of absolute money was taken out of cir- 
 culation we see that labor could have taken on this 
 extra $50,000,000 and not experienced any distress. 
 
 No, it was not the repeal of the Sherman bill, nor 
 our system of finance in any sense, that caused the 
 hard times and suffering our country has experienced 
 
102 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 since the national election of 1892. It is ninety-nine 
 one-hundredths of it due to our unsold labor. Failing 
 to sell our labor in manufactured products has iden- 
 tically the same effect with our people as comes to 
 us when the farmer’s product cannot be sold, and 
 the farmer’s best market is that of the United States, 
 everything considered, by twenty toone when we keep 
 what is justly our own, which means to protect our 
 own markets for the benefit of our own people, and 
 this means keeping from ;?300, 000,000 to ^500,000,000 
 at home yearly more than was kept by the Wilson bill. 
 The farmers are plowing and seeding to-day to feed 
 the masses that are manufacturing. If those masses 
 are idle how can the farmer feed them? He surely 
 cannot afford to give his products away? If our 
 goods are manufactured in foreign countries our 
 farmers cannot hope to feed the people doing the 
 work; they have farmers of their own to feed them. 
 Our farmers may sell them a little wheat and some meat 
 when they cannot get it elsewhere, and that is the only 
 tlmehecansellthem, and all he can sell them, andwhen 
 people shout — what an immense quantity of wheat 
 and provisions we ship abroad, let them compare it 
 to the amount we use at home, especially when all 
 our labor is employed and the purchasing ability of 
 the masses is what it can and should be. Our Gro- 
 versville illustration, Mr. Labor, covers the whole 
 situation, and although some may charge that it was 
 too much in the extreme, it thoroughly demonstrates 
 to any unprejudiced mind that if we could have sold 
 all our labor since 1892 there would have been 
 plenty of money in circulation and times would have 
 been good. 
 
 That illustration differed from what happened to 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 103 
 
 the country by our Ideal City having absolute free 
 trade; while there was no bill before Congress that 
 promised that much, there was a long season of 
 doubt from the time of the election in November, 
 1892, until any bill at all was presented, and as to 
 what the bill (which was sure to come) would pro- 
 vide for. 
 
 And that uncertainty, Mr. Labor, did just what 
 you outlined as a supposed manufacturer. Jobbers 
 or wholesalers would not give orders in advance as 
 had been their custom. They could not afford to be 
 caught with a large stock of goods on hand with the 
 duties lowered. No matter how much money the 
 manufacturer might have he would not take the 
 chances and be caught, and if it had been his custom 
 to borrow in order to carry his labor from two to six 
 months thebanks would have refused him the money 
 except he could show contracts ahead for goods. 
 No matter how faithfully he had always met his 
 obligations, or how trustworthy he might be, they 
 would decline and kindly advise him to use extreme 
 caution. The result was manufacturers shut down 
 or worked a small force on one-fourth or one-half 
 time as the case might be, and in proportion as the 
 laboring man’s income was reduced, the amount of 
 money in circulation was reduced. The scythe at 
 work seemed to have edges top and bottom and on 
 both sides; it was cutting commercially in every di- 
 rection as never before, and those who have been so 
 fortunate as to escape contact with its keen blades 
 have the same occasion as the soldier whom the bul- 
 lets in battle have missed, to bend the knee in 
 prayer to Him who alone can be just, and render 
 thanks for having been spared, and ask for that 
 
104 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 guidance and wisdom in extending relief, consola- 
 tion and good cheer to the suffering that Providence 
 in his kind indulgence to them has indicated they 
 owe; Charity ever — Malice never. We know not yet 
 what the lesson has been for; possibly to settle one 
 feature of the rights of labor, and teach this, the 
 greatest people the sun has yet shone on, what labor 
 truly is, what constitutes labor, what it must always 
 be, and from whence it comes, when a product is 
 offered for sale to the citizens of our own country. 
 
 I firmly believe, Mr. Labor, that the United States 
 of America is our Redeemer’s example country. 
 That in His gracious benevolence to all mankind He 
 is, so far as it is possible to make His never-erring 
 hand felt, shaping the patterns here for the govern- 
 ments of the balance of the earth. It is this grand 
 country of ours that is alone to-day offering univer- 
 sal education and universal opportunity without 
 stint to all. Other countries are alreadyjmitating, 
 and with their stale methods and slow processes of 
 unfolding they will naturally remain in a state of im- 
 itation for a long term of years. Each new genera- 
 tion, however, will advance a step until in time a 
 native in any land can find a small percentage of 
 freedom and liberty without going away from his 
 own loved home and flag, and he can give the United 
 States of America credit for having blazed the way. 
 
 Labor. I feel now, Mr. Phelps, by the the illus- 
 tration of your example city of Groversville, together 
 with what the importers and manufacturers abso- 
 lutely did in 1892 and 1893, we have shown to any 
 unbiased mind why President Harrison’s adminstra- 
 tion at the last came so near having to issue bonds, 
 and what has taken money out of circulation and 
 
io6 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 caused the terrible strain our country has been the 
 victim of for so long a time. 
 
 Mr. Phelps. True, Mr. Labor, but I want to ask 
 now why, after the Wilson bill passed with its reduc- 
 tion in tax on foreign goods, so little importing was 
 done? 
 
 Labor. It all seems plain enough; you know very 
 well Mr. Phelps, that we had then in full measure 
 the application of a former question from you, which 
 was: “What would you have to buy foreign goods or 
 any products with when you failed to sell your labor, 
 which was all you had to sell and your only possible 
 source of obtaining money?” 
 
 The laboring masses in manufacturing industries 
 after being thrown out of employment soon lived up 
 what they had saved and in a measure became de- 
 pendent, living by doing odd jobs, which was a very 
 poor substitute, on account of there not being enough 
 to go round. 
 
 Mr. Phelps. Very true, Mr. Labor. I have in 
 mind an absolute illustration: a middle aged man, 
 with whom I fell into conversation on a New York 
 ferry boat in the summer of 1896, said that the week 
 before he earned three dollars shoveling coal, and 
 the present week he earned ^1.50, and lie did not 
 know when he would find anything more to d(\ 
 Said he was a moulder by trade and for years up to 
 1893 had found steady employment at from ^15.00 
 to ^18.00 per week. Now, if we allow him for shov- 
 eling coal, or any odd jobs he could find, three dollars 
 each week, which is liberal, we find this one man has 
 unadvoidably reduced the circulation of money from 
 $12.00 to ^15.00 extra weekly. When it becomes 
 separated, each dollar may in the next thirty days 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 107 
 
 pass through lOO different hands. While we have 
 now a thoroughly realizing sense of what the absence 
 of this money does to us all, we are at sea when we 
 attempt to discover in an imaginary way even the 
 amount of good from it when in hand. Suppose he 
 buys a coat with it, and the profits go to a serv- 
 ant girl working for the man of whom he bought the 
 coat, who passes her share on and on, the balance 
 goes back to the factory to pay some man for mak- 
 ing some other man a coat to take the place of the 
 one just sold. The coat maker sends it ahead again 
 as soon as the money falls in his hands, provided 
 the coat is made in our own country, and thus the man 
 of toil, when he can get hold of the money, starts it 
 traveling. This case is but one of hundreds of 
 thousands; three dollars per week instead of from 
 ten to twenty eaeh for the multitude to spend, which 
 had been the case for so long a term prior to the 
 Wilson bill becoming a law, was pointer enough to 
 the importer to convince him that the purchasing 
 ability of the people had reached that state that if he 
 brought foreign goods into the country in any ex- 
 tended quantities he would have to keep them, and 
 the picture of riches the importer had permitted to 
 form in his mind’s eye vanished, and for the need of 
 revenue on account of products not coming in and 
 paying duty, our Government continued to issue 
 bonds. 
 
 The country had been under such a terrible strain 
 from November, 1892, up to the time the Wilson 
 bill became a law, that the masses had become so 
 thoroughly reduced and shattered in purchasing 
 ability that there was no call for goods. Merchants 
 were marking down, selling out and living up the re- 
 
io8 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 ceipts. Formerly they had subsisted on the profits 
 and as a rule had some profits over and above the 
 demand for their living and business expenses, and 
 there have been thousands of instances where the 
 department stores had their eagle eye on the lesser 
 fellow, watching to pick his outfit up at bankrupt 
 rates and then advertise the goods at prices that the 
 importers did not want to fly in the face of; besides 
 everybody who had means recognizing the uncer- 
 tainties in all directions, lived on lines severly pru- 
 dent and economical as compared to what they had 
 done. 
 
 Labor. Quite right; the want, Mr. Phelps, of peo- 
 ple to take the goods on hand at practically their 
 own prices admonished the importers not to bring 
 more, and their declining to do so left the Government 
 without sufficient revenue to meet all its expenses, 
 and the stagnation became general, reaching into 
 our industries that would appear to be wholly inde- 
 pendent of tariff duties. 
 
 It seems clear, Mr. Phelps, from the experiences 
 since the Fall of 1892 that we have little if anything 
 in this country commercially that is independent of 
 protective duties. A half a million workmen and 
 their families in industries that do not require any 
 protection are dependent for full success on the trade 
 of the other half a million workmen and their fami- 
 lies in industries that a tariff can affect. You destroy 
 the one and you make a very great cripple of the 
 other; and here again is where the workingman is 
 very deeply interested. How plain it is that when the 
 lines that a tariff does affect are ruined, the labor 
 thrown out of work in those lines will make an earnest 
 rush for employment in the industries that have 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 109 
 
 been looked upon as exempt. Even the farmer is 
 interested; he may vote in a manner to force a 
 thousand workman, who, with their families are good 
 customers of his, to become farmers, and thus com- 
 petitors. 
 
 There can be but little, if any, business prudence 
 or sagacity in following in lines that do not only in- 
 vite but force your best customers to become your 
 competitors, and when laboring men study this senti- 
 ment and act clearly as they should in a common- 
 sense and conservative way, our whole country will 
 be wonderfully benefited. 
 
 Mr, Phelps, That is very clear, Mr. Labor, when 
 working people in one line are buying goods that 
 labor in another line is producing, they are clearly 
 the former workmen’s customers, and the working- 
 man through his natural and cultivated desire to do 
 something to hit his employer, as a rule loses sight 
 of this particular interest of his own. Any customer 
 who buys of any employer of labor is the customer of 
 every man working for such employer, no matter 
 who the customer himself may be working for. 
 
1 10 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 
 Labor, I would like now to take up some industry 
 that is supposed not to need any protection — not 
 that it shall positively be an industry that is not 
 protected — but one that foreign countries have not 
 thus far to any great extent attempted to disturb by 
 bringing in a like product. 
 
 (Several answer by rising.) 
 
 Labor, recognizing the person first to his feet, 
 asked what line he represented and his name. 
 
 My name, Mr. Labor, is Welch, and I am a cabinet 
 maker by trade; what is better understood as a 
 worker in the construction of furniture. 
 
 Labor. I think, Mr. Welch, that will be a good line 
 to take up, especially household furniture, although 
 it is a protected product. 
 
 Mr. Welch. My work, covering a long term of years, 
 has chiefly been the making of household furniture. 
 
 Labor. Presuming that you are familiar with all 
 the features from first to last of the manufacture of 
 that product, will you kindly outline to the class in 
 as brief a manner as clearness will permit, what por- 
 tion of the furniture completed belongs to labor? 
 
 Mr. Welch. After recognizing the hand of Kind 
 Providence in growing the tree, then the balance is 
 all labor. Gladstone is the only man I have read of 
 who chops trees for his health. Others may have 
 done so, but if they have and there is any record 
 made of it, it has escaped my observation. In any 
 sense, we are safe in claiming there has been no 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 Ill 
 
 chopping to better the health done for the manu- 
 ufacture of furniture. Hence we will start with the 
 chopping and urge that the first stroke of the axe 
 in felling the tree is where the work begins. The 
 next step is to saw it into logs of the desired length. 
 This is the first process in securing the material for 
 furniture, and the logs as they remain where the tree 
 was felled represent labor performed, through which 
 one class of toilers have found their support. 
 
 The next step is hauling them to the railroads or 
 mills, which means food and clothes for other work- 
 men. And at the mills the transformation of the 
 logs into lumber supplies maintenance for still an- 
 other set of men. Disposing of the lumber at the 
 mills, loading it on cars or otherwise, means further 
 compensation to labor. Labor is instrumental 
 whether by water or rail when transported to its des- 
 tination, where the brawny hands of toil wait to re- 
 ceive it and pass it to the planing machines to be 
 dressed. 
 
 Labor. By your showing, Mr. Welch, we discover 
 that from the tree to the planing machines the ma- 
 terial has passed through the hands of six distinct 
 sets of laborers. 
 
 Mr. Welch. That is true provided the same men 
 who unload it at the factory pass it to the planers 
 to be dressed. 
 
 Labor. Does all lumber, Mr. Welch, go from the 
 saw mill direct to the factories? 
 
 Mr. Welch. Not by any means; I was speaking of 
 the minimum number of times the material would 
 be handled with reference to its being manufactured 
 into furniture, and what I have said relates to hard- 
 wood lumber. It might not be handled so many 
 
112 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 times where the logs are shipped direct to the factory 
 and sawed into lumber there, and again, if it were 
 shipped to Chicago or some other port by water and 
 transferred to cars or stored in large lumber yards, 
 it would be handled several times in addition to 
 what we have named. 
 
 Labor, Lumber, Mr. Welch, up to the point you 
 have brought it, has in the past been termed raw 
 material, has it not? 
 
 Mr, Welch. Yes, and how laughable when we con- 
 sider the multitude of people who have been main- 
 tained and fully provided for through the transfor- 
 mation of trees in the woods to lumber in the yards. 
 
 (Labor’s attention was attracted by a gentleman 
 rising in the class, who begged pardon for intruding 
 and asked why it would not be wise to further con- 
 sider at that time the multitude of people engaged 
 in chopping, logging and sawing lumber, covering 
 the whole lumber industry.) 
 
 Labor. Are you in the lumber business, and your 
 name, please? 
 
 My name is Haskell, and I am what is called a 
 lumber workman from the State of Michigan, at 
 least, I have been in the employ of a strong lumber 
 firm since I was a young man, some 23 years all told. 
 
 Labor, I think your suggestion a good one, Mr. 
 Haskell, provided Mr. Welch will give way to you 
 for the present. 
 
 Mr. Welch. I shall be delighted to listen to the 
 gentleman, for he may give some information that 
 will aid me, or at least confirm much that I may have 
 to say. 
 
 Labor. You may proceed, Mr. Haskell. I take it 
 for granted the class will be pleased to hear from 
 
Labors* Hard Times School. 113 
 
 you; everything from the standpoint of experience 
 is in line with our task; it is from contact that we 
 grow and know. 
 
 Mr. Haskell. Mr. Welch has turned the tree into 
 lumber and as you add, Mr. Labor, has shown that 
 from the tree to the lumber the commodity has 
 passed through the hands of six different sets of 
 men, or more. What Mr. Welch did not show and 
 what I look upon as very important to include at 
 this time is the aggregate number of people these 
 six gangs of men represent. It was stated by lumber 
 men before the Ways and Means Committee of the 
 present Congress that 600,000 people are doing just 
 what Mr. Welch has outlined, and you know, Mr. 
 Labor, that all this number are adult men. These 
 600,000 only cover the work from the tree to the 
 lumber in the rough and do not go beyond that, 
 not even into the usual distributing yards or the 
 transportation to the yards. And it is not my pur- 
 pose to take up the great army of men who manip- 
 ulate this lumber and construct it into every con- 
 ceivable thing, and doing it from the standpoint 
 that it is raw material because it happens to be their 
 starting point. How natural for the mechanic when 
 he picks up a board to construct some device to give 
 no thought to the number of hands that board has 
 passed through from the tree down to him. What 
 we desire to impress upon the mechanic’s mind and 
 the mind of every living American is that there are 
 600,000 men in the United States engaged in the 
 industry of preparing lumber for the unaccountable 
 number of other laborers and mechanics our country 
 can boast of in this line. 
 
 Labor. Did the Wilson bill, by putting lumber on 
 
1 14 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 the free list, have any influence on the 600.000 
 people you have referred to, Mr. Haskell? 
 
 Mr. Haskell. I have spoken in the sense that our 
 former good times had continued with us, but in 
 answer to your question, Mr. Labor, I must say that 
 the Wilson bill did affect the 600,000 laborers, and 
 the best evidence I can give you of it is the mill pro- 
 duction of Minneapolis, which is undoubtedly the 
 largest lumber market in the world, which for i8q2 
 was 489,000,000 feet; 1893, 413,000,000 feet; 1894, 
 491,000,000 feet; in 1895, 478,000,000 feet; 1896, it 
 fell to 300,000,000, and it is claimed that this decrease 
 in Minneapolis for 1896 covers the ratio of decrease 
 all over the United States, the total output of which 
 should represent some 35,000,000,000 feet. Lumber- 
 men before the Ways and Means Committee claimed 
 that there had been a reduction of 40 per cent, in 
 the number employed in both woods and mills, and 
 that there had also been a cut of 20 per cent, and 
 over in wages. 
 
 One large lumber man said his firm had not made 
 a cent in two years, and cited that our government 
 had lost Si, 500,000 in revenue per year and offered 
 a much greater inducement for imported lumber. 
 These conditions, Mr. Labor, were the result of the 
 Wilson bill, permitting Canadian lumbermen to put 
 their product into our market free of duty, and under 
 like conditions what may we lumber workers look 
 for in 1897 1898, through an increased falling off 
 
 if we fail to get a tax on imported lumber? The mill 
 capacity in Canada is being greatly increased, hop- 
 ing for a continuance of freedom to our markets. 
 Many who were once lumbermen on this side of the 
 line and in favor of protective duties on lumber, are 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 115 
 
 crossing into Canada with their capital and have 
 become free traders on that product. Wages in 
 Canada in woods and mills are from $8 to giS per 
 month while here they are $14 to $24 per month 
 and board. In 1892 for the same work in the United 
 States wages, board included, were $26 to $40 per 
 month. I believe that the break in wages after 1892 
 was due to the promise of free lumber and a general 
 reduction in duties on all lines. Scaling down wages 
 for 600,000 persons ten dollars per month took six 
 million per month, or ^72,000,000 per year out of 
 circulation. Add to that 40 per cent., or 240,000 
 people thrown out of employment, which would 
 double the amount, and what have we? We have the 
 object lesson that there was so much discussion 
 about in 1892. I-tell you, Mr. Labor, that object 
 lesson has been a pulverizer. If labor in lumber from 
 the stump to the yards of the United States had 
 been held to. what it was in 1892 it could have taken 
 the amount of silver the Sherman bill named and 
 had money galore left for food and comforts it has 
 gone without. 
 
 Labor noticed that Mr. Grover and Prof. Gillette 
 and a few others in the class appeared uneasy in 
 their seat and expressed annoyance. Hence, with a 
 view to the most cordial relations all around, he en- 
 deavored to tone Mr. Haskell down, and asked him 
 if the admitting of lumber was not largely influenced 
 by a disposition to preserve our forests. 
 
 Mr. Haskell. That plea, Mr. Labor, has been proven 
 to be rot clear to the core, and the rankest kind of 
 rot. What has been the loss to our country by decay 
 and fire in our forests in the last two years, to say 
 nothing about the damage to young timber by the 
 
n6 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 old falling on it and breaking it down, and what 
 food for fire the old trees prove to be? The only 
 thing you could add would be to pour on oil, and it 
 would be but little surprise to me if some of our free 
 traders became so patriotic that they would event- 
 ually recommend that the general government make 
 an appropriation to buy oil for that use. 
 
 No, Mr. Labor, the whole thing as offered by free 
 traders is a delusion; it is a device to snare us labor- 
 ers and the farmers and injure every living person 
 except themselves. Can the farmer hope to sell his 
 wheat, oats or hay to feed the Canadian outfit for 
 lumbering? If hundreds of thousands and myself 
 are driven to Canada to follow in our old lines, won’t 
 we live on and use Canadian products of all kinds? 
 Many of us, no doubt, preferring to remain with the 
 Stars and Stripes rather than accept Canadian 
 wages, would, turn to agricultural pursuits, and in- 
 stead of remaining the farmer’s patron we would 
 become his competitor. 
 
 When the lumbering is done in Canada, firms in 
 the business will not come to the United States to 
 buy the farmer’s horses, neither will they come here 
 to purchase log and lumber wagons and sleighs, 
 harness, tools, machinery and all the paraphernalia 
 the laboring man in those products manufactures 
 for such industries. Why does the merchant, the 
 lawyer, the doctor, the blacksmith and every known 
 interest on this side of the line want Canada to sell 
 her labor in our market and take our money away 
 with her? This method does not only take our 
 money out of circulation here in the United States, 
 but we absolutely kiss it good-bye. 
 
 I am, Mr. Labor, feeling the present condition 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 7 
 
 keenly; free lumber that the Wilson bill provided 
 has prevented me from selling all my days works. 
 
 I haven’t sold enough of them to bear the actual 
 necessary living expenses of my family. In 1892 I 
 had finished paying for my little home and we had 
 some money over, and I can assure you we were 
 quite happy. Now, how different; failing to sell all 
 my labor, all I have except my home, I have had to 
 use up the little surplus money I had left over in 
 1892 to make up for the deficiency in income. My 
 credit has been and is good yet, although I am a 
 little in debt at the present and I feel somewhat 
 anxious, for if I fail to find some one to whom I can 
 sell the days works that are in me, I shall very soon 
 be compelled to put a mortgage on my home or sell 
 it to buy bread and such things as my family stand 
 in need of, the same as hundreds of my craft have 
 already done with their homes. 
 
 Many of my friends, good industrious men who 
 have not met with success in selling all their days 
 works, and had sickness in their families and not so 
 well prepared to meet the blight that we have been 
 subjects of, I have helped to small sums from time 
 to time which, added to my unsold labor, has un- 
 doubtedly made the strain upon me slightly more 
 severe than it would have been. I may have been 
 unjust to my own family in thus giving but, if I was, 
 my wife was fully as much at fault. It is impossible 
 for her to keep from her neighbors when they are ; 
 hungry or some of them are ill and need a little 
 money to have the doctor’s prescription filled. I 
 discovered she was giving an old coat, pair of trou- 
 sers or vest occasionally to some needy acquaint- 
 ance. I did not like to ask her not to continue it. 
 
ii8 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 but I mustered up courage and did. I am wearing 
 them, myself now, and where they only fitted me 
 once before they fit me twice this time. 
 
 Laboring people are always kind to each other 
 and helping where need is known among themselves; 
 it is a part of their religion, and the public have but 
 a slight conception of the amount of this kind of 
 dividing that has been done in the past few years. 
 Surely, Mr. Labor, I could not see my way clear to 
 be the single exception to a custom so old and so 
 worthy. I believe, too, that the most pleasant fea- 
 ture in life is to give. A person can become so ac- 
 customed to receiving that he grows chill and cold, 
 but the one giving always appears to grow warmer 
 and broader. 
 
 I can, Mr. Labor, conceive in a measure how a 
 good man with an intense love for his wife and chil- 
 dren can become a thief to save them from hunger. 
 I can conceive how a good man may get the repu- 
 tation of being dishonest when he refuses to pay a 
 just debt because the money he has in hand will 
 provide but a part of the dire necessities his family 
 stands in need of. 
 
 I can conceive how a good man can be branded as 
 a liar when, after exhausting the truth without suc- 
 cess. he resorts to falsehood to relieve distress at his 
 home. I can conceive how a person with good in- 
 tentions can become a confidence man or a forger 
 to keep a calamity from overtaking a fond mother 
 or sister, but I cannot conceive how an educated 
 official whose requirements are all thoroughly pro- 
 vided for can persist in advocating measures that all 
 facts, figures and experience have proven disastrous 
 to the full measure of agony and despair to the 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School, 119 
 
 people of our whole country, hoping thus through 
 technicalities, misrepresentations and unjust manip- 
 ulation to advance the interest of a party he would 
 give the world to lead. No such man in all history 
 up to date has found any permanent success in store 
 for him; ultimately he falls, and the collision at the 
 stopping point breaks every bone in his body. 
 
 The claim, Mr. Labor, that protective duties on 
 lumber are for the sole benefit of the firms in that 
 business, is a great injustice to me and my co-work- 
 ers who make up the 600,000 people who want em- 
 ployment in that industry. There are some 20,000 
 lumber firms in the United States, large and small. 
 What kind of an example in Algebra does it make? 
 — 20,000 to 600,000? Five persons in a family mean 
 
 100.000 of the first and 3,000,000 people of the sec- 
 ond, and as 100,000 is to three million, so is our rel- 
 ative benefits from protection, or losses from free 
 trade.,,. The lumbermen before the Ways and Means 
 Committee reported 40 per cent, in reduction of men 
 employed on account of the Wilson bill, which means 
 
 240.000 people out of work, and, including their fam- 
 ilies 1,200,000 people, which to the latter very soon 
 means all gone. Suppose in the meantime the firms 
 were worth one million each and they have shrunk 
 half of it, aren’t they better off with their half million 
 left to each of them, counting the whole 100,000, 
 than the 1,200,000 are who haven’t anything left? 
 What idiots we laboring men are when we listen to 
 free traders, or allow them for one moment to tell 
 us that our employers are our enemies and that they 
 are the only ones benefited. 
 
 Every man who bu3^s lumber of the people I work 
 for is a customer of mine, and every other man 
 
120 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 working for the same firm, including book-keepers, 
 superintendents and all. How long can any of us 
 expect work if there are no customers, and if people 
 can buy cheaper in Canada we will soon have no 
 customers at our mills, a part of which we have al- 
 ready had a taste of through the instrumentality of 
 that great and glorious Wilson bill which was going 
 to give everybody wings. We didn’t get wings, but 
 we did get crutches, and lots of people who have 
 been jabbing about on them for the last three years 
 are too dull yet to find out when they were hit or 
 what it was that hit them. 
 
 All thanks to Mr. Phelps for Groversville, his ideal 
 manufacturing city. The needle was never truer to 
 the pole than that illustration is to the case in hand, 
 and a laboring man or farmer or business man that 
 can’t see it would be too dull to recognize that he 
 had been robbed after masked bandits had held him 
 up and taken all he had. We would have had 
 Groversville in full measure if Canada had paid only 
 half the wages the United States does, as is the case 
 with many, other foreign countries. Our wages are 
 some 30 per cent, higher than Canada, while they are 
 over 100 per cent, greater than most other countries. 
 
 Senator Vest and others are claiming today in the 
 United States Senate that our exports have increased 
 under the Wilson bill. Now, Mr. Labor, how will 
 we get people to study this question, for i.t is largely 
 a misrepresentation and can be shown by figures 
 this instant. Books full of figures are not read, but 
 to illustrate what I mean I will use a few figures 
 copied from the Chicago Inter Ocean of June 7th. 
 
 '‘Sole leather exported in 1896, ^7,474,021 in value, 
 being an increase of 16 per cent, over 1894, while 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 I2I 
 
 the number of pounds actually decreased a full 
 million, being 41,818,503 in 1896 against 42,877,497 
 in 1894.” So you see the sole leather, less of it, 
 brought more money because the price was higher 
 in 1896. 
 
 “The value of illuminating oil exported in 1894 
 was $30,675,217 and in 1896 $48,630,920, being an 
 increase of 60 per cent, in money received by manu- 
 facturers of the United States for illuminating oil, 
 showing $18,000,000 increase. The number of gallons 
 exported in 1894 was 730,368,626, while in 1896 the 
 number of gallons was 716,455,565. Here is an in- 
 crease of 60 per cent, in the number of dollars re- 
 ceived for a single article while the quantity was 
 actually reduced.” 
 
 The Inter Ocean continues: 
 
 “ The gentlemen who are insisting that the low 
 tariff has caused an increase in exportations of man- 
 ufactured articles do not seem to have looked fur- 
 ther than the past two years to see whether there 
 has been a corresponding increase in exportation of 
 manufactures under protection. Had they done so 
 they would have found some figures which would 
 have spoiled their theories. For instance. Senator 
 Vest, who recently called special attention to the 
 increase in the exportation of manufactures of iron 
 and steel, would perhaps be astonished to find that 
 the exportation of bar iron increased from 1892 to 
 1894 under the McKinley law 134 per cent, while 
 from 1894 to 1896 under the Wilson law it increased 
 only 18 per cent.* The exportation of iron plates 
 and sheets increased from 1892 to 1894 underthe Mc- 
 Kinley law 972 per cent, and from 1894 to 1896 under 
 the Wilson law fell off 78 per cent. The increase of 
 
22 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 the exportation of steel plates and sheets increased 
 from 1892 to 1894 under the McKinley law 470 per 
 cent., and from 1894 to 1896 only 38 per cent. The 
 exportation of steel rails and bars increased from 
 1892 to 1894 96 per cent., while the increase from 
 1894 to 1896 was but 44 per cent. The exportation 
 of wire increased from 1892 to 1894 71 per cent., and 
 from 1894 to 1896 only 58 per cent. 
 
 ^ 
 
 “ The above figures relate to pounds, not values. 
 The figures relating to many other articles of ex- 
 ports are equally interesting.’' 
 
 You will pardon me, Mr. Labor, for introducing 
 these figures copied from the Chicago Inter Ocean 
 of June 7th, 1897, as stated before. I recognize that 
 the general public do not follow very closely where 
 dry figures abound. It is only the exceptional in- 
 vestigator who wades through them carefully. If 
 all laboring men, which includes the farmer, will in- 
 vestigate thoroughly all the historic figures of the 
 past and present relating to protection vs. free trade 
 there will never be another free trade Congress, 
 President or Senate in the United States, or one for 
 tariff for revenue either; they will be what they 
 should — tariff for protecting the American working 
 man to the extent that the days works which are in 
 him shall have first privileges in our own, the best, 
 greatest and highest priced market that old Sol 
 warms and lights. 
 
 I want, Mr. Labor, to add one other feature that 
 means more than we are likely in a passing thought 
 to give full credit to, or charge it with; which is 
 that the Canadian lumberman gives up eleven hours 
 of toil daily, while here in the United States we sell 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 123 
 
 to the lumberman a day of ten hours and get more 
 money for it. 
 
 In this there is a principle involved that goes deep 
 into the soul of any man who cares to be fair or 
 mercifitl. If I were in a vise and a man came along 
 and gave it a closer turn I should look upon him as 
 a free trader, while if he, on the contrary, gave it a 
 turn that loosened it up I would pronounce him a 
 protectionist. 
 
 When U. S. Senators and others are claiming that 
 our exports have increased and urge that it is on ac- 
 count of less duties on foreign goods, which bring 
 about a more liberal exchange of preducts with other 
 countries, just ask those same croakers to advise us 
 as to the amount our own market has suffered in 
 consumption of home products to make the gain 
 they find so much delight in shouting at us. If 
 they will, twenty to one against us will not represent 
 the loss in full, that is for every ;^i gained more than 
 $20 will have been lost, and how? By us working- 
 men failing to sell our own labor, and, as has already 
 been said and should continue to be said until every- 
 body is singing it, that when we fail to sell our labor 
 we cease to be buyers of products of any kind, either 
 home or foreign. 
 
 Our lumbermen cited to the Ways and Means 
 Committee that Canada sends her best lumber to 
 England and other foreign countries and makes the 
 U. S. the dumping ground for all her inferior and 
 cheap grades and our best grades here have to suffer 
 from this competition, while the standing timber 
 that will make that poorer grade of lumber in this 
 country on account of free lumber is left to bleach 
 
124 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 and rot and fall on and destroy good young timber, 
 kill cattle etc. 
 
 One lumberman claimed that our mountains would 
 provide an ample supply of lumber for all time. 
 What foreign countries were doing to perserve their 
 forests nature had done for us, noting that farming 
 could not go above a certain altitude, and above 
 that the timber would always grow and in sufficient 
 quantities to meet lasting demands. 
 
 The conditions in the Southern States were espe- 
 cially referred to where they are girdling the trees 
 and letting them die and burning over large areas of 
 country, clearing it up for farming purposes; the 
 claim is made that under protective duties our mar- 
 ket would absorb this timber if it were converted 
 into lumber. 
 
 Just think of this one end of the situation; we have 
 the days work for sale to make this transformation, 
 but we must take care of Canada, make a market for 
 their lumber and let them take our money out of our 
 country and carry it home with them to develop 
 their own, forgetting that the sunny south needs 
 every possible spare dollar to swell her development 
 and growth. The majority of the Northern lumber 
 workmen that would go South would remain there and 
 become the best kind of citizens. The South is strug- 
 gling desperately of late for immigration; here are 
 good lines for them to work on. The Southern peo- 
 ple are the last ones to-day who have any interest 
 in our money being sent out of our own country to 
 stay out. They belong in the protective ranks; some 
 have come already and others will follow fast. The 
 first law of nature, “self preservation^” will drive 
 them over. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 125 
 
 Now, Mr. Labor, while we have considered the 
 forty per cent, of workmen thrown out of employ- 
 ment in the last few years, we have not taken into 
 account the new young manhood and womanhood 
 that have developed in that time who are loaded 
 down with days works to sell. 
 
 Would we remain within bounds, could we get 
 back and find sale for that forty per cent, of labor 
 thrown out, to claim that we had in addition forty 
 per cent, of new labor to sell? I am firm in the belief 
 that had we kept our own market, as it was our duty 
 to do, and kept our money in our own country, there 
 would be oceans of money in circulation to-day and 
 the forty per cent, old, together with the forty per 
 cent, new, would all be selling their labor for spot 
 cash, and the farmer would be getting better prices 
 because there would hardly be enough of his pro- 
 ducts to go around, and he would have money to 
 load his home down with things his family are scrimp- 
 ing along without; under such circumstances each 
 farmer would be putting nearly double the money 
 in circulation he is now or has done for three years 
 or more. 
 
 One more question, and I am through; shrinkage, 
 taxes, etc., amount to more in this country than in 
 Canada, all of which should be studied closely before 
 any living man in this country votes for free lumber. 
 It would take up too much time and require too 
 much in figures and detail to introduce it here. 
 
 I thank you, Mr. Labor, and thank all present 
 for the close attention to my tiresome rehearsal of 
 this question. I feel a deep interest and could not 
 forego the opportunity to have my say. Mr. Welch 
 was very kind indeed to give way to me and I hope 
 
126 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 that I have not taken up time that will cause him to 
 cover less ground than he intended, or to forget any 
 of the points he wanted to make. 
 
 Labor. I am satisfied, Mr. Haskell, that no one 
 begrudges you any part of the time you have con- 
 sumed. You have uncovered a condition that should 
 have been anticipated and wholly avoided; in fact, 
 the people were thoroughly warned but they charged 
 those who tried to point out what would come to the 
 country, with selfishness and talking for policy and 
 personal interests. 
 
 Mr. Haskell. I do not think, Mr. Labor, that I un- 
 covered anything, the Wilson bill and free traders 
 brought the situation to us without any cover on it. 
 
 Labor. Well, that is about so, Mr. Haskell, but in- 
 somuch as lumber was one of the few articles that 
 was placed on the free list, your talk has been doubly 
 interesting. Mr. Welch, I believe you have the floor 
 now to complete your description of the manufact- 
 ure of household furniture and other industries into 
 which lumber enters, if you choose to include them. 
 
 Mr. Welch. Like the party who lost himself, I am 
 inclined, Mr. Labor, to inquire where I was at. Mr. 
 Haskell’s talk has taken me so outside of myself 
 that / feel lost. I can assure the gentleman that he 
 has no occasion to apologize to me. I thank him 
 thoroughly for having taken another crop of dust 
 out of my eyes. I had fancied that it was all out, 
 and that I was seeing quite clearly, but since listen- 
 ing to him my vision is good without my glasses, 
 and the question with me is how much more light I 
 will be able to hold. 
 
 Labor. You are quite right. Mr. Haskell has 
 blazed the way for us all to see more clearly and 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 127 
 
 you discover, Mr. Welch, that while you had outlined 
 the process of turning the tree from the stump into 
 lumber, you was to a greater or less extent misled, 
 due to the habit of looking upon lumber as raw 
 material. 
 
 Mr. Welch. That is right; my first step is with 
 the raw lumber, and I had permitted myself to fall 
 into the error that the board or stick was the im- 
 portant beginning, and I must admit that while I 
 fully knew where the board came from and how it 
 was gotten, which my first talk is evidence of, I had 
 not given a fractional part of weight to that feature 
 that is its due, and I believe, Mr. Labor, that this 
 same thoughtless and careless concern on the part of 
 the mechanic enters into and covers all products, 
 and it does not stop with the mechanic either, but 
 all classes, including the whole people, are similarly 
 deceived and in a sense deceiving themselves. 
 
 To begin the construction of furniture; I take my 
 raw material as it comes from the planing knives and 
 pass it through some machine that makes a particular 
 part; other men are working with other machines 
 that make other parts. The parts are piled sepa- 
 rately until such a time as the set of men who put 
 them together are ready to assemble them and bring 
 forth the completed article. 
 
 Labor. From your version, Mr. Welch, machinery 
 does the work in place of you and other men doing it. 
 
 Mr. Welch. That is true; the machinery saves 
 what was at one time many hard and tiresome turns, 
 but the machinery, except it be of a nature that is 
 very costly and wears out rapidly, gets but very 
 little credit in the cost of constructing anything. It 
 is the wages of the operator in nearly all instances 
 
128 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 that counts, and is reckoned in first cost. The ma« 
 chinery cheapens the article and thus multiplies the 
 sale and use of it. In rare instances a machine is in- 
 vented that saves much labor and hastens construc- 
 tion and for a time those owning the patents reap 
 handsome returns for the work the machine does, 
 but American ingenuity is ever on the alert and a 
 man cannot bank on playing a lone hand if there is 
 very much in it, except for short periods, in this 
 country. The inventive ability under the stars and 
 stripes is too keen not to find some other way of ac- 
 complishing the same thing. All other countries 
 combined cannot equal ours in this. 
 
 In the manufacture of any product the cost of the 
 power, coal consumed, engineers, stokers and the 
 pay of all attaches has to be included, which is only 
 additional labor, even to the miner, handler and 
 transporter of the coal that makes the steam, but the 
 absolute amount that is ordinarily credited up to the 
 machine itself cuts but very little figure, and often- 
 times where competition is very severe it is omitted 
 entirely. There is no question but this is an unwise 
 thing to do, and is becoming a custom so general 
 and so sweeping that it unduly endangers all our in- 
 dustries. People may cry for cheap commodities, 
 but it will reguire an older man than I have ever met 
 to convince me that our country and the masses are 
 benefited when everybody is doing business at a loss. 
 There is surely a screw loose somewhere when sta- 
 tistics show that 95 out of every lOO of our business 
 men fail to succeed, and I earnestly admonish every 
 reader of these lines to recognize this thought and 
 weigh carefully what it means. Ask yourself, please. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 29 
 
 what kind of a country would we have if 95 out of 
 each 100 of our business men could succeed. 
 
 An appropriation by the general government and 
 a committee of from 100 to 300 well selected busi- 
 ness men appointed with an absolute absence of any 
 politics in it, to solve this question and recommend 
 a good remedy would be of more benefit to the in- 
 habitants of the United States than to divide equally 
 among them all the silver and gold the whole world 
 has ever heard of. 
 
 You will pardon me, Mr. Labor, for slipping away 
 from my subject occasionally. We had reached the 
 men putting the furniture together; after them come 
 those who give the polish or finish, which is carried 
 to the limit of the cheap or costly, as the case may 
 be, and I can assure you that if the aim is to reach 
 what is termed a piano finish it means tired arms and 
 a moist brow. If it is to be upholstered, to trace the 
 woolen goods which are used we will have to go back 
 to the lamb, and perhaps back to when the lamb’s 
 mother was a lamb; truly I cannot just begin to de- 
 termine when or where the labor begins in that. The 
 cotton or silk used when chased back in a like man- 
 ner will be found to be labor. The springs and other 
 metal used will carry us back to the ore in mother 
 earth, and so on until the concession is wrung from 
 us again that all is labor. 
 
 It looks, Mr. Labor, like we will have to find dia- 
 monds and gold lying loose on top of the ground in 
 our walks for pleasure before we discover very much 
 that is not virtually all labor. 
 
 Since attending these exercises and listening to 
 these lessons I am thoroughly convinced of that if I 
 never was before and, as has already been said, when 
 
130 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 we cannot market and realize on the days works that 
 are within us as a people, we are doomed. 
 
 Labor, Do you think, Mr. Welch, that the lack of 
 protection to home industries has materially affected 
 mechanics and laborers in your industry? 
 
 Mr. Weleh. Do I think so, Mr. Labor? I know it 
 has; not from the view so much though that furni- 
 ture in itself needs protection; but from the stand 
 that when you kill one end of our market that does 
 need protection the other end dies. Some ass could 
 argue that you take the wheels off of one side of a 
 wagon and it would run just as well, but to hold an 
 audience on such lines it would have to be made up 
 of free traders. 
 
 Look at Mr. Haskell’s old clothes, which his wife 
 was going to give away and which he has gone back 
 into. He admits that they fit him twice now where 
 they only fitted him once when he bought them. 
 You can’t think, Mr. Labor, that he is buying any 
 furniture, can you? Mr. Haskell is quite well off 
 and can feel thankful that he is not at the bottom 
 yet. He has a home he can live up before he counts 
 himself out entirely, but in what he considers his 
 straitened condition he tells in a modest way of 
 helping others. You can’t think those he has been 
 helping are buying any furniture either, but without 
 a doubt they have intended to and would if times 
 had continued as they were prior to 1893. 
 
 No, Mr. Labor, that class, which includes hun- 
 dreds of thousands in this country has been ex- 
 changing pieces of furniture they did have for bread, 
 and thousands who were forced to give a mortgage 
 on what they had to shoo the wolf from the door 
 have lost all they ever bought and don’t know today 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 131 
 
 when they will be able to buy again. I promised my 
 wife some four years ago to buy more, but to tell 
 you God’s truth we have less furniture now than we 
 had then, and what we have left is looking very 
 shaky. 
 
 Mr. Haskell showed that from the stump to the 
 lumberyard fully ;^i 50,000,000 had been taken out 
 of circulation yearly, and, what was worse than all, 
 the money had not only gone out of circulation but 
 the most of it had gone to Canada, and as he well 
 said, we had kissed it good-bye. This, mind you, 
 Mr. Labor, is only one industry in which there was 
 1 50,000,000 worth of labor unsold, and when we 
 bunch that amount in with all the other lines that 
 the Wilson bill affected and find the aggregate 
 amount of unsold labor which reaches up into, or 
 over, a billion dollars, we find why I have failed to 
 sell my days works and demonstrated to me what an 
 inexcusable ass I made of myself when I voted the 
 free trade ticket in 1892. 
 
 I can tell you, Mr. Labor, and tell you truthfully, 
 that I have not been able in the last four years to 
 sell all told one full year’s labor when in fact I had 
 the whole four years of that stuff stored within me 
 that I was more than anxious to sell. 
 
 For every sale of furniture made to the rich man 
 ten sales are made to the laborer, and when one end 
 of the laboring masses was idle and could not pur- 
 chase furniture or anything else they could do with- 
 out, the other end of the same masses had no occa- 
 sion to make very much furniture or very much of 
 anything else. 
 
 How many workers in lumber are there from the 
 yards up in the United States? I wish it were pos- 
 
132 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 sible to make anything approaching a correct esti- 
 mate. I dare not undertake it. Lumber, or some- 
 thing made from lumber is in front of us, no matter 
 which way we turn our eyes. The number of men 
 engaged in shaping it into its multitude of uses is to 
 the number found from the stump to the tail of the 
 mills too much like a crop of grain is to the seed 
 sown to undertake to calculate them. 
 
 Mr, Grover (interrupting). Is not Mr. Welch 
 making an argument, Mr. Labor, that upsets the 
 claim that Canadian lumber has crowded our lumber 
 out, when he is trying to show that everybody was 
 idle or that in four years they were not able to sell 
 one full year’s labor? If everybody was idle there 
 was but little demand for lumber from any quarter. 
 
 Labor. It does look that way, Mr. Grover; how 
 about that, Mr. Welch? 
 
 Mr. Welch. I am sorry that my friend, Mr. Gro- 
 ver, is so uneasy most of the time. Please have the 
 reporter read his notes; I do not think I made the 
 claim that they were idle in other industries demand- 
 ing the use of lumber to the extent we were in the 
 manufacture of furniture. 
 
 Reporter reads. When through, Mr. Welch con- 
 tinues. 
 
 You see, Mr. Grover, I had not made the claim 
 you were waiting for me to make. God forgive 
 everybody that brought these times about, if all lines 
 had caught it to the same extent that furniture did. 
 I am to blame with others, for when they were sing- 
 ing the song in 1892, “How beautiful the change is 
 going to be,” I voted for it. 
 
 When I think about that change and about that 
 vote, I feel about it somewhat as the Irishman ex- 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 133 
 
 pressed himself about the “black rascal” in Sedalia, 
 Mo., in 1865. The Irishman was loaded with the 
 elixir of corn and rye, and leaning up against the 
 railroad depot. A colored man came along and the 
 Irishman spoke to him. The colored man told the 
 Irishman to go to h — 1 . The Irishman, hiccoughing, 
 said: “ I fought four years for that black rascal; now 
 he tells me to go to h — 1.” What the Irishman got 
 in the way of appreciation for his fighting I have had 
 in remuneration for my voting. When I cast that 
 vote I felt quite delighted, but I can truthfully say 
 . now that I have paid a bigger price for that small 
 amount of delight than anything I ever bought in 
 my life, and I am firm in the belief they cannot sell 
 me any more of it. Thoroughly done up once with 
 a given kind of goods is enough. 
 
 I desire the class to appreciate that I am trying to 
 show how furniture workers suffered during the dis- 
 tress that overtook us early in the year 1893. It does 
 not appear to be at all necessary to remind anyone 
 that the amount of lumber that goes into furniture is 
 but an item when compared to the vast quantities 
 placed on the market each year for other uses. Re- 
 cently there has been but little demand for capital 
 to do business on, and people with money to loan 
 have been unwilling to advance it to men to hazard 
 in trade of any kind; and at the same time they have 
 not been at ease with their money entirely idle. 
 
 ^ Hence, in many sections any quantity of building 
 has been done since 1893 which has utilized a vast 
 amount of lumber. There have been two reasons for 
 this: First, idle capital is always anxious and its 
 keen eye is ever on the avenues that offer the surest 
 returns for the original amount invested. Second^ 
 
134 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 all material for the construction of nearly everything 
 has been cheaper than ever known before. I heard 
 a man say in 1893 one class of contractors that 
 they would have plenty to do for awhile, and the 
 reason given was that capital for safety would build 
 new buildings and reconstruct old ones. This has 
 not proven to be the case in many young cities that 
 were already largely overbuilt, but we must bear in 
 mind we have in area a vast country, and while as a 
 whole it is looked upon as comparatively young, yet 
 there are in the same sense many spots in it that are 
 not what may be called new. 
 
 Mr. Grover. You must pardon me, Mr. Labor, but 
 I must insist that the Wilson bill is young yet, 
 too, and I further insist that Mr. Welch is magnify- 
 ing the whole situation the same as Mr. Haskell did. 
 
 Mr. Haskell, asking for the floor on personal priv- 
 ilege, says: 
 
 In reference to the Wilson bill being young yet 
 and my inclination to exaggerate, I desire to add a 
 little to what I have already said. My talk was on 
 the presumption that the many tariffs we have lived 
 under were fairly well understood and that there was 
 too little time at hand in this important work to 
 think of going over them in detail. 
 
 Our trouble in the lumber industry began with the 
 McKinley bill, all of which I supposed Mr. Grover 
 and everyone present was thoroughly familiar with. 
 
 I think there can be no valid excuse for lack of 
 information on these issues except a person knows 
 positively that he will never have occasion to come 
 in contact with them. I think, Mr. Labor, that it 
 was my privilege to take it for granted that every 
 person who had expressed an interest to the end of 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 135 
 
 attending this school regularly was sufficiently in- 
 formed as to what the two last changes in tariff 
 schedules were on the important commodity of lum- 
 ber, and it seems too much like threshing old straw 
 to go over the ground. 
 
 It will be found by referring to the records that 
 the always misunderstood and misrepresented Mc- 
 Kinley tariff bill, charged by the free traders with 
 being a “robber tariff,” reduced the scale of duties 
 on lumber just one-half all along the line, except on 
 spruce, which was left to stand at $2 per thousand as 
 formerly. The duty on white pine was reduced from 
 $2 a thousand to $i per thousand feet. Here the 
 McKinley bill let down the bars and Canada began 
 in a very cheerful manner to walk in and had become 
 quite systematically organized for the Wilson bill 
 when it came alongand tore the fences down and cart- 
 ed th em away which enabled Canada to make the grand 
 rush she did. And it is a question with me whether 
 we have seen the end of it, even though the tax is 
 put back to $2 per thousand on common lumber, 
 which represents over ninety per cent, of our supply. 
 
 At least, lumbermen claim that our first-class 
 lumber will not represent ten per cent, of our pro- 
 duct, and they state publicly that they do not com- 
 plain so much about Canadian competition on first- 
 class lumber, citing that she sends but very little of 
 that quality into our market. 
 
 I confidently believe, as stated before, that Canada 
 is so extensively equipped now that she will con- 
 tinue to compete with us on lumber in our market 
 and pay the $2 tax as found at present in theDingley 
 bill. 
 
 All they will need is to lower their wages all along 
 
136 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 the line slightly, which is a very trifling thing for 
 them to do up there. To get our market back I be- 
 lieve we shall need a higher tax than $2 per thousand 
 feet. 
 
 It is a plain truth that there never was any one 
 thing that was so nonsensically misunderstood as 
 the McKinley bill of 1890. It put more articles on 
 the free list than any bill ever had and scaled the 
 duties down extravagantly through the whole sched- 
 ule, and because it put a high tariff on a very few 
 infant industries, which results have shown to be one 
 of the wisest steps ever taken, it was charged by free 
 traders and demagogues with being a robber tariff. 
 
 The McKinley bill started us down hill on lumber 
 and the Wilson bill turned on a full head of steam 
 just when we should have used brakes and stopped 
 and reversed the levers and used steam going the 
 other way. 
 
 If any attempt be made to show that there has not 
 been so much of an increase of Canadian lumber 
 into our market, I will answer that while the statis- 
 tics prove that Canada did put more lumber in our 
 market in 1896 than any single year prior, that in 
 the same year our output fell off to the extent that 
 forty per cent, less help was used and a twenty per 
 cent reduction in wages for those who remained at 
 work was made. 
 
 I want to add, too, for the benefit of those chew- 
 ing the rag relative to saving our forests, that reports 
 t j the State Fire Warden show that it was the opin- 
 ion of those best able to judge that more pine was 
 burned and destroyed in the Indian reservations in 
 Minnesota last year than was cut. 
 
 I feel, Mr. Labor, that I have been a party to the 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 137 
 
 crime of taking up too much of the class’s valuable 
 time on lumber, and if I have been guilty of mag- 
 nifying, as Mr. Grover has charged, I must ask him 
 to deal charitably with me. It is human nature for 
 us to talk and act in the extreme when we see good 
 people all around us who are hungry and in distress, 
 and I ask him if the case is not doubly aggravating 
 when we see our money that would render 
 these people self-supporting and comfortable buying 
 days works in other countries and forcing them, our 
 own, to keep their days works when they have them 
 to sell and are exceedingly anxious to dispose of 
 them? I again beg your pardon, Mr. Labor, and 
 trust I shall not have occasion to interfere with Mr. 
 Welch’s talk again. 
 
 Labor, The point you have made is an important 
 one, Mr. Haskell, hence you owe no apologies to 
 anyone. It is the general principles within and that 
 underlie the situation that w^e want to understand. 
 It is not to the exact degree of the man’s hunger or 
 to the exact limit of how poor his clothes are that 
 we are seeking, but what is it that has left him 
 hungry and ragged is what we are trying to find out. 
 
 Mr, Grouer, Then you all admit, Mr. Labor, that 
 the McKinley bill was not perfect? 
 
 Labor, Protectionists are anxious to learn and 
 improve and when they make a mistake they have 
 the courage and honesty to admit it, and they make 
 an earnest endeavor to cure their errors as early as 
 possible. I understand, Mr. Grover, that freetraders 
 are the only people who know they are perfect, but 
 they have queer complaints and queer remedies. 
 Let Mr. Haskell talk again. 
 
 - Mr. Llaskell, Yes, Mr. Labor, if a man should 
 
138 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 sprain his ankle they would want to cure it by break- 
 ing the other leg. To say the least, that is about the 
 kind of an improvement the Wilson bill made on the 
 McKinley bill. No, Mr. Grover, protectionists don’t 
 build that way. They don’t ask Canada or any 
 other country to give us any part or parcel of what 
 belongs to them, and we are not worried for fear 
 other nations will urge us to accept any gifts; they 
 are not organized on such lines. 
 
 If 100,000 German workmen in a given line of in- 
 dustry choose to patronize another 100,000 men 
 working in some other German product, and the 
 latter reciprocate by buying and using exclusively 
 the goods made by the first 100,000, recognizing that 
 by this process they strengthen each other, you will 
 not find any complaint from protectionists in this 
 country for their wisdom in thus aiding and preserv- 
 ing themselves. Such transactions are manifesta- 
 tions of common sense, prudence, decency and 
 justice. There is something so beautifully substan- 
 tial in such a custom that to oppose it is to display a 
 wanton lack of mercy and charity, and it is clownish 
 dishonesty on the part of any intelligent official 
 when he persists in antagonizing such valuable, 
 wholesome and vital methods. 
 
 Look, Mr. Grover, at the rise and fall of Mr. 
 Phelps’ once beautiful little city of Groversville; 
 your own home, (while you claim to have escaped,) 
 was it not more by chance than anything else that 
 you were so fortunate? 
 
 The late Professor Swing once said in a sermon 
 that ‘‘This world was wonderfully injured when a 
 competency of fortune implied an incompetency ot 
 heart.” Can it be possible, Mr. Grover, that you be- 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 139 
 
 came careless on these lines, and in your rides up 
 and down the streets of your own town you failed to 
 recognize the furrows of pain and distress that had 
 plowed deep into the faces of the strong and the 
 weak? The poor workmen that knew not whither 
 or when to go; the merchant, the minister, the law- 
 yer, the doctor, the common odd job laborer and the 
 manufacturer, all sad, sorry and serious? Is it good 
 for mankind that a few in nature shall be so positive 
 that relenting kills them? Could the experiences at 
 Groversville have been more demonstrative or less 
 harmful under the conditions that prevailed? Will 
 it not be admitted by the common consent of all 
 fair men that what free trade did to Groversville is 
 fairly illustrative of what the Wilson bill did to the 
 whole United States? 
 
 Can we in our most intense desires ask for a 
 severer object lesson than came to us on free lumber 
 from the stump to the lumber yard? You would 
 not, you could not, stay our hand, Mr. Grover, while 
 this bitter cup is at our lips. 
 
 Should not we both be thankful that we acted no 
 prominent part in this, whereby, except for the vote 
 we cast, any of the responsibility for such extreme 
 adverse conditions could be charged to us? Our 
 shoulders are not broad enough to carry such a 
 load successfully, and truly we should be grateful 
 that we can escape it. 
 
 No, I shall urge that the McKinley bill made a 
 mistake on lumber, but it did not kill. The next 
 station stopped at, where we free traders got on, is 
 where the killing began, and I am confident there 
 are good causes for the doubts I expressed as to 
 whether in face of the preparation Canada has made. 
 
140 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 a $2 import duty on common lumber will bring us 
 back to where we were in 1890 and 1891. Here were 
 four or five years of no progress and nearly two years 
 now of a slump. When our inhabitants increase and 
 there is any line of business that we have no progress 
 in for from one to six years, ignoring the fact of the 
 shrinkage entirely, it means something. It appears, 
 Mr. Labor, that I cannot stop talking. 
 
 Labor, If your claim, Mr. Grover, that the gentle- 
 men have magnified the situation is true, and they 
 have by enlarging our mental vision led us into lines 
 whereby we have discovered the true principles upon 
 which our future success depends, and proven to us 
 that our want and distress to-day are due to having 
 ignored those principles, then I feel that you should 
 not complain of them for enlarging when by the use 
 of their methods we find the truth any more than 
 you would blame a magnifying glass that aided you 
 to find a diamond or any valuable article that had 
 been lost in the sand. 
 
 You can resume your talk again, Mr. Welch; I 
 don’t know but we all owe you an apology. 
 
 Mr. Welch. It is all right, Mr. Labor, where any 
 talk fails to carry light with it and the class ex- 
 presses a tired feeling apologies may be in order, 
 but up to date I must say there are none due in any 
 sense. 
 
 When Mr. Haskell asked for the floor on a personal 
 privilege, I was explaining to Mr. Grover that much 
 lumber had been used recently in the construction of 
 buildings and many other things for safety in invest- 
 ment, and I want to add now that the same incentive 
 has caused much rebuilding and repairing, which has 
 used material and has supplied many odd days’ work 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 141 
 
 and has proved a saving feature with us that has 
 been largely underestimated by all. Much has been 
 done, too, in an irregular way which, were it to be- 
 come a custom and remain with us, would be to true 
 business interests like an army out of line. 
 
 I have reference, Mr. Labor, to the working me- 
 chanic going to the owner’s home and doing work 
 for him at a cut price or any price that would seem 
 to hold a little coffee and tea or a sack of flour to 
 bridge over gaps that looked ugly and hazardous. 
 
 I could go to a residence and overhaul a family’s 
 furniture at any price I saw fit, while if I should 
 work at the factory for the same pay I would disrupt 
 a scale of wages our Union had struggled years to 
 establish. 
 
 Prices have been made for such work for individu- 
 als that have been too inviting for them to resist. 
 Also, many philanthropic people have hunted up 
 odd jobs of this kind to give those they know to be 
 needy, and paid two prices for the same work, for 
 the reason and on the same lines they buy old clothes 
 to give away. It has been an axe with two blades and 
 many a good turn has it served while in reality it 
 has done but little harm, although, as said before, if 
 generally indulged in it would ruin business and 
 wages too. 
 
 Please do not infer for a moment, Mr. Labor, that 
 because circumstances beyond my control have 
 forced me into this practice on several occasions, 
 that I undertake in any sense to defend it. The 
 present and the recent past, however, are not and 
 have not been times that could or can hold good as 
 a standard gauge for business methods. When the 
 Judiciary in nearly all our Criminal courts are con- 
 
142 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 fronted with the plea from some man who has 
 stolen or committed some criminal act, “Your Honor, 
 it was the club I was using to slay the wolf that was 
 chasing my little ones; God spare me. Judge, I never 
 committed such an act before, and how could I help 
 it when their agony created a terror within me, and 
 remember, Your Honor, that when you deprive me 
 of my liberty that the wolf is still at large; I did not 
 kill it. Oh, Judge, as forme, I care not, I can endure 
 any punishment you can inflict within the law; in 
 fact, it could not prove a punishment. My heart is 
 weighted with other conditions so vital and exacting 
 that whatever you may mete out to me here will be 
 trivial and of but little concern except as I live in 
 doubt and anxiety for the safety of those you cannot 
 charge with any fault. Say to me, your Honor, that 
 you will feed them, then you have not a place so vile 
 to send me that I will not go in the best of cheer.” 
 
 The Judge whose wide experience has brought his 
 vision down to the keenest point of penetration can 
 discover no guile, or disposition to cover up or mis- 
 lead. With a lump in his throat he renders a sus- 
 pended fine, telling the first-time prisoner to go feed 
 his own, and on the side says, would to God I could 
 slay the man who turned that wolf loose. 
 
 When our country is full of such living and exist- 
 ing, it is no time to discuss business methods or 
 complain of irregularities. During an intense struggle 
 to get ashore there is but little room for any par- 
 ticular style of getting there. 
 
 What we want is a cure for the times we are living 
 in. We want to get back on the earth again, which 
 requires something greater, broader and deeper than 
 digging more silver and gold. What we need is to 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 143 
 
 sell the days works within us at the best prices pos- 
 sible and the labor that the bringing forth silver and 
 gold can employ when compared to all the other 
 labor in our country, is too much like a glass of beer 
 to the whole brewery, to deserve any consideration 
 whatever. That is stronger than I intend, Mr. Labor; 
 all fractional parts of the whole should be considered, 
 but when a whole is asked to doff the hat and bow 
 obedience to a fractional part, it is asking too much. 
 
 I am referring to silver and gold now as a com- 
 modity, not as money. When they are sold as bull- 
 ion, which is the manner of selling them, they simply 
 represent so much labor realized on, and similar to 
 everything else, some of it may be profitable and 
 some of it may not. I wish there was some informa- 
 tion obtainable as to how many million of dollars 
 have been sunk in the business more than has ever 
 been taken out. Men sell their labor and speculate 
 to gather money together to go and dig a hole in 
 the earth to find silver and gold, only to abandon it 
 and dig another. Many might claim that money so 
 disposed of is wasted, but the claim is not true be- 
 cause it has gone back into labor again, whether for 
 the purchase of machinery or what may have become 
 of it. 
 
 All the prominence due to the shrinkage in digging 
 and reducing silver and gold is in proportion as those 
 industries diminished in comparison with the shrink- 
 age in all our industries, and when examined from 
 this view it will be found that other industries suf- 
 fered to a manifold greater degree than either of 
 them. In fact, it will be learned that the total num- 
 ber of men employed in taking silver and gold com- 
 bined out of the bowels of the earth for the past two 
 
1 44 
 
 Labors* Hard Times School. 
 
 or tnree years in the United States has been equal 
 to any year prior. Please do not gather, Mr. Labor, 
 that I lose sight of the money feature of silver and 
 gold which adds to them a special value, for I do not. 
 
 Mr, Grover. Mr. Labor, I would like to ask Mr. 
 Welch what has become of the good times we were 
 promised last fall during the campaign? 
 
 Mr. Weleh. I want to ask Mr. Grover in all fairness 
 if he expected our country to get well taking the 
 same medicine that made it sick? Those in authority 
 are working on new medicine now; when it is ready 
 for use and we have taken it a few months the gen- 
 tleman will discover the promised improvement. 
 He must bear in mind, however, that we have been 
 ill a long time, hence are very feeble and cannot re- 
 cover in a breath. 
 
 Mr. Grover. Yes, Mr. Welch, but the doctors in 
 charge do not see what ails us; they are boiling up 
 a tariff decotion when the trouble with us is our 
 financial system. 
 
 Mr. Welch. When you begin to talk about finances, 
 Mr. Grover, I am out. I leave that to men who 
 have delved in it all their lives. I claim I know more 
 about making furniture than bankers and men of 
 that class, and I am willing to grant that men who 
 study finance and live in it ought to know more 
 about it than I do. I think I would make just as big 
 a monkey of myself undertaking to give advice on 
 National finances when I have thoroughly demon- 
 strated that I don’t know enough to take care of my 
 own finances as some banker or man who is a finan- 
 cier would of himself if he would undertake. to tell 
 me how to manufacture furniture. 
 
 It is all a puzzle to me and the people who ought 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 145 
 
 to know the most about finances seem to say the 
 least. 
 
 When I read an article on furniture I usually make 
 up my mind that the man who did the writing found 
 out what he knew about it by reading what some one 
 else wrote, and I feel somewhat the same v/ay about 
 financial writers. At all events, they fail to make 
 the subject clear to me, but I suppose that is my 
 fault and not theirs. 
 
 If I run a man down that I hear talking finance on 
 the street and learn all about his affairs, I find he is 
 “broke,” and that gives me such a tired feeling that 
 I begin to look for some one that I can wire into 
 talking about furniture or the prospect of a job of 
 work, or something of that kind that I can under- 
 stand. 
 
 I wish people would let me entirely alone on 
 finance, especially after telling me all about it and 
 how the government ought to manage, they want to 
 know if I can’t help them out with a small sum. I 
 don’t relish any such exposure, and frequently when 
 men open up on finance now I turn away. 
 
 One thing I do know; I know how to manufacture 
 furniture and I know I had all I could do at it, Mr. 
 Grover, up to the fall of 1892 when the free traders 
 began to tell us they were going to doctor the Mc- 
 Kinley bill. Then work began not to be so plenty, 
 and it has grown worse every day since. Up to that 
 time there hadn’t been a word said about any trouble 
 with our finances. They had been all right, with 
 plenty of money on hand all the time. In fact, the 
 Government had money, and everybody had money. 
 I never have found out Mr. Grover, how the free 
 traders discovered there was one particular thing the 
 
146 
 
 Labors* Hard Times School. 
 
 matter with us, and pointed out that it was the Mc- 
 Kinley bill and declared they were going to fix that 
 bill over so we would have more money, and get it 
 easier. Soon as everybody realized they had the 
 power to do what they had promised, we began to 
 have less work, and we saw less money. The ruin 
 came so thick and so fast that the free traders them- 
 selves were startled and alarmed. To resist the 
 shock they saw plainly the pinching necessity of 
 finding some new evil to add that would partially 
 divert the minds of the people from the one that 
 was visibly fading on their hands; then, and not un- 
 til then, a few of them discovered it was our National 
 system of finance that was causing much of the 
 trouble, and it only took a short time for all the free 
 traders to catch on to this new fault. After that they 
 had two strings to pull, the McKinley bill and our 
 method of finance. On the financial end they got 
 rid of the Sherman silver bill and that did no good, 
 and then they pulled over the McKinley bill and 
 fixed it to suit them, and under it all we have grown 
 worse and worse. 
 
 And now, Mr. Grover, I would like to ask why 
 when our finances had been all right for years and 
 no no one had found out our system was wrong, or 
 had claimed it was wrong, why it was not until after 
 the freetraders had thoroughly convinced the people 
 that they were positively going to change the Mc- 
 Kinley bill that they learned of this second malady. 
 
 Mr. Grover. I cannot comprehend, Mr. Welch, why 
 you ask me to explain a condition that you admit 
 you cannot understand when it is explained to you. 
 
 Mr. Welch. I will not urge that you answer the 
 question as to how they were driven to the quality 
 
Labors* Hard Times School. 
 
 147 
 
 of our financial system, but if your analysis of that 
 question, Mr. Grover, is the same that everyone else 
 offers I confess it would be all blank to me. 
 
 Mr. Grover. There are one or two points that 
 ought to be plain to you; first, our government is 
 virtually in the banking business, and so long as it 
 is it has to take care of the balance of trade with 
 other countries, and when that balance is against us 
 the reserve funds have to suffer. We want to relieve 
 our government of this dilemma and throw all such 
 transactions into the hands of the bankers to take 
 care of. 
 
 Mr. Welch. If I am inclined to have an opinion 
 at all, Mr. Grover, it is to think that there is some- 
 thing in what you have said, but there are plenty of 
 others who tell us they want the government to do 
 all the banking, and cite that during the war when 
 the government was issuing greenbacks that money 
 was plenty and everybody had the wherewith in 
 their pockets. 
 
 Mr. Grover. Yes, Mr. Welch, but the government 
 was going in debt then and by that means money 
 circulated freely, and as you say, it was plenty 
 and everybody had it. 
 
 Mr. Welch. That mixes me all up again, Mr. 
 Grover; our government has been going in debt for 
 the last four years and money has been growing 
 scarcer all the time, and this shows you why I am 
 not clear on these questions. If they did not con- 
 tradict themselves at every turn they would not 
 confound me so, and you must pardon me when I 
 favor lines that up to date have been free of any 
 contradictions. I am inclined to agree with those 
 who claim that money was plenty during the late war 
 
uS Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 not so much because the government was going in 
 debt all the time, but for the reason that'there was a 
 market for everything that was offered for sale, and 
 the money was ready when the goods were delivered, 
 and since these lessons have shown that nine-tenths 
 of what was in the goods, whether it was the clothes 
 the people wore or what they ate, or the house they 
 ate in, the car or steamboat they rode in, the iron 
 and ties the cars run on, the bridges that carried 
 them over the streams, or anything they saw or 
 touched, was labor, and for every particle of it 
 offered there was a quick sale and spot cash, you 
 can see how natural it is for me to credit the good 
 times during the war to the fact that everybody sold 
 what they had to sell, whether it was days works or 
 whatever it might be, and what is more, they say 
 there was not a living man under the stars and stripes 
 in those days that had a word to say about free 
 trade. You can see again how sensible it all looks 
 to me and the reason I am disposed to agree with 
 them. I think now it will be a long time before you 
 can convince me that Congress was helping me and 
 my craft when they fixed it so some man in Canada 
 could bring his day’s work over here and sejl it to 
 you and the money go to Canada to be lived up, 
 while Mr. Haskell as he has shown has to keep his 
 days work and do the best he can without money. 
 Under such circumstances Mr. Haskell cannot pos- 
 sibly have money to buy furniture and thus help me 
 to sell a day’s work, and if by any such practices 
 Mr. Haskell has to sell his day’s work for half price 
 he won’t have money to buy furniture and still leave 
 me without half price or any price for my labor. 
 And I tell you, Mr. Grover, it is going to be a strug- 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 149 
 
 gle, in my opinion, after a little for you to make our 
 people think that we can send our money to other 
 countries to buy days works in those countries and 
 still have that same money circulating here at home. 
 The case is too plain and the working people are 
 sure to learn the fact that if the money is paid for 
 days work at home it is in circulation at home, while 
 if paid for days work abroad the money has gone 
 abroad and forever, and when these same working 
 classes recognize fully that they can never see that 
 money again, or have a chance to get their hands on 
 to one penny of it, while on the contrary if it had 
 bought goods at home, which is days works, it would 
 be in circulation here at home and there would be 
 some show of their seeing and having some of it, 
 they will cease to support free traders or men for 
 office who will pave the way for any such trans- 
 actions. 
 
 I cannot be led to believe either that it was any- 
 thing but the promise of free trade that ruined the 
 industry in which I had found a market for my 
 labor for so long a term prior to 1893. I have long 
 since ceased to be a customer for any business ex- 
 cept the absolute necessities for my family and my- 
 self, and in these, it is true, we never knew before 
 how little we could get along with. Although I 
 never dealt with the farmer direct, my trade was 
 with him or in his goods, and I am sure in the last 
 two years it has not been one-half and perhaps not 
 one-third what it was in 1892. What a thought this 
 is to the farmer when it is extended to cover millions 
 of people just like myself, and what a thought comes 
 back to me when I realize that this shrinkage in the 
 
150 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 farmer’s market means the purchase of less, or no 
 furniture by him. 
 
 A farmer in the State of New York told me last 
 summer that he always marketed his grapes in two 
 or three small cities to the working people, and 
 claimed that as a rule he got more for them in that 
 way than when he shipped them to the larger mar- 
 kets, but, he says, “I cannot do it this year for the 
 working men in those cities have no money to buy 
 grapes with,” adding, “It is a pinch for them to 
 get potatoes and flour.” It has a small look to pick 
 up a single instance like this for illustration, but it 
 can be readily increased by multiplying it by many 
 thousand, which you have a legitimate right to do, 
 and when you have done it the true situation will 
 not have been exaggerated any. 
 
 You asked for a line that had suffered severely, 
 Mr. Labor. I had looked upon furniture as one that 
 we could fight the world with in our own market, 
 but the past four years have taught me that you let 
 the world into our market at their own sweet will, or 
 in a half restricted way even, and they will ruin it. 
 They will not only ruin it for what we have but they 
 willruin it for what they bring themselves. When they 
 disable one end of the market and ruin its ability to 
 help support the other end, it all goes down to- 
 gether. The trouble with us today, is we are unable 
 to sell the days works that our laborers have in such 
 abundance. 
 
 When we can sell our labor again as we did prior 
 to 1893 the old time market will come back, and our 
 Groversville will be what it once was, an ideal city, 
 and our country ideal again as its flag, with not a 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 151 
 
 thought on earth of pulling it down or seeing it go 
 down. 
 
 When in the future, Mr. Labor, I vote for a pro- 
 tective tariff I shall do it to preserve myself. When 
 I voted for free trade in 1892 I did it partially to 
 kill the ugly manufacturer, and I succeeded. What 
 consolation! My old employer is only a little bet- 
 ter off now than I am; that is, I owe a little; he 
 owes a large amount. The goods he had on hand 
 did not bring a quarter the amount he had paid for 
 the labor that went into them. His home is gone, 
 his carriage, horses and everything he had; he turn- 
 ed all he had in the world over to his creditors. We 
 were talking the whole thing over this morning be- 
 fore I came here, and had quite a laugh, although it 
 is too sad a thing to be mirthful over. What we 
 were laughing about was that we both voted the free 
 trade ticket. He said he did not think his line 
 needed the protection it had, and if we could get 
 free trade on other things they would be cheaper 
 and personally he would be benefited. He said Mr. 
 Searles, chief owner in the woolen mills, told him 
 that should the free traders win, come into power 
 and do what they said they were going to do it 
 would turn the whole country up side down. Of 
 course, he said he thought Searles had an axe to 
 grind and wanted to keep prices up in his own line. 
 “What an infernal fool I was; just look at it Welch; 
 you know I had an interest in one of the retail fur- 
 niture stores down the street. You have no idea of 
 the furniture that store used to sell to the people work- 
 ing in Searles' woolen factory. Searles was too smart; 
 as soon as the free trade ticket was elected he knew 
 what would happen, and he told me he at once cut 
 
152 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 his force down four-fifths; was ^oing to let all his 
 traveling men go, secure what orders he could by 
 mail and run his factory to fill those orders and no 
 more.” Well, my old boss said he laughed at him, 
 and told him he had no nerve. All right, Mr. 
 Searles says, you can laugh, but I will guarantee 
 you that the men who continue to run their woolen 
 factories won’t laugh two years from today. And 
 my old boss says Searles told him he was going to 
 take good care of what he had gotten together and 
 be ready to go ahead again when the people got 
 enough of such tom fool laws. 
 
 Well, I said, tell me more about the furniture 
 store you had down the street. I never knew you 
 had anything to do with that. “Yes,” he says, “I 
 was talking about that; when Searles let four-fifths of 
 his men go they shut off buying a thing at the store, 
 and a lot of them had furniture they were paying by 
 the month on, nearly all of which the store had to 
 take back. The store was a stock company, but two- 
 thirds of it belonged tome. I, of course, turned that over 
 to my creditors, and the store was shut up. I tell 
 you, Welch,” he says, “ I laugh about it, but it is 
 pretty tough. Now I feel that I am too old to 
 start again, but it is amusing,” he says, “when I 
 think I was so thin as to be just a little bit anxious 
 that Searles should get it between the eyes, just easy 
 you know, and if Searles did get it that it wouldn’t 
 hurt me. I tell you,” he says, “ it did not take long 
 to show me I was gone, and the whole town seemed 
 to go at once, I guess Searles is about the only man 
 that has come out with a whole hide. Of course, he 
 hasn’t made any money, but he tells me he has 
 saved nearly everything, and is already to go ahead 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 153 
 
 when we get a tariff bill he dare run his factory un- 
 der. Of course, if Searles should start up again 
 with a full force our town would begin to pick up 
 right away and all the other little industries we once 
 had would revive,” continued my old employer, and 
 added, that while he was without a penny to start 
 with he had the confidence of all the bankers and 
 men of means who felt an interest in the town, and 
 he thought they would give him a helping hand to 
 start in a small and careful way, but said: It is a 
 
 strain I dread at my age, Welch, to make a new 
 start and take on the care and worry when I shall 
 be in debt for everything.” I told him I was in 
 hopes that he could start again, and that he was not 
 so old as he thought; that a few days of business 
 would revive him and make him feel young once 
 more, and added, that if I went to work for him I 
 would try and give him a little more than a day's 
 work and urge the other men to do the same for a 
 while, and that would be quite a help. He took me 
 by the hand and thanked me, and said: '‘Welch, 
 God bless you, I was not looking for such encour- 
 aging words.” I said: “ Why not, boss, you clothed 
 and fed me and my family for years, paid the rent 
 on the house I lived in, gave me the money to warm 
 it and school my children. I used to think you 
 were a sort of an enemy of mine, but this calamity 
 that overtook us all and made you really worse off 
 than I am on account of what you owe, has taught 
 me a lesson. I see that the balance of workm.en 
 and myself were a sort of partners of yours, and our 
 true interests were to hold you up, for by thus doing 
 we were in a very essential way maintaining our- 
 selves. 
 
154 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 I see now that we workmen got the bulk of the 
 money you paid out. Truly, boss, I never looked 
 at these things right, and one other thought has oc- 
 curred to me lately; there was Ira and Sol Webster, 
 Jake West, Ike Hamilton, Pete Shane, Charlie Kelly 
 and a host of the men more frugal and thoughtful 
 than I was, who worked for you so long, bought 
 homes and paid for them, and the thought that oc- 
 curred to me was that since you lost everything, 
 didn’t those'homes represent the profits of the busi- 
 ness.” Well, now, Mr. Labor, you ought to have 
 seen the look that came to my old boss’s face; his 
 eyes fairly sparkled and he grasped me by the hand, 
 and said: “ Welch, that is a great, broad and mag- 
 nanimous view of the whole situation; I never 
 thought of it in any of those lights.” 
 
 I was anxious to get here to the class and had to 
 stop the conversation; but told him I would talk 
 with him further about it at some other time. 
 
 Labor. Mr. Welch, why didn’t you bring your old 
 employer along with you? 
 
 Mr. Welch. I did ask him to come, but he said his 
 pride had been hit so hard that lately he avoided all 
 kinds of gatherings, and although he would like to 
 attend he had not the courage to expose himself. 
 
 Labor. I tell you, Mr. Welch, if we could utilize 
 the X ray and examine all the crushed hearts free 
 trade has wrought, they would be a mangled look- 
 ing mass. 
 
 Mr. Welch. Yes, indeed; to tell you the truth I 
 wouldn’t want to look at them even though it were 
 free and without cost to do so. Speaking of the 
 word free, Mr. Labor, I want to add that I look as- 
 kance at that word now. It is all right when applied 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 155 
 
 to “free” America, otherwise I am of the opinion it 
 has been most wholesomely abused. The attraction 
 caused by “free lunch” has cost many a man enough 
 to have purchased his family a home, and when free 
 concert is added .there is no telling what the waste 
 has been. And a man is but little, if any, the loser 
 when he misses the ladies’ free church supper. In 
 this latter, however, there is the satisfaction that 
 you have been in good company, even though you 
 are a few pennies out, and then a pleasant con- 
 sciousness that the money left behind will be turned 
 to some good purpose, but when applied to foreign 
 products that can compete with our own, being ad- 
 mitted without a duty, calling it free trade is a 
 misnomer. Its true name then, Mr. Labor, should 
 be “waste” trade and of the most extravagant type. 
 It is positively throwing away what is absolutely 
 our own, and if that is not waste then I fail to un- 
 derstand the meaning of the word. 
 
 I think, Mr. Labor, we could do a great good by 
 substituting the term waste trade for free trade on 
 foreign products coming into this country without 
 paying any duty, or so little duty, that they displace 
 like products of our own market. A large percent- 
 age of the people will follow the word “free” and 
 make but little inquiry, and that term can be made 
 very dangerous in public affairs when the unscrup- 
 ulous care to gain a point by abusing it. 
 
 I wish, Mr. Labor, I could go over all my former 
 employer had to say this morning. He cited that 
 what happened to his retail store was something of 
 an illustration of what was taking place all over the 
 country. His factory was loaded down with goods, 
 and instead of getting new orders, furniture mer- 
 
156 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 chants in every direction were countermanding or- 
 ders already given. He said the people working for 
 Mr. Searl^s were only a part of the customers his 
 retail store had, but when they quit trading with 
 him they likewise quit trading in other lines, which 
 materially affected his other customers. Added to 
 this he cited three or four other industries that soon 
 followed with a cut of from 20 to 40 per cent in 
 their working forces, which, although they employ- 
 ed but few people when compared to the number 
 that were selling their days’ works to Mr. Searles, it 
 all aided the pull in the wrong direction, and then, 
 just as he worded it, “when I, to the surprise of ev- 
 erybody, as you well know, Welch, turned my busi- 
 ness toes up and went out of the market as a pur- 
 chaser of days’ works of such a mass of people, we 
 all began to recognize that we had gotten to the 
 tough end of our piece of meat, and in our faces was 
 the unwelcome fact that for a while we would have 
 to let England, Germany, France and other coun- 
 tries, with a smile of commercial satisfaction on 
 their faces, dine on the choice cuts.” 
 
 I shall never forget his last words, Mr. Labor, 
 when he took me by the hand, with a strained smile 
 on his face, to bid me good morning, and said: 
 “ Welch, we wont vote that the other man shall take 
 dangerous medicine again, thinking that none of it 
 will get into our own tea.” 
 
 I suppose, Mr. Labor, there is but little occasion 
 to recall these fixed facts. Groversville is such a 
 clean and plain illustration of what waste trade has 
 in store for the American people when they tamper 
 with it that further comment in that direction is un- 
 called for. The money that went out of circulation 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 157 
 
 in Groversville portrayed so distinctly what hap- 
 pened before my own eyes in my own town that I 
 have been walking with beans in the bottoms of my 
 shoes, and inside the shoes at that ever since my 
 first lesson at this school, to do penance for giving 
 ear to one set of quack doctors who claimed that the 
 repeal of the Sherman silver bill took money out of 
 circulation, when I knew, if I had stopped to think, 
 thct the money was out of circulation when I went 
 out of work, which was six mionths prior to the re- 
 peal of the Sherman bill. And to another set of 
 equal idiots who charged that it was on account of 
 our Government’s financial system that money was 
 withdrawn from circulation. I am not to be fooled 
 any longer, Mr. Labor. Money went outof circulation 
 when I stopped spending $21 each week, and when 
 all the rest of the boys and I get that money to 
 spend again it will come back into circulation, and 
 not until then. I do not say, Mr. Labor, that our 
 Government’s financial system cannot be improved, 
 but I don’t want any school teachers who have had 
 the good fortune to live, in a sense, on an annuity 
 all their lives, and don’t know any more how a dol- 
 lar is made and gathered than a child who has al- 
 ways lived at home does, to tell me what kind of 
 financial laws, banking laws and business laws our 
 country needs. I shall listen to financiers, bankers 
 and business men of experience first, last and all the 
 time. I don’t believe in passing the dental office 
 and going to the blacksmith shop to get my teeth 
 fixed. 
 
 I wish, Mr. Labor, I could give you a correct esti- 
 mate of the amount of money that idleness among 
 us workers in furniture has reduced the circulation 
 
158 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 of money in the United States during the past foui 
 years. 
 
 We shall have to end this talk with the claim that 
 it is a vast and unknown quantity, and we will end, 
 too, with the claim that we have shown that when 
 lines of industry that need protection in our markets 
 are not protected and go down, that they carry 
 furniture and all lines, whether they appear to re- 
 quire protection or not, down with them. 
 
 I can bar my doors and windows against a thief, 
 and I can watch for him, too, but what can I do with 
 the official who will barter away my rights and bring 
 about conditions that prevent my selling the days 
 works within me when they are all I have on earth 
 to exchange for money whereby to procure the ne- 
 cessities of life? 
 
 I referred to labor unions at one time, and to avoid 
 being misinterpreted I desire to say a word in their 
 defense, but I do not want the class to gather the 
 impression that I defend all they do. From time to 
 time they make some very grave errors, the same as 
 all other people, and like other people the burdens 
 from such errors as a rule fall on their own shoulders. 
 
 It cannot be denied that labor unions have had the 
 tendency to increase the pay of workmen and 
 shorten the hours of labor, all of which is in the di- 
 rection of mercy and justice, but on this occasion we 
 will leave the justice and mercy out and. look at it 
 from the standpoint of business policy, and learn if 
 there has not been some good done. Labor unions 
 today practically cover all lines of industry, hence it 
 cannot be charged that one line unduly extorts from 
 any other, and so long as nine-tenths of everything 
 is shown to be labor, and it is labor that the poor 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School, 159 
 
 man or rich man buys when the ordinary daily pur- 
 chases are made, it would be peculiarly unjust for a 
 union in one industry to insist upon selling their 
 labor at an extravagantly high price to those in some 
 other industry, and at the same time urge that work- 
 men in that industry should not be granted like 
 privileges and benefits. 
 
 One sentiment which appears to engross too 
 many people, is: How can I sell what I have 
 to offer at the highest possible price and purchase 
 all I require at the lowest possible figure? This sen- 
 timent has grown so prominent in business today 
 that it has become pernicious and is making cheap 
 skates of too many of us. How ridiculous that 
 everybody should want a profit and not a soul on 
 earth willing to pay one. 
 
 For four years men have been sawing away at each 
 other until there is but little food left for the saw. 
 Get it out of your mind, Mr. Business Man and 
 Laborer, that you can hit without somebody striking 
 back. If we all succeed, Mr. Labor, we will live to 
 nature and nature is not constructed that way. 
 Nature is to take care of our own first and then to 
 live and let live, and when we depart from these 
 lines we will get it just as severe and hard as we give 
 it, and every man who figures out just how he can 
 get the best of a situation by straining the lines of 
 decency and justice will live to learn that he has ac- 
 cepted the worst of it and die wondering why every- 
 thing came to him so severely when he thought and 
 felt that he deserved so much. In the words of Bob 
 Burdette: “Dear reader, do not take offence at this; 
 it does not mean you, it means your neighbor.” 
 
 If, Mr. Labor, we will all recognize that when 
 
i6o 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 everything brings a fair price it is v/hen labor has a 
 promise of being fairly paid for its service, which 
 means money in the hands of the working man to 
 supply all the requirements of his family and him- 
 self, to the extent perhaps of owning his own home. 
 When we admit and proclaim that eighty cents out 
 of every dollar of our daily transactions, which 
 means tracing everything to the consumer, is men 
 working in one industry trading with men working 
 in some other industry, we will have gotten down to 
 principles that truly exist, and as they exist, and be 
 amply able to appreciate that if we cut one industry 
 down to the limit of extinction, it is at the cost to a 
 certain extent or per cent, of all our industries, and 
 shall have in our hands the key that truly unlocks 
 the whole situation. If a man has anything to sell, 
 a horse, cow or steer, or sheep, or wheat, or stock of 
 goods to retail, or anything of which you can con- 
 ceive “which is all labor” and gets a good price for 
 it, money will be free and easy with him. I am not 
 talking about misers; they do not help and should 
 not be allowed to hinder; while, on the contrary, if 
 prices for all things conceivable are low, prudence 
 and economy to the limit of scrimping will be his 
 watchword. When we reflect that “him” in this 
 sense means everybody, the question arises with us: 
 “What have we in the greatest abundance to sell?” 
 
 Our answer to that question is well understood 
 and we do not admit that there is any room for 
 debate. It is labor, and one end of it is raising pro- 
 ducts to feed the other end of it making products. 
 The end raising products is almost wholly dependent 
 for the prices it receives, and the quantities and 
 kinds it sells, to the end making the products. Hence, 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. i6i 
 
 if wages are maintained manufactured products must 
 bring a good price to pay out, which means better 
 chances all around for grown products. Here we 
 find cause and effect acting and reacting in a way to 
 strengthen each other, hence if the unions mean 
 better pay for the mechanical end of our world they 
 as well mean better pay for the agricultural end. 
 The more money workmen in manufactured products 
 have to spend the more the man engaged in crop 
 raising products. can sell them, and vice versa, the 
 more money the latter has to purchase manufactured 
 products with. 
 
 It is between these two lines that the middle 
 people of the world are living, those through whose 
 hands all this exchange has to pass and they live 
 from what they can scrape off the two ends, and I 
 want to say to the coupon cutter, the school teacher, 
 the preacher, the lawyer, the speculator, and a 
 thousand others who are living on these chips and 
 are constantly keeping up the agitation for things 
 cheaper, that if they think they can cut these two 
 ends down to the bare limit of subsistence and still 
 find plenty of scrapings for themselves, they are 
 simply following false figures and paths that lead to 
 very much less, if not want, for their own. 
 
 For example, a man today drawing a salary of 
 1^1,000 per year under the grinding system that many 
 urge would be cut down eventually to three or four 
 hundred per year. A man drawing ^2,500 per year 
 would have to be content with ^900 or ^1,000 per 
 year, and the same ratio to the highest limit of 
 salaries. Is it not a fact that cannot be successfully 
 contradicted that a man in this country today, if he 
 makes any effort to do so, can save and lay one side 
 
i62 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 as much as his whole salary would amount to under 
 the grinding process many such people recom- 
 mend? I never listen to a man making an argument 
 of this character that his talk does not carry the im- 
 pression that everybody should or would be cut 
 down except himself. You ask the same party if he 
 thinks his pay should be less and he would answer: 
 “Oh, no; oh, no, I do not go to that extreme.” 
 Just think of the narrowness of such a man, Mr. Labor. 
 A cyclone that takes in everybody except him- 
 self is all right; does he fail to recognize that he is 
 one of a great and immense army of the middle 
 masses whose success depends entirely on the pros- 
 perity of the two producing ends? This great middle 
 mass of people should not individually or collect- 
 ively fall into the error that because they are essen- 
 tial and important features in the clock work of the 
 world and are, in a broad and extensive sense, 
 patrons and consumers of both ends of these pro- 
 ducts, that they are in any manner whatsoever in- 
 dependent of either end of them. Especially should 
 this go home to a few theorists who are moulding the 
 minds of the young in our schools. Let them re- 
 member there are business cyclones as well as atmos- 
 pheric, and that thousands of grand instructors who» 
 with ambition to make more money, have quit the 
 profession of teaching to engage in other pursuits- 
 Men of sterling qualities, too, who, when a few of the 
 egotistical professionals among the great and worthy 
 army that remain, advise and follow in lines that 
 spoil such an individual’s chances in other pursuits, 
 are only inviting, and forcing him back 
 into his old fields, to again become and re- 
 main a wage earner; this can only serve to bring 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 163 
 
 salaries and compensation in school work down to 
 the common level of all else, and while this last 
 comparison covers but one class we desire you to 
 include in it all salaried people and impress upon 
 each that no living man has any particular gift that 
 cannot be duplicated. It is the high wages and large 
 salaries of this country, Mr. Labor, that make us 
 the broad living and ideal people of the world. The 
 water in the rich man’s bath tub of gold cannot 
 cleanse him cleaner than the same water in the tub 
 the poor man of this country can have if our condi- 
 tions can be and remain wLat they were prior to 
 1893. I would sooner urge the day that would give 
 the poor man two bath tubs than I would a condition 
 that would take the one he has away. Our good 
 wages and our high salaries have forged our flag to 
 the front. In the name of kind Providence, decency 
 and progress let us keep it there and remain an ex- 
 ample for the balance of the world. 
 
 I know a man employing 2,500 people who in 1892 
 voted the free trade ticket and boldly said he did so 
 because wages were too high in this country. Just 
 think, Mr. Labor, this man’s riches had come to him 
 through the instrumentality of high wages and high 
 salaries. He had himself paid managers as high as 
 gi 5,000 per year and other of his representatives in 
 proportion. 
 
 The wage earners of the United States have been 
 paid $4,000,000,000 per year; would he reduce that 
 to $1,000,000,000 per year, and then think he could 
 scrape from that the riches he gathered from the 
 $4,000,000,000 that had floated about so freely? A 
 man is clearly short in business vision when he holds 
 such views. For illustration, suppose the income of 
 
164 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 every wage earner is ten cents a day; in this you 
 may include the farmer. Can a business man at this 
 figure hope to get as much out of it for himself as he 
 could if the wages were ;gio per day for each? 
 
 In this magnified sense, Mr. Labor, it becomes 
 plain to us and we see it. In the realistic sense for 
 the past four years, where there have been so many 
 not even getting the ten cents per day, we have felt 
 it. I tell you, Mr. Labor, this past four years object 
 lesson corks up and seals securely every former 
 demonstration of the kind. We can lay the old on 
 the shelf never to be disturbed. We won’t need 
 them again. This one will last while you and I live, 
 and enough of it be left to serve our children, no 
 matter to what age they may attain. I do not want 
 my brother workmen to conclude from what I have 
 said that I blame the man employing the 2,500 
 people for his sentiments; we are all very much 
 alike. I voted the same ticket he did but for an- 
 other purpose, and one fully as selfish as his. We 
 were both wrong and the thing for each one of us 
 to do is to change cars and get into one that we 
 know is safe, and he jointly with all other employers 
 to give their workmen plenty of money and let 
 them live it up, and me with the rest of you to ren- 
 der good service, get what is our due and send it 
 along to the next distributor, which many of us 
 have modestly refrained from doing for a long time 
 now. 
 
 One thing, however, I desire to impress upon your 
 minds in the most emphatic manner and to the ex- 
 tent that you will carry it home with you is, if our 
 laws permit some other fellow in some other country 
 to get our money, he will carry it along and spend 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 65 
 
 it, we cannot, and it will all be done in some other 
 country, too. We must ever bear in mind that the 
 greater and more valuable our market is the fiercer 
 and more desperate other countries will be to break 
 into and capture it, never recognizing that throwing 
 our chief money distributors into idleness will almost 
 in a breath disrupt and destroy it. Mr. Labor, there 
 seems to be no proper place to shut off steam on this 
 subject except to close your eyes and turn it down, 
 no matter where you are, which I now do and beg 
 pardon of the class for the infringements I have 
 made on many individual rights. 
 
 Labor, The silence of the house and the gavel, 
 Mr. Welch, renders approval of your talk. Had you 
 failed to interest us, you would have discovered it 
 and stopped talking long ago. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 1 66 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 
 Labor, I would like now to take up the industry 
 of iron. Is there some worker in that product pres- 
 ent, who can show us what part of any completed 
 article composed chiefly of iron belongs to labor? 
 
 A gentleman whose face had become familiar to 
 the class introduced himself as Mr. Dolan, and stated 
 that he, with thousands of others, had worked in iron 
 mines, and that he had followed on in other branches 
 of the line to the limit of finishing some iron pro- 
 ducts. 
 
 Labor. Then, Mr. Dolan, you must be sufficiently 
 familiar with this subject to give us the light we are 
 seeking. We do not care for any particular detail 
 in connection with any designated article; all we 
 want are the principles involved covering the labor- 
 ing man’s interests. 
 
 Mr. Dolan. As I stated, Mr Labor, I began my 
 work in iron taking out ore, and with a large field 
 of men who like myself were selling their days 
 works, some in taking out the ore, others in piling 
 it with fuel in a kiln to free it from other properties; 
 all of which, Mr. Labor, although it requires but a 
 word to express it, has the look of days works, and 
 up to this point, where we have not yet the sem- 
 blance of a product, thousands upon thousands of 
 people have been fed, clothed and maintained. 
 
 When the kiln is ready the fires are lighted by 
 labor and the roasting process begins. It must be 
 kept in mind that the fuel consumed, no matter of 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School, 167 
 
 what kind, was purchased of labor, the money for 
 which had clothed, fed and provided for another 
 army of people. 
 
 When the ore is properly roasted another set of 
 men put it in the blast furnaces with coke and lime- 
 stone, that were also (the coke and limestone) pur- 
 chased of labor, and thus with a forced fire, carefully 
 looked after by labor, the roasted ore is smelted. 
 
 When the metal becomes a fluid, labor from time 
 to time lets it out into channels or moulds, where it 
 is permitted to solidify into pigs, and in this state, 
 Mr. Labor, after having proven the support of this 
 untold number of people, it is called raw material. 
 No matter how high other hands of toil may stack 
 the pigs, or how frequent the stacks, we have pre- 
 sumed in a sense, when viewing it in the piles, 
 that it grew just where it had been so systematically 
 corded up by the working man for pay. 
 
 Selling my days work, Mr. Labor, to produce this 
 raw material, provided me the means to purchase 
 just as good a living as I have been able to buy since 
 when selling my days works to produce products 
 from this said, raw material, which name is a mis- 
 nomer, pure and simple. Pig iron is a finished pro- 
 duct. 
 
 It is singular to me, while our country has ore 
 sufficient to produce all the iron it can ever possibly 
 use, that there has ever been a man, or class of men, 
 or party, that would try to find any excuse for leav- 
 ing our gates open for other countries to ship their 
 stacks of pig iron into our market, leaving our own 
 corded up and unsold, and thus prevent the sale of 
 days works by our own workmen to replace them. I 
 only refer to this for illustration, Mr. Labor, for any 
 
i68 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 duties low enough to let in iron that has moved a 
 step further from the pig towards another product, 
 or into the product, has the same effect upon our 
 stacks of pig iron that it would to bring the pig iron 
 itself in to make such goods. 
 
 In this proposition, when you take into account 
 the days works we should have done to produce the 
 pig iron, you are in duty bound to include the days 
 works we should have sold from the pig product to 
 the other finished product. 
 
 There is a great field here for some statistician to 
 show how much our own market can be increased 
 provided we manufacture at home, including all in- 
 dustries, all the products other countries sell us that 
 we have the material, men and facilities to produce. 
 Such a showing, with pains taken to point out that 
 the money for the days works to produce such goods, 
 paid to our own workmen, would increase our market 
 just that amount, would do more, Mr. Labor, to kill 
 the cry about increasing our foreign trade on our 
 manufactured goods than any data, facts or figures 
 that can be had now. 
 
 When it is made clear to the public that for every 
 two dollars of foreign trade in our manufactured 
 products we have ^98 of home trade, all sensible 
 people will begin to cry, why not increase our home 
 market and properly guard it? To say the least, 
 when this question is thoroughly understood and 
 parties are talking about swelling our foreign mar- 
 ket, people will ask: '‘Are you proposing to allow 
 other countries to come in and carve our market up 
 to suit themselves, in order that we may gain one 
 dollar away from home, and lose ten dollars at 
 home?” 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 169 
 
 I shall not undertake to show, Mr. Labor, what 
 tariff duties have done for our iron industries. There 
 is plenty of data and history on that subject to indi- 
 cate the debt of gratitude iron workers of this coun- 
 try owe to the men who planned so wisely for us to 
 sell our days works in that branch of toil. 
 
 Not alone for us did they legislate with so much 
 wisdom, either. Every working man of our land 
 has occasion to render thanks, as well as every busi- 
 ness man, and every known citizen. 
 
 In the absence of past duties on iron and iron 
 goods of all kinds and descriptions for a long term 
 of years, a sum of our money would have gone 
 abroad that it is beyond the ability of man to esti- 
 mate now, and it is impossible that our progress 
 could have been equal to what it has in the face of 
 any such contingency. 
 
 The vast sum of money that labor in* iron indus- 
 tries has earned and spent in the Ignited States in 
 the last 25 years has done more than its share in 
 keeping the hat, clothing, boot and shoe, and all 
 known workmen busy. As well have they consumed 
 liberally of the farmer’s product and caused the 
 merchant and trader to wear many a smile. 
 
 Of course, Mr. Labor, we shall ask you to skip 
 the years since 1893; that was when the scorcher 
 started out and ran into everybody. He would go 
 where the people were the thickest and persisted in 
 not looking up to see what he was going to hit. A 
 few have been fortunate enough to escape without 
 a scratch and in some instances they manifest but 
 little sympathy for the large number that have had 
 bones broken. 
 
 We have faith that the bell that rings the Dingley 
 
170 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 bill in will wake Mr. Scorcher up and cause him to 
 recognize some of the rights of the people living 
 along the road. 
 
 Under the plea of an object lesson Mr. Scorcher 
 for nearly four years has impudently swaggered up 
 and down the commercial highway indicating that 
 it made but a trifling difference to him who got hit, 
 got left, or got crazy, and most of us have felt all 
 three. 
 
 We ought to be able to fix our affairs for the 
 future, Mr. Labor, so that fellow won’t have any- 
 thing to do but to pump up; make it free for him to 
 do that and allow no one to disturb him, except he 
 attempts to get back into the commercial highway 
 again. 
 
 I don’t look for him to change his mind any more 
 than I do for a runaway horse to reform; they are 
 built too much alike mentally, bound to work the 
 one gag until they break their own necks and every- 
 body else’s, too. 
 
 Labor, Quite right, Mr. Dolan; a few will never 
 change their minds; neither do we want them to. 
 Our aim is to throw daylight on them sufficient to 
 destroy their pernicious influence with the man who 
 desires to earn an honest living. We want to make 
 these questions so manifestly clear to the seller of 
 days works that he cannot fail to discover the true 
 odor of their bouquet of words, and with his scorn 
 force it to wither in their own hands. 
 
 You have shown, Mr. Dolan, that to develop the 
 product of pig iron means providing all the necessi- 
 ties of life for a great and growing multitude of 
 people, and made clear, as well, the false light that 
 that commodity has been classed in, when held up 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 171 
 
 as raw material. Everything cheaper is catchy, and 
 demagogues know they can attract the public ear, 
 'make it deaf to all else and accomplish more with 
 that cry than any other single thought or thing that 
 has ever fallen into their hands to distort. 
 
 What is there, Mr. Dolan, I ask you in pig iron 
 that can be cut down that that product may be sold 
 cheaper? 
 
 Mr, Dola7i. Pig iron can be produced and sold 
 cheaper, Mr. Labor, by reducing wages and in no 
 other way. The ore before it is moved cuts so little 
 figure that there is no use looking to that end for 
 any reduction? If the price of the fuel used could 
 be lowered it would have to be done by paying less 
 wages in getting that out, and the same conditions 
 hold good with anything else that is used in reduc- 
 ing the ore. 
 
 Labor, Then, Mr. Dolan, the only way our cheap 
 friends can have pig iron cheaper is by pinching our 
 man of toil. 
 
 Mr. Dolan. Yes, sir, Mr. Labor, I do not see any- 
 thing else to cut; the laws of trade forbid very great 
 margins in any such staple as pig iron, hence I can- 
 not believe there is much left to cut from that end, 
 and so long as the price today ranges from $\2 to 
 $16 per ton I feel safe in defying any man to find 
 anything in it to lower but the price of days works 
 in order to cheapen it. 
 
 Labor, How do you think lowering the prices in 
 pig iron compares with lowering the prices in other 
 products, Mr. Dolan? 
 
 Mr. Dolan. If it is not an article manufactured un- 
 der the protection of a patent it is all one and the 
 same thing. Of course, some products will not be 
 
172 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 sold so close as pig iron, that is, with so small a 
 margin of profit. At $12 to ^16 a ton I can hardly 
 see how there is any profit in pig iron, and yet, re- 
 cently steel rails sold for $iy and $18 a ton, and a 
 friend of mine called my attention to how cheaply 
 they could be produced. I told him if they remain- 
 ed at that price it would be at the cost of the wage 
 earner. He is a man who is always urging for 
 things cheap, and he ridiculed me for the stand I 
 took, but the very next scientific article on the sub- 
 ject showed the prices would have to go up, or 
 wages from the ore all along the line to the finished 
 rail would have to go down. 
 
 This is the case with everything, Mr. Labor. If I 
 get a suit of clothes in the regular way dirt cheap, 
 the man or woman who makes them will have to 
 work dirt cheap, and it is just the same way with 
 anything I may need or buy, and when you find a 
 man that is constantly crying for everything cheap, 
 cheap, cheap, you will find something cheap in his 
 make-up, and I will charge more than that; any man 
 v/ho is not willing to pay a profit on what he buys is 
 dishonest, and the one ultimately robbed on these 
 lines is the laborer. 
 
 There is not a wage earner in the U. S., Mr. La- 
 bor, that is not interested in fair hours and fair 
 wages, and I want to say to all working men and 
 women that cheap products, I say cheap products^ do 
 not mean to them ultimately either fair hours or fair 
 pay, and in this I include all salaried people. 
 
 The cheap or bargain counter either means inferi- 
 or goods displacing good goods, which means less 
 employment for labor in such products, or else it 
 means less pay to labor for producing the better 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 173 
 
 goods, and I am inclined to believe the latter condi- 
 tions will prevail, if the cheap counter continues to 
 prevail. 
 
 The wage earners, from the salaried person at the 
 top, down to the smallest day or weekly wage earn- 
 er known to us, Mr. Labor, have too much at stake 
 in this issue to lend it their support, but they do, 
 and they will chase the cheap counter regardless of 
 anything that may be told them. 
 
 Cheap goods,which means small pay, will cheapen 
 our country, and when any individual flatters him- 
 self that affairs will go on the same with him and he 
 will not share in such cheapening, he will live to 
 learn that he was “reckoning without his host.” 
 
 Labor, No doubt, Mr. Dolan, that whatever lowers 
 our wages cheapens our flag. It is at the top now 
 and is the magnetic pole flag of all flags, attracting 
 the mind’s eye needle of all humankind. Why? Be- 
 cause we are a high priced people, which is due 
 wholly to the high wages we pay. 
 
 Mr. Dolan. Yes, Mr. Labor. Put our compensation 
 for toil on a China level and down a crooked and um 
 certain lane we start, with our flag trailing after us. 
 I want to inquire of the profound and all-wise politi- 
 cal economist who proves that all are equally well 
 served when our ratio is at the cheapest end of the 
 line, at what other Nation’s level he desires we shall 
 rest? Would he carry us down to the man eater, or 
 where would he call a halt? 
 
 I do not desire to be understood that I think he 
 would intentionally carry us to that extreme, but 
 does not his argument head us in that direction? 
 
 We are as a whole people at the head of the list 
 today. Can this profound advocate of cheap pro- 
 
174 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 ducts, which means long hours and small pay to the 
 man of toil, claim that we reached the top through 
 any kind of cheapness or that any plan of cheapness 
 can keep us at the top? Such a claim can, to be 
 consistent, only cheapen the soul within the man 
 who makes it. I do not believe that the people of 
 this country are willing to join hands with the man 
 who argues that our flag is high enough, or that it 
 cannot go higher, or who undertakes to prove that 
 it can be put on as high a plane with ten cents as it 
 can with fifty cents. 
 
 We well know what their reply will be to this, but 
 if their answer is worth anything why cannot they 
 cite us some country that is living on such lines, of 
 which there are plenty, whose people are in any 
 sense the equal of our people? 
 
 While waiting for a procession to come along yes- 
 terday, it being a holiday, I listened to a conversa- 
 tion between two friends that to me hits the nail we 
 are driving square on the head. No. i of these two 
 friends was a protectionist, and No. 2 said he was 
 an out and out free trader. 
 
 No. I drove No. 2 into a corner, from which he 
 couldn’t extricate himself. No. 2 then, with the 
 hope to ease up on the close quarters he was in, 
 claimed he was in favor of reciprocity, etc., etc. 
 
 No. I asked his friend to what limit did he aim to 
 carry reciprocity or his swapping process? 
 
 No. 2 hadn’t quite figured out in detail to what 
 extent such trading should be indulged in, and ap- 
 peared to be slightly mixed up anyway when No. i 
 asked him: ‘‘Suppose now (calling his friend by 
 name) we had a trade on with China? How far 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 175 
 
 ei»"- * 
 
176 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 would you carry it? Would you go to the extent of 
 a rat diet deal with them?” 
 
 At that moment, Mr. Labor, the procession came 
 along, and the visit between the two friends, who 
 were both strangers to me, ended. 
 
 I do not introduce this conversation with any ill 
 will to reciprocity, for so far as it has been indulged 
 in it has been generally approved, and our only way 
 to find anything out for a certainty is through expe- 
 rience, but if it lends any color as to the quality of 
 exchange desirable with other countries it will have 
 done no harm. 
 
 I am not willing, however, that goods that we can 
 produce shall come into our market free, or with 
 nominal duties only, from a rat diet people in order 
 that a few misguided persons can have things cheap, 
 and I am free to say that I do not think it would 
 give the cheap class very much pain if everyone but 
 themselves had to live on that kind of a diet. 
 
 I want to ask, Mr. Labor, what is meant by “free 
 trader” and who it includes? 
 
 Labor, With us, as we are using the term, Mr. Do- 
 lan, it includes all persons who oppose duties that 
 will protect our toiling classes’; any who are in favor 
 of cheapening products to the extent of lowering 
 wages in anything our country can produce by a 
 tariff duty low enough to allow other countries to 
 ship manufactured goods, or products from the soil 
 into our market to displace our own. This school 
 is opposed to any sentiment that allows our money 
 to go to other countries for goods that we can sup- 
 ply and thus keep the money at home, and, Mr. 
 Dolan, for convenience sake we will allow the term 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 177 
 
1/8 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 free trader ” to cover these classes, including the 
 tariff-for-revenue man and all. 
 
 Foreign goods on an even basis as to price will 
 take a share of our market, which means fewer days 
 works for our own folks, and taking our money 
 away. Any preference from one per cent, on down in 
 price means a still greater share of our market. We 
 are opposed to all this and to tariff duties that will 
 permit it, and shall call all who indorse such low 
 duties “free traders.” Will you, Mr. Dolan, kindly 
 tell us something about the labor that goes into 
 completed iron products? 
 
 Mr, Dola?!. Days works, Mr. Labor, go into iron 
 products in the same ratio that they went into pig 
 iron. Of course, in constructing a railroad loco- 
 motive a vast amount of machinery is used, but it 
 never takes care of itself, and, too, it was days works 
 that manufactured the machinery, and it is the hands 
 of toil that made the drills, planes and tools, and 
 that will make them over again as fast as they wear 
 out. 
 
 It is plain enough, if you take the labor out of a 
 locomotive all you will have left will be raw iron 
 ore, and the ore of other metals used in the con- 
 struction just as they were found in the earth, to- 
 gether with a small amount of wood or timber back 
 in the tree, the estimated value of all which could 
 not be over twenty-five or fifty dollars, and possibly 
 not more than ten dollars, although the locomotive 
 when completed may have cost ten thousand dollars. 
 
 The paint and gold leaf used in ornamenting when 
 followed back to the starting point will be found to 
 have contained no value worth mentioning. All the 
 nickel, solid silver and gold used cost for days 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 179 
 
 works, and is due to days works paid for presumably 
 at their full value. It is the same with a freight car. 
 Put the trucks and all the iron of which it is com- 
 posed, and the wood and timber back into the earth 
 and tree, and what are they worth? 
 
 A railroad coach may cost from one thousand to 
 twenty thousand dollars to build, owing to the finish, 
 and if the latter figure it will if traced back be found 
 of but very little value except as it has been touched 
 by the hand of the workingman. All the art and 
 finery that can be added to it will be labor paid for 
 by the hour, day, week or month. Not a drapery or 
 a thing can go in that is not itself the child of toil. 
 
 I have worked in the manufacture of structural 
 iron, and I want to ask, Mr. Labor, how many 
 people when looking at it in service trace it back to 
 its raw state in the earth, or undertake to measure 
 the days works it represents? Suppose it is the iron 
 frame work of a fire proof building. Do you think 
 any man who had been told what it cost to put it 
 there would stop to think that nearly every penny of 
 that money had been paid out to our American citi- 
 zens for days works? Carry this on to the stone and 
 brick work. We all understand what bricks are made 
 of. We have to put a brick block back into the clay 
 in the earth to find its raw material. When we do 
 that and send the metal it contains out of it back to 
 where the workman’s pick first came in contact with 
 it, and the lumber and timber used back to the tree 
 that the lumber workman’s axe first hit, what have 
 we that is of any great value to begin with, even 
 though the block or building when completed has 
 cost one million dollars? It has even cost money 
 
i8o Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 for days works to bring forth a hole in the ground 
 to serve as a basement or cellar, 
 
 I do not believe, Mr. Labor, that all that goes into 
 a building that absolutely cost one million dollars 
 to construct when sent back to its original state 
 prior to having received any touch of the '‘hands of 
 toil,'' was worth five hundred dollars. This is a plain 
 and easy case; we can all see it and recognize that 
 it is made up of days works and virtually, with the 
 exception of the value of the land on which it rests, 
 it was all days labor. We cannot see so plainly, Mr. 
 Labor, and distinguish so accurately in many of our 
 other products the share that lator performed, but it 
 is just as surely and just as truly there. I defy the 
 man at the moment he hears this to look at or lay 
 his hands on a single thing within his reach that 
 nine-tenths of its cost is not days works. 
 
 Prof. Gillette, a writer on Political Economy, and 
 inclined to low tariff, interrupts and says: 
 
 Mr. Labor, I want to ask Mr. Dolan where the 
 contractor's profit is in the million dollar building 
 he has referred to? 
 
 Another gentleman, whose face had become 
 familiar to the class, who gave his name as Cole, 
 was on his feet in a moment and asked the privilege 
 of answering the question. 
 
 Labor What is your line of business, Mr. Cole? 
 
 Mr, Cole, I am a contractor in the construction of 
 buildings of all classes, including frame, ordinary 
 brick, and fire proof. 
 
 Mr, Dolan, I hope, Mr. Labor, you will permit the 
 gentleman to answer the question, as he can do it 
 from the standpoint of experience. 
 
 Labor, You can have the floor, Mr. Cole. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 8i 
 
 Mr. Cole. I have been in the contracting business 
 for twenty years, Mr. Labor, and I can say to Prof. 
 Gillette that in figuring up the other day I found I 
 had in that twenty years completed all told a trifle 
 over twenty-seven million dollars worth of contracts, 
 and I had made some money. I made an estimate, 
 too, of what my money would have brought me if I 
 had placed it on interest when I began taking con- 
 tracts, and had continued working at my trade for 
 days wages for my support, and I learned that had I 
 followed this latter course the capital I began with 
 would have increased more than double what it did 
 in the contracting business. 
 
 Prof. Gillette. Possibly, Mr. Cole, you have lost 
 money in speculation? 
 
 Mr. Cole. I never chanced a dollar in speculation 
 in my life. Professor, and I have not spent any of 
 my money for liquor or extravagant living. 
 
 Prof. Gillette. How do you account, then, for not 
 making more money, Mr. Cole; many contractors 
 have gotten rich? 
 
 Mr. Cole. It is true, a few have been successful, 
 but I presume their riches are due to fortunate 
 speculation more than to their contracting. You 
 show me. Prof. Gillette, one contractor that has 
 grown rich, and I will show you 25 that have gone 
 broke. The man that has gotten rich is remembered 
 and cited while those who have been broke for 
 years are forgotten. 
 
 I have the reputation of being a very careful 
 estimator of contracts. Professor, but in looking 
 over the contracts I have done I find that on about 
 one-third of them I lost a little money. On about 
 
i82 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 one- third I came out even; on the other one-third I 
 made what small amounts I am ahead. 
 
 Prof. Gillette. I am astonished, Mr. Cole, at what 
 you say; I supposed all contractors eventually be- 
 came wealthy. I fear your failing to make from one 
 to three million dollars on twenty-seven million 
 dollars worth of contracts in 20 years is due to some 
 fault within yourself that you have failed to discover. 
 
 Mr. Cole. The trouble with you authors, on comic 
 — I mean economic — questions. Prof. Gillette, is, 
 you rarely discover any of the true inwardness and 
 practical features of anything. I am confident you 
 would undertake to advise how contracts should be 
 estimated as soon as anything else you would at- 
 tempt to write about. 
 
 Prof. Gillette. Manifestly, Mr. Cole, it all looks 
 plain enough; I cannot see anything intricate in it. 
 
 Mr, Cole. That is what I say; you, of course, un- 
 derstand the whole thing without ever having come 
 in touch with any of it. You are so well up on 
 everything. Professor, you ought to be able to tell 
 me how to estimate on a building that would cost 
 two hundred thousand dollars to build. 
 
 Prof. Gillette. If I were a contractor I would ex- 
 pect to be posted on all kinds of material as to 
 quantity required, prices, etc., and as to the price of 
 labor; are they not the chief features, Mr. Cole? 
 
 Mr. Cole. Yes; go on. 
 
 Prof. Gillette. Well, if I knew the amount of the 
 material and the price of it, and the amount of days 
 works required, and the cost per day, couldn't I tell 
 what I could do the work for? 
 
 Mr. Cole. Yes, if you hiew that you could. If, 
 Professor, you had 21 acres of land to plow and you 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 183 
 
 had one team that you could plow an acre and a half 
 a day with, how many days could you agree to plow 
 it in with a given price fixed? 
 
 Prof. Gillette. That is easy; if it did not rain I 
 could agree to plow it in fourteen days, and it would 
 be easy enough to make a price. 
 
 Mr. Cole. Ah, if it did not rain! You will admit 
 right now. Prof. Gillette, you would have to make a 
 guess on just how long you would be plowing that 
 21 acres of ground; at least, how many days you 
 might spoil doing it. It is possible that you would 
 use as much time going from the barn to the field 
 between showers as you would in plowing, leaving 
 out the probability of the land being too wet a part 
 of the time, and of a sick horse, broken harness or 
 plow, etc. You see. Prof. Gillette, you are not smart 
 enough to make a close estimate on the simple 
 proposition of plowing 21 acres of ground. Then 
 what do you think of a man trying to estimate the 
 exact number of days works in a two hundred 
 thousand dollar building? You can see at once that 
 the days works will largely have to be a guess, and 
 that accuracy in an affair of this kind is utterly 
 beyond the power of any living man. 
 
 Prof. Gillette. Shouldn’t experience enable you to 
 guess very closely? 
 
 Mr. Cole. Can experience enable you. Professor, 
 to guess how many days it will rain out of any given 
 fourteen days in order that you may plough? 
 
 Prof. Gillette. I cannot claim that it would, but 
 there is a general average in all affairs that it is quite 
 3afe to base our calculations on. 
 
 Mr. Cole. Very true, and in that general average 
 there may be several years of life due me yet, and 
 
i84 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 thus calculate that I will be here tomorrow, but ill- 
 ness of myself or family, or worse than that, may 
 keep me away. So may a tornado level to the 
 ground a nearly completed wall that it would require 
 more days works to clear the debris away than it 
 took to originally build the wall, and a thousand 
 lesser things that it is worse than guess work to at- 
 tempt to strike an average on in estimating work. 
 I heard a reliable contractor say once that if his 
 workmen would do him a full day’s work each day, 
 and not soldier on him, he would defy any man on 
 earth to compete with him. Can you. Professor, 
 recommend an average or a cure for this feature, or 
 will you concede from the start that it is an un- 
 known quantity? 
 
 I will admit. Prof. Gillette, that you can make due 
 allowance for all these contingencies, but when you 
 do, your reward will be no contracts. Your compet- 
 itors’ estimates and bids will be so far below you 
 that your best friends will turn you down. So, you 
 see, if youwill,\hdX estimated days works in any con- 
 tract, either large or small, can by the most compe- 
 tent man that can be found be nothing less than 
 guess work. Like excavating for a basement being 
 all days works, so days works enter largely into the 
 construction of any building and become one of the 
 chief features, and the chief feature of risk that will 
 prevail while time lasts, except we advance to that 
 stage of perfection that v/e have regulated compe- 
 tition. The war cry today, though, is open compe- 
 tition, and our streets, roads and lanes are at this 
 moment strewn with the financially mangled and 
 distorted victims of that cry. Victims, too, that in 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 85 
 
 numbers go a long way towards making up the mass 
 of our people. 
 
 There is proof in my line which can safely be ap- 
 plied to all industries and all branches of business 
 that home competition will always take care of 
 prices and keep them low enough on our own pro- 
 ducts, in our own markets, regardless of any other 
 country. Although other nations may ship building 
 m.aterial into our country, no one attempts to ship a 
 ready-made building in, but at times, I think. Prof. 
 Gillette, some of you free traders would try it on if 
 you could see your way clear to accomplish such a 
 feat, and the talk you people frequently make leads 
 me to believe you would bring in farms already 
 stocked and equipped if you could. 
 
 Prof, Gillette. We political economists think and 
 write from the point, Mr. Cole, of benefiting the 
 whole world. We do not select any particular acre 
 to the exclusion of all else. 
 
 Mr. Cole. Then if you had a sample acre that was 
 far superior to all the rest that was serving as a great 
 and valuable example, you would consign it to the 
 whole pile and allow it to be lost, would you? I 
 defy you. Prof. Gillette, to show that the people of 
 any other country as a whole can equal the citizens 
 of our country as a whole in distinguished excel- 
 lence. 
 
 I defy you to show that this dignity of rank is not 
 due more to the high wages we pay than to all other 
 features combined. I defy you to prove that our 
 people have not been the inspiration that has led, 
 and is leading, other countries to pay better wages 
 and to recognize that their workmen can distinguish 
 pleasure from pain, comfort from want, and peace 
 
i86 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 from agony. I do not believe, Prof. Gillette, that 
 you would intentionally do a thing that would lessen 
 our influence in elevating nations and people living 
 in a lower social and moral strata, but do you not 
 diminish our strength as a magnet in lifting them to 
 a higher plane the moment you start us in their 
 direction? 
 
 I shall urge that we continue to improve our diet, 
 rather than to attempt to adjust ourselves to any less 
 wholesome. I arose, Mr. Labor, because I felt con- 
 fident it would require some actual experience to 
 answer Prof. Gillette’s question as to the profits to 
 the contractor in a building costing ^1,000,000. It is 
 quite indellibly stamped on the minds of the people 
 that contractors invariably grow rich. We are prone 
 to forget the large number who fail and drop out. 
 
 Usually there are a great many contractors in a 
 building costing ;^i,ooo,coo aside from the general 
 contractor. The steam heater, the plumber and the 
 decorator are the chief ones. It must be remem- 
 bered, however, that the material they use is only 
 products of labor, and they buy days works to install 
 it, and the few among them who retire with a com- 
 petency, together with a large number who are un- 
 fortunate, indicates that there is nearer a bare living 
 in their business than that there is very much 
 wealth in it. 
 
 I would be willing to guarantee that there are 
 more buildings erected where the days wages that 
 go into the material and into the building absorb 
 more than ninety per cent, of the total cost than 
 there are that absorb less than that. 
 
 This estimate is on net profits, and we have no net 
 profits until everybody, including the manufacture 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 187 
 
 of material, the superintendent, foremen and clerks, 
 together with the contractors, have been paid. The 
 wholesaler and his help, the contractor and his help, 
 all these are working in their line, which belongs 
 in the cost of any goods and should be paid for, but 
 there is such a lack of it being paid that statistics 
 show, as has already been referred to here, that 95 
 per cent, of our business men fail to succeed. 
 
 My talk, Mr. Labor, has been with the view of 
 helping you to hold to and maintain that nine-tenths 
 of everything is labor, and that when you make a 
 purchase that nine-tenths of the purchase money 
 has gone to labor. This holds good with a frame 
 building costing ^500, $5,000 or $50,000, and I have 
 come to the conclusion that there is but very little 
 on earth that it fails to hold good in. I am a pur- 
 chaser of days works and have been for twenty 
 years. I am diametrically opposed to low wages, or 
 any who approve of low wages. I expect now to 
 remain a contractor the balance of my life. I do not 
 know any other business, and I know enough to 
 know that idle workmen and low wages mean small 
 amounts of money in circulation, which, all told, 
 mean fewer contracts and less of any and all kinds 
 of business transactions. I thank you and the class 
 for your attention, Mr. Labor. 
 
 Labor. Your talk has been very interesting, Mr. 
 Cole, and I take the liberty to return you the thanks 
 of the class as well as my own. 
 
 Mr. Cole. You are very kind, Mr. Labor, but I 
 hope that neither you nor the gentlemen present 
 will gather, that I have in a partial sense even, cov- 
 ered the ground in which flourish so abundantly the 
 bitter weeds that the contractor so regularly finds in 
 
i88 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 his rations. To do that would take too much time, 
 and it would be foreign to the question of how far 
 the laboring man’s days works enter into all 
 products. 
 
 Labor. I hope, Mr. Cole, that the future may 
 offer an occasion for you to tell it all, and possibly 
 it will. Mr. Dolan, you may proceed now. 
 
 Mr. Dolan. I am very glad Mr. Cole relieved me 
 at the time he did, and I wish I could convey to 
 him how cordially I thank him. I have threatened 
 at times to become a contractor in a small way my- 
 self; it all looked so easy. I fear if I had, though, I 
 would have ended as one of the forgotten ones 
 mentioned. We men who work by the day or week, 
 Mr. Labor, are as a rule very jealous of the man in 
 business. It always looks to us like his is a rosy 
 time with no toil and but little if any annoyance in 
 it. How natural it is, too, that we should grow to 
 the belief that were we in business it would be im- 
 possible that we could be numbered among the 95 
 per cent, that fail to succeed. We had quite a dis- 
 cussion in our union at one time relative to men in 
 business and, of course, they came in for a large 
 share of abuse. I suppose that the case was some- 
 what aggravated by the fact that the whole union 
 were working for one and the same man, who was 
 considered something of a hard master. I had but 
 little to say at the outset, but before it ended I was 
 in it up to my eyes. At one time they were appar- 
 ently all on top of me, but before we adjourned I 
 got an unanimous vote that no matter how mean or 
 ugly he was, that to us he was of the greatest utility; 
 hence, if an evil, a necessary one. 
 
 I listened to them storming at him from every 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 189 
 
 conceivable nature that a man might possess and that 
 anybody could learn to oppose, or find fault with, 
 until the debate, because of but one side to it, began 
 to lag. When, as much for jest as anything, I sug- 
 gested that I did not think him such a terrible 
 man. You should have seen the disturbance I 
 kicked up, Mr. Labor. It took the chairman five 
 minutes to restore order. While the uproar lasted I 
 did a heap of thinking, and it seemed my thoughts 
 never came so fast. I knew I was in for it, and de- 
 clared to myself I would fight it out. 
 
 When they became quiet again they demanded I 
 should give some reason for defending him. 
 
 I told them I would if they would agree to listen 
 attentively until I had finished, to which they all 
 consented. I asked first that all who had worked 
 for him twenty years to stand up, and fully half of 
 them arose to their feet. Then I asked for those 
 who had worked for him fifteen years to stand, and 
 a large number arose. Then, those ten and five 
 years likewise. 
 
 I asked them that all who had had steady employ- 
 ment when their health would permit and they chose 
 to work to rise. And they all stood up except one 
 man. I asked what had been the trouble with him, 
 and he said he had lost time on several occasions 
 when they had shut down for repairs. 
 
 They all gave him the laugh, and it was fortunate 
 it happened, for it left them in a more mirthful 
 mood. 
 
 Labor. Did this happen recently, Mr. Dolan? 
 
 Mr. Dolan. Oh, no, Mr. Labor; this happened 
 prior to 1893. 
 
 Labor All right, then, go ahead. 
 
igo Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 Mr. Dola7i. I asked them then who arranged the 
 scale of wages they were getting, and they all spoke 
 at once, saying they did it themselves. I asked 
 them then who regulated their hours of work; and 
 they all repeated again that they did it themselves. 
 And this naughty man you have been talking about 
 submitted to it all? And laughingly they admitted 
 he had. ‘‘Why, then, do you call him such names?” 
 
 One of the men spoke up and said he guessed it 
 was a habit they had fallen into. I told him I 
 thought it was, and that I thought it was a bad 
 habit. I reminded them that, all told, there were 
 2,000 of us in the employ of this bad man. (Mind 
 you, Mr. Labor, I had only been working for him 
 some three years myself, hence I was presuming 
 considerably to undertake the job of talk such as I 
 was indulging in.) And I asked them if they thought 
 it would be to our interest should he go out of busi- 
 ness, or in some manner be removed. The answer 
 was that undoubtedly some man more liberal and in 
 every way better would take his place. I asked them 
 if there was not a large problem containing much 
 uncertainty in that. I admitted more congenial men 
 could be found to undertake to fill his place, and plenty 
 of them, but added that I thought the hazard to us 
 was too great to justify us in inviting it. I cited that if 
 we were people of means we could perhaps afford to 
 take such a risk, but that chances of such a character, 
 when days works to sell was practically all the capi- 
 tal we could command, were channels that all pru- 
 dent men would avoid, and that it was my belief 
 that the successfully wise in the past had been those 
 who opposed and repudiated such sentiments. 
 
 A member of the union asked if we should make 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. iqi 
 
 a mistake, if we could not sell our days works to 
 some other employer? “You include in that the 
 possibility of the whole two thousand of us, repre- 
 senting ten thousand people (including our famil- 
 ies) pulling up and moving?” “Yes,” he said, “if 
 necessary.” “If we were to do that,” I said, “un- 
 doubtedly a few of us would be idle for some time, 
 which in the aggregate would amount to a great 
 loss. Should we move, and it only cost ^lo to each 
 family, it would amount in total to $20,000. We 
 would be certain to lose at the least $10 each by 
 having on hand a few unsold days works, which 
 would be ^20,000 more, making ^40,000 the worst 
 of it. This is putting it at the minimum, which no 
 one is justified in doing, I do not believe it a crazy 
 estimate to claim that all told we would be ^150,000 
 out of pocket before we were all settled again.” I 
 asked them why we did not study these questions 
 and our true interests closer, rather than allow a 
 blind prejudice to lead us around. 
 
 I told them that I did not believe men were 
 plenty who could successfully handle such large 
 enterprises as the man we were finding so much fault 
 with had his. I asked them, Mr. Labor, how many 
 of us 2,000 sellers of days works they thought there 
 were who could manage such a business as our em- 
 ployer had successfully? One of the men said he 
 thought there were plenty of us who could. I in- 
 quired if it fell to him what he would do first? He 
 said he would arrange it so all the men would have 
 a good time themselves. One of the other miem- 
 bers replied: “Yes, you would fix it so that in a 
 few weeks we would have all our time to ourselves,'" 
 and added, “ I guess we have been fooling with the 
 
ig 2 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 buzz saw and didn’t know it.” I told him I thought 
 his answer very appropriate, and made the claim 
 that I didn’t believe there was . a man among us who 
 could handle affairs of such magnitude a year and 
 not be tied up; having ruined all resources, discipline 
 and everything else. 
 
 One of the boys wanted to know if I didn’t think 
 I could run it? I told him if I should undertake to 
 run a candy shop in two months the children would 
 have eaten all the candy, I would be broke, owe 
 for rent, and be out of business. I urged upon them 
 that I was not discussing this question from the nar- 
 row limits of our special case, and our special inter- 
 ests. I reminded them that the field was so broad 
 that it was without limit, and that there was a prin- 
 ciple involved that went home to all the world. I 
 cited to them that it would be impossible that our 
 2,000, together with all other working men, running 
 up into the millions of people, could be principals 
 in business. 
 
 Kind Providence did not ordain the world that 
 way. He is too wise to have had a moment’s thought 
 that it could be so. I said: You know, and I know, 
 that all nature’s laws forbid it, and added that we 
 might as well undertake to scoff at, and repel death, 
 as to attempt to successfully change those laws. 
 We can modify hardships, and have, and we cannot 
 find a human being today, including our employers, 
 who has not ultimately, and cheerfully, too, granted ^ 
 his approval. When we ask for the whole earth, ap- 
 proval is not due us and we should not look for it. 
 
 I told them that I had an abiding faith in a just 
 and overruling Providence who had planned for us 
 wisely, and that he was molding us into ways that 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School 
 
 193 
 
 were best for us just as fast as our development pre- 
 pared us to receive and utilize them properly. How 
 many have we known, and can we read of, who 
 proved great officers in an army, but were unfortu- 
 nate in nearly everything else they ever undertook? 
 
 Does not this single feature, more than any other 
 given one, admonish us that there is a man compe- 
 petently moulded to fill every important niche in 
 life? Will you charge me then, with an indiscreet 
 endorsement of Deity when I attest my belief that 
 men have been, and are, endowed with special and 
 specific gifts and faculties to successfully manipulate, 
 govern and direct large commercial enterprises? 
 Whether this belief be well founded or not, none of 
 you can dispute the fact that we meet but few who 
 have the required sagacity to dispose of extensive 
 business affairs profitably. 
 
 What have we here in our own case? Here is a 
 man that you all cordially dislike, yet he is main- 
 taining himself and an expensive family and us 
 2,000 workmen and our families. Can any of you 
 claim that he has not some special faculties to do 
 all this? 
 
 I cannot see how we could afford to take any 
 chances in making a trade. You say his avarice and 
 greediness for gain cause you to dislike him. Why 
 not see that that quality is one of the requisites to 
 go hand in hand with other special gifts in his make 
 up, whereby he is feeding, clothing and providing 
 for 10,000 of us? You cannot dispute that he fur- 
 nishes the money to take care of our families as well 
 as us. He buys all we have to sell, and pays us as 
 much as we could get for it of anyone else. What 
 should we care though he is mean enough to crowd 
 
194 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 when he sleeps alone, so long as he does not ask 
 that we shall share our beds with him? He serves 
 our purpose and he does not undertake to change 
 the usual scale of wages, or the popular hours of 
 work. And he couldn’t change them if he should 
 attempt it. 
 
 Even though he does not intend it, he is our best 
 friend so long as he remains our best customer. 
 Wherever, in my opinion, we protect and defend 
 him with the view of his lasting as long as possible, 
 we are helping ourselves. Nearly all other employ- 
 ers, no doubt, are better disposed toward their work- 
 men than he, but they truly cannot treat them 
 very much better than we compel him to treat us. 
 
 I told them, Mr. Labor, that I was in hopes that 
 they caught my [motives in talking as I had, which 
 was to study our own best interests, rather than be 
 led around by our prejudices. It was easy to prove 
 to them that this man worked harder than any of 
 us; he was always on a hop, skip and a jump, and I 
 don’t believe he ever sleeps. I reminded the men of 
 all these facts, which they had all noted, and told 
 them that we all took more comfort than he did. 
 When he had to reduce his forces early in 1893 
 I was thrown out, being one of the newer men, but 
 then they nearly all went. The object lesson didn’t 
 miss the iron industries any more than it did any- 
 thing else. One large firm reduced its force from 
 the mines to the finished product some 9,000 men. 
 This one act, by one firm, took over $20,000 a day 
 out of circulation, amounting in one year to over 
 $6,000,000. 
 
 I wish, Mr. Labor, we men who have only days 
 works to sell had understood the tariff question 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 195 
 
 more clearly in 1892, but, then, it may be better as it 
 is; we know it now because we have felt it. 
 
 I feel confident that the Dingley bill will become 
 a law, and in a short time after I look for everything 
 to pick up so that we shall all find a market again. 
 How do you think a man looks to me now, Mr. 
 Labor, who undertakes to tell me that a protective 
 tariff is for the benefit of the manufacturer only, and 
 tries to convince me that I am opposing my own 
 interests when I vote that ticket? See the 2,000 men 
 that were reduced to 600 by the iron manufacturer I 
 have just been tellingyou about. Can I think that the 
 1,400 of us that were laid off were not interested in a 
 protective tariff; yes, and five times that number, 
 when you include our families? i\ll defenders of 
 free trade or low duties can talk to someone else 
 after this. Groversville has settled all that question 
 with me, and shown so distinctly why and how 
 money went out of circulation that it will be a waste 
 of time for them to sing me any more of their songs. 
 They talk, too, about foreign markets for our manu- 
 factured goods. Why, foreign markets take a little 
 less than one-fiftieth of what we manufacture, and 
 on top of that they only took one-seventh of our 
 breadstuff in 1895, fhe same year less than one- 
 eighth of our provisions. This last, too, is estimating 
 our hogs, cattle and sheep before they were slaugh- 
 tered, cured and packed. Add this last expense to 
 the value of the product and foreign countries could 
 not have taken more than one-tenth of our provis- 
 ions. I think, Mr. Labor, we would better look 
 after our own market, which we can increase if we 
 will look after it, and not join the free traders in 
 giving it away. 
 
96 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 One other phase of the tariff question interests 
 me very deeply, Mr. Labor. I frequently read in 
 the daily papers that the duty on a given article is a 
 hardship on the farmers, and some other article on 
 some other class, and that those particular people 
 have to pay the tax. I want to ask the authors of 
 such talk, if the duty on any commodity is low 
 enough to let that particular product into our mar- 
 ket, to the extent of causing me to lose the sale of 
 fifty days’ work each year at $3 a day, amounting to 
 ^150, what it can be called other than a tax on me 
 for the sum of ^150? Suppose the number of men 
 affected in a like manner amounts to 100,000. The 
 sum of the tax then on the total 100,000 working 
 men is ^15,000,000. I claim this is a hardship on the 
 sellers of days works, and is asking him to pay at 
 least ten times more tax than should be required of 
 him. 
 
 The results are the same, no matter what product 
 it is. Therefore, to illustrate fully the stand I take, 
 we will call it structural iron. If 100,000 of us lose 
 fifty days each year in that industry, amounting to 
 ;^I5,000,000, won’t there be just as much loss to other 
 wage earners transforming the ore into pig iron? 
 This proposition cannot be successfully disputed, I 
 care not what the goods are, provided it is any 
 manufactured and completed product wherein the 
 material cannot be advanced a step farther. This 
 brings the loss to labor in our illustration up to 
 $30,000,000. Prof. Gillette and other writers on 
 political economy may be able to figure out on paper 
 how the farmer and some other classes can be bene- 
 fited by such a process, but before I can accept their 
 solution of it I shall have to come in touch with it 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 197 
 
 in a realistic sense. The slight contact we have ex- 
 perienced the past four years with that sort of ma- 
 nipulation has let the tail board out of their wagon 
 and spilled some of their fruit. There is a grand 
 opportunity now for such preachers to turn in and try 
 to do as much good in the future as they have harm in 
 the past. If they will do as much to raise our high 
 standard higher, as they have done to pull it lower, 
 they will be following in lines that will elevate the 
 world’s standard, for, as Mr. Cole has truly said, we 
 are up to date, while not perfect, the shining model, 
 pattern and example for all mankind. 
 
 Think, Mr. Labor, of the farmer and other classes 
 as we have illustrated being benefited by thirty 
 million fewer dollars in circulation; not only not in 
 circulation but it has been sent out of our country, 
 and, as has been so many times said, to stay out. 
 Why don’t such people argue that we send all our 
 money away and thus do the greatest possible good 
 to any number except our own? I presume for fear 
 we might fall short in doing good, it would be well 
 to send our clothes and other effects along with the 
 money. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 198 
 
 LESSON X. 
 
 Mr. Labor, my name is Maxwell. I am a traveling 
 salesman. With your permission, Mr. Labor, I shall 
 be pleased to relate a circunistance that holds some 
 points not altogether foreign to the questions you 
 are discussing here. 
 
 The above was volunteered by a gentleman who 
 up to the time he attracted Labor’s attention had 
 remained a quiet observer. 
 
 Labor. Very good, Mr. Maxwell; we shall listen to 
 you with pleasure. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. I want, Mr. Labor, to call the classes’ 
 attention to the inconsistency of a retailer in station- 
 ery goods, behind his own counter a few days ago; 
 he is a rank free trader, and the case is a very 
 lucid one. The transaction had with him, to which 
 I intend to refer, was not less than a search light of 
 the greatest power possible, penetrating and expos- 
 ing to ridicule the very bowels of the question he 
 cited. 
 
 It has been a part of the free traders’ war cry for 
 years that American goods are retailed in foreign 
 countries cheaper than in our own, and thus they 
 charge that our manufacturer exacts a robber profit 
 at home, and this was the question the free trade 
 dealer brought up. 
 
 I had purchased of him a pencil block of soft paper 
 of one hundred sheets, for which he charged me ten 
 cents. I was familiar enough with what I was buying 
 to know that he was taking from me three cents for 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 199 
 
 every one he had invested, to all of which I made 
 no complaint, for .he requires about that kind of 
 profit on what I was purchasing to maintain his 
 establishment, when dealt out in single packages as’ 
 was the case with me, and I would be a fool on gen- 
 eral principles to want to see the man fail, and a 
 special fool in this instance, for his store was a very 
 great convenience to those located near it, and in 
 nine cases out of ten, time being money, it was 
 economy to buy there. We will drop all these 
 questions, Mr. Labor, and look at the man, great, 
 broad and illustrious with only one side to him, and 
 his heart and sense in the side that didn’t count; he 
 was willing to take all kinds of profits himself, but 
 if left to his own sweet will he would force others 
 to do without any such relish, especially on what he 
 had to purchase for his own use. 
 
 To be sure I was making no mistake as to the cost 
 of the block of paper, I took it to a house in the 
 same line a few blocks away, and submitted the 
 whole question to a particular friend who examined 
 the manufacturer’s list and fully confirmed my con- 
 victions and showed me that the blocks sold for 
 thirty cents per dozen, 2^ cents each. 
 
 Do you think, Mr. Labor, that in Germany, France, 
 England or any other country they would think of 
 asking more than five cents for such a block of 
 paper, and wouldn’t the seller look a little shy out 
 of the other eye when he even asked five cents for it? 
 
 No, Mr. Labor, they all work for less money in 
 other countries, the retailer as well as the menhanic 
 and common laborer, and when they take our goods 
 to their own country after paying our manufacturers 
 the same price our retailers pay them, they only add 
 
200 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 about one-third the profit our retailers do, and when 
 our people are touring around those countries and 
 find American goods offered at less price than they 
 can buy them at home, they wonder and grunt with" 
 out trying to seek out the reasons why, and come 
 home singing the beauties of free trade countries, 
 ignoring the fact that in nine cases out of ten it was 
 due to the better profits of the business they had 
 followed themselves, or the better salaries gotten in 
 this country that had provided them means to go 
 abroad at all. Think of an ordinary business man 
 or salaried man of foreign countries traveling our 
 country over. How much do we see of it? 
 
 We all know of plenty of ordinary business men 
 of this country taking their whole families to Europe, 
 and spending an entire season, and in a year or two 
 go again, and keep repeating until the briny deep 
 becomes as familiar to them as it is to an old tar. 
 
 A fever manifestly overtakes them to spend their 
 money in other lands, fearing, no doubt, that should 
 they distribute it too lavishly about home it would 
 do too much good. When Americans are visiting 
 foreign countries and find our goods selling so 
 cheaply there they could in a manner benefit their • 
 own country by purchasing and bringing the goods 
 home with them. To say the least, they would be 
 patronizing American labor if they were at the same 
 time turning the American dealer down, and that 
 would be preferable by far to the purchase of foreign 
 goods and thus support the foreign laborer and deal- 
 er both. It is but few American manufactured goods 
 that are found in foreign countries at best, and so 
 long as the total amount remains below two per 
 cent, of our output it matters but very little so far 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 201 
 
 as portraying any business principles as to prices in 
 our own country what such goods sell for in other 
 countries. 
 
 An American physician sojourning in other lands 
 might visit a patient charging only ten cents a call, 
 and in doing so not in any manner violate medical 
 ethics at home; likewise a manufacturer in our own 
 country might have sold to his regular customers in 
 the United States 95 per cent, of his product, but to 
 meet all his obligations he needs to sell the remain- 
 ing five per cent. To offer the goods at a cut rate 
 to the distributor in his own home market, which 
 means a cut by the latter to gain prestige and new 
 customers, results in a general disturbance of prices, 
 which materially affects and offends nearly all his 
 trade, a thing a sagacious business man is slow to do. 
 He can, however, make any price he sees fit to 
 bridge over, meet his obligations and maintain his 
 credit on the same remnant to go to foreign coun- 
 tries and not in any sense interfere with true domes- 
 tic business methods and business interests. This 
 process, while it paves the way to further lowering 
 of prices on our goods abroad, is in every particular 
 legitimate, and mechanics and laborers have an in- 
 direct interest in such transactions nearly equal to 
 and with the party making them, for it is very clear 
 they will fail next year to sell their employer such 
 parts of their labor as he carries over from this year. 
 And they are likewise interested in his retaining his 
 financial strength and maintaining his credit. This 
 is another axe with two blades to it, Mr. Labor, and 
 a reason why in order that we can have our own 
 market to sell our own labor in, we need and require 
 a protective tariff. We can not afford to leave our 
 
202 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 gates open for the foreign manufacturer to do this 
 very same thing to us, and when the waste trader 
 charges that such a policy drives the foreign buyer 
 into a spirit of retaliation and that he will not have 
 our goods if he can avoid it, I want to answer that 
 such is the very spirit Mr. Foreigner is living in to- 
 day; he buys of us just what he has to have, and 
 nothing more, and all the free trade we could pos- 
 sibly indulge him in would fail to induce any fur- 
 ther concessions. It should be kept in mind, Mr. 
 Labor, that when we are discussing foreign compet- 
 ition in manufactured goods we do not include our 
 American neighbors, except Canada, and should be 
 further remembered in this special instance that we 
 are talking from the standpoint of 95 cents home 
 market to five cents foreign market, which again is 
 misleading. A reader might gather from this case 
 that five cents worth of every dollar of our manu- 
 factured goods go abroad, which is not true. It is 
 not quite two cents out of each dollar’s worth that 
 is not consumed in our own country, and it is for 
 this reason, Mr. Workingman, that we want outsiders 
 to keep their hands off our market, and want you 
 and me to have first chance to sell on our own cor- 
 ners just what, and all we have to sell, i. e., the days 
 works that are in us. 
 
 I was talking, Mr. Labor, about a manufacturer 
 under certain conditions cutting prices on five per 
 cent, of his product to foreign countries; some critic 
 might make use of that and claim that I admitted 
 that many of our manufacturers sell five per cent, of 
 their product abroad. I do not admit any such 
 thing; if any waste trader will show me a single 
 manufacturer who ships five per cent, of his product 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 203 
 
 to foreign countries regularly, I will show him 1,000 
 manufacturers, large and small, who don’t ship a 
 thing away from home. Let a brother workman ask 
 the man who employs him how much he ships 
 abroad, and when he tells you not a thing, go out 
 and ask other manufacturers what they ship, and 
 learn how long it will be before you find anyone 
 who has any foreign patronage, and see if your own 
 investigation doesn’t cause something to nudge you 
 in the side and say, — old man, all my days works are 
 used up here in the United States, why in the name 
 of fairness do I want some Italian in Italy, some 
 German in Germany, some Englishman in England, 
 some Frenchman in France, or anybody in any 
 other country to ship his days works here and sell 
 them, take our money to his own country and have a 
 good time with it, and I keep my days works, go 
 hungry, do without money and have no kind of time 
 at all? 
 
 No, Mr. Labor, our goods cheaper in foreign 
 countries than at home do not signify a living proof 
 of anything. What other countries take chiefly of 
 us is breadstuffs and provisions. Suppose a wealthy 
 firm in London should say to some given owner of 
 a large milling interest in this country: “We in Lon- 
 don will take your whole product of flour and allow 
 you ten per cent, net profit on it, you to cut out all 
 expenses of traveling salesmen, advertising, &c.” 
 Such an arrangement would enable the London 
 tradesman to retail flour cheaper in London than it 
 can be sold for in this country, because all his ex- 
 penses are less, and a party might be able to cite 
 that he can buy a barrel of flour at retail cheaper in 
 London than he could in Minneapolis, Minn., which, 
 
204 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 in his limited knov/ledge of particular details in 
 large transactions, would make the situation look 
 very inconsistent to him. 
 
 I do not name this case as one that ever did or 
 ever will occur, but rather as a reminder to the man 
 who never buys more than one barrel of flour at a 
 time, that he has but little if any information of 
 some transactions in lOO car lots and upwards to go 
 abroad. 
 
 There may be published quotations on such deals 
 and on the side there may be rebates or cuts of 
 some nature that are not quoted, and the very good 
 reasons for their not being quoted are that the parties 
 to the deal are the only ones who know anything 
 about the special inside features, such as occur daily 
 in large business transactions in all lines of goods 
 and commodities, whether they go abroad or remain 
 at home. The point we desire to make, however, is 
 that a cargo of any kind of goods or commodities 
 can be retailed at less expense in foreign countries 
 than in our own because the retailer or solicitor can 
 live cheaper in such countries than we can here. 
 
 A like transaction might occur with a packer of 
 meats in the United States that would carry with it 
 the same- mystification. I once heard a butcher re- 
 mark that a poor debt was better than spoiled meat. 
 On this principle a packer might sell to a foreign 
 buyer a large quantity of provisions that he had 
 kept longer than he wanted to at a figure that would 
 enable the foreigner to put it on the market at a price 
 cheaperthan we can buy for here where it is produced, 
 all of which again would look very singular to us who 
 are not permitted to listen to the inside conferences. 
 
 We should ever bear in mind, too, that from time 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 205 
 
 to time an endless amount of capital is locked up in 
 these commodities and where sales have been unex- 
 pectedly slow and paper is falling due that must be 
 met, parties are forced to cut out a chunk “that is 
 not a remnant” and offer it at a broken price to meet 
 their liabilities, and beyond a doubt the foreign 
 buyer is always watching and taking advantage of 
 such opportunities, and it is a well established busi- 
 ness principle that broken prices do less harm ulti- 
 mately in the lesser market than in the greater, 
 hence our home market being by far the greater it 
 will Be guarded more cautiously than the foreign 
 markets, and if a broken price is going to be made 
 by any of our heavy dealers they would much rather 
 their goods would go away from home. 
 
 Some American citizen may find fault with such a 
 method of doing business, but if he does he might 
 just as well chide the farmer for taking better care 
 of his wheat than he does of the screenings. There 
 are certain laws of trade we have always bowed to 
 and always will, except a few who are at present 
 planning a reorganization of the world succeed in 
 fixing affairs so everything will come to us without 
 effort. I wonder, Mr. Labor, if this latter class will 
 win out? If they do, just think of the joy, delight 
 and happy times in front of us when not a soul 
 stops to ask how many have wiped on the towel, 
 or who made the hash, all bathing in the same tub 
 or the same water at the same time. 
 
 We are a queer lot, Mr. Labor, and only care a 
 little bit for ourselves. I have a case in hand and 
 want to tell you about it, as it bears directly on the 
 objects of your school. 
 
 I have a dear acquaintance in City, in 
 
2o6 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 the business of selling manufactured hair; in fact, 
 his house does its own manufacturing and is one of 
 the oldest and largest in the country. This friend 
 has always been an out and out free trader, and we 
 had many bitter discussions during the summer of 
 1894. For convenience we will call him Mr. East. 
 His next door neighbor west was a gentleman that 
 we both esteemed very highly, and in as much as 
 his door was west of Mr. East’s, we will call him for 
 convenience Mr. West. The business of the latter 
 was the manufacture of brass and iron bed steads 
 and all kinds of mattresses, hence Mr. West 
 used large quantities of hair and was a con- 
 stant patron of Mr. East and one of the latter’s best 
 customers. While Mr. East was a strong free trader, 
 Mr. West was just as strong a protectionist, and 
 many were the squabbles the two gentlemen had on 
 that question during the time the Wilson bill was 
 before the two houses of Congress. It so happened 
 that their two front porches joined and during the 
 summer of 1894 we three spent fully more than half 
 the evenings on these porches. 
 
 It will be remembered that the lower house of 
 Congress sent the Wilson bill to the Senate with 
 manufactured hair on the free list. It so happened 
 a short time after the^bill had passed the house I 
 met Mr. East on a car one morning going down 
 town to business and he said to me: “Do you know, 
 Mr. Maxwell, that the English have their agents in 
 here already since the Wilson bill passed the house, 
 trying to contract manufactured hair? Mr. East 
 had a quick and positive manner of speaking and it 
 had a little quicker and a little more positive tone to 
 it on this occasion than I had ever observed before. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 207 
 
 In fact, he was very much excited and it was excite- 
 ment of an intense and startling nature; something 
 such as would naturally come to a man if his own 
 house uninsured was directly in the path of a raging 
 fire, and the word had gone forth that those in 
 authority had shut the water supply off, forbidding 
 that it be turned on, and had placed a strong guard 
 at all points to prevent their orders being violated. 
 It is not commendable to me or my nature to admit 
 that I could find a .particle of pleasant relish in my 
 friend’s predicament, but to be frank, I must 
 confess that while I tried to hold on to a very 
 serious countenance there was within me a swell of 
 satisfaction that I thought, despite all my hasty 
 resolutions to the contrary, would show in small 
 waves over my face. Of course, like 999 out of every 
 1,000 people, I knew not a thing about manufactured 
 hair, or the duties on it, as is ever the case with the 
 masses on any given product except it be some 
 special one such as wool, lumber, sugar, etc., that 
 has been made prominent through the daily press, 
 and then even the general public rarely go through 
 it carefully and thoroughly in detail. 
 
 With every effort possible to disguise the deep 
 interest I felt in view of all that had passed between 
 us on tariff questions, I quietly stated that I was 
 poorly informed on the particular commodity of 
 hair, and in an apparently innocent way inquired 
 where the product was found in greatest abundance, 
 what the tariff had formerly been, etc. 
 
 Mr. East, I found, as is very natural, was well 
 posted, and told me that the bulk of the hair they 
 use was procured from South America or Australia, 
 
2o8 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 or both, which I do not remember so particularly 
 about, and in a sense is immaterial anyway. 
 
 He said the English could land it in their own 
 country about as cheaply as he could in this country, 
 so that on that score they were on nearly equal 
 terms, but added that prior to the McKinley bill the 
 duty on manufactured hair brought into our market 
 from foreign countries was twenty-five per cent.; 
 that the McKinley bill reduced the duty to fifteen 
 per cent. Mark again, Mr. Labor^ what the robber 
 McKinley bill did — ^lower duties — which was about 
 the difference in the cost of labor between the two 
 countries. This fifteen per cent, duty practically 
 held our market on that commodity for our own 
 people, but, said he, the Wilson bill as it has passed 
 the House puts manufactured hair on the free 
 list, and now, on the presumption that the bill will 
 pass the Senate and become a law, the English, as I 
 told you, actually have their agents on the ground 
 trying to contract manufactured hair at new prices 
 for future delivery. Continuing, so far as I could, 
 my innocent composure, although full of the rudest 
 kind of laughter, I asked: “Will that affect your 
 business particularly?” “Will it affect us?” he pas- 
 sionately exclaimed, “ it will shut us up, except we 
 can arrange with our labor to work for less pay, and 
 to attempt that means an ugly strike and all kinds 
 of a tear-up.” 
 
 My time, Mr. Labor, had come to talk and to 
 laugh. I told him that I could have no sympathy 
 for him whatever; that he would only be getting 
 what he had labored for and fought for all his life if 
 he did lose his business, and that a man who had for 
 a long term of years been prodding for a blow be- 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 209 
 
 tween the eyes shouldn’t complain when the blow 
 came. I told him he hadn’t seen because he wouldn’t 
 see. That the word “free” was “catchy,” and that 
 was as far as he had looked into the question; that 
 he had failed to recognize that the workmen of this 
 country are the customers of our country, and, when 
 he thought they had no rights but what could be 
 sawed off and ignored with impunity, kind Provi- 
 dence would check him up to the extent of ignoring 
 and sawing him off, and added, that a man who had 
 to feel a thing that was so plain before he could see 
 it was not entitled to any person’s sympathy. By 
 this time we were down town, and in his sorrow and 
 quandary we parted the best of friends, as usual. 
 
 Sometime later Mr. East, Mr. West and myself 
 were, in our accustomed way, chatting one evening 
 on their porches, and in keeping with our established 
 practice the tariff and Wilson bill, which had become 
 a law then, took its turn. It is due to add here that 
 the Senate put a duty of ten per cent, on manufact- 
 ured hair, which the House consented to, or con- 
 firmed, when the bill became a law. 
 
 During our talk this special evening Mr. West 
 said that the bill reduced the duty on brass and iron 
 bedsteads from forty-five to thirty-five percent., and 
 added that if they had cut it to twenty-five per cent, 
 they would have had to close up. As this remark 
 was made Mr. East, in his manner of doing fre- 
 quently, folded his arms, and, leaning back in his 
 rocker, said: “Well, I don’t care now, the Senate 
 put ten per cent, on manufactured hair, and that 
 saves us; we are all right!' This sally seemed to 
 touch Mr. West in a new or old tender spot and he 
 in words fairly flew at his friend, accusing him of all 
 
210 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 kinds of blindness in his own interest. “I suppose/' 
 said Mr. West, “it would be all right if low duties 
 or no duties at all shut our house up, and everybody 
 else’s business up except yours. You are a first-class 
 free trader, and one of the elect, but you can shout 
 loud enough when you are hit direct; but like all 
 other blind asses of free traders' you cannot see far 
 enough ahead to find out when indirectly you are 
 hit. You are dense enough to think that after 
 everybody else has gone under there will still be a 
 market for manufactured hair. I can tell you plainly 
 that when that time comes the American people 
 will be sleeping on shavings and you can keep your 
 hair, and Mr. Foreigner can keep his hair, too. In 
 case we had been forced to shut down see the army 
 we would have had to throw out of employment 
 who patronize all industries and all classes of pro- 
 ducts, sending their money into circulation weekly, 
 not in the old ox cart way, but at a bicycle pace. 
 Don’t in the name of decency stop to scour the rust 
 off of your old fogy notions, but cast them one side en- 
 tirely and get yourself abreast of what is the matter 
 with us. The trouble with you and me today that makes 
 our trade so light and money so scarce and close is 
 on account of the multitude of factories and manu- 
 facturing plants that were compelled to shut down 
 last year. The money the workmen in those insti- 
 tutions were distributing prior to 1893 is not travel- 
 ling now; it is locked up in vaults and tied up in old 
 stockings just longing for the time to come when it 
 can get out into the open air and breathe again and 
 help put breath and life into everybody and every- 
 thing. And when you learn what has caused this 
 wreck you will find it was not the Sherman bill nor 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 21 i 
 
 our government’s financial policy; it will dawn on 
 you some day that it was all due to the_ standing 
 promise of a new tariff bill, which we now have and 
 call the Wilson bill; and you can just write one fact 
 more in your reference book, Mr. East, and look at 
 it later on at my request, and that is, that the times 
 we are having now will remain with' us just as long 
 as the Wilson bill remains. And not until the words 
 null and void are written across the face of that 
 bill, and a good protective measure to American 
 labor has taken its place, will good times come to us 
 again.” 
 
 I tried to ease Mr. West up a little; but he was so 
 thoroughly in earnest that I cauldn’t get a word in; 
 I had never seen him so wrought up before. He 
 told me afterwards that he ought not to have been 
 quite so saucy, but he said it was impossible for him to 
 keep quiet or have any patience whatever with any 
 man on the ground that his own business would go 
 on all right when every other known business was 
 going all wrong, and added that the free trader was 
 a conundrum to him. “They are all alike; can’t see 
 or feel a thing until it pinches them.” One would 
 naturally think that Mr. East would feel a direct in- 
 terest in the protection to my line of business, for to 
 ruin it would be to throw out of the field a long list 
 of his oldest and best customers; and even if he sold 
 as much hair under such conditions he would in nine 
 cases out of ten have to sell it to new and untried 
 customers, which would mean greater hazard; more 
 expense in soliciting and advertising, over half his 
 old acquaintances (which is prestige) v/ould be gone, 
 which means half he has worked all these years to 
 establish would be gone, and he could begin half 
 
212 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 new and that means a whole lot today when young 
 business houses are fighting so hard to keep their 
 powder dry. 
 
 On the other hand, Maxwell, I do not grant that 
 he could sell as much hair under such conditions. 
 The case in hand today illustrates it all to him and 
 me alike, as I told him. While the new tariff bill 
 grants us sufficient protection to continue to manu- 
 facture we are operating in a very mild way as com- 
 pared to what we could be doing if all other indus- 
 tries had been properly protected. Those that voh 
 untarily shut down for prudence sake, together with 
 the large number that were forced out, cut a chunk 
 out of our market that sadly affects him and me, and 
 Heaven only knows how many more that corner of 
 the market that has already gone is going to take 
 with it yet. 
 
 I tell you. Maxwell, I feel very anxious over the 
 outlook. That corner of the market is not only 
 gone, but clearly enough it is growing larger every 
 day like the snow balls we used to roll up when we 
 were boys. But you can’t induce a fool free trader 
 to see any of it. Mr. East can see what would have 
 happened to him if manufactured hair had been 
 left on the free list, but you can’t make him see 
 that the very same thing has happened to thousands 
 of others, and when you carry it on to the number of 
 wage earners that are idle it runs into the millions 
 that are out of money, which means less trade in all 
 lines, and in some no trade^^ 
 
 I could hardly forego bringing this case before 
 your class, Mr. Labor, for I feel that there is a lesson 
 in it. 
 
 Labor. It does contain a lesson, Mr. Maxwell, and 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 213 
 
 what Mr. West predicted in 1894 has proven so true 
 he ought to rank as a prophet. 
 
214 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times Schooi. 
 
 LESSON XL 
 
 A tall, dignified, elderly gentleman attracts Labor's 
 attention and asks the privilege of the floor for a 
 moment only. 
 
 Labor, You will kindly give us your name and the 
 business you follow. I take it for granted from your 
 dialect, however, that you are from the South. 
 
 . Yes sah, Mr. Labah, I am from the 
 
 South, sah. I have a cotton plantation; my name is 
 Rasbach. 
 
 Labor. Ah, indeed. Col. Rasbach; a member of 
 the class called my attention to your attendance 
 here and ask that I call upon you in case we consid- 
 ered the question of cotton. I hope. Colonel, you 
 will take up that subject and use more than a brief 
 moment of our time, for I am informed that you own 
 a large cotton plantation which you manage and 
 operate yourself, hence can deal with the question 
 from experience, which is exactly what we want, 
 and I presume there can be no better time to take 
 that product up than the present. 
 
 Col. Rasbach. Well, sah, Mr. Labah, I did not rise 
 sah with the intent of taking up any of your val- 
 uable time; I have been moah than compensated foh 
 my presence heah, sah. These labohing men have 
 taught me wheah my true interests lie; they have 
 
 shown me wheah I have made a fool of myself 
 
 foh yeahs; and I thank them and I thank you, sah, 
 foh opening my eyes. I came heah at the outset, 
 sah, to have something to say back, in the belief I 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School, 
 
 215 
 
 would be shuah to find enemies heah, but, sah, I 
 leahn you all ah my friends. I have lived in the past 
 with the belief that fwee twade would be good foh 
 us all, sah, but I see now, sah, what tawiff duties 
 have done foh us in the past; ouah pwogwess in the 
 past, sah, has been because ouah wuhk was done at 
 home and ouah money kept at home. I see, sah, by 
 statistics that in 1890 965 cotton mills employed 
 221,585 people and they weuh paid ^69,500,000 that 
 yeah, sah, foh theah laboh. If I keep my cotton 
 cwop, sah, I shall have no money to spend, and if 
 the people who make the cotton into cloth and a 
 thousand otheh things fail to sell theah days wuks 
 to manufactah ouah cotton, sah, they will have no 
 money to spend. Keeping th ah days wuks is too 
 much like me keeping my cotton foh me to vote the 
 fwee twade ticket any moah. 
 
 I want to be honest, sah, and kind to evewy 
 living being, but I would not be honest, sah, now 
 that I know bettah, if I should vote to let cheap 
 days wuks into ouah country without any hindwance 
 and fowce ouah wuking people to go hungwy be- 
 cause they could not sell theah days wuks. Ouah 
 countwy, sah, waises moah cotton than the balance 
 of the wold, and our people use neahly one-thuwd of 
 all we waise. Ouah mawket then, sah, is the best 
 single mawket in the wold foh cotton. Won’t we 
 show ouah best sense, sah, when we cotton groehs 
 take good caeh of the wold’s best mawket? Will we 
 show ouah good sense any moah if we vote to have 
 the ^69,500,000 oah any pohtion that our factowy 
 wuhkehs got in 1890 paid to wuhkmen in other 
 countwies, and, as has been said so often heah, the 
 money go away fwom home and stay away? That 
 
216 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 thought and expwession, sah, has attwacted my at- 
 tention beyond anything I have met in a long time, 
 sah, and I think, Mr. Labah, it should be kept be- 
 foah ouah people until it is taken up in the same 
 sense and they adjust theyselves to it as they do 
 to slang phwases, sah, and in song and othehwise be 
 constantly flashed in the faces of fwee twadehs. 
 
 If ouah mawket, sah, takes one-thuwd of my cot- 
 ton, is it not then singly my best customeh, sah? 
 What good business man, sah, neglects his best 
 customeh? 
 
 I know, sah, while foweign countwies take lawge 
 quantities of ouah cotton and wheat and pwovisions, 
 all of which they would get elsewheh if they could, 
 sah, they do not take enough of ouah manufactwed 
 goods to call them customehs, sah. For evewy two 
 dollahs of manufactuwed goods foweign countwies 
 take of us, sah, our own countwy uses ninety-eight 
 dollahs of what we manufactuh. We have paid too 
 much attention to the two dollah intewest and too 
 little to the ninety-eight dollah intewest. I don’t 
 like that, sah. I don’t like that pwivilege extended 
 in our mawket eitheh, sah, only so fah as it covehs 
 goods that we don’t pwoduce. 
 
 I see, sah, by statistics you have heah, sah, that 
 duhwing the last fiscal yeah of the McKinley law, 
 1894, that theah weah 28,325,213 yahds of cotton 
 cloth shipped into ouah countwy, while in the fust 
 calendah yeah of the Wilson bill, 1895, 50>307>476 
 yawds came in; neahly double, sah. I don’t like 
 that, sah; the value of goods undeh the McKinley 
 bill was $3,480,806; undeh the Wilson bill the value 
 was $5,985,941. The Wilson bill stole fwom the 
 laboh of this countwy, sah, for the manufactuh of 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 217 
 
 neahly two and a half million dollahs woth of goods 
 moah than the McKinley bill did, sah, and gave it to 
 laboh in otheh countwies, sah, and in only one pwo- 
 duct, and I see now, sah, that such twansactions ah 
 not just oah honest and I shall not identify myself 
 with them any moah, sah. 
 
 I took the figyhs, Mr. Laboh, fwom among othuhs 
 that I hope you will pwint with these lessons; the 
 total amount of what the fust yeah of the Wilson 
 bill, sah, paid to foheign laboh oveh and above, sah, 
 what the last yeah of the McKinley bill did, amounts 
 to $116,444,511, sah. What a wold of good, sah, 
 that one hundwed and sixteen million dollahs would 
 do ouah laboh heah and what a sum of money it 
 would set in circulation, sah. Some may claim that 
 it will come back when they buy ouah cotton, but if 
 it did, sah, and I was just as well off foh it, I would 
 be unpawdonably unjust to want it that way, but, sah, 
 on the scoah of self interest I do not put it thajt way. 
 I pwesume, sah, that the wukmen in foweigh count- 
 wies only weah shiwts a pawt of the time, while ouah 
 factowy men and women when they have wuk weah 
 shiwts all the time, sah, and they have sheets and 
 spweads on theah beds and cloths on their tables, 
 too, sah, while it is a question whetheh the wuhkmen 
 in the old countwies have beds to sleep on, sah, 
 
 I tell you, sah, this is a pwofitable school, and I 
 can tell you, Mr. Laboh, you will find me, sah, help- 
 ing take caheh of ouah own mawket in the futuh; 
 give ouah people a chance to wear good clothes and 
 all have what they want to eat, sah, and we will be 
 all wight all the time. 
 
 Labor. I am pleased with your new sentiments. 
 Col. Rasbach, and hope when you return home you 
 
2I8 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 will take pains to convince many of your friends of 
 their errors. 
 
 Col. Rasbaeh. You can feel confident, sah, that I 
 shall take with me all the fwuit I have gathewed 
 heah, and not be at all stingy in giving it away, sah. 
 Some of ouah people, though, in the South ah in a 
 tewible wut, sah, and to dwive them out I may have 
 to get in fwont of them with my old shot gun, sah. 
 
 Labor. What is it. Col. Rasbaeh, that enters into 
 cotton up to the time that it is baled and ready to 
 leave your hands? 
 
 Col. Rasbaeh. Laboh, sah; laboh and nothing else, 
 except the value of the seed, and that came from 
 laboh, too, sah. To carefully pwepahe the gwound 
 is laboh; to plant it is laboh and to look after it and 
 cultivate it, sah, until it is ready to pick is good, vig- 
 ilant laboh, sah. To pick and wun it thwough the 
 gin is laboh and to put it thwough the pwess and 
 make it into bales is laboh, sah, which it costs fwom 
 six to nine cents a pound to do. 
 
 Labor. Then, Col. Rasbaeh, you look upon your 
 yield of cotton when baled as so much stored up 
 labor? 
 
 Col. Rasbaeh. That, sah, is what it wepresents and 
 all it wepwesents, and fwequently, sah, I have moah 
 money stowed in the bales than I eveh take out of 
 them, sah, and that money was all paid to laboh, 
 sah, and it was a vast numbeh of people that it fed 
 and clothed. 
 
 I enjoy the pay day of the help, sah, when theah 
 money entehs theah pockets something seems to 
 enteh theah very bosoms that makes theah vewy feet 
 lighteh, and a sweet relish comes to me, sah, the 
 quality of which no otheh deed in life excels, and, 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 2ig 
 
 sail, when I allow this sentiment to cahwy me to the 
 factowy wukehs, sah, it does not take me long to 
 discoveh that those of ouah own countwy come fust, 
 and even, sah, if we discawd our own selfish intew- 
 ests “that if we pay the money to our own people 
 it stays in ouah own countwy and we get fuhtheh 
 chances at it,” wegardless of this selfish intewest, I 
 say, sah, the chahity within us should lead and di- 
 wect that we pwovide foh ouah own people befoah 
 we do those of otheh lands, and the man, sah, who is 
 not bwoad enough to hold elements of such a natuh 
 is too nahwoh to desehve the pwotection of any flag 
 oah any countwy, and I add again, Mr. Laboh, that 
 in the futuh, sah, I shall wepel such people and ad- 
 vise them to get into camp with otheh demagogues 
 and stay theah wheah they belong. 
 
 One thing fuhtheh, Mr. Laboh. I notice by the 
 statistics, sah, fwom 1880 to 1892 theah had been an 
 incwease in the manufactuh of cotton in our own 
 countwy, sah, amounting to 1,100,000 bales. Fwom 
 1892 to and including 1894 and 1895 there has been 
 no inquease, sah. What has become of ouah pwog- 
 wess, sah? The fwee twaderh, sah, may claim it has 
 only gone back a twifle, but I shall ask him, why go 
 back, and wemind him that ahead is the way we 
 ought to go. I should not blame any othehs moah 
 than myself, sah. I voted to stand still oah go back- 
 wawds, but I shall blame you all, sah, who hang to 
 such notions any longeh. 
 
 I want to notice the lumbeh intewests in the 
 South, sah, and then, Mr. Laboh, Twill withdway 
 and make woom foh othehs. 
 
 I was deeply intewested when Mistah Haskell was 
 talking about ouah lumbeh, sah. They do kill and 
 
220 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 buhn it up to clean the land to make fahms. Sup- 
 pose, sah, we could turn it into lumbeh and the 
 money it bwought only paid the cost of doing it, 
 sah. Wouldn’t we sell the laboh in this countwy 
 and have millions of dollahs that now go to Canada, 
 sah? Selling laboh is like selling anything else, and 
 falling to sell the laboh is like failing to sell any- 
 thing else, sah. 
 
 If the lumbehmen came and lived among us. they 
 would help build upouah towns and make new villages, 
 too. Yes, sah, and they would be industwious citizens; 
 just what we want in the South, sah. It seems that 
 men become fwee twadehs as soon as the lumbeh 
 wheah they live has been exhausted, sah. I don’t 
 like that sentiment, sah. Let the lumbeh wukman 
 sell his home wheah the lumbeh is all gone and 
 come to ouah sunny countwy and he will have a 
 home in a showt time that will not only make his 
 living, sah, but it will make him wich, and in place 
 of sending ouah money to Canada, sah, we will tuhn 
 whatweare now destwoying into wiches,sah,and keep 
 the wiches, too. I am foh ouah flag, sah, and ouah 
 own home, and in the futuh if I have any pwefew- 
 ence foh any political pahty, sah, I shall demand 
 that the candidates that pahty nominates shall be in 
 favoh of tawiff laws, sah. As has been said heah 
 befoah, that will pwotect ouah wohkmen in selling 
 theah laboh in ouah own mawket, sah. If my own 
 pahty, sah, attempt to fowce fwee twade candidates on 
 me heahafteh, sah, and some otheh pahty nominates 
 candidates in favoh of duties that will pwotect ouah 
 industwies, I shall vote foh the lattah, sah, whetheh 
 I like the pahty that nominates such candidates aah 
 not, sah. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 221 
 
 We want moah factowies foh the manufactuh of 
 all cotton goods in ouah own sunny south, sah, and 
 if we manage wightly, we may have them sooneh 
 than we look foh, but when we vote to help factow- 
 ies in foweign countwies, sah, the factowies will 
 wemain in such countwies instead of coming to us, 
 sah. 
 
 We people of the South should get a move on 
 ouhselves, and the fust thing foh us to do, sah, is foh 
 one and all of us to help make laws that will pwo- 
 vide foh ouah cotton being manufactuhed in the 
 United States, and then a committee of Southun 
 gentlemen go to foweign countwies and pwevail on 
 cotton manufactuhehs to bwing theah industwies 
 into ouah end of ouah own countwy, sah. This will 
 be taking action, sah, and action is bettah than 
 pictuhs and pwinted mattah, sah. 
 
 If ouah people could have factowies enough 
 among them, sah, in a fewyeahs they wouldn’t know 
 theyselves, sah. We would have some home maw- 
 ket for ouah gawden stuff and fwuit then, sah, and a 
 multitude of things the South can gwoh so abun- 
 dantly, sah. 
 
 We have been blindly patting ouah angeh on its 
 back too long, sah. Just think, Mr. Laboh, the 
 vehwy industwies we needed, sah, and should have 
 done all in ouah poweh to bwing to us, we have foh 
 yeahs tried to vote out of ouah countwy, sah. I don’t 
 blame these labohing men foh complaining, sah. 
 They have been misled and abused, sah. When I 
 fust listened heah they excited my sympathy, sah, 
 and when that was awoused the last of my angeh 
 left me, sah. Soon as my angeh was gone my good 
 sense began to asseht itself and I saw plainly, sah, 
 
222 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 fob the fust time in my life that my own and the in- 
 tewests of my people at home, sah, was in line and 
 identical with the labohing men, sah. One end of 
 ouah countwy cannot go down and wemain down, 
 sah, and the otheh end go up and thwive and wemain 
 up and thwive; it is unnatuhal, sah; ultimately the 
 two ends will come to one comg;ion level, sah. The 
 people in the Noath must help make laws that 
 will suppoht Southehn intewests, sah, and the people 
 of the South must help make laws that will suppoht 
 Nohthen intewests, and this sentiment, sah, must 
 cover the whole bweadth of ouah countwy from the 
 East to the West, sah. 
 
 We must, Mistah Laboh, stand weady to fohsake 
 any political pahty that hopes to build foh itself, 
 sah, by stabbing any of ouah industwies, and no 
 single pwoduct should be pehmitted, sah, to make 
 capital foh itself, sah, to the detwiment of all otheh 
 pwoducts. 
 
 Gwovehsville, sah, was what bwought me to my 
 senses. That illustwation was so pat, sah, as between 
 pwotected laboh and unpwotected laboh that my 
 fwee twade sentiments dissolved like sugah in watah, 
 sah. If we want to stay on the eawth, we must plant, 
 cultivate and put some kind of a fence with gates in 
 it awound ouah own mahket, sah, and the gates must 
 be guahded; we cannot affohd to leave them open, 
 sah. 
 
 Why, I ask you, Mistah Laboh, should waw cotton 
 be impohted into ouah countwy, sah? I see by the 
 wepohts that neahly five million dollahs wohth was 
 impohted in 1895, sah. We waise moah than half 
 the pwoduct of cotton in the wohld, and I cannot 
 see why we need cotton fwom otheh lands, sah. Five 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 223 
 
 million dollahs, oah neahly that, paid to other coun- 
 twies in one yeah foh waw cotton means quite fouh 
 million dollahs less to cotton waising laboh in the 
 South yeahly, sah. We need that fouh million dollahs 
 in the South, sah. We cannot affohd to let a dollah 
 get away, sah, and we cannot affohd to compete 
 with the cheap laboh of India and otheh countwies, 
 sah. Again, Gwovehsville tells the whole stohy, sah. 
 
 I neveh wecognized befoh, Mistah Laboh, that in 
 nineteen cases out of twenty, sah, the only way 
 to make a commodity cheapeh is to loweh wages, 
 sah, in that special pwoduct, which means a few 
 wounds dowh the laddah foh us all, sah. I want to 
 take evewy man in this school by the hand befoah 
 we pawt foh good, sah, and tell him I am not in 
 favoh of that; up the laddah is my motto, sah. 
 
 As I said at the outset, sah, I came heah to find 
 fault, but you have fohced me, and with kindness, 
 tQO, sah, to make not only an unconditional suw- 
 wendah but to offeh myself as a loyal volunteeh 
 wecwuit to youah fohces. I love you all deahly, 
 sah, and when I wetuhn home I shall make my 
 childwen so familiah with you,. Mistah Laboh, 
 that they will wecognize you on sight and lay at 
 youah feet such a gweeting, sah, as only a hawhty 
 welcome can extend. 
 
 Labor, You are very kind. Col. Rasbach, and I 
 hope that the future may hold in store for us many 
 pleasant seasons, and that the greetings offered 
 cannot predispose us to insensibility of our duties 
 one to another, no matter in what volume such 
 greetings may come. I noticed that the class was 
 deeply interested in all your talk, and on their part 
 as well us my own I take the liberty to thank you 
 
224 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 earnestly for the light you have given and the special 
 interest you have manifested. 
 
 Is Mr. Carson present? If so, will he please rise? 
 Ah, indeed, I am glad you are here just at this mo- 
 ment, Mr. Carson. 
 
 You claim to be somewhat familiar with cotton 
 mills, Mr. Carson; will you briefly outline to us 
 whether there is any labor attached to the manu- 
 facture of cotton goods? 
 
 Mr, Carson. Col. Rasbach has shown that the bale 
 of cotton represents stored up days works only. 
 Truly, Mr. Labor, in my attitude to that article in 
 the past I had considered it raw material, while in 
 fact it had cost from six to nine cents a pound for 
 the labor to produce it, and the immense quantities 
 raised had been the means of feeding and clothing 
 a great army of people. 
 
 I shall not undertake a detailed description of the 
 multitude of manipulations by human hands of th^s 
 commodity to form it into the innumerable articles 
 that meet us on all sides. 
 
 To prepare it for the cards, cleaning, etc., is labor, 
 and to card it is labor; to prepare it for spinning is 
 labor and to spin it is labor; to prepare it for weav- 
 ing is labor, and labor weaves it. 
 
 You can correct me, of course, and claim that the 
 various machines do all this work, but if you do I 
 shall urge that the machinery and material both are 
 in the grasp of human hands from the cotton bale 
 to the finished product; all forming of patterns, 
 coloring, bleaching and dyeing is labor. It was 
 labor that freighted and landed the bales at the mill 
 and it will be labor that will pack, box and ship it 
 away. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 225 
 
 Labor. Your analysis, Mr. Carson, together with 
 Col. Rasbach’s descriptions, show that if there was 
 any raw material anywhere along the line it must 
 have been the seed. 
 
 Mr. Carson. Yes, but Col. Rasbach claimed that 
 the seed came from labor. 
 
 I^bor. Accepting that to be true, and of course it 
 is true, we are at a loss to find the raw material. 
 
 Mr. Carsoii. It is singular, Mr. Labor, that what- 
 ever we sift down to the closest possible point we 
 find to be all labor. It must be that after a time we 
 will fully recognize that when we buy anything ex- 
 cept raw land we are simply purchasing labor. 
 
 In 1894, Mr. Labor, we imported cotton goods, 
 such as cloth unbleached, or not colored or stained, 
 together with stained, printed, bleached, colored or 
 dyed, and articles ready made, such as wearing ap- 
 parel, .knit goods, stockings, hose, half hcTSe, shirts, 
 drawers, etc., and laces, embroideries, thread, yarn, 
 warp or warp yarn; all told of the above cotton 
 goods we imported in 1894 the sum of $24,968,629. 
 
 In 1895 imports of the same goods amounted 
 to the sum of $33,196,625 and in 1896 to nearly 32^ 
 million dollars. 
 
 (These latter figures are taken from the Daily 
 News Almanac of 1897.) 
 
 The money that bought the days works in these 
 goods, Mr. Labor, was furnished by the United 
 States, and if the raw cotton was not raised in our 
 own country the whole sum was sent to foreign 
 lands to make glad people other than our own. The 
 question arises, Mr. Labor, do we owe other coun- 
 tries that much, and can we afford to pay the price? 
 These questions have been so thoroughly gone over 
 
226 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 that further comment would seem out of place. I 
 cannot refrain, however, from asking all our free 
 trade friends why, so long as we have the days works 
 on hand in this country to sell to make these goods, 
 except, perhaps, some of the lace and embroidery, 
 they insist that it is, or can be better to buy the 
 days works in other countries? I do think, Mr. 
 Labor, that it is the plainest question that was ever 
 submitted to a plain people. How a man of sense 
 can ignore the importance of keeping our money at 
 home and in circulation at home, baffles all my in- 
 genuity and imagination of the construction of a 
 heart and brain. What in the name of all that is of 
 any value can such a man be composed of? We do 
 not urge that our gates be closed, but we do urge 
 that they be better guarded. There is a limit beyond 
 which justice to our own worthy, and would be in- 
 dustrious, poor demands we shall not go. No one 
 can claim that the exact point of duty in this can be 
 found. To tell just where to drive the stake and 
 avoid all error is beyond the power of human-kind, 
 but there is a principle involved that can be found, 
 and it does not require to be hunted for, either, and 
 that principle is — so long as bur own people con- 
 sume seven-eighths of our breadstuff and our pro- 
 visions, and out of our manufactured products for a 
 fraction less than every two dollars worth that we 
 sell to other countries we at home consume a frac- 
 tion over $g8 worth, shows so plainly the direction 
 in which we must act in order to save ourselves, that 
 I cannot see a thing but hypocrisy or dense ignor- 
 ance as to the facts on the part of any class or 
 political party that is constantly shouting foreign 
 markets to our people, hoping thus to divert their 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 227 
 
 minds from the importance of our own market. Poli- 
 tics is so loaded with trickery, and men who are square 
 and valuable citizens in all other channels of life 
 manifestly become willing demagogues when their 
 political prejudices are at stake, or the party they 
 have identified themselves with apparently needs 
 some special sustenance, they will, without stopping 
 to estimate the contingencies of the future, lend 
 themselves to proclaim and advocate what they 
 know to be false and unwholesome. The honest 
 voter, who cares to be best served, owes to himself 
 the most careful scrutiny of any manipulator’s de- 
 signs when he is dealing on these lines. Don’t think 
 for a minute that a man, because he pays his grocery 
 and all other bills promptly, and fulfils to the letter 
 his pledges in all other avenues, would hesitate for 
 a moment to keep a card up his sleeve when dealing 
 in politics. 
 
 The average voter should ever bear in mind that 
 our country is liberally supplied with candid, think- 
 ing, business men who have no ambition for ofifice 
 or political emoluments, and when any voter is in 
 doubt as to where his best interests can be found, he 
 would better watch the drift of sentiment with this 
 class of citizens than to listen to some exhorter who 
 hopes to be rewarded for his shouting. 
 
 A man of sixty years and upwards, a few days 
 ago, who claimed to be the author of several books, 
 began to me a tirade on the times we were living in, 
 and prophesied a terrible future close at hand; 
 arraigned bankers and all capitalists, and everybody 
 that he thought had a meal of victuals ahead. I 
 told him when he talked to me about bankers and 
 capitalists, that I had the feebleness to listen to 
 
228 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 them and give them some credit for honesty and a 
 a great amount of credit for what they had learned 
 through the touch of experience. I told him that I 
 thought more of a banker’s opinion on finance than 
 I could of the opinion of any curb stone orator that 
 I knew was “dead broke.” 
 
 Then he said: “You would leave it to bankers to 
 fix our system of finance, would you?” 
 
 I retorted by asking if he would leave it with 
 servant girls to cook up. 
 
 “No,” but he claimed he would leave it to the 
 people. 
 
 I asked him what people, and added: “Do you 
 mean those who don’t know enough to take care of 
 their own finances? Why not urge as well that those 
 in authority shall confer with the insane as how to 
 safely provide for them? The average man knows 
 about as much of what is good for us in a public 
 financial policy as the insane man does what is best 
 for him.” 
 
 He wanted to know if I was a banker, or had any 
 friends in the banking business. 
 
 I told him that I was in no such good luck; that I 
 was a factory workman, and that all I had to sell to 
 obtain a living was days works. 
 
 He remarked that it was singular then that I 
 should want to do anything to favor bankers and 
 capitalists. 
 
 I told him I had to have money from some source 
 and asked him if he thought I could get it of some 
 one that didn’t have any. 
 
 Well, no, he thought not, but he charged that I 
 was flying in the face of my own interests to place 
 any confidence in men who had much money. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 229 
 
 I replied that I thought, and I knew, and so did 
 he know if he would use his own good sense, that I 
 would be flying in the face of my own interests to 
 lose the confidence of men who have money, or do 
 anything that would frighten that class of men out 
 of the market with their money, and I frankly told 
 him that the kind of talk he was making was alto- 
 gether too plenty, and that it specially injured the 
 market for the sale of days works, which was a per- 
 sonal injury to me and to all men who tried to earn 
 an honest living by selling the toil that was in them, 
 by thus giving a fright to money that would drive it 
 out of circulation. 
 
 “Then you want money to circulate freely?” he 
 asked. 
 
 “Certainly I do,” was my reply. He continued: 
 “And you are willing to leave it to bankers to ar- 
 range the system of circulation, are you? 
 
 “Yes, I would rather they would arrange the plans 
 than to leave it to you, no matter how bright or 
 smart you are, if you have had no practical experi- 
 ence in financial matters.” 
 
 He replied: “Don’t you think they would fix it to 
 help themselves and not you?” 
 
 “What would help me?” I asked. 
 
 “To have money circulate freely, as you have al- 
 ready stated,” he said. 
 
 “What is a bank for, and how does it make 
 money?” 
 
 His reply was: “By money, checks, drafts and 
 collections passing through it, and loaning deposits, 
 etc.” 
 
 “Well,” I asked, if money passes through the 
 
230 
 
 Labors' Hard Times School, 
 
 ma loit ia$aa. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 231 
 
 banks and they are successful in loaning deposits, it 
 will be in circulation, won’t it?” 
 
 ^‘Yes,” he answered. 
 
 “If money travels to the banks and stops there, 
 and they fail to loan their deposits, then they will 
 not be able to show any profits for themselves, will 
 they?” 
 
 “No,” he reluctantly said, discovering that he was 
 getting into a corner. 
 
 “Why then would a banker want to tie money up?” 
 I demanded. 
 
 “Well,” he said, “they should not, but it has been 
 tied up somewhere the past few years.” 
 
 I agreed with him there, Mr. Labor, but I reminded 
 him that, true to his own admission, for a bank’s 
 salvation money shall circulate, and for my success 
 money must circulate. Then I asked him if the 
 banks’ and my interests were not identical? And he 
 admitted that it looked like they were. Then I asked 
 him if he didn’t think that bankers, through experi- 
 ence, had greater ability to adjust such questions 
 than I could possibly have minus that essential' ex- 
 perience? He tried to crawl out and evade this 
 point, Mr. Labor, but I pressed the question and re- 
 minded him that what was truly good for him would 
 prove good for me, and vice versa, and that neither 
 he nor I could afford to oppose or ignore channels 
 that promised the greatest degree of safety. That 
 his and my first duty was to be honest to ourselves, 
 and that if we lived close to this last line we would 
 prove honest with everybody. After pushing hard 
 the admission cam^e. Then I asked him if the bank- 
 ers would be compelled to injure themselves in order 
 to injure the public, why he distrusted them so? I 
 
232 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 said, “You have virtually admitted that bankers 
 would like to see money flying around and through 
 their banks, and you admit, too, that that is just 
 what you and I want, with the hope that some of it 
 might light upon us, knowing full well that if it is 
 out of sight or gone to some other country to buy 
 days works we won’t get our hands on a penny of it. 
 
 I told him I could not believe there was a banker 
 on earth that would be willing to have his own arm 
 sawed off in order that he might have the pleasure 
 of sawing another man’s arm off, and while they 
 cannot possibly recommend and follow in lines that 
 will injure the public without each taking on many 
 times more than an individual share of such injury, 
 I could not see any room for the kind of talk he 
 and so many others were making, and that such 
 sentiments publicly expressed were a direct injury 
 to the poor and needy. 
 
 I told him again that if either he or I got money 
 we would have to steal it, or sell something we had 
 to get it, and reminded him that we couldn’t steal .it 
 of a man who had none, neither could we sell such 
 a man anything and get money. Then why do we 
 want to tramp on and disgust the man who has 
 money, and drive him into hiding with it? I want to 
 do all I can, I remarked, to invite such a man out 
 into the open market and sell him some days works, 
 and get some of his money honestly and decentl}’, 
 and when you do anything to shoo him away from 
 me you hurt me, and you hurt my family, and I tell 
 you, stranger, I do not cherish such treatment; it 
 carries with it a pain that goes too deep and lasts 
 too long. I told him that I thought he must be out 
 of gear; that he needed some repairs, as his talk 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 233 
 
 made him look like he was working only one side. 
 He wanted to know what I meant by his working 
 only one side. I told him that there were two sides 
 to everything; that a locomotive had two sides of 
 power, and on rare occasions a parallel or main rod 
 on one side would break, when the engineer would 
 take the broken or disabled side down and run his 
 engine with one side. I asked him if he hadn’t rid- 
 den behind a locomotive sometime in his life work- 
 ing only one side, and noticed the fits the train would 
 have. He said to his knowledge he had not. I ad- 
 vised him then the first time he was on a train that 
 hopped and skipped out of a station like a cork 
 bobs when a fish is nibbling at the hook, to ask the 
 conductor if his engine was only working one side. 
 
 “Then,” he says, “you think I am hopping and 
 skipping along, and only working one side?” 
 
 “Yes, that is about the size of it,” I said, and added 
 that it was my opinion he needed to be thoroughly 
 overhauled and repaired, and gotten in shape to 
 work both sides. 
 
 I told him he reminded me of people I had seen 
 on a train who were wonderfully amused with the 
 way it acted at times when a locomotive was working 
 only one side, but those in charge were not amused. 
 Why? Because they knew what it all meant. The 
 hazard of the additional strain breaking the other 
 rods and leaving them between stations and the sure 
 thing of losing time at every turn of the wheels, did 
 not induce laughter with them. And you will pardon 
 me, stranger, if I claim to you that in proportion as 
 the train crew from experience knew better what to 
 do in case of emergency in their line in preference 
 to the judgment of the passengers, so I shall clairn 
 
234 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 that bankers and financiers of experience know 
 better than the people in masses can how to plan a 
 financial system that will be the best and safest for 
 us all, and they will have the same self interest as 
 the people in hewing to lines holding the maximum 
 of promise, that the train crew would in getting the 
 passengers to the end of their runs, and thus them- 
 selves be relieved from duty and at home with their 
 families. I told him that I did not hesitate to frank- 
 ly confess that I felt extremely anxious that the dis- 
 creet bankers of our country should devise some bet- 
 ter method of finance if the oi\e we have is faulty and 
 told him that I did not object to his urging that they 
 confer with a committee of servant girls, together 
 with a committee of colored plantation people be- 
 fore a full decision should be reached, but in the end 
 I thought more than likely I would agree with the 
 bankers. I reminded him, too, that some of our 
 goverment officials had proven that they possess 
 plenty of ability on these questions to check the 
 bankers up and keep them in line with his interests 
 and mine. 
 
 I told him I did not believe we were going to have 
 any such disasters as he predicted and asked him if 
 he did not remember when the farm hand worked 
 from day light until dark, and cited that last fall a 
 farmer told me his help would not begin work any 
 more until seven o’clock in the morning and they 
 would quit promptly at six o’clock in the evening. 
 I asked him if he could not remember when all 
 labor worked twelve and fourteen hours each day 
 except Sunday. He admitted he did remember it. 
 I cited to him the present hours of days works in 
 comparison and asked him how the charities, and 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 235 
 
 preparation for charity of today compared with what 
 we had when he was a boy, and called to his mind 
 our steam heated county houses for the poor that 
 our country is dotted with in every direction; large 
 brick palaces with all modern improvements; the 
 healthful and sanitary features thoroughly looked 
 after in the construction; better accommodations by 
 far than the well-to-do as a rule enjoyed in his boy- 
 hood days. I told him that where these conditions 
 did not already prevail shame for the lack of them 
 and the pride in having as good as their neighbors 
 could boast of would force the citizens in such 
 localities to move in the same direction. 
 
 I told him that committees today are slow to leave 
 a little bit of room to charges of want of charity. 
 Frequently, no doubt, uncleanly, incompetent and 
 unscrupulous persons get control of such institutions, 
 but that should not be used as a club by calamity 
 howlers to kill the spirit of decency, justice and 
 fairness that is so potent in our land right now. 
 
 I called his attention to state institutions for the 
 insane, and all manner and kinds of dependents, and 
 cited the progress in this direction since he was a 
 boy; called his attention to our public parks and to 
 many other things. I did not forget to inform him 
 that in 1891 in Massachusetts I saw on Christmas day 
 more presents on and around a Christmas tree in a 
 family of six children than were given away in any 
 county in the State of New York when he was a 
 Christmas lad, and there was more happiness in that 
 family on that day than he ever stumbled on to in 
 all of his young life. I told him to get the old ox- 
 cart wheel out of his head and let the young bicycle 
 wheel in and he would feel better. 
 
236 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 I asked him frankly if the world had not grown 
 better every day that he had lived, and just as 
 frankly he admitted it had. 
 
 “You say, too, you are an author and write books?” 
 
 He said he had written books. 
 
 See, then, the harm you are doing and how you 
 are misleading the young, when you take the false 
 stand you do; and I reminded him he was too good 
 looking a man to serve any such purpose as he was 
 allowing himself to become the tool of, and pointed 
 out to him again that he was following in lines that 
 directly injured me and every other working man in 
 the United States. 
 
 “Why don’t you,” I said, “show us how much our 
 world has improved in your life time and encourage 
 us to believe that we have been stopped for a brief 
 time only in a road that leads in the direction that 
 we wish to travel.” 
 
 I pointed out to him the armies of people that 
 had come to us in the last few years, and that if our 
 promise was not better under the strain of the 
 present even, than that they had left, they would 
 have started back long ago. 
 
 Just think, Mr. Labor, of the increase of people, 
 and the mental condition they were in, this great 
 country of ours has provided for in the past twenty- 
 five years. It is the marvel of marvels! No other 
 country in the whole world could have taken care 
 of them so handsomely, and we have a right, sir, to 
 look for the same ratio of increase in charity and 
 mercy in the future that we have had in the past; 
 coming gradually, too, as we have come, it will be 
 charged with the same good health and vigor. 
 
 You could as well, Mr. Labor, put a raw Indian in 
 
Labors' Hard Times School. 
 
 237 
 
 a pilot house and look for safety to a large vessel 
 in dangerous waters, as to undertake or hope for a 
 pure and mighty transformation of any people with 
 the view of their adjusting themselves in any brief 
 moment to such new conditions. 
 
 We have progressed and grown better daily and 
 hourly for years regardless of the spouters who have 
 been promising for so long that just in front of us 
 with one wave of the hand they were going to even 
 everything up and fire mercies and plenty out of the 
 blank heavens into the bosoms of all. 
 
 Until two of that peculiar family of human kind, 
 Mr. Labor, can demonstrate to me that they could 
 live in the same house one week without breaking 
 up the furniture, I shall be content to move along 
 on the same progressive lines that have brought to 
 us so much that had a man ventured to predict it 
 all forty-five years ago he would for prudence and 
 safety have been turned into a pasture by himself — 
 and the entrance carefully locked. 
 
 I cannot believe that any man means well when 
 he encourages people to expect what he knows it is 
 utterly impossible for him or anyone else to deliver, 
 and if he could deliver he knows there would be 
 such a fight over the first “divvy” that he wouldn’t 
 stay to see it out. 
 
 When we have advanced to that strata of love, 
 order and perfection that an Irishman and a colored 
 man become congenial room mates, live in peace 
 together and are in a state of unrest when not in 
 each other’s embrace, then I will consent to bow 
 humbly to the doctrine of equality to all. 
 
 I will not wait for the German and Frenchman to 
 feel lonely when not in each other’s company, or for 
 
238 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 the Jew and Gentile to feast off each other’s lips. 
 Just show me the first two remaining thirsty when 
 they cannot drink one with the other, at the same 
 fountain of love, refusing food when they cannot 
 break the same bread, declining rest when they can- 
 not occupy the same bed, and then the vision painter 
 shall have my unconditional surrender; but until 
 then, Mr. Labor, I shall be in favor of keeping our 
 own market to sell our own labor in, and take the 
 chances that success on these lines will give us 
 better times than anything any trickster is at the 
 present offering, or writing and talking about. 
 
 There have been many angry disputes as to what 
 took money out of circulation after the election of 
 1892, but, Mr. Labor, what happened at Grovers- 
 ville has settled all that contention. Money went 
 out of circulation there because the factories were 
 forced by cheaper imported goods to close down, 
 thereby keeping from the working people the money 
 to put in circulation that they had obtained through 
 the sale of their days works up to that time. What 
 happened to Groversville, the Wilson bill and the 
 early promise of it brought to the whole United 
 States. More than half the days works that our 
 market had taken regularly were refused and could 
 not be sold. There was no other market on earth 
 outside of our own that we could offer them in, and 
 even if some other country could have taken them 
 they wouldn’t have paid a price that we could 
 have accepted. The extra money that had formerly 
 been in circulation was what these same days works 
 had sold for prior to 1893. If we were forced to 
 keep everything known to man, and not sell a thing, 
 there would be no money circulating, and if we are 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 239 
 
 compelled to keep any part there will be less in cir- 
 culation than if we could sell the whole. The promise 
 of a change in tariff duties which later materialized 
 in the Wilson bill spoiled the sale of more than half 
 our days works, which was more than half of the 
 long end of what we have to sell that puts money in 
 circulation. We know this, and have known it, and 
 have been told it on hundreds of occasions, but we 
 have failed to take it in its full magnitude and that 
 is why I refer to Groversville. In that illustration 
 we see every feature clearly and distinctly. It is a 
 complete and comprehensive panorama that brings 
 to our mental vision all there is within or without 
 that makes or ruins a market, and I earnestly urge 
 that all laboring men who have days works to sell, 
 which means so much to them and to me, to read 
 and re-read that lesson until they become so loaded 
 with the sentiments and principles it contains, that 
 they can ever be on the alert to thrust it in the teeth 
 of the professional mystifiers who undertake to lure 
 us into the belief that it was the repeal of the Sher- 
 man silver bill, or our Government’s financial policy, 
 that took money out of circulation. 
 
 Tell such men plainly, brother workingman, that 
 when the free traders inveigled us into voting that 
 men and women in some other country should sell 
 their days works in our market, and take the pay 
 for those days works (which should have been pay 
 for our days works) to their own country to put in 
 circulation there, is the very thing, and only thing, 
 that so shamefully and unpardonably reduced the 
 circulation of money in this, our own country, and 
 by and through the facts and results in Groversville 
 your claims are substantiated. 
 
240 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 I feel deeply, too, Mr. Labor, that the time has 
 come that we men who sell days works, and virtually 
 have not a thing else to sell, turn down all intruders 
 in our field who endeavor to convince us that the 
 men we sell them to are not our friends. Why do 
 not such men go out and tell the farmer to curse the 
 ground that grows his wheat? Why don’t they insist 
 that the owner of a ship shall condemn the wind 
 that fills its sails? Why don’t they advise the dis- 
 tributor of the product to censure the frost that 
 makes his ice? Why don’t they prevail upon all 
 mankind to disapprove of the air we breathe, and 
 the water we drink? Why don’t we workingmen, 
 Mr. Labor, have the courage to tell such men to go 
 to work and earn an honest living and quit absorbing 
 from us, in preference to listening to the abuse of 
 the man who gives us money to buy our flour? 
 
 We workingmen have all the power in our own 
 hands today, and there is no class that the public 
 yields to as they yield to us. All the people, and 
 eight-tenths of our employers are studying our wel- 
 fare, no matter what may be said to the contrary. 
 There is never an occasion when we are in the right 
 that the strongest and the best of our people are not 
 with us. 
 
 When we are in the wrong they are not in sym- 
 pathy with us, and they ought not to be, and on such 
 lines WQ ought not to succeed; but under all circum- 
 stances when what we ask is tempered with consist- 
 ency, we get it. 
 
 All the laws, except the Wilson tariff bill, are in 
 our favor, and there has been no contest to have 
 them come that way, either. You can get a man 
 killed quicker for not paying for a day’s work than 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School, 
 
 24 
 
 any other crime known. To put it tamer, and more 
 to the point, the law guards the workman’s pay first 
 of all creditors. We laboring men never fought for 
 that; it came voluntarily from the natural mercies 
 that our country is loaded with, and when all our 
 people have read about Groversville you and I will 
 not have to keep our days work, and permit some 
 other man in some other country to sell his days 
 work to our neighbors. 
 
 What we want to shut off is the street howler who 
 tells us that the man who gives us all the money we 
 ever see as our own, is the greatest enemy we have. 
 
 I do not know, Mr. Labor, that I have said very 
 much about cotton mills. My understanding is that 
 all you cared for on that line was to learn if there 
 was very much in manufactured cotton goods other 
 than labor. That product came out like all others 
 must, showing that it was difficult to find in it any- 
 thing that was not labor. The cotton mills in 1890 
 employed over 220,000 people, and beyond a doubt 
 fed, clothed and provided for fully a million per- 
 sons. Without a doubt, if our factories could manu- 
 facture all the cotton goods this country uses, they 
 could feed and care for nearly half a million more 
 people, without it is some laces and certain hand 
 made goods that some other countries pay greater 
 attention to than our working classes care to turn 
 their hands to. 
 
 I shall always look, Mr. Labor, for our country to 
 import fine hand made and expensive luxuries, and 
 when all our labor is employed and we are having 
 normal success there will always be enough in this 
 direction to make our market on such goods very 
 valuable to other countries. When our labor is so 
 
242 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 much of it idle, though, as has been the case the past 
 four years, our margins will be too scrimpy to give 
 very much room to luxuries. We are not likely to 
 indulge our appetites for luxuries to any extended 
 limit when our stomachs are empty. 
 
 I will read an extract from Ex-Senator David 
 Bennett Hill’s Fourth of July oration at Oswego, N. 
 Y., and suggest, Mr. Labor, that it is good matter to 
 print in the records of this school. 
 
 (Clipped from the Chicago Tribune, and to be 
 duly credited to the New York Sun.) 
 
 Ex-Senator David Bennett Hill in his Fourth of 
 July Oration Talks of Hard Times. 
 
 The New York Sun quotes from Ex-Senator Hill’s 
 Fourth of July oration at Oswego, N. Y., as follows: 
 
 “I realize as keenly as any one the burdens and 
 sufferings which pertain to the present hard times, 
 the continued depression which affects all business, 
 the difficulty of obtaining remunerative employment, 
 and the hardships which are constantly imposed up- 
 on the extremely poor and those in moderate cir- 
 cumstances. But while regretting these conditions, 
 which have unfortunately come upon the country 
 about every quarter of a century since our existence 
 as a nation, and which are not confined to this 
 country alone, but exist largely everywhere, I beg to 
 remind you that they cannot be alleviated by parti- 
 san misrepresentations, by plausible but false the- 
 ories of their cause, by attacking those in official 
 station, by arraying class against class, by railing 
 against capital, or by sowing the seeds of public dis- 
 content. It is in such times as these that dema- 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 243 
 
 gogues thrive; it is in just such times that they 
 should be shunned. Their denunciations, their ap- 
 peals, and their sophistries afford no genuine relief, 
 but only aggravate the situation. They are utterly 
 powerless for good but potent for mischief. They 
 can lead men astray, but they cannot correct a single 
 real or imaginary grievance under which men suffer. 
 They are usually possessed of glib tongues, and 
 while profuse with honeyed words in their pro- 
 fessions of friendship for the cause of labor have 
 never been known to contribute one idea toward the 
 solution of labor’s great problem, or to recommend, 
 aid, or secure the enactment of a single measure for 
 the amelioration of workingmen or the advancement 
 of their welfare. 
 
 ‘Tt is strange, indeed, and the times must be out 
 of joint when such men can find listeners and secure 
 a following among reputable workingmen and in- 
 telligent farmers. It is a time for plain words. There 
 is too much demagogism abroad in the land; there 
 is too much false doctrine taught pertaining to gov- 
 ernmental functions; there is too much encourage- 
 ment of the spirit of socialism and all that it implies, 
 including communistic and chimerical schemes for 
 a ‘Social Democracy,’ so-called; there is too much 
 toleration of disrespect for courts and constituted 
 authorities; there is too much clamor for class legis- 
 lation; there is too much inculcation of the idea that 
 men can become rich without effort, by the mere fiat 
 of the government, instead of earning wealth in the 
 good old-fashioned way; and there is too much at- 
 tention paid to cranks, blatherskites, and political 
 adventurers, entitled to no consideration, but who 
 
244 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 seem to have obtained the public ear, and are seek- 
 ing to pull down the pillars of society. 
 
 ‘‘I confess that I know of no adequate remedy for 
 hard times within the power of the government to 
 bestow. I do not assume to be wiser than our 
 fathers, who confessed alike inability in worse times 
 than these. 
 
 “It is difficult to diagnose accurately the causes 
 of a nation’s ills. This much, however, is clear: the 
 restoration of business confidence is the paramount 
 need of the hour. Croaking in such times as these 
 will not give us relief; recriminations will do no 
 good; we must look to the careful, prudent, intelli- 
 gent men of all classes to solve the difficulties in the 
 light of the experiences of the past; professional 
 labor agitators cannot furnish a day’s work to a 
 single unemployed laborer, and theoretical political 
 evangelists, who pretend so thoroughly to compre- 
 hend the money question, but whose only stock in 
 trade is their fine-spun theories and severe criticism 
 of successful men, have usually not a dollar to invest 
 in any legitimate business. 
 
 “Instead of yielding to despondency, let us look 
 at the future with hope and courage. Let us lend a 
 helping hand to the unfortunate. Let us endeavor 
 to create work for the unemployed. Let us encour- 
 age men of means to embark in new enterprises. 
 Let us welcome every public improvement. Let us 
 patronize the public-spirited business-man, who does 
 something for the people in return. Let our nation 
 cease to meddle with dangerous monetary experi- 
 ments.” 
 
 The suggestions in this speech as to whom we 
 should not listen to or follow is of untold value, and 
 
Labors’ Hard iimes School. 
 
 245 
 
 if we laboring men will give the weight and import- 
 ance that is due ourselves to give it we will be guided 
 in the wrong direction less in the future than we 
 have been in the past. 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 .'>46 
 
 LESSON XII. 
 
 Labor recognizes a gentleman, who rises and ex- 
 presses a desire to take a brief part in the exercises, 
 and in opening says: 
 
 “My name, Mr. Labor, is Sands; I am a farmer, 
 and a resident of the State of Ohio. I shall be 
 pleased to add a few words, and I have a small 
 amount of data that I feel confident, when examined, 
 you will consider of sufficient importance to include 
 in your report of what transpires here.’' 
 
 Labor. We shall be pleased to listen to you, Mr. 
 Sands, and the data you refer to will no doubt con- 
 firm and give strength to our efforts. You may 
 proceed. 
 
 Mr. Sa?ids. I have been a regular pupil here to 
 the neglect of some other affairs over which, ordi- 
 narily, I would have felt slightly guilty, but the 
 light I have taken on has so engrossed my thoughts 
 that I have cheerfully neglected other duties. I have 
 some confessions, too, that I shall never feel quite 
 right over if I smother and carry away with me. 
 You have said that the word “free” was catchy, and 
 I conclude that that was a part of what caught me. 
 
 The free traders had so much to say about a larger 
 market — so much larger — and about my getting 
 everything cheaper, and such a lot of things, that I 
 decided in 1892 I would be making a good-sized ass 
 of myself if I didn’t vote their ticket. I see now, 
 Mr. Labor, what a fool I was that I didn’t think to 
 ask them about the size of our own market. If 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 247 
 
 enough of us had done that in time we could have 
 saved a whole lot of wounds. The truth is “the 
 markets of the world’' sounded so large it caused us 
 to forget everything else. 
 
 I was so taken with the idea that the only wonder 
 to me now is that I didn’t load everything I own on 
 to the cars, farm and all, and go chasing after the 
 markets of the world. Only for the chickens, butter, 
 eggs, steers, calves, etc., I have sold in our own 
 market since 1892 I would have starved to death. 
 When I found out that the markets of the world 
 only take from one-seventh to one-ninth of all we 
 raise, barring cotton, and that we can’t coax them to 
 take any more, and they only take that much when 
 theycannot get it anywhere else,! felt goodand cheap. 
 Mr. Labor, do you think that the fellows who told 
 me such a lot about the world’s markets knew that 
 England, China, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, 
 Poland, India and all other countries wouldn’t send 
 any of their agents to my farm to buy what I had to 
 sell? 
 
 Labor, My opinion is, Mr. Sands, that they knew 
 but very little of what they were talking about. Evi- 
 dently they have suffered equally with the rest of 
 us, which they could not have anticipated or desired, 
 hence my opinion that they were ignorant of the 
 danger they were inviting and urging. 
 
 Mr. Sands. My opinion is, Mr. Labor, that they 
 were a big lot of guessers, and they didn’t seem to 
 do much but guess after we elected them. The load 
 they took on appeared to be too large for their 
 wagon. A whole lot of them wanted to do all right, 
 but there was a larger lot, “large like the markets of 
 the world,” the regular free trade or bust element, 
 
248 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 who wanted to paint themselves all over any color 
 on earth except red, white and blue. They wouldn’t 
 study history, listen to reason or anything or any- 
 body except the few artists who acted as if they 
 wanted to decorate themselves so they would espec- 
 ially shine and leave us fellows, who put them in 
 office, to decorate ourselves. 
 
 If those fellows ever get any compliments, Mr. 
 Labor, for the tints they put on themselves or on us, 
 they will have to go to some other country for them. 
 I don’t believe our people, or the history of our 
 country, will ever give them any. 
 
 I see by the Bureau of Statistics of our Treasury 
 Department that $6,777,995.82 worth of unmanufac- 
 tured cotton, free of duty, was imported into the 
 United States in 1896. In 1887 it only amounted to 
 $533, 219. I don’t like this kind of growth, Mr. 
 Labor; I feel there is danger in it. I believe with 
 Col. Rasbach that the South needs that nearly seven 
 million dollars. According to the Colonel’s figures, 
 five million and more of that money would have 
 gone to the laboring people of the South, and that 
 end of our country would have been over six and a 
 half million dollars richer. My State of Ohio will 
 shake hands with Col. Rasbach on this question; we 
 are mutually interested. He and his people can 
 help us take care of our wool, and we people will 
 help them take care of their cotton. 
 
 Then we who raise the wool, instead of having to 
 ‘‘kiss our money good-bye” when it goes to other 
 countries to buy that product, will keep it at home 
 to buy more cotton goods with, which will benefit 
 our people in states where the cotton is raised and 
 help those who manufacture such goods into cloth 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 249 
 
 that serves for sails, bagging and such a quantity of 
 things other than wearing apparel, which properly 
 protected means to this latter class a lot more of our 
 money to keep and use at home. The Colonel and 
 his friends in the South by having our cotton mar- 
 ket, as they are entitled to have it, will be spared the 
 pain of seeing United States money going to foreign 
 countries to purchase baled cotton, and we are blind, 
 and doubly blind, when we fail to see that it is to 
 our interest for the South to have that money so 
 they can invest more liberally in what we have to 
 offer for sale, a thing utterly beyond their power to 
 do when minus this money, it having been given to 
 some other country. 
 
 The day seems to be just dawning, and for the 
 first time in our history, too, that the South and the 
 North are mutually recognizing the utility they can 
 be to each other. The early cabbage, potatoes, ber- 
 ries, peaches, melons, etc., and lemons, oranges, pine 
 apples and a host of stuff our Northern people pur- 
 chase from the South, should remind them that pro- 
 tection to our industries, which provides for keeping 
 our money at home rather than leaving gates open 
 for it to go abroad to stay, is of too much import- 
 ance to them to be lost sight of, and beyond any 
 question they are beginning to see it. 
 
 The market, Mr. Labor, they want to increase is 
 the one mentioned above If the day’s work is done 
 in Germany, the workman will buy his early cabbage 
 and melons there, and the South will not ship them 
 to him either, hence he can be no customer of theirs. 
 Also, if our workman by this means fails to get the 
 day’s work to do he will be out of money and fail 
 to be their customer, too. 
 
250 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 How plain that we are all mutually interested. 
 The more the South does to aid Northern toilers in 
 selling their days works the more of all their pro- 
 ducts they can sell them. The greater quantity oi 
 their products the North is able to buy and eat up, 
 and consume in other ways, the more money the 
 South will have to invest in what the North offers 
 for sale. 
 
 Instead of our money flying across the briny deep 
 to stay, it will be flying back and forth across our 
 own country, and the sum of our increased riches, 
 Mr. Labor, will be just exactly the sum of money 
 we have kept at home. 
 
 I am tired, Mr. Labor, of hearing about foreign 
 markets when it is used in any sense that injures our 
 own market. They have pumped all of that into me 
 they ever can. We use from seven-eights to nine- 
 tenths of our grown products at home, except cotton 
 About two-thirds of the cotton we raise is sold to 
 other countries, but we raise more cotton than the 
 balance of the world just now. 
 
 Egypt, India and other countries are gaining rap- 
 idly and may injure our foreign trade in cotton later 
 on, hence the importance of being kind enough to 
 ourselves to keep our own market on that com- 
 modity for our own product. 
 
 If we should surrender to other countries that 
 portion of our market on all industries they would 
 have the gall to ask, which would be quite all we 
 have, they would not then buy any more baled cot- 
 ton of us than they had to have, or anything else we 
 have to sell. 
 
 Our own market, Mr. Labor, is what I have made 
 up my mind we can control and increase if we know 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School 
 
 251 
 
 enough to do it. So long as statistics show that we 
 use forty-nine fiftieths of all we manufacture at 
 home, wherein the very sellers of days works with 
 their families themselves are the chief feature of our 
 market, why can we find individuals that will urge 
 us to shamefully ignore the 49-50 interest in order to 
 cultivate the fractibnal 1-50 part? Does anyone 
 flatter himself that we could compete with Germany 
 in making wooden shoes for their market? 
 
 The fellows that fooled me about the markets of 
 the world, Mr. Labor, and inveigled me into voting 
 their ticket, doctored our market with their medicine 
 so that the people of the United States consumed 
 147,788,510 bushels less wheat in 1895 than they did 
 in 1890. 
 
 That is what they did in one commodity, Mr^ 
 Labor, to our market while they were chasing after 
 the markets of the world. How much must our 
 market for delicacies and luxuries, together with 
 other necessities that our simplest comforts demand, 
 have shrunk? 
 
 Why do we not have printed estimates of all 
 shrinkage covering all our industries and all our 
 products? They should be kept before our people 
 that we may all know how much we paid for the 
 free trade singing we have had to listen to all these 
 years. 
 
 Think of our using nearly 148 million bushels less 
 wheat in 1895 we did in 1890! Was there not an 
 increase of people in that time? Where was our 
 growth and our progress for five years ? Some one ( I 
 don’t know who it is) ought to be ashamed. I called 
 one man’s attention to the fact of how much less we 
 used in the product of wheat in 1895 he said he 
 
252 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 thought the people were eating more oats. I told 
 him I thought they were eating more hay, and cited 
 Groversville to him. That ideal city carries the 
 keen edge that makes us all see it, Mr. Labor. 
 
 I listened to a conversation between a protection- 
 ist and a free trader in New York City in the fall of 
 1893. The former was remarking how cheap his 
 wife had told him butter and eggs were in the mar- 
 ket, when the free trader in a boasting way said: 
 “Are you not glad of 1:hat?” 
 
 The protectionist answered he could not see why 
 he should be glad of it. Why, the free trader re- 
 marked, don’t you like to have what you are com- 
 pelled to buy cheap? The protectionist answered, 
 not in the light he saw that kind of cheapness, and 
 added that he didn’t believe the ridiculously low 
 price was caused by there being any more butter, or 
 any more eggs than usual, and remarked that the 
 only way he could account for it was that the poor 
 people were eating their bread without butter, and 
 that they had no thought of using eggs, and he told 
 the free trader that if he could find any consolation 
 in such a condition of cheapness he would have to 
 enjoy it all alone; that the fact that others were en- 
 during privation held no gratification for him, and 
 charged that men who could find pleasure and en- 
 joyment in such conditions were not less than cheap 
 skates themselves. 
 
 One millon dollars per week forwool going out of 
 our country so the papers have been telling us for a 
 long time, Mr. Labor, but I think for the past few 
 weeks it has been more than that, for they have 
 been rushing wool in to avoid the Dingley bill tax. 
 How do you think we Ohio Farmers who keep a 
 
Labors* Hard Times School. 
 
 253 
 
 few sheep, or want to keep a few, like that, Mr. 
 Labor? 
 
 Labor, It is a great injury to you, Mr. Sands, and 
 I should judge it would make you very sore. 
 
 Mr. Sands. Yes, but we are somewhat accustomed 
 to it now. You know, Mr. Labor, you can become 
 so thoroughly accustomed to an old sore that it loses 
 part of its sting. When I first learned that a lot of 
 other fellows held the markets of the world on 
 wooden shoes, leather coats, and the gloves that 
 nature started mankind out with, in the hollow of 
 their hands, it' nearly took my breath. I had be- 
 come so wrought up with the idea that I was going 
 to have a chunk out of nearly everything on earth 
 tossed on to my farm, and everything was going to 
 be so smooth and easy with me, that I just drove 
 down to the store and loaded my big wagon box 
 full of everything nice, — things my family never 
 had before, and told the merchant to charge it, that 
 I would be back in a few days and pay the bill, and 
 get a lot more. 
 
 Do you know, Mr. Labor, that I haven’t paid that 
 bill yet? I had to give the merchant my note and 
 pay interest on it. Of course, I am all right; I had 
 loaned some farmers, that were in the wool and 
 sheep business, some money, but they haven’t been 
 able to pay even the interest. I am well secured 
 and could force them to pay me any time, but they 
 are not to blame and are good fellows. It would be 
 mean in me to push them in so much as I voted the 
 nasty times on to them. One of them told me that 
 free wool would shut him up while it lasted, and 
 advised me not to vote the ticket I did. 
 
254 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 Twe iuorth ^ovtr au'iiNc 
 
 ?0REIC,N COVA^TaiE'i 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 255 
 
 I told him what I had heard about the markets of 
 the world, and about getting things so cheap, etc. 
 
 He asked me then if anybody had hit me on the 
 head with anything hard, like a policeman’s club, or 
 the coupling pin to a freight car? 
 
 I said, “ no,” and wanted to know why he asked 
 me such a question. 
 
 He said I talked like my old scull had been 
 cracked. 
 
 I told him I didn’t like that remark, and that I 
 had as good a right to an opinion as he had. 
 
 Yes, he said, but you have no right to go crazy 
 from choice. And then he went on and gave me 
 hail Columbia. He said I was an old hog; that I 
 was always grabbing for everything in sight and 
 wanted some one else to pay for it. He said that 
 the jingle of a ten cent piece going down into my 
 pocket would remind anyone of that old camp 
 meeting song, “ Farewell, Vain World, I am Going 
 Home.” 
 
 You are one of the blind, too, he said, that plan 
 to tramp all kinds of money into the mud, chasing af- 
 ter a dollar that cannot be had. He told me if I would 
 try to get what I wanted in a decent kind of a way I 
 would grow better looking. He said I was hunting 
 for something I could get for nothing so hard that 
 my eyes were growing squinty. 
 
 I tell you, Mr. Labor, by the time he stopped 
 talking I was angry, and if his notes had been due I 
 would have made him pay them right there, but he 
 had only had my money for about six months, and 
 I had loaned it to him for a year. I did not go 
 near him again for a long time; I did not like his 
 guns, or the way he fired them. I had made up my 
 
256 Labors’ Hard Times School. ^ 
 
 mind, though, that when his notes did come due, if 
 he was in any shape so I could do it, I would break 
 his back, but before that time rolled around, Mr. 
 Labor, the squint he told me about began to get out 
 of my eyes, and what he had said had a different 
 look to me. I knew he was a man who studied all 
 questions closely, and it dawned upon me that he 
 had a pretty clear idea of what was in store for us. 
 I have heard him say since, though, that times were 
 three times as bad as he ever thought they could be. 
 
 I listen to every word that man says now. His 
 name is Dutcher, and he will tell you just what he 
 thinks every time. I have studied myself a lot, Mr. 
 Labor, since he held that mirror up in front of me, 
 and as soon as the Dingley bill is a law I will make 
 him acknowledge*that when I pull a ten cent piece 
 out of my pocket the lad will sing, “Here I am born 
 again in the best of cheer. Watch me now while I 
 go on a lark.’’ 
 
 It is pretty slow work, Mr. Labor, for farmers to 
 make money, and we people in Ohio have felt the 
 pinch worse on account of free wool than any other 
 single thing that has gone the wrong way. 
 
 Labor. I do not see, Mr. Sands, that you are enti- 
 tled to much sympathy. You have means, and was 
 in a sense fortified for the struggles that we have 
 passed through. 
 
 Mr. Sa?ids. Very true, but I have not made any 
 money. We never feel real good when our re- 
 sources are not growing stronger. 
 
 Labor. You must not forget, Mr. Sands, that you 
 have, as a farmer, resources that your family and 
 you can depend upon for nearly every necessity of 
 life, even though you sell but very little of anything. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 257 
 
 Farmers can avoid becoming dependent during 
 such a siege as we have just passed through easier 
 than any other class of our people. You can, in a 
 sense, live a long time without selling, although 
 there is nearly always some kind of a demand for 
 something you may have to offer, but you will ad- 
 mit, I know, that you can keep what you have to 
 sell and exist, but how is it with the man whose 
 only resource is from the sale of his days works. 
 You cannot dispute that it must be a great question 
 with him how he is to live when he is compelled to 
 keep his days works; you can nearly always accu- 
 mulate on your farm and sell later, while the work- 
 ingman’s accumulated unsold days works are abso- 
 lutely without value. 
 
 Mr.Sa?tds. I have been studying that phase of the 
 question these last few days, Mr. Labor, and I had 
 already discovered what a debt w^e farmers owe the 
 people who have only toil to sell, and how shameful 
 it is when we vote a ticket that forces those people 
 to keep that toil;, when not sold, as you remarked, it 
 is absolutely without value. 
 
 What an excruciating pain it must be to a robust 
 head of a family when his means are all exhausted, 
 and he finds it impossible to dispose of his days 
 works. 
 
 Up to the time that Mr. Dutcher so frankly pictured 
 to me the narrow channel in which I was living, I had 
 never given these questions a passing thought. I 
 was quite positive they did not concern me. What 
 has overtaken our people since then, together with 
 what he said and the information gained at this 
 school, has brought home to me this higher and 
 broader sphere of life. 
 
258 Labors* Hard Times School. 
 
 A man suspended in some frail way at a dizzy 
 height, seemingly beyond the power of aid from 
 those below whose attention he can attract, and all 
 avenues cut off whereby he can relieve himself, must 
 be partially in the frame of mind of the fond father 
 and husband whose table, chairs, cook-stove, dishes 
 and beds have already been exchanged for food and 
 yet not a semblance of an opportunity to dispose of 
 a day’s work insight, and the attention he can attract 
 is only that of people whose distress is equal to his 
 own. 
 
 When such conditions, Mr. Labor, are due to the 
 fact that other countries are shipping their days 
 works into the United States and our people are 
 buying them, it is a sad thought, and whether they 
 are cheaper or not, the principle is wrong. The 
 squint is getting out of my eyes, and I want to help 
 if I can; and I can help when I vote, and I will. By 
 thus voting, too, I see now I will be helping my own 
 family. I want the wage earner of our country to 
 wear Ohio wool. I know, Mr. Labor, some will 
 charge that this is a selfish and narrow view to take 
 of a question so broad, but if we carry the day we 
 will do it on selfish lines. Men are too much in the 
 condition I was before Mr. Butcher overhauled me. 
 There are enough people on the selfish end to give 
 us the day when it is all understood, and give it to 
 us to keep, too, but people must not flatter them- 
 selves that the free trader is dead, or that we are not 
 going to hear from him again, for we are. Some of 
 them are scolding me good every time I meet them 
 for changing my mind, and they say I will be back 
 in the old lines when election comes around. I tell 
 them I want to remain and vote with them, but if I 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 259 
 
 do they must not put up any free trade candidates 
 on their tickets, and I have only commenced telling 
 them, Mr. Labor. I intend to fire hot shot into them 
 after this. 
 
 I don’t want to keep my wool, or take half price 
 for it in order that foreign countries may have our 
 market, or divide it with us on wool. I had rather 
 they w^ould sell their wool here, though, than to have 
 them make it into cloth and send the cloth here. If 
 our laborer can sell the days works to make the 
 cloth, he will be better able to buy a steak out of a 
 steer I may raise than could possibly be the case if 
 the cloth were made in some other country. I am 
 getting my eyes opened wide enough, and they are 
 open wide enough, too, to see that if we farmers 
 can sell the wool we will have more money to buy 
 the cloth and clothes with. 
 
 This you see, Mr. Labor, brings us right up to the 
 point again where we are helping each other when 
 we are all wearing and in every possible way using 
 American wool manufactured at home. The Ameri- 
 can manufacturer who wants foreign wool should not 
 grumble if I buy foreign clothes, but we are two 
 fools and it is a Kilkenny fight when we do either. 
 
 Some say our wool is not of the right quality. 
 That kind of talk, Mr. Labor, is subterfuge pure and 
 simple. We can raise good enough wool for any 
 lords to wear. I have seen as good cloth made in 
 this country from our own wool as need ever be laid 
 on any counter, and that, too, in the face of but little 
 encouragement to our manufacturers to make that 
 class of cloth, just because our fine cloth people 
 want to say they wear only imported goods. 
 
 Induce our people, Mr. Labor, to use fine Ameri- 
 
26o 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 can cloths and our manufacturers will surprise them 
 with the elegance of the goods they can make, but 
 they do not want to make fine cloth and keep it, and 
 we need not think they are simple minded enough 
 to do it either. 
 
 Think, Mr. Labor, of a million dollars a week for 
 wool leaving our country. How much more of every- 
 thing would we farmers and the sheep ranchmen of 
 the West buy if we could have that money? That 
 money, Mr. Labor, belongs to our country as a 
 nation just as much and in the same sense as the 
 money I sell a steer for that I have raised belongs 
 to me and my family. All we are as a nation is a 
 larger family; then why should we as a nation, or a 
 larger family, buy of other countries just what we 
 have to sell any more than any single family should 
 purchase of a neighbor just the very same article 
 that such single family has at home and is looking 
 forward to the time when a customer will be found 
 to buy it? 
 
 This was all illustrated by Mr. Williams when he 
 asked how he would look buying corn of a neighbor 
 to fatten his hogs when he had a crib full of corn on 
 his own farm. 
 
 This holds good with manufactured products as 
 well as grown products, as has already been cited. 
 The principles involved were made plain in Grovers- 
 ville, where the identical workman identically 
 bought himself out of a job. 
 
 Our national officers are at the head of our 
 larger family the same as my wife and I are at the 
 head of our family, and such national officers plan- 
 ning for our people to purchase from foreign coun- 
 tries just what we have ourselves, and what we can 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 261 
 
 manufacture, has just as little business prudence as 
 my wife and I would show in planning to accumulate 
 all possible for our children, should we buy our milk 
 and butter and let our own cows go dry. 
 
 Labor, We see, Mr. Sands, that you are becoming 
 quite a protectionist, 
 
 Mr. Sands. Yes, Mr. Labor, I am forced square 
 about. This light is old to you but it is new to me 
 and it dazzles me more, a thing new light always 
 does. You no doubt have thought these things out 
 a thousand times until the thoughts have become old 
 and rusty, but to me they are bright and new and 
 possess a special lustre. 
 
 I never brought national affairs down to my farm 
 or some one’s store or factory before. When we look 
 at it in the right way, our government is a huge busi- 
 ness affair, but on so broad a scale that it staggers 
 our comprehension. 
 
 As a rule, what will harm us as a whole will harm 
 us in fractional parts. No one would dare argue that 
 we should buy all our wool from other countries, 
 and now that it cannot be honestly proven that we 
 cannot raise a good enough grade of wool, why 
 should we purchase a fractional part even away from 
 home? 
 
 This principle holds good with days works stored 
 in manufactured goods or anything else we have to 
 sell, Mr. Labor, and will continue to hold good so 
 long as ours is by far the greatest single market in 
 the world, and, in a sense, nearly equal to all the 
 other markets of the world which so many howlers, 
 to whom I was simple enough at one time to listen, 
 have been so solicitous about. 
 
 If the markets of the world were ten or twenty 
 
262 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 times greater than ours, as is the case with any other 
 country, it would all have a very different look to it. 
 So long, though, as our market approaches one-half 
 in dollars and cents the total markets of the world, 
 and our part of it is the only portion we can con- 
 trol, my ears in the future, Mr. Labor, shall not be 
 open to quackers about the markets of the world. 
 
 Labor, Is there any labor required in growing 
 wool, Mr. Sands? 
 
 Mr, Sands, If we farmers hired and paid for all 
 the attention given to our sheep from the time they 
 are lambs until they are grown it would cost us more 
 than the wool and sheep would have sold for in our 
 markets the past few years. We, as a rule, do most 
 of the work ourselves, and our children before they 
 are old enough to assume heavier duties aid us ma- 
 terially in looking after the sheep in a small way. 
 At washing and shearing time, as a rule, extra help 
 is employed. 
 
 Selling our wool and what increase of sheep we 
 want to dispose of is simply getting pay for our 
 days works, Mr. Labor, and the price the wool and 
 sheep bring tell whether we realize good pay or 
 small pay for our labor. 
 
 It is rare, Mr. Labor, that a farmer owning lOO 
 acres of land or more does not consider it profitable 
 to keep a few sheep. Up to a certain number they 
 can be carried along on a farm, and what they com 
 sume during portions of the year hardly be missed. 
 Sheep appear to be a sort of requisite to a farmer’s 
 equipment and an adjunct of no trifling importance 
 when rounding up the yearly receipts. Especially is 
 this true when we can depend on having our owm 
 market to ourselves for both wool and woolen goods. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 263 
 
 I have here, Mr. Labor, some comparative data 
 relative to the wool industry under the McKinley 
 bill and the Wilson bill that is very significant. This 
 is what I referred to in the outset, and claimed then 
 that I felt confident after hearing it read you would 
 consider it of sufficient importance to include in your 
 report. 
 
 WOOL — A STUDY FOR FARMERS IN FREE TRADE. 
 
 No. 395. 
 
 IMPORTS OF WOOL. 
 
 Calendar year. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1891 
 
 139.317.571 
 
 $18,798,402 
 
 1892 
 
 167,784,490 
 
 21,190,639 
 
 1893 
 
 111,752,368 
 
 13.953,549 
 
 1894 
 
 115,736,820 
 
 13,862,512 
 
 Protection average 
 
 j33.647.813 
 
 16,951,386 
 
 00 
 
 248,989,217 
 
 33.770,159 
 
 Free trade increase 
 
 115,341,405 
 
 16,818,883 
 
 Free trade in the raw material of woolen manu- 
 facturers means nearly double the quantity of foreign 
 wool used here, to the detriment of American wool, 
 and just double the amount of gold sent abroad to 
 pay for it. The extra ^16,818,883 shipped to foreign 
 farmers would have served a much better purpose 
 had it been distributed among American sheep- 
 raisers. It would have helped our own people won- 
 derfully in paying interest on their farm mortgages, 
 perhaps in preventing the mortgages on their farms, 
 or in improving them, or in paying off a little of the 
 village store account. But farmers must not expect 
 this under free trade. They can only wait patiently 
 until we have a Congress in favor of protection and 
 
264 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 a President in 1897 favor of protection, when, we 
 trust, such a tariff law will be enacted as will exclude 
 every pound of foreign wool, and enable American 
 farmers to secure the whole of the thirty-odd mill- 
 ions of dollars of gold that we shipped abroad last 
 year to pay for it. 
 
 WOOL — BEFORE AND AFTER TAKING FREE TRADE. 
 
 No. 396, 
 
 Imports of — 
 
 1894. 
 
 1895. 
 
 Wool 
 
 $13,862,512 
 
 $33,770,159 
 
 Shoddy 
 
 533,310 
 
 2,759.478 
 
 Woolen goods 
 
 16,809,372 
 
 57,494,863 
 
 Totals 
 
 31,205,194 
 
 94,024,500 
 
 Free trade loss 
 
 
 62,819,306 
 
 WOOL — COST OF PRODUCING. 
 
 No. 397. 
 
 A communication from Hon. Charles Hilton, an 
 extensive wool grower of Eastern Oregon, states the 
 effects of placing wool on the free list in Oregon as 
 follows: 
 
 The Dalles, Ore., Dec. 6, 1893. 
 
 “I have been engaged in the business for eighteen 
 years, and have run from ten to twelve thousand 
 head. I have made it a point each year for a period 
 of thirty days to accurately ascertain the actual cost 
 of all my sheep camps in the way of supplies, and 
 you can accept the following figures as trustworthy, 
 since they are an average from all these records: 
 
 COST OF RUNNING 2,000 SHEEP ONE YEAR. 
 
 Herder, at $35 per month $420 
 
 Board, at $15 per month 180 
 
 Camp tender to help move and furnish camp 200 
 
 Salt, 2 tons at $30 60 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 265 
 
 Hay, 50 tons at $8 $400 
 
 Extra help during lambing season 100 
 
 Extra help during winter feeding season 50 
 
 Shearing 2,000 sheep at 7 cents per head 140 
 
 Board of Shearers 30 
 
 Extra help sacking wool, etc 25 
 
 50 wool sacks at 40 cents 20 
 
 Feeding horses used to supply camp, etc 180 
 
 Shoeing horses used to supply camp, etc 36 
 
 Furnishing camp, tents, blankets, rope, etc 30 
 
 Hauling 16,000 pounds wool to railroad at 120 
 
 Cost of 16,000 pounds of wool as per above 
 
 16,000 pounds of wool, at 6 cents $960 
 
 700 iambs, being increase, $.1.25 875 
 
 — 1.835 
 
 Net loss on above basis $ 156 
 
 “The only possible reduction that can be made in 
 the cost of running a band of sheep is in wages, as 
 the plow has driven the stock so far back into the 
 hills that the cost of feed is greater, as there is so 
 little land that will produce, and freight to and from 
 the railroad figures largely in supplying salt and other 
 supplies in shipping wool. 
 
 “Thus you will see that at 6 cents per pound for 
 wool, which is the highest price we can expect 
 with free wool for the class of wool raised here, cal- 
 culating the weight of each fleece at eight pounds, 
 v/hich is about the average, and the increase at 35 
 per cent, (which is all an ordinary band of stock 
 sheep will produce, as we have to carry the males 
 until two years old and past before they are suitable 
 for market and cannot breed the ewes until two years 
 old) the owner would be about $200 loser on the 
 year’s work. This, leaving out of consideration all 
 the taxes, interest on capital invested, and wear and 
 tear to camp accoutrements, which is considerable. 
 
266 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 “For the last four or five years I have averaged 15 
 cents per pound for my wool and $2.75 for my mut- 
 ton sheep. The latter cannot now be sold for more 
 than $1.50 (at the ranch), and our wool is now being 
 sold in Boston for 10 cents. The cost or freight, in- 
 cluding insurance and commissions, amounts to 
 about 4 cents a pound. 
 
 “There is one thing which you may not have had 
 brought to your notice, and that is that destruction 
 of the sheep industry means the abandonment of 
 thousands of acres of land which now furnish good 
 sheep pasture in Eastern Oregon. 
 
 “The only vegetation which now exists is weeds 
 and the small sheep grass v/hich will support nothing 
 but sheep, and upon which they will thrive; take 
 away the sheep and this is waste land and can never 
 be anything else. 
 
 “It would be impossible for us to continue the 
 business under free wool; we would have to quit 
 breeding and dispose of our sheep for mutton as 
 they become of suitable age. 
 
 “When the industry is destroyed in the United 
 States, I apprehend, the foreigner will raise the price 
 of wool probably to more than we have received 
 under protection; but we will have no sheep, and it 
 takes a long time to stock up a range, as sheep do 
 not increase very rapidly.’* 
 
 WOOL — EXTENT OF DESTRUCTION. 
 
 No. 398. 
 
 Do our free trade friends know the magnitude of 
 the wool-growing industry which they have de- 
 stroyed? There were 700,000 wool growers in the 
 United States — 700,000 people whose principal in- 
 dustry was that of growing wool. There were prob- 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 267 
 
 ably 150,000 more who were owners of small flocks 
 of sheep in the United States. This industry em- 
 ployed, besides the owners of flocks, at least half a 
 million laborers, representing, with those who were 
 dependent upon them, 2,500,000 people dependent 
 upon the wages paid to laborers in this industry. 
 There were 700,000 farms, averaging 160 acres each, 
 devoted to the industry; and the mountainous re- 
 gions of the great West and the vast plains of the 
 great West, which are not suitable for other kinds of 
 agriculture, which are not suitable for cultivation, 
 have been utilized in this great industry and made 
 valuable. These 700,000 farms, of 160 acres each, 
 comprising 112,000,000 acres of land, are made value- 
 less by placing wool on the free list and destroying 
 this great industry. 
 
 A statement from Hon. W. W. Baker, editor of the 
 North Pacific Rural Spirit, shows that in Oregon, 
 Utah, Washington, Idaho and Western Montana 
 there were 6,710,746 sheep, which were worth in 
 1892, prior to the Presidential election, ^13,421,492, 
 and which are worth in 1896 no more than ^6,710,746 
 showing a falling off in the value caused by putting 
 wool on the free list. 
 
 WOOL — FALL OF FOREIGN PRICES. 
 
 No. 399. 
 
 Free traders have been fond of drawing compari- 
 sons between the lower price of American wool 
 under the McKinley law and prices current previous 
 to i860. It is true that previous to i860 the clean 
 scoured value of Ohio XX was 80 cents, and its clean 
 scoured value under the McKinley law before it was 
 menaced with repeal in the early part of 1893 was 
 70 cents — a decline of 12^ percent. This fact has 
 
268 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 been given great prominence, but the advocates of 
 this view have been ominously silent as to the 46 
 per cent, decline in London in wool of the same 
 kind and quality during the same period. For some 
 years previous to i860 the London value of Austra- 
 lian clean scoured wool similar to XX Ohio was 65 
 cents, but in 1893 its value was only 35 cents — a de- 
 cline in the free trade markets of the world of over 
 46 per cent., as against a decline under protection 
 in the United States for wool of the same quality 
 and condition of only 12 % per cent. Further evi- 
 dence of this fact, but exhibiting a still greater de- 
 cline in foreign markets, is shown in the publication 
 of a table by Messrs. George William Bond & Co., of 
 Boston, giving all kinds of colonial wools imported 
 into England and America in j86o and in 1893, 
 showing a falling off in value in that period of over 
 51 per cent. 
 
 The importation of colonial wools into Europe 
 and America at various tariff periods between i860 
 and 1893, with approximate value per bale, in 
 English money, was as follows: 
 
 Year. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Value 
 per bale. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Value 
 per bale. 
 
 i860 
 
 266,000 
 
 
 1883 
 
 1,253,000 
 
 im 
 
 1868 
 
 639,000 
 
 i ?> y 2 
 
 1890 
 
 1 ,699,000 
 
 
 1869... , 
 
 657,000 
 
 13^ 
 
 1893 
 
 2,074,000 
 
 I2>^ 
 
 A decline of 51^ per cent, in 33 years. 
 
 WOOL — NECESSITY FOR PROTECTION — FREIGHT 
 CHARGES. 
 
 No. 400. 
 
 Today we have 38,000,000 of sheep in the United 
 States, 26,000,000 of which and nearly 70 per cent, of 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 269 
 
 all are located west of the Mississippi river. The 
 freight on the wool from these sheep from the ranch 
 to the Eastern markets varies from two to three 
 cents per pound, while the freight on wool from 
 London is only one-fourth of a cent per pound. How 
 can the American wool grower pay from 800 to 1,200 
 per cent, more freight than his foreign competitor, 
 when the freight alone under such unequal competi- 
 tion would of itself bar the American wool grower 
 from his own market? Thus, with the removal of 
 protection, the difference in freight alone is against 
 the American wool grower, so that he is compelled 
 to go out of the business. 
 
 WOOL AND WOOLEN GOODS — IMPORTS — INCREASE IN 
 TEN MONTHS. 
 
 No. 401. 
 
 Imports for ten months. 
 
 1894. 
 
 1895. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Raw wool, pounds 
 
 Shoddy, “ 
 
 83,223,270 
 
 211,057,038 
 
 127,833,768 
 
 1,081,441 
 
 17,823,008 
 
 16,741,567 
 
 Carpets, square yards... 
 
 265,314 
 
 829,423 
 
 564,109 
 
 Clothing, value 
 
 $673,088 
 
 $1,296,210 
 
 $623,122 
 
 Cloths, pounds 
 
 5.317.056 
 
 34.573.887 
 
 29,266,831 
 
 Dress goods, sq. yds 
 
 32,761,465 
 
 25.976,470 
 
 *6,784,995 
 
 Knit woolens, value 
 
 $593,669 
 
 $1,988,349 
 
 $1,394,680 
 
 Shawls, value 
 
 §69,553 
 
 370,264 
 
 $300,711 
 
 Yarns, pounds 
 
 383.98s 
 
 3.383.285 
 
 2,999,300 
 
 All other woolens, value. 
 
 $542,235 
 
 $1,919,785 
 
 $1,377,550 
 
 ^Decrease 
 
 WOOLEN INDUSTRY VS. WHISKY TRUST — FREE TRADERS 
 LEGISLATE AGAINST FACTORY AND UPHOLD 
 DISTILLERY. 
 
 No. 402. 
 
 Census Bulletin No. 380 calls attention to the fact 
 that 440 establishments engaged in the manufacture 
 
270 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 of distilled spirits, with a capital of $31,006,176, and 
 turning out a product of 104,197,869 gallons, employ 
 but 5,343 persons, at wages of $2,814,889; while 1,454 
 establishments are engaged in the woolen and wor- 
 sted manufactures, with a capital of $199,075,056, 
 turn out a product of $212,772,629, employ 122,944 
 persons, at wages of $132,977,104. The woolen busi- 
 ness has seven times the capital, twenty-five times 
 the laborers, and pays fifty times the wages. But the 
 Wilson bill reduced the tariff on thewoolen schedule 
 three-fifths, which has caused a reduction of wages 
 and a closing up of factories, and has increased the 
 tax on spirits for the benefit of the whisky trust. 
 Verily, great is the free trader’s love for the “honest 
 toilers.” 
 
 Labor, I am pleased, indeed, Mr. Sands, that you 
 can give us such important statistics, and if you will 
 bring them to the platform I will see that they find 
 a place in our report in connection with what you 
 have to say. The cost of raising sheep on our western 
 ranges is more than acceptable. 
 
 Mr. Sands. Yes, Mr. Labor, until I saw Mr. Hil- 
 ton’s figures on cost of raising ranch sheep I had an 
 idea myself that the stock on such a ranch grew and 
 came to the shearing age with practically little, if 
 any cost. The number of people employed in the 
 sheep industry, too, was a very great surprise to me. 
 We can hardly realize how large and extensive our 
 country is. Wool and lumber both on the free list 
 in the Wilson bill has done untold injury to us all. 
 I remember meeting a sheep ranchman in 1894 and 
 he told me he had seen sheep sell at fifty cents a 
 head that had formerly been worth $2.50 each. I 
 suppose someone bought them at that price, Mr. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 27 
 
 Labor, to take them into the markets of the world, 
 as it requires about that kind of figures and prices 
 to get into that large market successfully. 
 
 The figures that we have just read show that 700,- 
 000 of our own people were directly affected by free 
 wool. Mr. Hilton claims that prior to the free trad- 
 ers coming into power he had realized fifteen cents 
 per pound for his wool; after they came into control 
 six cents per pound. 
 
 What did this mean to the people west of the 
 Mississippi river where 70 per cent, of the sheep 
 were owned? Is it any wonder that money went out 
 of circulation there? 
 
 It cannot be possible, Mr. Labor, that any honest 
 man who is well informed can approve of free trade 
 or low duties any longer. I think such a strictly 
 honest man must have peculiar aches and pains. I 
 know plenty of persons who have lots to say about' 
 others being dishonest, and some of these same fel- 
 lows print a lot about it, but that does not prove to 
 me that they are honest. The man who has printed 
 the most about dishonest people is in jail now. 
 
 So I do not mean a strictly honest man when talk- 
 ingabout tariff duties. All that I want to convey is that 
 when a man is dishonest with himself as to the best 
 method he can adopt to apprise the people of that 
 fact is to proclaim in the loudest possible voice that 
 he is in favor of free trade, or tariff for revenue; that 
 is, if he makes his living by manufacturing any given 
 article and he has occasion to invest in that article, 
 that he purchase a foreign make instead of one that 
 he made himself. 
 
 The latter plan might give him a chance to make 
 a duplicate to take the place of the one he pur- 
 
272 
 
 Labors* Hard Times School. 
 
 chased, but he don t want to do that; he wants a 
 vacation. ^ 
 
 Such a d n fool, Mr. Labor, I call dishonest. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 273 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 
 Labor, addressing a gentleman and calling him 
 Mr. Hubbell, said: 
 
 “I promised you an opportunity to say a word, 
 Mr. HubbellJ relative to the industry of ship build- 
 ing; we will listen to you now.” 
 
 Mr, Hubbell. I suppose, Mr. Labor, the first you 
 will expect me to undertake will be to name the 
 parts of a ship that do not consist of labor, or days 
 works. 
 
 Labor, Yes, Mr. Hubbell, it is to determine what 
 there is besides days works in any finished article or 
 product that we take up. 
 
 Mr, Hubbell, We will consider, then, that our ship 
 is to be propelled by steam, and one good way to 
 find what part of it is not days works is in our mind’s 
 eye to take the days works all out of it, and then 
 endeavor to appreciate what kind of a ship we would 
 have left. I could not from memory, Mr. Labor, 
 enumerate all that enters into the construction of a 
 ship, and it is not essential that I should. 
 
 Labor, No, Mr. Hubbell, the details are uncalled 
 for; all we want are the principles involved. 
 
 Mr, Hubbell, A great deal of value, Mr. Labor, is 
 found in what is called the raw material that is re- 
 quired to build a ship that would cost when com- 
 pleted one million dollars. We take the lumber, 
 iron, zinc, lead, copper, cotton cloth, silk, woolen 
 goods, asbestos, material for caulking, paints, chem- 
 icals, and a host of things that it is difficult to call 
 
274 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 to mind, and it is plain that we would be unable to 
 make anything like an accurate estimate of their 
 worth. 
 
 Labor. You do not call what you have named raw 
 material, do you, Mr. Hubbell? 
 
 Mr. Hubbell. That is the term such goods are known 
 by; at least, a large portion of them. Of course, when 
 boilers and machinery are put into a vessel they 
 would hardly be classed as raw material, but the pig 
 iron is that from which the various parts start. The 
 sheet iron and such commodities, including carpets, 
 draperies and many furnishings, if passenger and 
 freight craft, as many today are, would not be classed 
 as raw material, but you have only to go a step back 
 with any of them until they are looked upon as such. 
 
 Labor. After taking that step back to where you 
 say it is looked upon as raw material, what does it 
 represent, Mr. Hubbell? 
 
 Mr. Hubbell. It represents days works more by far 
 than anything else. We have virtually to carry it 
 all back into the earth and into the trees in the 
 woods, or to the silk worm tree, if you demand that 
 true raw material is only such commodities as have 
 not been touched by toil. 
 
 Labor. We claim, Mr. Hubbell, that raw material 
 is a commodity that money has not been invested 
 in, turning it over prior to anyone having moved 
 or changed it in position, or in any other manner, 
 whereby it has taken on value by such moving or 
 changing. 
 
 Mr-. Hubbell. You would not claim, Mr. Labor, 
 were I digging a cellar and had shoveled a load of 
 dirt on a wagon to get rid of it, that the dirt had 
 taken on value? 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School, 275 
 
 Labor. Are you seeking to be technical, with a 
 view to embarrassing us, or with a view to a better 
 understanding? The dirt you m.ention would, of 
 course, have no value, Mr. Hubbell, except you 
 wanted to use it to fill in somewhere, but the space 
 it had occupied has taken on value to you. In your 
 cellar you were not taking out material, you were 
 simply getting rid of something that you had good 
 reasons for wanting out of your way, the same as 
 you would remove earth in order to reach ore of 
 some kind, when the cost of moving the dirt would 
 have to be added to the ore, although the latter 
 would not, after taken out, have any stamp on it 
 that indicated this part of the labor that was in it, 
 while your cellar would indicate this particular labor. 
 
 Thus it is with everything, Mr. Hubbell. In some 
 portions the days works are plainly seen, while in 
 others they are not. 
 
 The principle involved is what we are aiming to 
 establish; that is, the days works contained in all 
 possible products, and the days works contained in 
 material which enters into such products, that 
 language today unjustly classes as “raw.” These 
 principles, we say, Mr. Hubbell, we have no fears of 
 anyone upsetting. They are plain to everybody, and 
 what we desire is that in the future writers and 
 speakers shall recognize them and class them in 
 their true light, that the masses may not be misled 
 by the jingle of adroit words from those who find 
 remuneration politically, or in some other way, in 
 thus misleading. 
 
 Mr. Hubbell. Do not think for one moment, please, 
 that I would intentionally do anything to embarrass. 
 I am in accord with your motives fully, Mr. Labor. 
 
276 
 
 \-.ABORs’ Hard Times School. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 I see as you see and I firmly believe you are -^wtving 
 in the true interests of every American citizen. I 
 was with my question as I put it urging to further 
 clearness, that not one shall fail to catch and com- 
 prehend the points that are so important to us all. 
 
 I am conscious of the fact, Mr. Labor, that first 
 you want to establish that everything known to man, 
 after deducting nature's share, is brought forth 
 through toil and days works. After that you want, 
 in the best and clearest manner possible, to illustrate 
 the importance to our own people of having those 
 days works done at home, that we may have the 
 money for that toil to put in circulation here at home. 
 
 Labor, You are correct, Mr. Hubbell, as to our 
 aims and intentions, and when our people all thor- 
 oughly understand these questions it will be difficult 
 to find a man or a politician who will admit that he 
 ever favored free trade or a tariff for revenue, or 
 anything leading in such a direction. 
 
 Mr. Hubbell. True enough, Mr. Labor; when the 
 people are all faced one way on these principles, as 
 they some day will be, you will not be able to find a 
 leader who will admit that he ever looked in any 
 other direction any more than you can find a man 
 living today (and some of them are living) who will 
 confess that he ever cast a vote in sympathy with 
 our old slavery laws. 
 
 The object lessons of the last four years should have 
 settled the question of whether it is to our interests . 
 in this country to buy days works at home, and thus 
 keep our money at home, or buy the same days 
 works of some other country and send our money to 
 that country. But, Mr. Labor, the question is not 
 settled and you will see proof that it is not when the 
 
278 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 votes in the Senate of the United States are recorded 
 for and against the Dingley bill. 
 
 I admonish all protectionists, provided there is a 
 majority in the Senate for the bill, not to lose sight 
 of the opposition it will meet there, for it will signify 
 that the opposition is going back to its following to 
 retouch and embellish anew their already strained 
 picture of things cheap. 
 
 They will find men who have days works only to 
 sell who will listen to them when they charge that 
 the man who buys such days works is a robber, and 
 these same sellers will accept their counsel when 
 they advise them to vote that man out of the market 
 as a buyer, which they do in principle when they 
 vote for free traders, or for candidates in favor of a 
 tariff for revenue only. 
 
 When our buyer is out of the market for days 
 works in our own country it means, Mr. Labor, that 
 some man in some other country is buying those 
 days works, and he is buying them at his own home, 
 and our people are keeping theirs. How plain this 
 is, and how easy to be seen, and yet we have sellers 
 who vote a ticket which forces them to keep their 
 days works. It must be that they do it to have 
 something to kick about when the future want that 
 is certain to come has its fangs upon them. 
 
 No, Mr. Labor, when a ship goes back emphati- 
 cally to raw material but little of value can be found. 
 It is days works it represents v/hen completed and 
 it has been virtually purchased of labor, and all that 
 is to be built or manufactured for the future is stored 
 up in days works in human beings. Shall we pur- 
 chase what we want of our own people or buy it of 
 some other people and let our own come to want? 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 279 
 
 We have sellers enough to control this question. 
 Then why do they fail to understand and protect 
 themselves? 
 
 What a ship building people we might be, Mr. 
 Labor, if our Government would only extend the 
 proper encouragement. 
 
 Our daily papers, magazines, and prints of every 
 type is full of complaint, and has been for years, of 
 the miserable showing our merchant marine makes 
 in comparison with other countries. Why, I ask, 
 Mr. Labor, has this nature of investment been so 
 thoroughly neglected? 
 
 Labor. Undoubtedly, Mr. Hubbell, it is because 
 capital always seeks the plainest investment and 
 that which is the most inviting. Our country is so 
 vast, and the demands for development so urgent, 
 that it is rare our capital is not all tied up on shore 
 before it has had time to study the broad seas. 
 
 In place of any of our money seeking investment 
 away from home, capital from other countries is 
 seeking investment with us, and so long as we are a 
 magnet of sufficient strength to attract this latter 
 into our midst, having passed all ship building in- 
 ducements on its way, it would appear idle for us to 
 attempt to persuade our capital that there was the 
 least possible occasion for it to go out of sight of 
 land. 
 
 Mr. Hubbell. May not our weakness in this direc- 
 tion prove unfortunate for our people some day, Mr. 
 Labor? Or, on the theory of the political economist 
 of “the greatest good to the greatest number,” would 
 you counsel to protect our own market for our own 
 people and in exchange give up the ocean carrying 
 
28o 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 trade to other countries as a measure of compensa- 
 tion for their loss of our markets? 
 
 Labor. You say our markets, Mr Hubbell. If they 
 are our markets how can foreign countries lose them, 
 and what compensation do we owe other people for 
 a thing that is our own? We have made our own 
 market, the title is in us, why deed it away? Why 
 deed our rights on the ocean away, or lose them by 
 default? 
 
 You ask if it may not be some day unfortunate if 
 we continue to neglect them, and I answer that man- 
 ifestly it will be seriously unfortunate. I shall take 
 the ground that the greatest good to the greatest 
 number demands that we fulfill our broad sea privi- 
 leges. We are the liberty loving and liberty dis- 
 tributing people of the world, and apart from our 
 own interests we unquestionably should be prepared 
 to perform a mission on the ocean as well as on the 
 land. 
 
 Regardless of the uneducated masses that have 
 been thrust upon us in recent years, we are the most 
 enlightened and the richest in intelligence as a 
 people of any that inhabit the earth. Our oppor- 
 tunities and our ability to achieve, and means to ex- 
 ecute, outrank any other country, and, if our Govern- 
 ment so wills, can be made to outrank them all com- 
 bined. Why should we leave it to posterity to 
 charge that we had been sleeping while on duty? 
 
 Suppose the Dingley bill becomes a law, Mr. 
 Hubbell, as we have every hope and faith to think 
 it will, and we protect our market as we should for 
 a long term of years, do you not anticipate that 
 sooner or later we will have dull seasons through 
 over production? And a term of such a character 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 281 
 
 not so far away as we might hope for, either? Should 
 we not be awake to the future on these lines and 
 discover, if possible, what dykes can be placed to 
 prevent our being thus submerged? Should not 
 our Government pay strict attention to the growth 
 of our consuming ability in order to defeat the 
 stings from over-production, or at least to bend to the 
 minimum in them so far as it rests within their 
 power to do so? In what direction does there so 
 broad a field offer so little resistance and invite so 
 appealingly as does the improvement of our mer- 
 chant marine and our whole carrying trade? 
 
 Mr, Hubbell, Yes, Mr. Labor, every conceivable 
 signal is up to guide us in that direction, and what a 
 power of consumption for our grown and all manu* 
 factured products the forces required in constructing 
 and sailing such fleets (as it is due our country to 
 possess and control) would be. All our farmers, 
 and all sellers of days works in other industries, 
 every one of them (and all Americans) are inter- 
 ested. The farmer, because of their consuming his 
 products, and the sellers of days works in other in- 
 dustries because of their consuming such products as 
 they manufacture. To the latter, too, it gives still 
 more when it gives additional employment to the 
 working masses. 
 
 If I can find all I want to do in ship building, Mr. 
 Labor, I shall not be found crowding to get into 
 other lines. The same will prove true of the man 
 who is inclined to become a sailor; if he finds plenty 
 of opportunity in the direction his tastes run, not 
 even his shadow will be found contending in other 
 pursuits. 
 
 Our Government ought to have a p^id commission 
 
282 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 studying these questions, with the view of adequate- 
 ly disposing of our future possible excess of days 
 works, in the interests of directing and placing them 
 as fast, if can be, as they accumulate, but it would 
 be futile to undertake such a mission except under 
 laws whereby our country controls our own market. 
 
 Everything today, Mr. Labor, is divided into 
 classes. We have the business lawyer, the real estate 
 lawyer, the patent right lawyer, the railroad lawyer, 
 the criminal lawyer, etc. No one man any longer 
 attempts to cover it all. 
 
 How can I except I neglect my calling as a ship 
 builder think of studying the demands and require- 
 ments of all? These questions should, however, be 
 more thoroughly studied with the view of placing 
 and directing than they are or have been, and who 
 is there to do it with a semblance of success except 
 the general Government through a competent 
 agency? 
 
 I firmly believe we are on the eve of a prosperity 
 that will astound us all; that will go as far beyond 
 the limits of what we look for as the recent blight 
 carried us beyond any possible expectations in the 
 direction we did not care to go. Despite the un- 
 looked-for strain, we have weathered the contest 
 nobly, due wholly to the abundant riches gathered 
 during a long term of protection to our home in- 
 dustries- 
 
 We were in a large measure prepared, Mr. Labor, 
 for the calamity which came to us, and while a great 
 number suffered, and suffered intensely, what has 
 that suffering been in comparison to what it would 
 be were it just beginning today in our present state 
 of preparation? 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 283 
 
 If the past four years’ object lesson fails to reform 
 those delving in Political Economy, the free trader 
 and the tariff for revenue people who brought the 
 depletion to us, we shall have to give them up as ^ 
 lost, and in a magnanimous way urge Kind Provi- 
 dence to lead them into more profitable lines. 
 
 Other important nations are doing all they can 
 find to do to encourage and sustain their merchant 
 marine, and why, Mr. Labor, should not our Govern- 
 ment strike now and strike hard in a like direction? 
 
 It will be a greater problem for our people to 
 solve than it is with many older nations which 
 have surplus capital that is constantly seeking in- 
 vestment. Large quantities of that capital come 
 voluntarily to our interior, as you have already said, 
 Mr. Labor, because it can be profitably employed 
 whenever our condition is normal. If foreign capital 
 can come inside our lines and do well, why won’t 
 our own naturally remain inside? 
 
 If our interior is inviting to foreign people, and 
 they come within our lines and remain here, as they 
 do, why won’t the same incentive hold our own 
 young peoq)le within those lines, and thus prevent 
 their seeking the high seas for maintenance? 
 
 It is a plain case to me, Mr. Labor, that if our 
 capital and our people go to sea to find bread and 
 support during the coming one hundred years in 
 sufficient numbers to make the showing on the broad 
 ocean that we should make, our Government will 
 have to offer all the inducement that other nations 
 offer, and many, many times more inducements. 
 
 When we have less room, and fewer opportunities 
 in our interior, our capital and our people may vol- 
 
284 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 untarily go to sea to remain there, but until then, 
 except through some special pull, never. 
 
 It is on account of this phase of the question, Mr. 
 Labor, that our merchant marine has gone the 
 wrong way for the last fifty years, and all the charges 
 and all the claims above and below cannot change 
 it. The very good reason that other countries have 
 thrust themselves upon our oceans is because the 
 situation with them is diametrically opposite to our 
 own. They are crowded with both capital and men, 
 and aside from a greater inclination for both to go 
 to sea on account of restricted opportunities in other 
 directions, their governments offer special induce- 
 ments for them to do so. 
 
 Some of our free trade friends, Mr. Labor, who 
 are so liberal in citing free trade countries to us, 
 should explain why such governments make it 
 practically prohibitory to ship goods into their own 
 country except in their own ships, or ships flying 
 such country’s flag. What is this but protection of 
 what they see it to their interest to protect, and it is 
 done with a vengeance, too. 
 
 Were all the conditions between our country and 
 the leading foreign countries reversed they would 
 shut us out of their markets too quick, the same as 
 they force all freights it is within their power to con- 
 trol into the bottoms flying their flags. 
 
 Building ships is days works, Mr. Labor, and sail- 
 ing them is labor and hazard combined. Our country 
 should build from 25 to 100 where it builds one, and 
 they should all be flying the American flag. The 
 high seas should be dotted with them, but if they 
 become numerous in the near future it will be the 
 result of Herculean efforts on the part of our Gov- 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 285 
 
 eminent to influence capital and men in that direc- 
 tion. There is no question but that steps should be 
 taken at once on these lines, Mr. Labor, and the 
 two reasons you have pointed out are plenty. First, 
 to increase our ability to profitably consume and 
 thus swell the strength of our own market; second, 
 that we may be better equipped for contingencies 
 either peaceful or otherwise, and when the time 
 comes, if it ever does, that we acquire these avenues 
 of industry in order to provide a market for our 
 unlooked after increase of days works to sell, we 
 shall appreciate the sagacity of those who were in- 
 strumental in bringing to us such achievements. 
 
 I hope no one will conclude that the three features 
 we have noticed, Mr. Labor, include all the advan- 
 tages to be gained by an extensive merchant marine 
 of our own. Conspicuously flying the American flag 
 in other countries is an advertisement that is real, 
 and our own rnen beneath those flags in a manner 
 becoming agents for our products, might in time 
 make these markets a fractional part of what the 
 “markets of the world” howler has been picturing to 
 us the last two decades. 
 
 Don’t for one moment, Mr. Labor, let one individ- 
 ual infer that I would lose sight for a single instant 
 of the importance of our own market. I will pre- 
 dict, now, that for every dollar that we ever in- 
 crease our sales in the markets of the world, we 
 will, provided we protect our own market as we 
 should, increase our sales from five to ten dollars at 
 home. 
 
 I pity the political party, Mr. Labor, which first 
 attempts to subsidize our ship building and ship 
 carrying interests. To meet with a marked success 
 
286 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 in that direction will require appropriations of vast 
 sums of money by our Government, and the party 
 in power making such appropriations will be charged 
 with willful extravagance, thieving, slaughtering, and 
 the multitude of reproachful invectives that are 
 constantly lodged in the demagogues domain of 
 thought and study. 
 
 Labor, The leaders of all political parties can, if 
 they will, come to an understanding on this import- 
 ant question and place it on so high a plane that it 
 will be entirely out of the reach of the demagogue, 
 Mr. Hubbell. 
 
 Mr. Hubbell. True enough, Mr. Labor, but can they 
 manifest good sense sufficient to do that? 
 
Labors* Hard Times School. 
 
 287 
 
 LESSON XIV. 
 
 Labor. We have had some very liberal donations 
 this morning and on this occasion there are no 
 checks; it is all money this time and some of all 
 kinds, except coppers and nickles. 
 
 I beg to thank each of you most cordially for this 
 unsolicited gift. Money is always acceptable, and I 
 can assure you, one and all, if any of it goes to pur- 
 chase foreign goods it will be for coffee, tea or some 
 article required that our own country fails to 
 produce. 
 
 In looking the money over, I find that gold is still 
 in circulation and I have — two and four are six and 
 three are nine and one is ten — twenty dollar gold 
 pieces. I shall take this money to the bank to de- 
 posit, or, perhaps, some person present would like to 
 have this gold. 
 
 A gentleman rising in the class said: “Mr. Labor, 
 I was going to the bank to get some twenty dollar 
 gold pieces, and if you would just as soon I should 
 have these it will save me the trouble of making that 
 trip to the bank. 
 
 Labor. Certainly, I shall be glad to accommodate 
 you. I have noticed you here before. What may 
 your name be, please? 
 
 My name, Mr. Labor, is Sampson, and I am willing 
 to tell you why I am here and what I want of the 
 gold. 
 
 I am through and through an advocate of free 
 silver. I have dropped in here a few times to see if 
 
288 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 you did not take that question up. I am lecturing 
 on free silver, and I want the gold for making illus- 
 trations. 
 
 Labor, Free silver leads to money mediums and 
 to finance questions, which we do not claim to be 
 sufficiently familiar with to treat in an expert sense. 
 Therefore, we do not intend to devote any time to 
 that subject. 
 
 I shall be glad, however, Mr. Sampson, if you will 
 step this way, to exchange the gold with you, and 
 you will pardon me if I caution you, provided you 
 carry these twenty dollar gold pieces in your pocket, 
 not to look at them too frequently. They are very 
 pretty and may tend to weaken your free silver in- 
 clinations. 
 
 Mr, Sa 7 npso 7 i, My convictions on that question are 
 very firmly fixed, Mr. Labor, and I think they will 
 not be in any danger, no matter how intimately they 
 are associated with the favored metal. 
 
 Here are $200 in bills, Mr. Labor. The ten twenty 
 dollar pieces (taking them in his hand) do look 
 pretty well, and I must admit, Mr. Labor, they feel 
 nice, too. 
 
 Did I count the money correctly which I gave 
 you, Mr. Labor? 
 
 Labor, Yes, you gave me just $200. 
 
 Mr, Sampson, Can you also let me have ten Amer- 
 ican silver dollars, Mr. Labor? 
 
 Labor, I can very conveniently. You must be 
 going into the specie business, Mr. Sampson, (hand- 
 ing the latter gentleman the silver.) 
 
 Mr, Sampson, With these two metals I shall illus- 
 trate to the people how they were robbed by the de- 
 monetization of silver. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 289 
 
 Labor. That gold looks so firm and solid when 
 shown alongside the silver that I fear you will en- 
 danger your cause when you hold them up in front 
 of an audience for comparison, Mr. Sampson. 
 
 Mr. Sampso7i. I have no fears of that, Mr. Labor, 
 in the sense I handle them. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell.. If the gentleman will handle them 
 with enough good sense, Mr. Labor, he won’t have 
 much of a cause left to injure. I would like to ask 
 why he called for American silver dollars. 
 
 Mr. Sampson. I want American money for my 
 illustration, Mr. Maxwell. 
 
 Labor. Had Mr. Sampson asked for Mexican silver 
 dollars, Mr. Maxwell, I would have given him had I 
 had any, twenty-four of them for his ten dollar bill. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. Yes, Mr. Labor, and the twenty- 
 four Mexican dollars would swamp his illustration 
 to the extent of sinking it out of sight should he use 
 them in place of ours, regardless of what that illus- 
 tration may be. The true relations between gold 
 and silver can be faithfully shown by using Mexican 
 silver dollars, and I challenge the gentleman’s cour- 
 age to try it on. By tomorrow, Mr. Labor, you 
 might have to give Mr. Sampson twenty-five Mexi- 
 can silver dollars for his ten dollar bill, and again 
 the fluctuation could be such as to only require 
 twenty-three of them. 
 
 Mr. Sampson. You gold men, Mr. Maxwell, de- 
 monetized silver for speculative purposes and you 
 undertake now to justify that act by ridiculing silver. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. The gentleman says, Mr. Labor, 
 that for speculative purposes silver was demonetized. 
 I claim that if silver had not been demonetized the 
 
290 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 rich would have robbed our poor; they would have 
 been at the mercy of the speculator. 
 
 Look at Mexico. That country is a good example 
 today and ought to demonetize silver at once, and 
 thus do full justice to her poor, provided the work- 
 ing people represent that class. The manipulator in 
 Mexico is the man who is making the money, not 
 the wage earner. The man who can buy anything, 
 I care not what it is, of labor on a silver basis, and 
 transport it to some other country and sell it on a 
 gold basis can make good money, and the men en- 
 gaged in that business this minute in Mexico have 
 by far a surer thing than people in other countries 
 are taking heed of. 
 
 Who in such transactions, Mr. Labor, are being 
 robbed? I can tell you who. It is the man of toil; 
 he is working for half pay, and in so much as you 
 have shown that quite nine-tenths of everything is 
 labor, the man “virtually” buying products of labor 
 and paying in silver gets them for half price, if the 
 same man sells for silver he accepts half price; but 
 the keen man does not do that. He sells in a gold 
 country for a gold price, and nearly doubles his 
 money, after paying duties, transportation charges, 
 etc. Silver countries, Mr. Labor, do not pay one- 
 fourth the wages paid in gold countries, and as be- 
 tween the United States and some silver countries, 
 we pay ten times the wages they do when compared 
 on a gold basis. 
 
 Carpenters in Japan receive in United States 
 money a little less than from eleven to sixteen cents 
 per day, and in that ratio are all wages in that 
 country. 
 
 Male weavers receive from gi.28 to $2.42 per 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 291 
 
 month; female weavers from 85 cents to $1.6^ per 
 month. 
 
 I want to ask, Mr. Labor, what our free trade and 
 tariff for revenue friends are going to recommend 
 when manufacturing in such countries reaches that 
 state of perfection that the quality of their goods is 
 acceptable and they are prepared to load our mar- 
 kets with them? 
 
 What I have said in reference to Japan wages and 
 goods is in a manner out of place just at this time, 
 but I give notice now, Mr. Labor, that I shall have 
 some tables and information bearing on this question 
 to submit later on. 
 
 Mr. Sampson. I want to inform Mr. Maxwell that 
 wages in tree silver countries have increased. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. I will show, Mr. Sampson, when I 
 submit the tables I referred to that from 1873 to 
 1894 wages increased in Japan about one-third, 
 while the cost of living had increased two-thirds. At 
 all events, he is welcome to the situation when the 
 maximum wages of a carpenter in that country is 
 fifteen and eight-tenth cents per day in our money at 
 the present time. 
 
 It is all nonsense, Mr. Labor, talking about other 
 nations. The United States is the great country of 
 them all, and we don’t want cheap people or cheap 
 money, either one. 
 
 Mr. Sampso7i. I suppose, Mr. Maxwell, that you 
 want dear money; that is, money with a high price 
 on it, and let the people get hold of as little as pos- 
 sible of it; and everything they buy and use have a 
 high price on it? 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. We have shown here that low price 
 for products of any kind means a low wage scale. 
 
292 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 for nine-tenths of everything is labor. What you 
 recommend is that we take less than fifty cents for 
 what we get a dollar for now, hence if everything is 
 virtually purchased of labor, or nine-tenths is fur- 
 nished by labor, who gets cheated when they accept 
 fifty cents, and try to make themselves believe it is a 
 dollar? 
 
 If labor gets a fair price for days works, Mr. 
 Sampson, the products that labor turns out will have 
 to bring a fair price. We cannot go into the markets 
 of the world, because the days works in our goods 
 have cost too much, and we cannot reduce the price 
 of our goods except we make the whole reduction 
 in the price of labor. Everything else, on account 
 of competition at home, has been cut out of our 
 products already, and labor hanging together in 
 their unions is all that prevents that being cut. If a 
 man in business clears ten per cent, net on goods 
 that cost him $1,000 his profit is $100. If the same 
 goods cost him $2,000 and he nets ten per cent, he 
 clears $200, and this is what the labor unions are 
 helping men to do, and many who feel, honestly 
 too, that the labor unions hurt them fail to catch on 
 to this fact and feature. 
 
 Mr, Sampsoji, That, Mr. Maxwell, is one reason 
 why we want free silver, so that we can get into the 
 markets of the world. 
 
 Mr, Maxwell, Now you have given your snap 
 away, Mr. Sampson. I know of one manufacturer 
 who in 1896 said boldly that he voted the free silver 
 ticket so he could ship his products into foreign 
 countries and meet their prices. How was he going 
 to do it? Nine-tenths of his goods represented days 
 works; he was going to buy that nine-tenths with a 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 293 
 
 fifty-cent dollar and sell his product in foreign coun- 
 tries for a loo-cent dollar. 
 
 The only way I can account for such an idiot is 
 that he has too few brains to get into our markets 
 here at home, and he is willing to spoil our own 
 market, which is nearly equal in dollars and cents to 
 all other markets, in order to get into those other 
 markets, or the markets of the world. 
 
 What a large amount of sense such a man must 
 have. Could he think for a minute that other coun- 
 tries would let us sell our days works in their mar- 
 kets and they keep their days works? If they did, 
 their markets in a short time would not be worth 
 bothering with, for selling their own days works is 
 what makes their markets, and the reason the mar- 
 kets of the world are of so little value today is be- 
 cause they pay so little for days works. 
 
 This is obvious enough when the sellers of labor, 
 including all farm products as representing labor, 
 are seven-tenths of any market on earth, and that 
 seven-tenths is the influence of any market. If they 
 have but little to invest they will be thin, and so will 
 their markets. 
 
 No, Mr. Labor, Mr. Free Silver Man cannot get into 
 the markets of the world to stay there. Such mar- 
 kets would bar him out with duties, or in some other 
 way, just as our country will have to bar Japan out 
 as soon as she gets on to the extent of cutting a 
 figure that hurts us. We may get some ugly wounds 
 through neglect before we discover what must be 
 done, but you may feel confident that in the end the 
 situation will be taken care of. 
 
 Mr. Sampson. I did not intend to impose a free 
 silver discussion on you, Mr. Labor, against your 
 
294 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 will, and I feel that I should beg your pardon for in- 
 troducing anything that has taken up any of your 
 valuable time. 
 
 Labor. I am quite satisfied, Mr. Sampson, if you 
 are, and do not feel like crowding you out if you 
 have anything in addition to introduce. 
 
 Mr. Sampso7i. Before anything further is said, Mr. 
 Labor, I desire to call your attention to the fact that 
 four of the twenty dollar gold pieces you gave me are 
 very badly worn, and I fear the banks will refuse 
 them for their face value on account of the abrasion. 
 
 Labor. Very good, Mr. Sampson, I will take them 
 back and give you other money. I noticed that 
 nearly all the silver dollars I gave you were very 
 badly worn. Perhaps you would like to return them 
 also. If you would, you may bring them all here to 
 the desk. 
 
 (Mr. Sampson comes forward and hands Labor 
 the four twenty dollar gold pieces and gets bills in 
 exchange, and Labor asks:) 
 
 Do you not want to exchange the worn silver? 
 
 Mr. Sampson. No, Mr. Labor, the silver dollars 
 show the government’s stamp yet, and they will be 
 all right. 
 
 Labor. If that be true, Mr. Sampson, and the 
 silver is all right, why not these four twenty dollar 
 gold pieces? They all show the government’s stamp. 
 They are not so badly worn but our stamp can be 
 found by looking closely. 
 
 Mr. Sampson. The government stamp can do no 
 good to the gold. If it is badly worn the banks will 
 weigh it on me, and deduct for abrasion all it falls 
 short in weight. 
 
 The whole house is in confusion with loud and 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 205 
 
 boisterous laughter in a moment, and Labor for the 
 first time raps sternly with his ruler, but he cannot 
 accomplish a thing. They roar and laugh, and roar 
 and laugh and shout until Labor himself can no lon^ 
 ger control his own mirth, and when his face breaks 
 into a smile hats, handkerchiefs, umbrellas, canes, 
 coats and everything movable go into the air. 
 
 In due time Labor again attempts to restore order, 
 but the large number present are not ready to forego 
 the opportunity to express their appreciation of the 
 free silver advocate’s voluntary confession that gold 
 was a standard that was independent of any stamp 
 any country could put upon it. And Labor, recog- 
 nizing the futility of any further endeavor in quieting 
 the house, with a smile on his face, seated himself in 
 his chair with the air — if you must wear yourselves 
 out before reason can prevail again L shall have to 
 let you do so. 
 
 At the first indication of order. Labor arose to his 
 feet, when someone shouted, ''What is gold without a 
 stampf and the answer burst forth from every 
 mouth, "Ifs all right!' And then the house went 
 wild, and Labor again took his seat, but with the 
 same smile lingering on his face which, with a mani- 
 fest appreciation of the dignity due his position, it 
 appeared impossible for him to suppress As soon 
 as sufficient encouragement would justify. Labor 
 arose again, striking his desk with his ruler as he did 
 so, which secured a death-like silence, when some- 
 one with a loud voice broke forthwith, "What is 
 silver without a stamp?" And quick as a flash from 
 the other side of the house came the answer, "Good 
 for what it weighs^ the sa7ne as wheat a7id potatoes^ with- 
 out a stamp!' Away went the house again, and for the 
 
296 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 third time Labor had to take his seat, and the first 
 lull that came a gentleman stepped into his chair and 
 shouted: ''What harm to me when I can trade my 
 day's work for something that does not ha.ve to wedr a 
 stamp?" Another party shouts, "You're all right; 
 clothes don't make the manf and off into another 
 spasm the whole class went once more. When Labor 
 arose for the third time the class could see in his 
 face a determination that everything of a boisterous 
 nature should cease, and in due silence they re- 
 sponded to the sound of his ruler striking the desk, 
 and he said: 
 
 I am glad to see the uniform sentiment that there 
 must be a rational substance behind, and supporting 
 everything, but I cannot give my full approval to 
 such a demonstration as we have just witnessed. I 
 fear that it will weaken rather than strengthen what 
 we all feel such an interest in establishing. 
 
 Wild enthusiasm cannot add any value to silver or 
 take any value out of gold, any more than legislation 
 of any kind can. Mr. Sampson attracts Labor’s at- 
 tention, and Labor asks him if he has something he 
 would like to say. Receiving a reply in the affirma- 
 tive, Labor tells him he may have the floor. 
 
 Mr. Sampso7i. Do I understand you to say, Mr. 
 Labor, that legislation cannot put any value in 
 silver? 
 
 Labor. We have a law, Mr. Sampson, now whereby 
 less than fifty cents worth of silver passes for a dol- 
 lar, but there is not one dollar’s worth of silver in 
 that piece of coin any more than there is two cents 
 worth of paper in a two-cent postage stamp. 
 
 You expressed the whole truth of the whole situa- 
 tion in all its relations when you admitted that the 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 297 
 
 stamp of our government could do nothing for gold. 
 If our country’s stamp of $20 was on a piece of gold 
 that was overweight, and worth $25, that piece of 
 gold would bring $25 or its equivalent in any civil- 
 ized country, including our own, regardless of any 
 stamp our government had put upon it. And the 
 same principle, Mr. Sampson, holds good with any- 
 thing our country can produce, whether it is silver, 
 lead, brass, copper, iron, wheat, oats, corn, horses, 
 cattle,sheep,or any oneof the multitude of commodi- 
 ties that can be named. In not one is there an excep- 
 tion which you, Mr. Sampson, will admityourself until 
 you come to silver. Gold bullion, silver bullion, andall 
 the different things named above, andall that can be 
 named, are products and have their relative values, 
 and always have had, and so they always will have. 
 Different countries can affect their prices by duties 
 and taxes, but they cannot affect their values. The 
 duty and the tax added to the current price will rep- 
 resent the 'Total” value. 
 
 Any country can place a duty or tax on diamonds, 
 rubies and all precious stones, but it cannot by law 
 put any actual value into any of them or take any 
 out. 
 
 Mr. Sampso 7 i. Do you claim, Mr. Labor, that our 
 country cannot put a duty on diamonds that will in- 
 crease their value? 
 
 Labor. Some might call it value, but it is only duty 
 tax added to value, if any choose to pay the in- 
 creased price, which the duty does increase. If our 
 country was a producer of diamonds of the quality 
 demanded then the supply and demand of our own 
 product would establish the value, and if any of this 
 given quality came from other countries they would. 
 
298 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 in competition, have to rate their goods at our 
 established values. If the duties exacted prevented 
 their doing that without losing money they would 
 have to stay out, or come in and sell at a loss. 
 
 Diamonds, rubies, etc., are in every particular 
 luxuries, and do not class with staples and ordinary 
 goods that rule as necessities. 
 
 Take away the tax and duty, Mr. Sampson, and I 
 ask, can you claim that our government can by law 
 increase or diminish the value of precious stones? 
 
 Mr. Sampson. I do not think, Mr. Labor, that that 
 is quite to the point. I am simply charging that our 
 country demonetized silver and that that reduced 
 the value of it. 
 
 Labor. You mean, Mr. Sampson, that it reduced 
 the price of it. Answer me candidly, Mr. Sampson; 
 do you not want our country to pay a fictitious 
 price for silver? 
 
 Mr. Sampson. I want them to buy all that is offered 
 at a ratio of sixteen to one; the one to represent 
 gold at its present value. 
 
 Labor. Why do you want the Government to do 
 that, Mr. Sampson? 
 
 Mr. Sampson. So there will be more money in cir- 
 culation, and thus you and I can have more money. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. Now, Mr. Sampson is getting down 
 to business. I want more money, and am half crazy 
 for it. I want him on his free silver basis to show 
 me how I can have more and then I shall be with 
 him. 
 
 Mr. Sampson. If our Government buys more silver 
 bullion and coins it, there will be more money in 
 circulation and your chances will be better. That 
 is, if they mint and issue it on a basis of 16 to i. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 299 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. That will by law be putting a value 
 into a commodity. Mr. Labor says you cannot do 
 that, and I believe him, and you have not, Mr. 
 Sampson, proved that by law a value can be put 
 into anything. Radishes and beets are very much 
 the same form and color; can you regulate by law 
 how many bushels of beets shall represent a bushel 
 of radishes? 
 
 Mr. Sampson. Radishes and beets are commodities; 
 they are not money. Gold and silver are money. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. When they are all in the ground 
 they are commodies, are they not, Mr. Sampson? 
 
 Mr. Sampsoji. Yes. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. Then, if you have a surplus of beets 
 and a scarcity of radishes one year and the reverse 
 the next year, in the two commodities, you would 
 not claim that their relative values would or could 
 be the same for both years? 
 
 Mr. Sampson. I am talking about money, and you, 
 Mr. Maxwell, are talking about commodities. 
 
 Mr, Maxwell. You have admitted, Mr. Sampson, 
 that gold and silver in the ground are commodities; 
 do you deny that now? 
 
 Mr. Sampsoji. While in the ground they are com- 
 modities but they are capable of being reduced to 
 money when taken out of the ground, which cannot 
 be done with radishes and beets; hence* I claim that 
 the comparison is not a reasonable one. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. Yes, Mr. Sampson, you claim the 
 comparison is odious, but you cannot deny that the 
 beets can be reduced to sugar, can you? 
 
 Mr. Sampson. No, but what has the sugar to do 
 with money? 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. The sugar comes from a commodity 
 
300 
 
 LABORb Haivu /imes School. 
 
 and so does the money come from a commodity, 
 and in the ratio that that commodity is found will 
 the price be. Provided all our sugar came from 
 beets, if beets were scarce, sugar would be dear, o"* 
 bring a high price. 
 
 This principle holds good with everything on 
 earth, and there is not a single exception to it; and I 
 ask you now, Mr. Sampson, if you do not consider 
 that we are right when we make this claim? 
 
 Mr, Sampso7i. I do, Mr. Maxwell, until you come 
 to money. I claim that our Government demone- 
 tized silver and thus degraded that metal. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. Degraded that metal, and, as you 
 said a few minutes ago to Mr. Labor, reduced the 
 value of it. I claim that it is beyond the power of 
 our Government to reduce the value of anything 
 except they pass a law forbidding the production of 
 a given thing, and make it a punishable offense to 
 produce it, but the work here is not in that direction. 
 Our talk is on business lines, and to study principles 
 regardless of technicalities. Am I not right, Mr. 
 Labor? 
 
 Labor. Yes, Mr. Maxwell, you are right. We are 
 not striving for fine points; it is the broad principles 
 covering our greatest interests that we are endeavor- 
 ing to unfold. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. In that sense I take exceptions to 
 your charge that our Government reduced the value 
 of silver by demonetizing it. Our Government is 
 the loser by more than two hundred million dollars 
 on the silver it has already bought, and it has 
 stopped buying and minting it just as any business 
 man would have done, which, Mr. Sampson, you 
 call demonetization. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 301 
 
 Our Government has done everything that could 
 be studied up to get the silver it has on hand out 
 into circulation. If you, Mr. Sampson, will agree to 
 exchange other money for a few or large number of 
 tons of silver dollars with our Government the latter 
 will gladly pay the freight on the silver to any point 
 having transportation facilities you may name; and 
 they will be prompt even to rushing the silver to 
 you for fear that you may change your mind. 
 
 The value of silver is due to the amount in sight 
 just the siame as with anything else. The sugar 
 manufacturer would not buy beets to make sugar if 
 he already had on hand more than he could use, 
 just as our Government stopped buying silver bull- 
 ion, and just as they will stop buying and minting 
 gold if it should ever be found in quantities beyond 
 the demands of the world, and buildings covering 
 acres of ground have to be built to store it in. 
 
 Labor, I think, Mr. Maxwell, that you and Mr. 
 Sampson will be unable to agree. We look upon 
 everything found or created that has value as sub- 
 ject to the laws of supply and demand. In this we 
 do not except either silver or gold. Our free silver 
 friends, however, choose to exempt silver from this 
 law. 
 
 Mr, Maxwell, Yes, Mr. Labor, and they insist that 
 our Government shall take all they can bring of it 
 and the few silver mine owners shall dictate the 
 price. And when our Government tells them the 
 buildings we have on hand to store it in are all hull 
 the silver men tell them to erect more buildings. I 
 don’t think that is fair. The time may come when 
 we will need the land such buildings might occupy 
 to raise wheat to feed our people. 
 
302 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 Mr, Sampson, You give us plenty of silver, Mr. 
 Maxwell, and we will find a road by which to get 
 the wheat. I want to remind you that the first thing 
 done when establishing our Government was to 
 make a silver dollar the unit of value, and all other 
 money was based upon that unit. 
 
 Mr, Maxwell, At that time, Mr. Sampson, we were 
 virtually on a silver basis. 
 
 Mr. Sampso 7 i. Yes, we were, and both silver and 
 gold were maintained. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell, How was gold maintained? 
 
 Mr. Sampson. Because the Government minted all 
 that came. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. The Government minted all the 
 gold that came because too much did not come. 
 Then we were on a silver basis. What did gold do? 
 It took care of itself, didn’t it, Mr. Sampson? When, 
 then, did the change come? 
 
 Mr. Sampson. The change came in 1873 when we 
 went to a gold basis. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. For several years after 1873 silver 
 dollars were worth one hundred cents, or nearly that? 
 
 Mr. Sampson. I believe they were. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. To tell the truth, Mr. Sampson, 
 from the time our Government began issuing green- 
 backs during the war, until 1879, neither you nor I 
 saw so much as a ten cent silver piece, let alone see- 
 ing a silver dollar. Gold and silver both were out 
 of sight so far as our country was concerned, and for 
 this reason in 1873, when the great silver murder 
 you people tell about was committed we had no way 
 of practically discovering this monstrous crime. A 
 silver dollar on any four corners east of the Mississ- 
 ippi River would have been such a curiosity in 1873 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 303 
 
 that any kind of a crowd in size would have gathered 
 to look at it. 
 
 Had a man carried a twenty dollar gold piece into 
 a National Convention at that time, and held it up 
 to view, a motion would have been made and carried 
 to take a recess for thirty minutes for the purpose 
 of looking at it. 
 
 You know very well, Mr. Sampson, that neither 
 silver nor gold showed their faces in this country 
 from the opening of the war until 1879, and after 
 that time they came in use very slowly. You free 
 silver men just play with, and make toys of our 
 younger people when telling them about the silver 
 murder of 1873. 
 
 The facts are, too, that prior to the war, that is, 
 prior to i860, our country was short of silver and 
 our Congress made foreign silver legal tender in the 
 United States, doing what they could at that time, 
 Mr. Sampson, to invite silver into our country. Dur- 
 ing all this time that we were virtually on a silver 
 basis, gold took care of itself. 
 
 Mr. Sampso 7 i. Yes, Mr. Maxwell, but gold was 
 legal tender all that time. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. And so are silver dollars legal ten- 
 der for any amount you can bring right now. 
 
 What is the situation today, Mr. Labor? Are we 
 short of silver? No. Are we inviting foreign silver 
 now? No; we are on a gold basis. Can silver take 
 care of itself as gold formerly did when our country 
 was on a silver basis, or the silver dollar was the 
 unit of value? No. Why? Because it has been 
 found since, as never before. It is mixed with copper, 
 gold, lead and other metals, and large quantities of 
 silver are secured when seeking those metals, re- 
 
304 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 gardless of the great number of mines that are called 
 silver mines because there is little else but silver 
 found in them. 
 
 When there is an enormous supply of any given 
 commodity, Mr. Sampson, that commodity will be 
 cheap. 
 
 Mr. Sampson. Statistics do not show that within 
 the last few years there has been any wonderful in- 
 crease in the amount of silver that has been mined, 
 Mr. Maxwell. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. I am glad you have mentioned that 
 fact, Mr. Sampson. You free silver men are making 
 all kinds of capital citing the fact that no excessive 
 quantities of silver have been mined in the last two 
 or three years. You never tell us, though, how 
 much would have been taken out and put on the 
 market if it would have brought the price you free 
 silver men want our government to pay for it, which 
 is ;^i.29 per ounce. 
 
 Loud applause follows from all over the house, 
 which Labor puts down as suddenly as possible, 
 fearing a repetition of the former scene. 
 
 I can tell you, Mr. Sampson, that under a free 
 silver basis, with our Government paying $1.29 an 
 ounce for silver, they could not construct buildings 
 fast enough to take care of the silver that would be 
 offered. 
 
 (More applause, which Labor suppresses.) 
 
 Our Government is loaded down with silver now, 
 which everybody knows, Mr. Labor, and we do not 
 need any more to mint. There is so much silver 
 that it is weak; it has become a burden to itself, and 
 it will have to yield to the laws of supply and de- 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 305 
 
 mand, the same as gold, diamonds, rubies, wheat, 
 iron, salt, or anything else does. 
 
 The truth is, silver has tried to commit suicide, 
 and the chief mourners having been warned by the 
 most eminent talent that it cannot recover, the 
 mourners have resorted to quack doctors, instructing 
 them to tell the people that there is plenty of vitality 
 left and that it can be restored to its former strength. 
 
 If Japan should go to a gold basis their wages 
 would remain in gold about what they are today in 
 silver. What a boon that would be to the working 
 people of that country. 
 
 The maximum of their wages now in silver is a 
 little over thirty cents a day. Under a gold basis 
 that thirty cents would buy twice what it does now, 
 and Japan’s market would practically be doubled; 
 that is, the purchasing ability of their sellers of days 
 works would be doubled. 
 
 How would it be with our sellers of days works 
 here in the United States, Mr. Labor, should we go 
 to a free silver basis? I will tell you. The moment 
 such a law took effect everything the laboring man 
 buys would be double, and, like during the war, 
 wages would increase about twenty-five per cent. 
 
 During the war goods of all kinds increased from 
 two hundred to four hundred per cent., while wages 
 increased not over thirty per cent. There is plenty 
 of evidence to be had as to the increased cost of 
 goods during the war, but the only good old books 
 to get hold of to find the increase of wages during 
 the war are those of the railroad companies. It will 
 be found by examining them that the increase in 
 wages was some thirty per cent. However, wages 
 on the railroads during the war, when everything 
 
3o6 
 
 La-rors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 was so costly, were not as high as they are now 
 when we are on a gold basis. 
 
 When the seller of days works votes for free silver 
 in this country he is taking steps to bring a strain 
 upon himself that would require years and years 
 to overcome, should there be votes enough to give 
 us such a law. Our wage scale in this country is 
 good, and our money is good. All we want is a 
 good market, which we can always have provided 
 some other country has not taken it. 
 
 I will read to the class two clippings, Mr. Labor, 
 which I hope you will print at the end of this lesson. 
 One is over a year old and the other is quite antique. 
 Each of them, however, scores a good point. 
 
 Copper — A Money Metal. Why not Demand 
 Free Coinage for? 
 
 The copper producers have just as substantial 
 ground for complaint as the silver mine owners, due 
 to the depreciation of their metal, which is equally 
 a money metal with silver. When silver was of full 
 value with gold, at a ratio of i6 to i, copper was 
 marketable at 21 cents a pound. Silver since then 
 has depreciated from $i. 2 g 3 /^ per ounce down to the 
 present price — 69 cents. 
 
 Copper, meanwhile, has gone down from 21 cents 
 a pound to the present price, 9^ cents per pound, 
 from the same cause — over-supply. Instead of free 
 and unlimited coinage of silver at a ratio of 16 to i, 
 when the bullion value of silver makes it over 30 to 
 I, copper would make more honest money for the 
 country, and more of it (if that is what is wanted by 
 the farmers and others), as the ratio can be made 
 100 cents to ^i, and still make it honest money, and, 
 if the coin should be made four times the size of the 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 307 
 
 present penny, it would really be restoring the 
 money of our daddies if made free, unlimited, and 
 independent coinage. 
 
 Davis, Jeff — Was He a Tool of Wall Street? 
 
 Jefferson Davis, while at De Soto, Mo., on the 
 Iron Mountain Railroad — a Greenback convention 
 being in session — a crowd assembled at the depot to 
 see the distinguished person, who was easily per- 
 suaded to speak, when some one asked, “How about 
 Greenbacks?” Davis replied, “If you want script to 
 trade with among yourselves, you can issue county 
 script or township script. It will be good as long as 
 you have faith in it; but if you want to do business 
 with the world at large, you must use the only cur- 
 rency that is recognized by all the nations of the 
 earth, and that is gold coin.” 
 
3o8 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 LESSON XV. 
 
 Labor. Mr. Maxwell, you said you had some data 
 that you wanted to submit. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. Yes, Mr. Labor, there are several 
 things to which I desire to call the attention of the 
 class. One thing in particular that I want to talk 
 about is my own days works. 
 
 We have, it seems, nearly all avenues of life repre- 
 sented here, but with reference to my days works I 
 want to address other sellers of days works who are 
 among us. 
 
 By common consent today, everybody toils except 
 the business man, the doctor, the lawyer, the teacher, 
 the preacher, and the countless army of people who 
 exist between the farmer and the seller of days 
 works regular. 
 
 I am going to, from the start, Mr. Labor, ignore 
 the idlers and loafers who are so numerous, and who 
 decline work when offered. 
 
 In my business as a traveling salesman I come in 
 contact with nearly everything, from the street 
 sweeper to the bank president, and I must confess 
 that nearly all that confronts me is toil, toil, toil. It 
 is one constant tide of effort and strife, coming and 
 going like the swaying of the sea. 
 
 The house I am traveling for manufacture the line 
 of goods I represent. I began with them as a factory 
 hand, as the term goes, and after several years in the 
 factory I thought I would like to take things a little 
 easier, and had the courage to ask the firm to let me 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 309 
 
 represent them on the road. And to my surprise 
 they said laughingly that they would give me a trial 
 trip. 
 
 Labor. Why do you say they did so laughingly, 
 Mr. Maxwell? 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. A factory hand asking for such a 
 position was so novel was the reason they laughed, I 
 suppose. They expected, as they have told me 
 since, that inside of three days I would return ad- 
 mitting that I was out of my class. 
 
 I had started on only a ten days trip, the house 
 having arranged to protect themselves, and at the 
 same time embarrass me as little as possible if I 
 failed. 
 
 I met with unlooked for success, both to the house 
 and to myself, and in less than a week I received 
 complimentary letters and orders to extend my trip. 
 Of course, each day found me further from head- 
 quarters and I could not get word from the firm so 
 frequently. My success continued, and each mail 
 that I overtook and opened said keep going, and I 
 did. When I returned I had been out just sixty days. 
 
 It is a good many years, Mr. Labor, since this hap- 
 pened, and I have been traveling for the same peo- 
 ple ever since. 
 
 Labor. I suppose you felt very cheerful, Mr. Max- 
 well, that you had emerged from the drudgery of the 
 factory into an easier life. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. You cannot mean that, Mr. Labor. 
 I found that I had left an easy life and gotten into a 
 drudgery that I never knew existed, and the truth is 
 I had decided before I returned to go back into the 
 factory and not make another trip, but the firm 
 wouldn’t listen to it. 
 
310 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 In twenty-four hours from the time I reached 
 home I was on the road again, with five large trunks 
 of samples, making for a brand-new territory in 
 which the house had never introduced their goods, 
 and I traveled thirty-six hours before I made my 
 first stop, arriving there in the evening. 
 
 My trunks had been packed so hastily that it took 
 me nearly the whole of that night to unpack and 
 arrange my goods so I would know head or tail 
 about them. It was nearly four o’clock in the morn- 
 ing when I climbed into bed, after leaving word to 
 be called at 6:30. 
 
 I sold three bills of goods the next day, and' after 
 writing out my orders in the evening and mailing 
 them to the house I packed my trunks and took the 
 10:40 train for the next stop, arriving there at 12:35 
 A. M. Of course, I retired immediately after reach- 
 ing the hotel and I was so tired and worn out that I 
 begrudged the time it took me to disrobe. 
 
 I left a call for 6:30 and by seven o’clock in the 
 morning I was unpacking my trunks. At 8:25 I sat 
 down to a light and hurried breakfast and at 8:50 I 
 was talking to my first merchant. I sold two bills of 
 goods that morning, then I packed two of my trunks, 
 hired a team and man with it to drive six miles to a 
 little village to see one good merchant, starting at 
 just 1:35 p. M. I opened my goods in the man’s store 
 and sold him a very nice bill, and induced him to 
 follow me back to the station and look at my other 
 samples that evening, which he did and he gave me 
 another order. 
 
 After the gentlemen left I wrote up my orders, 
 mailed them to the house, packed my other three 
 trunks, found time for one hour’s sleep with my 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 31 i 
 
 clothes on and took the 12:35 train, the same 
 
 one I came into the town on the morning before, for 
 the next town, arriving there at 1 150 a. m. Of course, 
 I had planned a scramble for bed and I had intended 
 to sleep a little later the next morning, but when I 
 registered I saw the name of a traveling man whom 
 I had met in the first town I had stopped at, and I 
 asked what time he had left word to be called and 
 was told 6:30. In an innocent way, as though he 
 were a friend of mine, I asked if he had opened his 
 trunks and was told that he had but that he retired 
 immediately after doing so, hence he had not seen 
 the trade. 
 
 Of course, Mr. Labor, I was after that man’s 
 scalp, for he was selling the same line of goods that 
 I was. The clerk stepped one side and I, with my 
 pocket knife, scratched my name off the register, 
 ordered my trunks in the sample room and left a 
 call for 5:30. 
 
 At 7:10 I took a seat at the breakfast table, where 
 I met my competitor, and I discovered at once that 
 he recognized me, but I was confident that he would 
 labor under the delusion that my trunks were not 
 opened, but before night rolled around I made him 
 think they were. It was a good sized town and we 
 had it good and hot all day. 
 
 As soon as I swallowed my breakfast, which did 
 not take long, I ran the town over, left my cards, 
 chatted some five minutes with each man, told them 
 all I would call again, and asked them to hold their 
 orders until they saw my samples. This, of course, 
 they were inclined to do, for they had never seen my 
 house’s goods and they would naturally want to look 
 at them and catch on to the prices before ordering. 
 
312 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 The last man I called upon T took to the hotel 
 with me and secured a good order. My house had 
 given me elegant introductory prices, and I was well 
 fortified for anything that I might have to contend 
 with. What is the use of extending this, Mr. Labor? 
 I sold plenty of goods and so did the man I wanted 
 to kill. Thank Heaven it was Saturday and I rested 
 over Sunday, and was a Sunday ever sweeter? 
 
 The following week and the balance of my trip 
 was a repetition of what I have just given in detail. 
 I have done this, Mr. Labor, that these men of toil 
 who have listened to me may know that our greatest 
 toilers are many of those who they think find life 
 ever so easy. 
 
 I have always done more work on the road in one 
 day than I ever did in the factory in three. When I 
 was out of sight of the house I worked for, I found I 
 had all my planning to do. I was general manager, 
 clerk, solicitor, roustabout, and everything. Did any 
 of you ever unpack five large trunks of samples and 
 pack them again. It looks easy; you ought to try 
 it on. 
 
 In the factory when the whistle blew I dropped 
 everything and went home without a care. . On the 
 road when I would hear whistles blow after I had 
 done one day’s work I would begin another, and 
 thus my life as a traveling salesman has been one of 
 extreme toil, and at times the work has been severe. 
 
 Labor. I am somewhat surprised, Mr. Maxwell. I 
 had always taken it for granted that a traveling 
 man’s work was cheerful and light. Of course, you 
 received better pay. 
 
 Mr. Maxzvell. Yes, Mr. Labor, the pay has been 
 very much better, but we cannot save as anyone 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School, 
 
 313 
 
 would think we ought to. A good salesman will be 
 more or less a cheerful spender of money, especially 
 with his customers. A sponge or shirk in keeping 
 his end up will fail to establish a close friendship 
 with his trade, and in the absence of that friendship 
 he will always be facing a resistance that will give 
 him pains and backaches. 
 
 Labor, I supposed, Mr. Maxwell, that the firms 
 men travel for always bore all the expenses of their 
 salesmen. 
 
 Mr, Maxwell, You ask a member of a firm having 
 traveling salesmen and he will tell you that his 
 house does pay all expenses, and oftentimes they 
 think they pay more than that even, but I fail to 
 find any of the successful salesmen who do not show 
 that they fall behind in their expenses. I know I 
 always have, and the sum total for the long term of 
 years I have been on the road would surprise you, 
 Mr. Labor, and the firm I work for, and everybody 
 else. 
 
 You will pardon me, Mr. Labor, for reciting what 
 I have, but I want it known to the fullest extent 
 with the days workers themselves that most of the* 
 people who they think have an easy time are hard 
 workers and their callings are important and cannot 
 be dispensed with. What would we do without the 
 doctor? 
 
 Mr, Sampson. Without the doctor we would un- 
 doubtedly all live longer, Mr. Maxwell. 
 
 Mr, Maxwell, That remark, Mr. Sampson, is in 
 line with your defense of free silver and Prof. Gil- 
 lette’s defense of free trade. Either one of you 
 gentlemen would have the nerve to undertake to 
 
314 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 amputate an arm or a leg and care for it afterwards, 
 or take charge of a case of childbirth. 
 
 I gather from your argument that the man who 
 has lived the longest in given lines is the man who 
 knows the least regarding subjects such lines cover. 
 
 We need the minister as well, Mr. Labor. All 
 moral lessons are essential in our development and 
 require students and advocates. What kind of a 
 country would we have, Mr. Labor, in the total ab- 
 sence of all educational institutions? 
 
 All these are working people, and have each their 
 own manner of toil or days works, for which they 
 must be remunerated. We have to add to the law- 
 yers, judges, courts, court officers and clerks, keepers 
 of records, city, state and national officials, with all 
 their forces. All are workers and must be sustained. 
 It is out of the question to cover the field. Think of 
 those employed in fire and life insurance, printing 
 and publishing, and when the people engaged in all 
 lines of business .are added you have a list which 
 will fill a large city directory. 
 
 If, Mr. Labor, we charge the maintenance of this 
 army of people to anything, it must be to products, 
 both manufactured and grown. 
 
 It would require several volumes to analyze this 
 question, which has many times been done, and it 
 makes but little difference whether I am satisfied 
 with what has been written on the subject or not. 
 
 One thing I will admit, the question is a very large 
 one and we ought to be very charitable to those un- 
 dertaking to handle it, except when they attempt to 
 advise us to buy products abroad because we can get 
 them cheap, rather than to manufacture and produce 
 them ourselves. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 315 
 
 I claim, Mr. Labor, that the true principle involved 
 is, — to the wind with cheapness and other countries’^ 
 prices and values, raise and manufacture our own 
 products and regulate our own prices. And it is in 
 this that the great armies named above are most in- 
 terested. The required non-producer is dependent 
 upon the producer for his shavings, and if he wants 
 plenty of them he would better vote to have the 
 shavings made at home. 
 
 I have diverged somewhat, Mr. Labor, from what 
 I started to say. These questions are covered deep 
 with words, and have been for years, without my at- 
 tempting to add any. What I started to show was 
 that my days works are required, and that the cost 
 of them to my firm must be charged to the cost of 
 the goods they manufacture, and so must every 
 other expense they are to in manipulating their 
 business. This is sp plain that it seems childish to 
 refer to it, but so many writers and statisticians con- 
 vey the impression that the cost of products is found 
 when the factory hands are through with them that 
 I cannot forego this privilege of challenging any and 
 all such statements. 
 
 The cost to be added to goods, Mr. Labor, does 
 not cease until the consumer has purchased them 
 and landed them in their final resting place. 
 
 We must have the retailers. Consumers cannot all 
 go to the factories and to farms, and these final dis- 
 tributors of goods cut such a large figure in making 
 up the masses of our people, and their presence 
 almost equal with the producer being demanded, 
 make the question of adjustment in all our affairs 
 so complicated and so diverse that it staggers and 
 baffles all human kind, 
 
3i6 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 There is so much, Mr. Labor, that cannot be fath- 
 omed or understood that there exists a special de- 
 mand on those who are seeking to enlighten the 
 people to urge to complete fullness of expression 
 when showing what they have discovered and what 
 they have learned up to the limit of not presuming 
 but knowing. 
 
 Statistics today are largely misleading. In one 
 report for 1896 of labor and material I find these 
 figures: Labor, ^2,283,2 [6,529; material used, $5,162,- 
 044,076. I want to ask, Mr. Labor, if these figures 
 as to material are not misleading? 
 
 Labor. The figures that you name as material 
 used have reference to pig iron, lumber, leather, glass, 
 yarn and hundreds of things used in bringing forth 
 finished products. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. What are all those commodities 
 you have named, Mr. Labor, except finished products 
 themselves? Is not pig iron a finished product? 
 What is leather or lumber, or anything you have 
 mentioned, and the long list of things you could not 
 call to mind, but finished products? 
 
 Labor. They are all finished, Mr. Maxwell, and 
 placed on the market as products. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. Then, Mr. Labor, what do they 
 represent? 
 
 Labor. They represent days works with a profit 
 added to them. It is safe to say that two-thirds of 
 their value represents labor performed and paid for. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. Most of such goods are classed as 
 staples, Mr. Labor, and they cannot hold a net 33^ 
 per cent, profit, and out of that per cent, salesmen 
 like myself and much other labor is paid. However, 
 that has but little to do with the principles involved. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 317 
 
 What we want to call to the mind of the statistician 
 is that in the way he writes his figures and his words 
 he is misleading. I do not believe, Mr. Labor, that one 
 man in ten reading such quotations would stop to 
 think but that the $5,162,044,076 for material meant 
 raw material, when, in fact, $3,441,362,717, which is 
 two thirds of the above amount, leaving off the frac- 
 tions, represents days works paid for, and that sum 
 added to $2,283,216,529 which had been credited to 
 labor shows $5,724,579,246, which is the total value 
 of the days works in the finished products. This 
 leaves $1,720,681,358 for the raw material and profits, 
 which is liberal. 
 
 Labor, I see the point you are making and it is a 
 good one, Mr. Maxwell. Our people cannot judge 
 well in their own true interests when their impres- 
 sions are wholly wrong. You must bear in mind, how- 
 ever, that some of the material may have been made 
 in 1896 and the labor in that included in the $2,282,- 
 216,529; hence if that labor is estimated again in the 
 material it will have been added in twice for the one 
 year. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell, Then, Mr. Labor, let them keep 
 their books correctly, and carry the quantities and 
 values along from year to year and show us what 
 represents days works and what is something else. 
 Their whole plan of giving us information is wrong. 
 When we want to know today what sum represents 
 the value of labor in anything we have to guess at it. 
 
 If a ton of steel rails cost $20 to manufacture and 
 the pig iron to make them cost $16, which is called 
 material, we have left $4 for labor. Anyone reading 
 such figures in the following words: 
 
3i8 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 Cost of a ton of steel rails. 
 
 Material ^i6.oo 
 
 Labor 4.00 
 
 Total $20.00 
 
 will gather that there is only $4 in value due to labor 
 in a ton of steel rails that cost $20 to produce, while 
 in truth there was in the material (pig iron) from 
 ;^ii to $14 worth of days works to be added to the 
 $4 acknowledged, which shows that in a ton of steel 
 rails that it cost $20 to produce, from $15 to $18 of 
 that cost was paid to men who started the ore and 
 from them to other men all along the line to the ones 
 who finished the rails. 
 
 Labor. Usually in estimates, Mr. Maxwell, there 
 is an allowance made for miscellaneous costs, capi- 
 tal, etc. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. I am, to avoid being misunderstood, 
 only speaking of actual cost, leaving out capital, in- 
 terest, miscellaneous costs and profits, and as to the 
 actual cost I can only make a guess as I am not fa- 
 miliar enough with making steel rails to call things 
 by their right names, but I know enough to know 
 that $4 does not represent the wages in a ton of steel 
 rails that it cost $20 to make. And words and figures 
 in statistics should not be arranged so that they 
 can possibly convey any such impression. 
 
 Labor. Some of our statistics give nearly every- 
 thing in detail, Mr. Maxwell. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. I cannot afford to take a vacation, 
 Mr. Labor, to hunt statistics in detail. If I want 
 some information on totals I do not want to find a 
 total there called material when I know that two- 
 thirds of that total is days works that have been paid 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 .319 
 
 for, and no credit given to wages for them. It is a 
 misrepresentation on the face of it and cheats labor 
 out of its share in making up grand totals, and con- 
 veys the impression that labor is only one-fourth 
 or one-third of a grand total, when in fact it is 
 from seven-tenths to nine-tenths of that total. 
 Sending forth the impression, too, that the team- 
 ster who hauls the goods to the wholesale house, 
 and all the porters, clerks, book-keepers, messenger 
 boys, traveling salesmen, and further on to the 
 clerks and help who retail them in the retail houses, 
 and all the called for people between are included in 
 the amount set apart as so much for wages, is unjust 
 to wage sellers of our country, which includes every 
 salaried attachee. 
 
 I find the following figures in one report, Mr, 
 Labor, and will read them to the class. 
 
 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 No. of establishments reporting, - - 355,401 
 
 No. of employees, •- - - - 4,711,832 
 
 Capital invested, - - - - $6,524,475,305 
 
 Expenses, ----- 630,944,058 
 
 Wages paid, - - - . 2,282,823,265 
 
 Cost of materials, - - - - 5,158,868,353 
 
 Total value of products, - - 9,370,107,624 
 
 Any one, Mr. Labor, is in danger of accepting the 
 above figures for wages as the sum total of wages 
 paid to labor in the whole United States, when in 
 truth it only represents the sum paid to the 4,711,- 
 832 employees in the 355,401 manufacturing estab- 
 lishments reporting, and may not represent more 
 than one-half the amount of money paid to all our 
 earners of money yearly. It does not include the 
 armies of people who handle these goods after they 
 
320 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 leave the hands of the people who manufacture them. 
 
 It does not include the money paid to railroad 
 wage earners, or those found in street car service, 
 and when in our minds we try to add to these all 
 the wage earners we cannot think of, and then in- 
 clude the wages paid to farm hands, not forgetting 
 the mass of people selling their days works in build- 
 ing and all other kinds of construction work, what 
 have we? Dare we stop at four billion or will it be 
 six billion of dollars paid to money earners yearly? 
 
 We have yet to add to the four or six billion for 
 labor yearly the value of the labor in the ;^5,i58,- 
 808,353 of material, which is over three billion more. 
 This brings all wages and salaries paid in the United 
 States yearly up to somewhere between seven and 
 ten billion dollars. 
 
 Remember, Mr. Labor, our estimate covers every 
 living person who works for pay, from the President 
 of the United States down to the child selling papers 
 on the streets. 
 
 Labor. You have made some very important and 
 valuable points, Mr. Maxwell, and I hope much good 
 will result from them. The vast sums you have 
 named showing the earning ability of our country is 
 in principle beyond the power of contradiction, and 
 makes manifest to us our inability to fully appreci- 
 ate, and in a partial sense, even to recognize the 
 value of our own market and why we are such a 
 wonderful people. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. I thank you, Mr. Labor, for your 
 kind utterance. I only wish I could paint this picture 
 so it would be clearer and plainer. To, in the broad- 
 est sense, appreciate the true worth of our own mar- 
 ket is of the deepest importance to all our people. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 321 
 
 and what I have so feebly named shows what our 
 market is. It is what is earned and spent, and 
 nothing more. 
 
 What does it mean to us when it is damaged ten 
 per cent.; what when it is injured twenty per cent., 
 and what have we when it is hit as hard as thirty 
 per cent.? 
 
 Is it any wonder, Mr. Labor, that other countries 
 fight so hard to get into our market? Can we afford 
 to let them in except as we need them, and no 
 further? 
 
 Groversville told the whole story, if our past four 
 years’ experience has not, and in connection with 
 this I want to ask what we are going to do when 
 Japan gets to us? I give fair notice now that that 
 country is on her way here and coming in a max- 
 imum wage scale of less than sixteen cents per day 
 in our money. 
 
 The Manufacturers’ Association of the United 
 States sent one of our first citizens, Mr. Robert P. 
 Porter, to Japan to study the industries and com- 
 merce of that country. I will read a portion of what 
 Mr. Porter reports, and in addition will submit some 
 of the figures and tables found in his report, that I 
 hope you will include in the published proceedings 
 of this school. 
 
 Mr. Porter’s report is full of important and -inter- 
 esting information, covering 165 pages of printed 
 matter, hence it will be out of the question to do 
 more than make a few selections from it. 
 
 After reading sufficiently to bring the questions of 
 the progress in that country and the wages paid, 
 Mr. Maxwell requested that what he had read be 
 
322 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 cut out of this portion of the report and the tables 
 be given verbatim in Mr. Porter’s words. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL AMBITIONS OF JAPAN. 
 
 In guagingthe strength and possibilities of a mod- 
 ern nation, it has always seemed to me that the 
 characteristics of the population and location of the 
 country are of far greater moment than its mere 
 numerical strength or the extent of its superficial 
 area. The Japanese, as we find them today, are full 
 of ambition to be the controlling industrial, as well 
 as the controlling political nation of the far East. 
 They are hopeful of becoming, some day, a great 
 commercial and maritime power — the Great Britain 
 of the Pacific. The first thing that strikes the traveler 
 in this part of the world is the process of grafting 
 the new western life on the old. It is going on in 
 every direction. It is like engrafting into the 
 gnarled, dried, stunted, blackened trees which form 
 the background of Japanese landscapes, the sym- 
 metrical branches, full of life and sap, from the 
 stafely forests of our own Northwest. Including its 
 new possessions, Japan starts in the race with 45,000,- 
 000 industrious, thrifty, persevering human beings. 
 And yet the area of Japan is not 148,000 square 
 miles — about equivalent to the State of Montana, 
 and less than the area of California. And 85 per 
 cent, of this land surface is occupied by rocky hills, 
 volcanic cones, pebbly rivers, mountain lakes, ashy 
 fields, and large areas covered with pines, cherries, 
 and cryptomerias. The work begun in these islands 
 twenty- five years ago will remake the Asiatic world 
 with its 400,000,000 souls, as certainly as the civil- 
 ization cradled in the British Isles spread over 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 323 
 
 Northern Europe and made our great North Ameri- 
 can continent. 
 
 In considering Japan industrially and commercial- 
 ly, it is difficult to keep out the whole Pacific pol- 
 icy, for should this energetic little island awaken the 
 sleeping giant across the Japan Sea, the world would 
 be startled with industrial changes of far greater 
 moment to humanity than those taking place in 
 Japan. 
 
 There never was a people so completely absorbed 
 in industrial and commercial questions as the Japan- 
 ese at this period of their history. Emperor and 
 Prime Minister, the Cabinet, Members of the Im- 
 perial Diet and minor officials are all imbued with 
 the progress^and future greatness of Japan in manu- 
 factures, in commerce, and as the dominating nation 
 of this part of the world. At public dinners, on 
 official occasions of all sorts, the drift of the remarks 
 is, what can be done to help the material progress 
 of Japan. The vernacular papers have taken this 
 up, and enterprises of all sorts are exploited with 
 the vim and vigor displayed in the building of our 
 own country. 
 
 Commercial and industrial questions are now al- 
 most as popular subjects of treatment, both in the 
 press and by public speakers, as the most urgent 
 political questions, whether foreign or domestic. 
 Among them are such matters as the extension of 
 existing steam routes, the results of treaty revision 
 on trade, insurance, establishment of technical and 
 commercial schools, the training of officers and men 
 for the mercantile marine, improvement of chambers 
 of commerce and of the existing system of trade 
 guilds, the despatch of commissioners to study 
 
324 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 commercial conditions abroad, placing Japanese in 
 commercial houses and factories in foreign countries 
 in order to learn thoroughly their system of busi- 
 ness, the establishment of a floating exhibition of 
 Japanese products, the effects on the trade of Japan 
 of the opening of the Siberian Railway and Nicara- 
 gua Canal, when Japan may become one of the 
 greatest commercial centers of the world. 
 
 I was struck, while in Japan, with the key-note of 
 nearly all the public speakers and especially the 
 public addresses of the several members of the Cab- 
 inet who officiated at the several banquets and meet- 
 ings during my stay there. In these utterances al- 
 most uniformly the industrial idea predominated. 
 No matter what the rest of the world may think of 
 Japan, no matter whether the manufacturers of the 
 United States are terrified or not at the prospects of 
 Japanese competition with our home industry and 
 labor, the Japanese themselves believe they are 
 cutting a wide swath in the commerce of the world. 
 Note, for instance, these extracts from the speech 
 delivered by Mr. Kaneko, Vice-Minister of Agricul- 
 ture and Commerce. I found him a man of intelli- 
 gence and foresight and of wide experience in 
 economic and statistical matters. Educated in one 
 of the great European universities, he is up to the 
 spirit of the age in all that relates to Japan and her 
 industrial and commercial future. I am indebted to 
 Mr. Kaneko’s department for many valuable reports. 
 Any utterances of his should carry special weight. 
 During the last two weeks of my stay in Japan Mr. 
 Kaneko was engaged in a personal inspection of the 
 manufactures and industries of Japan. He visited 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 325 
 
 the same districts I visited during my stay there. In 
 the course of a speech addressed to a meeting of 
 representatives of Chambers of Commerce through- 
 out the Empire, held in May in Hakata, Fukuoka, 
 Mr. Kaneko said: 
 
 ‘‘Japan is possessed of qualifications admirably 
 fitted for making her a country of manufactures. 
 Her population is comparatively large and labor is 
 cheap. 
 
 “The Japanese are gifted with powerful eyes, 
 hands and brains, and the Americans are terror- 
 stricken at this. 
 
 “The cotton spinners of Manchester are known to 
 have said that while the Anglo-Saxons had passed 
 through three generations before they became clever 
 and apt hands for the spinning of cotton, the Japan- 
 ese have acquired the necessary skill in this industry 
 in ten years' time and have now advanced to a stage 
 where they surpass the Manchester people in skill. 
 
 “The Japanese are unrivaled in the world for 
 cleverness, and their future is truly awe-inspiring to 
 contemplate. 
 
 “Furthermore, the position of Japan is very con- 
 venient for the purpose of importing raw cotton 
 from China and India, and wool and other raw mate- 
 rials from Australia. This country is naturally 
 adapted to manufactures and a wonderful advance- 
 ment has been made in late years in respect to cot- 
 ton spinning and weaving and paper manufacturing. 
 We have also begun to make excellent blankets. 
 
 “On account of Japan being a volcanic country, 
 good sulphuric acid can be procured, the acid im- 
 ported from China and India having been totally 
 supplanted by the home product in the local markets, 
 
326 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School, 
 
 
 >V0fAl 
 
 ?kOVTtt THKOtNO W\’V» 0’»H5,q, 
 
 m N0fcT» 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 327 
 
 “Englishmen have felt considerable uneasiness on 
 seeing the prosperous state of business at Kawag- 
 uchi, Osaka. This is not my own personal opinion, 
 but I have actually heard so from foreigners who 
 visited Japan for the purpose of inspecting trade. 
 A commissioner, recently sent out by merchants and 
 manufacturers of Manchester, was astonished at the 
 development of the industries of Japan. On one 
 occasion this gentleman visited the Department of 
 Agriculture and Commerce, and remarked that he 
 did not expect this country to be so abundant in 
 raw materials. He was surprised at the skill shown 
 in weaving, and saw excellent blankets being made 
 at Omori from old rags. 
 
 “If the Japanese are so clever in utilizing useless 
 materials for manufacturing useful articles, foreign- 
 ers will be at a loss what to do in competing with 
 the Japanese, when the Island is thrown open to 
 them.” 
 
 In reference to the policy of Japan in aiming at 
 the development of manufactures, the Vice-Minister 
 of Agriculture and Commerce contended that the 
 Japanese should sell their articles to countries in- 
 ferior to Japan; that is, they should sell calico and 
 the like to China, India, etc., while to civilized coun- 
 tries like America, Great Britain, France, Germany, 
 etc., special art works might be sold 
 
 In looking over the consular reports from the 
 Japanese residents in foreign countries, we note the 
 same tenor. To sustain the Vice-Minister of Agri- 
 culture, I quote from a recently-published report of 
 the Japanese Consul at Montreal, Mr. T. Nosse: 
 
 “Now, returning to the subject we have started 
 with, viz. — the articles we can supply the foreign 
 
328 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 markets — I may repeat that ^it is a grievous 
 mistake to suppose that Japan can offer nothing but 
 fancy goods at fancy prices. Yes, sir, it is a great 
 mistake, for we are now out in the world’s market 
 for staple goods. Take, for instance, our silk hand- 
 kerchiefs. They used to be bought and sold just for 
 the sake of their oddity, or for the fancy embroid- 
 eries on them; but now they are used and admired 
 for their cheapness, durability and comfort above 
 all, which cannot be approached by any other ma- 
 terial. 
 
 ‘‘And then our silk piece goods — they were at first 
 exported only for fancy purposes, but now they bid 
 fair with European products as staple dress goods. 
 I have been through some of the great establish- 
 ments in this city and what I have seen in' these 
 places is evidence to prove that ours can compete 
 with the French goods both in design, price and 
 popularity. Jute and rug carpets there on exhibi- 
 tion are no fancy goods at fancy prices, but are just 
 the sort of useful homestead articles to remain in 
 public favor always.” 
 
 I was also struck with the Japanese oratory at the 
 dinner given to Lord Spencer at the Imperial Hotel, 
 at Tokyo, while I was in Japan. Mr. Shibusawa 
 Eiichi said, among other things: 
 
 “Since the dawning of the Meiji era, men’s eyes 
 have been opened to the necessity of developing 
 commerce and industry, but the time-honored preju- 
 dice has been hard to root out. The revolution of 
 Meiji was carried out by men in power under the 
 feudal system; hence, men of parts all looked to 
 official life as the means of gaining influence, and 
 few indeed, and far between, were those who felt 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 329 
 
 anxious to develop our commerce and industry. But 
 what is right and necessary in this world will never 
 be put down, and gradually advocates of the cause 
 of commerce and industry have increased in number. 
 The sphere has been widened; it has come to be 
 regarded with more honor, and these professions, 
 these lines of life, once so despised, have come to 
 be recruited from the ranks of men of education. 
 
 ‘‘Special schools, too, have been established for 
 giving to aspiring young men commercial and in- 
 dustrial education. When I look back on the rapid- 
 ity of advancement in this respect, I am filled with 
 astonishment. Let me refer to a few examples. The 
 law for the establishment of national banks was pro- 
 mulgated in the fifth year of Meiji (1872). Today 
 there are 950 banks with the aggregate capital of 
 133,000,000 yen ($70,756,000 gold). The amount of 
 our exports in 1895 was over 265,000,000 yen ($141,- 
 980,000 gold), being four times greater than what it 
 was ten years ago. The aggregate tonnage of the mer- 
 cantile marine, after the sudden increase last year, 
 was over 360,000 tons. The railways show the total 
 mileage of over 2,250 miles, being six times what it 
 was ten years ago. In cotton spinning, an industry 
 started sixteen years ago, there were, up to last year, 
 980,000 spindles, being fifteen times greater than it 
 was ten years ago. 
 
 “I have mentioned these figures simply as an ex- 
 ample of what a small nation in the East has achieved 
 in the short space of ten years or so. Far from feel- 
 ing any pride in these achievements, we are not by 
 any means satisfied with these small results. As our 
 geographical position is similar to that of England, 
 we feel that a wide field awaits us in the lines of com- 
 
330 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 mercial activity. Our aim should be first to cfevelop 
 the carrying trade of the country, and to promote 
 industrial enterprises. We should not aim to enrich 
 ourselves at the expense of others. We do not want 
 to make a great beginning and a small ending. Our 
 plan should be to advance slowly but surely.” 
 
 In calling attention to these prevalent ideas, it is 
 merely for the purpose of inserting in this report 
 the current thought of Japan in relation to industrial 
 matters, and to show as far as may be possible, the 
 hopes and aspirations of the Japanese for a large 
 share of the trade and commerce of the Far East. 
 
 One of the English papers, commenting on this 
 tendency of the Japanese, said: “Among public 
 speakers are found not only officials whose special 
 province is trade and agriculture, merchants, and 
 bankers, but even a naval officer of high rank has 
 considered it not beneath his dignity to tell his 
 countrymen that they can only become a great 
 nation by development of trade, and that trade is 
 as worthy of their best efforts as war.” 
 
 It is indeed true that abundant evidence is given 
 almost daily that the attention of the thinking classes 
 is being seriously devoted to the above and kindred 
 subjects, and when it is remembered that a single 
 generation ago trade in any form was considered the 
 most degrading of pursuits, and that all engaged in 
 it were, in the social scale, the lowest of the low, the 
 present spirit of the people seems not to be the least 
 of the many great changes that have come over 
 them. It may also be considered to afford a hope 
 that ere another generation passes the low standard 
 of commercial morality, which still prevails as an 
 unfortunate relic of the past among the mass of 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 331 
 
 traders, and which must, while it lasts, be always an 
 obstacle to the existence of a widespread system of 
 commercial credit, will have as completely disap- 
 peared as has now the former sociardegradation. 
 
 Some idea of the industrial progress of Japan may 
 be gathered from the following table, which is sub- 
 mitted here because it is of a general character and 
 indicates at a glance the wonderful progress which 
 this country is making. So many people are inclined 
 to sneer at Japan as a competitor of the United 
 States. Further along I shall treat upon that phase 
 of the question, but for the moment I wish to empha- 
 size by this tabfe the rapidity of her growth in sev- 
 eral important directions: 
 
 COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT SINCE LAST 
 
 WAR. 
 
 No. of 
 Companies. 
 
 Railroad companies authorized by government 80 
 
 Railroad companies projected, not yet authorized.. 125 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $143,953,000 
 
 202,000,000 
 
 
 205 
 
 $345,953,000 
 
 Electric and horse cars 
 
 
 20,249.000 
 
 BANKS. 
 
 239 
 
 $366,202,000 
 
 Increased funds 
 
 Newly established 
 
 .. 46 
 
 ..132 
 
 18.435.000 
 
 89.560.000 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 178 
 
 $107,995,000 
 
 Cotton mills 
 
 Silk mills I. . 
 
 W eaving factories 
 
 Mining and metallurgical companies 
 
 Electric works 
 
 Other industrial works 
 
 .. 49 
 .. 24 
 .. 19 
 .. 22 
 .. 15 
 .. 58 
 
 29.582.000 
 
 10.295.000 
 
 9.425.000 
 
 8.185.000 
 
 11.620.000 
 17,489,000 
 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 187 
 
 $ 86 596,000 
 
 Insurance works 
 
 Exchanges 
 
 Trades 
 
 N avigation and ship-building 
 
 Other commercial enterprises 
 
 .. 11 
 .. 28 
 . . 47 
 
 22,600,000 
 
 6.240.000 
 
 8.370.000 
 
 14.275.000 
 
 12.156.000 
 
 
 126 ^ 
 
 $ 63,647,000 
 
 Total.... - 
 
 
 $624,440,000 
 
332 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 POPULATION, OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 
 
 The population of Japan, as returned January i, 
 1895, as follows: 
 
 General Divisions. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Niphon — 
 
 Central 
 
 8,140,554 
 
 8,065,916 
 
 16,206,470 
 
 Northern 
 
 3,245,463 
 
 3,134,804 
 
 6,380,267 
 
 Western 
 
 4,792,678 
 
 4,649,759 
 
 9,442,437 
 
 Total 
 
 16,178,695 
 
 15,850,479 
 
 32,029,174 
 
 Shikoku 
 
 1,484.969 
 
 1,428,310 
 
 2,913,279 
 
 Kiushiu 
 
 3,238,042 
 
 3,207,407 
 
 6,445,449 
 
 Hokkaido 
 
 219,692 
 
 202,608 
 
 422,300 
 
 Total 
 
 21,121,398 
 
 20,688,804 
 
 41,810,202 
 
 Over three quarters of the population of Japan 
 may be found in Niphon, or the main island. This 
 includes the two great districts of Tokyo and envi- 
 ronments, and of Kyoto and Osaka. Practically all 
 the manufacturing of the empire is carried on in 
 these two districts and hence the population of these 
 localities has a special value for those interested in 
 this report. 
 
 An examination of the detailed statistics of the 
 population of Japan discloses the same drifting from 
 the rural districts that is so noticeable in Europe and 
 in the United States. The growth of the cities of 
 Japan has been more rapid in the past ten years than 
 the increase in population in the country districts. 
 As in other countries, this tendency is obviously due 
 to the development of manufacturing and commerce, 
 both of which tend to concentration of population 
 in the centers of trade at the expense of the country. 
 
 The population consisted of 607 nobles, whose 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 333 
 
 families number in all 3,277. There were 432,159 of 
 the ancient warriors, or Samurai, whose families 
 number 1,607,316. There were 7,918,474 heads of 
 families in Japan who may be regarded as the people 
 and whose families aggregate 31,848,369, making the 
 grand total of 41,810,202, without Formosa. 
 
 The following tabular statement shows the division 
 of the population according to castes at the close of 
 1895, which is of considerable interest, as it enables 
 one to judge in a measure of the social character of 
 the people of Japan according to their own classifi- 
 cation: 
 
334 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School^ 
 
 her of cities of 10,000 inhabitants and upward in 
 
 Japan from 1885 to 1895: 
 
 Year. 
 
 100,000 
 
 and 
 
 over. 
 
 50.000 
 to 
 
 100.000 
 
 30.000 
 to 
 
 50.000 
 
 10,000 
 
 to 
 
 30,000 
 
 Total. 
 
 1885 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 99 
 
 127 
 
 1895 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 23 
 
 163 
 
 205 
 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 335 
 
 This shows an increase of seventy-eight cities in 
 one decade. Tokyo and suburbs have over 1,800,000 
 population; Osaka, over 500,000; Kyoto, nearly 
 400,000; Nagoya, 250,000; Yokohama, nearly 200,000 
 and Kobe about the same. It will thus be seen that 
 the Japanese will soon have to confront some inter- 
 esting municipal problems. A study of some inter- 
 esting data in relation to the municipal government 
 of Tokyo shows how far behind the centers of popu- 
 lation in Japan are in modern municipal improve- 
 ments, and convinces me that this is a subject worthy 
 of the consideration of manufacturers in this country 
 who deal in machinery used in the construction of 
 electrical plants, bridges, tramways and sewerage. 
 
 The following table shows the population of the 
 
 cities in Japan 
 
 containing over 30,000 inhabitants: 
 
 Tokyo 
 
 1,242,224 
 
 Otaru 
 
 . . . . 39,644 
 
 Osaka 
 
 .... 488,937 
 
 Shizuoka 
 
 . . . . 37,824 
 
 Kyoto 
 
 .... 328:411 
 
 Kochi 
 
 ... 37,112 
 
 Nagoya 
 
 206,742 
 
 Maebashi 
 
 . . . 36,323 
 
 Yokohama 
 
 — 160,439 
 
 Utswnomiya 
 
 . .. 36,163 
 
 Kobe 
 
 .... 158,993 
 
 Akamagaseki 
 
 ... 35.384 
 
 Hiroshimo 
 
 .... 91,985 
 
 Matsue 
 
 . . . 35,202 
 
 Kanazawa 
 
 .... 89,975 
 
 Takamatsu 
 
 . . . 34.672 
 
 Sendai 
 
 
 Matsuyama 
 
 . . . 34,529 
 
 Kumanotu 
 
 
 Kofu 
 
 34,2 i 6 
 
 Nagasaki 
 
 
 Otsu 
 
 ... 33,017 
 
 Nakodate 
 
 .... 66,333 
 
 Naba 
 
 ... 33,013 
 
 Tokushima 
 
 61,150 
 
 Gifu 
 
 . . . 32,695 
 
 Toyama 
 
 .... 58,362 
 
 Nagano 
 
 ■ . . . 32,330 
 
 Fukuoka 
 
 .... 58,218 
 
 Morioka 
 
 ... 32,031 
 
 Wakayama 
 
 . . . . 55.764 
 
 Hemiji 
 
 ... 31,^34 
 
 Kagoshima 
 
 .... 55.495 
 
 Hirosaki 
 
 • . . . 30,934 
 
 Okayama 
 
 — 52.360 
 
 Tsu 
 
 , . 30,791 
 
 Niigata 
 
 .... 50,030 
 
 Takaoka 
 
 .... 30,573 
 
 Sakai 
 
 — 46,983 
 
 Takasaki 
 
 . . . . 30,274 
 
 Fukui 
 
 .... 43.284 
 
 Mito 
 
 .... 30,105 
 
 Unfortunately the census returns of Japan do not 
 give the occupations of all the people. In treating 
 this subject it is only possible to give certain specific 
 
33^ Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 occupations. First, as we have noted above, we 
 have the population by castes. The census shows 
 that there are nearly one million engaged in weaving. 
 This is probably the most important industry, next 
 to agriculture. According to an estimate which I 
 made myself, there are about 1,250,000 persons en- 
 gaged in transportation; that is to say, engaged in 
 the actual occupation of moving freight and people. 
 This is based on the number of hand-carts and jin- 
 rikishas; the first class aggregates nearly 900,000 
 and the latter a little over 200,000. I have added 
 150,000 as the number likely to be engaged as push- 
 ers and pullers, for many of these carts as well as 
 jinrikishas have two coolies. 
 
 This system of making beasts of burden of men, 
 and of doing with human labor all the work which is 
 done in most civilized countries by the use of horses, 
 electricity, steam and other motive power, is one of 
 the greatest obstacles in the way of the industrial 
 progress of Japan. While some contend that the 
 mighty armies of Europe taken from active work are 
 an immense detriment to the population, we have in 
 Japan the most muscular of its population engaged 
 as beasts of burden. So tremendous is this drain 
 upon the population of the empire that much of the 
 other hard labor, such as loading coal on vessels, 
 handling heavy freight on railroads, the driving and 
 loading of pack horses, heavy farm work and the 
 like, is performed by women, who, dressed in tight 
 blue cotton trousers and tunics, are compelled to do 
 for Japan what the longshoremen, yardmen and farm 
 laborers do in the United States. On the health of 
 the individual the occupation of pulling jinrikishas 
 is undoubtedly detrimental. The twenty-five years 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 337 
 
 of jinrikisha days has left its scars upon those en- 
 gaged in and those who have survived the severe 
 toil, while the ill-shapen, stunted, bent, worn-out 
 creatures who strain every muscle in pulling and 
 pushing hand-carts, loaded without regard to those 
 who propel them, tell a story of human degradation 
 that words are powerless to depict. Heart disease, 
 pulmonary affections, rheumatism and a rapid break- 
 down of the constitution are the inevitable results. 
 With the exception, possibly, of some Europeans, 
 those who ride have no more mercy on these jinrik- 
 isha men than the ordinary man or woman has for a 
 horse. If the passenger is in a hurry, the man-horse 
 is goaded on by the offer of additional fare. Then 
 you hear the painful breathing and perhaps realize 
 what it means to the sufferer. If the day is hot, 
 every vestige of clothing, except the breech-cloth, 
 is not infrequently removed, and the little horse- 
 puller goes swiftly over the road, with huge drops of 
 perspiration dripping from his brow and face, and 
 his skin wet as though just from a bath. 
 
 Broadly speaking, the occupations of the people 
 of Japan maybe described as first, agriculture; second, 
 those engaged in transportation; third, those engaged 
 in the textile industries, weaving, etc.; fourth, those 
 engaged in personal service; and fifth, those engaged 
 in miscellaneous industries, mostly such industries as 
 those mentioned in the beginning of this report. 
 Owing to the low wages in Japan, we find a much 
 larger number of persons employed in proportion to 
 the Value of the product than in this country or in 
 Europe. The following is a somewhat compact 
 statement of wages paid in Japan, prepared for me 
 by the chief of the Japanese Bureau of Statistics. I 
 
338 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 should think it about as fair a statement as possibly 
 could be prepared: 
 
 ' CENTS PER DAY IN UNITED STATES MONEY {Gold.) 
 
 Trades. 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 Carpenters 
 
 15.8 
 
 13.5 
 
 10.7 
 
 Plasterers 
 
 15.8 
 
 13.5 
 
 10.9 
 
 Stonecutters 
 
 18.2 
 
 15.2 
 
 12.1 
 
 Sawyers 
 
 15.5 
 
 12.9 
 
 10.3 
 
 Tliatchers 
 
 
 12.7 
 
 09.9 
 
 Tilers 
 
 17.0 
 
 14.0 
 
 11.1 
 
 Straw plaiters 
 
 15.2 
 
 12.6 
 
 10.1 
 
 Sash and blindmakers 
 
 15.2 
 
 12.7 
 
 10.1 
 
 Paperhangers 
 
 
 12.9 
 
 10.2 
 
 Cabinetmakers 
 
 15.0 
 
 12.6 
 
 09.9 
 
 Tailors (Japanese garments) 
 
 14.2 
 
 10.9 
 
 08.1 
 
 Tailors (European garments) .... 
 
 24.6 
 
 17.5 
 
 11.7 
 
 Dyers 
 
 12.7 
 
 10.1 
 
 07.7 
 
 ('otton ginners 
 
 12.0 
 
 09.8 
 
 07.6 
 
 Blacksmiths 
 
 
 12.6 
 
 09.6 
 
 Porcelain workers 
 
 14.9 
 
 11.4 
 
 08.6 
 
 Lacquer artisans 
 
 14.8 
 
 11.8 
 
 08.9 
 
 Oil pressers 
 
 12.8 
 
 10.8 
 
 08.5 
 
 Tobacco cutters 
 
 13.3 
 
 0.99 
 
 08.5 
 
 Printers 
 
 
 10.4 
 
 07.7 
 
 Ship carpenters 
 
 11.8 
 
 14.4 
 
 11.3 
 
 Typesetters 
 
 14.5 
 
 11.0 
 
 07.6 
 
 Sake brewers 
 
 14.8 
 
 11.4 
 
 08.8 
 
 Soymakers 
 
 12.1 
 
 09.5 
 
 07.4 
 
 Farm hands (male) 
 
 09.5 
 
 07.8 
 
 06.1 
 
 Farm hands (female) 
 
 06.0 
 
 04.7 
 
 03.5 
 
 Silk growers (male) 
 
 11.1 
 
 08.5 
 
 06.5 
 
 Silk growers (female) 
 
 07.5 
 
 05.9 
 
 04.4 
 
 Silk spinners 
 
 08.5 
 
 06.7 
 
 04.9 
 
 Tea curers 
 
 15.7 
 
 12.2 
 
 09.4 
 
 Day laborers 
 
 11.0 
 
 09.2 
 
 07.3 
 
 DOLLARS PER MONTH IN UNITED STATES MONEY {Gold.) 
 
 Trades. 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 Weavers (male) 
 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.28 
 
 Weavers (female) 
 
 1.65 
 
 1.26 
 
 .85 
 
 Confectioners 
 
 2.87 
 
 2.12 
 
 1.44 
 
 Farm hands (male) 
 
 1.16 
 
 .88 
 
 .64 
 
 Farm hands (female) 
 
 64 
 
 .48 
 
 .36 
 
 Men servants 
 
 06 
 
 .78 
 
 .55 
 
 Maid servants 
 
 58 
 
 .41 
 
 .28 
 
 NoTE.--The table prepared for this report by the Chief of the Imperial 
 Bureau of Statistics, and which may be regarded as the general average 
 fc r the Empire, does not agree with some of the returns from particular 
 localities as given elsewhere. This is in part due to the difference in the 
 range of wages paid in the Empire and possibly to the fact that in some 
 cases food is included. The Bureau of Statistics table is undoubtedly 
 correct statistically. The other figures may be used to gain some idea of 
 how low wages are in some parts of Japan. 
 
 Those who think Japanese competition does not 
 amount to anything are prone to say that, as Japan 
 becomes more civilized and its people more product- 
 ive, wages and the cost of living will increase to 
 such an extent that it will in a measure reduce the 
 
Labors* Hard Times School. 
 
 339 
 
 difference of the cost of production in Europe and 
 America and Japan. It is only fair to state, there- 
 fore, that the wages herewith given are the current 
 wages and that they have increased materially since 
 1873. It may be that these wages will go still 
 higher than they are at the present day, and it is 
 certainly important that this fact should be under- 
 stood in any discussion of wages in Japan. More- 
 over, I am prepared to show that the cost of living 
 in Japan has not only increased in proportion to 
 wages, but at a greater rate. While this fact may be 
 very discouraging to those who point to Japan as a 
 glittering example of prosperity and increase in 
 wages because it is a silver country, it is nevertheless 
 true, and no fair estimate of industrial conditions in 
 Japan can be made without its knowledge. The fol- 
 lowing table, based on the investigations of the 
 Monetary System Investigating Commission, shows 
 hov/ the cost of living has risen in Japan. Ruling 
 prices of 1873 are taken as the standard. Rent refers 
 only to the fifteen urban sections of Tokyo; 
 
 Year. 
 
 Rice 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Miso 1 
 
 Table Salt.. 
 
 Soy 
 
 Firewood.... 
 
 Charcoal. .. 
 
 Cotton j 
 
 Rent 
 
 Bath 
 
 Charges. 
 
 Average 
 
 Rate. 
 
 18'73 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 1874: 
 
 152 
 
 114 
 
 3 05 
 
 99 
 
 98 
 
 93 
 
 100 
 
 107 
 
 111 
 
 109 
 
 1875 
 
 149 
 
 146 
 
 112 
 
 109 
 
 123 
 
 117 
 
 100 
 
 110 
 
 132 
 
 122 
 
 187(5 
 
 IU7 
 
 142 
 
 80 
 
 124 
 
 136 
 
 112 
 
 106 
 
 115 
 
 142 
 
 118 
 
 1877 
 
 111 
 
 138 
 
 '/6 
 
 130 
 
 125 
 
 100 
 
 106 
 
 123 
 
 165 
 
 119 
 
 1878 
 
 133 
 
 150 
 
 14 4 
 
 J37 
 
 105 
 
 124 
 
 112 
 
 125 
 
 174 
 
 134 
 
 1879 
 
 166 
 
 I8l 
 
 192 
 
 152 
 
 153 
 
 137 
 
 118 
 
 133 
 
 184 
 
 157 
 
 1880 
 
 220 
 
 250 
 
 185 
 
 141 
 
 202 
 
 159 
 
 129 
 
 140 
 
 205 
 
 181 
 
 188L 
 
 221 
 
 266 
 
 171 
 
 173 
 
 278 
 
 246 
 
 141 
 
 146 
 
 218 
 
 207 
 
 1^82 
 
 184 
 
 221 
 
 158 
 
 157 
 
 305 
 
 226 
 
 129 
 
 150 
 
 246 
 
 197 
 
 1883 
 
 131 
 
 192 
 
 125 
 
 121 
 
 232 
 
 1 50 
 
 I18 
 
 160 
 
 244 
 
 164 
 
 1881 
 
 1 10 
 
 147 
 
 92 
 
 146 
 
 187 
 
 121 
 
 106 
 
 164 
 
 223 
 
 144 
 
 1885 
 
 138 
 
 174 
 
 113 
 
 139 
 
 178 
 
 U1 
 
 106 
 
 172 
 
 226 
 
 152 
 
 1886 
 
 lv5 
 
 156 
 
 93 
 
 138 
 
 128 
 
 98 
 
 112 
 
 178 
 
 216 
 
 138 
 
 1887 
 
 103 
 
 153 
 
 86 
 
 IS8 
 
 153 
 
 127 
 
 1 12 
 
 192 
 
 216 
 
 142 
 
 1888 
 
 105 
 
 148 
 
 79 
 
 152 
 
 139 
 
 142 
 
 112 
 
 200 
 
 219 
 
 144 
 
 1889 
 
 125 
 
 155 
 
 143 
 
 1 59 
 
 145 
 
 1 27 
 
 1 12 
 
 217 
 
 223 
 
 156 
 
 1890 
 
 186 
 
 2- 3 
 
 124 
 
 138 
 
 149 
 
 165 
 
 1 14 
 
 220 
 
 223 
 
 169 
 
 1891 
 
 146 
 
 198 
 
 113 
 
 141 
 
 145 
 
 167 
 
 114 
 
 224 
 
 226 
 
 161 
 
 1892 
 
 15L 
 
 197 
 
 108 
 
 154 
 
 158 
 
 179 
 
 118 
 
 226 
 
 221 
 
 168 
 
 1893 
 
 154 
 
 192 
 
 95 
 
 156 
 
 162 
 
 165 
 
 124 
 
 225 
 
 221 
 
 166 
 
 1894 
 
 165 
 
 1 189 
 
 91 
 
 1 158 
 
 141 
 
 150 
 
 118 
 
 2 >8 
 
 221 
 
 162 
 
34*0 
 
 Labors* Hard Times School. 
 
 The table explains itself and no analysis need be 
 given. The rise in the cost of living about i88i was 
 primarily due to the circulation of an excessive amount 
 of inconvertible notes, and the occurrence of domes- 
 tic and foreign complications in succession, com- 
 mencing with the serious ministerial rupture caused 
 by the Korean expedition, followed by the civil dis- 
 turbances in Saga, Kumamoto, Yamaguchi and Kag- 
 oshima. 
 
 With the gradual readjustment of the national 
 finance, a step completed in 1886, prices of commod- 
 ities entered the downward grade, a movement, how- 
 ever, that lasted for only a few years. Prices began 
 to ascend again from 1889, with only slight 
 
 fluctuations the movement continues to this day. 
 The rise in the market prices of commodities is at- 
 tributed mainly to the fall in the gold price of silver. 
 Figures subsequent to May, 1894, are not yet forth- 
 coming, but it is estimated that they stand consider- 
 ably higher than those given above. It will thus be 
 seen that a petty ofificial who could subsist in 1873 
 on ^10 (silver) a month, required at the beginning 
 of 1894 $16.20 (silver) to live in proportionate style, 
 while a person who lived on $138 a month in 1886 
 required $162 eight years later. It is therefore easy 
 to see that persons living on petty fixed incomes, 
 such as clerks in government service, whose income 
 is practically stationary, must now be experiencing 
 considerable difificulty in making ends meet, espec- 
 ially as house rent, which constitutes the largest item 
 in the cost of living, is steadily going upward. 
 
 Wages of mechanics show a more or less upward 
 tendency, as the following comparative table, com- 
 piled by the same commission, will show: 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 341 
 
 1873 
 
 
 1884 
 
 134 
 
 1874 
 
 103 
 
 1885 
 
 135 
 
 1875 
 
 • 105 
 
 1886 
 
 I3I 
 
 1876 
 
 107 
 
 1887 
 
 133 
 
 1877 
 
 1 10 
 
 1888 
 
 134 
 
 1878 
 
 II8 
 
 1889 
 
 132 
 
 1879 
 
 124 
 
 1890 
 
 130 
 
 1880. 
 
 
 1891 
 
 127 
 
 1881 
 
 138 
 
 1892 
 
 130 
 
 1882 
 
 142 
 
 1893 
 
 130 
 
 1883 
 
 139 
 
 1894 
 
 133 
 
 It will be observed that while the average cost of 
 living has gone up in Japan since 1873 by nearly 
 two-thirds, the wages of mechanics have increased 
 only one-third; while the wages of the small officials 
 and other salaried persons have not increased at all. 
 These figures, as I say, are official, and have been 
 prepared with great care by the Monetary System 
 Investigating Commission and are well worth study- 
 ing. 
 
 Another table also prepared by the commission 
 shows the fluctuations in house rent in the fifteen 
 urban divisions of Tokyo, and demonstrates that 
 house rents in Akaska have risen most (100 in 1873 
 to 461 in 1894) ; then Fukugawa ( 100 to 421 ) ; Nihon- 
 bashi ( 100 to 367) ; Asakusa (100 to 340); Koishi- 
 kawa, Shitaya, Honjo, Kojimachi, Ushigome, Kanda, 
 Yotsuya, Shiba, Azabu, Kongo and Kyobashi follow 
 in the order given, 
 
 Mr, Maxwell. After such a report as this of the 
 progress in Japan, and the wages paid, Mr. Labor, I 
 beg to inquire of our free trade friends what they 
 propose to do about the prospective imports from 
 that country? Will the tariff for revenue advocates 
 have the nerve to tell us from the stump or through 
 the press what low duties of any kind can save us? 
 
 Note what Mr. Kaneko, Vice-Minister of Agricul- 
 
342 
 
 Larors’ Habd Times School. 
 
 ture and Commerce of Japan, said: He claimed that 
 the skill in spinning cotton that required the spin- 
 ners of Manchester three generations to accomplish, 
 the Japanese had acquired in ten years, claiming, 
 too, that the Japanese spinners excel the Manchester 
 spinners today. 
 
 How long will it be before Japan will be selling 
 her goods in Manchester, Mr. Labor, and that city 
 become a second Groversville? Will England re- 
 main a free trade country then? 
 
 Japan’s wages in gold are not one-fourth what 
 England’s are, and her hours of work are longer. It 
 looks to me as though the free trade songsters were 
 going to get some black eyes in the near future that 
 will force them to hunt up some new words, and fit 
 them to some other tune. 
 
 Again, Mr. Labor, shying away from Japan a mo- 
 ment, but not away from the subject, what is Eng- 
 land going to do with Germany? The wages of the 
 former are nearly double those of the latter, as will 
 be seen by the following table, which I copy from 
 the Daily News Almanac of 1896, showing average 
 weekly wages on a gold and silver basis of foreign 
 countries as well as our own: 
 
AVERAGE WEEKLY WAGES PAID TO THE GENERAL TRADES IN COUNTRIES WITH CURRENCIES ON 
 
 GOLD BASTS. ' 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 343 
 
 I .0000000 -OO -O -lOO 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 I : 
 
 .05 . lO r- 
 
 •000000 iooooooooooooo 
 Ontario jiO'^tio-^rcDioioiooOrHoco 
 
 (Ottawa). 00 06 06 CO 06 CO 06 : co 06 co 06 r-i co d d d 06 10 o’ 
 
 Switzer- . ^ 
 
 land, i 06 lO lO CO to CO d CO 10 CO d lO CO 10 d d CO rfH rh lO 10 cd d d 
 
 Spain 
 
 (Malaga). 
 
 toco^ 
 
 Italy. 
 
 00 *+l-HCO<HtOr-''^-rr-ICQiHTtlCO^C^COCOlO 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 HoUand.. 
 
 00 -t'CO'^^'^'^'^ 
 
 ':^^(^^T^^lO)Ttl•<^COTi^COOCO'=^^Tf^•^-^^ 
 
 Scotland.. 
 
 (X)J>'^I>'^CD-^Oi>lOi>-^CDOCDC)'^CDlOOiOCDOCDCDO^OcO tO 
 
 Ireland. .. 
 
 OCt>COl>C01>COOOCOI>COCD J>jO i>C0I>Oi>O£>l> 
 
 England . . 
 
 60J>'!^^t>iO£>iOi>r-'^I>'^t-I>CDt'tOOC*CC)lOt>£><OCDI>I> 
 
 Germany.. 
 
 •r-lC^l>tOCOTHOGOiHlOC^iHGOOO^^OX DC^00lOOC0t>OO CD 
 ^C^OCDTH'^a>C^O?OOD?J>THOiOOC5(C?C50COCOC<?'^^OQOiO O 
 00 d c<i CO (M N CO Di CO to CO d CO CO CO co" co" d 
 
 France. . 
 
 .TtHCOCOCO-^C^lOiO-^Oi-tOC- .iHWtOCOCO I^T^^lD)lO00CD 
 gj>rHC0 WCO WCOCOCOiHCDC^O :OOI>t>COT^I ; lO rH 00 CD lO rH 
 
 00 ^ CO* to* co’ d co’ to' to* CO* d CO d d : td d to* to d : d d d d d to 
 
 ^Brazil..., 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 •ooooooo 
 
 ^CDiOCOCDCOCDCO 
 
 <05 
 
 00-r05t0i05t00it0 
 
 H CO CD 0? 05 CO 
 
 t3 
 
 fl o 
 
 UJ 
 
 ^ G 
 
 -M P»5 ^ 
 
 •3M 
 
 M 
 
 03 ^ C 
 
 o'SIt 
 
 ^ 05 K c 
 
 tn tn ^ M 
 f-J cd_g ^ 
 
 u 
 
 . 05 '35 
 g 05 fl 2 
 
 rr\ M • Ch 
 
 S 5:1 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 ^ cd d ^ 
 
 sfeslslsl 
 
 S 3 ^ • 
 _ Dh S ^ 
 
 CO CO O ':5450:C'o 
 
 ^ Ph CCP 4 Pm OO S'E ? p Srt 0.^0 m 
 
 Wpq CQffiPQWfflQOQQQQP 
 
 
AVERAGE WEEKLY WAGES PAID TO THE GENERAL TRADES IN COUNTRIES WITH CURRENCIES ON 
 
 GOLD BASIS. 
 
 344 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 Labors’ Hard Time 
 
 . .o • *0 • • ‘00 ‘O 
 
 : :o ; : : :oq :oq 
 
 • • 05 • • CO • • • 00 • 
 
 • • * ; ^ ! I ! ^ 
 
 S SCH 
 
 N • • 
 
 • • 
 
 CD ’. I 
 r-H ; ; 
 
 OOL. 
 
 • O • * • lO 
 
 :o : : :x 
 
 . rH . . . Tji 
 
 Ontario 
 
 (Ottawa). 
 
 OOOOOo -ooooo 
 tHOOOOo -ooooo 
 cx)oi>io-:hix 
 
 tH nH • rH rH 
 
 
 
 8.25 
 
 9.00 
 
 7.50 
 
 6.00 
 
 Switzer- 
 
 land. 
 
 : rH lO CO CO -tH lO lO CO rH O 0? I> ^ 
 :OOOCQOXGOCDCOCOiOCOOa)TH • 
 
 : CO o CO CO CO CO lo CD w io tih : 
 
 
 CQCD -’O 
 OX 
 
 T^^cD 
 
 Spain 
 
 (Malaga). 
 
 OOOiOOlO ^OOiOO • 
 t-OCOCOOO •U0CDI>O • 
 
 o?cocoi>co-^ :^co(Mco : 
 
 oooooooooo 
 
 lOOCJiXXOC^OOO 
 
 ^^f^XXXX'^rJHC'X 
 
 Italy 
 
 OOOOOOiOOOO • -ooco -o 
 CDCDOOCOOC^OQO?X : ;CC?C0C<?X ;0 
 
 ccjcococDTH^ioioioco : :co-^'iow :ci 
 
 oooo 
 
 woo? CD 
 W^'lOCD 
 
 Holland . . 
 
 oooooooooooo 
 
 lOiOCDOOCOO-^CN?XXO 
 ■ WiMCOX-^CO-^-^CO-^-^CD 
 
 o • o o : 
 
 O ;XO ; 
 
 CD ; ; 
 
 OOOO 
 
 OOOCO 
 
 iO lO Tin 
 
 Scotland.. 
 
 CDCDXCDCDXXXOCDCOCO 
 
 THrHO'^OOXXOCOCOi> 
 
 ioiocoxt>^i>cDi>:^i>cd 
 
 7.27 
 
 6.62 
 
 6.50 
 
 o 
 
 JO 
 
 6.46 
 
 6.90 
 
 12.00 
 
 6.67 
 
 Ireland . . . 
 
 COCDCDi>COCDOrHOOrHOI>CQXCO 
 
 0?CQX(0?OXCOO?OOi>COXiOCOO 
 
 ^ ^ ^ XX 1> CO X 1> £> 00 tJh X 
 
 o 
 
 lO 
 
 5.45 
 
 6.70 
 
 8.87 
 
 6.04 
 
 England. . 
 
 lO :xxc^000^c00!>l>01-0(c^ 
 ;THXiOXrHX£>t-0050rHCQO 
 
 ^ ICOOOXlOCOCOOO-^C-COiOlLlOL- 
 
 X 
 
 00 
 
 6.35 
 
 7.40 
 
 11.00 
 
 6.50 
 
 Germany.. 
 
 rHT^^lO(^^OXCDTHrH^HOXC^^ ^ O lO O O lO O iH rH JO 
 (0? iH C- X CD W rH CD tH rH ;CDXOi>XX-^rHiO 
 
 XXXlO'^X'!fXlOXlO'^X :X(MXiO-^XXiOOO 
 
 France 
 
 Wt-XiOOrHOO-^OC-TtH-^rtHX-^ 
 
 X'^XXOrHlOXCQOrHt'XCDC-O 
 
 -^-^^l>I>lOlOlOCD-ttl>CDTtHCO^CO 
 
 D?x -c^oia 
 
 i>TH ^CDOSiO 
 
 colo :iocoio 
 
 ^Brazil.. .. 
 
 CDOSC- : :OOQ(C?OIOOO 
 
 XXX : ixxooxoo 
 xcojo : :THoi>c<icoc<iio 
 
 . . 1— 1 tH tH tH 
 
 12.00 
 
 3.87 
 
 10.32 
 
 lO 
 
 1> 
 
 6.36 
 
 10.75 
 
 7.02 
 
 Victoria.. 
 
 13.10 
 
 9.60 
 
 13.40 
 
 
 (0? 
 
 lO 
 
 l> 
 
 tH 
 
 o • o 
 0?^ 
 
 OX :o? 
 
 Trades and Occupa- 
 tions . 
 
 Drivers — 
 
 Cab and carriage... 
 
 Streetcar 
 
 Dyers 
 
 Engineers 
 
 Furriers 
 
 Gardners 
 
 Hatters 
 
 Horseshoers 
 
 Jewelers 
 
 Laborers, porters, etc. 
 
 Lithographers 
 
 MillwrigliTs 
 
 Printers 
 
 Potters 
 
 Sailmakers 
 
 3 o'? 
 
 ? > ? 
 3 O C 
 
 Tanners 
 
 Tailors 
 
 Telegraph operators . 
 Tinsmiths 
 
 *The gold standard prevails in Brazil, but the actual currency is paper, which is now valued at about 18 cents per milreis, 
 while the gold milr US is worth 54.6 cents. As the rates given are based upon a gold standard, and as it is now most likely 
 that labor is paid in paper currency, it follows that the purchasing power of the papQ^f'-currency wage is only about one-third 
 the purchasing power of the rates given in the table, aud that labor has suffered to that extent, unless wages have been 
 trebled in the meantime . 
 
AVERAGE WEEKLY WAGES PAID TO THE GENERAL TRADES IN COUNTRIES WITH CURRENCIES ON SILVER BASIS. 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 345 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 . O 00 r-l o CO O O CO 
 -^OCOt^OO-^CDCOIXX) 
 
 S 05 Tji' 05 00 Oi CO 00 
 
 05 05 00 0? CO O 05 
 
 Russia . 
 
 00 CO CD CO CO ^ 00 CO Thi CO CO 00 CO CO 00 CO CO »0 CO lO CO 00 'CO 
 
 Peru (Callao) 
 
 Persia . 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 00 O CO O 00 tJH 00 , 
 
 I>OOlOCDCDIOOOlOr^^I> 
 
 Japan., 
 
 Guayaquil 
 
 00 i> TfH J> 
 
 1>-^OCD000005I>I> 
 
 050005 000 
 
 Quito. 
 
 
 T— I tH rH iH jH tH 
 
 Colombia 
 (Barran- 
 quilla . ) 
 
 OOt-CO^•C 01 >CO^>I>COT^^^•^^•r^^^ 05 T^^T^^ 
 
 Ningpo.. .. 
 
 Amoy . . 
 
 Austria . . . 
 
 00 00 (^^CO^-I^THTf^■^(MT^^!MlOCDrt^ 00 ^C 0 lOC 0 T^^C 0 C 0 C 0 C 0 C 0 C 0 ( 0 ? 
 
 Bohemiaf, 
 
 2” 
 
 1 § 
 
 ^ 
 
 T 3 52 ® 
 
 a fl'i 3: 
 
 A it ^ 
 
 ^iS C 3 03 S o ^ o 
 
 S-6 S3 
 
 ’rtt 0.2 ^ O 
 
 CO cu^ 'w'-g ( 
 
 •^cq s p, 020^ O'i 
 
 fQ 
 
 S S c/i 
 
 <u fH 
 
 
 , o'S S C 3 X 0.-0 C 
 
 cq pq PQ PQ cq pq ffi Q o O fi fl 
 
AVERAGE VVLEKLY WAGES PAID TO THE GENERAT. TRADES IN COUNTRIES WITH CURRENCIES ON SILVER BASIS, 
 
 346 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 $ 8.59 
 
 10.00 
 
 13.00 
 
 . 6.50 
 
 •10 
 
 :x 
 
 :«>* 
 
 12.00 
 
 14.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.50 
 
 11.38 
 
 14.00 
 
 Russia 
 
 oiocDdJOOOiOioxoocoa) 
 
 CO 03 tH CO CD C 3 r-H C- tH 00 00 t-; C- lO 
 
 CO* CQ CO* X CO* lo CO* oi CO lo 10 ci 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 4.90 
 
 3.42 
 
 5.25 
 
 3.96 
 
 Peru (Callao) 
 
 $ 3.50 
 
 7.40 
 
 19.75 
 
 00 
 
 qq 
 
 »O 03 
 
 13.90 
 
 3.50 
 
 :c^ 
 
 :^. 
 
 :x 
 
 
 4.92 
 
 4.92 
 
 4.92 
 
 12.10 
 
 7.50 
 
 Persia 
 
 $ 1.75 
 
 00 
 
 cico 
 
 X'sjHX 0 W 
 
 X q q q 
 rH X iH CD rH 
 
 3.00 
 
 1.92 
 
 rH 
 
 X 
 
 CO 
 
 
 rH X •« 
 XX :q 
 X* oi : P 
 
 Mexico 
 
 OOCDCDCOOOKOiOOOCOCDO 
 
 CD q r-H CD CD 03 tH l> rH 03 CO 1 > i> q 
 
 CO* X* CO tJh CO CO* 10 CO tJh <?i CO* 10 iro (oi 
 
 ce- 
 
 0 
 
 q 
 
 03 
 
 0 rH 00 
 0 th qio 
 X* P Pi>* 
 
 Japan 
 
 $ 1.50 
 
 
 01 
 
 lO 
 
 tH 
 
 
 
 • rH 
 
 Oi-O 
 
 xq 
 
 rH tH 
 
 
 
 X -oip : ; 
 
 — • ^ ^ : 
 
 ci Pd • • 
 
 ; 4 -KNy 5 • , 
 
 1^ 
 
 0 
 
 S 3 
 
 Cj 
 
 d 
 
 c? 
 
 Guayaquil 
 
 $ 9.00 
 
 9.00 
 
 1 00*6 
 
 
 OOOOOiOO 
 
 q q q q q q 
 (xcioicodcio 
 
 T— 1 tH C? T-H 
 
 00*6 
 
 00‘6 
 
 8.00 
 
 10. 1 
 
 27.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 Quito 
 
 
 $ 1.44 
 
 1.44 
 
 
 r^^TH -a 
 
 r—i tH • 
 
 TjH rJH 
 
 r-H iH 
 
 
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Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 347 
 
 A Scotchman, many years an adopted citizen of 
 the United States, and a prominent business man in 
 his line, was scolding to me a few days ago because 
 he could never find in print any mention of the 
 hours that constitute a legal week’s work in Germany 
 as compared to other countries, and cited that by 
 law fifty-four hours were made a legal week’s work 
 in England, while in Germany it was a week of 
 seventy-two hours. 
 
 I do not remember that my Scotch friend charged 
 that he never saw it in print, but he did charge that 
 too little notice was taken of it in connection with 
 tariff duties, etc., and called special attention to the 
 point of how much more a machine would turn out 
 running a full extra day during each week in Ger- 
 many, amounting to 52 days in a year than could 
 be the case with the Nations Germany specially 
 competes with. 
 
 This is a per centage in Germany’s favor that our 
 country cannot afford to lose sight of, and one, Mr. 
 Labor, that I do not believe England can ignore for 
 very many years. 
 
 England has already nearly starved her farmers 
 to death by her non-protective methods and lessened 
 her own markets to a limit that cannot be estimated 
 by thus destroying the farmer’s purchasing ability, 
 and now is she going to let Germany come in and 
 swallow up the market her sellers of days works 
 make? In my opinion, if Germany fails to force 
 England to protective measures, Mr. Labor, Japan 
 eventually will, except our people are soups enough 
 to let Japan into our markets to the limit of taking 
 all the products she can manufacture. 
 
 If Japan continues to progress as she has in the 
 
348 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 past ten years, and comes anywhere near continuing 
 her present scale of wages, the writer on political 
 economy will have to admit that theory is one thing 
 and practice is another. 
 
 We must not forget that theory once proved by 
 figures that a steamship could not carry fuel enough 
 to sail her across the ocean, let alone the thought of 
 her having room for freight. We all know how that 
 came out. 
 
 The President of the Manufacturers’ Association, 
 Mr. Theodore C. Search, cites, “Japan buys abroad 
 a great quantity of wood and metal working machin- 
 ery and tools, and a large share of this trade falls 
 into the hands of American manufacturers.” He 
 adds, “The remarkable imitative genius of the Jap- 
 anese is cited as threatening to ruin this trade, and 
 it is shown that they buy only a single tool or ma- 
 chine of each kind and make for themselves what- 
 ever duplicates they may require,” and continues, 
 “In the absence of protection for American patents 
 or trade marks this can be done with impunity, and 
 greatly to the hindrance of the business which 
 Americans seek to extend in Japan.” He further 
 says, “This condition of unrestricted piracy of pat- 
 ents and trade marks in Japan is passing away with 
 other relics of former crude civilization, and treaties 
 have been negotiated with the leading Nations 
 which will accord full protection to foreign patent 
 and trade mark rights. Most of these treaties will 
 become operative in 1899.” 
 
 It is important to include this in order to show 
 what an ingenious people the Japanese are. They 
 will undertake anything that any people dare and 
 succeed with it, too. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 349 
 
 Insomuch, Mr. Labor, as you have shown here 
 that the chief value of any product is the days works 
 it contains, Japan is a country to be dreaded and 
 feared so long as her labor works for one-tenth the 
 pay our labor receives. A tariff duty that will pro- 
 tect us against other competing countries will do us 
 no good against Japan and China. 
 
 By reading the whole of Mr. Porter's report, it 
 will be found that Japan now is paying strict atten- 
 tion to the improvement of the quality of her goods, 
 and there is no good reason to presume that it will 
 lack progress in that direction any more than she 
 has in any other. 
 
 I will, Mr. Labor, submit Mr. Porter’s report of 
 the cotton spinning and weaving industry in Japan 
 and ask you to print it with your proceedings after 
 reading portions whereby the class can grasp the 
 essential features of progress in this one line, which 
 is fairly illustrative of all the industries that Mr. 
 Porter has included in his report. 
 
 COTTON-SPINNING AND WEAVING IN JAPAN. 
 
 The increase in the exports of textiles, which was 
 nearly forty-fold in ten years, is due to the fact that 
 Japan is a nation of weavers. The returns of 1895 
 show over one million weavers. Women weave in 
 Japan as women sew with us. It is no exaggeration 
 to say that in nearly every house in rural Japan the 
 spinning-wheel and loom are kept going from morn- 
 ing till night. It is impossible to gauge the capacity 
 of these people in this industry by the present pro- 
 duction. In some of the silk districts I found mod- 
 ♦ern machinery and even regularly-equipped mills, 
 employing from 500 to 1,000 hands. As a rule, the 
 factories range from forty to 120 hands, with the 
 
350 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 products of thousands of houses with single looms 
 to draw from the demand. In Fukui, the most im- 
 portant exporting district, the greater part of the 
 weaving is done in the homes, though the establish- 
 ment of finishing houses makes it possible for the 
 weaver to secure a uniformity of finish that the old 
 method precluded. The exports of all grades of 
 silk goods from Japan will be largely increased in 
 the next decade, and this fact has been recognized 
 by the French, who propose to put a duty on Japan- 
 ese habutai. Nor will the conflict be confined to 
 habutai alone, for the Japanese are awake to the fact 
 that France leads the world in the originality and 
 beauty of textile designs. They have in the Kyoto 
 district reproduced her moire antique with success. 
 The splendid silk stuff they are making for furniture 
 coverings may be seen in the brilliant effects of the 
 French Renaissance. The Japanese are making 
 every preparation, by the formation of guilds and 
 associations, to improve the quality and increase the 
 uniformity of the goods. It is well to note, in this 
 connection, that while Japan has stimulated its ex- 
 ports of the manufactured article, it has enormously 
 increased the production and export of raw silk. 
 This has been done by the introduction of new 
 methods and a more scientific treatment of the silk- 
 worm and the filature. I visited in Japan filature 
 establishments equal to any I saw in France ten 
 years ago, when investigating the silk industry of 
 that country. 
 
 In the Fukui district the first habutai was manu- 
 factured in 1888, a total of about ^50,000 (silver) in 
 value. Last year this district produced $ 6 , 0 ^ 6,220 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 351 
 
 worth, and I was told that the output will be still 
 larger the present year. 
 
 In the spinning of cotton and the manufacture of 
 cotton cloth, a still more phenomenal progress is 
 noted, though not shown above. The exports of 
 cotton cloth from Japan probably do not exceed 
 $5,000,000 (silver), but a large and increasing home 
 demand is supplied. Last year the value of the silk 
 and cotton cloth produced in Japan, including such 
 important articles as kimono stuff and obi fabric, 
 was $71,350,747. Cotton-spinning in 1889 gave em- 
 ployment to only 5,394 women and 2,539 men. In 
 1895, over 30,000 women and 10,000 men were em- 
 ployed in mills, which, for equipment and output, 
 are equal to those of any country. The future situs 
 of the cotton industry — at least to supply the Asiatic 
 trade — is bound to be in China and Japan. England 
 is doomed, so far as this trade is concerned, and 
 nothing can save her, — not even bimetallism, as 
 some imagine. Cotton mills are going up rapidly 
 both in Osaka and Shanghai, and only actual experi- 
 ence for a period of years will demonstrate which of 
 these locations is the better. My own judgment, 
 after a close examination of every item in the cost 
 of production, points to Japan. In this contest for 
 the cotton trade of Asia, the United States must 
 supply more and more of the raw cotton. The im- 
 provement in the numbers of the yarn spun and in 
 the quality of the cloth woven simply means a larger 
 proportion of American cotton. Two new lines of 
 Japanese steamships have been projected this year, 
 and these ships are to run between the United States 
 and Japan. While Osaka is the center of the cotton 
 yarn industry, the flourishing city of Nagoya is the 
 
352 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 centre of cotton cloth manufacture. Here I found 
 several mills turning out a great variety of goods, 
 mostly for home consumption. The export of 
 $50,000,000 of cotton cloth for China and Korea will 
 be no great achievement for Japan before the close 
 of the century. 
 
 While this is my own prediction, I find that in an 
 address delivered July 28, 1896, before the Oriental 
 Society, the Vice-Minister of Agriculture of Japan, 
 declared that 60 per cent, of the whole consumption 
 of cotton yarn in Korea in 1894 was supplied from 
 Japan. For the same period China imported cotton 
 yarn valued at $31,522,583 (silver), of which Japan 
 shipped nearly a million dollars worth, or less than 
 3 per cent. Of course, this is a small proportion of 
 the whole consumption, but it is a start, and as I 
 shall show in several lines of industry, when Japan 
 once starts in a given branch of trade, progress is 
 very rapid. A large proportion of the cotton yarn 
 imported into Hong Kong, say at least 90 per cent., 
 comes from India. Japan has practically sent nothing 
 to Hong Kong at present. But she will. Mr. Kaneko 
 is very hopeful and evidently thinks that in the near 
 future Japan would be able to wrest the bulk of the 
 yarn trade of China from India and England. In the 
 address referred to, he says, after calling attention 
 to the actual figures: 
 
 “We have then the chance of supplying 37 per 
 cent, more to Korea, 97 per cent, more to China, 
 and even far greater quantities to Hong Kong. It 
 will be seen that there are immense opportunities 
 left open to us in supplying cotton yarn in competi- 
 tion with India and England. Turning to the market 
 in Australia, we have much to do still. During 1894, 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 353 
 
 Australia imported cotton yarn to a total value of 
 1^22,837,020 (silver). Should the demand for our 
 cotton yarn extend to that country the spinning in- 
 dustry of Japan would advance by leaps and bounds, 
 even if the demand from Korea, China and Hong 
 Kong were lost. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 “Now let us see what advantage or disadvantage 
 we may have in this commercial competition to be 
 undertaken in China and Hong Kong. We hardly 
 need say that the freight from England to China is 
 far greater than the freight we shall have to pay to 
 ship our cotton yarn to China or Korea. India, too, 
 has to pay a higher freight than we pay. The 
 freight on one bale of cotton yarn from Bombay to 
 Shanghai is about ^1.90* (silver) while the freight 
 from Japan to Shanghai is about $0.70. The rate of 
 freight we are paying is only one-third that paid by 
 Indian shippers. As to the quality of cotton yarn, 
 we may add that whereas the Indian yarn is of a 
 yellowish-brown color, our cotton yarn is pure white 
 and bright, and Chinese consumers prefer ours to 
 the Indian yarn. In the matter of freight we have 
 already a great advantage, and in addition to this 
 our manufactured yarn excels in quality that pro- 
 duced by our Indian rival and is liked more by the 
 larger consumers. But the Indian spinners have the 
 advantage of being in a position to buy the raw ma- 
 terial much cheaper than we can, as a large quantity 
 of raw cotton is produced in India, and they have 
 also the advantage of being able to command much 
 
 *Mr. Kaneko’s estimate of the rate of freight between Bom- 
 bay and Shanghai does not correspond with the estimate else- 
 where, which is official. It is possible Mr. Kaneko may be 
 mistaken, but as it is impossible to verify it, it has been deemed 
 best to leave the statement of the Vice-Minister as reported. 
 
354 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 capital at a cheaper interest than we are able to. 
 On our part, however, we have some other advant- 
 ages. Labor is cheaperhere, and we have an abundant 
 supply of cheap coal. Besides, our people are al- 
 ways ready to replace old machinery by modern and 
 more improved types, whenever they find it bene- 
 ficial to do so. I should think, therefore, there is 
 some prospect of being able to compete with India 
 and England in the Eastern market.” 
 
 I he Japanese are perhaps prouder of the cotton- 
 spinning industry than any other, and this is because 
 it is an absolutely European industry, transplanted 
 to that country and conducted wholly by Japanese 
 labor. In his address, the Vice-Minister of Agricul- 
 ture refers to this matter in the following language: 
 
 ‘‘Strictly speaking, the cotton-spinning machinery 
 is European machinery introduced into this country, 
 and the cotton-spinning industry is a European in- 
 dustry started in Japan. Cotton yarn is the first 
 merchandise manufactured in this country by ma- 
 chinery after European style to be exported abroad. 
 I should think that no other industry offers such 
 promising results as the cotton-spinning industry. 
 As the people are now earnest to a degree concern- 
 ing the export trade, the Government authorities 
 should give an impetus to the development of such 
 a well-paying industry, and the people on their side 
 should work zealously to maintain its growth. I 
 hope that cotton yarn will become one of our im- 
 portant products in the markets of the East in the 
 future.” 
 
 Cotton-spinning and cotton-weaving in Japan by 
 steam-power are comparatively new industries. The 
 cotton-spinning industry of Japan was first started 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 355 
 
 at Kagoshima by Prince Shimazu, at that time 
 Daimyo of the province, during the Keiwo era 
 (1865-7). The spinning machinery then introduced 
 from England consisted of 6,000 spindles, and the 
 object was to give employment to the shizoku, re- 
 tainers of the clan. Some years afterwards another 
 factory was opened by Prince Shimazu in Sakai, 
 Izumi province. During 1880 (third year Meiji) Mr. 
 Kajima Manbei started a similar factory in the 
 vicinity of Tokyo. The latter venture is now known 
 as the Takinogawa Cotton Mill. But at that period 
 the object of these mill owners was to replace hand 
 labor by machinery. Their object has been almost 
 accomplished, for there is very little or almost no 
 hand-spun yarn on the Japanese market now. The 
 time has come for the country to compete with the 
 imported yarn. Between 1867 and 1877 the value of 
 various foreign goods imported to Japan aggregated 
 $246,000,000 (silver), of which $89,000,000 (silver) 
 was for cotton yarn, this staple representing 35 per 
 cent, of the total import. The Japanese Government 
 then purchased various spinning machinery from 
 England, which the authorities disposed of to differ- 
 ent people who were given special facilities for re- 
 payment. Thus an impetus was given by the Gov- 
 ernment to the cotton-spinning industry, and the re- 
 sult was so far successful. During 1887 the quantity 
 of cotton yarn imported into Japan was 63,252,924 
 pounds, but the imports were reduced to about 
 19,300,000 pounds in 1895 year will be about 
 
 16,660,000. The low-count yarn manufactured in 
 Japan (under 20’s) has prevented the import of 
 Indian cotton yarn. The quantity of Indian yarn 
 received during 1890 amounted to 18,626,666 pounds. 
 
35<5 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 but was greatly reduced in 1895, l^he total quantity 
 received during that year being but 1,788,900 pounds. 
 These figures show that Japan has already attained 
 the desired result in the matter of competition, and 
 that she has succeeded to a large extent in compet- 
 ing with the imported article; but there still remains 
 the work of stopping the importation of considerable 
 Indian cotton yarn. This can be done by increasing 
 the manufacture of low-count yarn on one side and 
 on the other in competing with the English yarn by 
 manufacturing fine counts. The imports of English 
 yarn of finer counts, from 30’s upwards, does not 
 show any remarkable change, though in the low 
 counts — in which a much larger business is done — 
 Indian yarn has been beaten by the Japanese yarn. 
 During 1890, upwards of 23,566,666 pounds of Eng- 
 lish yarn were imported, while in 1894, imports of 
 the same yarn amounted to 18,133,333 pounds. 
 
 The tendency in Japan for the next ten years will 
 be from coarse yarns to fine. This will help Ameri- 
 can cotton. Note what Mr. Kaneko, already quoted 
 from, says on this point: 
 
 It is natural that things should develop from 
 coarse to fine. Formerly the people were accustomed 
 to wear cotton cloth made with very coarse yarn, 
 but of late cotton cloth of very fine thread has be- 
 come popular. This explains why so large a quan- 
 tity of fine yarn is being imported from England. 
 In making fine counts, like the English yarn, the raw 
 cotton produced in the United States is required, 
 China and India cottons not being fit for the pur- 
 pose, owing to coarseness of fibre. Accordingly, we 
 feel the necessity of providing ourselves with ready 
 means to import American cotton, in connection 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 357 
 
 with which special banking facilities will be required. 
 In order to accomplish these things, the co-operation 
 of government and people is very important. It is 
 also a very important question to decide how many 
 spindles are required in this country to insure a full 
 supply of cotton yarn.” 
 
 The report of the Cotton Spinners’ Union for the 
 month of May, 1896, showed that there were in the 
 kingdom sixty-seven mills, with 607,505 straight 
 spindles, 86,404 slanting spindles and an additional 
 453,136 spindles soon to be put in operation, making 
 an aggregate of 1,147,045 spindles. The rapid 
 growth of the industry is well illustrated by the fact 
 that the report issued by the Cotton Spinners’ Union 
 at the close of the year 1894 showed only fifty-nine 
 mills in operation, with 523,696 spindles. 
 
 In these factories the maximum hours of labor are 
 24, minimum 12, with an average of 22 hours. The 
 straight spindles produce an average of 106 momme 
 (about 14 ounces, avoirdupois) of yarn per spindle 
 per day, while the slanting spindles average 73 
 momme (about 9^ ounces, avoirdupois) per spindle 
 per day. The number of male operatives in the 
 factories range from 13 to 1,087, the total being 
 10 ) 531 * The female operatives range in number 
 from 31 in the smallest factory to 3,732 in the larg- 
 est, the total number being 33,452. 
 
 The horse-power of the machinery in operation 
 aggregates 15,595, the average consumption of coal 
 per horse-power being 3,498 pounds per hour. Very 
 few American machines are to be found in the cotton 
 mills of Japan. Nearly all of those now in use are 
 of English manufacture, a considerable portion hav- 
 ing been supplied by the firm of Platt Brothers & 
 
358 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 Co., Ltd., of Oldham. The almost exclusive use of 
 the English machines is generally attributed to the 
 fact that the Japanese regard England’s textile in- 
 dustries as the most flourishing, and to the further 
 circumstance that the English originally introduced 
 the industry in Japan. The operatives have also 
 gotten accustomed to these machines and the mill 
 owners hesitate to make a change. 
 
 That the cotton-spinning industry has proven 
 profitable may readily be imagined when it is stated 
 that so far this year six new companies have been 
 formed whose projects contemplate the operation of 
 101,083 spindles. Those who are in a position to 
 know declare that before the close of the year 1897 
 there will be fully 1,500,000 spindles in operation in 
 Japan. The average net profit per spindle during 
 the first six. months of last year was $ 2 .gy (silver) 
 but it had increased to ^3.79 (silver) during the lat- 
 ter half of the year. The greatest profit per spindle 
 was $6.76 (silver) while the least was 70 cents. The 
 spindles in operation last year consumed 15,016,633 
 pounds of raw cotton and turned out 12,718,750 
 pounds of yarn. The average price of the yarn was 
 sbout $93.45 (silver) per bale of 400 pounds. 
 
 The following table shows the profit per spindle 
 realized at the various mills during the year 1895: 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 359 
 
 Name 
 
 Profit 
 
 per 
 
 Name 
 
 Profit per 
 
 of 
 
 Spindle first 
 
 of 
 
 Spindle second 
 
 Mill. 
 
 half of 
 
 1895. 
 
 Mill. 
 
 half of 1895. 
 
 Koriyama 
 
 
 
 Koriyama . . . 
 
 $6,761 
 
 Kishiwada . . , 
 
 
 . . 4-627 
 
 Himeji. 
 
 5.388 
 
 Owari 
 
 
 . 3.860 
 
 Kishiwada.. . 
 
 5.255 
 
 Sakai 
 
 
 
 Owari 
 
 4 808 
 
 Settsu 
 
 
 • • 3-760 
 
 Sakai 
 
 4.751 
 
 Hirano 
 
 
 - 3-741 
 
 Wakayama. . 
 
 4.629 
 
 Kurume 
 
 
 - - 3-630 
 
 Uwakima 
 
 4.453 
 
 Wakayama. . 
 
 
 . . 3.602 
 
 Settsu 
 
 4.395 
 
 F ukuyama. . . 
 
 
 .. 3.521 
 
 Hirano 
 
 4.388 
 
 Kurashiki . . . 
 
 
 . . 3.440 
 
 lyo 
 
 4.257 
 
 Osaka 
 
 
 ■ . 3-130 
 
 Miye 
 
 3-984 
 
 Kanegafuchi. 
 
 
 , . 3.220 
 
 Fukuyama. . . 
 
 3-936 
 
 Meiji 
 
 
 .. 3.170 
 
 Amagusaki . . 
 
 3-746 
 
 Miike 
 
 
 . . 3.121 
 
 Meiji 
 
 3.555 
 
 Uwajima . . . . 
 
 
 -• 3*093 
 
 Kanegafuchi. 
 
 3.432 
 
 Amagusaki . . 
 
 
 . . 2.852 
 
 Osaka 
 
 3.403 
 
 Matsuyama. . 
 
 
 
 Tokyo 
 
 3.393 
 
 Miye 
 
 
 . . 2.684 
 
 Kurashiki . . . 
 
 3.233 
 
 Senshiu 
 
 
 ■. 2.537 
 
 Fukushima. . 
 
 3.032 
 
 Asahi 
 
 
 .. 1.826 
 
 Senshiu 
 
 2.985 
 
 Tamashima. . 
 
 
 . 1.725 
 
 Miike 
 
 2.691 
 
 Himeji 
 
 
 - 1.725 
 
 Okayama.. . . 
 
 2.507 
 
 Fukushima. . 
 
 
 . 1.484 
 
 Tamashima.. 
 
 
 Tokyo 
 
 
 • 1.433 
 
 Asani 
 
 2.052 
 
 lyo 
 
 
 
 Noda 
 
 ■ 1.453 
 
 Average profit first half 
 
 Average profit second 
 
 of 1895 
 
 
 
 half of 1895 
 
 $3-787 
 
 The wages of cotton spinners in the mills through- 
 out the empire are of course low. Probably the high- 
 est are received by the operatives in the Tokyo mills, 
 where the average for men is as high as 23 sen* per 
 day or, at the present rate of exchange, say 13 cents 
 per day; for women, 11.8 sen, or about 6 }^ cents 
 American money per day. There are mills, however, 
 even in this district, where the pay is as low as 8 
 cents for men and less than 5 cents for women, 
 American money. 
 
 *The sen is substantially the equivalent of one cent in 
 silver. The yen consists of 100 sen, practically $i in silver^ 
 
360 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 The women operatives outnumber the men many 
 times and consequently their wages should be con- 
 sidered first. The factory girls differ in age, ranging 
 from twelve to thirty years, the younger girls being 
 employed in the fine spinning rooms. A correspond- 
 ing difference is found in their wages, the rates 
 ranging from 5 cents (silver) per day for day girls 
 and 8 cents for girls living at the boarding house 
 within the mill, to $10 a month. Many of the em- 
 ployes are also paid by a system similar to the piece 
 work method of this country. For rough spinning 
 about three cents per hank is allowed, and skilled 
 girls can turn out from seven to nine hanks per day. 
 For reeling, the pay per spool is five to six cents, 
 and the girls, when they have become expert at the 
 work, can reel as high as fifty spools per day. The 
 maximum wage for girls in the fine spinning depart- 
 ment is about 15 or 16 cents, but this is considered 
 very fair compensation, considering the fact that 
 most of the employes are only fourteen or fifteen 
 years of age. In some of the mills there is a system 
 of prizes for faithful service; in others an increase is 
 given three or four times each year; while in other 
 manufactories what is known as an '‘extra,” amount- 
 ing to about 20 cents, is given to the most indus- 
 trious workers semi-annually. In still other mills 
 there are prizes for uninterrupted work — 20 cents 
 for one month, 40 cents for three months, ^1.20 for 
 six months. For those who renew their contract of 
 service after the articled time of three years prizes 
 are almost doubled. Moreover, girls who are not 
 absent from their work during a period of three 
 years receive a special prize of ;^I5; those who make 
 a similar record during five years receive ;^25, and 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 361 
 
 those who are correspondingly faithful for seven 
 years receive ;^35. All these emoluments are, of 
 course, over and above the regular rate of wages 
 given above. The girls are encouraged to thrift as 
 well as to industry, and in many of the mills both 
 voluntary and compulsory systems of savings are in 
 force. On these deposits, of whichever character, 
 ten per cent, interest is paid, although if a girl leaves 
 the factory before the expiration of the term of three 
 years, for which she enters, her compulsory savings 
 are forfeited by the firm. 
 
 Some idea of the thrift of the girls may be gained 
 from the fact that many of those who receive ^10 
 (silver) transmit as much as $7 or $8 per month to 
 their parents at home. Often girls upon the expira- 
 tion of their three years service have accumulated 
 ^70 or $80 in addition to considerable clothing pur- 
 chased while they were employed at the factory. 
 
 The girls employed at the mills almost invariably 
 live in the boarding houses connected therewith, 
 where they are charged at the rate of two cents per 
 meal or six cents per day. The youngest employes 
 who have just entered upon a three years’ term of 
 service when they live at home receive only five 
 cents per day, but if they agree to lodge and board 
 at the factory they are allowed eight cents, and as 
 the meals provided there for six sen are much 
 superior to those afforded in most of the homes of 
 the poorer classes, the latter plan is almost always 
 adopted by the employes. The meals served 
 in the factory boarding houses are by them consid- 
 ered substantial. Breakfast consists of boiled rice 
 and a few slices of pickled radish, or sometimes rice 
 and bean soup; the menu at dinner includes rice and 
 
362 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 vegetables, and supper, which is the substantial meal 
 of the day, consists of rice and fish. On holidays 
 special lunches are provided. 
 
 The employes in each factory have a distinctive 
 uniform, which is purchased by each employe for 
 about (silver), which is usually paid in four or 
 five monthly installments. Everything else required, 
 such as shoes, umbrellas and bed clothing, is fur- 
 nished by the mill, and thus in view of the fact that 
 a girl’s total monthly expenses need not exceed $2 
 (silver), the amount of their savings does not seem 
 strange. 
 
 The proprietors of the mills in Tokyo have re- 
 cently undertaken the work of making some provis- 
 ion for the education of their employes, and at the 
 conclusion of their regular work the girls devote two 
 or three hours daily to the study of reading and 
 writing and instruction in sewing. The studies 
 usually include a smattering of the English lan- 
 guage, and almost all the older girls can spell the 
 different technical terms used in connection with the 
 machinery at the mills. 
 
 The girls are divided into night workers and day 
 workers, and twelve is the usual number of working 
 hours, although when the time for lunch is deducted 
 the actual working hours rarely exceed eleven. 
 However, when the mill is crowded with orders, the 
 girls are always perfectly willing to work about six 
 hours extra each day, and instead of complaining 
 seem glad of the opportunity. For this additional 
 work they are paid eight cents extra. The girls are 
 allowed five or six holidays at various seasons of the 
 year and also a week at the beginning of the new 
 year. They also secure several hours rest each week 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 363 
 
 during the time regularly apportioned for the repair 
 of the machinery. 
 
 The character of the work does not appear to 
 prove the excessive strain on the employes that 
 might be expected, and the girls who work uninter- 
 ruptedly for one, two or even three years are, to all 
 appearances, not impaired in health in the slightest 
 degree. The sick rate is very low, there being for 
 instance in the Kanegafuchi mill, where 1,700 girls 
 are employed, a daily average of only four or five 
 cases of sickness. A regular physician is on duty at 
 each manufactory, and girls who are sick are allowed 
 one-half of the lowest wage rate obtaining in the 
 factory, usually nine cents per day; while in case of 
 suffering from an injury received while in the dis- 
 charge of duty, such as might result from the break- 
 ing of machinery, the full amount of wages is al- 
 lowed until recovery, and usually a certain amount 
 as a ^‘consolation gift” upon resumption of work. 
 The maximum charge for medicine is three cents 
 per day, and when in case of protracted illness a 
 large bill accrues, the girl is allowed to pay it on the 
 installment plan. In case a factory physician de- 
 clares a case incurable, the mill defrays all expenses 
 the girl may have fncurred for medical attendance, 
 and also pays her traveling expenses to her home. 
 In some cases this has necessitated an expenditure 
 of amounts as high as $20 (silver). In many mills 
 the operatives have relief societies, to which, in the 
 case of the larger mills, the officers and employes 
 will contribute as much as ^250 (silver) every six 
 months. The majority of cases of sickness consist 
 of some form of lung trouble. 
 
 In engaging operatives the firm owning the factory, 
 
3^4 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 as a rule, advances to each a sum sufficient for travel- 
 ing expenses, the amount to be refunded within two 
 years. When a girl has completed a term of service 
 of three years her employer usually presents her as 
 a parting present with a sum sufficient to meet one- 
 half the expense of returning to her home. The 
 great majority of the girls are engaged through the 
 medium of agents through whom each girl makes a 
 cash payment of 20 cents, followed by installment 
 payments of two cents per mon^h during the entire 
 term of her employment. The latter charge is made 
 for the agent’s services as guarantor for the girls. 
 The employers are highly pleased to have some one 
 of responsibility as security and they naturally pre- 
 fer to secure employes through the agents. 
 
 The great activity of the various industries in the 
 interior has recently resulted in a very perceptible 
 scarcity of employes. This possibly accounts for 
 the presence of so many older employes in the mills. 
 There are in the Tokyo mills several employes who 
 have been in the service of their present employers 
 for twenty years, and who maintain a household and 
 even support a husband upon their salary of $10 00 
 (silver) per month. 
 
 The men employed in the cotton mills are decid- 
 edly in the minority, and receive from 15 to 30 cents 
 (silver) per day. The great fault to be found with 
 the system of operation of the cotton mills is in the 
 seven days of work each week and the prolonged 
 hours of labor. Some idea of this is given by a t ib- 
 ulation of the daily hours of labor in some of the 
 factories of Osaka, in which city upwards of 23,000 
 operatives are engaged in the industry. The table 
 is as follows: 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 365 
 
 Age. 
 
 Number of 
 operatives. 
 
 Average number of hours 
 per day. 
 
 Above 60 
 
 56 
 
 II 
 
 hours, 7 minutes. 
 
 “ 20 
 
 7,385 
 
 II 
 
 “ 15 “ 
 
 “ 15 
 
 5,743 
 
 II 
 
 it 
 
 “ 12 
 
 2,518 
 
 1 1 
 
 it 
 
 “ 10 
 
 573 
 
 II 
 
 “ 10 minutes. 
 
 Below 10 
 
 171 
 
 II 
 
 “ 15 “ 
 
 One of the most interesting features of the in- 
 dustry is to be found in connection with the exporta- 
 tion of the product. Among the cotton fabrics ex- 
 ported are white cotton piece goods, ribbed or 
 corded goods, black-dyed goods, cotton flannel 
 towels, shirtings, etc. Of the above, white piece 
 goods, black piece goods, and cotton cloths called 
 futako fabrics, are chiefly manufactured in the Yama 
 and Owari provinces and in the city of Himeji; rib- 
 bed or corded goods come principally from Ashik- 
 ago and Seno counties, Awa province, Tokyo and 
 Yamaguchi districts; towels from Kobe and Osaka; 
 cotton flannels from the Izumi, Kawachi, Kyoto, lyo 
 and Awa districts; chjora cloths from Tokyo, Osaka, 
 and Yamashiro, and cotton shirtings from Osaka, 
 Tokyo, and Wakayama. The corded goods and 
 cotton flannels are exported in much larger quanti- 
 ties than the remainder, there having so far in 1896 
 been $1,067,573 (silver) worth of the former ex- 
 ported, as against $586,970 (silver) worth of the lat- 
 ter. The majority of all exports went to China. 
 
 Up to June, 1896, Kyoto has exported to the 
 United States $130,000 (silver) worth of cotton 
 goods,. principally white cotton piece goods stamped 
 with figures and intended for use in the manufacture 
 of screens. 
 
366 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 Yamato was- formerly famous for its white cotton 
 piece goods, but the importation of white shirtings 
 considerably affected the industry, but since ma- 
 chine yarns were introduced, it has revived very con- 
 siderably. All kinds of dyed fabrics are also pro- 
 duced in this province. The total output in 1894 was 
 3,105,976 pieces, valued at $1,093,773 (silver). 
 
 Ehime, noted for its cheap ribbed or corded goods, 
 had in 1894 a total production of 4,242,078 pieces, 
 valued at $847,805 (silver). Last year Japan pro- 
 duced 1,520,738 pieces of cotton cloth, valued at 
 $4,935,435 (silver), the production of the principal 
 districts being as follows: 
 
 Districts. 
 
 Number of Pieces. 
 
 Value in Silver. 
 
 Wakayama 
 
 966,916 
 
 $2,715,431 
 
 Kyoto 
 
 259.341 
 
 1,518,320 
 
 Osaka 
 
 126,027 
 
 290,391 
 
 Ehime 
 
 56,496 
 
 225,479 
 
 The production of ribbed or corded cotton piece 
 goods in 1891 aggregated 1,401,120 pieces, valued 
 at $854,031 (silver), and divided among the principal 
 districts as follows: 
 
 Districts. 
 
 Number of Pieces. 
 
 Value in Silver. 
 
 Tochigi 
 
 494.225 
 
 $239,814 
 
 Yamaguchi 
 
 ■ 323.398 
 
 156,857 
 
 Toyama 
 
 194,860 
 
 95,616 
 
 Shiga 
 
 148,246 
 
 63,512 
 
 The annual production of white cotton piece 
 goods aggregated 23,874,575 pieces, worth ^6,161,004 
 (silver). The production in the principal districts 
 was as follows: 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 367 
 
 Districts. 
 
 Number of Pieces. 
 
 Value in Silver. 
 
 Aichi 
 
 8,739,069 
 
 $ 2 , 226 , 7 gs 
 
 Osaka 
 
 3.082,659 
 
 656,643 
 
 Saitama 
 
 1,828,729 
 
 515,396 
 
 Ehime 
 
 4,242,078 
 
 847,805 
 
 Nara 
 
 2,069,078 
 
 573.II2 
 
 Wakayama 
 
 391.925 
 
 143,104 
 
 The total product of futako cotton fabrics aggre- 
 gated 1,928,159 pieces, worth $1,288,105 (silver). 
 The production in the principal districts was as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 Districts. 
 
 Number of Pieces. 
 
 Value in Silver. 
 
 Saitama 
 
 703,293 
 
 $465,821 
 
 Tokyo 
 
 234,218 
 
 194,286 
 
 Toyama 
 
 204,654 
 
 155,540 
 
 In connection with the production and exportation 
 of manufactured cotton goods, interest attaches to 
 the exports from Japan of cotton yarn, as shown in 
 the following table: 
 
 Exports to 
 
 1893. 
 
 1894. 
 
 1895. 
 
 Quantity, 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value, 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Quantity, 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value, 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Quantity, 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value, 
 
 Silver. 
 
 China, . . . 
 Korea. . . . 
 Hong Kong. . 
 Other Countries. 
 
 317,303 
 
 35,322 
 
 31,327 
 
 $48,491 
 
 6,302 
 
 4,382 
 
 4,284.434 
 303 57Q 
 46,767 
 1,146 
 
 $876,808 
 
 68,693 
 
 9.811 
 
 220 
 
 3,169,886 
 
 1,417.344 
 
 39,958 
 
 $683 0>7 
 343.578 
 7,620 
 193 
 
 Total. . . 
 
 413,952 
 
 f 59, 175 
 
 4,635,917 
 
 1955.532 
 
 4,627,188 
 
 $1,034,478 
 
 Here we have another illustration of the rapid in- 
 crease in the exportation of a Japanese commodity. 
 These figures should be taken in connection with 
 what the Vice-Minister of Agriculture said about the 
 possibilities of Japan furnishing cotton yarn not only 
 for China and Korea, but for India. 
 
368 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. If our citizens, Mr. Labor, can look 
 upon a condition so threatening as I have just read 
 you without concern, then they will not be entitled 
 to sympathy when it is too late. I can tell you, my 
 laboring friends, we are all deeply interested. It is 
 a vital question with us, and we do not want the 
 United States to be a dumping ground for Japanese 
 cheap labor. We have had enough of other countries’ 
 labor in the past four years. 
 
 Labor. You could travel and sell goods of Japan 
 make as well as our own, could you not, Mr. Max- 
 well? 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. If Japan and China could supply our 
 market and throw our labor out, as has been the 
 case the last four years, Mr. Labor, our market 
 would be ruined again, and how can I sell goods 'for 
 any house in a market that is comparatively dead, 
 or in a constant state of decline? 
 
 I have had enough of that for one lifetime. What 
 could I say to a man in the sense of urging him to 
 buy goods when he would point to his loaded 
 shelves and say he would be glad to sell back to me 
 former orders at lo and 20 per cent, discount and 
 pay freight to the factory at that? 
 
 When on the road of late I was ashamed to write 
 the house for fear they would think I was going into 
 a decline, becoming lazy, lost the art of selling, or 
 indirectly working for some other house, and all the 
 salesmen I met were under the same strain. 
 
 I asked voluntarily that my wages be cut twenty- 
 five per cent., and I was ashamed to take my salary 
 after that even. 
 
 Labor. How did sellers of imported goods suc- 
 ceed, Mr. Maxwell? 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 369 
 
 Mr, Maxwell. What did merchants want of im- 
 ported goods, Mr. Labor, when there was no one to 
 buy the goods already on their shelves? Our labor 
 was idle; they were not putting their weekly wages 
 in circulation. They were not buying the fruit- 
 farmer’s grapes, peaches, apples, currants, berries, 
 pears, and vegetables of all kinds, hence the farmers 
 were not trading. 
 
 Several traveling men I knew who carried som.e 
 lines of foreign goods expressed great surprise to 
 me on many occasions. They admitted that they 
 had looked for foreign goods to faifly fly around 
 our markets under the Wilson bill, and they were 
 not reserved in their declarations that they had seen 
 enough of free trade and a ruined market. 
 
 Importers looked for a heavy trade in foreign 
 goods, Mr. Labor, and they had expected great 
 things of their salesmen, and this was especially 
 embarrassing to the latter. Of course, everything 
 went down very gradually and the importers, while 
 the Wilson bill was so delayed in Congress, had a 
 chance to feel of the market for advance orders, the 
 result of which was to admonish them to move 
 cautiously, for the orders were not to be had, either 
 on conditions in advance or any other form because 
 there was no demand for goods. 
 
 The whole question, Mr. Labor, was thoroughly 
 shown up by what transpired in Groversville. After 
 reading the situation there there is really no further 
 room for discussion. What happened to that city 
 happened to the whole United States. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. I desire, Mr. Labor, to read from the 
 Hon. Thomas B. Reed’s speech in Congress when 
 discussing the Wilson tariff bill, a few quotations. 
 
37<3 Larors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell reads, after which he calls the atten- 
 tion of the class to the figures and estimates show- 
 ing the consuming ability of our country as com- 
 pared to all other nations combined. 
 
 “I hope, Mr. Labor, you will include this portion 
 of Mr. Reed’s speech, whether you do the whole of 
 it or not.” 
 
 Labor. I am pleased, Mr. Maxwell, that you have 
 brought these features of comparison before the 
 school; they aid us in a very broad and substantial 
 way in establishing the value of our own market in 
 comparison with the markets of the world. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. You have shown already that the 
 only market we can control is our own, Mr. Labor, 
 and you have tried to show the full importance of 
 our own market. Mr. Reed’s figures confirm your 
 claims that the markets of the United States are 
 nearly equal in dollars and cents to the total value 
 of the markets of the rest of the world. I under- 
 stand this claim to apply when our market is in a 
 normal condition, such as ruled prior to 1893. 
 
 Labor. You have anticipated correctly. We hard- 
 ly know yet what to claim that we might have con- 
 sumed during the last four years of depression, Mr. 
 Maxwell. Our consuming ability has been so crip- 
 pled, at least, our progress so retarded, that we shall 
 have to wait for future figures, which we hope to 
 see some day showing under a normal progress what 
 we should have consumed as compared to what we 
 have consumed since 1892. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. The importance of such information 
 can hardly be estimated, and, with you, I hope we 
 shall be able yet to gathersome kind of an idea of the 
 amount our country is out, learning a lesson that 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 37 i 
 
 should have been easy and plain enough in the ab- 
 sence of any test. 
 
 I herewith submit Mr. Reed’s speech, the logic 
 and good sense of which events have proven, and 
 since what he said would happen has happened, it 
 may, if you decide to print it all, be read with more 
 interest than when it was first delivered. At least, 
 it will show that we have some public men who do 
 not talk through their hats when looking into the 
 future. 
 
 Speech of Hon. Thomas B. Reed, of Maine, in the 
 House of Representatives, Thursday, February i, 
 1894. 
 
 The House having under consideration the bill 
 (H. R. 4864) to reduce taxation, to provide revenue 
 for the government, and for other purposes — 
 
 The SPEAKER. Under the order of the House, 
 the bill is now open for debate for three hours, and 
 the chair recognizes the gentleman from Maine [Mr. 
 Reed]. [Prolonged applause on the floor and in the 
 galleries ] 
 
 Mr. REED said: Mr. Speaker: In this debate, 
 which has extended over many weeks, one remark- 
 able result has already been reached, a result of the 
 deepest importance to this country. That result is 
 that the bill before us is odious to both sides of the 
 House. It meets with favor nowhere, and comruands 
 the respect of neither party. On this side we believe 
 that while it pretends to be for protection it does not 
 afford it, and on the other side the y believe that 
 while it looks towards free trade it does nut accom- 
 plish it. 
 
 Those who will vote against this bill 1 do so be- 
 cause it opens our marke s to the destnictrve compe- 
 
372 Labors’ Hard Times School. . 
 
 tition of foreigners, and those who vote for it do it 
 with the reservation that they will instantly devote 
 themselves to a new crusade against whatever bar- 
 riers are left. 
 
 Whatever speeches have been made in defense of 
 the bill on the other side, whether by gentlemen who 
 are responsible only to their own constituencies or 
 by the gentleman from West Virginia, who ought to 
 have been steadied by his sense of responsibility to 
 the whole country, have one and all, with but rare 
 exceptions, placed their authors uncompromisingly, 
 except for temporary parposes, on the side of unre- 
 stricted free trade. 
 
 It is evident that there is no ground for that hope 
 entertained by. so many moderate men, that this bill, 
 bad as it is, could be a resting place where our man- 
 ufacturing and productive industries, such as may 
 survive, can re-establish themselves and have a sure 
 foundation for the future, free from party bickering 
 and party strife. Hence, also, there can be no foun- 
 dation for that cry, so insidiously raised, that this 
 bill should be passed at once, because uncertainty is 
 worse than any bill can possibly be. Were that bill 
 to pass both branches today, uncertainty would reign 
 just the sam.e. 
 
 This result was inevitable. Although this bill pro- 
 fessed to open to the manufacturers a new era of 
 prosperity and professed to be made in the interest 
 of some of them, the moment it came to be defended 
 on this floor the bulk of it could not be defended on 
 any other ground than the principles of free trade. 
 Hence, in this discussion, the precise terms of this 
 proposed act count for nothing, and we are left to 
 the discussion of the principles which underlie the 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 373 
 
 whole question. That question may not be decided 
 here and now upon these principles, but the ultimate 
 decision by the people can have no other foundation. 
 
 After this statement it would be entirely natural 
 that a feeling of weariness should come over this 
 audience, for if anything seems to have been dis- 
 cussed until human nature can bear it no more it is 
 the tariff. Nevertheless the fact that the subject is 
 still before the people shov/s that the last word has 
 not yet been said, and that the subject has not yet 
 been exhausted or understood. 
 
 The history of protection has been most remark- 
 able. Fifty years ago the question seemed to be 
 closed. Great Britain had adopted free trade, the 
 United States had started in the same direction, and 
 the whole world seemed about to follow. Today the 
 entire situation seems to be reversed. The whole 
 civilized world except Great Britain has become 
 protectionist, and the very year last passed has wit- 
 nessed the desertion of English principles by the 
 last English colony which held out. This has been 
 Cone in defiance of the opinions of every political 
 economist in England who wrote prior to 1850, and 
 of most of those who have written since. 
 
 When you add to this that the arguments against 
 it have seemed so clear and simple that every school 
 boy can comprehend them and every patriot with 
 suitable lungs could fill the atmosphere with the 
 catchwords [laughter], the wonder increases that in 
 every country it should still flourish and maintain its 
 vigor. Ten years ago it was equally true at one and 
 the same time that every boy who graduated from 
 college graduated a free trader, and that every bne 
 
374 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 of them who afterwards became a producer or dis- 
 tributor of our goods became also a protectionist. 
 
 The arguments of the political economist, clqar as 
 crystal, do not seem to have convinced the world, 
 nor, what is much worse, do they seem to have made 
 any substantial progress. On the contrary these 
 economists have taken up the task of tearing each 
 other to pieces, so that today there is hardly a name- 
 able important proposition on which they agree, and 
 the more the facts of the universe are developed the 
 more confusion seems to reign among them. Mean- 
 while the world has proceeded in its own way with- 
 out much regard for their theories and their wisdom. 
 I do not mean that studious men have not discov- 
 ered great truths and had glimpses of still greater, 
 but in the main they have only passed from one in- 
 accuracy to another, because they have forgotten 
 that the whole race is wiser than any man. [Ap- 
 plause.] 
 
 You and I, Mr. Speaker, cannot hope to do much 
 better than these famous men, except so far as we 
 view with tolerance what great masses of our fellow- 
 men are doing and assume that they are probably 
 right instead of assuming that they are probably 
 wrong in matters which so deeply concern them. 
 
 It is often said that the truth is the simplest. That 
 is so, after you understand the truth, but when you 
 do not a lie is far simpler. [Laughter.] When 
 Copernicus discovered the theory of the universe it 
 took centuries for men to believe it. The Ptolemaic 
 system was so simple that anybody by using his eyes 
 could see that the sun rose in the east and set in the 
 west, just like the moon, and both in the same way 
 revolved around the earth, and today most men ac- 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School, 
 
 375 
 
 cept the Copernican theory, not on their own under- 
 standing, but on the general belief of mankind. 
 
 I shall not, therefore, in what I have to say, be 
 able — being, as I hope, on the side of truth — to 
 rival the charming simplicity of the gentlemen oppo- 
 site, or like them, to compress the universe into the 
 nutshell of a speech. I regret this the less because I 
 know that many a philosopher has put the world into 
 a nutshell only to find that the nutshell contained a 
 world in which nobody ever lived, or moved, or had 
 his being, and consequently a world which was of no 
 human account. 
 
 I shall not attempt to deal much with the meta- 
 physics of this discussion or to cite statistics which 
 have no meaning except to the student, and so often 
 mislead even him. I shall for the most part confine 
 myself to large facts which are known of all, or can 
 be ascertained in the simplest possible way. 
 
 Whether the universal sentiment in favor of pro- 
 tection as applied to every country is sound or not, 
 I do not stop to discuss. Whether it is best for the 
 United States of America alone concerns me now, 
 and the first thing I have to say is that after thirty 
 years of protection, -undisturbed by any serious men- 
 ace of free trade, up to the very year now last past, 
 this country was the greatest and most flourishing 
 nation on the face of the earth. [Loud applause on 
 the Republican side.] Moreover, with the shadow 
 of this unjustifiable bill resting cold upon it, with 
 mills closed, with hundreds of thousands of men un- 
 employed, industry at a standstill, and prospects 
 before it more gloomy than ever marked its history 
 — except one — this country is still the greatest and 
 
376 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 the richest that the sun shines on, or ever did shine 
 on. [Renewed applause.] 
 
 During that period of growth which lifted us 
 from a position so low that we actually had human 
 slavery within' our borders to our present condition 
 of freedom and prosperity, we struggled through a 
 dreadful war which desolated one-half of the country 
 and so strained the resources of the other half, both 
 in money and in men, that its impress today is visible 
 every year on our tremendous pension roll, although 
 almost obliterated from our public debt. Afjer the 
 war ceased our prosperity was clouded with a six 
 years’ struggle with a disordered currency and the 
 reconstruction of labor and industry in the South. 
 No nation in the world’s history ever passed through 
 in so short a time two ordeals so trying and so 
 severe. 
 
 In spite of both these misfortunes not only have 
 we studded the country east of the Mississippi all 
 over with mills and workshops, factories and furnaces, 
 covered it with railroads, exploited the oil and gas 
 fields of Pennsylvania, Indiana and Ohio, and turned 
 into light, heat and production the fierce, imprisoned 
 energy of a thousand mines of coal, but beyond the 
 Mississippi, that mighty country, which some day 
 will astonish the world with its exceeding riches, we 
 have built four great trans-continental lines across 
 the Rocky Mountains, and have driven the great 
 American desert off the maps and off the face of the 
 earth. [Applause.] 
 
 Nor have we in any way exhausted the future. 
 This country is ten times more capable today of fur- 
 ther development than it was in i860. Let me state 
 one little item — sample of a thousand. Only last 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 377 
 
 year, at Rumford, in my own State, was brought 
 under harness waterfalls, which will give to the pro- 
 ductive energies of this country 40,000 horse power 
 for every day in the year. Three hundred and fifty 
 thousand just such horse power runs to waste every 
 day in New England alone. Whenever our citizens 
 are rich enough to employ these great resources my 
 hope is that they will be rich enough to consume 
 their products themselves. 
 
 So utterly undisputed and so distinctly visible to 
 every human being in this audience has been our 
 growth and progress that this hasty outline is all that 
 is needed to remind you of one great fact, that what- 
 ever the future industrial system of this country may 
 be, the past system is a splendid monument to that 
 series of successful statesmen who found the country 
 bankrupt and distracted, and left it first on the list of 
 nations. 
 
 But we must not leave this matter to our own 
 praises. Let others speak, and above all the citizens 
 of that land which is our great rival, at whose feet 
 American statesmanship in this House now sits. 
 
 ^ I have here an article in the Fortnightly Review, 
 wherein Mr. J. Stephen Jeans, a British free trade 
 writer, in December, 1892, declares that — 
 
 “America has for many years enjoyed an amazing 
 degree of prosperity, so much so indeed that to use 
 the eloquent words of Edmund Burke, 'generalities 
 which in all other cases are apt to heighten and raise 
 the subject have here a tendency to sink it. Fiction 
 lags after truth, invention is unfruitful, and imagina- 
 tion cold and barren’.” 
 
 When I read these words I recalled a scene in this 
 
378 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 House, and said how differently men look at the 
 same things! 
 
 Here is a cold-blooded Englishman who, in talk- 
 ing of the “not unreasonable hopes’’ — I use his very 
 words — which his countrymen entertain “that the 
 greatest market in the world and probably in the 
 world’s history is once again found to be lying at the 
 feet of British industry and commerce, declares 
 that “America has for years enjoyed an amazing de- 
 gree of prosperity, so much so, indeed,” that he has 
 to use the words of Burke to say that he cannot even 
 describe it. And yet, in this very hall, a member of 
 the Committee of Ways and Means, himself a coun- 
 tryman of Edmund Burke, and whose wonderful 
 eloquence moved this assembly as I never saw it 
 moved before, allowed himself, amid “laughter and 
 applause on the Democratic side,” to compare this 
 amazing prosperity to a “prolonged debauch” from 
 which the country could rescue itself only by the 
 free use of the committee’s dilution of the original 
 beverage. [Laughter.] It seems, somehow, almost 
 a desecration to put the facts over against the figure 
 ^ speech. 
 
 Here is a little book of letters of an editor, Mr. 
 Carr, of the Cardiff Mail, to his wife. It is full of ex- 
 pressions of surprise over this “wonderful country,” 
 “phenomenal prosperity,” “extent and strength of 
 the enormous interests created by the American pol- 
 icy of protection,” 
 
 Only last November Mr. W. H. Mitchell, an Eng- 
 lish lecturer, fresh from a three months visit to our 
 country, addressed the Textile Society of Bradford, 
 England. He was here in the interest of trade 
 Hence what he had to say smacks of trade. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 379 
 
 “The importance,” says he, “of America as a trade 
 outlet was very obvious. It had 65,000,000 people 
 who spent more money on dress than any other peo- 
 ple on the face of the earth. Again, in spite of the 
 wonderful development which has taken place, the 
 possibilities, he might say the certainties, of future 
 progress were marvelously illimitable.” 
 
 “Marvelously illimitable.” These were his very 
 words. How the mouths of the Textile Society of 
 Bradford must have watered as he detailed to them 
 the hopes he had that such fruitage would be lifted 
 to their very lips. [Laughter.] But of that, by 
 and by. 
 
 Without further quotation, unnecessary for this 
 audience, for whom all that a foreigner can say is 
 but a reminder, it only remains to ask if all this pros- 
 perity has been at the expense of the laboring man, 
 of those who furnish service whether of brain or 
 muscle. If it has been at their expense, for one I 
 say down with it. The lowest depths of the Wilson 
 bill are not half low enough for such a civilization. 
 
 That, however, can hardly be so, from the testi- 
 mony itself. “Sixty-five millions of people, who spend 
 more money on dress than any other people on 
 earth,” and whose “certainties” of progress in that 
 direction are “marvelously illimitable,” have evi- 
 dently not been sacrificed to the Moloch of accumu- 
 lated wealth. 
 
 Editor Carr, already quoted, says this country “is 
 the paradise of the workingman.” All the bigotry of 
 free trade cannot wipe that out. 
 
 “The further my inquiries extend,” says he, “the 
 more convinced I become that the real truth of the 
 matter is that in this country a workman earns twice 
 
38o 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 as much as he would in England, and the cost of his 
 living, except in the matter of rent and clothing, is 
 about the same. Even in the matter of clothing the 
 difference is not great, except as it is brought about 
 by the general use of much better clothing. 
 
 Says Mr. Erancis Walker in substance, for I quote 
 only from memory, and from a newspaper at that, 
 “If the workman of America could be content with 
 the meager life beyond seas he could save two-thirds 
 of his entire wages.” 
 
 These quotations, also, are only reminders for you, 
 Mr. Speaker, and all who hear me know that the 
 American who has been long enough here to know 
 his opportunities has found the best place for wages 
 in the world. 
 
 Lest anyone might doubt the condition of our 
 laborer, and knowing that to many men the declara- 
 tion of a tariff reformer imports absolute verity, I 
 cite my eloquent associate on the committee, the 
 gentleman from New York. It is not from his 
 speech on the tariff, but from the speech madewhile 
 the Democracy were assuring the country that the 
 repeal of the silver act was all that stood between 
 them and prosperity. [Laughter.] 
 
 I hold here in my hand the Aldrich report, which 
 comes to me with the approval of the distinguished 
 Secretary of the Treasury, and which emanates from 
 a Democratic Bureau of Statistics. The accuracy of 
 its figures has never been impugned; and it shows that 
 never in the history of human civilization have wages 
 been so high, measured by gold. [Applause,] 
 
 Lest there should be any doubt as to the applica- 
 tion of all this to our own workingmen, I cite again: 
 
 “Through long strikes and suffering and woe labor 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 381 
 
 has improved its condition in this country until by 
 the figures of this Aldrich committee we find that it 
 enjoys today the largest proportion of that which it 
 produces that it has ever enjoyed in the history of 
 the world.” 
 
 We may safely assume, then, Mr. Speaker, that a 
 country which has become in the last thirty years 
 the “richest country in the world,” to quote Mr. 
 Jeans again, a country which during all that period 
 was a “paradise for laboring men,” does not need to 
 try any dubious experiments. A good thing in this 
 world of disappointments is not to be lightly left. A 
 better thing we should desert with still more reluct- 
 ance, and nobody but a misguided man would leave 
 the best thing ever known in the history of the uni- 
 verse unless he had such a glimpse of the future as 
 would place him securely among the prophets and 
 not land him among those unhappy martyrs whose 
 blood is the seed of no church. [Laughter.] 
 
 What are the reasons why any change of principle 
 should be had? 
 
 Of course, we are not to change the history of the 
 last thirty years and the principles of a hundred 
 years because some gentlemen specially gifted with 
 sonorous voices have distributed epithets. [Laugh- 
 ter.] We are not going to risk our all upon frag- 
 ments of ancient platform speeches, upon loud out- 
 cries and abusive language. 
 
 There must be addressed to us some solid argu- 
 ments, or at least the opinions of wise men who have 
 proved their wisdom by the actual test of human 
 life. Surely we are not going to venture into the 
 unknown because political economists bid us do so 
 while they still leave unproved every principle upon 
 
382 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 which they found their advice. So long as they 
 cannot agree among themselves on any of their 
 propositions, they cannot be cited as a body to force 
 our conclusions. On no trackless future will we 
 venture unless the prospect of increased happiness 
 is large enough to justify risk and exposure. 
 
 Is there any example in the history of the world 
 of any nation situated like ours who has taken the 
 step to which we are invited? 
 
 Some gentlemen, perhaps, are hastening to say 
 that England affords us the needed example; that 
 we have but to turn to her history and find all that 
 we need by way of examples, just as in the state- 
 ments of her political economists we shall find all 
 that is necessary for advice, for guidance and in- 
 struction. Mr. Speaker, I have looked there, and I 
 am amazed to find how little the example of Eng- 
 land can teach. 
 
 According to the usual story that is told, England 
 had been engaged in a long and vain struggle with 
 the demon of protection, and had been year after year 
 sinking further into the depths until at a moment 
 when she was in her deepest distress and saddest 
 plight, her manufacturing system broken down, 
 “protection having destroyed home trade by reduc- 
 ing,” as Mr. Atkinson says, “the entire population 
 to beggary, destitution, and want,” Mr. Cobden and 
 his friends providentially appeared, and after a hard 
 struggle, established a principle for all times and 
 for all the world, and straight- way England enjoyed 
 the sum of human happiness. Hence all good na- 
 tions should do as England has done and be happy 
 ever after. [Laughter.] 
 
 This fairy tale has not the slightest resemblance 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 383 
 
 to history. England, after three centuries of station- 
 ary life, during which the wages of its laborers re- 
 mained without change, at the beginning of this 
 century began to feel the pulses of a new life. 
 Wages then commenced to rise, and in 1840 were 
 80 per cent, higher in money than in 1800, and, 
 measured by purchasing power, were 90 per cent, 
 higher than ever before. Coming as this did, right 
 after three centuries of stagnation, it showed the 
 great power of two things, protection and the estab- 
 lishment of the factory system. For England was 
 enormously protected, not only by duties such as we 
 have, but by the laws which forbade the exportation 
 of machinery, whereby she obtained or sought to 
 obtain a monopoly of steam-driven methods. 
 
 It had so happened that England’s development, 
 owing to her insular position and her early efforts 
 to obtain the results of skill which caused her to 
 import Flemish weavers, to receive the Huguenots 
 driven out of France, to welcome workers from 
 everywhere, and in every way to encourage manu- 
 factures, had reached such a point that the invention 
 of the steam engine was in her grasp and possible 
 to her alone. Whoever has examined, even in the 
 most cursory way, the history of the long line of 
 inventions which culminated in the steam engine of 
 James Watt cannot fail to be satisfied that the con- 
 dition of England at that period led to that line of 
 invention, and that nothing else could. With the 
 steam engine and the factory system England could 
 so utilize human labor that no nation in the world 
 could compete with her, no matter what the wages 
 were, until the invention passed her borders. 
 
 Unfortunately, England at that time and for years 
 
3^4 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 afterwards had no conception of its duty to its work- 
 ingmen. The only limit of work was human strength. 
 It took the fiercest struggle to get slight remission 
 of labor even for children. . Shorter hours of labor 
 were scorned not only by Cobden and Bright, but 
 by every political economist of England, even down 
 to 1883, when Bonamy Price denounced shorter 
 hours of labor as a “repudiation of the great doc- 
 trine of free trade.’' The sole idea of the political 
 economist of that class has always been as low 
 wages as possible, as long hours as could be, and a 
 product of as cheap a price as possible. 
 
 England also was a country where in the main the 
 raw materials were scanty and few in number. Even 
 the raw material of labor, wheat and other bread- 
 stuffs, could not be produced within her borders in 
 sufficient amount for the consumption of her work- 
 ers. Naturally enough her theory of low prices for 
 labor prevented a reasonable division of the tre- 
 mendous increase of production caused by the steam 
 engine, and restricted her own market, and in 1840 
 she found herself in manufactures entirely ahead of 
 her consumption. Her manufactures had grown out 
 of proportion and could no longer subsist on English 
 patronage alone. The workmen were pressing them 
 for that regular increase of wages which I shall by 
 and by show to be the natural progress of civilization, 
 and therefore manufacturers commenced their agi- 
 tation against the corn laws which resulted in their 
 repeal. 
 
 Was that crusade the same as is waged here to- 
 day? Are the gentlemen of the Ways and Means 
 Committee legitimate successors of Bright and Cob- 
 den and the Anti-corn Law League? Not the least 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 385 
 
 in the world. That was a fight by the manufactur- 
 ers. This is a fight against the manufacturers. The 
 manufacturers then desired no protection what- 
 ever. Turn over this big volume of Cobden’s 
 Speeches until you come to the twentieth speech, 
 seven years after he began; you will find hardly one 
 allusion to protective duties to manufacturers, and 
 even in the twentieth speech they are only alluded 
 to to reiterate the declaration made in 1838, when the 
 Corn Law League began, that all duties were to be 
 abolished so as to make food cheaper. [Applause 
 on the Democratic side.] I am glad to see that my 
 Democratic friends recognize a bit of truth, but I am 
 afraid it is by mistake. It so happens, Mr. Speaker, 
 the corn laws were not, as these Democrats in their 
 ignorance imagine, for the protection of the farmer. 
 [Laughter.] What Cobden was fighting was an 
 odious law enacted to enhance the price of bread, 
 not for the benefit of the farmer, but of the aristo- 
 cratic owner of land. Workingmen were clamoring 
 for increase of pay. The manufacturers knew that 
 decrease of the price of wheat was the- equivalent of 
 higher pay. Men do not work for money; they work 
 for money’s worth. 
 
 I have said the corn law was an odious law. It 
 was more than that. In its workings it deprived the 
 poor of food and put the enhanced price into the 
 pockets of those who toiled not nor spun. Had that 
 enhanced price gone to the farmers and farm labor- 
 ers, it might have been defended today on the 
 ground that it was a fair means of distribution 
 among the farmers of their share of the wonderful 
 gains of the earlier manufacturing. But as it was, 
 no more unjust law was ever attacked. Meantime 
 
386 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 what was the attitude of the manufacturers as to 
 their own protective duties? Why, by the aid of 
 these protective duties and the inventions they led 
 to, they had grown so powerful, had machinery so 
 superior, and the factory system so firmly established 
 they could hold their own market, beyond clamor or 
 dispute, with duties or without. No nation with 
 capital as great and machinery as useful and pro- 
 ductive, and wages of skilled workmen lower by 
 more than one-third, hung threatening over her bor- 
 der. Her machinery was so superior that even the 
 low wages of other countries could not affect her. 
 
 Not only were these manufacturers in condition 
 to permit the duties to be taken off, but they knew 
 it themselves. Not only did they know it but they 
 avowed it; not in a corner, but to Parliament itself. 
 
 I have here Hansard for February 8, 1842 (volume 
 60, page 133), where the Marquis of Lansdowne 
 presents the petition of the woolen manufacturers of 
 England, asking that all duties be abolished, includ- 
 ing their own, but especially the corn laws. On page 
 137, of the same volume. Lord Brougham declared 
 that prior to that time he had “laid upon the table a 
 petition from persons authorized by all the great 
 manufacturing bodies of the Kingdom. They prayed 
 for the repeal of every duty levied under the pre- 
 tense of protection.’' I am using the very language 
 of Lord Brougham. This, then, was a fight made by 
 the manufactures for the manufacturers against the 
 aristocratic land-owners over the question of cheap 
 food in an island that could not produce a supply 
 for its workingmen. 
 
 The men who made the fight were not philanthro- 
 pists or saints. They were good, honest, selfish men. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 387 
 
 struggling for their own interests and never lost 
 sight of them. Down to their latest day they re- 
 sisted lesser hours of labor, and were deaf to all im- 
 provements which led to the elevation of the work- 
 ing classes. They held firmly to the doctrine that 
 “as wages fall profits rise.” 
 
 To sum this all up, England when she became 
 free trade was a workshop wherein was manufactured 
 the raw material of the rest of the world. Of raw 
 material she herself had none. Her coal and iron 
 and the invention of the steam engine had developed 
 her manufactures so out of proportion to the wages 
 of the workmen that she must have a larger market. 
 At that time the only idea of a larger market was 
 one that had more consumers. The notion that the 
 market could be enlarged by those who were al- 
 ready consumers had not entered into the popular 
 thought, yet her workmen were clamoring for more 
 pay. Tariff had really ceased to be a protection 
 except on corn, and not on that in any true protective 
 sense. It was only a tax like that on sugar. It made 
 food dear. Repeal of the corn laws meant an in- 
 crease of real wages. Repeal of tariff on manu- 
 factures meant nothing. The whole crusade of 1840 
 was for free food, and Cobden nowhere says any- 
 thing else. Protection in our modern sense, is never 
 mentioned in any one of his free trade speeches. 
 
 After this review of the story of England’s change, 
 will any man dare to say that he finds therein any 
 justification for the present deed of violence which 
 is called the Wilson bill? 
 
 Suppose England, instead of being a little island 
 in the sea, had been the half of a great continent full 
 of raw material, capable of an internal commerce 
 
388 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 which would rival the commerce of all the rest of 
 the world. 
 
 Suppose every year new millions were flocking to 
 her shores and every one of those new millions in a 
 few years, as soon as they tasted the delights of a 
 broader life, would become as great a consumer as 
 any one of her own people. 
 
 Suppose that these millions and the 70,000,000 al- 
 ready gathered under the folds of her flag were every 
 year demanding and reciving a higher wage and 
 therefore broadening her market as fast as her ma- 
 chinery could furnish production. Suppose she had 
 produced cheap food beyond all her wants, and that 
 her laborers had spent so much money that whether 
 wheat was ninety cents a bushel or twice that sum 
 hardly entered the thoughts of one of them except 
 when some Democratic tariff bill was paralyzing his 
 business. 
 
 Suppose that she was not only but a cannon’s shot 
 from France, but that every country in Europe had 
 been brought as near to her as Baltimore is to Wash- 
 ington, for that is what cheap ocean freights mean 
 between us and the European producers. Suppose 
 all those countries had her machinery, her skilled 
 workmen, her industrial system, and labor forty per 
 cent, cheaper. Suppose under that state of facts, 
 with all her manufacturers proclaiming against it, 
 frantic in their disapproval, England had been called 
 upon by Cobden to make the plunge into free trade, 
 would she have done it? Not if Cobden had been 
 backed by the Angelic Host. History gives England 
 credit for great sense. [Laughter and applause.] 
 
 While our wiseacres are reading British books of 
 forty years ago with the emotions of great discover- 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 389 
 
 ers, what do the English themselves say about the 
 actual facts? They come here in shoals. Naturally 
 they do not like our system; but for it they could 
 do our manufacturing for us. Nevertheless, preju- 
 diced and prepossessed as they are, they are startled 
 into some incautious truths. Says Mr. Jeans, whom 
 I have already quoted about the “amazing prosper- 
 ity’' of the United States: 
 
 “It requires, I think, unusual temerity to allege 
 that the tariff system of the United States has been 
 a failure for that country.” 
 
 What a prejudiced English free trader regards as 
 “unusual temerity,” and which he might have called 
 unexampled rashness, is not only exhibited by our 
 Committee of Ways and Means, but by every gentle- 
 man who can recite Sidney Smith’s discourse on the 
 taxed Englishman under the impression that he is 
 delivering an original speech. Mr. Carr, too, remarks 
 the strange phenomena: 
 
 “I am,” says he, “a convinced free trader. ProteC' 
 tion is to me an economical heresy, the fraud and 
 folly of which” — How like one of our own dear 
 Southern statesmen he sounds — [Laughter.] “the 
 fraud and folly of which are capable of mathe- 
 matical demonstration. * ^ ^ And yet through- 
 
 out the length and breadth of this vast continent one 
 is almost daily brought face to face with solid, indis- 
 putable facts that seem to give the lie to the sound- 
 est and most universally accepted axioms of political 
 economy.” 
 
 Yes, not only do “solid, indisputable facts seem to 
 give the lie to the soundest and most universally ac- 
 cepted axioms of political economy,” but they do 
 give it, and so does the whole history of this country- 
 
390 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 If what he calls “the soundest and most universally 
 accepted axioms” had been axioms at all, this coun- 
 try ought to have been permanently for thirty years 
 in the situation which it is now in temporarily, after 
 eleven months of this free trade nightmare. We 
 ought to have been halting in every branch of man- 
 ufactures; we ought to have stopped progress and 
 faltered to the rear, for we were wasting both capital 
 and labor in unprofitable employment. 
 
 Our workmen, penned up in our little country, 
 while Englishmen reveled in the markets of the 
 world, ought to be impoverished beyond all the ex- 
 perience of history. Instead of that the Aldrich re- 
 port, which deserves the high encomium of the 
 gentleman from New York [Mr. Cockran], “with 
 the approval of the distinguished Secretary of the 
 Treasury,” even if it does “emanate from a Demo- 
 cratic Bureau of Statistics,” shows that since i860 
 money wages have risen 68 per cent. Or if you say, 
 and you would be right in so saying, that wages 
 should be measured by what they will buy, the result 
 is still more striking. 
 
 The same report shows that, measured by prices of 
 things bought, wages have risen, real wages, 79 
 per cent. By which I mean to say, that where our 
 people in i860 received a dollar, our people have 
 now one dollar and sixty-eight cents and six mills in 
 money, and a dollar and seventy-nine cents and one 
 mill in consumable wealth. During the same period 
 the hours of labor, by average in all the occupations 
 calculated, have fallen from eleven to ten. If you 
 count that and reckon the man’s hour saved to be 
 worth as much to him as it used to be to his employer 
 ^and it is — you have real wages raised 97 per cent. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 391 
 
 and you find the wage-earner today, after thirty-three 
 years of protection, with ^1.97, where in i860 he had 
 but a single dollar. The history of the world shows 
 nothing like it. The Aldrich report declares that 
 there exists no thorough digest of facts relating to 
 European wages, but if you will show me any fig- 
 ures of increase at all approximating what I have 
 just described in free-trade England, you will dis- 
 cover what my search has not been able to find. 
 
 With wages rising, prices of manufactured goods 
 falling, with lessening hours of labor, what more do 
 you want except more of the same sort? [Applause 
 on Republican side.] 
 
 The truth is that this very question of rising 
 wages is what makes a good many men free traders. 
 People with fixed incomes think that anything which 
 rises wages is inimical to them. Manufacturers who 
 have foreign markets are naturally anxious to have 
 wages on the foreign standard, and when a great 
 cocoa manufacturer in Boston and a great agricultu- 
 ral tool-maker in Philadelphia proclaim themselves 
 on the side of free trade, we find in both cases a large 
 foreign trade and along with it a desire for foreign 
 wages for their workingmen. 
 
 I confess to you that this question of wages is to 
 me the vital question. To insure our growth in civil- 
 ization and wealth we must not only have wages as 
 high as they are now but constantly and steadily in- 
 creasing. [Loud applause on the Republican side.] 
 This desire of mine for constantly increasing wages 
 does not have its origin in tove for the individual, 
 but in love for the whole nation in that enlightened 
 selfishness which recognizes the great truth that your 
 fate and mine, Mr. Speaker, and the fate of your de- 
 
392 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 scendants and mine are so wrapped up in the fate of 
 all others that whatever contributes to their progress 
 gives to us all a nobler future and a higher hope. 
 [Applause on the Republican side.] 
 
 I do not mean to use the word ‘‘contribute’' as ade- 
 quate to describe the influence of wages on human 
 progress. That would be to belittle the subject. In 
 my judgment upon wages and the consequent distri- 
 bution of consumable wealth is based all our hopes 
 of the future and all the possible increase of our civ- 
 ilization. The progress of this nation is dependent 
 upon the progress of all. This is no new thought 
 with me. Our civilization is not the civilization of 
 Rome, a civilization of nobles and slaves, but a civil- 
 ization which tends to destroy distinction of classes 
 and to lift all to a common and higher level. [Cheers 
 on the Republican side.] 
 
 There are some men in this world and in this 
 nation who do not like that. When I talk about 
 wages I use the word in its broadest sense as the 
 price and value of service whether of brain or muscle. 
 When I speak of constant and continuous. increase 
 of wages I do not mean the caprices of benevolence 
 or of charity, or the fantasy of a mind longing for the 
 impossible. 
 
 The increase of wages which the service seller 
 ought to have and the only useful increase he can 
 ever get will be by the operation of natural laws 
 working upon the opportunities which legislation 
 may aid in furnishing. The increase will never come 
 from the outside, will never be the gift of any em- 
 ployer. It must come from the improvement in the 
 man himself. Can you get a carpenter or bricklayer 
 to work for twenty-five cents a day? He did it in 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 393 
 
 England in 1725. Today in the United States it is a 
 poor place where he cannot get ten times that sum. 
 Why does he have to have ten times as much? Be- 
 cause the carpenter of today could no more live as 
 did the carpenter of 1725 than he could live in a cave 
 and hunt snakes for food. The difference in wages 
 means the difference in living, and the ^2.50 is as 
 much a necessity today as the 25 cents was 150 years 
 ago. 
 
 Man is not a mere muscular engine to be fed with 
 meat and give forth effort. Man is a social being. 
 He must have whatever his neighbor has. He can- 
 not grow unless he does. Every growth implies a 
 larger consumption of consumable wealth, and by 
 consumable wealth I mean whatever is made by man 
 and* contributes to his enjoyment, whether it be a 
 loaf of bread, a novel or a concert. The more a man 
 wants of consumable wealth the more his wages are 
 likely to be. But by wants I do not mean any wild 
 longing for what is beyond reach, but such wants as 
 are in sight and to supply which he has such longing 
 as will make him work. 
 
 What is the rule and measure of wages? There 
 has never been a subject on which so much ingenuity 
 has been wasted and where the political economist 
 has so befogged the world. He had a fund set apart 
 in his mind which he called the wage fund. Divide 
 the wage fund by the number of service sellers, having 
 due regard to difference of service, and there it was 
 plain as mathematics. True, nobody could calculate 
 the wage fund, nobody had ever seen it. It was in 
 nobody’s bookkeeping, but it was a comprehensive 
 answer, and that was what he was after. Others of 
 his disciples today dispose of it by the catchwords 
 
394 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 “supply” and “demand,” and though the listener had 
 acquired some words he had acquired very little 
 knowledge. 
 
 In thus speaking slightingly of “supply and de- 
 mand,” I do not mean to say that the relation be- 
 tween the worker and the work has no influence on 
 wages. What I say is that it in no sense solvers the 
 problem. Only last week, in this very city, the 
 builders, and material men, and the workers met to- 
 gether to see if in response to oversupply compared 
 with demand concessions could be made. The ma- 
 terial men were ready to yield, but the workmen, 
 whose labor was the only perishable article involved, 
 utterly refused. According to supply and demand 
 they ought to have been hustling each other to see 
 who could get into the job. Instead of that they are 
 ready to struggle and to endure privations rather than 
 give up what have become to them necessaries of 
 life. Of course in time they will have to submit 
 unless this bill is beaten, but there are limitations 
 beyond which you cannot go. No nation can endure 
 in peace any cut which goes into the quick. Neces- 
 sities born of social life and advancing civilization 
 are the real measure of wages. 
 
 This question of wages is all important as bearing 
 upon the question of consumption. All production 
 depends upon consumption. Who are the consum- 
 ers? In the old days when the products of manu- 
 facturers were luxuries, the lord and his retainers, 
 the lady and her maids were the consumers, a class 
 apart by themselves, but today the consumers are 
 the producers. Long ago the laborer consumed 
 only what would keep him alive. Today he and his 
 wife and their children are so immeasurably the most 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 395 
 
 0 
 
 valuable customers that if the shop had to give up 
 the wealthy or those whom it is the custom to call 
 poor, there would not be a moment’s hesitation or a 
 moment’s doubt. 
 
 Unfortunately the gentlemen on the other side 
 have persistently retained the old idea that the pro- 
 ducers are one class and the consumers are another, 
 and hence we hear on all hands such stupidities of 
 speech as those which sum up the workers in each 
 branch and compare them with the whole, people. 
 One hundred and fifty thousand workers in woolens 
 — you ask what are they compared with 70,000,000 of 
 consumers; 200,000 workers in steel, what are they 
 compared with 70,000,000 of consumers ; 200,000 work- 
 ers in cotton, what are they compared with 70,000,000 
 of consumers, and so on all through the long list, 
 forgetting that all these people added together make 
 the whole 70,000,000 themselves. 
 
 It so happens that America is filled with workers. 
 There are idle people, but they are fewer here than 
 elsewhere except now, when we are living under the 
 shadow of the Wilson bill. If those workers are all 
 getting good wages they are themselves the market, 
 and if the wages are increasing the market is also 
 increasing. The fact that in this country all the 
 workers have been getting better wages than else- 
 where is the very reason why our market is the 
 best in the world and why all the nations of the 
 world are trying to break into it. We do not appre- 
 ciate the nature of our market ourselves. 
 
 I have given you already the glowing testimony 
 of Englishmen who have seen us with their own 
 eyes. ‘‘Amazing prosperity,” “Greatest market in 
 the world,” “Paradise of the workingman.” These 
 
396 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 are strong words; but let us see if cold mathematics 
 do not put to shame the fervor of adjectives. 
 
 We are nominally 70,000,000 people. That is what 
 we are in mere numbers. But as a market for man- 
 ufactures and choice foods we are {Potentially 175,- 
 000,000 as compared with the next best nation on 
 the globe. Nor is this difficult to prove. When- 
 ever an Englishman earns one dollar an American 
 earns a dollar and sixty cents. I speak within 
 bounds. “ Both can get the food that keeps body 
 and soul together and the shelter which the body 
 must have for 60 cents. Take 60 cents from a dollar 
 and you have 40 cents left. Take that same 60 cents 
 from the dollar and sixty and you have a dollar left, 
 just two and a halftimes as much. That surplus can 
 be spent in choice foods, in house furnishings, in 
 fine clothes and all the comforts of life — in a word, 
 in the products of our manufacturers. That makes 
 our population as consumers of products, as com- 
 pared with the English population, 175,000,000. 
 Their population is 37,000,000 as consumers of pro- 
 ducts which one century ago were pure luxuries, 
 while our population is equivalent to 175,000,000. 
 [Applause on the Republican side.] 
 
 If this is our comparison with England what is the 
 comparison with the rest of the world, whose mar- 
 kets our committee are so eager to have in exchange 
 for our own. Mulhall gives certain statistics which 
 will serve to make the comparison clear. On page 
 365 of his Dictionary of Statistics he says the total 
 yearly products of the manufacturers of the world 
 are ;£‘4,474,ooo,oro, of which the United States pro- 
 duces ^1.443,000,000. 
 
 I do not vouch, nor can anybody vouch for these 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 397 
 
 figures, but the proportion of one-third to tv/o-thirds 
 nobody can fairly dispute. We produce one-third, 
 and the rest of the world, England included, two- 
 thirds. 
 
 The population of the world is 1,500,000,000, of 
 which we have 70,000,000, which leaves 1,430,000.000 
 for the rest of mankind. We use all our manufac- 
 tures, or the equivalent of them. Hence we are 
 equal to one-half the whole globe outside of our- 
 selves, England included, and compared as a market 
 with the rest of the world our population is equal to 
 about 700,000,000. [Applause on the Republican 
 side.] 
 
 I repeat, as compared with England herself as a 
 market, our people are equivalent to 175,000,000. 
 As compared with the rest of the world, England 
 included, we are equal as a market to 700,000,000. 
 These figures more than justify the adjectives of the 
 Englishman, and the cold facts of mathematics sur- 
 pass the spasms of rhetoric. 
 
 Instead of increasing this market by leaving it to 
 the steady increase of wages which the figures of the 
 Aldrich report so conclusively show, and which have 
 not only received the sanction of the member from 
 New York, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the 
 Democratic Bureau of Statistics, but the sanction of 
 everybody who hears me, our committee propose 
 to lower wages and so lessen the market and then 
 divide that market with somebody else, and all on 
 the chance of getting the markets of the world. 
 
 Who have these markets of the world now? There 
 is hardly a spot on the globe where three generations 
 of Englishmen, Frenchmen or Germans have not 
 been camped in possession of every avenue of trade. 
 
39^ Labors' Hard Times School. 
 
 Do you suppose that with machinery nearly as good 
 as ours and wages at one-half these men are going to 
 surrender to us the markets of the world? Why, the 
 very duties you keep on show that you do not believe 
 it. If we cannot without duties hold our own mar- 
 kets how shall we pay freight, the expense of intro- 
 ducing goods, and meet the foreigner where he lives? 
 
 To add to the interesting impossibilities of this 
 contention, the orators on the other side say they 
 are going to maintain wages. How can that be pos- 
 sible? All things sell at the cost of production. If 
 the difference between cost of production here and 
 cost of production in England be not equalized by 
 the duty, then our cost of production must go down 
 or we must go out. Therefore, our labor, the great 
 component part of cost of production, must go down 
 also. If you say this will come out of profits, then 
 profits will be lessened in every occupation, for 
 your own political economists teach you that the 
 profits in protected industries can never be greater 
 than in other occupations, and will not long consent 
 to be less. Let it be noised abroad that any occu- 
 pation is making big profits and straightway it will 
 be swamped with competitors, so that over-profit is 
 the sure precursor of no profits at all. 
 
 But all these questions of wages are to be met, 
 says the gentleman from New York [Mr. Cockran], 
 by our superior civilization, and accuses me of “con- 
 fessing that civilization at the highest level is incap- 
 able of meeting the competition of civilization at its 
 lowest level.” [Laughter on the Democratic side.] 
 
 Now, it is a great truth that civilization can suc- 
 cessfully meet barbarism, but it must do it with 
 brains and not with rhetoric. How often have I heard 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 399 
 
 this and similar eloquent outbursts about our superi- 
 ority, and therefore inevitable conquest of the in- 
 terior. Survival of the superior! That is not the 
 way the great naturalist put it. “Survival of the fit- 
 test,” was his expression; survival of the fittest to 
 survive; not the superior, not the loveliest, not the 
 most intellectual, but the one who fitted best into the 
 surroundings. Compare the strong bull of Basham 
 with a salt water smelt. Who doubts the superiority 
 of the bull? Yet, if you drop them both into the 
 Atlantic Ocean I will take my chances with the 
 smelt. [Laughter.] A little tomtit, insignificant as 
 a bit of dust in the balance, cannot compare with 
 the domestic swan either in grace, beauty, or power. 
 Yet, if both were dropped from a baloon hung high 
 in air, I would rather be the insignificant tomtit than 
 the graceful swan. If I had a job to dig on the rail- 
 way, the competitor for that job whom I should fear 
 would not be my friend from New York [Mr. Cock- 
 ran] [laughter], but some child from sunny Italy, so 
 newly imported that he had not grown up to the 
 wages of his adopted country. 
 
 But let us make these illustrations a little broader 
 and take in a bit of history. Shortly after I entered 
 Congress one Dennis Kearney began on the sand 
 lots to address the world on the Chinese. He said 
 these people were of a lower civilization; in fact to 
 use the very expression of the gentleman from New 
 York [Mr. Cockran], he said it was “civilization at 
 its lowest level.” Indeed, to be strictly accurate, he 
 used stronger expression. [Laughter.] He de- 
 nounced the Chinese, and instead of relying on su- 
 perior civilization, on the flag of freedom in the air 
 above us, the emblem of freedom on the earth be- 
 
400 
 
 Lai^ors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 neath us, he actually wanted protection by law, and 
 in spite of the jeers and flouts of us in the East he 
 has got it at last and with our consent. 
 
 I know that when the gentleman learns these facts 
 he will be so sorry that he was not here to tell these 
 misguided men that having seized the lightnings and 
 beat the miracles of Moses without being guilty of 
 his mistakes [laughter], we must be able to beat the 
 Chinese without law because of their lower level of 
 civilization. What Mr. Kearney would have said to 
 the gentleman from New York I do not dare to 
 record. 
 
 Why did the working people of California object 
 to the Chinese? Because they knew that if they 
 swarmed here in sufficient numbers the law of wages 
 would make our own wages impossible. Had the 
 Chinese had the samewants,and been therefore forced 
 to demand the same wages, they could have wor- 
 shiped their ancestors here without let or hindrance. 
 It was just because the higher civilization could not 
 contend on a free field with the lower that its higher 
 civilization had to put brains into the scale and pro- 
 tect itself. If then we protect ourselves against 
 Chinese labor here, why should we not protect our- 
 selves from a lower level of labor as represented by 
 imported goods? Lower-priced labor can compete 
 with our labor whether it take the form of goods or 
 imported Chinamen. 
 
 But says some gentleman, having heard some 
 other gentleman say it, and having been struck by 
 its epigrammatic point, but “labor is on the free 
 list.” Well, that sounds conclusive, does it not? 
 Yet what utter nonsense it really is when you come 
 to look at it. Does the Englishman, when he comes 
 
Labors* Hard Times School. 40! 
 
 here, bring his rate of wages with him? I should 
 like to see any immigrant who has been here long 
 enough to know his bearings who does not demand 
 as good wages as the rest. That is what they come 
 here for. [Applause on the Republican side.] 
 
 Only last week the Hungarians and Poles and 
 Slavs in Pennsylvania were trying to break up all 
 work in the coal mines because our native citizens, 
 under the stress of the Wilson bill, were consenting 
 to take less wages. Obviously these gentlemen did 
 not bring their rate of wages with them. Why did 
 we forbid the importation of contract labor? Because 
 the price of it was tainted by the wage scales of a 
 land on a lower level of wages. 
 
 Let me restate this: Men in America demand high 
 and higher wages because their surroundings erect 
 what used to be luxuries into necessities. Men who 
 come here are soon affected by these same surround- 
 ings and are soon under the same necessities. But 
 Chinamen, because they sequester themselves from 
 these surroundings, and bales of goods, because they 
 cannot have the labor in them subjected to our in- 
 fluences, ought to be under the restriction of law. I 
 do not mean to make the comparison go on all fours 
 and have the goods prohibited like the Chinese. I 
 only meant to convey an idea. 
 
 But is it not a dreadful business to tax people? 
 Not necessarily., , Taxes raised for a good. purpose — 
 like a schoolhouse, a road, an army, for payment of 
 pensions, for the public debt, and indeed for all the 
 purposes of a free people — are not only not bad but 
 very good. Taxes to build a palace for the king’s 
 mistress or to place a barbarian queen on a deserted 
 throne [prolonged laughter and cheers on the Re- 
 
’ Labors* Hard Times School. 
 
 publican side] would be dreadful; but we are not 
 likely, owing to a series of fortunate accidents, to be 
 called upon to do even the last. 
 
 But can you accomplish anything but oppression 
 by taxes? Oh, yes; the gentleman from Missouri 
 [Mr. Hatch] will tell you that taxation has regu- 
 lated oleomargarine and can regulate stock sales. 
 At least so he thinks. It has destroyed wild cat 
 banks. 
 
 On the question of the constitutionality of tariff 
 taxation,! shall spend no time. I have not been here 
 as long as I have without learning that “constitution- 
 ality” and “unconstitytionality” on the other side of 
 the chamber are merephrases, andthat whenagentle- 
 man of the other side with swelling voice denounces 
 the tariff as unconstitutional he merely means that 
 he does not like it. [Laughter and applause.] 
 
 Inasmuch as nobody in a hundred years has even 
 asked the Supreme Court to pass on that question, 
 it seems hardly worth while to discuss it. If the 
 Father of his Country, fresh from the convention, 
 in signing the first tariff-tax bill, signed an unconsti- 
 tutional act, the gentleman from Georgia [Mr. Tur- 
 ner] and the whole Democratic party are better than 
 George Washington — a thing not hitherto charged 
 upon them. [Laughter.] 
 
 But do not the people pay the tariff taxes, and do 
 they not go into the pockets of monopolists? Do 
 you believe the consumer pays the tax, or the for- 
 eigner? Well, I am going to be perfectly frank about 
 that, and answer, sometimes one and sometimes the 
 other, and sometimes both. The first thing a for- 
 eigner does when a tariff tax is laid is to see if he 
 can get into our market without paying anything. If 
 
Labors* Hard Times School. 
 
 403 
 
 so, then he will not reduce his prices. If he cannot 
 he looks over his margin of profit and sees if he can^ 
 by abating some part of these profits, get his goods 
 in. So far as he does abate them he pays the tax. 
 So far as he does not, the rest of the tax is paid by 
 the consumer. 
 
 If the foreigner pays all the tax, then within the 
 limit where his goods can circulate there may be 
 protection or there may not. If after paying the 
 whole tax he still has a margin of profit to sacrifice 
 in the industrial war, there will be no protection, or 
 very limited protection. But if there be only a slight 
 margin, which he cannot sacrifice without rendering 
 the market worthless, then there will be competition 
 the same as if he manufactured here. In the latter 
 case he at least cannot shut up our factories. 
 
 In these cases the prices will not be raised. But 
 where the consumer pays any part of the tax, by so 
 much is the price raised. This is the general rule, 
 but often it does not work so. After the act of 1890 
 large importations in anticipation of large profits, 
 anticipations frustrated by the Baring failure panic, 
 made great changes in the case. Many prices did 
 not rise at all, and yet manufacturers, knowing that 
 there would be a certainty at least that they could 
 not be badly undersold, began work. 
 
 It often happens that men will begin manufactur- 
 ing under a tariff that does not raise prices because 
 they know that such a tariff will prevent them from 
 going down. 
 
 It is not enough to have goods in the natural mar- 
 ket at a price which will bring a profit. The manu- 
 facturer must know that the industrial enemy cannot 
 force the price below the range of profit. Then 
 
404 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 without any increase he may put up a plant. This 
 operation' of a tariff which does not raise the price is 
 because industrial warfare sometimes assumes this 
 shape. A rival maker may sacrifice his goods in 
 order to sacrifice another man’s factory, or to pre- 
 vent the establishment of a competitor. If there be 
 a tariff, then, which will not raise prices, but which will 
 maintain them, then the native manufacturer’s risk 
 in building a factory is limited. He may be put to 
 hard struggle, but he cannot be beaten out of hand. 
 He will have a fighting chance. 
 
 There are, however, so many instances where the 
 foreigner pays the tax that there is no wonder that 
 the assertion has been made broadcast. The Ber- 
 muda vegetable men appeared before this very com- 
 mittee to urge this very fact. Canada, both under 
 the present law and just after the repeal of the reci- 
 procity act, is a multitudinous witness all along our 
 borders that the foreigner pays the tax. I venture to 
 say that the lumber tax, lowered by the act of 1890, 
 has all of it gone out of our treasury into Canadian 
 pockets. 
 
 It would be an interesting chapter in economic 
 history if we could have in figures the abatement of 
 foreign prices which have followed every increase of 
 the tariff, for it would show what enormous profits 
 have been made out of us by these people when no 
 protection existed. 
 
 Having thus shown that even where tariff taxes 
 are paid by the foreigner and the price not raised 
 there may be some protection, let us face the ques- 
 tion whether, where the price is raised and the con- 
 sumer pays the whole tax or,a part of it, there is any 
 benefit to our country thereby. Does not the public 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 405 
 
 suffer for the benefit of the few? Not for the bene- 
 fit of the capitalists, for in the long run your own 
 political economy will show you that protected in- 
 dustries will not obtain any greater remuneration 
 than the unprotected. The same is all they ask for 
 and more than they often get. 
 
 But we need not depend upon political econo- 
 mists, for they are always unsafe. The gentleman 
 from Massachusetts [Mr. Draper] in his admirable 
 speech has demonstrated the fact of equalization of 
 profits. 
 
 In Massachusetts they have statistics so well col- 
 lected that they mean something, and those statis- 
 tics show that Massachusetts’ manufacturing stocks 
 pay 3.87 per cent., Boston bank stocks 4.53 per cent, 
 and in New England Railroad stocks 4.29 per cent. 
 
 Let me put the assertion in another form. If you 
 will give me all that capital has made on railroads, 
 an unprotected industry, I will give you all that 
 capital has made on factories, and agree to feed the 
 hungry crowds caused by the Wilson bill and not 
 claim any virtue for my charity. 
 
 The public again do not suffer for the sake of the 
 employes of the protected industries, for they get no 
 higher wages than the unprotected. In fact, the in- 
 crease goes to one as much as the other. Who built 
 the mills at Fall River? Who made the machinery? 
 Who furnished the provisions and other consumable 
 wealth which Fall River and its mills demand? The 
 answer must be the whole United States. “But,” 
 says my questioner, “if you only distribute among 
 all of us who paid it, this money which was taken 
 from us for the extia price, what is the good?” If 
 that were all theie was to it I could still answer that 
 
4o6 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 at least there was no loss. But beyond a question 
 , this system establishes diversified industries. No- 
 body can doubt that. Diversified industries call out 
 all the working powers of the world. Some men are 
 fitted for one thing, some for another. 
 
 The only way to utilize all the powers of body and 
 mind in a nation is to have something which suits 
 all. By this means the great army of the unem- 
 ployed can be diminished. A nation which keeps 
 its people employed is in the end sure to show the 
 largest gains even of wealth. Diversified industries 
 educate the people and give them a broader edu- 
 cation than books can give, and so helps them on 
 the road to greater civilization. We have already 
 seen that greater civilization leads to higher wages, 
 to greater production. In a country of high wages 
 there are greater inducements for inventors, for they 
 can save more by their inventions, which are there- 
 fore more readily adopted. 
 
 We were talking awhile ago about higher wages. 
 The question naturally comes up, how can these 
 higher wages be got? There must be something for 
 them to come from. Just think a moment what 
 wages are. They are the devourers of consumable 
 wealth. In order to have more consumable wealth 
 you must have an incentive for its creation. Wealth 
 will never be made unless a consumer stands ready. 
 More consumable wealth, therefore, depends upon a 
 broadening market. This I have already shown 
 does not mean more purchasers, but purchasers with 
 better purses, though for that matter in this country 
 we have both. 
 
 But how can you make more wealth with the same 
 number of workers? By using the forces of nature 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 407 
 
 and by utilizing human brains. How can you do 
 that? By incentives. The brain no more works 
 without incentive than the body does. 
 
 To hear the discussion in Congress you* v^ould 
 suppose that invention dropped from Heaven like 
 manna to the Jews. [Laughter.] You would suppose 
 that James Watt reached out into the darkness and 
 pulled back a steam engine. It was not so. All in- 
 vention is the product of necessities and of pressure 
 When the boy who wanted to go off to play, and so 
 rigged the stopcocks that the engine went itself, he 
 was not only a true inventor, but he had the same 
 motive — his personal advantage — that all inventors 
 have, and like them was urged on by business neces- 
 sities. 
 
 What originated Bessemer steel? Sir Henry Bes- 
 semer? No; but the necessities of railroads, under 
 public pressure for lower rates of traffic, which would, 
 every one of them, been bankrupt without steel 
 rails. If Sir Henry had not invented the process, 
 somebody else would. It detracts not one iota from 
 the fame of Alexander Bell that a dozen men were 
 close on his track. It has been so in every great in- 
 vention. I say, therefore, that it was the diversifi- 
 cation of our industries that has stimulated inven- 
 tions. Otherwise all the inventive power of America 
 would have run to waste; and when a man calculates 
 the wonders of American inventive genius he knows 
 where some of our wealth comes from. [Laughter 
 and applause.] 
 
 As a further proof that invention is born of neces- 
 sity, tell me why great inventions never come until 
 the world is in such shape as to enjoy them? What 
 would the Crusaders have done with railroads? 
 There was not money enough in the world, travel or 
 
4o8 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 merchandise to keep them goin^ a week. [Laughter.] 
 
 And this brings me to another fact. No invention 
 is worth its salt which does not have increased con- 
 sumption behind it. Take the very case of railroads; 
 are railroads economical? ‘‘Certainly,” you reply. 
 “They can carry passengers for half a cent a mile, 
 for a quarter of a cent, and a New York hack will 
 cost you $ 2 , and even a lumbering coach may cost 
 you 10 cents. Of course it is economical.” But 
 suppose you had only a stage load to carry every 
 day, would it pay to build a railroad and would that 
 conveyance be cheap? Hardly. You can make an 
 ax handle with a machine in two seconds; without, 
 in three hours. It would pay to build a machine to 
 make a million of ax handles, but not to make one. 
 
 Therefore I say that the great forces of nature and 
 the wisest inventions are alike unprofitable except 
 for a large consumption. Hence large consumption 
 is at the basis of saving in manufacture, and hence 
 high wages contribute their share to progress. If 
 you once accept the idea that necessity is the mother 
 of invention, instead of regarding invention as com- 
 ing from heaven knows where, you can see how high 
 wages stimulate it. 
 
 I sa^w at a machine-shop not long ago a great 
 machine which could work only in one direction, and 
 naturally consumed, in going back to place, as much 
 time as in coming forward. It took three men at ^3 
 a day to run it. Half their time was lost. Could 
 the speed of the return have been doubled, more 
 than $2 a day would have been saved. That inven- 
 tion was made because, being applicable to many 
 machines, it meant much money. Had it been 
 worked by men who were paid 50 cents a day, it is 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 409 
 
 doubtful if it would have been demanded. Where 
 wages are low invention is rare. It does not pay. 
 
 It has always seemed to me, until I heard the gen- 
 tleman from New York the other day say to the 
 contrary, that the establishment of new industries 
 and not the destruction of old ones was the way to 
 make two jobs hunt one man, to use the words I have 
 ordinarily employed in putting it; but he says no, 
 that is wasteful production because you are employ- 
 ing capital in comparatively unprofitable occupation. 
 That used long ago to puzzle me, and I used to put 
 it this way: Suppose the nation to have a million 
 dollars and no m*ore, all employed at 6 per cent, in 
 that interesting dream of fancy “the most profitable 
 employment,” and a man should come along and 
 say, “If you people will let me put a hundred thous- 
 and of this capital, my share, into a less profitable, a 
 5 per cent, employment, I will do it on condition 
 that you pay me and all people who come here and 
 do the same enough to equalize my profits with the 
 rest of you.” At first sight that looks like mathe- 
 matics. 
 
 It would seem incontestable that the nation would 
 lose I per cent, on a hundred thousand dollars, or a 
 thousand dollars every year. Yet I said if free trad- 
 ers are correct, this, to a greater or less degree, is 
 what the United States did even under the Walker 
 tariff. Why is it that we have not gone to pieces 
 long ago? Well, one of the fallacies of this demon- 
 stration is this: It proceeds on the assumption not 
 only that one million is all the capital of the United 
 States, but all the capital of the world. 
 
 Suppose that law which taxed the profitable em- 
 ployment coaxed in the ^100,000 from the rest of the 
 
410 
 
 .Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 globe, our nation would have gained $5, oooevery year, 
 instead of losing ^i,ooo, for we should have hacl the 
 whole $1,100,000 earning 6 per cent, less the tax laid 
 on the whole to raise /$ 1,000. But you say, why 
 should not the new $100,000 come in and go into the 
 6 per cent, most profitable employment; why should 
 it select the 5 per cent, employment? Just simply 
 because that money does not come here by attrac- 
 tion of gravitation, but by the mind of a man, and 
 men’s minds are what play havoc with cut and dried 
 political economy. 
 
 Suppose you go to a manufacturer of cotton in 
 England and tell him that by putting his surplus 
 capital into a Dakota farm he can make 10 per cent. 
 The chances are he will not even look at it. Then 
 you try him with a proposal to build a cotton factory 
 in Georgia; show him he can make 6 per cent, while 
 he is making only 4 at home. The chances are that 
 the cotton mill will tempt him and not the farm. He 
 knows the cotton business, but he is not a farmer. 
 
 This, in fact, is the history of the United States. • 
 Our laws have invited money and men and we have 
 grown great and rich thereby. The gentleman from 
 Illinois [Mr. Black] has noticed that men come here, 
 and he does not want them to come; hence he is 
 willing that our wages shall be lowered to keep peo- 
 ple away. Well, this is not the time to discuss im- 
 migration;but while peopleare coming lam glad they 
 have not yet imbibed the gentleman’s ideas and have 
 not yet begun to clamor for lower wages. I really 
 cannot help adding that when the gentleman from 
 Illinois [Mr. Black] starts his reformed immigration 
 of men who come here “unawed by influence and 
 unbribed by gain” I hope to be there, for it would 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School, 41 i 
 
 be a sight hitherto unknown on earth of men who 
 forsook their home without either being pushed or 
 pulled. [ Laughter. ] 
 
 To sum it up, if this protection gives us money 
 and men and our vast country needs both, it may 
 show why we have so wonderfully prospered. If it 
 does, I am inclined to think that the way to have 
 two jobs hunting one man is to keep on making new 
 mills and try and prevent the Committee on Ways 
 and Means from pulling down old ones. 
 
 ^‘But,’^ says some gentleman fuller of political 
 economy than of sense, “why do you not transfer 
 your capital from these protected industries to the 
 more profitable?” Yes, that would be a good idea. 
 We will commence in West Virginia and take up the 
 coal mine holes and stick them down somewhere 
 else, unless we can utilize them as places of refuge 
 for the committee after the election. There is what 
 used to be $8,000,000 worth of stuff belonging to 
 the people that make screws. Let us take that up. 
 But it is not worth $800,000, let alone $8,000,000. 
 The bill has dropped $7,200,000 — that can not be 
 transferred anywhere. 
 
 But what do you say about the farmer? Well, on 
 that subject I do not profess any spegial learning, 
 but there is one simple statement I wish to make 
 and leave the question there. 
 
 If with cities growing up like magic, manufactur- 
 ing villages dotting every eligible site, each and all 
 swarming with mouths to be filled, the producers of 
 food are worse off than when half this country was 
 a desert, I abandon sense in favor of political econ- 
 omy. 
 
 One other thing I have noticed in this debate. 
 
412 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 When the gentleman from Kansas [Mr. Simpson] 
 gets a little money ahead he does not put it into the 
 stocks in these immensely profitable manufactures. 
 He has too much sense. He adds to his farm, and 
 he has told us so. Example is richer than precept. 
 
 If the hope of agriculturists is in English free 
 trade, they had better ponder on the fact that while 
 the wages of artisans have increased in England 
 ^2.43 per week since 1850, the wages of agricultural 
 laborers have only increased 72 cents, and while the 
 Lancashire operatives in the factories live as well as 
 anybody except Americans, the agricultural laborers 
 are hardly better off than the continental peasantry. 
 England’s example will not do for agriculture. 
 
 Here let me meet one other question, and let me 
 meet it fairly. We are charged with having claimed 
 that the tariff alone will raise wages, and we are 
 pointed triumphantly to the fact that the wages of 
 France and Germany, protected by a tariff, are lower 
 than England, free of all tariff, and to America with 
 a tariff and still higher wages. We have never made 
 such a claim in any such form. Free traders have 
 set up that claim for us in order to triumphantly 
 knock it over. What we do say is that where two 
 nations have equal skill and equal appliances and a 
 market of nearly equal size, and one of them can 
 hire labor at one-half less, nothing but a tariff can 
 maintain the higher wages, and that we can prove. 
 
 If there be two bales of goods side by side made 
 by the same kind of machinery and with the labor of 
 the human being in both the same degree of skill, 
 and if the labor of one bale cost one-half, for ex- 
 ample, as much as the other, that other bale can 
 never be sold until the extra cost of the costlier 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 413 
 
 labor is squeezed out of it, provided there is an 
 abundant supply of the product of the cheaper labor. 
 If the bale with the cheaper labor of England in it 
 meets the bale with the dearer labor of America in 
 it, which will be bought at the cost of production? 
 I leave that problem just there. The sale of the 
 English bale will be only limited by England’s pro- 
 duction. 
 
 Now as to France and Germany. The gentleman 
 from Ohio [Mr. Harter] makes the same blunder 
 which he charges on us. He says the tariff makes 
 lower wages, and asks us to compare the three coun- 
 tries, saying they are all the same except the tariff. 
 I do not read history that way. England had cen- 
 turies of peace or distant war, while both Germany 
 and France were the battlefields of Europe. Until 
 Bismarck made Germany a nation she was not even 
 big enough to enter successfully modern industrial 
 warfare. To compare either of those nations in ma- 
 chinery or wealth to England, a hundred years in 
 advance of them both by reason of her history be- 
 fore 1850 and her tributary provinces, is absolutely 
 farcical. 
 
 Let Germany and France get thoroughly estab- 
 lished within themselves as good machinery as Eng- 
 land now has, together with her factory system, and 
 nothing but higher wages in those countries or a 
 tariff in their own will ever save the English people 
 from ruin. Lord Armstrong knew what he was doing 
 when he established an English iron manufactory in 
 Italy with English appliances and Italian labor at 
 half price. 
 
 No, no; tariff does not make the blind see, the 
 lame walk, nor does it raise the dead to life, but it is 
 
414 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 a good, sound, sensible policy for the United States 
 for its growth in riches and civilization, and if it is 
 stricken down the people who in their secret hearts 
 will think us the most shortsighted will be the for- 
 eigners who profit by our folly. 
 
 There is still another argument which I desire to 
 present out of the large number yet unused. What 
 has made England rich? It is the immense profits 
 which come of converting raw material into manu- 
 factured goods. She is the huge workshop, doing 
 the most profitable work of*the world; changing ma- 
 terial to finished product. So long as she can per- 
 suade the rest of the world to engage in the work 
 which is the least profitable and leave her the most 
 enriching she can well be content. 
 
 Let me give one item, and the figures shall be 
 furnished by the gentleman from Alabama [Mr. 
 Wheeler], who told me in your presence that the 
 value ot all the cotton raised in the United States 
 was only $300,000,000, while the finished product of 
 that cotton was $1,750,000,000. When cotton leaves 
 the field it is worth $300,000,000; when it leaves the 
 mill it is worth six times as much. On our own cot- 
 ton crop alone we might in time make the profits on 
 a billion and a half of manufactured goods. Nor is 
 there anything to prevent such a result in a protect- 
 ive tariff. 
 
 Some men think, indeed, this bill and its author’s 
 speeches proceed upon the supposition that the first 
 step towards gaining the markets of the world is to 
 give up our own, just as if a fortified army, with 
 enemies on all flanks, should overturn. its own breast- 
 works as the first preliminary to a march into the 
 open. Even the foolish chivalry of the Marquis de 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 415 
 
 Montcalm which led him to his death on the Heights 
 of Abraham had not that crowning folly. Such is 
 not the history of the world; such is not even the 
 example of England. Tariff duties, whether levied 
 for that purpose or for revenue, become a dead letter 
 when we are able to compete with the outside world. 
 
 We are the only rival that England fears, for we 
 alone have in our borders the population and the 
 wages, the raw material, and within ourselves the 
 great market which insures to us the most improved 
 machinery. Our constant power to increase our 
 wages insures us also continuous progress. If you 
 wish us to follow the example of England, I say 
 yes, with all my heart, but her real example and 
 nothing less. Let us keep protection, as she did, 
 until no rival dares to invade our territory, and then 
 we may take our chances for a future which by that 
 time will not be unknown. [Applause on the Re- 
 publican side.] 
 
 • Nobody knows so well as I do how much even of 
 my own comprehension of the great argument which 
 should control this vote I have failed to present. I 
 have said not a word of the great fall of prices which 
 has always come from the competition of the whole 
 world within itself rendered possible by protection 
 and substituted for the competition within a single 
 island. I have said not a word of the great differ- 
 ence between the attitude of employers who find 
 their own workmen their best customers in their own 
 land, and who are, therefore, moved by their own 
 best interests to give their workmen fair wages, and 
 those who sell abroad and are therefore anxious for 
 low wages at home, and on whom works unrestrict- 
 edly, that pernicious doctrine, as wages fall profits 
 
4i6 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 rise. These and much more have I omitted, for there 
 is a limit to all speaking. 
 
 We know, my friends, that before this tribunal we 
 all of us plead in vain. Why we fail let those 
 answer who read the touching words of Abraham 
 Lincoln’s first inaugural and remember that he plead 
 in vain with these same men and their predecessors. 
 Where he failed we cannot hope to succeed. But 
 though we fail here today, like our great leader of 
 other days, in the larger field before the mightier 
 tribunal which will finally and forever decide this 
 question we shall be more than conquerers; for this 
 great nation, shaking off as it has once before the in- 
 fluence of a lower civilization, will go on to fulfill its 
 high destiny until over the South, as well as over the 
 North, shall be spread the full measure of that amaz- 
 ing prosperity which is the wonder of the world. 
 [Prolonged applause on the floor and in the 
 galleries.] 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. To substantiate what Mr. Reed has 
 said relative to our being the richest nation on the 
 face of the earth, and you, Mr. Labor, having made 
 the same claim since the first lessons in this school, 
 I hand you a table showing wealth, debt and per 
 capita wealth and debt of all nations. 
 
 DEBT AND WEALTH OF NATIONS CONTRASTED. 
 
 During the decade reaching from 1870 to 1880 
 taxation in Great Britain increased 20.17 per cent.; 
 in France 36.13 per cent.; in Russia 37.10 per cent.; 
 in Sweden and Norway 50.10 per cent.; in Germany, 
 57.81 percent.; and taking into account the other 
 governments, great and small, of Europe, we arrive 
 at for all an average of 28.01 per cent. 
 
 In the United States for the same period taxation 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 417 
 
 decreased 9.15 per cent. Thus we find the financial 
 condition of the United States most satisfactorily 
 exceptional when compared with that of other na- 
 tions. Our national debt is rapidly disappearing; our 
 rate of taxation is diminishing. 
 
 Table showhig wealthy debt, and per capita wealth and 
 debt of all nations. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 United States.. 
 England or 
 Great Britain 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 Russia 
 
 Austria 
 
 Italy 
 
 Spain 
 
 Netherlands. . . 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Canada 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Australia 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Argentine Re- 
 public 
 
 Switzerland.... 
 
 Norway 
 
 Greece 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Chile 
 
 Colombia. 
 
 U. S. of 
 
 Peru 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 Venezuela. . . 
 
 Egypt 
 
 All other 
 countries . . 
 
 Total of the 
 world 
 
 Wealth. 
 
 Debt of all kinds. 
 
 Wealth per 
 capita. 
 
 Debt 
 
 per 
 
 capita. 
 
 $60, 4*75, 000, 000 
 
 957 , 876,000 
 
 $ 1,039 00 
 
 32 37 
 
 43 . 600 . 000 . 000 
 
 40 . 300 . 000 . 000 
 
 31 . 600 . 000 . 000 
 21 . 715 , 0e0,000 
 
 18 . 065 . 000 . 000 
 
 11 . 755 . 000 . 000 
 
 7 . 965 . 000 . 000 
 
 4 . 935 . 000 . 000 
 
 4 . 030 . 000 . 000 
 
 3 . 475 . 000 . 000 
 
 3 . 250 . 000 . 000 
 
 3 . 150 . 000 . 000 
 
 2 . 950 . 000 . 000 
 
 1 . 855 . 000 . 000 
 
 1 . 830 . 000 . 000 
 
 5 , 695 , 659,000 
 
 
 87 79 
 
 4 , 892 , 840,000 
 
 1,060 89 
 
 116 35 
 
 2 , 695 , 265,000 
 
 681 31 
 
 
 4 , 869 , 768,000 
 
 257 92 
 
 30 79 
 
 2 , 642 , 021,000 
 
 462 31 
 
 72 42 
 
 2 , 250 , 000,000 
 
 399 05 
 
 76 06 
 
 1 , 106 , 650,006 
 
 452 58 
 
 71 27 
 
 518 , 000,000 
 
 
 95 56 
 
 213 , 000,000 
 
 705 64 
 
 63 10 
 
 580 , 000,000 
 
 739 70 
 
 13 73 
 
 273 , 000,000 
 
 
 47 51 
 
 110 , 000,000 
 
 
 6 89 
 
 593 , 670,000 
 
 418 51 
 
 134 11 
 
 58 , 467,000 
 
 963 56 
 
 15 66 
 
 1 , 660 , 000,000 
 
 1 , 620 , 000,000 
 
 i ; 410 , 000,000 
 
 1 , 055 , 000,000 
 
 148 , 000,000 
 
 65 . 000 . 000 
 
 29 . 869.000 
 
 13 . 625.000 
 868 , 590,000 
 
 92 . 850.000 
 
 15 . 000 . 000 
 
 520 71 
 
 71 98 
 3 72 
 7 13 
 49 06 
 
 342 , 624,000 
 
 79 , 100,000 
 
 63 , 700,009 
 
 732 , 000,000 
 
 3 , 500 , 000,000 
 
 $ 253 , 685 , 000,000 
 
 $ 34 , 456 , 574,000 
 
 From the above table it appears the United States 
 stands at the head of nations as to wealth, and has 
 in proportion to debt about $i to ^60 of her assets. 
 No other great nation can show anything like this 
 proportion; yet, notwithstanding all this, a party of 
 pro-English citizens of our land want us to adopt a 
 policy that suits a nation that has a debt of $i to 
 
4i8 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 every she can show of wealth. Is it not time for 
 the people to adopt a financial policy that will suit 
 our own nation first, and let the debt-burdened na- 
 tions of Europe follow our lead, if they wish to, since 
 we can show that within two hundred years we have 
 outstripped them all in progress of every kind? 
 
 THE LESSON IT TEACHES. 
 
 While the United States stands at the head of all 
 the nations of the world in wealth, amounting to 
 ;^i,039 capita, she also stands at the foot of the 
 list of great nations in her per capita indebtedness, 
 which amounts to $32.37. The population of the 
 United States in i860 was thirty-one millions, and 
 her wealth amounted to fourteen billions of dollars, 
 showing a per capita of about $450, while in 1890 
 her population was sixty-two millions and her total 
 wealth sixty-eight billions of dollars, or a per capita 
 of $1,039. 
 
 It will be seen by the foregoing statement that 
 while her population has about doubled since i860, 
 her wealth per capita has more than trebled. This 
 is what the Democrats call a bankrupt nation. 
 
 In 1880 the public debt amounted to three billion 
 forty-five millions. In 1890 it was reduced to two 
 billion twenty-seven millions — a reduction in ten 
 years of one billion eighteen million dollars. Thus 
 it will be seen that the per capita indebtedness of 
 the national Government was reduced from $60.73 
 in 1880 to $32.37 in 1890. This is a favorable show- 
 ing for a wasteful nation, using the words of the 
 tariff reformers of the present day. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 419 
 
 DEBT OF U. S. — INTEREST-BEARING. 
 
 Highest amount — 
 
 August 31, 1865 -..fc, 385 » 039 » 3 i 5 
 
 June 30, 1892 585,637,100 
 
 Amount paid 1,799,402,215 
 
 June 30, 1896 847,363,890 
 
 Amount increase 262,726,790 
 
 The amount of the debt August 31, 1865, known 
 as high-water mark (see above) was gradually re- 
 duced until 1893. 
 
 Mr, Maxwell. These figures, Mr. Labor, are mar- 
 velous. Just think of our wealth in i860 — fourteen 
 billions of dollars, and in 1890 (only thirty years) 
 over sixty billions. 
 
 This increase was under laws protecting all our in- 
 dustries, as Mr. Reed in his arguments against the 
 Wilson bill so appropriately recites. 
 
 Labor. It does appear now, Mr. Maxwell, that the 
 free trader should cease any further attempts to de- 
 fend his former claims, but will he? 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. The out and out free trader, never. 
 If in your travels, Mr. Labor, you ever meet a man 
 who has been an outspoken free trader, who has 
 faced about and is repudiating his old trash, I wish 
 you would get his photograph and address and send 
 them to me. I will make a long trip to see that 
 kind of a man. 
 
 No, Mr. Labor, if the Dingley bill passes and be- 
 comes a law, as we all look for, prices will increase 
 on nearly everything. Then the free trade smart 
 man in our Congressional elections in 1898 will be 
 out with tables showing how cheap everything was 
 
420 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 in 1896 under the Wilson bill, and in 1900, at our 
 next Presidential election, they will have all manner 
 of* campaign songs ridiculing high prices and a pro- 
 tective tariff, and I fear some of our laboring men 
 will have forgotten what we have just passed 
 through and give audience to such demagogues. 
 
 Our late cheapness of products, Mr. Labor, has 
 simply been deformity of country and nothing less. 
 You have shown in your lessons, all of them, that 
 from eight to nine-tenths of everything is days 
 works, and all there is to cut is those days works in 
 order to have cheap goods. Are we laboring people 
 going to remember that, or will we ignore this fact 
 the same as sellers of days works did at Groversville, 
 never recognizing that in order that our goods may 
 be cheap they will have to work for less pay, and 
 for the goods to be made in foreign countries means 
 no work for them, hence no money, and without 
 money they cannot buy goods at any price. 
 
 We men who work for a living cannot afford to 
 listen to those who write or talk any such rot. The 
 laboring man is the first seller of goods, they all 
 pass through his hands first, and when they are fin- 
 ished if they can be sold cheap it is because he has 
 worked cheap. We must keep this principle well in 
 mind, and hoot down with no uncertain hoot the 
 man or men who undertake to tell us anything else. 
 
 As certain, Mr. Labor, as fhe next campaign 
 comes will the free trader be on deck citing how 
 cheap everything was in 1896, and have tables to 
 prove it. That will be their war cry, and we must 
 shout back to them, “Groversville.” 
 
 Chicago, one city, mind you, received 1,700,000 
 tons less coal in 1894 than in 1893. I will give you 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 421 
 
 the figures copied from the Daily News Almanac, 
 1895 issue: 
 
 Chicago’s total receipts in tons for the eleven 
 months of all kinds of coal and coke have been 
 
 1893 7>026,7I7 
 
 1894 5;233.482 
 
 1793,235 
 
 The above, you see, Mr. Labor, was for eleven 
 months, and one month added at ratio of eleven 
 months would bring the shrinkage up to a fraction 
 less than two million tons for the year. 
 
 We must bear in mind this was for only one city. 
 What must such a rate of shrinkage mean for our 
 whole country? There must, beyond a question, 
 have been a large overproduction of coal, and the 
 wonder to me is that there have been no coal strikes. 
 The price we know is badly broken in bituminous 
 coal, and we know that the miners have been 
 chopped down to starvation prices for digging. 
 
 This is a good example of things cheap; the sel- 
 lers of days works are the men that method reaches 
 and remains with, and we are the men to frown on 
 all that kind of sentiment in the future. 
 
 Think of only one city taking two millions tons 
 less coal in one year! What does that, when our 
 whole country is considered, mean to our industries, 
 Mr. Labor? It means idle shops, idle machinery and 
 idle men. Could they have had much money in the 
 past three or four years to buy cheap goods with? 
 Will sellers of days works listen again to the yelping 
 free trade demagogue when he tells them they can 
 have more when everything is cheap and the seller 
 is idle and without money than they can when goods 
 
422 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 bring a decent price and they have work and plenty 
 of money? I say, boys, we should vote in the future 
 for candidates who will protect our market regard- 
 less of the political party they represent, and not 
 get fooled again. 
 
 I listened to a conversation and saw some acting 
 the other day, Mr. Labor, that is very appropriate 
 right here. It was between two brothers in a city of 
 some 20,000 inhabitants. Ed was a farmer and lived 
 some seven miles outside the limits. Hank, his 
 brother, was a mechanic and lived in the city. The 
 latter I had known for several years and whenever 
 I was in the city on my trips he always called at the 
 hotel to see me, and on this occasion he brought his 
 brother Ed., the farmer, who was in town, and had 
 been home with Hank for luncheon. 
 
 I bought some cigars and we all sat down to have 
 a smoke and chat, and in conversation we drifted on 
 to the close times. 
 
 Ed., the farmer, remarked that it was good and 
 tough on farmers, and cited that he had on hand all 
 the grain he raised in 1896; that the price was so low 
 he wouldn’t sell. 
 
 Hank said: “Yes, Ed., and you voted the free 
 trade ticket in 1892,” and Ed. asked him, “What of 
 that?” “Well,” Hank says, “I told you not to do it, 
 and now see what we have got. I am not to blame 
 for any of it and you are.” And Hank added, 
 “Now, Ed., you are kicking about your wheat and 
 other grains because they don’t bring a price. I want 
 to make you a proposition. As a mechanic, I have 
 all my labor for 1896 on hand. I didn’s sell a single 
 day’s work of it that year. I want to trade you the 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 423 
 
 whole of that stored up year’s labor for a portion of 
 your stored up labor in your crop of grain.” 
 
 Ed. laughed and wanted to know if Hank thought 
 he was a fool, or was he making fun of him? Hank 
 answered and cited that he (Ed.) was fool enough to 
 vote a tom fool ticket in 1892, and told him if there 
 was any kicking to be done he thought he (Hank) 
 was the one to do it. “Here I am loaded with every 
 one of my days works for 1896, and you wouldn’t 
 give me a peck of wheat for the whole batch. You 
 have your year’s work for 1896 in your granary and 
 can look at it, but what can I see of mine? You can 
 sell yours for something, and, possibly, if you hold it 
 you can realize a decent price, and if we get a good 
 bill through both houses protecting our industries, I 
 think you will, but what am I going to do with my 
 stored up labor for 1896? It is worth less than rotten 
 potatoes. 
 
 “In fact, I have had to wear my shoes out walking 
 for exercise to keep my health good and be ready 
 for work as soon as we get some laws that will justify 
 our people in starting the factories again. 
 
 “What is more, Ed., you can eat your wheat and 
 grain, but what would I do trying to eat my stored 
 up labor for 1896? Think these things over, old 
 man, and look happy. I am the one to do the kick- 
 ing and get frightened. You farmers are the ones 
 who are always all right. Your shoes may pinch a 
 little sometimes, but you are never in any special 
 danger of starving to death.” 
 
 Ed. answered,. “That makes me think. Hank, I al- 
 ways bring what you buy to eat down to you, and my 
 wife and I were talking about it a few days ago. She 
 always keeps account of what you get, and she said 
 
424 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 for the past two years you had lived on a little less 
 than half what you had used the two years before, 
 and she wanted me to ask you if you were buying of 
 someone else.” 
 
 Hank said, “Ed., I haven’t bought a thing except 
 sugar, coffee, tea, etc., of anyone else. You have no 
 idea how close we have lived. My wife said the 
 other day she had used more yarn and thread darn- 
 ing and patching the last few years than she had in 
 the whole fourteen years since we were married.” 
 
 Ed. appeared to be quite wrought up, and said, 
 “Well, Hank, why haven’t you spoken of these 
 things? I can bring you lots of stuff off the farm, 
 and I will. There is no use pinching yourselves for 
 something to eat. Are you broke. Hank? Do you 
 want any money?” “No, Ed.,” spoke up Hank, “I 
 am not broke yet, but I would have been had I not 
 been careful and bought only what we absolutely 
 had to have.” 
 
 About that time, Mr. Labor, someone called Hank 
 away for a moment and Ed. said to me: “Thunder, 
 Maxwell, I have never stopped to think what kind 
 of a time these men out of work have been having. 
 You can bet Hank won’t worry any more. I will 
 haul more stuff down there from the farm than he 
 can take care of and then they will have to eat, and 
 I will kill a sheep every week and tell him I have 
 some fat wethers that I want to get rid of, and for 
 the reason that they bring so little in price we have 
 decided to eat them up. In this way I can give him 
 meat and he will never dream that I am killing the 
 sheep on purpose to do that. And between times 
 we can give him chickens, and frequently a turkey, 
 and lots of things that we won’t miss, 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 425 
 
 ‘‘Darned if I am not ashamed. Hank must think 
 I’m a hog. My wife will give me a good raking over 
 for this. You will see her harness up her horse to- 
 morrow morning and pile down here with a rush, 
 and she won’t say a word about where she is going, 
 either.” 
 
 At this moment I was sorry to see Hank coming 
 back, Mr. Labor, for I wanted to hear what more Ed. 
 would have to say. When Hank had taken his seat 
 Ed. said to him: “Do you remember, Hank, that 
 when we were boys I promised you a suit of clothes, 
 if ever I was able to buy them, if you wouldn’t tell 
 father and mother a certain thing I did?” “No,” 
 Hank said, “I don’t remember any such circum- 
 stance, and you never made me any such promise.” 
 Ed. declared that he did and Hank wanted to know 
 what it was that he kept to himself for him. “If 
 you have forgotten it I am glad of it, and I shall 
 never remind you of what it was; it was of a nature 
 easy for you to forget but not for me,” said Ed. 
 
 Your friend Maxwell being a traveling man must 
 be a ^ood judge of cloth and I am going to ask him 
 to go over to the store with us and help pick out a 
 suit, and be witness to the fact that I have kept an 
 old promise. 
 
 Hank was reluctant about going. I saw Ed.’s 
 motive, and gathered from his tactics that Hank 
 wouldn’t appreciate anything on the score of charity, 
 so to help Ed. out I said to Hank that probably his 
 brother would feel better if he (Hank) would go 
 and get the suit of clothes and let him (Ed.) keep 
 his pledge. That remark settled it, and we all start- 
 ed for the clothing store. When the clothes were 
 selected and Ed. had paid for them he wanted Hank 
 
426 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 to wear them home. “Not much,” Hank said, “my 
 pards in the streets in a kind way would guy the life 
 out of me; would want to know what I had run up 
 against and if I had quit them and gone to work, and 
 all that kind of a racket.” 
 
 Truly, Mr. Labor, in this transaction there was a 
 great lesson to me, and I hope the members of your 
 class will take it home with them. 
 
 Labor, What was there that so particularly served 
 as a lesson, Mr. Maxwell? 
 
 Mr, Maxwell, Hank was no fool, Mr. Labor, and 
 could divine Ed.’s motive as well as you or anyone 
 else, and at first offered some resistance to accepting 
 the suit of clothes. After a moment he became 
 silent, and I could plainly see there was an intense 
 struggle within, which I interpreted as a biting ne- 
 cessity in a hot fight with his pride. The result was 
 that the necessity conqered, and Hank was in a 
 manner forced to accept what two or three years 
 prior he would have abhorred and in some way re- 
 sented. 
 
 The lesson to me was that a man who declines to 
 do a given thing today, may tomorrow under some 
 unlooked for pressure, be only too glad to do the 
 very same objectionable thing. 
 
 I beg your pardon, Mr. Labor, for taking up the 
 time of the class recalling a circumstance like this. 
 I know how impossible it is for me to relate it and 
 have it impress others as it did me. 
 
 Labor, I should be sorry had you omitted it, Mr. 
 Maxwell, for it brings these things home to us in a 
 sense that we can and do grasp. Many like the 
 brother you mention, who was able and willing, are 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 427 
 
 heedless, and rarely study and give thought to those 
 who are the last ones to make a want known. 
 
 This instance you have just called to our minds, 
 Mr. Maxwell, is but one in hundreds of thousands, if 
 not millions, that the public in the last two or three 
 years have not known a thing of, and the bulk of 
 them were not fortunate enough to have a brother 
 or relative who could help them. 
 
 The silent needy in numbers are unknown and 
 will ever remain unknown, provided the relief we 
 are looking for in the way of revived industries is 
 not too long deferred. 
 
 Mr, Maxwell. Yes, Mr. Labor, and the great mass, 
 like the party I have mentioned, living on one-half 
 what they formerly consumed, shows that all we 
 could extend our trade into the over competed-for 
 markets of the world would not, in a small measure 
 even, compensate for the shrinkage of our own mar- 
 kets. 
 
 Our working people must not forget that most 
 articles they make and receive five dollars each for 
 making them would sell in most foreign countries, 
 finished, for from three to four dollars each. On 
 this principle what can we hope to do in foreign 
 markets with our goods? We may make a few art- 
 icles that we specially excel in, or other countries 
 do not make, that our people can get a price for in 
 the markets of the world, but such cases are so rare, 
 Mr. Labor, that it is rash* madness to cripple or 
 neglect our own market chasing after them. 
 
 If we have any people who are crazy about the 
 markets of the world, let them go where the markets 
 are, and stay there. We will always have plenty to 
 take the places of that class. 
 
428 
 
 Lakors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 I have seen parties who always ate their partially 
 decayed fruit, leaving the sound fruit to decay while 
 they were doing it. Our country seeking the markets 
 of the world, Mr. Labor, partakes too much of this 
 quality of sagacity to suit me. 
 
 The free trader has for years, Mr. Labor, been un- 
 yielding in his claim that whatever a protective 
 tariff added as duty would have to be added to the 
 price of the goods. 
 
 In 1877 I was in a retail store, when the merchant 
 was opening some large cases of prints. Large piles 
 of the calico were on the counter. Striking a piece 
 with the flat of his hand he remarked that he either 
 paid or was going to sell those goods for six cents a 
 yard, and that the duty on them was five cents per 
 yard. 
 
 It does not matter whether the gentleman had 
 bought the goods at six cents a yard, or he was go- 
 ing to sell them at that price. The case shows that 
 the five cents duty had not been added to them, and 
 it shows, too, that on account of the duty the goods 
 had been made in our own country, for they could 
 not have been sold for any such price after paying 
 five cents per yard duty. 
 
 I have no data at hand, Mr. Labor, to refer to, to 
 learn what the duty was on cotton goods in 1877, but 
 I take it for granted that the merchant dealing in 
 them was correct in his statement. 
 
 I have some other data here on iron and steel that 
 is still further proof that the duty is not added to 
 the price of the product. I do not want the class to 
 infer from what I read or say that I claim the duty is 
 never added to the price of what we import. Any- 
 thing that is strictly a luxury, or that we do not pro- 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 42g 
 
 duce, no doubt the buyer in this country pays the 
 duty, but it must be remembered that quite all that 
 we do not produce, except absolute luxuries, the 
 McKinley bill placed on the free list. 
 
 First, Mr. Labor, I want to read the result of pro- 
 tection on pig iron, showing the value of a furnace 
 to a community, and, following that, some figures 
 and tables showing the products of iron in this coun- 
 try in 1890. After that comes the article on steel 
 rails, proving that the consumer does not pay the 
 duty for a very long period on anything we care to 
 give special attention to the manufacture of. 
 
 IRON — RESULT OF PROTECTION ON PIG IRON, AS SHOWN 
 BY OPERATION OF A SINGLE FURNACE. 
 
 No. 206. 
 
 The value of a furnace to a community is a matter 
 of mathematical demonstration. 
 
 The consequence of stopping a furnace of 900 to 
 1,000 tons capacity per week would be somewhat as 
 follows: The freight receipts, inward and outward, 
 amount to not less than gi 5,000 to $ 20,000 per 
 month, which is about equal to the average revenue 
 to a railroad derived from a city of 20,000 people. 
 This gives one some idea of the enormous amount of 
 business set in motion by a large furnace in opera- 
 tion. In addition to the direct loss to the railroad 
 in the falling off of its business, the employees of the 
 railroad and those dependent upon them would 
 suffer corresponding hardships and losses. There 
 would also be cut off in wages to furnace employees 
 ;?! 5,000 to $16,000 per month. The farmers in the 
 vicinity who sell their farm products — flour, bacon, 
 corn, hay, potatoes, butter, eggs, chickens, fruits and 
 live stock — would lose a ready, profitable home 
 
430 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School* 
 
 market, and would soon be made to feel the hard 
 times incidental to stopping the furnace. 
 
 The coal miner would also have to stand his share 
 of the burden, as it requires from 300 to 350 tons of 
 coal per day to produce coke for such a furnace. 
 This would cut off about ;^io, 000 monthly at the coal 
 mines and result in preventing 150 to 200 miners 
 from earning their daily bread. 
 
 Following in the track of depression and losses, 
 our wholesale merchants at home would suffer a 
 monthly loss of thousands of dollars of trade. 
 
 To present these results with more practical force 
 we will work out the problem of one furnace and 
 apply to the entire iron interest of Tennessee and 
 give the figures in gross covering a year: 
 
 The loss to railroad in freight, passenger fares, and in- 
 
 direct services, $20,000 per month $240,000 
 
 The loss to those dependent upon railroad, $1,000 per 
 
 month. 12,000 
 
 Employees of furnace, $15,000 to $16,000 per month . . 186,000 
 
 To farmers in vicinity, $8,000 per month 96,000 
 
 Coal miners, $10,000 per month 120,000 
 
 Wholesale merchants, say $6,000 per month 72,000 
 
 Doctor fees, monthly, $300 3,600 
 
 Total loss estimated to the people of Tennessee 
 
 by stopping furnace for one year $729,600 
 
 IRON — ARCHITECTURAL AND ORNAMENTAL, I89O. 
 
 No. 207. 
 
 Establishments 724 
 
 Capital ; $21,968,172 
 
 Employees 18,672 
 
 Wages $11,951,457 
 
 Materials 18,620,510 
 
 Products 37,745»294 
 
 Wages, per capita, $640.07. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 43A 
 
 IRON AND STEEL — IN GENERAL, iSQO. 
 
 No. 208. 
 
 Establishments 
 
 Capital 
 
 Employees 
 
 Wages 
 
 Materials 
 
 Products 
 
 645 
 
 $373,478,018 
 
 152,535 
 
 $ 84,665,506 
 
 295.777,843 
 
 430,954,348 
 
 Wages, per capita, $555.05. 
 
 IRON AND STEEL — NAILS AND SPIKES, CUT AND WROUGHT, 
 INCLUDING WIRE NAILS, I89O. 
 
 No. 209. 
 
 Establishments 
 
 Capital.. 
 
 Employees 
 
 Wages 
 
 Materials 
 
 Products 
 
 Wages, per capita, $456.76. 
 
 138 
 
 $ 24,334,549 
 
 12,064 
 $ 7,816,994 
 22,960,737 
 34,227,517 
 
 IRON AND STEEL — PIPE, WROUGHT, I89O. 
 No. 2T0. 
 
 Establishments 
 
 Capital 
 
 Employees 
 
 Wages 
 
 Materials 
 
 Products 
 
 Wages, per capita, $484.53. 
 
 22 
 
 22,622,367 
 
 17,116 
 
 5,845,462 
 
 25,988,798 
 
 37,906,801 
 
 IRON AND STEEL — BESSEMER STEEL. 
 
 No. 2II. 
 
 In 1865 the first Bessemer steel rail was made in 
 this country. There was a duty of 45 per cent, on 
 the foreign product at that time. This continued 
 until January i, 1871, when the act of Congress 
 which imposed a specific duty of ^28 a ton went into 
 effect. Steel rails in 1867 were selling in our market 
 
432 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 for $i 66 a ton in currency or §138 in gold. The 
 price had fallen to ^106.75 in 1870, when the duty 
 was imposed. Now, if the free trader is correct in 
 his theory, the imposition of the duty of $28 per ton 
 would have had the effect of advancing the price 
 from $106.75 ^ $134.75 a ton. But what has 
 
 been the result? In 1867 our steel rail mills pro- 
 duced 2,278 tons. In 1887 they produced 2,101,904 
 tons. How about the price? A ton, in 1867, was 
 sold in our market at $166; a ton in March, 1888, 
 sold for $31.50. What becomes of the free trader’s 
 theory again, that the duty enhances the cost of the 
 article and becomes a tax to the consumer? But in 
 this connection we must not lose sight of the fact 
 that millions of capital have been invested in this 
 industry by reason of the encouragement extended by 
 the act of 1870, and that thousands of laborers have 
 been employed in this great industry. 
 
 Mr, Maxwell. What I have read to you, Mr. 
 Labor, shows very conclusively that the tax on steel 
 rails was not added to the product soon as we could 
 manufacture in quantities to supply our own de- 
 mands, and had it not been for the duty originally 
 we would not be so extensively in that business in 
 this country, and beyond any question steel rails 
 would be selling in our market for double the price 
 they bring today. 
 
 The question is so plainly stated as I have read 
 that it needs no further comment. 
 
 The importance of a pig iron furnace to a com- 
 munity is so clear that more words are uncalled for. 
 
 The figures, Mr. Labor, showing iron products in 
 1890 you see are misleading again on material. We 
 will consider the table under the heading 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 433 
 
 IRON AND STEEL — IN GENERAL — 1 SqO. 
 
 Wages get credit for $ 84,665,506 
 
 Materials get credit for 295,777,843 
 
 It is but very few people, Mr. Labor, who in read- 
 ing the above figures will not take it for granted that 
 the former amount represents all the days works 
 that can be found in this statement, while, in truth, 
 the material used was pig iron, fully two-thirds of 
 which value is labor or days works paid for. 
 
 Labor. We have already covered that point in full, 
 Mr. Maxwell, in this same lesson. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. I am glad, Mr. Labor, that you take 
 pains to remind me of that. If I dare do it I would 
 suggest that a foot note be inserted on every page 
 of your report of the proceedings in this school 
 covering this very point. It cannot be repeated too 
 many times, and I care not how frequently it is re- 
 ferred to; there will be more in the end who will 
 forget than there will be who remember it. 
 
 You must not forget, Mr. Labor, that the best 
 teacher is the one who repeats, rehashes and pounds 
 away until he knows that not a single important 
 point has been missed by a single pupil in his class. 
 Schools are never charged with repeating and this 
 is a school, and, for practical business purposes, the 
 best I ever attended. I can assure you, Mr. Labor, 
 that although I have been here every day, and paid 
 strict attention to each and every lesson, I shall, 
 when the proceedings are published, study them 
 very closely, to be sure I have not overlooked a 
 single thing of importance to me or to our country. 
 
 When all our people, Mr. Labor, realize that what 
 they buy is purchased of the seller of days works, 
 and that the material means days works, they will 
 
434 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 see the special importance of buying the material at 
 home and keep our money at home. 
 
 A man working in a factory making shoes ought 
 to be in favor of using American leather, for, if the 
 men making leather can sell their days works to 
 make such leather they will have money to buy and 
 wear out the shoes the factory man makes. Now, I 
 am going to repeat again, Mr. Labor, that leather is 
 material and the question is, — do we all catch the 
 point and see the importance of making and using 
 our own material and thus build and improve our 
 own market? 
 
 If I thought there was a man here now who had 
 missed this point I would go and beat it into him 
 with a club, and repeat it with the club until I knew 
 he had it regardless of any charge of repeating. 
 
 Labor. You are right, Mr. Maxwell, and I concede 
 your claims. What we desire is that everybody shall 
 recognize the labor that is in everything, and that 
 the selling of our labor is what makes our market. 
 The two brothers, one a farmer and the other a me- 
 chanic, was a good illustration. If the farmer’s barn 
 should burn with his grain in it, everyone would feel 
 so sorry that he had lost his year’s work, for, very 
 likely, the barn would be insured but not the grain. 
 This could all be seen and realized. The mechanic 
 brother, however, had met with just as severe a loss, 
 but we fail to recognize and realize it as we should. 
 What I have said on this is from the stand that the 
 farmer brother did all his own work. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. If a cargo of grain belonging to our 
 own country, which represents days works for a mass 
 of people, sinks to the bottom of the ocean, we can 
 see that our country has had a loss, but it is virtually 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 435 
 
 no greater loss than the enforced idleness of the 
 same number of people in other industries, where 
 the value of their employment would be equal to 
 the grain. One we can see and the other it seems 
 we try not to see. 
 
 Even this has been told us here before, in some 
 other words if not the same, but it is good to reiter- 
 ate that its fruit may not be lost. 
 
 We are short sighted, Mr. Labor. I might try to 
 make myself believe I could do as well selling for- 
 eign goods on the road, but if I did it would send 
 just so much more of our money to Germany, Eng- 
 land, Erance, Japan and other countries, and hurt 
 our market just that much, and in the end I would 
 sell fewer goods, which would cause me to work for 
 less pay. This is a fact, too, that cannot be dis- 
 guised, Mr. Labor. 
 
 I am not willing to buy our goods of foreign 
 countries, and see the people selling them to us 
 smoking perfectos, or better, while we are smoking 
 cob pipes. 
 
 Labor. If we are honest and true to ourselves we 
 will patronize our own people first, so far as it is 
 possible to do so. 
 
 Speaking of honesty, I would like to have you de- 
 fine an honest man, Mr. Maxwell. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. You have asked me to solve a prob- 
 lem that up to date I have been unable to unravel. 
 There is such a difference in the same man when it 
 is convenient for him to be honest and when it is 
 not, that the whole question staggers me. 
 
 Labor. You have read a great deal about honest 
 men and dishonest men, have you not? 
 
 Mr. Maxzvell. How could honest men write or say 
 
43^ Labors* Hard Times School, 
 
 very much about dishonesty? They are not posted. 
 I cannot remember of Abraham Lincoln ever writ- 
 ing or saying very much about dishonest people. 
 
 Labor. You have often read of officials charging 
 that some one tried to bribe them? 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. Yes, I have, Mr. Labor, and the play 
 they are making always confuses me. Most people 
 are after a reward of some kind, that I do know, and 
 it is difficult for them to pass the station that ap- 
 pears to hold the greatest opportunity. 
 
 I had an official tell me once that no one ever tried 
 to buy him, but if anyone ever did try he would 
 keep still about it, and ask the buyer how he found 
 out that he would sell. If the party said no one 
 had ever told or intimated to him that he was in the 
 market or anything of the kind, and he believed he 
 was telling the truth, then the official said he would 
 ask him what there was in his looks or actions that 
 had encouraged the offer, saying to me, “You know, 
 Maxwell, it is never too late to reform.” 
 
 I asked him if he didn't think a man who would 
 buy an official ought to be exposed. Yes, he said, 
 he did, but he added, “If a man should try to buy 
 me I would feel so ashamed over something I had 
 done or said, or the kind of reputation I had that I 
 would be the last one to open my mouth about it, 
 but I would try to find out what had aroused the 
 man’s courage to the point of making the offer.” 
 
 Labor. Some people, Mr. Maxwell, pay their debts 
 promptly and some do not. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. That is no particular evidence of 
 honesty. If a man owes a dollar and pays it he 
 simply conforms to the law; he has only done what 
 the law requires of him. Most business men today 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 437 
 
 pay promptly because it is policy to do so. They 
 want that kind of a reputation; it helps them in their 
 business. What worse blast could a house get than 
 to miss a week in paying their help? 
 
 No, Mr. Labor, you have given me too large a 
 question to handle; the word honesty covers too 
 much. You will have to let me give it up. If we 
 can find out how to be truly honest to ourselves, we 
 will come about as near treating everybody else all 
 right as any other way. You know what Shakespeare 
 tells us about ^‘to thyself be true.’’ 
 
 A man is honest in proportion as he is unselfish, 
 and in the same ratio is he a Christian. I think Lin- 
 coln was the most unselfish public man I have ever 
 read of. 
 
 It is easy to condemn, and many are prolific in 
 that art, but if you keep close watch you will find 
 them frequently taking a dirty trick themselves when 
 they think they can do it by winking the other eye. 
 Of course this does not mean me, or anyone present. 
 
 My sympathy always goes out to the man who 
 shows by what he says or writes that he is burdened 
 with too much honesty. 
 
 It has already been said here, and it is true, that 
 the man who seeks to rise by pulling others down 
 is sure sooner or later to run out of material. 
 
 If we were all sincerely honest we would buy and 
 wear only American goods. 
 
 What will answer for President McKinley to be 
 inaugurated in is plenty good enough for any Ameri- 
 can to wear. 
 
 I hope that if there is anything of foreign make 
 in use in the White House that our country can pro- 
 duce, President McKinley will make a present of it 
 
43B 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School 
 
 to former Presidents and replace it with American 
 make. Dine and wine all who enter there on Ameri- 
 can dishes and set an example for future Presidents. 
 
 Labor. You are aware, Mr. Maxwell, that our aim 
 is to better our country and to better our people. 
 When we are doing that we are moving in lines best 
 suited to the true interest of our wage earners. What 
 can you recommend in the latter’s interest that has 
 not already been tried? 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. It looks to me like you are striving 
 after hard questions, Mr. Labor. If I were going to 
 advise the wage earners of the United States how to 
 benefit themselves I would tell them to hire the best 
 adviser on earth, and then listen to him. 
 
 Labor. Wage earners have always had plenty of 
 advisers, Mr. Maxwell. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. Yes, they have always had plenty 
 of cheap advisers. Good and valuable advisers come 
 high, the same as anything else that is of much 
 worth. If wage earners will hire a lawyer who is 
 worth ^50,000 a year (I say worth that) and let such 
 a man study their interests, listen to him and do just 
 as he tells them, they will get all that is their due, 
 and they won’t have to lose half their time through 
 strikes to get it, either. 
 
 Labor. It would require a very peculiar man to fill 
 such a place, and succeed, Mr. Maxwell. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. It would require a man with a very 
 popular national reputation; it would require a man 
 as free from the tarnish of guile or intrigue as Mr. 
 Idncoln, Conklin or Grant; it would require a man 
 as firm as any of those three. It would require a 
 man who is honest because he has no disposition to 
 be anything else. It would require a man who at 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 439 
 
 heart scorns buying goods of foreign countries that 
 our wage earners can make. It would require a 
 man who, when his card was sent in to no matter 
 how difficult a place to enter, the doors would fly 
 open at once, rather than to receive word to be seat- 
 ed and await his turn. Not only that the doors 
 would fly open either, but that the magnate within 
 would come forth to greet him, not trusting others 
 to carry the word to enter. 
 
 When wage earners will employ such a man, Mr. 
 Labor, to study their interest, one able to meet tal- 
 ent with talent, they will have opened the way to 
 peace and plenty for themselves. The last things 
 that wage earners can afford to have are expensive 
 contentions and fights. What they want is settle- 
 ment and peace. 
 
 You will find that the best law talent obtainable is 
 directing all our large enterprises today. Such en- 
 terprises would not think of moving in any new 
 direction until the approval of their attorney was 
 had.' Talent, however, that would answer for every 
 day affairs would not answer for the wage earners. 
 They, to succeed, must have a representative man, 
 with all known good qualities, and no bad ones, 
 combined with the talent. 
 
 They require a man so large in heart and mind 
 that there are none larger. The largest interests in 
 the United States today are those of labor; then why 
 should labor allow any smaller institution to have 
 any better adviser than they? You need not tell me 
 that ordinary men can do this work for labor; they 
 cannot reach far enough. 
 
 Labor by nature has the sympathy of our whole 
 country, and the right man to constantly adjust that 
 
440 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 sympathy and the wage earners so as to keep them 
 m touch with each other would not meet with resist- 
 ance sufficient to make disputes interesting, let alone 
 having such a thing as contests. 
 
 The chief worth of such a man to wage earners, 
 Mr. Labor, would be when he pointed out to them 
 their duties, and held them in lines where, strictly 
 speaking, they could not criticise themselves. 
 
 If wage earners can find a man in height six feet, 
 weighing 200 pounds. 
 
 Full of talent, to meet talent. 
 
 Full of honesty, to meet honesty, 
 
 Full of justice, to meet justice. 
 
 Full of fairness, to meet fairness, 
 
 Full of refinement, to meet refinement, 
 
 Full of sagacity, to meet sagacity. 
 
 Full of logic, to meet logic, 
 one of the select, to meet the select, and one that 
 the circle of the select cannot be complete until he 
 is there — they, the wage earners, can well afford to 
 pay such a man $100,000 per year, if he cannot be 
 had for less money, but he must be a man who will 
 not need to go out into the open to seek the loan of 
 a heart or soul. 
 
 I might as well claim, Mr. Labor, that I could 
 handle a large army as successfully as the greatest 
 general who ever graduated at West Point as for 
 wage earners to tell me that they can with any or- 
 dinary talent, or any ordinary man, economically 
 direct their own interests. Like against like, full of 
 courage for the right, is what will win for them. 
 
 The wage earner has all the advantage, and always 
 has had, but when he dons the garb of the bully the 
 eye of the law, and all the forces behind the law, 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 44r 
 
 including every consistent citizen, will be upon him. 
 
 I havs a table here, showing the occupation of all 
 the people of our country, according to the census 
 of 1890. All occupations show the immense number 
 of 22,735,661. Over five million of these people 
 were, in 1890, employed in manufacturing and me- 
 chanical industries. 
 
 I do not think it best, Mr. Labor, to take up the 
 time of the- class in discussing any of the special de- 
 partments of labor; the field is too broad, or was in 
 1890, when everybody was in some manner em- 
 ployed. I am satisfied that you will look upon this 
 table as containing too much valuable information 
 to leave out of your proceedings. 
 
 It is copied from the Daily News Almanac of 
 1896, and shows nearly two million laborers not 
 specified. 
 
 Any who choose can very readily go through the 
 table when they get the published proceedings and 
 gather a comprehensive conception of the wage 
 earners' interest. 
 
442 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 OCCUPATIOXS OF THE PEOPL.E. 
 
 Number of persons in the United States engaged in each specified occupa- 
 tion, classified by sex, Census of 1890. For foot notes as(l) , etc., 
 see end of table, pages 446-447. 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 All occupations 
 
 22,735,661 
 
 18,820,950 
 
 3,914,711 
 
 Agriculture, fisheries, and mining 
 
 9,013,201 
 
 8,333,692 
 
 679,509 
 
 Agricultural laborers (1) 
 
 3,004,015 
 
 2,556.930 
 
 447,085 
 
 Apiarists 
 
 1,800 
 
 1,755 
 
 45 
 
 Dairymen and dairy women 
 
 17,806 
 
 16,072 
 
 1,734 
 
 Farmers, planters, aud overseers (2) 
 
 5,281,557 
 
 5,055,130 
 
 226,4 27 
 
 Fishermen and oystermen (3) 
 
 60,150 
 
 59,887 
 
 263 
 
 Gardeners, florists, nurserymen, ana 
 vine growers 
 
 72,601 
 
 70,186 
 
 2,415 
 
 Lumbermen and raftsmen 
 
 65,857 
 
 65,829 
 
 28 
 
 Miners (coal) 
 
 208,549 
 
 208,330 
 
 219 
 
 Miners (not otherwise specified) 
 
 141,039 
 
 140.906 
 
 133 
 
 Quairymen 
 
 37,658 
 
 37,628 
 
 30 
 
 Stock raisers, herders, and drovers.. 
 
 70,734 
 
 70,047 
 
 687 
 
 Wood choppers 
 
 33,697 
 
 33,665 
 
 32 
 
 Other agricultural pursuits (4) 
 
 17,738 
 
 17,327 
 
 411 
 
 Professional service 
 
 944,323 
 
 632,641 
 
 311,682 
 
 Actors 
 
 9,728 
 
 5,779 
 
 3,949 
 
 Architects 
 
 8,070 
 
 8.048 
 
 22 
 
 Artists and teachers of art 
 
 22,486 
 
 11,676 
 
 10,810 
 
 Authors and literary and scientific 
 persons 
 
 6,714 
 
 3,989 
 
 2,725 
 
 Chemists,assayers,and metallurgists 
 
 4,510 
 
 4,464 
 
 46 
 
 Clergymen 
 
 88,295 
 
 87,060 
 
 1,235 
 
 Dentists 
 
 17,498 
 
 17,161 
 
 337 
 
 Designers, draughtsmen, and invent- 
 ors 
 
 9,322 
 
 9,086 
 
 306 
 
 Engineers (civil, mechanical, electri- 
 cal, and mining) and surveyors — 
 
 43,242 
 
 43,115 
 
 127 
 
 Journalists. 
 
 21,849 
 
 20,961 
 
 888 
 
 Lawyers 
 
 89,630 
 
 89,422 
 
 208 
 
 Musicians and teachers of music — 
 
 62,155 
 
 27,636 
 
 34,519 
 
 Officers of United States army and 
 
 2,926 
 
 2,926 
 
 
 Officials, government (5) 
 
 79,664 
 
 74,789 
 
 4,875 
 
 Physicians and surgeons 
 
 104,803 
 
 100,248 
 
 4,555 
 
 Professors in colleges and universi- 
 ties 
 
 5,432 
 
 4,697 
 
 735 
 
 Teachers 
 
 341,811 
 
 96,581 
 
 245,230 
 
 Theatrical managers, showmen, etc.. 
 
 18,055 
 
 17,421 
 
 634 
 
 Veterinary surgeons — 
 
 6,494 
 
 6,492 
 
 2 
 
 Other professional service 
 
 1,569 
 
 1,090 
 
 479 
 
 Domestic and personal service 
 
 4,360,506 
 
 2,692,920 
 
 1,667,686 
 
 Barbers and hairdressers 
 
 84,976 
 
 82,15i 
 
 2,825 
 
 Bartenders 
 
 55,807 
 
 55,660 
 
 147 
 
 Boarding and lodging house keepers 
 
 44,349 
 
 11,756 
 
 32,593 
 
 Engineers and firemen (not Jocomo- 
 tive) 
 
 139,765 
 
 139,718 
 
 47 
 
 Hotelkeepers 
 
 44,140 
 
 92,810 
 
 38,825 
 
 5,315 
 
 Housekeepers and stewards (6) 
 
 6,008 
 
 86,802 
 
 Hunters, trappers, guides, and scouts 
 
 2,552 
 
 2,53 1 
 
 2 1 
 
 Janitors 
 
 21,556 
 
 18,776 
 
 2,780 
 
 Laborers, not specified (1) 
 
 1,913,317 
 
 1,858,504 
 
 54,813 
 
 Launderers and 1 ^undresses 
 
 248,443 
 
 31,816 
 
 216,627 
 
 Nurses and midwives 
 
 58,090 
 
 6,688 
 
 51,402 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 443 
 
 OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE. — Continued. 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Restaurant keepers 
 
 19,301 
 
 16,885 
 
 2,416 
 
 Saloonkeepers 
 
 71,412 
 
 69,137 
 
 2.275 
 
 Servants 
 
 1.443,399 
 
 237,523 
 
 1,205,876 
 
 Sextons 
 
 4,981 
 
 4,954 
 
 30 
 
 Soldiers, sailors, and marines, U.S. (7) 
 
 27,919 
 
 27,919 
 
 
 Watchmen, policemen, and detectives 
 
 74,633 
 
 74,350 
 
 283 
 
 Other domestic and personal service 
 
 13,053 
 
 9,619 
 
 3,434 
 
 Trade and transportation 
 
 3,325,962 
 
 3,097.653 
 
 228 309 
 
 Agents (claim, commission, real es- 
 tate, insurance, etc.) and collectors 
 
 174,579 
 
 169,704 
 
 4,875 
 
 Auctioneers * 
 
 Bankers and brokers, (money and 
 
 3,207 
 
 3,205 
 
 29,516 
 
 2 
 
 stocks) 
 
 30,020 
 
 504 
 
 Boatmen and canalmen 
 
 16,719 
 
 16,683 
 
 36 
 
 Bookkeepers and accountants (8) , . . 
 
 159,374 
 
 131,602 
 
 27.772 
 
 Brokers (commercial) 
 
 5,965 
 
 5,953 
 
 12 
 
 Clerks and copyists (9) 
 
 556,900 
 
 492,852 
 
 64,048 
 
 Commercial travelers 
 
 58,701 
 
 58,089 
 
 612 
 
 Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc.. 
 
 368,502 
 
 368,265 
 
 237 
 
 Foremen and overseers 
 
 36,100 
 
 355,117 
 
 983 
 
 Hostlers 
 
 54,029 
 
 54,005 
 
 24 
 
 Hucksters and peddlers 
 
 59,083 
 
 56,824 
 
 2,259 
 
 Livery stable keepers 
 
 26,767 
 
 26,719 
 
 48 
 
 Locomotive engineers and firemen 
 (10) 
 
 79,463 
 
 79,459 
 
 4 
 
 Merchants and dealers In drugs and 
 chemicals (retail) 
 
 46,411 
 
 45,672 
 
 739 
 
 Merchants and dealers in dry goods 
 (retail) 
 
 42,587 
 
 40,358 
 
 2,229 
 
 Merchants and dealers in groceries 
 (retail) 
 
 115,085 
 
 108,722 
 
 6,363 
 
 Merchants and dealers in wines and 
 liquors (retail) 
 
 10,090 
 
 9,945 
 
 145 
 
 Merchants and dealers in wines and 
 liquors (wholesale) 
 
 3,657 
 
 3,609 
 
 48 
 
 Merchants and dealers not specified 
 (retail) 
 
 446,230 
 
 430,303 
 
 15,927 
 
 Merchants and dealers (wholesale), 
 importers and shipping merchants 
 
 27,542 
 
 27,344 
 
 198 
 
 Messengers and errand andofficeboys 
 
 51,355 
 
 48,446 
 
 2,909 
 
 Newspaper carriers and newsboys. .. 
 
 5,288 
 
 5,216 
 
 72 
 
 Officials of banks, and of insurance, 
 trade, transportation, trust, and 
 other companies (11) 
 
 39,956 
 
 39,719 
 
 237 
 
 Packers and shippers 
 
 24,930 
 
 18,426 
 
 6,504 
 
 Pilots 
 
 4,266 
 
 4,265 
 
 1 
 
 Porters and helpers (in stores and 
 warehouses) 
 
 24,327 
 
 24,002 
 
 329 
 
 Sailors (1) 
 
 55,904 
 
 55,875 
 
 25 
 
 Salesmen and saleswomen ^ 
 
 264,380 
 
 205,931 
 
 58,449 
 
 Steam railroad employes (not other- 
 wise specified (12) 
 
 382,750 
 
 381,312 
 
 1,438 
 
 Stenographers and typewriters 
 
 33,333 
 
 12,148 
 
 21,185 
 
 Street railway employes 
 
 37,435 
 
 37.423 
 
 12 
 
 Telegraph and telephone operators.. 
 
 52,214 
 
 43,740 
 
 8,474 
 
 Telegraph and telephone linemen and 
 eleclric light company employes. . . 
 
 11,134 
 
 10.465 
 
 669 
 
 Undertakers 
 
 9,900 
 
 9,817 
 
 S3 
 
 ^V’^eighers, gaugers, and measurers... 
 
 3,897 
 
 3,842 
 
 55 
 
 0- her persons in trade and transpor- 
 tation 
 
 3,882 
 
 3,080 
 
 802 
 
444 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE — Continued. 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Manufacturing and mechanical indus 
 tries 
 
 5,091,-669 
 
 4,064,144 
 
 1,027,525 
 
 Agricultural implement makers, not 
 otherwise classified (13) 
 
 3,771 
 
 3,717 
 
 64 
 
 Apprentices (blacksmiths) 
 
 4,245 
 
 4,242 
 
 3 
 
 Apprentices (boot and shoe makers) 
 
 1,031 
 
 1,004 
 
 27 
 
 Apprentices (carpenters and joiners) 
 
 6,735 
 
 6,726 
 
 9 
 
 Apprentices (carriage and wagon ma- 
 kers 
 
 853 
 
 851 
 
 2 
 
 Apprentices (dressmakers) 
 
 4,439 
 
 132 
 
 4,307 
 
 Apprentices (leather curriers, etc.) . . 
 
 422 
 
 421 
 
 1 
 
 Apprentices (machinists) 
 
 9,729 
 
 9,717 
 
 12 
 
 Apprentices (masons) 
 
 1.927 
 
 1,926 
 
 1 
 
 Apprentices (milliners) 
 
 1,835 
 
 140 
 
 1,195 
 
 Apprentices (painters) 
 
 2,322 
 
 2,314 
 
 8 
 
 Apprentices (plumbers) 
 
 4,579 
 
 4,576 
 
 3 
 
 Apprentices (printers) 
 
 4,628 
 
 4,476 
 
 152 
 
 Apprentices (tailors) 
 
 2,625 
 
 1,925 
 
 700 
 
 Apprentices (tinsmiths) 
 
 2,036 
 
 2,032 
 
 4 
 
 Apprentices (not otherwise specified) 
 
 35,580 
 
 34,039 
 
 1,541 
 
 Artificial flower makers 
 
 3,130 
 
 603 
 
 2.527 
 
 Bakers 
 
 60,181 
 
 57,908 
 
 2.273 
 
 Basket makers 
 
 5,223 
 
 4,517 
 
 706 
 
 Blacksmiths 
 
 205,315 
 
 205,256 
 
 59 
 
 Bleachers, dyers, and scourers 
 
 14,19^ 
 
 12,495 
 
 1,697 
 
 Bone and ivory workers . . 
 
 1,792 
 
 1,548 
 
 244 
 
 Bookbinders 
 
 23,787 
 
 12.289 
 
 11,498 
 
 Boot and shoe makers and repairers 
 
 218,447 
 
 179,838 
 
 33,609 
 
 Bottlers, and mineral and soda water 
 makers 
 
 7,215 
 
 6,659 
 
 556 
 
 Box makers (paper) .. 
 
 19,239 
 
 6,271 
 
 12,968 
 
 Box makers (wood) 
 
 9,446 
 
 8,098 
 
 1,348 
 
 Brass workers (not otherwise speci- 
 fied) (14) 
 
 17,268 
 
 16,353 
 
 915 
 
 Brewers and maltsters (15) 
 
 20,349 
 
 20,277 
 
 72 
 
 Brick and tile makers and terra cotta 
 workers (15) 
 
 60,201 
 
 60,007 
 
 194 
 
 Britannia workers 
 
 1,020 
 
 893 
 
 127 
 
 Broom and brush makers 
 
 10,117 
 
 8,944 
 
 1,173 
 
 Builders and contractors 
 
 45,986 
 
 45,976 
 
 10 
 
 Butchers 
 
 105,442 
 
 105,313 
 
 129 
 
 Butter and cheese makers 
 
 11,440 
 
 10,941 
 
 499 
 
 Button makers 
 
 2,589 
 
 1,067 
 
 1,622 
 
 Cabinet makers 
 
 35,926 
 
 35,891 
 
 35 
 
 Candle, soap, and tallow makers.. .. 
 
 3,449 
 
 3,053 
 
 396 
 
 Carpenters and joiners 
 
 611,417 
 
 611,226 
 
 191 
 
 Carpet makers (16) 
 
 22,290 
 
 11,545 
 
 10,745 
 
 Carriage and wagon makers (not 
 otherwise classified (27) 
 
 34,572 
 
 34,294 
 
 278 
 
 'Charcoal, coke, and lime burners.. .. 
 
 8,699 
 
 8,684 
 
 15 
 
 Chemical works employes (17) 
 
 3,783 
 
 2,689 
 
 1,044 
 
 Clock and watch makers and repair- 
 ers 
 
 25,303 
 
 20,543 
 
 4,760 
 
 Compositors (18) 
 
 29,988 
 
 23,702 
 
 6,286 
 
 Confectioners 
 
 23,168 
 
 17,562 
 
 5,606 
 
 Coopers 
 
 47,489 
 
 47,435 
 
 54 
 
 Copper workers 
 
 3,381 
 
 3,873 
 
 8 
 
 Corset makers 
 
 6,608 
 
 792 
 
 5,816 
 
 Cotton mill operatives (19) 
 
 173,058 
 
 80,144 
 
 92,914 
 
 Distillers and rectifiers (20) 
 
 3,349 
 
 3,340 
 
 9 
 
 Door, sash, and blind makers (21) .. 
 
 5,062 
 
 5,034 
 
 28 
 
 Dressmakers 1 
 
 288,983 
 
 828 
 
 288,165 
 
Labors* Hard Times School, 
 
 445 
 
 OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE — Continued. 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Electroplaters 
 
 2,757 
 
 ' 2,64E 
 
 ) 112 
 
 Electrotypers and stereotypers (18) . 
 
 1,508 
 
 ! 1,50£ 
 
 ! 5 
 
 Engravers 
 
 8,319 
 
 1 8,016 
 
 i 303 
 
 Fertilizer maker (17) 
 
 716 
 
 1 705 
 
 1 11 
 
 Fish curers and packers (22) 
 
 1,303 
 
 ; 1,095 
 
 208 
 
 Gas works employes (17) 
 
 5,246 
 
 5,209 
 
 37 
 
 Glass workers 
 
 34,382 
 
 32,660 
 
 ' 1,722 
 
 Glove makers 
 
 6,432 
 
 2,760 
 
 3,663 
 
 Gold and silver workers 
 
 Gunsmiths, locksmiths, and bell 
 
 20,225 
 
 16,890 
 
 3,335 
 
 hangers 
 
 9,154 
 
 9,065 
 
 89 
 
 Hair workers 
 
 Harness and saddle makers and re 
 
 1,266 
 
 708 
 
 558 
 
 pairers 
 
 43,468 
 
 42,612 
 
 856 
 
 Hat and cap makers 
 
 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 
 
 24,030 
 
 17,336 
 
 6,694 
 
 (16) 
 
 29,219 
 
 8,706 
 
 20,513 
 
 Iron and steel workers (23) 
 
 144,536 
 
 142,087 
 
 2,449 
 
 Lace and embroidery makers 
 
 5,393 
 
 915 
 
 4,478 
 
 Lead and zinc workers 
 
 Leather curriers, dressers, finishers, 
 
 4,685 
 
 4,452 
 
 233 
 
 and tanners 
 
 39,345 
 
 39,032 
 
 313 
 
 Machinists 
 
 Manufacturers and ofiicials of manu- 
 
 177,076 
 
 176,937 
 
 139 
 
 facturing companies 
 
 103,265 
 
 101,216 
 
 2,049 
 
 Marble and stone cutters 
 
 61,069 
 
 61,006 
 
 63 
 
 Masons (brick and stone) 
 
 Meat and fruit packers, canners, and 
 
 158,916 
 
 158,874 
 
 42 
 
 preservers (24) 
 
 6,002 
 
 4,604 
 
 1,398 
 
 Mechanics (not otherwise specified) . 
 Metal workers (not otherwise speci 
 
 15,481 
 
 15.468 
 
 13 
 
 fied ) 
 
 Mill and factory operatives (not spe- 
 
 16,702 
 
 15,840 
 
 862 
 
 cified) (25) 
 
 Millers (flour and grist) 
 
 93,411 
 
 51,561 
 
 41,859 
 
 52,844 
 
 52.745 
 
 99 
 
 Milliners 
 
 60,464 
 
 406 
 
 60,058 
 
 Model and pattern makers 
 
 10,301 
 
 10,156 
 
 145 
 
 Molders 
 
 Musical instrument makers (nototh 
 
 66;288 
 
 66,241 
 
 47 
 
 erwise specified (26) 
 
 724 
 
 701 
 
 23 
 
 Nail and tack makers (27) 
 
 4,638 
 
 4,130 
 
 508 
 
 Oil well employes 
 
 9,239 
 
 9,229 
 
 10 
 
 Oil works employes 
 
 5,624 
 
 5,587 
 
 37 
 
 Painters, glaziers, and varnishers. .. 
 
 219,868 
 
 218,622 
 
 1,246 
 
 Paper hangers 
 
 12,367 
 
 12,313 
 
 54 
 
 Paper mill operatives 
 
 27,824 
 
 18,869 
 
 8,955 
 
 Photographers 
 
 Piano and organ makers and tuners 
 
 20,029 
 
 17,834 
 
 2,195 
 
 (28) 
 
 14,717 
 
 14,360 
 
 357 
 
 Plasterers 
 
 38,935 
 
 38,912 
 
 23 
 
 Plumbers and gas and steam fitters. 
 
 56,597 
 
 56,555 
 
 42 
 
 Potters 
 
 14,963 
 
 12,943 
 
 2,020 
 
 Powder and cartridge makers 
 
 Printers, lithographers and press- 
 
 1,396 
 
 978 
 
 418 
 
 men (29) 
 
 86,454 
 
 80,889 
 
 5,565 
 
 Printworks operatives (30) 
 
 Publishers of books, maps and news- 
 
 7,103 
 
 5,356 
 
 1,747 
 
 papers 
 
 6,426 
 
 6,207 
 
 219 
 
 Roofers and slaters 
 
 7,137 
 
 7,134 
 
 3 
 
 Rope and cordage makers 
 
 8,420 
 
 5.044 
 
 3,376 
 
 Rubber factory operatives 
 
 16,349 
 
 9.886 
 
 6,463 
 
 Sail, awninar, and tent makers 
 
 3,244 
 
 2.999 
 
 245 
 
Labors* Hard Times School. 
 
 446 
 
 OCCUPATIONS OF THE 
 
 PEOPLE — 
 
 Continued. 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Salt works employes 
 
 1,867 
 
 1,758 
 
 109 
 
 Saw and planing mill employes (31) 
 
 133,518 
 
 133,216 
 
 302 
 
 Seamstresses (32) 
 
 Sewing machine makers (not other- 
 
 149,704 
 
 3,988 
 
 145,716 
 
 wise classified) (23) 
 
 1,085 
 
 888 
 
 197 
 
 Sewing machine operators (32) 
 
 7,028 
 
 1.145 
 
 5,883 
 
 Ship and boat builders 
 
 22,932 
 
 22,929 
 
 3 
 
 Shirt, collar, and cuff makers (35) . . 
 
 21.155 
 
 5,206 
 
 15,949 
 
 Silk mill operatives (36) 
 
 34,814 
 
 14,192 
 
 20,622 
 
 Starch makers 
 
 775 
 
 681 
 
 194 
 
 Steam boiler makers 
 
 21,278 
 
 21,272 
 
 6 
 
 Stove, furnace, and grate makers(27) 
 
 9,420 
 
 9,397 
 
 23 
 
 Straw workers 
 
 3,805 
 
 1,342 
 
 2,463 
 
 Sugar makers and refiners 
 
 2,737 
 
 2,733 
 
 4 
 
 Tailors and tailoresses (35) 
 
 185,197 
 
 121,586 
 
 63,611 
 
 Tinners and tinware makers 
 
 55,374 
 
 54,427 
 
 947 
 
 Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 
 Tool and cutlery makers (not other- 
 
 111,422 
 
 83,601 
 
 27,821 
 
 wise classified) (36) 
 
 Trunk, valise, leather case, and 
 
 18,105 
 
 17,454 
 
 651 
 
 pocketbook makers 
 
 6,300 
 
 5,467 
 
 833 
 
 Umbrella and parasol makers 
 
 3,415 
 
 1,480 
 
 1,935 
 
 Upholsterers 
 
 25,723 
 
 23,916 
 
 1,807 
 
 Well borers 
 
 4,889 
 
 4,888 
 
 1 
 
 Wheelwrignts 
 
 12,853 
 
 12,852 
 
 1 
 
 Whitewashers 
 
 3,984 
 
 3.975 
 
 9 
 
 Wire workers. 
 
 Wood workers (not otherwise speci- 
 
 12,348 
 
 11,255 
 
 1,093 
 
 fied) 
 
 67,225 
 
 63,529 
 
 3,696 
 
 Woolen mill operatives (37) 
 
 Other persons in manufacturing and 
 
 84,071 
 
 47.636 
 
 36,435 
 
 mechanical industries 
 
 74.686 
 
 59.807 
 
 3 4,87 
 
 ■9 
 
 (1.) In agricultural districts “agricultural laborers” are often reported 
 simply as laborers. 
 
 (2.) Farmers’ wives, sons, and daughters, working in common and 
 without stated remuneration, especially in the southern states, are often 
 reported as “farmers” and so tabulated. 
 
 (3.) Frequently returned as “sailors.” In many cases where the avoca- 
 tion is followed for only a portion of the year they are reported under some 
 other branch of industry. 
 
 (4.) Includes “turpentine farmers and laborers,” principally found in a 
 few of the southern states. 
 
 (5.) Includes national, state, county, city, and town governments. 
 
 (6.) Includes pfiid housekeepers in private families, hotels, etc., matrons 
 in public and private institutions and stewards and stewardesses. 
 
 (7.) “Sailors” at sea are liable to be omitted unless they are actual 
 members of families which are enumerated. 
 
 (8.) Includes bookkeepers and accountants of all kinds, irrespective of 
 where they may happen to be employed. 
 
 (9.) Includes clerks and copyists of all kinds, irrespective of where they 
 may happen to be employed. See “Stenographers and typewriters.” 
 
 (io,) See “Steam railroad employes (not otherwise specified).” 
 
 (11.) Includes officials of mining and quarrying companies, classified 
 iu 1880 with officials of manufacturing companies. 
 
 (12.) See “Tiocomotive engineers and firemen.” 
 
 (13.) Generally reported as blacksmiths, carpenters, iron and steel 
 workers, machinists, painters, wood workers, etc. 
 
 (14.) See “ Holders ” and “ Metal workers (not otherwise specified).” 
 
 (15.) The unskilled workmen are often reported as common laborers. 
 
 (16.) S e “ Woolen mill operatives ” and “ Mill and factory operatives 
 (not specified).” 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 447 
 
 (17.) Generally reported as blacksmiths, carpenters, iron and steel 
 workers, machinists, painters and varnishers, upholsterers and trimmers, 
 wheelwrights, woodworkers, etc. 
 
 (18.) The unskilled workmen are often reported as common laborers. 
 
 (19.) See ‘‘Printers, lithographers, and pressmen,” 
 
 (20.) See ‘ Print-works operatives ” and “ Mill and factory operatives 
 (not specified.” 
 
 (21.) See “Saw and planing mill employes.” 
 
 (22.) See ‘‘Meat and fruit packers, canners, and preservers.” 
 
 (23.) Includes employes of foundries, furnaces, and rolling mills. See 
 “Metal workers (not otherwise specified),” “Moiders,” “Nail and tack 
 makers,” and “Stove, furnace, and grate makers.” 
 
 (24.) See “Fish curers and packers.” 
 
 (25.) Includes textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified), and 
 also mill and factory hands for whom the specific branch of industry was 
 not reported. 
 
 (26.) See “Piano and organ makers and tuners.”” 
 
 (27.) See “Iron and steelworkers,” and ‘‘Metal workers (not otherwise 
 specified).” 
 
 (28.) See “Musical instrument makers (not otherwise specified).” 
 
 (29.) See “Compositors” and “Electrotypers and sterreotypers.” 
 
 (30.) See “Cotton mill operatives ” and “Mill and factory operatives 
 (not specified.” 
 
 (31.) See “Door, sash, and blind makers.” 
 
 (32.) See “Sewing machine operators,” ‘Shirt, collar, and cuff makers,” 
 and “Tailors and tailoresses.” 
 
 (33.) Generally reported as cabinet makers, iron and steel workers, 
 machinists, wood workers, etc. 
 
 (34,) See “Seamstresses,” “Shirt, collar, and cuff makers,” and 
 “ Tailors and tailoresses.” 
 
 (35.) See “ Seamstresses ” and “ Sewing machine operators.” 
 
 (36.) Generally reported as blacksmiths, machinists, etc. 
 
 (37.) See “Carpet makers,” “ Hosiery and knitting mill operatives.” 
 and “ Mill and factory operatives (not specified).” 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. No person can examine that list of 
 toilers for bread, Mr. Labor, without discovering 
 that everybody is interested in the wage earner’s in- 
 terest. You can see for yourself, since you have it 
 in your hands, what it is that creates our market, or 
 what our market was prior to 1893, when all those 
 masses of people were at work. 
 
 It is an important feature for the farmer to study, 
 and learn again if it is not to his interest that he do 
 what he can when voting to protect our own in- 
 dustries and help to sustain our own wage earners, 
 and our own market, all of which means so much <o 
 him. 
 
 Labor. Yes, Mr. Maxwell, I hope our farmers will 
 take heed of this table. I see at a glance what they 
 
448 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 can gather from it as to the importance of our own 
 market to them, as you have cited. 
 
 By the table, too, we can see the importance more 
 clearly of the wage earner recognizing his true obli- 
 gation to himself. 
 
 I believe you are right, Mr. Maxwell, when you 
 counsel labor to employ some man of dignity to ad- 
 vise them and represent such mammoth interests. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. I do not know about their employ- 
 ing too much dignity, Mr. Labor. I do not care so 
 much for dignity that the party wearing it keeps a 
 mirror near to see whether he has it on or not. R. 
 G. Ingersoll is credited with saying that “right be- 
 hind dignity sits a d d fool.” I don't like dignity 
 
 that is in sight, and when I see any I think of what 
 Ingersoll said. 
 
 I like such dignity as Lincoln wore. If any trans- 
 gressed he told them a joke or pleasant story that 
 would cause the offender to adjust himself a little 
 more to the cut of his own clothes, and when he left 
 the great man’s presence he could see that in strik- 
 ing at the nail he had hit his fingers, but he would 
 not feel that some idiot had run an icicle through 
 him. 
 
 In my opinion, Mr. Labor, as with Lincoln, true 
 dignity is never in sight. 
 
 I want to read a speech, Mr. Labor, that President 
 McKinley made in Boston on November, 19th, 1891, 
 when a guest of the Home Market Club of that city, 
 and known at that time as Major McKinley, the 
 Champion of Protection. 
 
 I read this speech for two purposes; the first is, 
 that it has a special significance at this time when 
 we are trying to discover why so much contentment 
 
Labors' Hard Times School, 
 
 449 
 
 and comfort among all classes of our people prior 
 to 1893, and why the distress, woe and agony of 
 which the same classes have been victims since that 
 time. 
 
 The second reason I read it is, Mr. Labor, that it 
 contains as read by Major McKinley, now President, 
 as he calls it, a paragraph taken from the New York 
 Tribune of January 15, 1855, over forty-two years 
 ago. 
 
 It is an editorial from the pen of a former honest 
 and far seeing man, Horace Greeley. The words 
 from Mr. Greeley will explain themselves, but I de- 
 sire that you all pay strict attention while I read 
 them. 
 
 After the applause which greeted the rendering of 
 the song had died away, Gen. Draper presented 
 Major McKinley in these words: “ I now have the 
 pleasure of presenting to you, ladies and gentlemen, 
 Major McKinley, the next Governor of Ohio and a 
 future President of the United States.” 
 
 Major McKinley was tendered a most enthusiastic 
 ovation. Men sprang to their feet and threw their 
 hats in the air, yelling like mad, while the ladies 
 waved their handkerchiefs. Above all the uproar 
 was heard the “ Rah, rah, rah, McKinley,'*’ of the 
 Harvard Club. Time and time again Major McKin- 
 ley attempted to speak, but the applause broke forth 
 again. When he could make himself heard, he said: 
 
 MAJOR m’kINLEY. 
 
 Mr, President^ Ladies a?id Gentlemen: This mag- 
 nificent audience is a great tribute to a great cause. 
 It is a great cause, because it is the cause of home, 
 of country, of family and of fireside. [Applause.] 
 It is a tribute to a principle which, for more than 
 
450 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 thirty years, has been in active operation in this 
 country, and has brought to all of us the widest and 
 the largest prosperity. '‘We cannot have revenue, ' 
 said George Washington in his farewell address, 
 “unless we have taxes.” And any form of taxation 
 is always more or less inconvenient. And the best 
 form of taxation is that which rests most easily upon 
 the citizen, and, while raising the required revenue 
 for public purposes, gives encouragement to our 
 own people in their chosen occupations and employ- 
 ments. Taxation, therefore, in some form or other, 
 is a fundamental necessity to every Government. 
 And, whatever system will raise the revenue needed 
 for federal purposes should be the national system. 
 You can raise money for federal purposes by direct 
 taxation. You can raise it by a tariff taxation. The 
 Home Market Club, and the Republican party — in 
 Ohio [Applause] — do not believe in direct taxation, 
 except in times of war and except in the presence of 
 a great national emergency. They believe that we 
 should never tax ourselves as long as we can find the 
 products of other people to tax. And so, after the 
 great war had gone by, and the necessities for large 
 federal expenditures growing out of the war had 
 passed, the Republican party abolished all direct 
 taxation, except upon two subjects, and in their legis- 
 lation they relied upon tariff taxation to raise all 
 needed revenue. And they have 'been very suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 The difference between a revenue tariff, such as is 
 advocated by the Democratic party or the Demo- 
 cratic leaders, and a protective tariff, such as is ad- 
 vocated by the Republican party, is one of principle, 
 which touches every enterprise and every occupa- 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 451 
 
 tion and every employment of the people. A 
 revenue tariff will do nothing but raise revenue. It 
 has no other ambition but to raise revenue. It 
 has no other object or purpose but to put revenue 
 into the Federal Treasury. It is wholly unmindful 
 of the employments and occupations of the people. 
 It is money for the Federal Treasury and for 
 nothing else. A protective tariff, as an agent for 
 raising revenue for the National Treasury, is just as 
 good as a revenue tariff, and in times past has been 
 a more certain agent for raising revenue than a 
 revenue tariff, so that a protective tariff in that par- 
 ticular does everything which a Democratic revenue 
 tariff would do, and does more. While it raises all 
 the needed revenue for public purposes, it encour- 
 ages and builds up the industries of our own coun- 
 try, and protects our own labor and our own skill 
 against the labor and skill of every other country of 
 the world. [Applause.] A revenue tariff never 
 built a factory in the United States. [Applause.] A 
 revenue tariff never opened a mine in the United 
 States. [Applause.] A revenue tariff never built a 
 fire in a furnace in the United States, but, as a thou- 
 sand old men in this audience know tonight, a rev- 
 enue tariff has more than once extinguished the fires 
 which had been built in the furnaces under a protec- 
 tive tariff. [Applause.] 
 
 A revenue tariff encourages the foreign shop and 
 the foreign laborer and discourages the domestic 
 shop and the domestic laborer. For you must 
 remember that a revenue tariff is for revenue, and 
 revenue only, and you cannot have revenue in large 
 volume unless you have large importation, and you 
 cannot have large importations of competing foreign 
 
452 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 products without displacing to that extent domestic 
 products. [Applause.] And, to the extent that 
 you displace domestic products, to that extent you 
 displace American labor and diminish the demand 
 for American workingmen in the United States and 
 increase the demand for workingmen abroad in for- 
 eign shops. You can raise revenue for public pur- 
 poses with a revenue tariff, but you do it at the 
 expense of your own industries and your own labor, 
 and there finally comes a time in the history of 
 revenue tariff legislation when you have so impover- 
 ished your own people because you have destroyed 
 their industries that give them employment and 
 wages, there comes a time when a revenue tariff fails 
 to raise the needed revenue, because the people have 
 grown too poor to send money abroad to buy, and 
 then a revenue tariff fails. [Applause.] But a pro- 
 tective tariff never fails. [Applause.] We have in 
 the last twenty-five years paid off ^174,000 everyday 
 of the public Jebt under the protective tariff, and 
 w^hile we were doing that, we accomplished what 
 Senator Hoar hinted at, we have reached the first 
 rank in the world as a manufacturing, mining and 
 agricultural nation. 
 
 They say protective tariffs are a burden Upon the 
 people. There is not a man in this audience — there 
 is not a man in Massachusetts — who is a citizen of 
 Massachusetts and whose interest is in Massachu- 
 setts, who knows from anypersonal realization of abur- 
 den that there is such a thing in existence as an Amer- 
 ican protective tariff — not one man in the whole State 
 of Massachusetts. [Applause.] And did itever occur 
 to you that a man isn’t very much hurt if he doesn’t 
 know it? [Laughter.] But there isn’t a man or 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 453 
 
 woman in Massachusetts tonight who doesn't know 
 from personal realization of the blessings of a pro- 
 tective tariff. [Applause.] The laboring man 
 knows its blessings from work and wages; the far- 
 mer knows its blessings from the most magnificent 
 home market for his products than can be found 
 anywhere in the world [applause], and the great 
 consuming class of the United States know of its 
 blessings in the cheaper products, cheaper than they 
 ever enjoyed under a Democratic revenue tariff. 
 [Applause.] 
 
 But they say protective tariff keeps us out of a 
 foreign market. If there is anything in the world 
 that delights the Democratic leader who has once 
 been a Republican, it is something on the other side, 
 something foreign, something abroad. For me and 
 mine there is no place like home. [Long continued 
 applause.] This is the best country in the world 
 [applause], and people come here and never go 
 away because it^ is the best country in the world. 
 [Applause.] And it is our business to keep it the 
 best country in the world. [Applause, and a voice, 
 ‘‘That's it."] “ Keep us out of a foreign market." 
 
 I wish you could read with me a history of your own 
 country. I wish you might read the foreign trade of 
 this country under the revenue tariff periods of its 
 history and the foreign trade of this country under 
 the protective tariff periods of its history. Nothing 
 more need be said when that history is learned and 
 known by the citizens of this country. Why, we 
 send abroad in a single year, and have since 1880 in 
 more than half a dozen years, we have sent more 
 wheat abroad in twelve months to Europe under a 
 protective tariff than we sent abroad in the whole 
 
454 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 fourteen years of a Democratic revenue tariff from 
 1846 to i860. From 1846 to i860, a period of four- 
 teen years, the balance of trade against this country 
 — that is, we bought more abroad than we sold 
 abroad — in the enormous sum of $366,000,000, a bal- 
 ance of trade that we had to settle with Europe in 
 gold; and from 1867 to 1881, a period of fourteen 
 years, under protective tariff, we sold abroad Ameri- 
 can products in excess of what we bought abroad 
 $2,666,000,000. [Applause.] If it is foreign trade 
 you want, you find the best foreign trade this Gov- 
 ernment ever enjoyed under the protective period of 
 its history. 
 
 If the protective tariff is such a burden upon the 
 people it must show itself somehow and somewhere. 
 Has it imposed new burdens upon the Government 
 itself? In twenty years under a protective tariff we 
 have paid off more than $2,000,000,000 of the great 
 public debt. In the last twenty years we have re- 
 duced the indebtedness more than 25 percent. In 
 the last twenty years we have reduced the indebted- 
 ness of counties and municipalities more than 18 per 
 cent., and the per capita debt of this Government is 
 less than the per capita debt of any Government of 
 the world. [Applause.] 
 
 Somebody seemed to think its whole business is 
 going to be settled on the question of free wool. 
 That is too narrow for a national policy. [Ap- 
 plause.] The policy that makes wool when it comes 
 from the sheep’s back free and tariff wool when it is 
 put on our backs is too narrow for a national policy. 
 [Applause.] If the people of this country would 
 but read its history from 1850 to i860, no argument 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 455 
 
 need be made against a Democratic revenue tariff. 
 [Applause.] 
 
 Now, I want to give you, at the expense of detain- 
 ing you longer than I ought to, for there are distin- 
 guished gentlemen whom I know you want to hear, 
 but I want to read you a paragraph, taken from the 
 New York Tribune of Jan. 15, 1855, 36 years ago, 
 which describes the condition of the country at that 
 time, and described by that great master mind, Hor- 
 ace Greeley, who was an honest man. [Applause.] 
 Jan. 15, 1855, turn back to the old files of the Tribu 7 ie 
 and you will find this in its leading editorial: 
 
 '‘Who is hungry? Go and see. You that are full- 
 fed, and know not what it is to be hungry — perhaps 
 never saw a hungry man — go and see. Go and see 
 thousands, men and women, boys and girls, old and 
 young, black and white, of all nations, crowding and 
 jostling each other, almost fighting for a first chance, 
 acting more like hungry wolves than human beings 
 in a land of plenty. It is only by the continuous 
 efforts of two policemen that the crowd can be kept 
 in order, or made to wait till the food is ready for 
 distribution. Such a scene may be seen every day 
 between ii and 12 o’clock around the corner of Or- 
 ange and Chatham streets, where charity gives a 
 dinner to the poor, and soup and bread to others to 
 carry to their miserable families. 
 
 On Saturday we spent an hour there at the hour of 
 high tide. We have never seen anything like it be- 
 fore. Upward of 1,000 people were fed with a plate 
 of soup, a piece of bread and a piece of meat, on the 
 premises, and in all more than 1,600. On the same 
 day 1,130 portions of soup were dealt out from Stew- 
 art’s ‘soup kitchen,’ in the rear of the great store cor 
 
456 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 ner of Reade street and Broadway. At the rooms on 
 Duane street for the relief of the poor, on the same 
 day, they gave food to 2,256. In the Sixth Ward 
 alone over 6,000 persons were fed by charity on Sat- 
 urday, January 13. And this is only one day in one 
 ward. Meanwhile scenes of a like nature are being 
 enacted all over the city. A procession of several 
 thousand persons kept marching about the streets 
 yesterday, with flags and banners which bore such 
 inscriptions as: ‘ Hunger Is a Sharp Thorn,’ ‘ The 
 Last Recourse,’ ‘ Live and Let Live,’ ‘ We Want 
 Work,’ etc. 
 
 Such are the scenes that are being enacted daily be- 
 fore our eyes, while the cry of hard times reaches us 
 from every part of the country. The making of roads 
 is stopped, factories are closed and houses and ships 
 are no longer being built. Factory hands, road mak- 
 ers, carpenters, bricklayers and laborers are idle, and 
 paralysis is rapidly embracing every pursuit in the 
 country. The cause of all this stoppage of circula- 
 tion is to be found in the steady outflow of gold to 
 pay foreign laborers for the cloth, the shoes, the iron 
 and the other things that could be produced by 
 American labor, but which cannot be so produced 
 under our present revenue system. The convulsion 
 would have come upon us sooner but for the extra- 
 ordinary demand in Europe for breadstuffs, growing 
 out of huge famines and big wars, and but for the 
 dazzling and magnificent discovery of gold mines in 
 California, by which hard money sufificient to buy an 
 empire has been called into existence and exported 
 to Europe. If we could stop the import of the for- 
 eign articles, the gold would cease to flow out to pay 
 for them, and money would then become more 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 457 
 
 abundant, labor would then again be in demand, 
 shoes, clothing and other commodities would then 
 again be in demand, and men would then cease to 
 starve in the streets of our towns and cities. If it be 
 not stopped the gold must continue -to go abroad, 
 and employment must become from day to day more 
 scarce, until where there are now many thousands 
 we shall see tens of thousands of men everwhere 
 crying: “ Give me work. Only give me work. 
 Make your own terms; my wife and children have 
 nothing to eat.’ ” 
 
 That is a description of those times by Horace 
 Greeley, and yet the average Democratic leader says 
 that was the golden period of American liberty. 
 [Laughter and applause.] If that be so, my friends, 
 I pray God to spare us another golden visitation. 
 
 And they say this new tariff law is a Chinese wall 
 around this country, that you can neither go out nor 
 come in. What this tariff law will do no longer 
 rests on what the prophet says about it. What it will 
 do no longer exists in the froth of declaration, but in 
 the fact of demonstration. It has been in operation 
 now a little more than a year. It has had one birth- 
 day, one anniversary, and it will have a good many 
 more anniversaries. [Continued applause.] 
 
 The principle upon which that bill was made per- 
 mitted everything to come into this country free 
 which we could not make or did not propose to 
 make, except luxuries, and we put the tariff upon 
 the foreign products that compete with the Ameri- 
 products, to the end that we might encourage Amer- 
 ican production and American labor. [Applause,] 
 And there is not a line of that law that is not 
 American [Applause], there is not a page of it that 
 
458 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 is not patriotic [Applause], there is not a paragraph 
 that is not dedicated to the American home. [Ap- 
 plause.] Why, they said prices were going up last 
 fall. The campaign prevaricator had a wide range, 
 and he played his part well. The law had been in 
 operation but about three weeks, when the elections of 
 last year took place. But the campaign prevaricator 
 is out of business on that law now. [Applause.] As 
 I said, it has been in operation I2 months. We 
 never had so much domestic trade in any 12 months 
 of our history. We never had as much foreign 
 trade in any 12 months since the beginning of the 
 Federal Government as we have had since this bill 
 became a law. We never bought as much abroad in 
 any 12 months in our history as we bought in the 
 first 12 rnonths of this law, largely because of the 
 new free list, made under protection lines, in this 
 law. We put everything on the free list that we 
 could not produce ourselves. We have sold more 
 abroad in these 12 months than in any 12 months 
 since the administration of George Washington, and 
 when Europe came to settle the balance of trade 
 with us, after the first 12 months of operation with 
 us under that law, Europe paid to the United States 
 ^99,000,000 in gold, representing the excess of what 
 Europe bought of us over what we bought of Eu- 
 rope. [Applause.] 
 
 And yet they don’t like it. [Laughter.] Why, they 
 say that we need free raw material. Why, we never 
 had anything but raw material under a Democratic 
 revenue tariff. [Laughter and applause.] It was 
 the rawest of the raw. The coal and iron ore which 
 God Almighty placed in our hills and our mountains 
 were permittedTo sleep through the years of a Dem- 
 
■ Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 459 
 
 ocratic revenue tariff [Applause], and were never 
 developed and opened up till touched by the magic 
 hand of protection. 
 
 Why, they say we cannot make tin plate. [Laugh- 
 ter and applause.] They said that during the cam- 
 paign. They won’t say it any more. [Applause.] 
 They said we could not make steel rails, they said 
 we could not make Russia iron, they said we could 
 not make plate glass, they said we could not make 
 cut glass and cutlery, they said we could not make 
 china ware, and we never did and never could have 
 made any of them under a Democratic revenue tariff. 
 [Applause.] And yet to-day of all these articles we 
 make as good as can be made anywhere in the world 
 [Applause] and they are cheaper to the American 
 consumer than they were when we imported them 
 from the other side. 
 
 Now, my fellow-citizens, I have talked to you 
 longer than I ought to. [A voice: “Go on,” and 
 Applause.] This policy of protection must be main- 
 tained and continued because it represents to us the 
 highest possible civilization and the best and noblest 
 destiny. They talk about things being cheaper from 
 the other side. There is nothing cheap from abroad 
 to this people that means idleness among ourselves 
 [Applause], and there is nothing cheap to the peo- 
 ple of this country that permits to rest undeveloped 
 In our hills the great, rich raw materials which God 
 placed there, and there is nothing cheap enough in 
 all Europe to buy the dignity and independence and 
 glory of American manhood. [Long continued ap- 
 plause.] I will tell you when we can have free trade. 
 Whenever the nations of the world will bring their 
 condition up to ours [Applause], whenever they Vv^ill 
 
46o 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 pay to their labor the same wages that we pay to 
 ours [Applause], when they will do that, we will 
 meet them in the neutral markets of the world, and 
 it will be the survival of the fittest. [Applause.] 
 But, so long as the workingman knows the power 
 and the majesty of the ballot, we will never bring 
 our condition down to theirs. [Applause.] Revenue 
 tariff levels down; a protective tariff levels up. [Ap- 
 plause.] A revenue tariff would cheapen products 
 by cheapening men; a protective tariff would cheapen 
 products by elevating men and getting from them 
 their best skill, their best genius, their best inven- 
 tion. [Applause.] 
 
 They want free trade. They wanted it before the 
 war. You will get it here in New England — of 
 course, I mean in iron ore and coal. You will get 
 free iron ore and free coal from the Democratic 
 leaders, exactly as you got it under the Mills bill, 
 that is, you won’t get it at all. [Laughter and ap- 
 plause.] When the little coterie of New England 
 Democrats assembled and said, “We will have in 
 this Mills bill free iron ore and free coal,” and got 
 it in when it was yet in the Committee on Ways and 
 Means, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Geor- 
 gia and Alabama Democrats said to that Democratic 
 committee, “Take those things out,” and they took 
 them out. [Laughter and long continued applause.] 
 And they never got in again. [Laughter.] And it 
 will be so when the next bill is made. I am anxious 
 to see that bill. [Laughter.] I confess to some am- 
 bition to see it. I am curious to know whether it 
 will be fashioned after the Mills pattern or after the 
 horizontal pattern of Mr. Morrison. But, whatever 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 461 
 
 it is, mark my word, it will be a crazy quilt. [Laugh- 
 ter and applause.] 
 
 The day of criticism of tariff bills to the Demo- 
 cratic party is gone by. The period of destructive 
 tariff reform is at an end. The period of construct- 
 ive tariff reform is on the Democratic party in the 
 next House, and I am curious to see their construc- 
 tion. Now I think a good deal of Mr. Mills, and I 
 should say he ought to be Speaker of the next 
 House, and I would say it here in his presence if I 
 didn’t think it would injure him. He is a frank, 
 manly man, is Roger Q. Mills, and I pay him the 
 tribute, but I want to say to these people of New 
 England, from which we learned our first lessons, we 
 boys of the West, that the civilization and the edu- 
 cation and the traditions of Texas do not fit a man 
 to dictate the industrial policy of 63,000,000 of peo- 
 ple. [Long continued applause.] What you want 
 to do in New England is to stand by that policy that 
 has stood by you. [Applause.] If there is any 
 spot of ground in these United States that is in- 
 debted to protection for its progress and glory and 
 prosperity, it is these great manufacturing states of 
 New England [“Good,” and applause] and nobody 
 knows that better than New England men. We will 
 take care of the West. [Applause.] You cannot 
 carry forward a great principle in a whispering gal- 
 lery [laughter]; you must speak out. Believing, 
 dare to stand. [“Good,” and applause.] 
 
 Applause greeted Mr. Maxwell when he had fin- 
 ished reading, and when order was restored Col. 
 Rasbach arose and said: Mr. Labah, I think, sah,it 
 is vewy fawtunate foh us all that Mistah Maxwell 
 has read that speech to us. President McKinley 
 
462 , Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 although, sah, I did not vote foh him, has been 
 wight all along the line, sah, wegawding ouah tawiff 
 laws, and I shall take him by the hand if I eveh 
 meet him, sah, and tell him he has been wight, and 
 that he has done ouah countwy gweat sehvice, sah. 
 That, sah, though, is not what I awose foh, sah. I 
 have always been an enemy of Howace Gweeley, 
 sah, and I want now, Mr. Labah, to say to you all 
 that Howace Gweeley was wight, and I was wong, 
 sah. He was always twying, sah, to get us to vote 
 to keep ouah money at home, but ouah fathehs and 
 ouhselves we woundn’t do it, sah. We thought, sah, 
 he didn’t know, but ouah last foah yeahs expehience 
 and this school has shown me that Howace Gweeley 
 did know, sah, and as I said befoah, he was wight and 
 I have been wong*, s,ah. I was taught not to wead his 
 papeh, sah. If I had wead it awh otheh papehs like 
 it I might have found out yeahs ago, sah, that if we 
 sent ouah money away fwom home foh goods, sah, 
 and let ouah own people wemain idle, sah, that v/e 
 would have hawd times and dwive ouah pooh to the 
 soup houses, sah. I have alweady told you, sah, 
 that I shall vote no moah foh fwee twade, and I 
 move you now, sah, Mistah Laboh, that a vote of 
 thanks be extended to Mistah Maxwell, sah, foh 
 showing us what the times weah in 1855, sah, and 
 what fwee twade did foh ouah countwy then, sah. 
 
 Seconds to the motion came from all over the 
 house, and when Labor put it it was carried with a 
 storm that seemed to have all kinds of power in it. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell. I thank you all from my whole 
 heart for this kind approval and most cordially do I 
 thank Col. Rasbach. I feel, Mr. Labor, that I am 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 463 
 
 very fortunate. I am sure, that up to date, I am the 
 only man alive who never made a mistake. 
 
 Labor, Under such circumstances, Mr. Maxwell, 
 you will need to be very careful else you may lack 
 charity for others who have made so many mistakes. 
 
 Mr. Maxwell, I presume, Mr. Labor, on account 
 of having never made a mistake myself I do at 
 times have too little charity for others. I cannot 
 find it in my makeup to have any patience with a 
 free trader any more than I can have charity for the 
 farmers of our country, who, during the Revolution- 
 ary War, hauled and sold their grain to the British 
 army when General Washington and our army were 
 starving at Valley Forge. 
 
 The spirit that prompts the sentiments in the free 
 trader is to me the same spirit that induced the 
 American farmer to help the British army when out 
 own army was without boots' and shoes, with feet 
 bleeding on frozen ground, and hungry, too. 
 
 We always have this kind of people with us, Mr. 
 Labor, and they are among us today. I can have no 
 charity for the men who, in the Illinois legislature 
 and the Indiana legislature, during our Civil Vv^at 
 each passed a bill that the soldier who had volun- 
 teered and offered his life for his country, should be 
 deprived of a vote in the field, that such a man 
 should not have a voice in who should dictate at the 
 very front of our affairs, except he stole away from 
 his sworn duty or secured a furlough to come home 
 to vote. Surely our army could not come home for 
 that purpose, and the men who passed the bill knew 
 that. Thank Heaven, Governor Yates, of Illinois, 
 and Governor Oliver P. Morton, of Indiana, vetoed 
 
464 
 
 Labors’ Uabd Times School. 
 
 the bills, and they could not muster votes suflficient 
 to pass them over the vetoes. 
 
 I will guarantee you, Mr. Labor, if any of the men* 
 who voted for those bills are living today that they 
 are free traders, and what is more, if any are living, 
 they will deny now that they ever voted for the 
 bills, just as in the future men who are free traders 
 today will deny that they ever favored any such sen- 
 timents, and when Dingley is dead, provided his bill 
 ever passes, they will claim Dingley as their own, 
 the same as they claim Lincoln now, when in fact 
 the spirit that prompted Lincoln’s murder is the 
 same that supported the two bills referred to. 
 
 I am confident, Mr. Labor, that a single soul could 
 not be found among Col. Rasbach’s people who 
 would have suggested denying their soldiers a vote 
 in the field during the war; the South does not treat 
 its own kind that way. 
 
 A few mornings ago, Mr. Labor, a man at his post 
 who was working for wages, said to me in defence of 
 free silver, that our government because wheat was 
 plenty might as well say that we should only use so 
 much wheat as to say we should only use so much 
 silver. 
 
 I asked him, — then if I was chuck full of wheat, 
 if he was in favor of a law that would force me to 
 eat still more. 
 
 The poor deluded boy tried to dodge, but there 
 was no place for him to go. 
 
 I am ashamed to bring so simple a proposition up, 
 and if the case had not occurred just as I have cited, 
 I would not have taken up a moment’s time with it. 
 I do not belive the thought was original with the 
 man, and am of the opinion that he read it in 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 465 
 
 some silver literature, or listened to some silver 
 orator shouting it. 
 
 • Our government does buy wheat or flour, which is 
 the same, for the army, but they only buy what they 
 want, as has been cited here before, and there would 
 be the same sense in forcing the government to buy 
 more flour than it needs that there would be in forc- 
 ing it to buy more silver or gold than it can use. 
 
 The poor, blind boy does not stop to see that our 
 government lets him buy all the wheat he wants to, 
 and so it permits him to buy all the silver he wants, 
 and if he desires he can pay more than the market 
 price for wheat, and so can he pay more than the 
 market price for silver if he wants to, but if he is fool 
 enough to do that he ought not to ask our govern- 
 ment to be the same kind of a fool. 
 
 I wonder, Mr. Labor, where these free silver men 
 get hold of the silly stuff they proclaim from time 
 to time. 
 
 They ought to stay in deep water and talk about 
 things that no one can understand. When they do 
 that they seem to make a little headway, but as soon 
 as they make anything plain so it can be compre- 
 hended by us little fellows, they fall down. 
 
 I want to say again, Mr. Labor, that I am very 
 thankful that I have had steady employment and 
 steady pay during all these hard times, and I wish to 
 acknowledge again that it is impossible for me to 
 appreciate the strain that must have rested upon 
 those who have been idle and had no income. Ev- 
 erything has been cheap, and I have had an unrea- 
 sonable advantage. 
 
 If the Dingley bill becomes a law, and virtually 
 we know it must, I shall look for everything to cost 
 
466 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 me more because I ought to pay more. It is my 
 duty, and the duty of every living person, to pay a 
 profit to some one for all he has. 
 
 Low prices have ruled for a long time, and there 
 is no question but that most goods have sold with- 
 out a profit. Such conditions could not maintain 
 except in the end my pay would have been lowered, 
 all of which has already been said, Mr. Labor, but I 
 am going to say it again, for I anticipate a great 
 danger among people who -have had steady employ- 
 ment during all these stringent times blaming a 
 tariff bill that makes it cost them more to live. 
 They fail to study what the result would have been 
 had the straitened conditions continued. 
 
 It would be a narrow soul within me that could 
 desire that one-fourth of our people should be idle 
 that I might have things cheap, and it would be a 
 narrow view on my part, or that of anyone else who 
 has employment, to think for a moment that such 
 idle people would not eventually fight for our places 
 at any prices they could get. Hunger would have 
 done the job for us, and in the end our pay would 
 have been on a level with all else. There is a 
 natural law governing all these questions that in the 
 end could not have been escaped. 
 
 Our lessons here, I want to remind you all, will be 
 read when times are likely to be good for I am will- 
 ing to go on record, Mr. Labor, that when the Ding- 
 ley bill becomes a law our industries will revive, and 
 times will be good. By 1899 we will be flying so fast 
 and easy that what we have recently passed through 
 will be forgotten. 
 
 In 1900, as we have said, the free trader will be 
 showing by figures how cheap everything was in 
 
Labors* Hard Times School. 467 
 
 1896, and he will ask us to forget that days works 
 were so cheap at the same time that they would not 
 sell at all. 
 
 If prices go up it will not hurt the man who can 
 find a market for his labor, but things can never be 
 cheap enough to fit the man who cannot sell his 
 days works. 
 
 I am reminded of our adopted son, Mr. Labor. It 
 was Saturday evening and our friend from the old 
 dart, all by his lonesome, was strolling about the 
 town visiting the various retailers of enthusiasm. He 
 had reached that stage where home, fireside, the 
 green and the shamrock came back to him in all 
 their rich effulgence. He called for a glass of beer 
 and handed the retailer a ten-dollar bill. The retailer 
 said: 'Ts this the smallest you have?” ‘Tt is,” said 
 our friend from the choice land. “Say,” he added, 
 why do yese charge five cints for a glass of beer? I 
 can take two for five cints in the ould country.” 
 Retailer, slightly ruffled: “Why didn’t you stay 
 there, then?” From the old dart: “Bekase, to tell 
 you the thruth, Misther Officer, I couldn’t get the 
 five cints.” 
 
 Open competition in a small way is ruinous as well 
 as open competition in a large way. Open war with 
 the railroads leads to the destruction of properties^ 
 the end of which is iron ties and bridges not suitable 
 to risk life on. These facts are now seen and ad, 
 mitted. 
 
 What holds good with large enterprises holds good 
 with small affairs. Ultimate success for all busi- 
 ness in the future must come through conference and 
 plans made regulating competition. T<^ recommend 
 
468 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School 
 
 anything less is to argue that our country is bene- 
 fitted when everybody is doing business at a loss. 
 
 If our railroads succeed under present laws, the 
 trunk lines will have to absorb the lesser lines, and 
 concentrate all interests into the hands of a few. 
 And that few wise enough To recognize that living 
 rates must be maintained and judicious enough to 
 maintain living rates without their finding it out. If, 
 ultimately, it is learned that to accomplish this all 
 such interests will have to come under one head, one 
 head it will be, and our laws will have driven there. 
 Such mammoth investments cannot suffer, neither 
 should they, or will they suffer. If driven to life 
 preservers, life preservers they will use.. 
 
 It is the same with all business. If our laws pre- 
 vent agreements regulating competition with the 
 view to safety to given lines, principals and owners 
 will have to concentrate their interests. When that 
 time comes, you will find the writer, who defends 
 open competition, telling you more than he already 
 has about rich and heartless corporations. 
 
 These are thoughts for the millions, and the man 
 that will write and tell you the most about them will 
 be the man who never did anything but write. 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 469 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 It is not essential to designate within an inch just 
 where a fulcrum shall be placed in order to discover 
 with the eye that a leverage exists. Neither has it 
 been essential in the foregoing lessons to observe 
 that exactness of figures and statements which is de- 
 manded for books of reference in order to discover 
 a few broad principles that should be comprehended 
 as readily as the leverage referred to above. 
 
 That the markets of the United States are our own, 
 and that we should manipulate and adjust them to 
 our own best interests is as plain as that water will 
 seek its own level. 
 
 That the markets of the world do not belong to 
 the United States, and that we cannot govern them, 
 is equally distinct and plain. 
 
 That any single nation’s markets when placed be- 
 side the markets of the United States sink into insig- 
 nificance in the comparison cannot be successfully 
 disputed. 
 
 That the markets of the United States prior to the 
 November election of 1892 had been in cash value 
 nearly equal to the combined markets of all other 
 nations was shown by the Hon. Thomas B. Reed in 
 his great speech in Congress on the Wilson bill. 
 
 That the vast market wc once had was due to the 
 combined wages paid in all industries was fully illus- 
 trated in Groversville’s prosperous days, when the 
 wage earners and their families in each industry were 
 
470 
 
 Labors’ Hard Ti?jes School. 
 
 buying of and dealing with all the other industries 
 of that city. 
 
 That disaster will follow when the wage earners of 
 our country buy goods of foreign make, and thus 
 cease to deal with each other, was fully illustrated in 
 the ruin of Groversville. 
 
 That buying foreign products which we can manu- 
 facture and produce is like Farmer Williams buying 
 corn of his neighbors to fatten his hogs when he had 
 cribs full of corn at home, as cited by himself, and 
 cited later by Farmer Sands, who claimed that any 
 any man doing business on such principles could not 
 get credit at the banks, claiming that such trans- 
 actions would cause everybody to lose confidence in 
 the man’s ability, regardless of the honesty of his 
 intentions, and who cited further that our govern- 
 ment was simply one large family and ought not, on 
 the same principle, to encourage our people as a 
 whole or as individuals to buy of other countries 
 what they already have in the greatest abundance, is 
 a ruinous policy. 
 
 That sending our money away from home to other 
 countries to remain in those countries, as has been 
 cited by several wage earners, for commodities that 
 they could manufacture or produce was, in a sense, 
 keeping money out of their pockets, acknowledging 
 that while there was a difference between taking it 
 out and keeping it out the result v/ith them was one 
 and the same. 
 
 That when a transaction is made it is simply a sale 
 of days works, inasmuch as from seven to nine-tenths 
 of everything is labor. If such transaction is a pur- 
 chase of foreign goods it means just so many days 
 works sold by such foreign country to the United 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 471 
 
 States, and just that number of days works in our 
 own country unsold. 
 
 That when wage earners are all employed there is 
 plenty of money in circulation, but when they are 
 not employed money goes gut of circulation, as was 
 shown in the ruin of Groversville, all due to free 
 trade. 
 
 That buying foreign-made goods by the consumer 
 does not only mean money going out of circulation, 
 but it means money going out of our country to stay 
 out. 
 
 That other countries will buy more of us because 
 we buy of them is not true, at least that claim has 
 been too highly decorated. They will buy what they 
 must have of us if not to be had somewhere else 
 cheaper, as has been said, the same as we buy tea 
 and coffee, whether the countries producing them 
 buy anything of us or not. 
 
 That wage earners' days works unsold are a total 
 loss, while unsold grown products may keep for a 
 later market. 
 
 That men become free traders on lumber in dis- 
 tricts where the timber has all been chopped, as 
 cited by Col. Rasbach, regardless of the great quan- 
 tities in other localities of our country. Lumbermen 
 show that timber in the South has been burned and 
 destroyed to clear the land for farms that could have 
 been turned into lumber only for that product hav- 
 ing been put on the free list in the Wilson bill. It is 
 clearly shown that the money which goes to Canada 
 for lumber stays there, and thus our lumber making 
 wage earners have been idle and done without 
 money. Lumbermen ridicule the idea of saving our 
 forests, and give good reasons for the stand they 
 
472 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 take, as has already been shown in the lesson on 
 lumber. 
 
 That protection to our own industries will bring 
 foreign capital to this country to manufacture. 
 
 That the wages in our goods are double the wages 
 in other countries’ goods, except where they buy the 
 material of us to make them. Under such circum- 
 stances, if our goods cost double to make, how can 
 we meet other countries’ prices in the markets of 
 the world? v 
 
 That labor unions properly and justly conducted 
 are a benefit to employers of labor as well as the 
 men belonging to the unions. Profits on all goods 
 are cut down to per cents similar to interest on 
 money. The unions keep wages up, and a given per 
 cent, on high wages is more clear money to the em- 
 ployer than the same per cent, on low wages, as rep- 
 resented by Mr. Maxwell when he showed that ten 
 per cent, on a product that cost ^1,000 was ^100 
 profit, while if the same goods cost $ 2,000 ten per 
 cent net brought the profit to the employer up to 
 ^200. Do not lose sight of this, for in most business 
 affairs it is important, so long as the chief cost of 
 everything is wages. 
 
 That the wage earners of our country should en- 
 gage a competent man to show them the true paths 
 of economy, as set forth by Mr. Maxwell, is very im- 
 portant. There is no sense in trouble; it is expens- 
 ive, unhealthy and debasing. Labor can be at the 
 top if it will employ a man who can help its flag, but 
 it does not want a man who must be helped by its 
 flag, except as an assistant to be directed by the 
 proper leader. 
 
 That a manufacturer voted for free silver so he 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 473 
 
 could pay the wage earner a fifty cent dollar for 
 making his goods and then sell them in a gold mar- 
 ket for a loo-cent dollar ought to be a great pointer 
 to labor. 
 
 That cheap products mean low wages for making 
 such products is too plain to admit of debate. For- 
 eign countries could not compete with the United 
 States in any market if the latter would scale the 
 wages down low enough. To meet Japan, fifteen 
 cents a day in gold would be the highest. Do our 
 wage earners want such pay? If not, be sure you 
 vote for protection. 
 
 That silver countries pay less wages than gold 
 countries is seen by examining the table of wages 
 paid by all cauntries, as shown in Lesson 15. 
 
 That the markets of the world take less than one- 
 fiftieth of our manufactured goods is very significant. 
 Wage earners and farmers should keep this fact in 
 mind, and, as well, does it interest every American 
 citizen. Our manufacturing interests contain the 
 elements that can make or ruin our market. Don’t 
 forget this. Other countries cannot make our goods 
 and we make them, too. From seven to nine-tenths 
 of all manufactured products is wages. If we keep 
 such products or do not manufacture them the labor 
 is unsold, and labor not sold is the same as anything 
 else not sold. If a product is not sold and gotten 
 out of the way another will not be manufactured to 
 take its place. 
 
 That wages in material get no credit, as cited by 
 Mr. Maxwell, when total yearly products are given 
 by statisticians, is a very serious oversight. The 
 wages in the material are always ‘‘total” in excess of 
 the wages from the material to the finished product 
 
474 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 by from one-fourth to one-haff. In products of ten 
 billion yearly not less than seven billion would be 
 wages. Failing to cite this leads people to under- 
 value our labor when considering the importance of 
 tariff duties. 
 
 That Japan is going to make trouble for the 
 United States and other first-class nations can be 
 seen by studying Mr. Porter’s report to the Manu- 
 facturers’ Association. They are a keen, industrious 
 and progressive people, and are on their way to the 
 top with a rush. 
 
 That our world has grown better since the remem- 
 brance of the oldest man living, as has been cited, is 
 true in every line, and it will continue to grow better 
 just as fast as we are prepared to utilize and appre- 
 ciate the better.^ Any attempt to pull one end down 
 to lift the other end up will be disastrous to both 
 ends. As has been said in these lessons, there are 
 rich hogs and there are poor hogs, but thank Heaven 
 there are plenty of decent people between the two 
 to take care of both of them. 
 
 That it is living in narrow lines, as cited by Mr. 
 Welch, when wage earners in one industry are un- 
 willing that wage earners in all other industries 
 shall share with them in good prices for their days 
 works. All are equally interested in high wages. 
 High wages cannot mean cheap products. Then 
 why will the wage earner persist in hunting the 
 bargain counter? The bargain counter hits the 
 wage earner twice. In the first place, it misleads 
 and cheats him, and in the second it is a direct 
 blow at high wages. 
 
 That the mean man’s money will buy as much 
 for the wage earner as the good man’s will, and 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 475 
 
 that all are not gifted with the ability to be pro- 
 prietors and bosses, was shown by Mr. Dolan, and 
 it was a good lesson. 
 
 That buying of foreign countries is kissing our 
 money good-bye, and sending it out of circulation 
 at home, as said by Mr. Haskell, is too true. 
 
 That Prof. Gillette could not show how to find' in 
 advance the exact number of days works in any con- 
 tract teaches that writers on political economy are 
 not infallible. 
 
 That as cited in one lesson, no man wants to carry 
 the reduction in wages to the limit of working for 
 less himself is quite indicative. 
 
 That what foreign countries have taken of our 
 manufactured goods, where firms part with products 
 at any price in sight to meet obligations that can be 
 deferred no longer, as already shown, is no indicator 
 of what we can do in the markets of the world. For 
 the markets of the world to be of any value to our 
 people it must be shown that they hold a profit suf- 
 ficient to warrant financial health. 
 
 That, as called to our minds by Mr. Haskell in 
 Lesson 8, what has become of our progress for the 
 past four years, when our young manhood and 
 womanhood are loaded with days works to exchange 
 for wages that they cannot sell, means too much to 
 be treated with indifference. 
 
 That taxes, stumpage, etc., on timber as between 
 Canada and the United States should be studied, 
 was good advice from Mr. Haskell in Lesson 8. 
 
 That Mr. Welch in Lesson 8 confessed that he did 
 not know enough to take care of his own finances, 
 hence thought himself not competent to advise how 
 
476 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 to adjust and manipulate our government’s finances, 
 is worthy of profound thought. 
 
 That money was plenty when our government was 
 going in debt during our late civil war, and money 
 was scarce all the past four years when the Govern- 
 ment was going in debt, as shown by Mr. Welch in 
 Lesson 8, is a distinction without a difference, per- 
 haps. 
 
 That when our market learns that the world is 
 coming into it, in defiance of any resistance we can 
 offer, manufacturers will take steps to protect them- 
 selves and not be found with heavy stocks of goods 
 on hand, and thus throw wage earners into idleness, as 
 shown us in Lesson 8 by Mr. Welch, are words that 
 farmers and all our people should heed. Don’t for- 
 get that Mr. Welch cited that Word coming in ad- 
 vance ruined our market in 1893 prior to the world 
 getting into it. 
 
 That the homes purchased by the men working 
 for Mr. Welch’s old boss did, if there was anything 
 left that could, represent the profits of the business, 
 not forgetting that the employer lost his own home 
 and all he had, as pointed out in Lesson 8. They 
 were good words — remember them. 
 
 That if one-half our market requiring protection 
 is not protected and goes down, the other half not 
 needing protection will go down with it. Mr. Welch 
 in Lesson 8 tells us that the above result is inevit- 
 able, and he is right. 
 
 That if all any country has to sell is labor, we 
 should buy our own and keep turning the money 
 over and over here at home, regardless of any other 
 country, as said by Mr. Phelps in Lesson 7, adding 
 
Labors* Hard Times School. 
 
 477 
 
 that the surest way to get money out of circulation 
 is to send it to other countries. 
 
 That protection benefits the employer only as 
 cited by Mr. Haskell in Lesson 8 in the lumber in- 
 dustry, when the employers and their families repre- 
 sent 100,000 people, while the wage earners and 
 their families represent 3,000,000 people, I to 30, is 
 worth reading until it cannot be forgotten. 
 
 That we did not get the wings that the free trad- 
 ers promised us in 1892, but we did get crutches. 
 Mr. Haskell, Lesson 8. 
 
 That the shrinkage of our own market, together 
 with what it should have been under a normal pro- 
 gress, as cited by Mr. Haskell, would be a good 
 thing to find out. 
 
 That the abuse of the word “free” is too abundant, 
 as set forth by Mr. Welch in Lesson 8. 
 
 That money went out of circulation when Mr. 
 Welch stopped spending twenty-one dollars each 
 week, and will come back into circulation when Mr. 
 Welch and the rest of the men get that money to 
 spend again, and not until then, as said in Lesson 8, 
 is talk that is true. 
 
 That men of experience in a given line are the 
 men to listen to in that line, as cited by Mr. Welch 
 in Lesson 8, has a ring that should reach every ear. 
 Mr. Welch does not recommend that you go to the 
 blacksmith shop to get your teeth fixed. 
 
 That Mr. Dolan had as good a living taking out 
 ore as he had later making iron products, keeps in 
 our minds the days works in material, — Lesson 9. 
 
 That the vast sums of money which tariff duties 
 on iron have kept at home which in the absence of 
 such duties would have gone to England and other 
 
478 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 countries in the past 25 years, as called to our minds 
 by Mr. Dolan in Lesson 9, is enough in itself to kill 
 all the free trade argument that has ever been 
 offered. 
 
 That cheap goods will cheapen our people and 
 our country, as claimed by Mr. Dolan in Lesson 9, 
 is worth thinking about. 
 
 That when any product is separated and its several 
 parts are in portions by themselves, days works and 
 wages in value will be found to be chief of all, and 
 quite all. This ‘was well illustrated with railroad 
 locomotives, cars and coaches and iron proof build- 
 ings, by Mr. Dolan in Lesson 9. 
 
 That men are endowed with special gifts and 
 faculties to manipulate large enterprises success- 
 fully, as shown to us in Lesson 9 by Mr. Dolan, is 
 worthy of calm study and thought. 
 
 That the seller of days works pays a severe tax 
 when duties are low enough to allow imports to 
 force him to keep a part of his labor, all that he has 
 to sell, as outlined in Lesson 9 by Mr. Dolan, is 
 worth reading twice at least. 
 
 That our goods sell cheaper in foreign countries, 
 as cited by Mr. Maxwell in Lesson 10, is quite a 
 pointer. 
 
 That manufactured hair, in Lesson 10, by Mr. 
 Maxwell, fully exposes the inwardness of the free 
 trader. 
 
 That the Judge who prided himself upon the fact 
 that he could not be flattered, when told by a friend 
 that such was his reputation, spoiled the whole snap 
 by smiling. 
 
 That a good man will keep a card up his sleeve 
 when dealing with politics, as called to our minds in 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 479 
 
 Lesson ii by Mr. Carson, is too true, and a thing to 
 be regretted. 
 
 That what Mr. Carson in Lesson ii cites on finan- 
 cial matters, and where the wage earners’ true in- 
 terests lie, cannot be successfully disputed. 
 
 That we should not overlook in Lesson I2 what 
 Farmer Sands tells us about unsold labor and unsold 
 farm products. 
 
 That due importance should attach to the fact that 
 Farmer Sands’ friends are already chiding him for 
 turning Protectionist, see Lesson 12. 
 
 That the hard times embarrased and discouraged 
 traveling salesmen, was very sensibly referred to by 
 Mr. Maxwell in Lesson 15. 
 
 That the late cheapness of everything has been 
 “deformity of country,” is a very appropriate term — 
 Lesson 15 by Mr. Maxwell. 
 
 That in future elections the free traders will be 
 out with their campaign songs showing how cheap 
 everything was in 1896. Wage earners should tell 
 them that everything was so cheap that days works 
 failed to bring any price at all, as was illustrated in 
 Groversville. See Lesson 15, Mr. Maxwell. 
 
 That the duty on calico was five cents a yard in 
 1877 and that we made prints in this country and 
 sold them for six cents a yard, shows that tariff duty 
 does not keep prices up; also that the consumer does 
 not pay the tax — Mr. Maxwell, Lesson 15. 
 
 That the consumer does not pay the duty on 
 goods where we in this country manufacture a like 
 product, as shown by Mr. Maxwell in Lesson 15, 
 when discussing steel rails, can not become too 
 widely known. 
 
 That workmen in a shoe factory should be in 
 
48o 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 favor of using American leather and thereby provide 
 the Ame^rican workmen in leather with the means to 
 be a customer for the shoes he makes, is essential in 
 every particular. The foreign leather worker will 
 buy his shoes at his own home, see Lesson 15, Mr. 
 Maxwell. 
 
 That selling foreign made goods means eventually 
 less pay to the salesman, as cited by Mr. Maxwell 
 in Lesson 15, is worth reading until it will be thor- 
 oughly remembered. 
 
 That buying of foreign countries who sell us their 
 goods, means for them to smoke perfectos, or better, 
 while we smoke cob pipes. 
 
 That if prices remain low all wages and salaries 
 will go to the same level, seeMr. Maxwell, Lesson 15. 
 
 That Germany’s hours of work are one day each 
 week more than England’s, and her scale of wages 
 much lower, as shown by Mr. Maxwell in Lesson 15, 
 arouses the inquiry: Can England thrive and let 
 Germany into her own (England’s) market on this 
 basis? We see complaint already by English writers 
 charging their manufacturers with lack of enterprise. 
 We prophesy that such writers will live to learn that 
 their trouble is chargeable to their free trade laws. 
 
 Newspapers and all printing is labor. If you don’t 
 think so run it down and see. You are likely to in- 
 dulge in the thought that the blank paper is raw 
 material, but how many people bringing it to that 
 state have been paid, clothed, fed and schooled? 
 Don’t stop at the pulp and think that is the starting 
 point. Multitudes in front of the pulp stage have 
 found the means to shelter and provide for them- 
 selves. 
 
 That our Merchant Marine, as called to our minds 
 
Labors’ Hard Times School, 481 
 
 by Mr. Hubbell in Lesson 13, is worthy of study, 
 thought and action on the part of our Government, 
 no one will question. 
 
 That business men labor and carry heavy mental 
 burdens in addition to the toil, as made clear to us 
 by Mr. Maxwell in Lesson 15, is a feature that wage 
 earners should give more credit to than they have in 
 the past. 
 
 That large sums have gone out of our country for 
 wool that our farmers should have had to put in 
 circulation here at home, should not be forgotten. 
 
 That we need more silver when the stacks of silver 
 we have on hand is a burden to the Government, is 
 folly. Silver is a product, and so is gold. 
 
 That the $i 16,444,51 1 more that we paid foreign 
 labor in 1895 under the Wilson bill than we did in 
 1894 under the McKinley bill, did not in itself hurt 
 us so much as the amount that that kind of policy 
 #injured our own market at home. Groversville and 
 the Akron editorial tell why. 
 
 That we are in wealth, as shown by statistics, the 
 greatest nation in the worid, should be remembered. 
 
 That the farmer who does not buy tea, coffee, 
 tobacco, spirits, liquor, sugar, or foreign goods of 
 any kind does not pay a cent of tax to the general 
 Government, is also good to remember. 
 
 There are two men we have not tried, and do not 
 expect to convince. One is the man who cannot 
 comprehend, and the other is the man with soul so 
 small that he is not willing to grant to others such a 
 share as he covets for himself. 
 
 Wage earners and farmers should v/ork tor pro- 
 tection, and vote for protection to American labor, 
 regardless of any and all political parties. 
 
482 
 
 Labors’ Hard Times School. 
 
 That our market is just what the wages paid in 
 the United States make it. Lower or reduce the 
 wages, and in the same ratio you lower or reduce 
 our market. Idle people is the severest possible 
 reduction. Quite all is labor. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln once said that he did not know 
 much about the tariff, but one thing he did know, — 
 if he bought a ton of iron of England and paid thirty 
 dollars for it, he had the iron and England had his 
 thirty dollars, but if he bought the iron in the United 
 States, then he had the iron and the United States 
 had the thirty dollars. 
 
 Lincoln always said the whole thing in a few words. 
 
Appendix A, 
 
 TARIFFS, OLD AND NEW. 
 
 Appendix B, 
 
 THE DINGLEY BILL. 
 
TARIFFS OLD AND NEW. 
 
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 4S 
 
 ARTICLES TRANSFERRED TO THE FREE LIST. 
 
 Old Rate. 
 
 SCHEDULE A— CHEMK^ALS, OILS, AND PAINTS. 
 
 Acid, sulphuric, or oil of vitriol, n. s. p. f 
 
 Copper, sulphate of, or blue vitriol 
 
 Coal tar, ali preparations of, not colors or dyes, n. s. p. f . . . 
 Oils, Mineral — Naphtha, benzine, benzole, dead oil, and 
 
 similar products of coal tar 
 
 All other 
 
 Iron, sulphate of, or copperas . . . : 
 
 Indigo — Carmined 
 
 Extracts or pastes of 
 
 Iodine, re-sublimed 
 
 Oils — Cottonseed 
 
 Croton 
 
 Paints, Colors, Etc,-— Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, in- 
 cluding barytes earth, unmanufactured 
 
 Ocher and ochery earths, dry 
 
 Sienna and sienna earths, dry 
 
 Umber and umber earths, dry 
 
 Potasln caustic or hydrate of, refined in sticks or rolls 
 
 Soda, Sulphate of — Glauber salts 
 
 Salt cake or niter cake 
 
 SCHEDULE B— EARTH, EARTHENWARE AND 
 GLASSWARE. 
 
 Me lb. 
 
 2c lb. 
 
 20 % 
 
 25% 
 
 20 % 
 
 3-lOc lb. 
 10c lb. 
 
 Me lb. 
 
 30c lb. 
 
 10c gal. 
 30c lb. 
 
 $1.12 ton. 
 Me lb. 
 do 
 do 
 
 Ic lb. 
 $1.25 ton. 
 do 
 
 Stone — Burr stone, manufactured or bound up into mill- 
 stones 
 
 SCHEDULE C— METALS AND MANUFS. OF, 
 
 Iron Ores — Chromate of iron or chromic ore 
 
 Cotton Ties of Iron or Steel — Not thinner than No. 10 wire 
 
 Thinner than No. 10 and not thinner than No. 20 
 
 Antimony, as regulus or metal 
 
 Copper and Manufs. of— Ores (fine copper contained therein) 
 Regulus of, and black or coarse copper and copper ce- 
 ment, fine copper contained therein 
 
 Old, fit only for remanufacture, and clippings from new 
 
 copper 
 
 Composition metal, of which copper is a component mate- 
 rial of chief value, n. s. p. f 
 
 Plates, not rolled, bars, ingots, Chile or other pigs, and 
 
 in other forms, not manufactured, n. s. p f 
 
 SCHEDULE D— WOOD AND MANUFS. OF. 
 
 15% 
 
 15% 
 
 1 2-lOc lb. 
 1 3-lOclb. 
 Me lb. 
 
 Me lb. 
 
 Iclb. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 IMe lb. 
 
 Timber— Used for spars and in building wharves 
 
 Hewn and sawed 
 
 Square or sided, n. s. p. f 
 
 Lumber — Boards, planks, deals and other sawed lumber — 
 Of hemlock, whitewood, sycamore, white pine, and 
 
 basswood— Not planed or finished 
 
 Planed or finished on one side 
 
 Planed or finished on two sides 
 
 Planed on one side and tongued and grooved 
 
 Planed on two sides and tongued and grooved 
 
 All sawed lumber, n. s. p. f.— uot planed or finished 
 
 Planed or finished on one side 
 
 Planed or finished on two sides 
 
 Planed or finished on one side and tongued and grooved.. 
 Planed or finished on two sides and tongued and grooved. 
 Paving posts, railroad ties, and telephone and telegraph 
 
 poles of cedar 
 
 Unmanufactured, n. s. p, f 
 
 Veneers of wood 
 
 Clapboards — Pine 
 
 Spruce 
 
 Hubs for wheels, posts, last, wagon, oar, gun, and heading 
 blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, rough hewn or 
 sawed only 
 
 10 % 
 
 do 
 
 Me cu. ft. 
 
 $1 M. 
 
 M. 
 
 $2 M. 
 
 $2 M. 
 $2.50 M. 
 $2 M. 
 $2.50 M. 
 $3M. 
 
 $3 M. 
 $3.50 M. 
 20 % 
 
 20 % 
 do 
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 $1.50 M. 
 
 20 % 
 
46 
 
 Appendix A. 
 
 ARTICLES TRANSFERRED TO THE FREE LIST. 
 
 Old Rate. 
 
 Laths 
 
 Pickets and palings 
 
 Shingles— White pine 
 
 All other 
 
 Staves of all kinds 
 
 SCHEDULE G-AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, ETC. 
 
 15c M. 
 
 10% 
 
 20c M. 
 
 30c M. 
 
 10% 
 
 Milk, fresh 
 
 Broom corn 
 
 Cabbages 
 
 Cider 
 
 Eggs < 
 
 Eggs, yolk of 
 
 Peas, green, in bulk or packages 
 
 Plants, trees, shrubs, and vines 
 
 Fish, Fresh — Herring 
 
 Salmon 
 
 All other 
 
 S^lt— In bags, sacks, barrels, or other packages 
 
 In bulk 
 
 5c gal. 
 
 $8 ton. 
 
 3c each. 
 
 5c gal. 
 
 5c doz. 
 
 25% 
 
 40c bu. 
 
 20% 
 
 Me lb. 
 lb. 
 do. 
 
 12c cwt. 
 
 8c cwt. 
 
 SCHEDULE H— SPIRITS, WINES, ETC. 
 Lemonade, Soda Water, and other similar waters — In plain, 
 green, or oolored molded or pressed glass bottles— 
 
 Containing each not more than % pint 
 
 Containing more than ^ of a pint each and not more than 
 
 13c doz. 
 
 IV 2 pints 
 
 Otherwise than in such bottles, or in such bottles con- 
 
 26c doz. 
 
 taining more than IV 2 pints each 
 
 50c gal. 
 
 SCHEDULE J— FLAX, HEMP, JUTE, ETC, 
 
 Flax — Straw 
 
 Not hackled or dressed 
 
 Tovv^ of 
 
 Hemp, tow of 
 
 Hemp 
 
 Twine, manufactured in whole or in part of istle or Tampico 
 
 $5 ton. 
 $22.40 ton, 
 $11.20 ton. 
 do. 
 
 $25 ton. 
 
 fiber, manila, sisal grass or sunn— Binding 
 
 Burlaps of flax, jute or hemp, or either of them, not exceed 
 
 7-lOc lb. 
 
 ing 60 inches in width 
 
 Exceeding 60 inches in width 
 
 Bags for grain, made of burlaps 
 
 Valued at 6c or less 
 
 Valued at over 6c 
 
 SCHEDULE K-WOOL. 
 
 l^clb. 
 
 40% 
 
 2c lb. 
 
 1 6-lOc sq.yd. 
 
 1 8-lOc sq.yd. 
 
 Wools, hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, and other like 
 animals, and manufs. of— Unmanufactured— Class I : 
 Merino, mestiza, metz or metis wools, or other wools, 
 of merino blood, immmediate or remote, Down cloth- 
 ing wools, and wools of like character with any of the 
 preceding, including such as have been heretofore 
 usually imported into the United States from Buenos 
 Ayres, New Zealand, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, 
 Russia, Great Britain, Canada, and elsewhere, and 
 also including ail wools not hereinafter described or 
 
 designated in classes 2 and 3 — Unwashed wool 
 
 Washed wool 
 
 Scoured wool 
 
 11c lb. 
 
 22c lb. 
 
 33c lb. 
 
 Class 2 : Leicester, Cotswold, Lincolnshire, Down comb- 
 ing wools, Canada long wools, or other like combing 
 wools of English blood, and usually known by the 
 terms herein used, and also all hair of the camel, 
 goat, alpaca, and other like animals — Wool unscoured 
 
 Wool scoured 
 
 Wool, sorted 
 
 12c lb. 
 
 36c lb. 
 
 24c lb. 
 
Appendix A. 
 
 M 
 
 ARTICLES TRANSFERRED TO THE FREE LIST. 
 
 Old Rate. 
 
 Hair of the goat, alpaca, and other like animals, un- 
 scoured.- 
 
 Hair of the goat, aljiaca, and other like auimals, scoured 
 Class 3 : Donskoi, native South American, Cordova, Val- 
 paraiso, native Smyrna, Russian Camel’s hair, and 
 including all such wools of like character as havo been 
 heretofore usually imported into the United States 
 from Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Syria, and elsewhere— 
 
 Value 13c or less lb.— Wool 
 
 Wool, sorted 
 
 Camel’s hair, Russian 
 
 Value over 1 3c lb. — Wool 
 
 Wool, sorted — 
 
 Camel’s hair, Russian 
 
 Manufs. composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the 
 hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals— 
 
 Rags, flocks, noils and waste— Noils 
 
 Yarn and other wastes 
 
 Rags and flocks 
 
 do. 
 
 36c lb. 
 
 32% 
 
 64 % 
 
 32% 
 
 50% 
 
 100 % 
 
 50% 
 
 30c lb. 
 do. 
 
 10c lb. 
 
 SCHEDULE N-SUNDRIES. 
 
 Feathers and Downs, Crude, Not Dressed— Ostrich feathers 
 
 All other 
 
 Paintings, in oil or water colors 
 
 Statuary 
 
 Hatters’ plush, black, composed of silk, or of silk and cotton 
 
 Articles under section 3, Act of Oct. 1, 1890— Coffee 
 
 Goatskins, raw 
 
 Hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted, or pickled, and 
 other skins, except sheepskins with the wool on 
 
 10 % 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 dc. 
 
 10 % 
 
 3c lb 
 114c lb. 
 
 do. 
 

 \ 
 
 
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Appendix B. 
 
 t 
 
 THE OIIMOLEV BILE. 
 
 H. R. 379. Fifty-Fifth Congress of the United States 
 OF America, at the First Session, Begun and 
 Held in the City of Washington on Mon- 
 day, THE Fifteenth day of March, 
 
 One Thousand Eight Hundred 
 AND Ninety-seven. 
 
 An Act to Provide Revenue for the Government 
 AND TO Encourage the Industries of the 
 United States. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives 
 of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That 
 on and after the passage of this Act, unless otherwise specially 
 provided for in this Act, there shall be levied, collected, and 
 paid upon all articles imported from foreign countries, and 
 mentioned in, the schedules herein contained, the rates of duty 
 which are, by the schedules and paragraphs, respectfully pre- 
 scribed, namely: 
 
 SCHEDULE A. 
 
 CHEMICALS, OILS AND PAINTS : 
 
 1. Acids: Acetic or pyroligneous acid, not exceeding the 
 specific gravity of one and forty-seven one-thousandths, three- 
 fourths of one cent per pound; exceeding the specific gravity 
 of one and forty-seven one-thousandths, two cents per pound; 
 boracic acid, five cents per pound; chromic acid and lactic 
 acid, three cents per pound; citric acid, seven cents per pound; 
 salicylic acid, ten cents per pound; sulphuric acid or oil of 
 vitriol not specially provided for in this Act, one-fourth of one 
 cent per pound; tannic acid or tannin, fifty cents per pound; 
 gallic acid, ten cents per pound; tartaric acid, seven cents per 
 pound; all other acids not specially provided for in this Act, 
 twenty-five per centum ad valoreih. 
 
 2. All alcoholic perfumery, including cologne water and 
 
Appendix S. 
 
 other toilet waters and toilet preparations of all kinds, contain- 
 ing alcohol or in the preparation of which alcohol is used, and 
 alcoholic compounds not specially provided for in this Act, 
 sixty cents per pound and forty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 3. Alkalies, Alkaloids, distilled oils, essential oils, ex- 
 pressed oils, rendered oils, and all combinations of the forego- 
 ing, and all chemical compounds and salts not specially pro- 
 vided for in this Act, twenty five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 4. Alumina, hydrate of, or refined bauxite, six-tenths of 
 one cent per pound; alum, alum cake, pa 4 ;ent alum, sulphate 
 of alumina, and aluminous cake, and alum in crystals or 
 ground, one-half of one cent per pound. 
 
 5. Ammonia, carbonate of, one and one-half cents per 
 pound; muriate of, or sal ammoniac, three-fourths of one cent 
 per pound; sulphate of, three-tenths of one cent per pound. 
 
 6. Argols or crude tartar or wine lees crude, containing 
 not more than forty per centum of bitartrate of potash, one 
 cent per pound; containing more than forty per centum of bi- 
 tartrate of potash, one and one-half cents per pound; tartars 
 and lees crystals, or partly refined argols, containing not more 
 than ninety per centum of bitartrate of potash, and tartrate of 
 soda or potassa, or Rochelle salts, four cents per pound; con- 
 tainining more than ninety per centum of bitartrate of potash, 
 five cents per pound; cream of tartar and patent tartar, six 
 cents per pound. 
 
 7. Blacking of all kinds, twenty-five per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 8. Bleaching powder, or chloride of lime, one-fifth of one 
 cent per pound. 
 
 9. Blue vitriol or sulphate of copper, one-half of one cent 
 per pound. 
 
 10. Bone char, suitable for use in decolorizing sugars, twen- 
 ty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 11. Borax, five cents per pound; borates of lime or soda, 
 or other borate material not otherwise provided for, containing 
 more than thirty-six per centum of anhydrous boracic acid, 
 four cents per pound; borates of lime or soda, or other borate 
 material not otherwise provided for, containing not more than 
 thirty-six per centum of anhydrous boracic acid, three cents 
 per pound. 
 
 12. Camphor, refined, six cents per pound. 
 
 13. Chalk (not medicinal nor prepared for toilet purpose) 
 when ground, precipitated naturally or artificially, or otherwise 
 prepared, whether in the form of cubes, blocks, sticks or disks, 
 or otherwise, including tailors’, billiard, red or French chalk, 
 one cent per pound. Manufactures of chalk not specially pro- 
 vided for in this Act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 14. Chloroform, twenty cents per pound. 
 
 15. Coal-tar dyes or colors, not specially provided for in 
 this Act, thirty per centum ad valorem; all other products or 
 preparations of coal tar, not colors or dyes, and not medicinal. 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 3 
 
 not specially provided for in this Act, twenty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 16. Cobalt, oxide of, twenty-five cents per pound. 
 
 17. Collodion, and all compounds of pyroxylin, whether 
 known as celluloid or by any other name, fifty cents per 
 pound; rolled or in sheets, unpolished, and not made up into 
 articles, sixty cents per pound; if in finished or partly finished 
 articles, and articles of which collodion or any compound of 
 pyroxylin is the component material of chief value, sixty-five 
 cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 18. Coloring for brandy, wine, beer, or other liquors, fifty 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 19. Copperas or sulphate of iron, one-fourth of one cent 
 per pound. 
 
 20. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, 
 bulbs, bulbous roots, excrescences, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, 
 dried insects, grains, gums and gum resin, herbs, leaves, lichens, 
 mosses, nuts, nutgalls, roots, stems, spices, vegetables, seeds, 
 (aromatic, not garden seeds), seeds of morbid growth, weeds, 
 and woods used expressly for dyeing; any of the forgoing 
 which are drugs and not edible, but which are advanced in 
 value or condition by refining, grinding, or other process, and 
 not specially provided for in this Act, one-fourth of one cent 
 per pound and in addition thereto ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 21. Ethers : Sulphuric, forty cents per pound ; spirits of 
 nitrous ether, twenty-five cents per pound; fruit ethers, oils, or 
 essences, two dollars per pound; ethers of all kinds not specially 
 provided for in this Act, one dollar per pound : P?'ovided, 
 That no article of this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty 
 than twenty-five per centnm ad valorem. 
 
 22. Extracts and decoctions of logwood and other dye- 
 woods, and extracts of barks, such as are commonly used for 
 dyeing or tanning, not especially provided for in this Act, 
 seven-eights of one cent per pound; extracts of quebracho and 
 of hemlock bark, one-half of one cent per pound ; extracts of 
 sumac, and of woods other than dyewoods, not specially pro- 
 vided for in this Act, five-eighths of one cent per pound. 
 
 23. Gelatin, glue, isinglass or fish glue, and prepared fish 
 bladders or fish sounds, valued at not above ten cents per pound, 
 two and one-half cents per pound; valued at above ten cents 
 per pound and not above thirty-five cents per pound, twenty- 
 five per centum ad valorem; valued above thirty-five cents per 
 pound, fifteen cents per pound and twenty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 24. Glycerin, crude, not purified, one cent per pound ; re- 
 fined, three cents per pound. 
 
 25. Indigo, extracts, or pastes of, three-fourths of one cent 
 per pound; carmined, ten cents per pound. 
 
 26. Ink and ink powders, twenty-five per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 27. Iodine, resublimed, twenty cents per pound. 
 
4 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 28. Iodoform, one dollar per pound. 
 
 29. Licorice, extracts of, in paste, rolls, or other forms, 
 four and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 30. Chicle, ten cents per pound. 
 
 31. Magnesia, carbonate of, medicinal, three cents per 
 pound; calcined, medicinal, seven cents per pound; sulphate 
 of, or Epsom salts, one-fifth of one cent per pound. 
 
 OILS : 
 
 32. Alizarin assistant, sulpho-ricinoleic acid, and ricinoleic 
 acid by whatever name known, whether liquid, solid, or in 
 paste, in the manufacture of which fifty per centum or more of 
 castor oil is used, thirty cents per gallon ; in the manufacture 
 of which less than fifty per centum of castor oil is used, fifteen 
 cents per gallon; all other alizarin assistant, not specially pro- 
 vided for in this Act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 33. Castor oil, thirty-five cents per gallon. 
 
 34. Cod-liver oil, fifteen cents per gallon. 
 
 35. Cotton-seed oil, four cents per gallon of seven and 
 one-half pounds weight. 
 
 36. Croton oil, twenty cents per pound. 
 
 37. Flaxseed, linseed, and poppy-seed oil, raw, boiled, or 
 oxidized, twenty cents per gallon of seven and one-half pounds 
 weight. 
 
 38. Fusel oil, or amylic alcohol, one-fourth of one cent per 
 pound. 
 
 39. Hemp-seed oil and rape-seed oil, ten cents per gallon. 
 
 40. Olive oil, not specially provided for in this Act, forty 
 cents per gallon; in bottles, jars, tins, or similar packages, fifty 
 cents per gallon. 
 
 41. Peppermint oil, fifty cents per pound. 
 
 42. Seal, herring, whale, and other fish oil, not specially 
 provided for in this Act, eight cents per gallon. 
 
 43. Opium, crude or unmanufactured and not adulterated, 
 containing nine per centum and over of morphia, one dollar 
 per pound; morphia or morphine, sulphate of, and all alkaloids 
 or salts of opium, one dollar per ounce ; aqueous extract of 
 opium, for medicinal uses, and tincture of, as laudanum, 
 and other liquid preparations of opium, not specially provided 
 for in this Act, forty per centum ad valorem; opium containing 
 less than nine per centum of morphia, and opium prepared for 
 smoking, six dollars per pound ; but opium prepared for 
 smoking and other preparations of opium deposited in bonded 
 warehouses shall not be removed therefrom without payment 
 of duties, and such duties shall not be refunded. 
 
 PAINTS, COLORS AND VARNISHES. 
 
 44. Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, including barytes 
 earth, unmanufactured, seventy-five cents per ton ; manufac- 
 tured, five dollars and twenty-five cents per ton. 
 
 45. Blues, such as Berlin, Prussian, Chinese, and all 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 5 
 
 others, containing ferrocyanide of iron, in pulp, dry or ground 
 in or mixed with oil or water, eight cents per pound. 
 
 46. Blanc-fixe, or artificial sulphate of barytes, and 
 satin white, or artificial sulphate of lime, one-half of one cent 
 per pound. 
 
 47. Black, made from bone, ivory, or vegetable substance 
 
 by whatever name known, including bone black or lamp- 
 black, dry or ground in oil or water, twenty-five per centum ad 
 valorem. • 
 
 48. Chrom yellow, chrome green, and all other chromium 
 colors in the manufacture of which, lead and bichromate of 
 potash or soda are used, in pulp, dry, or ground in or mixed 
 with oil or water, four and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 49. Ocher and ochery earths, sienna and sienna earths, 
 and umber and umber earths, not specially provided for, when 
 crude or not powdered, washed or pulverized, one-eighth of 
 one cent per pound; if powdered, washed or pulverized, three- 
 eighths of one cent per pound ; if ground in oil or water, one and 
 one half cents per pound. 
 
 50. Orange mineral, three and three-eighths cents per 
 pound. 
 
 51. Red lead, two and seven-eighths cents per pound. 
 
 52. Ultramarine blue, whether, dry, in pulp or mixed with 
 water, and wash blue containing ultra-marine, three and three- 
 fourth cents per pound. 
 
 53. Varnishes, including so-called gold size or japan, 
 thirty-five per centum ad valorem; spirit varnishes, one dollar 
 and thirty-two cents per gallon and thirty-five per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 54. Vermillion red, and other colors containing quick- 
 silver, dry or ground in oil or water, ten cents per pound; when 
 not containing quicksilver but made of lead or containing 
 lead, five cents per pound. 
 
 55. White lead, white paint and pigment containing lead, 
 dry or in pulp, or ground or mixed with oil, two and seven- 
 eighths cents per pound. 
 
 56. Whiting and Paris white, dry, one fourth of one cent 
 per pound; ground in oil, or putty, one cent per pound. 
 
 57. Zinc, oxide of, and white paint or pigment, containing 
 zinc, but not containing lead, dry, one cent per pound ; ground 
 in oil, one and three-fourth cents per pound ; sulfid of zinc 
 white, or white sulphide of zinc, one and one-fourth cents per 
 pound ; chloride of zinc and sulphate of zinc, one cent per 
 pound. 
 
 58. All paints, colors, pigments, lakes, crayons, smalts 
 and frostings, whether crude or dry or mixed, or ground with 
 water or oil, or with solutions other than oil, not otherwise speci- 
 ally provided for in this Act, thirty per centum ad valorem; 
 all paints, colors and pigments, commonly known as artists’ 
 paints or colors, whether in tubes, pans, cakes or other forms, 
 thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
6 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 59. Paris green, and London purple, fifteen per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 60. Lead: Acetate of, white, three and one-fourth cents 
 per pound; brown, gray, or yellow, two and one-fourth cents 
 per pound; nitrate of, two and one-half cents per pound; lith- 
 arge, two and three-fourths cents per pound. 
 
 61. Phosphorus, eighteen cents per pound. 
 
 potash: 
 
 # 
 
 62. Bichromate and chromate of, three cents per pound. 
 
 63. Caustic or hydrate of, refined, in sticks or rolls, one 
 cent per pound; chlorate of, two and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 64. Hydriodate, iodide, and iodate of, twenty-five cents 
 per pound. 
 
 65. Nitrate of, or saltpeter, refined, one-half cent per 
 pound. 
 
 66. Prussiate of, red, eight cents per pound; yellow, four 
 cents per pound; cyanide of potassium, twelve and one-half 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 preparations: 
 
 67. Medicinal preparations containing alcohol, or in the 
 preparation of which alcohol is used, not specially provided 
 for in this Act, fifty-five cents per pound, but in no case shall 
 the same pay less than twenty-live per centum ad valorem. 
 
 68. Medicinal preparations not containing alcohol, or in 
 the preparation of which alcohol is not used, not specially pro- 
 vided for in this Act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; calo- 
 mel and other mercurial medicinal preparations, thirty-five 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 69. Plasters, healing or curative, of all kinds, and court- 
 plaster, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 70. Preparations used as applications to the hair, mouth, 
 teeth, or skin, such as cosmetics, dentifrices, pastes, pomades, 
 powders, and other toilet articles, and articles of perfumery, 
 whether in sachets or otherwise^ not containing alcohol or in 
 the manufacture of which alcohol is not used, and not specially 
 provided for in this Act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 71. Santonin, and all salts thereof containing eighty per 
 centum or over of santonin, one dollar per pound. 
 
 soap: 
 
 72. Castile soap, one and one-fourth cents per pound; 
 fancy, perfumed, and all descriptions of toilet soap, including 
 so-called medicinal or medicated soaps, fifteen cents per 
 pound; all other soaps not specially provided for in this Act, 
 twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 SODA: 
 
 73. Bicarbonate of soda, or supercarbonate of soda, or 
 saleratus, and other alkalies containing fifty per centum or 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 7 
 
 more of bicarbonate of soda, three-fourths of one cent per 
 pound. 
 
 74. Bichromate and chromate of soda, two cents per 
 pound. 
 
 75. Crystal carbonate of soda, or concentrated soda crys- 
 tals, or monohydrate, or sesquicarbonate of soda, three-tenths 
 of one cent per pound; chlorate of soda, two cents per pound. 
 
 76. Hydrate of, or caustic soda, three fourths of one cent 
 per pound; nitrite of soda, two and one-half cents per pound; 
 hypo sulphite and sulphide of soda, one-half of one cent per 
 pound. 
 
 77. Sal soda, or soda crystals, not concentrated, two-tenths 
 of one cent per pound. 
 
 78. Soda ash, three-eighths of one cent per pound; arsen- 
 iate of soda, one and one-fourth cents per pound. 
 
 7Q. Silicate of soda, or other alkaline silicate, one-half of 
 one cent per pound. 
 
 80. Sulphate of soda, or salt cake, or niter cake, one dol- 
 lar and twenty-five cents per ton. 
 
 81. Sea moss, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 82. Sponges, twenty per centum ad valorem; manufac- 
 tures of sponges, or of which sponges is the component mater- 
 ial of chief value, not specially provided for in this Act, forty 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 83. Strychnia, or strychnine, and all salts thereof, thirty 
 cents per ounce. 
 
 84. Sulphur, refined, or sublimed, or flowers of, eight dol- 
 lars per ton. 
 
 85. Sumac, ground, three-tenths of one cent per pound. 
 
 86. Vanillin, eighty cents per ounce. 
 
 SCHEDULE B. 
 
 EARTHS, EARTHENWARE, AND GLASSWARE, 
 
 BRICK AND tile: 
 
 87. Fire-brick, weighing not more than ten pounds each, 
 not glazed, enameled, ornamented, or decorated in any man- 
 ner, one dollar and twenty-five cents per ton; glazed, enam- 
 eled. ornamented, or decorated, forty-five per centum ad val- 
 orem; brick, other than fire brick, not glazed, enameled, 
 painted, vitrified, ornamented, or decorated in any manner, 
 twenty-five per centum ad valorem; if glazed, enameled, 
 painted, vitrified, ornamented, or decorated in any manner, 
 forty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 ,88. Tiles, plain unglazed, one color, exceeding two square 
 inches in size, four cents per square foot; glazed, encaustic, 
 ceramic mosaic, vitrified, semi-vitrified, flint, spar, embossed, 
 enameled, ornamental, hand painted, gold decorated, and all 
 other earthenware tiles, valued at not exceeding forty cents 
 per square foot, eight cents per square foot; exceeding forty 
 cents per square foot, ten cents per square foot and twenty-five 
 per centum ad valorem, 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER: 
 
 89. Roman, Portland, and other hydraulic cement, in bar- 
 rels, sacks, or other packages, eight cents per one hundred 
 pounds, including weight of barrel or package; in bulk, seven 
 cents per one hundred pounds; other cement, twenty per cen- 
 tum ad valorem. 
 
 go. Lime, five cents per one hundred pounds, including 
 weight of barrel or package. 
 
 91. Plaster rock or gypsum, crude, fifty cents per ton; if 
 ground or calcined, two dollars and twenty-five cents per ton; 
 pearl hardening for paper makers’ use, twenty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 92. Pumice stone, wholly or partially manufactured, six 
 dollars per ton; unmanufactured, fifteen per centum ad val- 
 orem. 
 
 CLAYS OR EARTHS: 
 
 93. Clays or earths, unwrought or unmanufactured, not 
 specially provided for in this Act, one dollar per ton; wrought 
 or manufactured, not specially provided for in this Act, two 
 dollars per ton; china, clay or kaolin, two dollars and fifty cents 
 per ton; limestone rock asphalt containing not more than fifteen 
 per centum of bitumen, fifty cents per ton; asphaltum and bi- 
 tumen, not specially provided for in this Act, crude, if not 
 dried, or otherwise advanced in any manner, one dollar and 
 fifty cents per ton; if dried or otherwise advanced in any man- 
 ner, three dollars per ton; beauxite, or beauxite, crude, not re- 
 fined or otherwise advanced in condition from its natural state, 
 one dollar per ton; fullers’ earth, unwrought and unmanufac- 
 tured, one dollar and fifty cents per ton; wrought or manufac- 
 tured, three dollars per ton. 
 
 EARTHENWARE AND CHINA: 
 
 94. Common yellow, brown, or gray earthenware, plain, 
 embossed, or salt-glazed common stoneware, and crucibles, all 
 the foregoing not decorated in any manner, twenty-five per 
 centum ad valorem; Rockingham earthenware, not decorated, 
 forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 95. China, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen, stone, and 
 crockery ware, including clock cases, with or without move- 
 ments, plaques, ornaments, toys, toy tea sets, charms, vases and 
 statuettes, painted, tinted, stained, enameled, printed, gilded, 
 or otherwise decorated or ornamented in any manner, sixty per 
 centum ad valorem; if plain white and without superadded or- 
 namentation of any kind, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 96. All other china, procelain, parian, bisque, earthen, 
 stone, and crockery ware, and manufactures thereof, or of 
 which the same is the component material of chief value, by 
 whatevermame known, not specially provided for in this Act, 
 if painted, tinted, stained, enameled, printed, gilded, or other- 
 wise decorated or ornamented in any manner, sixty per centum 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 ad valorem; if not ornamented or decorated, fifty-five per cen- 
 tum ad valorem. 
 
 97. Articles and wares composed wholly or in chief value 
 of earthy or mineral substances or carbon, not specially pro- 
 vided for in this Act, if not decorated in any manner, thirty- 
 five per centum ad valorem; if decorated, forty-five per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 98. Gas retorts, three dollars each; lava tips for burners, 
 ten cents per gross and fifteen per centum ad valorem; carbons 
 for electric lighting, ninety cents per hundred; filter tubes, 
 forty-five per centum ad valorem; porous carbon pots for elec- 
 tric batteries, without metallic connections twenty per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 GLASS AND GLASSWARE: 
 
 99. Plain green or colored, molded or pressed, and flint 
 and lime, or lead glass bottles, vials, jars, and covered or un- 
 covered demijohns and carboys, any of the foregoing, filled or 
 unfilled, not otherwise specially provided for, and whether 
 their contents be dutiable or free, (except such as contain mer- 
 chandise subjeet to an ad valorem rate of duty, or to a rate of 
 doty based in whole or in part upon the value thereof, which 
 shall be dutiable at the rate applicable to their contents), shall 
 pay duty as follows: If holding more than one pint, one cent 
 per pound; if holding not more than one pint and not less than 
 one-fourth of a pint, one and one-half cents per pound; if hold- 
 ing less than one-fourth of a pint, fifty cents per gross; P 7 'o- 
 vided, That none of the above articles shall pay a less rate of 
 duty than forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 100. Glass, bottles, decanters, or other vessels or articles 
 of glass, cut, engraved, painted, colored, stained, silvered, 
 gilded, etched, frosted, printed in any manner or otherwise or- 
 namented, decorated, or ground, (except such grinding as is 
 necessary for fitting stoppers,) and any articles of which such 
 glass is the component material of chief value, and porcelain, 
 opal and other blown glassware; all the foregoing, filled or un- 
 filled, and whether their contents be dutiable or free, sixty per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 101. Unpolished, cylinder, crown, and common window 
 glass, not exceeding ten by fifteen inches square, one and three- 
 eighths cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding six- 
 teen by twenty four inches square, one and seven-eighths cents 
 per pound; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by 
 thirty inches square, two and three-eights cents per pound; 
 above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty-six inches 
 square, two and seven-eighths cents per pound; above that, 
 and not exceeeing thirty by forty inches square, three and 
 three-eighths cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding 
 forty by sixty inches square, three and seven-eighths cents per 
 pound; above that, four and three-eighths cents per pound: 
 Provided^ That unpolished, cylinder, crown, and common win- 
 
10 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 dow glass, imported in boxes, shall contain fifty square feet, as 
 nearly as sizes will permit, and the duty shall be computed 
 thereon, according to the actual weight of glass. 
 
 102. Cylinder and crown glass, polished, not exceeding 
 sixteen by twenty-four inches square, four cents per square 
 foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches 
 square, six cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding 
 twenty-four by sixty inches square, fifteen cents per square 
 foot; above that, twenty cents per square foot. 
 
 103. Fluted, rolled, ribbed or rough plate glass, or the 
 same containing a wire netting within itself, not including 
 crown, cylinder, or common window glass, not exceeding six- 
 teen by twenty-four inches square, three-fourths of one cent 
 per square foot ; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by 
 thirty inches square, one and one-fourth cents per square foot ; 
 all above that, one and three-fourths cents per square foot ; 
 and all fluted, rolled, ribbed, or rough plate glass, weighing 
 over one hundred pounds per one hundred square feet, shall 
 pay an additional duty on the excess at the same rates herein 
 imposed : Provided, That all of the above plate glass, when 
 ground, smoothed, or otherwise obscured, shall be subject to 
 the same rate of duty as cast polished plate glass unsilvered. 
 
 104. Cast polished plate glass, finished or unfinished and 
 unsilvered, not exceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, 
 eight cents per square foot ; above that, and not exceeding 
 twenty-four by thirty inches square, ten cents per square foot ; 
 above that, and mot exceeding twenty four by sixty inches 
 square, twenty-two and one-half cents per square foot; all above 
 that, thirty-five cents per square foot. 
 
 105. Cast, polished plate glass, silvered, cylinder and 
 crown glass, silvered, and looking glass plates, exceeding in 
 size one hundred and forty-four square inches and not exceed- 
 ing sixteen by twenty-four inches square, eleven cents per 
 square foot ; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by 
 thirty inches square, thirteen cents per square foot; above that, 
 and not exceeding twenty-four by sixty inches square, twenty- 
 five cents per square foot; all above that, thirty-eight cents per 
 square foot. 
 
 106. But no looking-glass plates or plate glass, silvered, 
 when framed, shall pay a less rate of duty than that imposed 
 upon similar glass of like description not framed, but shall 
 pay in addition thereto" upon such frames the rate of duty ap- 
 plicable thereto when imported separate. 
 
 107. Cast polished plate glass, silvered or unsilvered, and 
 cylinder, crown, or common window glass, silvered or un- 
 silvered, when bent, ground, obscured, frosted, sanded, en- 
 ameled, beveled, etched, embosssed, engraved, flashed, stained, 
 colored, painted, or otherwise ornamented or decorated, shall 
 be subject to a duty of five per centum ad valorem in addition 
 to the rates otherwise chargeable thereon. 
 
 108. Spectacles, eyeglasses, and goggles, and frames for 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 II 
 
 the same, or parts thereof, finished or unfinished, valued at not 
 over forty cents per dozen, twenty cents per dozen and fifteen 
 per centum ad valorem ; valued at over forty cents per dozen 
 and not over one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, forty-five 
 cents per dozen and twenty per centum ad valorem; valued at 
 over one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, fifty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 109. Lenses of glass or pebble, ground and polished to a 
 spherical, cylindrical, or prismatic form, and ground and 
 polished piano or coquill glasses, wholly or partly manufac- 
 tured, with the edges unground, forty-five per centum ad va- 
 lorem ; if with their edges ground or beveled, ten cents per 
 dozen pairs and forty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 no. Strips of glass, not more than three inches wide* 
 ground or polished on one or both sides to a cylindrical or pris- 
 matic form, and glass slides for magic lanterns, forty-five per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 111. Opera and field glasses, telescopes and microscopes, 
 photographic and projecting lenses and optical instruments, 
 and frames or mountings for the same ; all the foregoing not 
 specially provided for in this Act, forty-five per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 1 12. Stained or painted glass windows, or parts thereof, 
 and all mirrors, not exceeding in size one hundred and forty- 
 four square inches, with or without frames or cases, and all 
 glass or manufactures of glass or paste, or of which glass or 
 paste is the component material of chief value, not specially 
 provided for in this Act, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 1 13. Fusible enamel, twenty-five per centum ad valorem, 
 
 MARBLE AND STONE, AND MANUFACTURES OF: 
 
 1 14. Marble in block, rough or squared only, sixty-five 
 cents per cubic foot ; onyx in block, rough or squared, one 
 dollar and fifty cents per cubic foot; marble or onyx, sawed or 
 dressed, over two inches in thickness, one dollar and ten cents 
 per cubic foot ; slabs or paving tiles of marble or onyx, con- 
 taining not less than four superficial inches, if not more than 
 one inch in thickness, twelve cents per superficial foot; if more 
 than one inch and not more than and one-half inches in thick- 
 ness, fifteen cents per superficial foot ; if more than one and 
 one-half inches and not more than two inches in thickness, 
 eighteen cents per superficial foot ; if rubbed in whole or in 
 part, three cents per superficial foot in addition; mosaic cubes 
 of marble, onyx, or stone, not exceeding two cubic inches in 
 size, if loose', one cent per pound and twenty per centurrt ad 
 valorem; if attached to paper or other material,, twenty cents 
 per superficial foot and thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 1 1 5. Manufactures of agate, alabaster, chalcedony, chryso- 
 lite, coral, cornelian, garnet, jasper, jet, malachite, marble, 
 ’onyx, rock crystal, or spar, including clock cases with or with- 
 
12 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 out movements, not specially provided for in this Act, fifty per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 STONE : 
 
 116. Burr stones, manufactured or bound up into mill- 
 stones, fifteen per centum ad valorem. 
 
 1 1 7. Freestone, granite, sandstone, limestone, and other 
 building or monumental stone, except marble or onyx, un- 
 manufactured or undressed, not specially provided for in this 
 Act, twelve cents per cubic foot. 
 
 1 18. Freestone, granite, sandstone, limestone, and other 
 building or monumental stone, except marble and onyx, not 
 specially provided for in this Act, hewn, dressed, or polished, 
 fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 1 19. Grindstones, finished or unfinished, one dollar and 
 seventy-five cents per ton. 
 
 slate: 
 
 120. Slates, slate chimney-pieces, mantels, slabs for 
 tables, roofing slates, and all other manufactures of slate, not 
 specially provided for in this Act, twenty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 SCHEDULE C. 
 
 METALS AND MANUFACTURES OF: 
 
 121. Iron ore, including manganiferous iron ore, and the 
 dross or residuum from burnt pyrites, forty cents per ton : 
 Provided^ That in levying and collecting the duty on iron 
 ore no deduction shall be made from the weight of the ore 
 on account of moisture which may be chemically or physically 
 combined therewith ; basic slag, ground or unground, one 
 dollar per ton. 
 
 122. Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, spiegeleisen, ferro-man- 
 ganese, ferro-silicon, wrought and cast scrap iron, and scrap 
 steel, four dollars per ton ; but nothing shall be deemed scrap 
 iron or scrap steel except waste or refuse iron or steel fit only 
 to be remanufactured. 
 
 123. Bar iron, square iron, rolled or hammered, com- 
 prising flats not less than one inch wide nor less than three- 
 eighths of one inch thick, round iron not less than seven-six- 
 teenths of one inch in diameter, six-tenths of one cent per 
 pound. 
 
 124. Round iron, in coils or rods, less than seven-sixteenths 
 of one inch in diameter, and bars or shapes of rolled or ham- 
 mei'ed iron, not specially provided for in this Act, eight-tenths 
 of one cent per pound : Provided, That all iron in slabs, 
 blooms, loops, or other forms less finished than iron in bars, 
 and more advanced than pig iron, except castings, shall be 
 subject to a duty of five-tenth&^f one cent per pound : Pro- 
 vided further, That all iron bars, blooms, billets, or sizes or 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 13 
 
 shapes of any kind, in the manufacture of which charcoal is 
 used as fuel, shall be subject to a duty of twelve dollars per 
 ton. 
 
 125. Beams, girders, joists, angles, channels, car-truck 
 channels, T. T. columns and posts or parts or sections of 
 columns and posts, deck and bulb beams, and building forms, 
 together with all other structural shapes of iron or steel, 
 whether plain or punched, or fitted for use, five-tenths of one 
 cent per pound. 
 
 126. Boiler or other plate iron or steel, except crucible 
 plate steel and saw plates hereinafter provided for, not thinner 
 than number ten wire gauge, sheared or unsheared, and skelp 
 iron or steel, sheared or rolled in grooves, valued at one cent 
 per pound or less, five-tenths of one cent per pound ; valued 
 above one cent and not above two cents per pound, six-tenths of 
 one cent per pound ; valued above two cents and not above 
 four cents per pound, one cent per pound; valued at over four 
 cents per pound, twenty-five per centum ad valorem: Pro- 
 vided, That all sheets or plates of iron. or steel thinner than 
 number ten wire gauge shall pay duty as iron or steel sheets. 
 
 127. Iron or steel anchors or parts thereof, one and one- 
 half cents per pound ; forgings of iron or steel, or of combined 
 iron and steel, of whatever shape or whatever degree or stage 
 of manufacture, not specially provided for in this Act, thirty- 
 five per centum ad valorem ; anti-friction ball forgings of iron 
 or steel, or of combined iron and steel, forty-five per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 128. Hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel, not otherwise 
 provided for in this Act, valued at three cents per pound or 
 less, eight inches or less in width, and less than three-eighths 
 of one inch thick and not thinner than number ten wire gauge, 
 five-tenths of one cent per pound ; thinner than number ten 
 wire gauge, and not thinner than number twenty wire gauge, 
 six-tenths of one cent per pound ; thinner than number twenty 
 wire gauge, eight-tenths of one cent per pound : Provided, 
 that barrel-hoops of iron or steel, and hoop or band iron or 
 hoop or band steel flared, splayed, or punched, with or without 
 buckles or fastenings, shall pay one-tenth of one cent per 
 pound more duty than that imposed on the hoop or band iron 
 or steel from which they are made ; steel bands or strips, un- 
 tempered, suitable for making band saws, three cents per 
 pound and twenty per centum ad valorem ; if tempered, or 
 tempered and polished, six cents per pound and twenty per 
 centum ad valorem, 
 
 I2g. Hoop or band iron, or hoop or band steel, cut to 
 lengths, or wholly or partly manufactured into hoops or ties, 
 coated or not coated with paint or any other preparation, with 
 or without buckles or fastenings, for baling cotton or any other 
 commodity, five-tenths of oiie cent per pound. 
 
 130. Railway bars, made of iron or steel, and railway 
 bars made in part of steel, T. rails, and punched iron or steel 
 
14 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 flat rails, seven-twentieths of one cent per pound ; railway fish 
 plates or splice bars made of iron or steel, four-tenths of one 
 cent per pound. 
 
 131. Sheets of iron or steel, commoner black, of what- 
 ever dimensions, and skelp iron or steel, valued at three cents 
 per pound or less, thinner than number ten and not thinner 
 than number twenty wire gauge, seven-tenths of one cent per 
 pound ; thinner than number twenty wire gauge and not 
 thinner than number twenty-five wire gauge, eight-tenths of 
 one cent per pound; thinner thap number twenty -five wire 
 gauge and not thinner than number thirty-two wire gauge, one 
 and one-tenth cents per pound ; thinner than number thirty- 
 two wire gauge, one and two-tenths cents per pound; corru- 
 gated or crimped, one and one-tenth cents per pound *. Pro- 
 vided, That all sheets of common or black iron or steel not 
 thinner than number ten wire gauge shall pay duty as plate 
 iron or plate steel. 
 
 132. All iron or steel sheets or plates, and all hoop, band, 
 or scroll iron or steel, excepting what are known commercially 
 as tin plates, terne plates, and taggers tin, and hereinafter pro- 
 vided for, when galvanized, or coated with zinc, spelter, or 
 other metals, or any alloy of those metals, shall pay two-tenths 
 of one cent per pound more duty than if the same was not so 
 galvanized or coated. 
 
 133. Sheets of iron or steel, polished, planished, or 
 glanced, by whatever name designated, two cents per pound ; 
 Provided, That plates or sheets of iron or steel, by whatever 
 name designated, other than the polished, planished, or glanced 
 herein provided for, which has been pickeled or cleaned by 
 acid, or by any other material or process, or which are cold 
 rolled, smoothed only, not polished, shall pay two-tenths of 
 one cent per pound more duty than the corresponding gauges 
 of common or black sheet iron or steel. 
 
 134. Sheets or plates of iron or steel, or taggers iron or 
 steel, coated with tin or lead, or with a mixture of which these 
 metals, or either of them, is a component part, by the dipping 
 or any other process, and commercially known as tin plates, 
 terne plates, and taggers tin, one and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 135. Steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms, and slabs, by 
 whatever process made; die blocks or blanks; billets and bars 
 and tapered or beveled bars ; mill shafting ; pressed, sheared 
 or stamped shapes; saw plates, wholly or partially manu- 
 factured ; hammer molds or swaged steel ; gun-barrel molds 
 not in bars ; alloys used as substitutes for steel in the manu- 
 facture of tools; all descriptions and shapes of dry sand, loam, 
 or iron molded steel castings; sheets and plates and steel in all 
 forms and shapes not specially provided for in this Act, all of 
 the above valued at one cent per pound or less, three-tenths of 
 one cent per pound; valued above one cent and not above one 
 and four-tenths cents per pound, four-tenths of one cent per 
 pound; valued above one and four-tenths cents and not above 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 15 
 
 one and eight-tenths cents per pound, six-tenths of one cent 
 per pound ; valued above one and eight-tenths cents and not 
 above two and two-tenths cents per pound, seven-tenths of one 
 cent per pound; valued above two and two-tenths cents and 
 not above three cents per pound, nine-tenths of one cent per 
 pound ; valued above three cents per pound and not above 
 four cents per pound, one and two-tenths cents per pound; val- 
 ued above four cents and not above seven cents per pound, 
 one and three-tenths cents per pound ; valued above seven 
 cents and not above ten cents per pound, two cents per pound; 
 valued above ten cents and not above thirteen cents per 
 pound, two and four-tenths cents per pound; valued above 
 thirteen cents and not above sixteen cents per pound, two and 
 eight-tenths cents per pound ; valued above sixteen cents 
 per pound, four and seven-tenths cents per pound. 
 
 wire: 
 
 136. Wire rods: Rivet, screw, fence, and other iron or 
 steel wire rods, whether round, oval, flat, or square, or in 
 any other shape, and nail rods, in coils, or otherwise, valued at 
 four cents or less per pound, four-tenths one cent per pound ; 
 valued over four cents per pound, three-fourths of one cent 
 per pound: Provided, That all round iron or steel rods smaller 
 than number six wire gauge shall be classed and dutiable 
 as wire: Provided furPier, That all iron or steel wire rods 
 which have been tempered or treated in any manner, or part- 
 ly manufactured shall pay an additional duty of one-half of 
 one cent per pound. 
 
 137. Round iron or steel wire, not smaller than number 
 thirteen wire gauge, one and one-fourth cents per pound; 
 smaller than number thirteen and not smaller than number 
 sixteen wire gauge, one and one-half cents per pound ; 
 smaller than number sixteen wire gauge, two cents per pound: 
 Provided, That all the foregoing valued at more than four 
 cents per pound shall pay forty per centum ad valorem. 
 Iron or steel or other wire not specially provided for in this 
 Act, including such as is commonly known as hat wire, or 
 bonnet wire, crinoline wire, corset wire, needle wire, piano 
 wire, clock wire, and watch wire, whether flat or otherwise, and 
 corset clasps, corset steels and dress steels, and sheet steels in 
 strips, twenty-five one-thousandths of an inch thick or thinner, 
 any of the foregoing, whether uncovered or covered with 
 cotton, silk, metal, or other material, valued at more than four 
 cents per pound, forty-five per centum ad valorem : Provided, 
 That articles manufactured from iron, steel, brass, or copper 
 wire, shall pay the rate of duty imposed upon the wire used in 
 the manufacture of such articles, and in addition thereto one 
 and one-fourth cents per pound, except that wire rope and 
 wire strand shall pay the maximum rate of duty which would 
 be imposed upon any wire used in the manufacture thereof, 
 and in addition thereto one cent per pound ; and on iron or 
 
i6 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 steel wire coated with zinc, tin, or any other metal, two-tenths 
 of one cent per pound in addition to the rate imposed on the 
 wire from which it is made. 
 
 GENERAL PROVISIONS. 
 
 138. No allowance or reduction of duties for partial loss 
 or damage in consequence of rust or of discoloration shall be 
 made upon any description of iron or steel, or upon any article 
 wholly or partly manufactured of iron or steel, or upon any 
 manufacture of iron or steel. 
 
 139. All metal produced from iron or its ores, which is 
 cast and malleable, of whatever description or form, without 
 regard to the percentage of carbon contained therein, whether 
 produced by cementation, or converted, cast, or made from 
 iron or its ores, by the crucible, Bessemer, Clapp-Griffith, 
 pneumatic, Thomas Gilchrist, basic, Siemens-Martin, or open 
 hearth process, or by the equivalent of either, or by a com- 
 bination of two or more of the processes, or their equivalents, 
 .or by any fusion or other process which produces from iron or 
 its ores a metal either granular or fibrous in structure, which 
 is cast and malleable, excepting what is known as malleable 
 iron castings, shall be classed and denominated as steel. 
 
 140. No article not specially provided for in this Act, 
 which is wholly or partly manufactured from tin plate, terne 
 plate, or the sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel 
 herein provided for, or of which such tin plate, terne plate, 
 sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel shall be the ma- 
 terial of chief value, shall pay a lower rate of duty than that 
 imposed upon the tin plate, terne plate, or sheet, plate, hoop, 
 band, scroll iron or steel from which it is made, or of which it 
 shall be the component thereof of chief value. 
 
 1 41. On all iron or steel bars or rods of whatever shape 
 or section which are cold rolled, cold drawn, cold hammered, 
 or polished in any way in addition to the ordinary process of 
 hot rolling or hammering, there shall be paid one-fourth of 
 of one cent per pound in addition to the rates provided in this 
 Act on bars or rods of whatever section or shape which are 
 hot roiled ; and on all strips, plates, or sheets of iron or steel 
 of whatever shape, other than the polished, planished, or 
 glanced sheet-iron or sheet-steel hereinbefore provided for, 
 which are cold rolled, cold hammered, blued, brightened, 
 tempered, or polished by any process to such perfected sur- 
 face finish or polish better than the grade of cold rolled, 
 smoothed only, herinbefore provided for, there shall be paid 
 one cent per pound in addition to the rates provided for in 
 this Act upon plates, strips, or sheets of iron or steel of 
 common or black finish; and on steel circular saw plates 
 there shall be paid one-half of one cent per pound in addition 
 to the rate provided in this Act for steel saw plates. 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 17 
 
 MANUFACT-URES OF IRON AND STEEL. 
 
 142. Anvils of iron or steel, or of iron and steel combined, 
 by whatever process made, or in whatever stage of manufact- 
 ure, one and seven-eighths cents per pound. 
 
 143. Axles, or parts thereof, axle bars, axle blanks, or 
 forgings for axles, whether of iron or steel, without reference 
 to the stage or state of manufacture, valued at not more than 
 six cents per pound, one cent per pound: Provided^ That 
 when iron or steel axles are imported fitted in wheels, or parts 
 of wheels, of iron or steel, they shall be dutiable at the same 
 rate as the wheels in which they are fitted. 
 
 144. Blacksmiths’ hammers and sledges, track tools, 
 wedges, and crowbars, whether of iron or steel, one and one- 
 half cents per pound. 
 
 145. Bolts, with or without threads or nuts, or bolt blanks, 
 and finished hinges or hinge blanks, whether of iron or steel, 
 one and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 146. Card, clothing, manufactured from tempered steel 
 wire, forty-five cents per square foot; all other, twenty cents 
 per square foot. 
 
 147. Cast-iron pipe of every description, four-tenths of 
 one cent per pound. 
 
 148. Cast-iron vessels, plates, stove plates, andirons, sad- 
 irons, tailors’ irons, hatters’ irons, and castings of iron, not 
 specially provided for in this Act, eight-tenths of one cent per 
 pound. 
 
 149. Castings of malleable iron not specially provided 
 for in this Act, nine-tenth of one cent per pound. 
 
 1 50. Cast hollow-ware, coated, glazed, or tinned, two cents 
 per pound. 
 
 1 5 1. Chain or chains of all kinds, made of iron or steel, 
 not less than three-fourths of one inch in diameter, one and 
 one-eighth cents per pound; less than three-fourths of 
 one inch and not less than three-eighths of one inch in dia- 
 meter, one and three-eighths cents per pound; less than three- 
 eighths of one inch in diameter and not less than five-sixteenths 
 of one inch in diameter, one and seven-eights cents per pound; 
 less than five-sixteenths of one inch in diameter, three cents 
 per pound; but no chain or chains of any description shall 
 pay a lower rate of duty than forty-five per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 152. Lap welded, butt welded, seamed, or jointed iron or 
 steel boiler tubes, pipes, flues, or stays, not thinner than 
 number sixteen wire gauge, two cents per pound; welded cyl- 
 indrical furnaces, made from plate metal, two and one-half 
 cents per pound; all other iron or s^eel tubes, finished, not 
 specially provided for in this Act, thirty-five per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
i8 
 
 Appendix ‘B. 
 
 cutlery: 
 
 153. Penknives or pocket knives, clasp knives, pruning 
 knives, and budding knives of all kinds, or parts thereof, and 
 erasers or manicure knives,, or parts thereof, wholly or partly 
 manufactured, valued at not more than forty cents per dozen, 
 forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than forty cents 
 per dozen and not exceeding fifty cents per dozen, one cent 
 per piece and forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more 
 than fifty cents per dozen and not exceeding one dollar and 
 twenty-five cents per dozen, five cents per piece and forty per 
 centum ad valorem ; valued at more than one dollar and twenty- 
 five cents and not exceeding three dollars per dozen, ten cents 
 per piece and forty per centum ad valorem ; valued at more than 
 three dollars per dozen, twenty cents per piece and forty per 
 centum ad valorem: Provided, That blades, handles, or other 
 parts of either or any of the foregoing articles, imported in 
 any other manner than assembled in finished knives or erasers 
 shall be subject to no less rate of duty than herein provided 
 for pen knives, pocket knives, clasp knives, pruning knives, 
 manicure knives, and erasers valued at more than fifty and 
 not more than one dollar and fifty cents per dozen. Razors and 
 razor blades, finished or unfinished, valued at less than one 
 dollar and fifty cents per dozen, fifty cents per dozen and fifteen 
 per centum ad valorem ; valued at one dollar and fifty cents 
 per dozen and less than three dollars per dozen, one dollar per 
 dozen and fifteen per centum ad valorem; valued at three 
 dollars per dozen or more, one dollar and seventy-five cents 
 per dozen and twenty per centum ad valorem. Scissors and 
 shears, and blades for the same, finished or unfinished, 
 valued at not more than fifty cents per dozen, fifteen 
 cents per dozen and fifteen per centum ad valorem; valued at 
 more than fifty cents and not more than one dollar and seven- 
 ty-five cents per dozen, fifty cents per dozen and fifteen per 
 centum ad valorem ; valued at more than one dollar and 
 seventy-five cents per dozen, seventy-five cents per dozen and 
 twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 154. Swords, sword blades, and side arms, thirty-five per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 155. Table, butchers’, carving, cooks’, hunting, kitchen, 
 bread, butter, vegetable, fruit, cheese, plumbers’, painters’, 
 palette, artists’, and shoe knives, forks and steels, finished or 
 unfinished, with handles of mother-of-pearl, shell or ivory, 
 sixteen cents each; with handles of deer horn, twelve cents 
 each ; with handles of hard rubber, solid bone, celluloid or 
 any pyroxyline material, five cents each ; with handles of any 
 other material than those above mentioned, one and one-Talf 
 cents each, and in addition, on all the above articles, fifteen 
 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That none of the above 
 named articles shall pay a less rate of duty than forty-five 
 [v,.^r centum ad valorem. 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 19 
 
 156. Files, file blanks, rasps, and floats, of all cuts and 
 kinds, two and one-half inches in length and under, thirty 
 cents per dozen ; over two and one-half inches in length and 
 not over four and one-half inches, fifty cents per dozen; over 
 four and one-half inches in length and under seven inches, 
 seventy-five cents per dozen; seven inches in length and over, 
 one dollar per dozen. 
 
 firearms: 
 
 157. Muskets, muzzle-loading shot guns, rifles, and parts 
 thereof, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 158. Double-barreled, sporting, breech loading shotguns, 
 combination shot guns and rifless, valued at not more than 
 five dollars, one dollar and fifty cents each and in addition 
 thereto fifteen per centum ad valorem; valued at more than 
 five dollars and not more than ten dollars, four dollars each, 
 and in addition thereto fifteen per centum ad valorem each ; 
 valued at more than ten dollars, six dollars each; double 
 barrels for sporting breech loading shot guns and rifles further 
 advanced in manufacture than rough bored only, three dollars 
 each; stocks for double barreled sporting breech loading shot 
 guns and rifles wholly or partially manufactured, three dollars 
 each; and in addition thereto on all such guns and rifles, val- 
 ued at more than ten dollars each, and on such stocks and 
 barrels, thirty-five per centum ad valorem ; on all other parts 
 of such guns or rifles, and fittings for such stocks or barrels, 
 finished or unfinished, fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
 That all double barrel, sporting, breech loading shot guns and 
 rifles imported without a lock or locks or other fittings shall be 
 subject to a duty of six dollars each and thirty-five per centum 
 ad valorem; single barreled breech loading shot guns, or 
 parts thereof, except as otherwise specially provided for in 
 this Act, one dollar each and thirty-five per centum ad 
 valorem. Revolving pistols or parts thereof, seventy-five 
 cents each and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 159. Sheets, plates, wares, or articles of iron, steel or 
 other metal enameled or glazed with vitreous glasses, forty 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 NAILS, SPIKES, TACKS, AND NEEDLES: 
 
 160. Cut nails and cut spikes of iron or steel, six-tenths 
 of one cent per pound. 
 
 161. Horseshoe nails, hob nails, and all other wrought 
 iron or steel nails not specially provided for in this Act, two 
 and one-fourth cents per pound. 
 
 162. Wire nails made of wrought iron or steel, not less 
 than one inch in length and not lighter than number sixteen 
 wire gauge, one-half of one cent per pound; less than one inch 
 in length and lighter thannumb'er sixteen wire gauge, one cent 
 per pound. 
 
20 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 163. Spikes, nuts, and washers, and horse, mule, or ox 
 shoes, of wrought iron or steel, one cent per pound. 
 
 164. Cut tacks, brads, or sprigs, not exceeding sixteen 
 ounces to the thousand, one and one-fourth cents per thousand; 
 exceeding sixteen ounces to the thousand, one and one-half 
 cents per pound. 
 
 165. Needles for knitting or sewing machines, including 
 latch needles, one dollar per thousand and twenty-five per 
 centum ad valorem ; crochet needles and tape needles, knit- 
 ting and all other needles, not specially provided for in this 
 Act, and bodkins of metal, twenty-hve per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 plates: 
 
 166. Steel plates engraved, stereotype plates, electrotype 
 plates, and plates of other materials, engraved or lithographed, 
 for printing twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 167. Rivets of iron or steel, two cents per pound. 
 
 SAWS: 
 
 168. Crosscut saws, six cents per linear foot; mill saws, 
 ten cents per linear foot; pit, and drag saws, eight cents per 
 linear foot; circular saws, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; 
 steel band saws, finished or further advanced than tempered 
 and polished, ten cents per pound and twenty per centum ad 
 valorem; hand, back, and all other saws, not specially pro- 
 vided for in this Act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 169. Screws, commonly called wood screws, made of 
 iron or steel, more than two inches in length, four cents per 
 pound ; over one inch and not more than two inches in length, 
 six cents per pound; over one-half inch and not more than 
 one inch in length, eight and one-half cents per pound; one- 
 half inch and less in length, twelve cents per pound. 
 
 170. Umbrella and parasol ribs and stretchers, composed 
 in chief value of iron, steel, or other metal, in frames or other- 
 wise, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 171. Wheels for railway purposes, or parts thereof, made 
 of iron or steel, and steel-tired wheels for railway purposes, 
 whether wholly or partly finished; and iron or steel locomotive, 
 car, or other railway tires or parts thereof, wholly or partly 
 manufactured, one and one-half cents per pound; and ingots, 
 cogged ingots, blooms, or blanks for the same, without regard 
 to the degree of manufacture, one and one-fourth cents per 
 pound: Providedy That when wheels for railway purposes, or 
 parts thereof, of iron or steel, are imported with iron or steel 
 axles fitted in them, the wheels and axles together shall be 
 dutiable at the same rate as is provided for the wheels when 
 imported separately. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS METAL§ AND MAUFACTURES OF: 
 
 172. Aluminum, and alloys of any kind in which alu-s 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 21 
 
 minum is the component material of chief value, in crude 
 form, eight cents per pound; in plates, sheets, bars, and rods, 
 thirteen cents per pound. 
 
 173. Antimony, as regulus or metal, three-fourths of one 
 cent per pound. 
 
 1 74. Argentine, albata, or German silver, unmanufactured, 
 twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 175. Bronze powder, twelve cents per pound; bronze or 
 Dutch metal or aluminum, in leaf, six cents per package of 
 one hundred leaves. 
 
 176. Copper in rolled plates called braziers’ copper 
 sheets, rods, pipes, and .copper bottoms, two and one-half cents 
 per pound; sheathing or yellow metal of which copper is the 
 component material of chief value, and not composed wholly 
 or in part of iron ungalvanized, two cents per pound. 
 
 GOLD AND silver: 
 
 177. Gold leaf, one dollar and seventy-five cents per 
 package of five hundred leaves. 
 
 178. Silver leaf, seventy-five cents per package of five 
 hundred leaves. 
 
 179. Tinsel wire, lame or lahn, made wholly or in chief 
 value of gold, silver, or other metal, five cents per pound; 
 bullions and metal threads, made wholly or in 
 chief value of tinsel wire, lame or lahn, five cents 
 per pound and thirty-five per centum ad valorem ; 
 laces, embroideries, braids, galoons, trimmings, or other 
 articles made wholly or in chief value of tinsel wire, 
 lame ‘or lahn bullions, or metal threads, sixty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 180. Hooks and eyes, metallic, whether loose, carded or 
 otherwise, including weight of cards, cartons, and immediate 
 wrappings and labels, five and one-half cents per pound and 
 fifteen per centum ad valorem. 
 
 lead: 
 
 181. Lead-bearing ore of all kinds, one and one-half 
 cents per pound on the lead contained therein: Ptovided, 
 that on all importations of lead-bearing ores the duties shall 
 be estimated at the port of entry, and a bond given in double 
 the amount of such estimated duties for the transportation of 
 the ores by common carriers bonded for the transportation of 
 appraised or unappraised merchandise to properly equipped 
 sampling or smelting establishments, whether designated* as 
 bonded warehouses or otherwise. On the arrival of the ores 
 at such establishments they shall be sampled according to 
 commercial methods under the supervision of Government 
 officers, who shall be stationed at such establishments, and 
 who shall submit the samples thus obtained, to a Government 
 assayer, designated by the Secretary of the Treasury, who 
 shall make a proper assay of the sample, and report the result 
 
22 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 to the proper customs officers, and the import entries shall be 
 liquidated thereon, except in case of ores that shall be re- 
 moved to a bonded warehouse to be refined for exportation as 
 provided by law. And the Secretary of the Treasury is autho- 
 rized to make all necessary regulations to enforce the pro- 
 visions of this paragraph. 
 
 182. Lead dross, lead bullion or base bullion, lead in 
 pigs and bars, lead in any form not specially provided for in 
 this Act, old refuse lead run into blocks and bars, and old 
 scrap lead fit only to be remanufactured; all the foregoing, 
 two and one-eighth cents per pound; lead in sheets, pipe, shot, 
 glaziers’ lead, and lead wire, two and one-half cents per 
 pound. 
 
 183. Metallic mineral substances in a crude state, and 
 metals unwrought, not specially provided for in this Act, 
 twenty per centum ad valorem; monazite sand and thorite, six 
 cents per pound. 
 
 184. Mica, unmanufactured, or rough trimmed only, six 
 cents per pound and twenty per centum ad valorem; mica, cut 
 or trimmed, twelve cents per pound and twenty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 185. Nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of any kind in which 
 nickel is a component material of chief value, in pigs, ingots, 
 bars, or sheets, six cents per pound. 
 
 186. Pens, metallic, except gold pens, twelve cents per 
 gross. 
 
 187. Penholder tips, penholders or parts thereof, and 
 gold pens, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 188. Pins with solid heads, without ornamentation, inclu- 
 ding hair, safety, hat, bonnet, and shawl pins; any of the fore- 
 going composed wholly of brass, copper, iron, steel, or other 
 base metal, not plated, and not commonly known as jewelry, 
 thirty -five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 189. Quicksilver, seven cents per pound. The flasks, 
 bottles, or other vessels in which quicksilver is imported shall 
 be subject to the same rate of duty as they would be subjected 
 to if imported empty. 
 
 190. Type metal, one and one-half cents per pound for 
 the lead contained therein; new types, twenty-five per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 191. Watch movements, whether imported in cases or 
 not, if having not more than seven jewels, thirty-five cents 
 each; if having more than seven jewels and not more than 
 eleven jewels, fifty cents each; if having more than eleven 
 jewels and not more than Uiteen jewels, seventy-five cents 
 each; if having more than fifteen and not more than seventeen 
 jewels, one dollar and twenty-five cents each; if having more 
 than seventeen jewels, three dollars each, and in addition 
 thereto, on all the foregoing, twenty-five per centum ad va- 
 lorem; watch cases and parts of watches, including watch 
 dials, chronometers, box or ship, and parts thereof, clocks and 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 23 
 
 parts thereof, not otherwise provided for in this Act, whether 
 separately packed or otherwise, not composed wholly or in 
 part of china, porcelain, parian, bisque or earthenware, forty 
 per centum ad valorem; all jewels for use in the manufacture 
 of watches or clocks, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 192. Zinc in blocks, or pigs, one and one-half cents per 
 pound; in sheets, two cents per pound; old and worn-out, fit 
 only to be remanufactured, one cent per pound. 
 
 193. Articles or wares not specially provided for in this 
 Act, composed wholly or in part of iron, steel, leaf’, copper, 
 nickel, pewter, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, or 
 other metal, and whether partly or wholly manufactured, 
 forty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 SCHEDULE D. 
 
 WOOD AND MANUFACTURES OF. 
 
 194. Timber hewn, sided, or squared (not less than eight 
 inches square), and round timber used for spars or in building 
 wharves, one cent per cubic foot. 
 
 195. Sawed boards, planks, deals, and other lumber of 
 whitewood, sycamore, and basswood, one dollar per thousand 
 feet board measure; sawed lumber, not specially provided for 
 in this Act, two dollars per-thousand feet board measure; but 
 when lumber of any sort is planed or finished, in addition to 
 the rates herein provided, there shall be levied and paid for 
 each side so planed or finished fifty cents per thousand feet 
 board measure; and if planed on one side and tongued and 
 grooved, one dollar per thousand feet board measure; and if 
 planed on two sides and tongued and grooved, one dollar and 
 fifty cents per thousand feet, board measure; and in estimating 
 board measure under this schedule no deduction shall be 
 made on board measure on account of planing, tonguing and 
 grooving: Provided^ That if any country or dependency shall 
 impose an export duty upon saw logs, round unmanufactured 
 timber, stave bolts, shingle bolts, or heading bolts, exported to 
 the United States, or a discriminating charge upon boom sticks, 
 or chains used by American citizens in towing logs, the amount 
 of such export duty, tax or other charge, as the case may 
 shall be added as an additional duty to the duties imposed 
 upc^n the articles mentioned in this paiagraph when imported 
 from such country or dependency. 
 
 196. Paving posts, railroad ties, and telephone, trolley, 
 electric light, and telegraph poles of cedar or other woods, 
 twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 197. Kindling wood in bundles and not exceeding one- 
 qnarter of a cubic foot each, three-tenths of one cent per 
 bundle; if in larger bundles, three-tenths of one cent for each 
 additional quarter of a cubic foot or fractional part thereof. 
 
 198. Sawed boards, planks, deals, and all forms of sawed 
 cedar, lignum-vitae, lancewood, ebony, box, granadilla, maho 
 
24 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 gany, rosewood, satinv/ood, and all other cabinet woods not 
 further manufactured than sawed, fifteen per centum ad va- 
 lorem; veneers of wood, and wood, unmanufactured, not speci- 
 ally provided for in this Act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 199. Clapboards, one dollar and fifty cents per thousand. 
 
 200. Hubs for wheels, posts, heading-bolts, stave-bolts, 
 last-blocks, wagon-blocks, oar-blocks, heading-blocks, and all 
 like blocks or sticks, rough-hewn, sawed or bored, twenty per 
 centum ad valorem; fence posts, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 201. Laths, twenty five cents per one thousand pieces. 
 
 202. Pickets, palings and staves of wood, of all kinds, ten 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 203. Shingles, thirty cents per thousand. 
 
 204. Casks, barrels, and hogsheads (empty), sugar-box 
 shooks, and packing-boxes (empty), and packing-box shooks, 
 of wood, not specially provided for in this Act, thirty per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 205. Boxes, barrels, or other articles containing oranges, 
 lemons, limes, grape fruit, shaddocks or pomelos, thirty per 
 centum ad valorem; Provided, That the thin wood, so called, 
 comprising the sides, tops and bottoms of orange and lemon 
 boxes of the growth and manufacture of the United States, ex- 
 ported as orange and lemon box shooks, may be reimported in 
 completed form, filled with oranges and lemons, by the pay- 
 ment of duty at one-half the rate imposed on similar boxes of 
 entirely foreign growth and manufacture. 
 
 206. Chair cane or reeds, wrought or manufactured from 
 rattans or reeds, ten per centum ad valorem; osier or willow 
 prepared for basket makers’ use, twenty per centum ad va- 
 Iprem; manufactures of osier or willow, forty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 207. Toothpicks of wood or other vegetable substance, 
 two cents per one thousand and fifteen per centum ad va- 
 lorem; butchers’ and packers’ skewers of wood, forty cents 
 per thousand. 
 
 208. House or cabinet furniture, of wood, wholly or par- 
 tially finished, and manufactures of wood, or of which wood^is 
 the component material of chief value, not specially provided 
 for in this Act, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 SCHEDULE E. 
 
 SUGAR, MOLASSES, AND MANUFACTURES OF. 
 
 209. Sugars not above number sixteen Dutch standard in 
 color, tank bottoms, sirups of cane juice, melada, concentrated 
 ^Uelada, concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the 
 polariscppe not above seventy-five degrees, ninety-five one 
 hundreths of one cent per pound, and for every additional de 
 gree shown by the polariscopic test, thirty-five one-thousandths 
 of one cent per pound additional, and fractions of a degree in 
 proportion; and on sugar above number sixteen Dutch stand- 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 25 
 
 ard in color, and on all sugar which has gone through a process 
 of refining, one cent and ninety-five one hundredths of one 
 cent per pound; molasses testing above forty degrees and not 
 above fifty-six degrees three cents per gallon; testing fifty-six 
 degrees and above, six cents per gallon; sugar drainings and 
 sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty as molasses or sugar, 
 as the case may be, according to polariscope test: Provided, 
 That nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to ab- 
 rogate or in m any manner impair or affect the provisions of 
 the treaty of commercial reciprocity concluded between the 
 United States and the King of the Hawaiian Islands on the 
 thirtieth day of January, eighteen hundred and seventy-five, 
 or the provisions of any Act of Congress heretofore passed for 
 the execution of the same. 
 
 210. Maple sugar and maple sirup, four cents per pound; 
 glucose or grape sugar, o’ne and one-half cents per pound; 
 sugar cane in its natural state, or unmanufactured, twenty per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 21 1. Saccharine, one dollar and fifty cents per pound arid 
 ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 212. Sugar candy and all confectionery not specially 
 provided for in this Act, valued at fifteen cents per pound or 
 less, and on sugars after being refined, when tinctured, colored 
 or in any way adulterated, four cents per pound and fifteen 
 per centum ad valorem; valued at more than fifteen cents per 
 pound, fifty per centum ad valorem. The weight and the 
 value of the immediate coverings, other than the outer pack- 
 ing case or other covering, shall be included in the dutiable 
 weight and the value of the merchandise. 
 
 SCHEDULE F. 
 
 TABACCO AND MANUFACTURES OF. 
 
 213. Wrapper tobacco, and filler tobacco when mixed or 
 packed with more than fifteen per centum of wrapper tobacco, 
 and all leaf tobacco the product of two or more countries or 
 dependencies when mixed or packed together, if unstemmed, 
 one dollar and eighty-five cents per pound; if stemmed, two 
 dollars and fifty cents per pound; filler tobacco not specially 
 provided for in this Act, if unstemmed, thirty-five cents per 
 pound; if stemmed, fifty cents per pound. 
 
 214. The term wrapper tobacco as used in this Act means 
 that quality of leaf tobacco which is suitable for cigar wrap- 
 pers and the term filler tobacco means all other leaf tobacco. 
 Collectors of customs shall not permit entry to be made, ex- 
 cept under regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the 
 Treasury, of any leaf tobacco, unless the invoices of the same 
 shall specify in detail the character of such tobacco, whether 
 wrapper or filler, its origin and quality. In the examination 
 for classification of any imported leaf tobacco, at least one 
 bale, box, or package in every ten, and at least one in every 
 
26 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 invoice, shall be examined by the appraiser or person autho- 
 rized by law to make such examination, and at least ten hands 
 shall be examined in each examined bale, box or package- 
 
 215. other tobacco, manufactured or unmanufactured, 
 not specially provided for in this Act, fifty-five cents per 
 pound. 
 
 216. Snuff and snuff flour, manufactured of tobacco, 
 ground dry, or damp, and pickled, scented, or otherwise, of all 
 descriptions, fifty-five cents per pound. 
 
 217. Cigars, cigarettes, cheroots of all kinds, four dollars 
 and fifty cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad va- 
 lorem; and paper cigars and cigarettes, including wrappers, 
 shall be subject to the same duties as are herein imposed upon 
 cigars. 
 
 SCHEDULE G. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROVISIONS, 
 
 ANIMALS, LIVE: 
 
 2t8. Cattle, if less than one year old, two dollars per 
 head; all other cattle, if valued at not more than fourteen dol- 
 lars per head, three dollars and seventy-five cents per head; 
 if valued at more than fourteen dollars per head, twenty-seven 
 and one-half per centum ad valorem. 
 
 219. Swine, one dollhr and fifty cents per head. 
 
 220. Horses and mules, valued at one hundred and fifty 
 dollars or less per head, thirty dollars per head; if valued at 
 over one hundred and fifty dollars, twenty-five per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 221. Sheep, one year old or over, one dollar and fifty cents 
 per head, less than one year old, seventy-five cents per head. 
 
 222. All other live animals, not specially provided for in 
 this Act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 BREADSTUFFS AND FARINACEOUS SUBSTANCES: 
 
 223. Barley, thirty cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. 
 
 224. Barley-malt, forty-five cents per bushel of thirty- 
 four pounds. 
 
 225. Barley, pearled, patent, or hulled, two cents per 
 pound. 
 
 226. Buckwheat, fifteen cents per bushel of forty-eight 
 pounds. 
 
 227. Corn or maize, fifteen cents per bushel of fifty-six 
 pounds. 
 
 228. Corn meal, twenty cents per bushel of forty-eight 
 pounds. 
 
 229. Maccaroni, vermicelli, and all similar preparations, 
 one and one-half cents per pound. 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 27 
 
 230. Oats, fifteen cents per bushel. 
 
 231. Oatmeal and rolled oats, one cent per pound; oat 
 hulls, ten cents per hundred pounds. 
 
 232. Rice, cleaned, two cents per pound; uncleaned rice, 
 or rice free of the outer hull and still having the inner cuticle 
 on, one and one-fourth cents per pound; rice flour, and rice 
 meal, and rice broken which will pass through a sieve known 
 commercially as a number twelve wire sieve, one-fourth of one 
 cent per pound; paddy, or rice having the outer hull on, three- 
 fourths of one cent per pound. 
 
 233. Rye, ten cents per bushel; rye-flour, one-half of one 
 cent per pound. 
 
 234. Wheat, twenty-five cents per bushel. 
 
 235. Wheat flour, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 DAIRY products: 
 
 236. Butter, and substitutes therefor, six cents per pound. 
 
 237. Cheese, and substitutes therefor, six cents per 
 pound. 
 
 238. Milk, fresh, two cents per gallon. 
 
 239. Mjlk, preserved or condensed, or sterilized by heat- 
 ing or other processes, including weight of immediate cover- 
 ings, two cents per pound; sugar of milk, five cents per pound. 
 
 FARM AND FIELD PRODUCTS: 
 
 240. Beans, forty-five cents per bushel of sixty pounds. 
 
 241. Beans, peas, and mushrooms, prepared or preserved, 
 in tins, jars, bottles, or similar packages, two and one-half 
 cents per pound, including the weight of all tins, jars and other 
 immediate coverings; all vegetables, prepared or preserved, 
 including pickles and sauces of all kinds, not specially pro- 
 vided for in this Act, and fish paste or sauce, forty per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 242. Cabbages, three cents each. 
 
 243. Cider, five cents per gallon. 
 
 244. Eggs, not specially provided for in this Act, five 
 cents per dozen. 
 
 245. Eggs, yolk of, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; 
 albumen, egg or blood, three cents per pound; dried blood, 
 when soluble, one and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 246. Hay, four dollars per ton. 
 
 247. Honey, twenty cents per gallon. 
 
 248. Hops, twelve cents per pound; hop extract and lu- 
 pulin, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 249. Onions, forty cents per bushel; garlic, one cent per 
 pound. 
 
 250. Pease, green, in bulk or in barrels, sacks, or similar 
 packages, and seed pease, forty cents per bushel of sixty 
 pounds; pease, dried, not specially provided for, thirty cents 
 per bushel; split pease, forty cents per bushel of sixty pounds; 
 pease in cartons, papers, or other small packages, one cent 
 per pound. 
 
28 
 
 ^ Appendix B. 
 
 251. Orchids, palms, dracaenas, crotons and azaleas, tu- 
 lips, hyacinths, narcissi, jonquils, lilies, lilies of the valley, and 
 all other bulbs, bulbous roots, or corms, which are cultivated 
 for their flowers, and natural flowers of all kinds, preserved or 
 fresh, suitable for decorative purposes, twenty-five per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 252. Stocks, cuttings or seedlings of Myrobolan plum, 
 Mahaleb or Mazzard cherry, three years old or less, fifty cents 
 per thousand plants and fifteen per centum ad valorem; 
 stocks, cuttings or seedlings, of pear, apple, quince and the 
 St. Julien plum, three years old or less, and evergreen seed- 
 lings, one dollar per thousand plants and fifteen per centum 
 ad valorem ; rose plants, budded, grafted, or grown on their own 
 roots, two and one-half cents each; stocks, cuttings and seed- 
 lings of all fruit and ornamental trees, deciduous and ever- 
 green, shrubs and vines, manetti, multiflora, and brier rose, 
 and all trees, shrubs, plants and vines, commonly known as 
 nursery or greenhouse stock, not specially provided for in this 
 Act, twenty -five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 253. Potatoes, twenty-five cents per bushel of sixty 
 pounds. 
 
 254. Seeds: Castor beans or seeds, twenty-five cents per 
 bushel of fifty pounds; flaxseed or linseed and other oil seeds 
 not specially provided for in this Act, twenty-five cents per 
 bushel of fifty-six pounds; poppy seed, fifteen cents per 
 bushel; but no drawback shall be allowed upon oil cake made 
 from imported seed, nor shall any allowance be made for dirt 
 or other impurities in any seed; seeds of all kinds not speci- 
 ally provided for in this Act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 255. Straw, one dollar and fifty cents per ton. 
 
 256. Teazles, thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 257. Vegetables in their natural state, not specially pro- 
 vided for in this Act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 fish: 
 
 258. Fish known or labeled as anchovis, sardines, sprats, 
 brislings, sardels, or sardellen, packed in oil or otherwise, in 
 bottles, jars, tin boxes or cans, shall be dutiable as follows: 
 When in packages containing seven and one-half cubic inches 
 or less one and one-half cents per bottle, jar, box or can; con- 
 taining more than seven and one-half and not more than 
 twenty-one cubic inches, two and one-half cents per bottle, jar, 
 box or can; containing more than twenty-one and not more 
 than thirty-three cubic inches, five cents per bottle, jar, box or 
 can; containing more than thirty-three and not more than 
 seventy cubic inches, ten cents per bottle, jar, box or can; if in 
 other packages, forty per centum ad valorem. All other fish 
 (except shellfish), in tin packages, thirty per centum ad va- 
 lorem; fish in packages containing less than one-half barrel, 
 and not specially provided for in this Act, thirty per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 ‘ig 
 
 259. Fresh water fish not specially provided for in this 
 Act, one-fourth of one cent per pound. 
 
 260. Herrings, pickled or salted, one-half of one cent per 
 pound; herrings, fresh, one-fourth of one cent per pound. 
 
 261. Fish, fresh, smoked, dried, salted, pickled, frozen, 
 packed in ice or otherwise prepared for preservation, not spe- 
 cially provided for in this Act, three-fourths of one cent per 
 pound; fish, skinned or boned, one and one-fourth cents per 
 pound; mackerel, halibut or salmon, fresh, pickled or salted, 
 one cent per pound. 
 
 FRUITS AND NUTS: 
 
 262. Apples, peaches, quinces, cherries, plums and pears, 
 green or ripe, twenty-five cents per bushel; apples, peaches, 
 pears, and other edible fruits, including berries, when dried, 
 desiccated, evaporated, or prepared in any manner, not speci- 
 ally provided for in this Act, two 'cents per pound; berries, 
 edible, in their natural condition, one cent per quart; cran- 
 berries, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 263. Comfits, sweetmeats, and fruits preserved in sugar, 
 molassses, spirits, or in their own juices, not specially pro- 
 vided for in this Act, one cent per pound and thirty-five per 
 centum ad valorem; if containing over ten per centum of al- 
 cohol and not specially provided for in this Act, thirty-five per 
 centum ad valorem and in addition two dollars and fifty cents 
 per proof gallon on the alcohol contained therin in excess of 
 ten per centum; jellies of all kinds, thirty five per centum ad 
 valorem; pineapples preserved in their own juice, twenty-five 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 264. F'igs, . plums, prunes, and prunelles, two cents per 
 pound; raisins and other dried grapes, two and one-half cents 
 per pound; dates, one-half of one cent per pound; currants, 
 /ante or other, two cents per pound; olives, green or prepared, 
 ill bottles, jars, or similar packages, twenty-five cents per 
 gallon; in casks or otherwise than in bottles, jars, or similar 
 packages, fifteen cents per gallon. 
 
 265. Grapes in barrels or other packages, twenty cents 
 per cubic foot of capacity of barrels or packages. 
 
 266. Oranges, lemons, limes, grape fruit, shaddocks, or 
 pomelos, one cent per pound. 
 
 267. Orange peel or lemon peel, preserved, candied, or 
 dried, and cocoanut meat or copra desiccated, shredded, cut, 
 or similarly prepared, two cents per pound; citron or citron 
 peel, preserved, candied, or dried, four cents per pound. 
 
 268. Pineapples, in barrels and other packages, seven 
 cents per cubic foot of the capacity of barrels or packages; in 
 bulk, seven dollars per thousand. 
 
 nuts: 
 
 269. Almonds, not shelled, four cents per pound; clear 
 almonds, shelled, six cents per pound. 
 
30 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 270. Filberts and walnuts of all kinds, not shelled, three 
 cents per pound; shelled five cents per pound. 
 
 271. Peanuts or ground beans, unshelled, one-half of one 
 cent per pound; shelled, one cent per pound. 
 
 272. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or unshelled, not speci- 
 ally provided for in this Act, one cent per pound. 
 
 MEAT products: 
 
 273. Bacon and hams, five cents per pound. 
 
 274.. Fresh beef, veal, mutton, and pork, two cents per 
 pound. 
 
 275. Meats of all kinds, prepared or preserved, not spe- 
 cially provided for in this Act, twenty-five per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 276. Extract of meat, not specially provided for in this 
 Act, thirty-five cents per pound; fluid extract of meat, fifteen 
 cents per pound, but the dutiable weight of the extract of 
 meat, and of the fluid extract of meat shall not include the 
 weight of the package in which the same is imported. 
 
 277. Lard, two cents per pound. 
 
 278. Poultry, live, three cents per pound; dressed, five 
 cents per pound. 
 
 279. Tallow, three-fourths of one cent per pound; wool 
 grease, including that known commercially as degras or 
 brown wool grease, one-half of one cent per pound. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS’ 
 
 280. Chicory root, raw, dried, or undried, but unground, 
 one cent per pound; chicory-root, burnt or roasted, ground or 
 granulated, or in rolls, or otherwise prepared, and not speci- 
 ally provided for in this Act, two and one-half cents per 
 pound. 
 
 281. Chocolate and cocoa, prepared or manufactured, not 
 specially provided for in this Act, valued at not over fifteen 
 cents per pound, two and one-half cents per pound; valued 
 above fifteen and not above twenty-four cents per pound, two 
 and one-half cents per pound and ten per centum ad valorem; 
 valued above twenty-four and not above thirty-five cents per 
 pound, five cents per pound and ten per centum ad valorem; 
 valued above thirty-five cents per pound, fifty per centum ad 
 valorem. The weight and value of all coverings, other than 
 plain wooden, shall be included in the dutiable weight and 
 value of the foregoing merchandise; powdered cocoa, un- 
 sweetened, five cents per pound. 
 
 282. Cocoa butter or cocoa butterine, three and one-half 
 cents per pound. 
 
 283. Dandelion-root and acorns prepared, and articles 
 used as coffee, or as substitutes for coffee, not specially pro- 
 vided for in this Act, two and one-half cents per pound. 
 
 284. Salt in bags, sacks, barrels, or other packages, 
 twelve cents per hundred pounds; in bulk eight cents per one 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 31 
 
 hundred pounds: Provided, That imported salt in bond maybe 
 used in curing fish taken by vessels licensed to engage in the 
 fisheries, and in curing fish on the shores of the navigable 
 waters of the United States, under such regulations as the 
 Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe ; and upon proof 
 that the salt has been used for either of the purposes 
 stated in this proviso, the duties on the same shall be remitted: 
 Provided further, That exporters of meats, whether packed or 
 smoked, which have been cured in the United States with im- 
 ported salt, shall, upon satisfactory proof, under such regu- 
 lations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe, that 
 such meats have been cured with imported salt, have refunded 
 to them from the Treasury the duties paid on the salt so used 
 in curing such exported meats, in amounts not less than one 
 hundred dollars. 
 
 285. Starch, including all preparations, from whatever 
 substance produced, fit for use as starch, one and one-half 
 cents per pound. 
 
 286. Dextrine, burnt starch, gum substitute, or British 
 gum, two cents per pound. 
 
 287. Spices: Mustard, ground or prepared, in bottles or 
 otherwise, ten cents per pound; capsicum or red pepper, or 
 cayenne pepper, two and one-half cents per pound; sage, one 
 cent per pound; spices not specially provided for in this Act, 
 three cents per pound. 
 
 288. Vinegar, seven and one-half cents per proof gallon. 
 The standard proof for vinegar shall be taken to be that 
 strength which requires thirty-five grains of bicarbonate of 
 potash to neutralize one ounce troy of vinegar. 
 
 SCHEDULE H. 
 
 SPIRITS, WINES, AND OTHER BEVERAGES. 
 
 SPIRITS. 
 
 289. Brandy and other spirits manufactured or distilled 
 from grain or other materials, and not specially provided for in 
 this Act, two dollars and twenty-five cents per proof gallon. 
 
 290. Each and every gauge or wine gallon of measure- 
 ment shall be counted as at least one proof gallon; and the 
 standard for determining the proof of brandy and other spirits 
 or liquors of any kind imported shall be the same as that which 
 is defined in the laws relating to internal revenue: Provided, 
 That it shall be lawful for the Secretary of the Treasury, in 
 his discretion, to authorize the ascertainment of the proof of 
 wines, cordials, or other liquors, by distillation or otherwise, in 
 cases where it is impractible to ascertain such proof by the 
 means prescribed by existing laws or regulations: A 7 id Pro- 
 vided further. That any brandy or other spirituous or distilled 
 liquors imported in any sized cask, bottle, jug, or other pack- 
 age, of or from any country, dependency, or province under 
 whose laws similar sized casks, bottles, jugs, or other package-s 
 
32 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 of distilled spirits, wine, or other beverage put up or filled in 
 the United States are denied entrance into such country, de- 
 pendency, or province, shall be forfeited to the United States; 
 and any brandy or other spirituous or distilled li^quor imported 
 in a cask of less capacity than ten gallons from any country 
 shall be forfeited to the United States. 
 
 2gi. On all compounds or preparations of which distilled 
 spirits are a component part of chief value, there shall be 
 levied a duty not less than that imposed upon distilled spirits. 
 
 292. Cordials, liqueurs, arrack, absinthe, kirschwasser, 
 ratafia, and other spirituous beverages or bitters of all kinds, 
 containing spirits, and not specially provided for in this Act, 
 two dollars and twenty-five cents per proof gallon. 
 
 293. No lower rate or amount of duty shall be levied* col- 
 lected, and paid on brandy, spirits, and other spirituous bever- 
 ages than that fixed by law tor the description of first proof; 
 but it shall be increased in proportion for any greater strength 
 than the strength of first proof, and all imitations of brandy 
 or spirits or wines imported by any names whatever shall be 
 subject to the highest rate of duty provided for the genuine 
 articles respectively intended to be represented, and in no 
 case less than one dollar and fifty cents per gallon. 
 
 294. Bay rum or bay water, whether distilled or com- 
 pounded, of first proof, and in proportion for any greater 
 strength than first proof, one dollar and fifty cents per gallon. 
 
 WINES: 
 
 295. Champagne and all other sparkling wines in bottles 
 containing each not more than one quart and more than one 
 pint, eight dollars per dozen; containing not more than one 
 pint each and more than one-half pint, four dollars per dozen; 
 containing one-half pint each or less, two dollars per dozen; 
 in bottles or other vessels containing more than one quart each, 
 in addition to eight dollars per dozen bottles, on the quantity in 
 excess of one quart, at the rate of two dollars and fifty cents 
 per gallon; but no separate or additional duty shall be levied 
 on the bottles. 
 
 296. Still wines, including ginger wine or ginger cordial 
 and vermuth, in casks or packages other than bottles or jugs, 
 if containing fourteen per centum or less of absolute alcohol, 
 forty cents per gallon; if containing more than fourteen per 
 centum of absolute alcohol, fifty cents pergallon. In bottles or 
 jugs, per case of one dozen bottles or jugs, containing each not 
 more than one quart and more than one pint, or twenty-four 
 bottles or jugs containing each not more than one pint, one 
 dollar and sixty cents per case; and any excess beyond these 
 quantities found in such bottles or jugs shall be subject to a 
 duty of five cents per pint or fractional part thereof, but no 
 separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles or 
 jugs: Provided, That any wines, ginger cordial, or vermuth 
 imported containing more than twenty-four per centum of al- 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 33 
 
 cohol shall be classed as spirits and pay duty accordingly: 
 A?id Provided further^ That there shall be no constructive or 
 other allowance for breakage, leakage, or damage on wines, 
 liquors, cordials, or distilled spirits. \Vines, cordials, brandy, 
 and other spirituous liquors, including bitters of all kinds, 
 and bay rum or bay water, imported in bottles or jugs, shall be 
 packed in packages containing not less than one dozen bottles 
 or jugs in each package, or duty shall be paid as 
 if such package contained at least one dozen bottles or jugs, 
 and in addition thereto, duty shall be collected on the bottles 
 or jugs at the rates which would be chargeable thereon if im- 
 ported empty. The percentage of alcohol m wines and fruit 
 juices shall be determined in such manner as the Secretary of 
 the Treasury shall by regulation prescribe. 
 
 297. Ale, porter, and beer, in bottles or jugs, forty cents 
 per gallon, but no separate or additional duty shall be assessed 
 on the bottles or jugs; otherwise than in bottles or jugs, twenty 
 cents per gallon. 
 
 298. Malt Extract, fluid in casks, twenty cents per 
 gallon; in bottles or jugs, forty cents per gallon; solid or con- 
 densed, fort / per centum ad valorem. 
 
 299. Cherry juice and prune juice, or prune wine, and 
 other fruit juices not specially provided for in this Act, con- 
 taining no alcohol or not more than eighteen per centum of 
 alcohol, sixty cents per gallon; if containing more than eight- 
 een per centum of alcohol, sixty cents per gallon, and in ad- 
 dition thereto two dollars and seven cents per proof gallon on 
 the alcohol contained therein. 
 
 300. Ginger ale, ginger beer, lemonade, soda water, and 
 other similar beverages, containing no alcohol in plain green 
 or colored, molded or pressed, glass bottles, containing each 
 not m.ore than three-fourths of a pint, eighteen cents per 
 dozen; containing more than three-fourths of a pint each and 
 not more than one and one-half pints, twenty-eight cents per 
 dozen; but no separate or additional duty shall be assessed on 
 the bottles; it imported otherwise than in plain green or 
 colored, molded or pressed, glass bottles, or in such bottles 
 containing more than one and one-half pints each, fifty cents 
 per gallon and in addition thereto duty shall be collected on 
 the bottles, or other coverings, at the rates which would be 
 chargeable thereon if imported empty. 
 
 301. All mineral waters and all imitations of natural 
 mineral waters, and all artificial mineral waters not specially 
 provided for in this Act, in green or colored glass bottles, con- 
 taining not more than one pint, twenty cents per dozen 
 bottles. If containing more than one pint and not more than 
 one’ quart, thirty cents per dozen bottles. But no separate 
 duty shall be assessed upon the bottles. If imported other- 
 wise than in plain green or colored glass bottles, or if imported 
 in such bottles containing more than one quart, twenty-four 
 cents per gallon, and in addition thereto duty shall be collec- 
 
34 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 ted upon the bottles or other covering at the same rates that 
 would be charged thereon if imported empty or separately. 
 
 SCHEDULE 1 . 
 
 COTTON MANUFACTURES. 
 
 302. Cotton thread and carded yarn, warps or warp 
 yarn, in singles, whether on beams or in bundles, skeins or 
 cops, or in any other form, except spool thread of cotton here- 
 iiiafter provided for, not colored, bleached, dyed, or advanced 
 beyond the condition of singles by grouping or twisting two 
 or more single yarns together, three cents per pound on all num- 
 bers up to and including number fifteen, one-fifth of a cent per 
 number per pound on all numbers exceeding number fifteen 
 and up to and including number thirty, and one-fourth of a 
 cent per number per pound on all numbers exceeding number 
 thirty; colored, bleached, dyed, combed or advanced beyond 
 the condition of singles by grouping or twisting two or 
 mrre single yarns together, whether on beams, or in bundles, 
 skeins or cops, or in any other form, except spool thread of 
 cotton hereinafter provided for, six cents per pound on all 
 numbers up to and including number twenty, and on all num- 
 bers exceeding number twenty and up to number eighty, one 
 fourth of one cent per number per pound; on number eighty 
 and above, three-tenths of one cent per number per pound; 
 cotton card laps, roping, sliver or roping, forty-five per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 303. Spool thread of cotton, including crochet, darning, 
 and embroidery cottons on spools or reels, containing on each 
 spool or reel not exceeding one hundred yards of thread, six 
 cents per dozen; exceeding one hundred yards on each spool 
 or reel, for every additional hundred yards or a fractional 
 part thereof in excess of one hundred, six cents per dozen 
 spools or reels; if otherwise than on spools or reels one-half of 
 one cent for each one hundred yards or fractional part there- 
 of: Provided, That in no case shall the duty be assessed upon 
 a less number of yards than is marked on the spools or reels. 
 
 304. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
 painted, or printed, and not exceeding .fifty threads to the 
 square inch, counting the warp and filling, one cent per square 
 yard; if bleached one and one-fourth cents per sqaure yard; if 
 dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, two cents per 
 square yard. 
 
 305. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
 painted or printed, exceeding fifty and not exceeding one 
 hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and 
 filling, and not exceeding six square yards to the pound, 
 one and one-fourth cents per square yard; exceeding six and 
 not exceeding nine square yards to the pound, one and 
 one-half cents per square yard; exceeding nine square 
 yards to the pound, one and three-fourths cents per square 
 yard; if bleached, and not exceeding six square yards to the 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 35 
 
 pound, one and one-half cents per square yard; exceeding six 
 and not exceeding nine square yards to the pound, one and 
 three-fourths cents per square yard; exceeding nine square 
 yards to the pound, two and one-fourth cents per square yard; 
 if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and not exceed- 
 ing six square yards to the pound, two and three-fourths cents 
 per square yard; exceeding six and not exceeding nine square 
 yards to the pound, three and one-fourth cents per square 
 yard; exceeding nine square yards to the pound, three and 
 one-half cents per square yard: Provided^ That on all cotton 
 cloth not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, 
 counting the warp and filling, not bleached, dyed, colored, 
 stained, painted, or printed, valued at over seven cents per 
 square yard, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; bleached, 
 valued at over nine cents per square yard, twenty-five per 
 centum ad valorem; and dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
 printed, valued at over twelve cents per square yard, there 
 shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty at thirty per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 306. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
 painted, or printed, exceeding one hundred and not exceed- 
 ing one hundred and fifty threads to the square inch, counting 
 the warp and filling, and not exceeding four square yards to 
 the pound, one and one-half cents per square yard; exceeding 
 four and not exceeding six square yards to the pound, two 
 cents per square yard; exceeding six and not exceeding eight 
 square yards to the pound, two and one-half cents per square 
 yard; exceeding eight square yards to the pound, two and 
 three-fourths cents per square yard; if bleached, and not ex- 
 ceeding four square yards to the pound, two and one-half cents 
 per square yard; exceeding four and nc^t exceeding six square 
 yards to the pound, three cents per square yard; exceeding 
 six and not exceeding eight square yards to the pound, three 
 and one-half cents per square yard; exceeding eight square 
 yards to the pound, three and three-fourths cents per square 
 yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and not 
 exceeding four square yards to the pound, three and one-half 
 cents per square yard; exceeding four and not exceeding six 
 square yards to the pound, three and three-fourths cents per 
 square yard ; exceeding six and not exceeding eight square yards 
 to the pound, four and one-fourth cents per square yard ; exceed- 
 ing eight square yards to the pound, four and one-half cents 
 per square yard: Provided, That on ail cotton cloth exceeding 
 one hundred and not exceeding one hundred and fifty threads 
 to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, not bleached, 
 dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over 
 nine cents per square yard, thirty per centum ad valorem; 
 bleached, valued at over eleven cents per square yard, thirty- 
 five per centum arl valorem; dyed, colored, stained, painted, 
 or printed, valued at over twelve and one-half cents per square 
 
36 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of thirty- 
 five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 307. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, /:olored, stained, 
 painted, or printed, exceeding one hundred and fifty and not 
 exceeding two hundred threads to the square inch, counting 
 the warp and filling, and not exceeding three and one-half 
 square yards to the pound, two cents per square yard; exceed- 
 ing three and one-half and not exceeding four and one-half 
 square yards to the pound, two and three-fourths cents per 
 square yard; exceeding four and one-half and not exceeding 
 six square yards to the pound, three cents per square yard; 
 exceeding six square yards to the pound, three and one-half 
 cents per square yard; if bleached, and not exceeding three 
 and one-half square yards to the pound, two and three-fourths 
 cents per square yard; exceeding three and one-half and not 
 exceeding four and one-half square yards to the pound, three 
 and one-half cents per square yard; exceeding four and one- 
 half and not exceeding six square yards to the pound, four 
 cents per square yard; exceeding six square yards to the 
 pound, four and one-fourth cents per square yard; if dyed, 
 colored, stained, or printed, and not exceeding three and one- 
 half square yards to the pound, f9ur and one-fourth cents per 
 square yard; exceeding three and one-half and not exceeding 
 four and one-half square yards to the pound, four and one- 
 half cents per square yard; exceeding four and one-half and 
 not exceeding six square yards to the pound, four and three- 
 fourths cents per square yard; exceeding six square yards to 
 the pound, five cents per square yard: Provided, That on all 
 cotton cloth exceeding one hundred and fifty and not exceed- 
 ing two hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp 
 and filling, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
 printed, valued at over ten cents per square yard, thirty-five 
 per centum ad valorem; bleached valued at over twelve cents 
 per square yard, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; dyed, 
 colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over twelve 
 and one-half cents per square yard, there shall be levied, col- 
 lected, and paid a duty of forty per centum adValorem. 
 
 308. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
 painted, or printed, exceeding two hundred and not exceeding 
 three hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp 
 and filling, and not exceeding two and one half square yards 
 to the pound, three and one-half cents per square yard; ex- 
 ceeding two and one-half and not exeeding three and one- 
 half square yards to the pound, four cents per square yard; 
 exceeding three and one-half and not exceeding five square 
 yards to the pound, four and one-half cents per square yard; 
 exceeding five square yards to the pound, five cents per square 
 yard; if bleached, and not exceediijg two and one-half square 
 yards to the pound, four and one-half cents per square yard! 
 exceeding two and one-half and not exceeding three and one- 
 half square yards to the pound, five cents per square yard; 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 37 
 
 exceeding three and one-half and not exceeding five square 
 yards to the pound, five and one-half cents per square yard; 
 exceeding five square yards to the pound, six cents per square 
 yard ; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and not ex- 
 ceeding three and one-half square yards to the pound, six 
 and three-fourth cents per square yard; exceeding three 
 and one-half square yards to the pound, seven 
 cents per square yard: Provided, That on all such cotton 
 cloths not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted or printed, 
 valued at over twelve and one-half cents per square yard; 
 bleached, valued at over fifteen cents per square yard; and 
 dyed, colored, stained, painted or printed valued at over 
 seventeen and one-half cents per square yard, there shall be 
 levied, collected and paid a duty of forty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 309. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
 painted, or printed, exceeding three hundred threads to the 
 square inch, counting the warp and filling, and not exceeding 
 two square yards to the pound, four cents per square yard; ex- 
 ceeding two and not exceeding three square yards to the 
 pound, four and one-half cents per square yard; exceeding 
 three and not exceeding four square yards to the pound, five 
 cents per square yard; exceeding four square yards to the 
 pound, five and one-half cents per square yard; if bleached 
 and not exceeding two square yards to the pound, five cents 
 per square yard; exceeding two and not exceeding three 
 square yards to the pound, five and one-half cents per square 
 yard; exceeding three and not exceeding four square yards to 
 the pound, six cents per square yard; exceeding four square 
 yards to the pound, six and one-half cents per square yard; 
 if dyed, colored, stained, painted or printed, and not exceeding 
 three square yards -to the pound, six and one-half cents per 
 square yard; exceeding three square yards to the pound, eight 
 cents per square yard; Provided, That on all such cotton 
 cloths not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted or printed, 
 valued at over fourteen cents per square yard; bleached, val- 
 ued at over sixteen cents per square yard; and dyed, colored, 
 stained, painted or printed, valued at over twenty cents per 
 square yard, there shall be levied, collected and paid a duty 
 of forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 310. The term cotton cloth, or cloth, wherever used in the 
 paragraphs of this schedule, unless otherwise specially pro- 
 vided for, shall be held to include all woven fabrics of cotton 
 in the piece or otherwise, whether figured, fancy or plain, the 
 warp and filling threads of which can be counted by unravel 
 ing or other practicable means. 
 
 31 1. Cloth, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber 
 and silk, whether known as silk-striped sleeve-linings, silk 
 stripes, or otherwise, of which cotton is the component material 
 of chief value, eight cents per square yard and thirty per 
 centum ad valorem: Provided, That^ no such cloth shall pay 
 
38 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 a less rate of duty than fifty per centum ad valorem. Cotton 
 cloth, filled or coated, three cents per square yard and twenty 
 per centum- ad valorem. 
 
 312. Handkerchiefs or mufflers composed of cotton, 
 whether in the piece or otherwise and whether finished or un- 
 finished, if not hemmed, or hemmed only, shall pay the same 
 rate of duty on the cloth contained therein as is imposed on 
 cotton cloth of the same description, weight, and count of 
 threads to the square inch; but such handkerchiefs or mufflers 
 shall not pay a less rate of duty than forty-five per centum 
 ad valorem. If such handkerchiefs or mufflers are hem- 
 stitched, or imitation hemstitched, or revered, or have drawn 
 threads, they shall pay a duty of ten per centum ad valorem 
 in addition to the duty hereinbefore prescribed, and in no case 
 less than fifty-five per centum ad valorem; if such handker- 
 chiefs or mufflers are embroidered in any manner, whether 
 with an initial letter, monogram or otherwise, by hand or ma- 
 chinery, or are tamboured, appliqued, or trimmed wholly or in 
 part with lace or with tucking or insertion, they shall not pay 
 a less rate of duty than sixty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 313. Cotton cloth in which other than the ordinary warp 
 and filling threads have been introduced in the process of 
 weaving to form a figure, whether known as lappets or other- 
 wise, and whether unbleached, bleached, dyed, colored, 
 stained, painted or printed, shall pay, in addition to the duty 
 herein provided for other cotton cloth of the same description 
 or condition, weight, and count of threads to the square inch, 
 one cent per square yard if valued at not more than seven 
 cents pet square yard, and two cents per square yard if valued 
 at more than seven cents per square yard. 
 
 314. Clothing, ready-made, and articles of wearing ap- 
 parel of every description, including neckties or neckwear 
 composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, or of which cotton 
 or other vegetable fiber is the component material of chief 
 value, made up or manufactured, wholly or in part, by the 
 tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer, and not otherwise provided 
 for in this Act, fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
 any outside garment provided for in this paragraph having 
 india-rubber as a component material shall pay a duty of fif- 
 teen cents per pound and fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 315. Plushes, velvets, velveteens, corduroys, and all pile 
 fabrics, cut or uncut; any of the foregoing composed of cotton 
 or other vegetable fiber, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
 painted or printed, nine cents per square yard and twenty-five 
 per centum ad valorem; if bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
 painted or printed, twelve cents per square yard and twenty- 
 five per centum ad valorem: Provided, That corduroys com- 
 posed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, weighing seven ounces 
 or over per square yard, shall pay a duty of eighteen cents per 
 square yard and twenty-five per centum ad valorem: Provi- 
 ded further. That m^iufactures or articles in any form in- 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 39 
 
 eluding such as are commonly known as bias dress facings 
 or skirt bindings, made or cut from plushes, velvets, velvet- 
 eens, corduroys, or other pile fabrics composed of cotton or 
 other vegetable fabrics, shall be subject to the foregoing rates 
 of duty and in addition thereto ten per centum ad valorem: 
 Provided further ^ That none of the articles or fabrics provided 
 for in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than forty- 
 seven and one-half per centum ad valorem. 
 
 316. Curtains, table covers, and all articles manufactured 
 of cotton chenille or of which cotton chenille is the component 
 material of chief value, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 317. Stockings, hose and half-hose, made on knitting ma- 
 chines or frames, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, 
 and not otherwise specially provided for in this Act, thirty per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 318. Stockings, hose and half-hose, selvedged, fashioned, 
 narrowed or shaped wholly or in part by knitting machines or 
 frames, or knit by hand, including such as are commercially 
 known as seamless stockings, hose and half-hose, and clocked 
 stockings, hose or half-hose, all of the above, composed of cot- 
 ton or other vegetable fiber, finished or unfinished, valued at 
 not more than one dollar per dozen pairs, fifty cents per dozen 
 pairs; valued at more than one dollar per dozen pairs, and not 
 more than one dollar and fifty cents per dozen pairs, sixty 
 cents per dozen pairs; valued at more than one dollar and 
 fifty cents per dozen pairs, and not more than two dollars per 
 dozen pail's, seventy cents per dozen pairs; valued at more 
 than two dollars per dozen pairs, and not more than three dol- 
 lars per dozen pairs, one dollar and twenty cents per dozen 
 pairs; valued at more than three dollars per dozen pairs, and 
 not more than five dollars per dozen pairs, two dollars per 
 dozen pairs; and in addition thereto, upon all the foregoing, 
 fifteen per centum ad valorem; valued at more than five dol- 
 lars per dozen pairs, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 319. Shirts and drawers, pants, vests, union suits, combi- 
 nation suits, tights, sweaters, corset covers, and all underwear 
 of every description made wholly or in part on knitting ma- 
 chines or frames, or knit by hand, finished or unfinished, not 
 including stockings, hose and half-hose, composed of cotton or 
 other vegetable fiber, valued at not more than one dollar and 
 fifty cents per dozen, sixty cents per dozen and fifteen per 
 centum ad valorem; valued at more than one dollar and fifty 
 cents per dozen and not more than three dollars per dozen, one 
 dollar and ten cents per dozen, and in addition thereto fifteen 
 per centnm ad valorem; valued at more than three dollars 
 per dozen and not more than five dollars per dozen, 
 one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, and in addition thereto 
 twenty five per centum ad valorem; valued at more than five 
 dollars per dozen and not more than seven dollars per dozen, 
 one dollar and seventy-five cents per dozen, and in addition 
 thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem; valued at more 
 
40 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 than seven dollars per dozen and not more than fifteen dollars 
 per dozen, two dollars and twenty-five cents per dozen, and in 
 addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem; valued 
 above fifteen dollars per dozen, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 320. Bandings, beltings, bindings, bone casings, cords, 
 garters, lining for bicycle tires, ribbons, suspenders and braces, 
 tapes, tubing, and webs or webbing, any of the foregoing 
 articles made of cotton or other vegetable hber, whether com- 
 posed in part of india-rubber or otherwise, and not embroid- 
 ered by hand or machinery, forty-five per centum ad valorem; 
 spindle banding, woven, braided or twisted lamp, stove or 
 candle wicking made of cotton or other vegetable fiber, ten 
 cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; loom 
 harness or healds made of cotton or other vegetable fiber, or of 
 which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component mater- 
 ial of chief value, fifty cents per pound and twenty-five per 
 centum ad valorem; boot, shoe and corset lacings made of 
 cotton or other vegetable fiber, twenty-five cents per pound 
 and fifteen per centum ad valorem; labels, for garments or 
 other articles, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, fifty 
 cents per pound and thirty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 321. Cotton table damask, forty per centum ad valorem; 
 cotton duck, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 322. All manufactures of cotton not specially provided 
 for in this Act, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 SCHEDULE J. 
 
 FLAX, HEMP, AND JUTE, AND MaNUFACTUR^ OF. 
 
 323. Flax Straw, five dollars per ton. 
 
 324. Flax, not hackled or dressed, one cent per pound. 
 
 325. Flax, hackled, known as “dressed line,” three cents 
 per pound. 
 
 326. Tow of flax, twenty dollars per ton. 
 
 327. Hemp, and tow of hemp, twenty dollars per ton; 
 hemp, hackled, known as “line of hemp,” forty dollars per 
 ton. 
 
 328. Single yarns made of jute, not finer than five lea or 
 number, one cent per pound and ten per centum ad valorem; 
 if finer than five lea or number, thirty-five per centum ad va- 
 lorem. 
 
 329. Cables and cordage, composed of istle, Tampico 
 fiber, manila, sisal grass or sunn, or a mixture of these or any 
 of them, one- cent per pound; cables and cordage made of 
 hemp, tarred or untarred, two cents per pound. 
 
 330. Threads, twines, or cords, made from yarn not finer 
 than five lea or number, composed of flax, hemp, or ramie, or 
 of which these substances or either of them is the component 
 material of chief value, thirteen cents per pound; if made from 
 yarn finer than five lea or number, three-fourths of one cent 
 per pound additional for each lea or number, or part of a lea 
 or number, in excess of five, 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 41 
 
 331. Single yarns in the gray, made of flax, hemp, or 
 ramie, or a mixture of any of them, not finer than eight lea or 
 number, seven cents per pound; finer than eight lea or num- 
 ber and not finer than eighty lea or number, forty per centum 
 ad valorem; single yarns, made of flax, hemp, or ramie, or a 
 mixture of any of them, finer than eighty lea or number, fifteen 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 332. Flax gill netting, nets, webs, and seines, shall pay 
 the same duty per pound as is imposed in this schedule upon 
 the thread, twine or cord of which they are made, and in addi- 
 tion thereto twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 333. Floor mattings, plain, fancy or figured, manufactured 
 from straw, round or split, or other vegetable substances not 
 otherwise provided for, including what are commonly known 
 as Chinese, Japanese, and India straw mattings, valued at not 
 exceeding ten cents per square yard, three cents per square 
 \ard; valued at exceeding ten cents per square yard, seven 
 cents per square yard and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 334. Carpets, carpeting, mats and rugs made of flax, 
 hemp, jute, or other vegetable fiber (except cotton), valued at 
 not exceeding fifteen cents per square yard, five cents per 
 square yard and thirty-five per centum ad valorem; valued 
 above fifteen cents per square yard, ten cents per square yard 
 and thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 335. Hydraulic hose, made in whole or in part of flax, 
 hemp, ramie or jute, twenty cents per pound. 
 
 336. Tapes composed wholly or in part of flax, woven 
 with or without metal threads, on reels, spools or otherwise, 
 and designed expressly for use in the manufacture of measur- 
 ing tapes, forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 337. Oilcloth for floors, stamped, painted or printed, in- 
 cluding linoleum or corticene, figured or plain, and all other 
 oilcloth (except silk oilcloth) under twelve feet in width not 
 specially provided for herein, eight cents per square yard and 
 fifteen per centum ad valorem; oilcloth for floors and linoleum 
 or corticene, twelve feet and over in width, inlaid linoleum or 
 corticene, and cork carpets, twenty cents per square yard and 
 twenty per centum ad valorem; waterproof cloth, composed of 
 cotton or other vegetable fiber, whether composed in part of 
 india rubber or otherwise, ten cents per square yard and 
 twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 338. Shirt collars and cuffs, composed of cotton, forty-five 
 cents per dozen pieces and fifteen per centum ad valorem; 
 composed in whole or in part of linen, forty cents per dozen 
 pieces and twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 339. Laces, lace window curtains, tidies, pillow shams, bed 
 sets, iiisertings, flouncings and other lace articles; handker- 
 chiefs, napkins, wearing apparel, and other articles made 
 wholly or in part of lace, or in imitation of lace; nets or net- 
 tings, veils and veilings, etamines, vitrages, neck rufflings, 
 ruchings, tuckings, flutings and quillings; embroideries and 
 
42 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 all trimmings, including braids, edgings, insertings, flouncings, 
 galloons, goring-?, and bands; wearing apparel, handkerchiefs, 
 and other articles or fabrics embroidered in any manner by 
 hand or machinery, whether with a letter, monogram or other- 
 wise; tamboured or appliqued articles, fabrics or wearing ap- 
 parel; hemstitched or tucked flouncings or skirtings, and art- 
 icles made wholly or in part of rufflings, tuckings, or ruchings; 
 all of the foregoing, composed wholly or in chief value of flax, 
 cotton, or other vegetable fiber and not elsewhere specially 
 provided for in this Act, whether composed in part of india 
 rubber or otherwise, sixty per centum ad valorem: Providedy 
 That no wearing apparel or other article or textile fabric, when 
 embroidered by hand or machinery, shall pay duty at a less 
 rate than that imposed in any schedule of this act upon any 
 embroideries of the materials of which such embroidery is 
 composed. 
 
 340. Lace window curtains, pillow shams, and bed sets, 
 finished or unfinished, made on the Nottingham lace-curtain 
 machine or on the Nottingham warp machine, and composed 
 of cotton or other vegetable fiber, when counting five points or 
 spaces between the v/arp threads to the inch, one cent per 
 square yard; when counting more than five such points or 
 spaces to the inch, one-half of one cent per square yard in ad- 
 dition for each such point or space to the inch in excess of 
 five; and in addition thereto on all the foregoing articles in 
 this paragraph, twenty per centum ad valorem: Provided^ 
 That none of the above-named articles shall pay a less rate of 
 duty than fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 341. Plain woven fabrics of single jute yarns, by whatever 
 name known, not exceeding sixty inches in width, weighing 
 not less than six ounces per square yard and not exceeding 
 thirty threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, 
 five- eighths of one cent per pound and fifteen per centum 
 ad valorem; if exceeding thirty and not exceeding fifty-five 
 threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, 
 seven-eights of one cent per pound and fifteen per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 342. All pile fabrics of which flax is the component ma- 
 terial of chief value, sixty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 343. Bags or sacks made from plain woven fabrics, of 
 single jute yarns, not dyed, colored, stained, painted, printed, 
 or bleached, and not exceeding thirty threads to the square 
 inch, counting the warp and filling, seven-eighths of one cent 
 per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem. 
 
 344. Bagging for cotton, gunny cloth, and similar fabrics, 
 suitable for covering cotton, composed of single yarns made of 
 jute, jute butts or hemp, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
 painted or printed, not exceeding sixteen threads to the square 
 inch, counting the warp and filling, and weighing not less 
 than fifteen ounces per square yard, six-tenths of one cent per 
 square yard. 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 43 
 
 345. Handkerchiefs composed of flax, hemp, or ramie, or 
 of which these substances, or either of them, is the component 
 material of chief value, whether in the piece or otherwise, and 
 whether finished or unfinished, not hemmed or hemmed only, 
 fifty per centum ad valorem; if hemstitched, or imitation hem- 
 stitched or revered, or with drawn threads, but not embroidered 
 or initialed, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 346. Woven fabrics or articles not specially provided for 
 in this act, composed of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of which these 
 substances or either of them is the component material of chief 
 value, weighing four and one-half ounces or more per square 
 yard, when containing not more than sixty threads to the 
 square inch, counting the warp and filling, one and three- 
 fourth cents per square yard; containing more than sixty and 
 not more than one hundred and twenty threads to the square 
 inch, two and three-fourths cents per square yard; containing 
 more than one hundred and twenty and not more than one 
 hundred and eighty threads to the square inch, six cents per 
 square yard; containing more than one hundred and eighty 
 threads to the square inch, nine cents per square yard, and in 
 addition thereto, on all the foregoing, thirty per centum ad 
 valorem: Provided, That none of the foregoing articles in 
 this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty tf^an fifty per 
 centum ad valorem. Woven fabrics of flax, hemp, or ramie, 
 or of which these substances or either of them is the compo- 
 nent material of chief value, including such as is known as 
 shirting cloth, weighing less than four and one-half ounces per 
 square yard and containing more than one hundred threads to 
 the square inch, counting the warp and filling, thirty-five per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 347. All manufacrures of flax, hemp, ramie, or of other 
 vegetable fiber, or of which these substances or either of them 
 is the component material of chief value, not specially pro- 
 vided for in this Act, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 SCHEDULE K. 
 
 WOOL AND MANUFACTURES OF WOOL. 
 
 348. All wools, hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, and other 
 like animals, shall be divided, for the purpose of fixing the 
 duties to be charged thereon, into the three following classes: 
 
 349. Class one, that is to say, merino, mestiza, metz, or 
 metis wools, or other wools of merino blood, immediate or 
 remote, Down clothing wools and wools of like character with 
 any of the preceding, including Bagdad wool, China lamb’s 
 wool, Castel Branco, Adrianople skin wool or butcher’s wool, 
 and such as have been heretofore usually imported into the. 
 United States from Buenos Ayres, New Zealand, Australia, 
 Cape of Good Hope, Russia, Great Britain, Canada, Egypt, 
 Morocco, and elsewhere, and all wools not hereinafter in- 
 cluded in classes two and three. 
 
44 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 350. Class two, that is to say, Leicester, Cotswold, Lin- 
 colnshire, Down combing wools, Canada long wools, or other 
 like combing wools of English blood, and usually known by 
 the terms herein used, and also hair of the camel, Angora 
 goat, alpaca, and other like animals. 
 
 351. Class three, that is to say, Donskoi, native South 
 American, Cordova, Valparaiso, native Smyrna, Russian 
 camel’s hair, and all such wools of like character as have been 
 heretofore usually imported into the United States from 
 Turkey, Greece, Syria and elsewhere, excepting improved 
 wools hereinafter provided for. 
 
 352. The standard samples of all wools which are now or 
 may be hereafter deposited in the principal custom-houses of 
 the United States, under the authority of the Secretary of the 
 Treasury, shall be the standard for the classification of wools 
 under this Act, and the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized 
 to renew these standards and to make such additions to them 
 from time to time as may be required, and he shall cause to 
 be deposited like standards in other custom-houses of the 
 United States when they may be needed. 
 
 353. Whenever wools of class three shall have been im- 
 proved by the admixture of merino or English blood, from 
 their present j:haracter as represented by the standard samples 
 now or hereafter to be deposited in the principal custom- 
 houses of the United States, such improved wools shall be 
 classified for duty either as class one or as class two, as the 
 case may be. 
 
 354. The duty on wools of the first class which shall be 
 imported washed shall be twice the amount of the duty to 
 which they would be subjected if imported unwashed; and the 
 duty on wools of the first and second classes which shall be 
 imported scoured shall be three times the duty to which they 
 would be subjected if imported unwashed. The duty on wools 
 of the third class, if imported in condition for use in carding or 
 spinning into yarns, or which shall not contain more than eight 
 per cent, of dirt or other foreign substance, shall be three times 
 the duty to which they would otherwise be subjected. 
 
 355. Unwashed wools shall be considered such as shall 
 have been shorn from the sheep without any cleansing; that 
 is, in their natural condition. Washed wools shall be con- 
 sidered such as have been washed with water only on the 
 sheep’s back, or on the skin. Wools of the first and second 
 classes washed in any other manner than on the sheep’s back 
 or on the skin shall be considered scoured wool. 
 
 356. The duty upon wool of the sheep or hair of the 
 camel. Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals, of class 
 one and class two, which shall be imported in any other than 
 ordinary condition, or which has been sorted or increased in 
 value by the rejection of any part of the original fleece, shall 
 be twice the duty to which it would be otherwise subject: Pro^ 
 vided, That skirted wools as imported in eighteen hundred and 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 45 
 
 ninety and prior thereto are hereby excepted. The duty upon 
 wool of the sheep or hair of the camel, Angora goat, alpaca, 
 and other like animals of any class which shall be changed in 
 its character or condition for the purpose of evading the duty, 
 or which shall be reduced in value by the admixture of dirt or 
 any other foreign substance, shall be twice the duty to which 
 it would be otherwise subject. When the duty assessed upon 
 any wool equals three tjmes or more that which would be as- 
 sessed if said wool was imported unwashed, the duty shall not 
 be double on account of the wool being sorted. If any bale or 
 package of wool cr hair specified in this Act invoiced or en- 
 tered as of any specified class, or claimed by the importer to 
 be dutiable as of any specified class, shall contain any wool or 
 hair subject to a higher rate of duty than class so specified, 
 the whole bale or package shall be subject to the highest rate 
 of duty chargeable on wool of the class subject to such higher 
 rate of duty, and if any bale or package be claimed by the 
 importer to be shoddy, mungo, flocks, wool, hair or other ma- 
 terial of any class specified in this Act, and such bale contain 
 any admixture of any one or more of such materials, or of any 
 other material, the whole bale or package shall be subject to 
 duty at tho highest rate imposed upon any article in said bale 
 or package. 
 
 357. The duty upon all wools and hair of the first class 
 shall be eleven cents per pound, and upon all wools or hair of 
 the second class twelve cents per pound. 
 
 358. On wools of the third class and on camel’s hair of 
 the third class the value of which shall be twelve cents or less 
 per pound, the duty shall be four cents per pound. 
 
 359. On wools of the third class and on camel’s hair of 
 the third class, the' value whereof shall exceed twelve cents 
 per pound, the duty shall be seven cents per pound. 
 
 360. The duty on wools on the skin shall be one cent less 
 per pound than is imposed in this schedule on other wools of 
 the same class and condition, the quantity and value to be 
 ascertained under such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury 
 may prescribe. 
 
 361. Top waste, slabbing waste, roving waste, ring waste, 
 and garnetted waste, thirty cents per pound. 
 
 362. Shoddy, twenty-five cents per pound; noils, wool 
 extract, yarn waste, thread waste, and all other wastes com- 
 posed wholly or in part of wool, and not specially provided for 
 in this Act, twenty cents per pound. 
 
 363. Woolen rags, mungo, and flocks, ten cents per pound. 
 
 364. Wool and hair which have been advanced in any 
 manner or by process of manufacture beyond the washed or 
 scoured condition, not specially provided for in this Act, shall 
 be subject to the same duties as are imposed upon manufac- 
 tures of wool not specially provided for in this Act. 
 
 365. On yarns made wholly or in part of wool, valued at 
 not more than thirty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall 
 
46 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 be two and one-half times the duty imposed by this Act on 
 one pound of unwashed wool of the first class; valued at more 
 than thirty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three 
 and one-half times the duty imposed by this Act on one pound 
 of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto, 
 upon all the forgoing, forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 366. On cloths, knit fabrics, and all manufactures of 
 overy description made ‘wholly or in part of wool, not specially 
 provided for in this Act, valued at not more than forty cents 
 per pound, the duty per pound shall be three times the duty 
 imposed by this Act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first 
 class; valued at above forty cents per pound and not above 
 seventy cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be four 
 times the duty imposed by this Act on one pound of unwashed 
 wool of the first class, and in addition thereto, upon all the 
 foregoing, fifty per centum ad valorem; valued at over seventy 
 cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be four times the 
 duty imposed by this Act on one pound of unwashed wool of 
 the first class and fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 367. On blankets, and flannels for underwear composed 
 wholly or in part of wool, valued at not more than forty cents 
 per pound, the duty per pound shall be the same as the duty 
 imposed by this Act on two pounds of unwashed wool of the 
 first class, and in addition thereto thirty per centum ad valor- 
 urn; valued at more than forty cents and not more than fifty 
 cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three times the 
 duty imposed by this Act on one pound of unwashed wool of 
 the first class, and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad 
 valorem. On blankets composed wholly or in part of wool, 
 valued at more than fifty cents per pound, the duty per pound 
 shall be three times the duty imposed by this Act on one 
 pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition 
 thereto forty per centum ad volorem. Flannels composed 
 wholly or in part of wool, valued at above fifty cents per pound, 
 shall be classified and pay the same duty as women’s and 
 children’s dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, and goods 
 of similar character and description provided by this Act: 
 Provided, That on blankets over three yards in length the 
 same duties shall be paid as on cloths. 
 
 368. On women’s and children’s dress goods, coat linings, 
 Italian cloths, and goods of similar description and character 
 of which the warp consists wholly of cotton or other vegetable 
 material with the remainder of the fabric composed wholly or 
 in part of wool, valued at not exceeding fifteen cents per 
 square yard, the duty shali be seven cents per square yard; 
 valued at more than fifteen cents per square yard, the duty 
 shall be eight cents per square yard; and in addition thereto 
 on all the foregoing valued at not above seventy cents per 
 pound, fifty per centum ad valorem; valued at above seventy 
 cents per pound, fifty-five per centum ad valorem; Pf'ovided, 
 That on all the foregoing weighing over four ounces per square 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 47 
 
 yard, the duty shall be the same as imposed by this schedule 
 on cloths. 
 
 369. On women’s and children’s dress goods, coat linings, 
 Italian cloths, bunting, and goods of similar description or 
 character composed wholly or in part of wool, and not special- 
 ly provided for in this Act, the duty shall be eleven cents per 
 square yard; and in addition thereto, on all the foregoing val- 
 ued at not above seventy cents per pound, fifty per centum ad 
 valorem; valued at above seventy cents per pound, fifty-five 
 per centum ad valorem; Provided, That on all the foregoing, 
 weighing over four ounces per square yard, the duty shall be 
 the same as imposed by this schedule on cloths. 
 
 370. On clothing, ready-made, and articles of wearing ap- 
 parel of every description, including shawls whether knitted 
 or woven, and knitted articles of every description, made up 
 or manufactured wholly or in part, felts not woven and not 
 specially provided for in this Act, composed -wholly or in part 
 of wool, the duty per pound shall be four times the duty im 
 posed by this Act on one pound of unwashed wool of the first 
 class, and in addition thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 371. Webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, bandings, 
 beltings, bindings, braids, galloons, edgings, insertings, flounc- 
 ings, fringes, gimps, cords, cords and tassels, laces and other 
 trimmings, and “articles made wholly or in part of lace, em- 
 broideries, and articles embroidered by hand or machinery, 
 head nets, netting, buttons or barrel buttons or buttons of other 
 forms for tassels or ornaments, and manufactures of wool orna- 
 mented with beads or spangles of whatever material com- 
 posed, any of the foregoing made of wool or of which wool is 
 a component material, whether composed in part of India rub- 
 ber or otherwise, fifty cents per pound and sixty per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 372. Aubusson, Axminster, moquette, and chenille car- 
 pets figured or plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like char- 
 acter or description, sixty cents per square yard, and in 
 addition thereto forty per centum ad valorum. 
 
 373. Saxony, Wilton and ToUrnay velvet carpets, figured 
 or plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like character or des- 
 cription, sixty cents per square yard, and in addition thereto 
 forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 374. Brussels carpets, figured or plain, and all carpets or 
 carpeting of like character or description, , forty-four cents 
 per square yard, and in addition thereto, forty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 375. Velvet and tapestry velvet carpets, figured or plain, 
 printed on the warp or otherwise, and all carpets or carpeting 
 of like character or description, forty cents per square yard, 
 and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 376. Tapestry Brussels carpets, figured or plain, and all 
 carpets or carpeting of like character or description, printed 
 
48 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 on the warp or otherwise, twenty-eight cents per square yard, 
 and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 377. Treble ingrain, three-ply, and all chain Venetian 
 carpets, twenty-two cents per square yard, and in addition 
 thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 378. Wool Dutch and two-ply ingrain carpets, eighteen 
 cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 379. Carpets of every description woven whole for rooms, 
 and Oriental, Berlin, Aubusson, Axminster, and similar rugs, 
 ten cents per square foot and in addition thereto, forty per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 380. Druggets and bookings, printed, colored, or other- 
 wise, twenty-two cents per square yard and in addition thereto 
 forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 381. Carpets- and carpeting of wool, flax, or cotton, or 
 composed in part of either, not specially provided for in this 
 Act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 382. Mats, rugs for floors, screens, covers, hassocks, bed 
 sides, art squares, and other portions of carpets or carpeting 
 made wholly or in part of wool, and not specially provided for 
 in this Act, shall be subjected to the rate of duty herein im- 
 posed on carpets or carpeting of like character or description. 
 
 383. Whenever, in any schedule of this Act, the word 
 “wool” is used in connection with a manufactured article of 
 which it is a component material, it shall be held to include 
 wool or hair of the sheep, camel, goat, alpaca or other animal, 
 whether manufactured by the woolen, worsted, felt, or any 
 other process. 
 
 SCHEDULE L. 
 
 SILKS AND SILK GOODS. 
 
 384. Silk partially manufactured from cocoons or from 
 waste silk, and not further advanced or manufactured than 
 carded or combed silk, forty cents per pound. 
 
 385. Thrown silk, not more advanced than singles, tram, 
 organizine, sewing silk, twist, floss, and silk threads or yarns of 
 every description, except spun silk, thirty per centum ad va- 
 lorem; spun silk in skeins, cops, warps, or on beams, valued at 
 not exceeding one dollar per pound, twenty cents per pound 
 and fifteen per centum ad valorem; valued at over one dollar 
 per pound and noL exceeding one dollar and fifty cents per 
 pound, thirty cents* per pound and fifteen per centum ad va- 
 lorem; valued at over one dollar and fifty cents per pound, 
 and not exceeding two dollars per pound, forty cents per 
 pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; valued at over two 
 dollars per pound and not exceeding two dollars and fifty 
 cents per pound, fifty cents per pound and fifteen per centum 
 ad valorem; valued at over two dollars and fifty cents per 
 pound, sixty cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad va- 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 49 
 
 lorem; but in no case shall the foregoing articles pay a less 
 rate of duty than thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 386. Velvet, velvet or plush ribbons, chenilles, or other 
 pile fabrics, cut or uncut, composed of siik, or of which silk is 
 the component material of chief value, not specially provided 
 for in this Act, one dollar and fifty cents per pound and fifteen 
 per centum ad valorem; plushes, composed of silk, or of 
 which silk is the component material of chief value, one dollar 
 per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; but in no case 
 shall the foregoing articles pay a less rate of duty than fifty 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 387. Woven fabrics in the piece, not specially provided 
 for in this Act, weighing not less than one and one-third ounces 
 per square yard and not more than eight ounces per square 
 yard, and containing not more than twenty per centum in 
 weight of silk, if in the gum, fifty cents per pound, and if dyed 
 in the piece, sixty cents per pound; if containing more than 
 twenty per centum and not more than thirty per centum in 
 weight of silk, if in the gum, sixty-five cents per pound, and if 
 dyed in the piece, eighty cents per pound; if containing more 
 than thirty per centum and not more than forty-five per cent- 
 um in weight of silk, if in the gum, ninety cents per pound; 
 and if dyed in the piece, one dollar and ten cents per pound, 
 if dyed in the thread or yarn and containing not more than 
 thirty per centum the weight of silk, if black (except selvedges), 
 seventy-five cents per pound, and if other than black, ninety 
 cents per pound; if containing more than thirty and not more 
 than forty-five per centum in weight of silk, if black (except 
 selvedges), one dollar and ten cents per pound, and if other 
 than black, one dollar and thirty cents per pound; if containing 
 more than forty-five per centum in weight of silk, or if com- 
 posed wholly of silk, if dyed in the thread or yarn and weighted 
 in the dyeing, so as to exceed the original weight of the raw 
 silk, if black (except selvedges), one dollar and fifty cents per 
 pound, and if other than black, two dollars and twenty-five 
 cents per pound; if dyed in the thread or yarn and the weight 
 is not increased by dyeing beyond the original weight of the 
 raw silk, three dollars per pound; if in the gum, two dollars 
 and fifty cents per pound; if boiled off, or dyed in the piece, 
 or printed, three dollars per pound; if weighing less than one 
 and one-third ounces and more than one-third of an ounce per 
 square yard, if in the gum, or if dyed in the thread or yarn, 
 two and one-half dollars per pound; if weighing less than one 
 and one-third ounces and more than one-third of an ounce 
 per square yard, if boiled off, three dollars per pound; if dyed 
 or printed in the piece, three dollars and twenty-five cents per 
 pound; if weighing not more than one-third of an ounce per 
 square yard, four dollars and fifty cents per pound; but in no 
 case shall any of the foregoing fabrics in this paragraph pay a 
 less rate of duty than fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 388. Handkerchiefs or mufflers composed wholly or in 
 
50 
 
 APPENDlk'B. 
 
 part of silk, whether in the piece or otherwise, finished or un- 
 finished, if not hemmed or hemmed only, shall pay the same 
 rate of duty as is imposed on goods in the piece of the same 
 description, weight and condition as provided for in this 
 schedule; but such handkerchiefs or mufflers shall not pay a 
 less rate of duty than fifty per centum ad valorem; if such 
 handkerchiefs or mufflers are hemstitched or imitation hem- 
 stitched, or revered or have drawn threads, or are embroid- 
 ered in any manner, whether with an initial letter, monogram, 
 or otherwise, by hand or machinery, or are tamboured, ap- 
 pliqued, or are made and trimmed wholly or in part with 
 lace, or with tucking or insertion, they shall pay a duty of ten 
 per centum ad valorem in addition to the duty hereinbefore 
 prescribed, and in no case less than sixty per centum ad va- 
 lorem. 
 
 389. Bandings, including hat bands, beltings, bindings, 
 bone casings, braces, cords, cords and tassels, garters, gorings, 
 suspenders, tubings, and webs and webbings, composed 
 wholly or in part of silk, and whether composed in part of 
 india-rubber or otherwise, if not embroidered in any manner 
 by hand or machinery, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 390. Laces, and articles made wholly or in part of lace, 
 edgings, insertings, galloons, chiffon or other flouncings, nets 
 or nettings and veilings, neck rufflings, ruchings, braids, 
 fringes, trimmings, embroideries and articles embroidered by 
 hand or machinery, or tamboured or appliqued, clothing ready 
 made, and articles of wearing apparel of every description, in- 
 cluding knit goods, made up or manufactured in whole or in 
 part by the tailor, seamstress or manufacturer; all of the above 
 named articles made of silk or of which silk is the comnonent 
 material of chief value, not specially provided for in this Act, 
 and silk goods ornamented with beads or spangles, of what- 
 ever material composed, sixty per centum ad valorem: Pro- 
 videdy That any wearing apparel or other articles provided for 
 in this paragraph (except gloves) when composed in part of 
 india-rubber, shall be subject to a duty of sixty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 391. All manufactures of silk, or of which silk is the com- 
 ponent material of chief value, including such as have india- 
 rubber as a component material, not specially provided for in 
 this Act, and all Jacquard figured goods in the piece, made on 
 looms, of which silk is the component material of chief value, 
 dyed in the yarn, and containing two or more colors in the 
 filling, fifty per centum ad valorem: Providedy That all man- 
 ufactures of which wool is a component material shall be class- 
 ified and assessed for duty as manufactures of wool. 
 
 392. In ascertaining the weight of silk under the provis- 
 ions of this schedule, the weight shall be taken in the condition 
 in which found in the goods, without deduction therefrom for 
 any dye, coloring matter, or other foreign substance or ma- 
 terial 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 51 
 
 SCHEDULE M. 
 
 PULP, PAPERS, AND BOOKS. PULP AND PAPER. 
 
 393. Mechanically ground wood pulp, one-twelfth of one 
 cent per pound, dry weight; chemical wood pulp, unbleached, 
 one-sixth of one cent per pound, dry weight; bleached, one- 
 fourth of one cent per pound, dry weight: Provided, That 
 if any country or dependency shall impose an export duty on 
 pulp wood exported to the United States, the amount of such 
 export duty shall be added, as an additional duty, to the duties 
 herein imposed upon wood pulp, when imported from such 
 country or dependency. 
 
 394. Sheathing paper and roofing felt, ten per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 395. Filter masse or filter stock, composed wholly or in 
 part of wood pulp, wood flour, cotton or other vegetable fiber, 
 one and one-half cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 396. Printing paper, unsized, sized or glued, suitable for 
 books and newspapers, valued at not above two cents per 
 pound, three-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above two 
 cents and not above two and one-half cents per pound, four- 
 tenths of one cent per pound; valued above two and one-half 
 cents per pound and not above three cents per pound, five- 
 tenths of one cent per pound; valued above three cents and 
 not above four cents a pound, six-tenths of one cent per pound; 
 valued above four cents and not above five cents per pound, 
 eight-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above five cents 
 per pound, fifteen per centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
 >f any country or dependency shall impose an export duty 
 on wood pulp exported to the United States, there shall be 
 imposed upon printing paper when imported from such 
 country or dependency, an additional duty of one-tenth of 
 one cent per pound for each dollar of export duty per cord 
 so imposed, and proportionately for fractions of aMollar of 
 such export duty. 
 
 397. Papers commonly known as copying paper, stereo- 
 type paper, paper known as bibulous paper, tissue paper, pot- 
 tery paper, and all similar papers, white, colored or printed, 
 weighing not over six pounds to the ream of four hundred and 
 eighty sheets, on a basis of twenty by thirty inches, and 
 whether in reams or any other form, six cents per pound and 
 fifteen per centum ad valorem; if weighing over six pounds 
 and not over ten pounds to the ream, and letter copying books, 
 whether wholly or partly manufactured, five cents per pound 
 and fifteen per centum ad valorem; crepe paper and filtering 
 paper, five cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem. 
 
 398. Surface-coated papers not specially provided for in 
 this Act, two and one-half cents per pound and fifteen per 
 centum ad valorem; if printed, or wholly or partly covered 
 with metal or its solutions, or with gelatin or flock, three cents 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 S2 
 
 per pound and twenty per centum ad valorem; parchment 
 papers, two cents per pound and ten per centum ad valorem, 
 plain basic photographic papers for albumenizing, sensitizing, 
 or baryta coating, three cents per pound and ten per centum 
 ad valorem; albumenized or sensitized paper or paper other- 
 wise surface coated for photographic purposes, thirty per* 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 MANUFACTURES OF PAPER: 
 
 399. Paper envelopes, plain, twenty per centum ad valo- 
 rem; if bordered, embossed, printed, tinted, or decorated, 
 thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 400. Lithographic prints from stone, zinc, aluminum, or 
 other material, bound or unbound (except cigar labels, flaps, 
 and bands, lettered, or otherwise), music and illustrations when 
 forming a part of a periodical or newspaper and accompanying 
 the same, or if bound in or forming a part of printed books, 
 not specially provided for in this Act), on paper or other ma- 
 terial not exceeding eight one-thousandth of an inch in thick- 
 ness, twenty cents per pound; on paper or other material ex- 
 ceeding eight one-thousandths of one inch and not exceeding 
 twenty one-thousandths of one inch in thickness, and exceed- 
 ing thirty-five square inches, but not exceeding four hundred 
 square inches cutting size in dimensions, eight cents per 
 pound; exceeding four hundred square inches cutting size in 
 dimensions, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; prints exceed- 
 ing eight one-thousandths of one inch and not exceeding 
 twenty one-thousandths of one inch in thickness, and not ex- 
 ceeding thirty-five square inches cutting size in dimensions, five 
 cents per pound; lithographic prints from stone, zinc, alumi- 
 num, or other material, on cardboard or other material, ex- 
 ceeding twenty one-thousandths of one inch in thickness, six 
 cents per pound; lithographic cigar labels, flaps and bands, 
 lettered or blank, printed from stone, zinc, aluminum or other 
 material, if printed in less than eight colors (bronze printing to 
 be counted as two colors), but not including labels, flaps and 
 bands printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, twenty cents 
 per pound. Labels, flaps and bands, if printed entirely in 
 bronze printing, fifteen cents per pound; labels, flaps and 
 bands printed in eight or more colors but not including labels, 
 flaps and bands printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, thirty 
 cents per pound; labels, flaps and bands printed in whole or 
 in part in metal leaf, fifty cents per pound. Books of paper or 
 other material for children’s use, containing illuminated litho- 
 graphic prints, not exceeding in weight twenty-four ounces 
 each, and all booklets and fashion magazines or periodicals 
 printed in whole or in part by lithographic process or deco- 
 rated by hand, eight cents per pound. 
 
 401. Writing, letter, note, hand-made, drawing, ledger, 
 bond, record, tablet and typewriter paper, weighing not less 
 than ten pounds and not more than fifteen pounds to the ream. 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 53 
 
 two cents per pound and ten per centum ad valorem; weigh- 
 ing more than fifteen pounds to the ream, three and one-half 
 cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; but if any 
 such paper is ruled, bordered, embossed, printed, or decorated 
 in any manner, it shall pay ten per centum ad valorem in addi- 
 tion to the foregoing rates: Provided, That in computing the 
 duty on such paper every one hundred and eighty thousand 
 square inches shall be taken to be a ream. 
 
 402. Paper hangings and paper for screens or fireboards, 
 and all other paper not specially provided for in this Act, 
 twenty-five per centum ad valorem; all Jacquard designs of 
 one-line paper, or parts of such designs, finished or unfinished, 
 thirty-five per centum ad valorem, all Jacquard designs cut on 
 Jacquard cards, or parts of such designs, finished or unfin- 
 ished, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 MANUFACTURES OF PAPER: 
 
 403. Books of all kinds, including blank books and 
 pamphlets, and engravings bound or unbound, photographs, 
 etchings, maps, charts, music in books or sheets, and printed 
 matter, all the foregoing not specially provided for in this Act, 
 twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 404. Photograph, autograph and scrap albums, wholly or 
 partly manufactured, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 405. All fancy boxes made of paper, or of which paper is 
 the component material of chief value, or if covered with sur- 
 face-coated paper, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 406. Playing cards, in packs not exceeding fifty-four 
 cards and at a like rate for any number in excess, tzn cents 
 per pack and twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 407. Manufactures of paper, or of which paper is the 
 component material of chief value, not specially provided for 
 in this Act, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 SCHEDULE N. 
 
 SUNDRIES. 
 
 408. Beads of all kinds, not threaded or strung, thirty-five 
 per centum ad valorem; fabrics, nets or nettings, laces, em- 
 broideries, galloons, wearing apparel, ornaments, trimmings 
 and other articles not specially provided for in this Act, com- 
 posed wholly or in part of beads or spangles made of glass or 
 paste, gelatin, metal or other material but not composed in 
 part of wool, sixty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 409. Braids, plaits, laces, and willow sheets or squares, 
 composed wholly of straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, 
 or rattan, suitable for making or ornamenting hats, bonnets or 
 hoods, not bleached, dyed, colored or stained, fifteen per 
 centum ad valorem; if bleached, dyed, colored or stained, 
 twenty per centum ad valorem; hats, bonnets and hoods, com- 
 posed of straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, or rattan, 
 whether wholly or partly manufactured, but not trimmed. 
 
54 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 thirty-five per centum ad valorem; if trimmed, fifty percent- 
 urn ad valorem. But the terms “grass” and “straw” shall be 
 understood to mean these substances in their natural form and 
 structure and not the separated fiber thereof. 
 
 410. Brushes, brooms and feather dusters of all kinds, 
 and hair pencils, in quills or otherwise, forty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 41 1. Bristles, sorted, bunched or prepared, seven and one- 
 half cents per pound. 
 
 BUTTONS AND BUTTON FORMS: 
 
 412. Trousers buckles made wholly or partly of iron or 
 steel, or parts thereof, valued at not more than fifteen cents 
 per hundred, five cents per hundred; valued at more than fif- 
 teen cents per hundred and not more than fifty cents per 
 hundred, ten cents per hundred; valued at more than fifty 
 cents per hundred, fifteen cents per hundred; and in addition 
 thereto on each and all of the above buckles or parts of 
 buckles, fifteen per centum ad valorem. 
 
 413. Button forms: Bastings, mohair, cloth, silk, or other 
 manufactures of cloth, woven or made in patterns of such 
 size, shape or form, or cut in such manner as to be fit for 
 buttons exclusively, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 414. Buttons or parts of buttons and button molds or 
 blanks, finished or unfinished, shall pay duty at the following 
 rates, the line button measure being one-fortieth of one inch, 
 namely: Buttons known commercially as agate buttons, 
 metal trousers buttons (except steel), and nickel bar buttons, 
 one twelfth of one cent per line per gross; buttons of bone, 
 and steel trousers buttons, one-fourth of one cent per line per 
 gross; buttons of pearl or shell, one and one-half cents per 
 line per gross; buttons of horn, vegetable ivory, glass, or 
 metal, not specially provided for in this Act, three-fourths of 
 one cent per line per gross, and in addition thereto, on all the 
 foregoing articles in this paragraph, fifteen ppr centum ad 
 valorem; shoe buttons made of paper, board, papier mache, 
 pulp or other similar material, not specially provided for in 
 this Act, valued at not exceeding three cents per gross, one 
 cent per gross; buttons not specially provided for in this Act, 
 and all collar or cuff buttons and studs, fifty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 415. Coal, bituminous, and all coals containing less than 
 ninety-two per centum of fixed carbon and shale, sixty-seven 
 cents per ton of twenty-eight bushels, eighty pounds to the 
 bushel; coal slack or culm such as will pass through a half- 
 inch screen, fifteen cents per ton of twenty eight bushels, 
 eighty pounds to the bushel : Providedy That on all coal im- 
 ported into the United States, which is afterwards used for 
 fuel on board vessels propelled by steam and engaged in 
 
 , trade with foreign countries, or in trade between the Atlantic 
 and Pacific ports of the United States, and which are regis^ 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 55 
 
 tered under the laws of the United States, a drawback shall 
 be allowed equal to the duty imposed by law upon such coal, 
 and shall be paid under such regulations as the Secretary of 
 the Treasury shall prescribe; coke, twenty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 416. Cork bark, cut into squares or cubes, eight cents per 
 pound; manufactured corks over three-fourths of an inch in 
 diameter, measured at larger end, fifteen cents per pound; 
 three-fourths of an inch and less in diameter, measured at 
 larger end, twenty-five cents per pound; cork, artificial, or 
 cork substitutes, manufactured from cork waste and not 
 otherwise provided for, eight cents per pound. 
 
 417. Dice, draughts, chessmen, chess balls, and billiard, 
 pool and bagatelle balls, of ivory, bone, or other materials, 
 fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 418. Dolls, doll heads, toy marbles of whatever materials 
 composed, and all other toys not composed of rubber, china, 
 porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen or stone ware, and not speci- 
 ally provided for in this Act, thirty-five per centum ad val- 
 orem. 
 
 419. Emery grams and emery manufactured, ground, 
 pulverized, or refined, one cent per pound; emery wheels, 
 emery files, and manufactures of which emery is the compo- 
 nent material of chief value, twenty-five per centum ad va!^ 
 orem. 
 
 EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES: 
 
 420. Firecrackers of all kinds, eight cents per pound, the 
 weight to include all coverings, wrappings, and packing ma- 
 terial. 
 
 421. Fulminates, fulminating powders, and like articles, 
 not specially provided for in this Act, thirty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 422. Gunpowder, and all explosive substances used for 
 mining, blasting, artillery, or sporting purposes, when valued 
 at twenty cents or less per pound, four cents per pound; val- 
 ued above twenty cents per pound, six cents per pound. 
 
 423. Matches, friction or lucifer, of all descriptions, per 
 gross of one hundred and forty-four boxes, containing not 
 more lhan one hundred matches per box, eight cents per gross; 
 when imported otherwise than in boxes containing not more 
 than one hundred matches each, one cent per one thousand 
 matches. 
 
 424. Percussion caps, thirty per centum ad valorem; 
 cartridges, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; blasting caps, 
 two dollars and thirty-six cents per one thousand caps. 
 
 425. Feathers and downs of all kinds, including bird 
 skins or parts thereof with the feathers on, crude or not 
 dressed, colored, or otherwise advanced or manufactured in 
 any manner, not specially provided for in this Act, fifteen per 
 centum ad valorem; when dressed, colored, or otherwise ad- 
 
56 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 vanced or manufactured in any manner, including quilts of 
 down and other manufactures of down, and also dressed and 
 finished birds suitable for millinery ornaments, and artificial 
 or ornamental feathers, fruits, grains, leaves, flowers, and 
 stems or parts thereof, of whatever material composed, not 
 specially provided for in this Act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 426. Furs, dressed on the skin but not made up into arti- 
 cles, and furs not on the skin, prepared for hatters’ use, in- 
 cluding fur skins carroted, twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 427. Fans of all kinds, except common palm leaf fans, 
 fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 428. Gun v/ads of all descriptions, twenty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 429. Hair, human, if clean or drawn but not manufac- 
 tured, twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 430. Hair, curled, suitable for beds or mattresses, ten per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 431. Haircloth, known as “crinoline” cloth, ten cents per 
 square yard; haircloth, known as “hair seating,” and hair 
 press cloth, twenty cents per square yard. 
 
 432. Hats, bonnets or hoods, for men’s, women’s, boys’, 
 or children’s wear, trimmed or untrimmed, including bodies, 
 hoods, plateaux, forms or shapes, for hats or bonnets, com- 
 posed wholly or in chief value of fur of the rabbit, beaver, or 
 other animals, valued at not more than five dollars per dozen, 
 two dollars per dozen; valued at more than five dollars per 
 dozen and not more than ten dollars per dozen, three dollars 
 per dozen; valued at more than ten dollars per dozen and not 
 more than twenty dollars per dozen, five dollars per dozen; 
 valued at more than twenty dollars per dozen, seven dollars 
 per dozen; and in addition thereto on all the foregoing, 
 twenty per centum ad valorem.. 
 
 433. Indurated fiber ware and manufactures of wood or 
 other pulp, and not otherwise specially provided for, thirty-five 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 JEWELRY AND PRECIOUS STONES: 
 
 434. Articles commonly known as jewelery, and parts 
 thereof, finished or unfinished, not specially provided for in 
 this Act, including precious stones set, pearls set or strung, 
 and cameos in frames, sixty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 435. Diamonds and other precious stones advanced in 
 condition or value from their natural state by cleaving, split- 
 ting, cutting, or other process, and not set, ten per centum ad 
 valorem; imitations of diamonds or other precious stones, 
 composed of glass or paste, not exceeding an inch in dimen- 
 sions, not engraved, painted, or otherwise ornamented or deco- 
 rated, and not mounted or set, twenty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 436. Pearls in their natural state, not strung or set, 
 ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 57 
 
 LEATHER, AND MANUFACTURES OF: 
 
 437. Hides of cattle, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted, 
 or pickled, fifteen per centum ad valorem: P 7 'ovided^ That 
 upon all leather exported, made from imported hides, there 
 shall be allowed a drawback equal to the amount of duty paid 
 on such hides, to be paid under such regulations as the Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury may prescribe. 
 
 438. Band or belting leather, sole leather, dressed upper 
 and all other leather, calfskins tanned or tanned and dressed, 
 kangaroo, sheep and goat skins (including lamb and kid 
 skins) dressed and finished, chamois and other skins and 
 bookbinders’ calfskins, all the foregoing not specially pro- 
 vided for in this Act, twenty per centum ad valorem; skins 
 for morocco, tanned but unfinished, ten per centum ad val- 
 orem; patent, japanned, varnished or enameled leather, 
 weighing not over ten pounds per dozen hides or skins, thirty 
 cents per pound and twenty per cent ad valorem; if weighing 
 over ten pounds and not over twenty-five pounds per dozen, 
 thirty cents per pound and ten per centum ad valorem; if 
 weighing over twenty-five pounds per dozen, twenty cents per 
 pound and ten per centum ad valorem; pianoforte leather and 
 pianoforte action leather, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; 
 leather shoe laces, finished or unfinished, fifty cents per 
 gross pairs and twenty per centum ad valorem; boots and 
 shoes made of leather, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; 
 Provided, That leather cut into shoe uppers or vamps or 
 other forms, suitable for conversion into manufactured articles, 
 shall be classified as manufactures of leather and pay duty ac- 
 cordingly. 
 
 GLOVES: 
 
 439. Gloves made wholly or in part of leather, whether 
 wholly or partly manufactured, shall pay duty at the follo^\ing 
 rates, the lengths stated in each case being the extreme length 
 when stretched to their full extent, namely: 
 
 440. Women’s or children’s “glace” finish, Schmaschen 
 (of sheep origin), not over fourteen inches in length, one dollar 
 and seventy-five cents per dozen pairs; over fourteen inches 
 and not over seventeen inches in length, two dollars and twenty- 
 five cents per dozen pairs; over seventeen inches in length, two 
 dollars and seventy-five cents per dozen pairs; men’s “glace” 
 finish, Schmaschen (sheep), three dollars per dozen pairs. 
 
 441. Women’s or children’s “glace” finish, lamb or sheep, 
 not over fourteen inches in length, two dollars and fifty cents 
 per dozen pairs; over fourteen and not over seventeen inches in 
 length, three dollars and fifty cents per dozen pairs; over seven- 
 teen inches in length, tourdollars and fifty cents per dozen pairs; 
 men’s “glace” finish, lamb or sheep, four dollars per dozen pairs. 
 
 442. Women’s or children’s “glace” finish, goat, kid, or 
 other leather than of sheep origin, not over fourteen inches in 
 length, three dollars per dozen pairs; over fourteen and not 
 
58 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 over seventeen inches in length, three dollars and seventy-five 
 cents per dozen pairs; over seventeen inches in length,' four 
 dollars and seventy-five cents per dozen pairs; men’s “glace” 
 finish kid, goat, or other leather than of sheep origin, four dol- 
 lars per dozen pairs. 
 
 443. Women’s or children’s, of sheep origin, with exterior 
 grain surface removed, by whatever name known, not over 
 seventeen inches in length, two dollars and fifty cents per 
 dozen pairs; over seventeen inches in length, three dollars 
 and fifty cents per dozen pairs; men’s, of sheep origin, with 
 exterior surface removed, by whatever name known, four dol- 
 lars per dozen pairs. 
 
 444. Women’s or children’s kid, goat, or other leather 
 than of sheep origin, with exterior grain surface removed, by 
 whatever name known, not over fourteen inches in length, 
 three dollars per dozen pairs; over fourteen inches and not 
 over seventeen inches in length, three dollars and seventy-five 
 cents per dozen pairs; over seventeen inches in length, four 
 dollars and seventy-five cents per dozen pairs; men’s goat, 
 kid, or other leather than of sheep origin, with exterior grain 
 surface removed, by whatever name known, four dollars per 
 dozen pairs. 
 
 445. In addition to the foregoing rates there shall be paid 
 the following cumulative duties: On all leather gloves, when 
 lined, one dollar per dozen pairs; on all pique or prix seam 
 gloves, forty cents per dozen pairs; on all gloves stitched or 
 embroidered, with more than three single strands or cords, 
 forty cents per dozen pairs. 
 
 446. Glove tranks, with or without the usual accompany- 
 ing pieces, shall pay seventy-five per centum of the duty pro- 
 vided for the gloves in the fabrication of Vv^hich they are suit- 
 able. 
 
 447. Harness, saddles and saddlery, or parts of either, in 
 sets or in parts, finished or unfinished, forty-five per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES: 
 
 448. Manufactures of amber, asbestos, bladders, cork, 
 catgut or whipgut or worm gut, or wax, or of which these sub- 
 stances or either of them is the component material of chief 
 value, not specially provided for in this Act, twenty-five per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 44g. Manufactures of bone, chip, grass, horn, india-rub- 
 ber, palm leaf, straw, weeds or whalebone, or of which these 
 substances or either of them is the component material of 
 chief value, not specially provided for in this Act,*thirty per 
 centum ad valorem; but the terms “grass” and “straw” shall 
 be understood to mean these substances in their natural form 
 and structure, and not the separated fiber thereof. 
 
 450. Manufactures of leather, finished or unfinished, man- 
 ufactures of fur, gelatin, guita-percha, human hair, ivory 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 5g 
 
 vegetable ivory, mother-of-pearl and shell, plaster of paris, 
 papier mache, and vulcanized india-rubber known as “hard 
 rubber,” or of which these substances or either of them is the 
 component material of chief value, not specially provided for 
 in this Act, and shells engraved, cut, ornamented, or otherwise 
 manufactured, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 
 
 451. Masks, composed of paper or pulp, thirty-five per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 452. Matting made of cocoa fiber or rattan, six cents per 
 square yard; mats made of cocoa fiber or rattan, four cents 
 per square foot. 
 
 453. Musical instruments or parts thereof, pianoforte ac- 
 tions and parts thereof, strings for musical instruments not 
 otherwise enumerated, cases for musical instruments, pitch 
 pipes, tuning forks, tuning hammers, and metronom.es; strings 
 for musical instruments, composed wholly or in part of steel or 
 other metal, all the foregoing, forty-five per centum ad valorem^ 
 
 454. Paintings in oil or water colors, pastels, pen and ink 
 drawings, and statuary, not specially provided for in this Act, 
 twenty per centum ad valorem; but the term “statuary” as 
 used in this Act shall be understood to include only such stat- 
 uary as is cut, carved or otherwise wrought by hand from a 
 solid block or mass of marble, stone or alabaster, or from 
 metal, and as is the professional production of a statuary or 
 sculptor only. 
 
 455. Peat moss, one dollar per ton. 
 
 456. Pencils of paper or wood filled with lead or other 
 material, and pencils of lead, forty-five cents per gross and 
 twenty-five per centum ad valorem; slate pencils, covered 
 with wood, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; all other slate 
 pencils, three cents per one hundred. 
 
 457. Pencil leads not in wood, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
 458. Photographic dry plates or films, twenty-five per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 459. Pipes and smokers’ articles: Common tobacco pipes 
 and pipe bowls made wholly of clay, valued at not more than 
 forty cents per gross, fifteen cents per gross; other tobacco pipes 
 and pipe bowls of clay fifty cents per gross; and twenty-five 
 per centum ad valorem; other pipes and pipe bowls of what- 
 ever material composed, and all .smokers’ articles whatsoever, 
 not specially provided for in this Act, including cigarette 
 books, cigarette book covers, pouches for smoking or chewing 
 tobacco, and cigarette paper in all forms, sixty per centum ad 
 valorem. 
 
 460. Plows, tooth and disk harrows, harvesters, reapers, 
 agricultural drills, and planters, mowers, horserakes, culti- 
 vators, threshing machines, and cotton gins, twenty per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 461. Plush, black, known commercially as hatters’ plush, 
 composed of silk, or of silk and cotton, such as is used exclu- 
 sively for making men’s hats, ten per centum ad valorem. 
 
6o 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 462. Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades covered with 
 material other than paper, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
 Sticks for umbrellas, parasols or sunshades, and walking 
 canes, finished or unfinished, forty per centum ad valorem. 
 
 463. Waste, not specially provided for in this Act, ten 
 per centum ad valorem. 
 
 FREE LIST. 
 
 Sec. 2. That on and after the passage of this Act, unless 
 otherwise specially provided for in this Act, the following ar- 
 ticies when imported shall be exempt from duty: 
 
 464. Acids: Arsenic or arsenious, benzoic, carbolic, flu- 
 oric, hydrochloric or muriatic, nitric, oxalic, phosphoric, 
 phthalic, picric or nitro-picric, prussic, silicic, and valerianic. 
 
 465. Aconite. 
 
 466. Acorns, raw, dried or undried, but unground. 
 
 467. Agates, unmanufactured. 
 
 468. Albumen, not specially provided for. 
 
 469. Alizarin, natural or artificial, and dyes derived from 
 alizarin or from anthracin. 
 
 470. Amber, and amberoid unmanufactured, or crude 
 gum. 
 
 471. Ambergris. 
 
 472. Aniline salts. 
 
 473. Any animal imported specially for breeding pur- 
 poses shall be admitted free: Provided, That no such animal 
 shall be admitted free unless pure bred of a recognized brted, 
 and duly registered in the book of record established for that 
 breed: And provided fitrther, That certificate of such record 
 and of the pedigree of such animal shall be produced and 
 submitted to the customs officer, duly authenticated by the 
 proper custodian of such book of record, together with the 
 affidavit of the owner, agent or importer that such animal is 
 the identical animal described in said certificate of record and 
 pedigree: And provided further, That the Secretary of Agri- 
 culture shall determine and certify to the Secretary of the 
 Treasury what are recognized breeds and pure bred anima.ls 
 under the provisions Of this paragraph. The Secretary of the 
 Treasury may prescribe such additional regulations as n av 
 be required for the strict enforcement of this provision. Cat- 
 tle, horses, sheep, or other domestic animals straying across 
 the boundary line into any foreign country, or driven acros s 
 such boundary line by the owner for temporary pasturage 
 purposes only, together with their offspring, may be brought 
 back to the United States within six months free of duty, 
 under regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the 
 Treasury. 
 
 474. Animals brought into the United States temporari:y 
 for a period not exceeding six months, for the purpose of ex- 
 hibition or competition for prizes offered by any agricultural 
 or racing association; but a bond shall be given in accordance 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 6i 
 
 with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury; 
 also teams of animals, including their harness and tackle and 
 the wagons or other vehicles actually owned by persons emi- 
 grating from foreign countries to the United States with their 
 families, and in actual use for the purpose of such emigration 
 under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may 
 prescribe; and wild animals intended for exhibition in zoolog- 
 ical collections for scientific and educational purposes, and 
 not for sale or profit. 
 
 475. Annatto, roucou, rocoa, or Orleans, and all extracts of. 
 
 476. Antimony ore, crude sulphite of. 
 
 477. Apatite. 
 
 478. Arrowroot in its natural state and not manufactured. 
 
 479. Arsenic and sulphide of, or orpiment. 
 
 480. Arseniate of aniline. 
 
 481. Art educational stops, composed of glass and metal 
 and valued at not more than six cents per gross. 
 
 482. Articles in a .crude state used in dyeing or tanning 
 and not specially provided for in this Act. 
 
 483. Articles, the growth, produce, and manufacture of 
 the United States, when returned after having been exported, 
 without having been advanced in value or improved in con- 
 dition by any process of manufacture or other means; casks, 
 barrels, carboys, bags, and other vessels of American manu- 
 facture exported^ filled with American products, or exported 
 empty and returned tilled with foreign products, including 
 shooks and staves when returned as barrels or boxes; also 
 quicksilver flasks or bottles, of either domestic or foreign man- 
 ufacture, which shall have been actually exported from the 
 United States; but proof of the identity of such articles shall 
 be made, under general regulations to be prescribed by the 
 Secretary of the Treasury, but the exemption of bags from 
 duty shall apply only to such domestic bags as may be im- 
 ported by the exporter thereof, and if any such articles are 
 subject to the internal tax at the time of exportation, such tax 
 shall be proved to have been paid before exportation and not 
 refunded: Provided, That this paragraph shall not apply to 
 any article upon which an allowance of drawback has been 
 made, the reimportation of which is hereby prohibited except 
 upon payment of duties equal to the drawbacks allowed; or to 
 any article manufactured in bonded warehouse and exported 
 under any provision of law: And provided further, That when 
 manufactured tobacco which has been exported without pay- 
 ment of internal-revenue tax shall be reimported it shall be 
 retained in the custody of the collector of customs until in- 
 ternal-revenue stamps in payment of the legal duties shall be 
 placed thereon. 
 
 484. Asbestos unmanufactured. 
 
 485. Ashes, wood and lye of, and beet-root ashes. 
 
 486. Asafetida: 
 
 487. Balm of Gilead. 
 
62 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 488. Barks, cinchona or other from which quinine may be 
 extracted. 
 
 489. Baryta, carbonate of, or witherite. 
 
 490. Beeswax. 
 
 491. Binding twine: All binding twine manufactured 
 from New Zealand hemp, istle or tampico fibre, sisal grass, or 
 sunn, or a mixture of any two or more of them, of single ply 
 and measuring not exceeding six hundred feet to the pound: 
 Provided, That articles mentioned in this paragraph if import- 
 ed from a country which lays an import duty on like articles 
 imported.from the United States, shall be subject to a duty of 
 one-half of one cent per pound. 
 
 492. Bells, broken, and bell metal broken and fit only to 
 be remanufactured. 
 
 493. Birds, stuffed, not suitable for millinery ornaments. 
 
 494. Birds and land and water fowls. 
 
 495. Bismuth. 
 
 496. Bladders, and all integuments and intestines of ani- 
 mals and fish sounds, crude, dried or salted for preservation 
 only, and unmanufactured, not specially provided for in this 
 Act. 
 
 497. Blood, dried, not specially provided for. 
 
 498. Bolting cloths, composed of silk, imported expressly 
 for milling purposes, and so permanently marked as not to be 
 available for any other use. 
 
 499. Bones, crude, or not burned, calcined, ground, steam- 
 ed, or otherwise manufactured, and bone dust or animal car- 
 bon, and bone ash, fit only for fertilizing purposes. 
 
 500. Books, engravings, photographs, etchings, bound or 
 unbound, maps and charts imported by authority or for the 
 use of the United States or for the use of the Library of Con- 
 gress. 
 
 501. Books, maps, music, engravings, photographs, etch- 
 ings, bound or unbound, and charts, which shall have been 
 printed more than twenty years at the date of importation, and 
 all hydrographic charts, and publications issued for their sub- 
 scribers or exchanges by scientific and literary associations or 
 academies, or publications of individuals for gratuitious pri- 
 vate circulation, and public documents issued by foreign 
 Governments. 
 
 502. Books and pamphlets printed exclusively in lang- 
 uages other than English; also books and music, in raised 
 print, used exclusively by the blind. 
 
 503. Books, maps, music, photographs, etchings, litho- 
 graphic prints, and charts, specially imported, not more than 
 two copies in any one invoice, in good faith, for the use or by 
 order of any society or institution incorporated or established 
 solely for religious, philosophical, educational, scientific, or 
 literary purposes, or for the encouragement of the fine arts, or 
 for the use or by order of any college, academy, school, or 
 seminary of learning in the United States, or any State or pub- 
 
Appendix B, 63 
 
 lie library, and not for sale, subject to such regulations as the 
 Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe. 
 
 504. Books, libraries, usual and reasonable furniture, and 
 similar household effects of persons or families from foreign 
 countries, all the foregoing if actually used abroad by them 
 not less than one year, and not intended for any other person 
 or persons, nor for sale. 
 
 505. Brass, old brass, clippings from brass or Dutch met- 
 al, all the foregoing, fit only for remanufacture. 
 
 506. Brazil paste. 
 
 507. Brazilian pebble, unwrought or unmanufactured. 
 
 508. Breccia, in block or slabs. 
 
 509. Bristles, crude, not sorted, bunched, or prepared. 
 
 510. Broom corn. 
 
 51 1. Bullion, gold or silver. 
 
 512. Burgundy pitch. 
 
 513. Cadmium. 
 
 514. Calamine. 
 
 515. Camphor, crude. 
 
 516. Castor or castoreum. 
 
 517. Cat gut, whip gut, or worm gut, unmanufactured. 
 
 518. Cerium. 
 
 519. Chalk, crude, not ground, precipitated, or otherwise 
 manufactured. 
 
 520. Chromate of iron or chromic ore. 
 
 521. Civet, crude. 
 
 522. Clay; Common blue clay in casks suitable for the 
 manufacture of crucibles. 
 
 523. Coal, anthracite, not specially provided for in this 
 Act, and coal stores of American vessels, but none shall be 
 unloaded. 
 
 524. Coal tar, crude, pitch of coal tar, and products of 
 coal tar known' as dead or creosote oil, benzol, toluol, naph- 
 thalin, xylol, phenol, cresol, toluidine, xylidin, cumidin t ini- 
 trotoluol, binitrobenzol, benzidin, tolidin, dianisdin, naphtol, 
 naphtylamin, diphenylamin, benzaldehyde, benzyl chloride, 
 resorcin, nitro-benzol, and nitro-toluol; all the foregoing not 
 medicinal and not colors or dyes. 
 
 525. Cobalt and cobalt ore. 
 
 1526. Cocculus indicus. 
 
 527. Cochineal. 
 
 528. Cocoa, or cacao, crude, and fiber, leaves, and shells of. 
 
 529. Coffee. 
 
 530. Coins, gold, silver, and copper. 
 
 531. Coir, and coir yarn. 
 
 532. Copper in plates, bars, ingots, or pigs, and other 
 forms, not manufactured or specially provided for in this Act. 
 
 533. Old copper, fit only for manufacture, clipping from 
 new copper, and all composition metal of which copper is a 
 component material of chief value not specially provided for 
 in this Act. 
 
64 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 534. Copper, regulus of, and black or coarse copper, and 
 copper cement. 
 
 535. Coral, marine, uncut, and unmanufactured. 
 
 536. Cork wood, or cork bark, unmanufactured. 
 
 537. Cotton, and cotton waste or flocks. 
 
 538. Cryolite, or Kryolith. 
 
 539. Cudbear. 
 
 540. Curling stones, or quoits, and curling-stone handles. 
 
 541. Curry, and curry powder. 
 
 542. Cutch. 
 
 543. Cuttlefish bone. 
 
 544. Dandelion roots, raw, dried, or undried, but un- 
 ground. 
 
 545. Diamonds and other precious stones, rough or un- 
 cut, and not advanced in condition or value from their natural 
 state by cleaving, splitting, cutting, or other process, including 
 miners’, glaziers’, and engravers’ diamonds not set, and dia- 
 mond dust or bort. 
 
 546. Divi-divi. 
 
 547. Dragon’s blood. 
 
 548. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, 
 bulbs, and bulbous roots, excrescences, fruits, flowers, dried 
 fibers and dried insects, grains, gums, and gum resin, herbs, 
 leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, nut-galls, roots, and stems, spices, 
 vegetables, seeds aromatic and seeds of morbid growth, weeds, 
 and woods used expressly for dyeing; any of the foregoing 
 which are drugs and not edible and are in a crude state, and 
 not advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or 
 by other process, and not specially provided for in this Act. 
 
 54g. Eggs of birds, fish, and insects: Provided^ however, 
 That this shall not be held to include the eggs of game birds 
 or eggs of birds not used for food, the importation of which is 
 prohibited except specimens for scientific collections, nor fish 
 roe preserved for food purposes. 
 
 550. Emery ore. 
 
 551. Ergot. 
 
 552. Fans, common palm leaf, plain and not ornamented 
 or decorated in any manner, and palm-leaf in its natural state, 
 not colored, dyed, or otherwise advanced or manufactured. 
 
 553. Felt, adhesive, for sheathing vessels. 
 
 554. Fibrin, in all forms. 
 
 555. Fish, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice, caught in the 
 Great Lakes or other fresh waters by citizens of the United 
 States. 
 
 556. Fish skins. 
 
 557. Flint, flints, and flint stones, unground. 
 
 55k Fossils. 
 
 55Q. Fruits or berries, green, ripe, or dried, and fruits in 
 brine, not specially provided for in this Act. 
 
 560. Fruit plants, tropical and semi-tropical, for the pur- 
 pose of propagation or cultivation. 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 65 
 
 561. Furs, undressed. 
 
 562. F ur skins of all kinds not dressed in any manner and 
 not specially provided for in this Act. 
 
 563. Gambier. 
 
 564. Glass enamel, white, for watch and clock dials. 
 
 565. Glass plates or discs, rough-cut or unwrought, for 
 use in the manufacture of optical instruments, spectacles, and 
 eye glasses, and suitable only for such use; Pi'ovided, however, 
 That such discs exceeding eight inches in diameter may be 
 polished sufficiently to enable the character of the glass to be 
 determined. 
 
 566. Grasses and fibers; Istle or Tampico fiber, jute, jute 
 butts, manila, sisal grass, sunn, and all other textile grasses or 
 fibrous vegetable substances, not dressed or manufactured in 
 any manner, and not specially provided for in this Act. 
 
 567. Gold-beaters’ molds and gold-beaters’ skins. 
 
 568. Grease, and oils (except fish oils), such as are com- 
 monly used in soap making or in wire-drawing, or for stuffing 
 or dressing leather^ and which are fit only for such uses, and 
 not specially provided for in this Act. 
 
 569. Guano, manures, and all substances used only for 
 manure. 
 
 570. Gutta percha, crude. 
 
 571. Hair of horse, cattle, and other animals, cleaned or 
 uncleaned, drawn or undrawn, but unmanufactured, not 
 specially provided for in this Act; and human hair, raw, un- 
 cleaned, and not drawn. 
 
 572. Hide cuttings, raw, with or without hair, and all 
 other glue stock. 
 
 573. Hide rope. 
 
 574. Hones and whetstones. 
 
 575. Hoofs, unmanufactured. 
 
 576. Hop roots, for cultivation. 
 
 577. Horns, and parts of, unmanufactured, including horn 
 strips and tips. 
 
 578. Ice. 
 
 579. India rubber, crude, and milk of, and old scrap or 
 refuse India rubber which has been worn out by use and is fit 
 only for remanufacture. 
 
 580. Indigo. 
 
 581. Iodine, crude. 
 
 582. Ipecac. 
 
 583. Iridium. 
 
 584. Ivory tusks in their natural state or cut vertically 
 across the grain only, with the bark left intact, and vegetable 
 ivory in its natural state. 
 
 585. Jalap. 
 
 586. Jet, unmanufactured. 
 
 1587. Joss-stick, or Toss light. 
 
 588. Junk, old. 
 
 589. Kelp. 
 
66 
 
 Appendix ll . 
 
 590. Kieserite. 
 
 591. Kyanite, or cyanite, and kaninite* 
 
 592. Lac dye, crude, seed, button, stick, and shell. 
 
 593. Lac spirits. 
 
 ^94. Lactarene. 
 
 595. Lava, unmanufactured. 
 
 596. Leeches. 
 
 597. Lemon juice, lime juice, and sour orange juice. 
 
 598. Licorice root, unground. 
 
 599. Lifeboats and life-saving apparatus specially im- 
 ported by societies incorporated or established to encourage 
 the saving of human life. 
 
 600. Lime, citrate of. 
 
 601. Lithographic stones, not engraved. 
 
 602. Litmus, prepared or not prepared. 
 
 603. Loadstones. 
 
 604. Madder and munjeet, or India madder, ground or 
 prepared, and all extracts of. 
 
 605. Magnesite, crude or calcined, not purified. 
 
 606. Magnesium, not made up into articles. 
 
 607. Manganese, oxide and ore of. 
 
 608. Manna. 
 
 609. Manuscripts. 
 
 610. Marrow, crude. 
 
 61 1. Marshmallow or althea roots, leaves or flowers, nat- 
 ural or unmanufactured. 
 
 612. Medals of gold, silver or copper and other metallic 
 articles actually bestowed as trophies or prizes, and received 
 and accepted as honorary distinctions. 
 
 613. Meerschaum, crude or unmanufactured. 
 
 614. Minerals, crude or not advanced in value or condi- 
 tion by refining or by grinding or by other processes of manu- 
 facture, not specially provided for in this Act. 
 
 615. Mineral salts obtained by evaporation from mineral 
 waters, when accompanied by a duly authenticated certificate 
 and satisfactory proof showing that they are in no way artifi- 
 cially prepared, and are only the product of a designated 
 mineral spring. 
 
 616. Models of inventions and other improvements in the 
 arts, including patterns for machinery, but no article shall be 
 deemed a model or pattern which can be fitted for use other- 
 wise. 
 
 617. Moss, seaweeds, and vegetable substances, crude or 
 unmanufactured, not otherwise specially provided for in this 
 Act. 
 
 618. Musk, crude, in natural pods. 
 
 619. Myrobolans. 
 
 620. Needles, hand sewing, and darning. 
 
 921. Newspapers and periodicals; but the term “period- 
 icals” as herein used shall be understood to embrace only un- 
 bound or paper-covered publications, issued within six months 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 67 
 
 of the time of entry, containing current literature of the day 
 and issued regularly at stated periods, as weekly, monthly, or 
 quarterly. 
 
 622. Nuts: Brazil nuts, cream nuts, palm nuts and palm- 
 nut kernels; cocoanirts in the shell and broken cocoanut meat 
 or copra, not shredded, dessicated, or prepared in any manner. 
 
 623. Nux vomica. 
 
 624. Oakum. 
 
 625. Oil cake. 
 
 626. Oils: Almond, amber, crude and rectified amber- 
 gris, anise or anise seed; aniline, aspic or spike lavender, berg- 
 amot, cajeput, caraway, cassia cinnamon, cedrat, chamomile, 
 citronella or lemon grass, civet, cocoanut, fennel, ichthyol, 
 jasmine or jasimine, juglandium, juniper, lavender, lemon, 
 limes, mace, neroli or orange flower, enfleurage grease, nut 
 oil or oil of nuts not otherwise specially provided for in this 
 Act, orange oil, olive oil for manufacturing or mechanical 
 purposes fit only for such use and valued at not more than 
 sixty cents per gallon, ottar of roses, palm, rosemary or an- 
 thoss, sesame, or sesamum seed or bean, thyme, origanum red 
 or white, valerian; and also spermacetti, whale and other fish 
 oils of American fisheries, and all fish and other products 
 of such fisheries; petroleum, crude or refined: Provided, 
 That if there be imported into the United States crude 
 petroleum or the products of crude petroleum produced in 
 any country which imposes a duty on petroleum or its products 
 exported from the United States, there shall in such cases be 
 levied, paid, and collected a duty upon said crude petroleum 
 or its products so imported equal to the duty imposed by such 
 country. 
 
 627. Orange and lemon peel, not preserved, candied or 
 dried. 
 
 628. Orchil, or orchil liquid. 
 
 629. Ores of gold, silver, copper, or nickel, and nickel 
 matte; sweepings of gold and silver. 
 
 630. Osmium. 
 
 631. Palladium. 
 
 632. Paper stock, crude of every description, including 
 all grasses, fibers, rags (other than wool), waste, including jute 
 waste, shavings, clippings, old paper, rope ends, waste rope, 
 and waste bagging, including old gunny cloth and old gunny 
 bags, fit only to be converted into paper. 
 
 633. Paraffin. 
 
 634. Parchment and vellum. 
 
 635. Pearl, mother of, and shells, not sawed, cut, polished 
 or otherwise manufactured, or advanced in value from the 
 natural state. 
 
 636. Personal effects, not m.erchandise, of citizens of the 
 United Sta.tes dying in foreign countries. 
 
 637. Pewter and britannia metal, old, and fit only to be 
 remanufactured. 
 
68 
 
 Appendix H. 
 
 638. Philosophical and scientific apparatus, utensils, in- 
 struments, and preparations, including bottles and boxes con- 
 taining the same, specially imported in good faith for the use 
 and by order of any society or institution incorporated or es- 
 tablished solely for religious, philosophical,- educational, scieii- 
 titic, or literary purposes, or for the encouragement of the fine 
 arts, or for the use or by order of any college, academy, 
 school, or seminary of learning in the Unitea States, or any 
 State or public library, and not for sale, subject to such regu- 
 lations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe. 
 
 639. Phosphates, crude. 
 
 640. Plants, trees, shrubs, roots, seed-cane and seeds, im- 
 ported by the Department of Agriculture or the United States 
 Botanic Garden. 
 
 641. Platina, in ingots, bars, sheets, and wire. 
 
 642. Platinum, unmanufactured, and vases, retorts and 
 other apparatus, vessels, and parts thereof composed of pla- 
 tinum, for chemical uses. 
 
 643. Plumbago. 
 
 644. Potash, crude, or “black salts;” carbonate of potash, 
 crude or refined; hydrate of, or caustic potash, not including 
 refined in sticks or rolls; nitrate of potash or saltpeter, crude; 
 sulphate of potash, crude or refined, and muriate of potash. 
 
 645. Professional books, implements, instruments, and 
 tools of trade, occupation, or employment, in the actual pos- 
 session at the time, of persons emigrating to the United States; 
 but this exemption shall not be construed to include machin- 
 ery or other articles imported for use in any manufacturing 
 establishment, or for any other person or persons, or for sale, 
 nor shall it be construed to include theatrical scenery, prop- 
 erties, and apparel; but such articles brought by proprietors 
 or managers of theatrical exhibitions arriving from abroad for 
 temporary use by them in such exhibitions, and not for any 
 other person, and not for sale, and which have been used by 
 them abroad, shall be admitted free of duty under such regu- 
 lations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe; but 
 bonds shall be given for the payment to the United States of 
 such duties as may be imposed by law upon any and all such 
 articles as shall not be exported within six months after such 
 importation: Provided, That the Secretary of the Treasury 
 may in his discretion extend such period for a’further term of 
 six months in case application shall be made therefor. 
 
 646. Pulu. 
 
 647. Quinia, sulphate of, and all alkaloids or salts of cin- 
 chona bark. 
 
 648. Rags, not otherwise specially provided for in this 
 
 Act. 
 
 649. Regalia and gems, statuary, and specimens or casts 
 of sculpture, where specially imported in good faith for the use 
 and by order of any society incorporated or established solely 
 for religious, philosophical, educational, scientific, or literary 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 69 
 
 purposes, or for the encouragement of the fine arts, or for the 
 use and by order of any college, academy, school, or seminary 
 of learning in the United States, or any State or public library, 
 and not for sale; but the term “regalia” as herein used shall 
 be held to embrace only such insignia of rank or office or em- 
 blems as may be worn upon the person or borne in the hand 
 during public exercises ot the society or institution, and shall 
 not include articles of furniture or fixtures, or of regular wear- 
 ing apparel, nor personal property of individuals. 
 
 650. Rennets, raw or prepared. 
 
 651. Saffron and safflower, and extract of, and saffron 
 cake. 
 
 652. Sago, crude. 
 
 653. Salacin. 
 
 654. Salep, or Salop. 
 
 655. Sausages, bologna. 
 
 656. Seeds: Anise, caraway, cardamom, cauliflower, cori- 
 ander, cotton, cummin, fennel, fenugreek, hemp, hoarhound, 
 mangel-wurzel, mustard, rape. Saint John’s bread or bean, 
 sugar beet, sorghum or cane for seed; bulbs and bulbous roots, 
 not edible and not otherwise provided tor; all flower and grass 
 seeds, all the foregoing not especially provided for in this Act. 
 
 657. Sheep dips, not including compounds or prepara- 
 tions that can be used for other purposes. 
 
 658. Shotgun barrels, in single tubes, forged, rough 
 bored, 
 
 659. Shrimps and other shell fish. 
 
 660. Silk, raw, or as reeled from the cocoon, but not 
 doubled, twisted, or advanced m manufacture in any way. 
 
 661. Silk cocoons and silk waste. 
 
 662. Silkworm’s eggs. 
 
 663. Skeletons and other preparations of anatomy. 
 
 664. Skins of all kinds, raw (except sheepskins with the 
 wool on), and hides not specially provided for in this Act. 
 
 665. Soda, nitrate of, or cubic nitrate. 
 
 666. Specimens of natural history, botany, and mineral- 
 ogy, when imported for scientific public collections, and not 
 for sale. 
 
 667. Spices: Cassia, cassia vera, and cassia buds; cinna- 
 mon and chips of; cloves and clove stems; mace; nutmegs; 
 pepper, black or white, and pimento; all the foregoing when 
 unground; ginger root, unground and not preserved or can- 
 died. 
 
 668. Spunk. 
 
 669. Spurs and stilts used in the manufacture of earthen, 
 porcelain, and stone ware. 
 
 670. Stamps; foreign postage or revenue stamps, can- 
 celed or uncanceled. 
 
 671. Stone and sand: burrstone in blocks, rough or un- 
 manufactured; clift' stone, unmianufactured: rotten stone, trip- 
 
70 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 oli, and sand, crude or manufactured, not otherwise provided 
 for in this Act. 
 
 672. Storax or styrax. 
 
 673. Strontia, oxide of, and brotoxide of strontian, and 
 strontianite, or mineral carbonate of strontia. 
 
 674. Sulphur, lac or precipitated, and sulphur or brim- 
 stone, crude, in bulk, sulphur or as pyrites, or sulphuret of 
 iron in its natural state, containing in excess of twenty-five per 
 centum of sulphur, and sulphur not otherwise provided for. 
 
 675. Sulphuric acid which at the temperature of sixty 
 degrees Fahrenheit does not exceed the specific gravity of one 
 and three hundred and eighty thousandths, for use in manu- 
 facturing super phosphate of lime or artificial manures of any 
 kind, or for any agricultural purposes; Provided, That upon 
 all sulphuric acid imported from any country, whether inde- 
 pendent or a dependency, which imposes a duty upon sul- 
 phuric acid imported into such country from the United States, 
 there shall be levied and collected a duty of one-fourth of one 
 cent per pound. 
 
 676. Tamarinds. 
 
 677. Tapioca, cassava or cassady. 
 
 678. Tar and pitch of wood. 
 
 679. Tea and tea plants. 
 
 680. Teeth, natural or unmanufactured. 
 
 681. Terra alba, not made from gypsum or plaster rock. 
 
 682. Terra japonica. 
 
 683. Tin ore, cassiterite, or black oxide of tin, and tin in 
 bars, blocks, pigs, or grain or granulated. 
 
 684. Tobacco stems. 
 
 685. Tonquin, tonqua, or tonka beans. 
 
 686. Turmeric. 
 
 687. Turpentine, Venice. 
 
 688. Turpentine, spirits of. 
 
 68g. Turtles. 
 
 690. Types, old, and fit only to be remanufactured. 
 
 691. Uranium, oxide and salts of. 
 
 692. Vaccine virus. 
 
 693. Valonia. 
 
 694. Verdigris, or subacetate of copper. 
 
 695. Wax, vegetable or mineral. 
 
 .696. Wafers, unleavened or not edible. 
 
 697. Wearing apparel, articles of personal adornment, 
 toilet articles, and similar personal effects of persons arriving 
 in the United States; but this exemption shall only include 
 such articles as actually accompany and are in the use of, and 
 as are necessary and appropriate for the wear and use of such 
 persons, for the immediate purposes of the journey and present 
 comfort and convenience, and shall not be held to apply to 
 merchandise or articles intended for other persons or for sale: 
 P^'ovided, That in case of residents of the United States return- 
 ing from abroad, all wearing apparel and other personal effects 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 71 
 
 taken by them out of the United States to foreign countries 
 shall be admitted free of duty, without regard to their value, 
 upon their identity being established, under appropriate rules 
 and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treas- 
 ury, but no more than one hundred dollars in value of articles 
 purchased abroad by such residents of the United States shall 
 be admitted free of duty upon their return. 
 
 698. Whalebone, unmanufactured. 
 
 699. Wood: Logs and round unmanufactured timber, in- 
 cluding pulp-woods, firewood, handlebolts, shingle-bolts, gun- 
 blocks for gunstocks rough-hewn or sawed or planed on one 
 side, hop-poles, ship-timber and ship-planking; all the fore- 
 going not specially provided for in this Act. 
 
 700. Woods: Cedar, lignum-vitae, lancewood, ebony, box, 
 granadilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, and all forms of 
 cabinet woods, in the log, rough, or hewn only; briar root or 
 briar wood and similar wood unmanufactured, or not further 
 advanced than cut into blocks suitable for the arttcles into 
 which they are intended to be converted; bamboo, rattan, 
 reeds unmanufactured, India malacca joints, and sticks of 
 partridge, hair wood, pimento, orange, myrtle and other woods 
 not specially provided for in this Act, in the rough, or not fur- 
 ther advanced than cut into lengths suitable for sticks for um- 
 brellas, parasols, sunshades, whips, fishing-rods, or walking- 
 canes. 
 
 701. Works of art, drawings, engravings, photographic 
 pictures, and philosophical and scientific apparatus brought by 
 professional artists, lecturers, or scientists arriving from 
 abroad for use by them temporarily for exhibition and in il- 
 lustration, promotion, and encouragement of art, science, or 
 industry in the United States, and not for sale, shall be ad- 
 mitted free of duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of 
 the Treasury shall prescribe; but bonds shall be given for the 
 payment to the United States of such duties as may be im- 
 posed by law upon any and all such articles as shall not be 
 exported within six months after such importation: Provided^ 
 That the Secretary of the Treasury may, in his discretion, ex- 
 tend such period for a further term of six months in cases 
 where applications therefor shall be made. 
 
 702. Works of art, collections in illustration of the prog- 
 ress of the arts, sciences, or manufactures, photographs, works 
 in terra cotta, parian, pottery or porcelain, antiquities and ar- 
 tistic copies thereof in metal or other material, imported in 
 good faith for exhibition at a fixed place by any State or by 
 any society or institution established for the encouragement 
 of the arts, science, or education, or for a municipal corpora- 
 tion, and all like articles imported in good faith by any society 
 or association, or for a municipal corporation for the purpose 
 of erecting a public monument, and not intended for sale, nor 
 for any other purpose than herein expressed; but bonds shall 
 be given under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of 
 
72 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 the Treasury may prescribe, for the payment of lawful duties 
 which may accrue should any of the articles aforesaid be sold, 
 transferred, or used contrary to this provision, and such arti- 
 cles shall be subject, at any time, to examination and inspec- 
 tion by the proper officers of the customs: Provided, That the 
 privileges of this and the preceding section shall not be al- 
 lowed to associations or corporations engaged in or connected 
 with business of a private or commercial character. 
 
 703. Works of art, the production of American artists re- 
 siding temporarily abroad, or other works of art, including 
 pictorial paintings on glass, imported expressly for presenta- 
 tion to a national institution, or to any State or municipal cor- 
 poration, or incorporated religious society, college, or other 
 public institution, except stained or painted window-glass or 
 stained or painted glass windows; but such exemption shall be 
 subject to such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury 
 may prescribe. 
 
 704. Yams. 
 
 705. Zaffer. 
 
 Sec. 3. That for the purpose of equalizing the trade of 
 the United States with foreign countries, and their colonies, 
 producing and exporting to this country the following articles: 
 Argols, or crude tartar, or wine lees, crude; brandies, or other 
 spirits manufactured or distilled from grain or other materials; 
 champagne and all other sparkling wines; still wines and ver- 
 muth; paintings and statuary; or any of them, the President 
 be, and he is hereby authorized, as soon as may be after the 
 passage of this Act, and from time to time thereafter, to enter 
 into negotiations with the governments of those countries ex- 
 porting to the United States the above-mentioned articles, or 
 any of them, with a view to the arrangement of commercial 
 agreements in which reciprocal and equivalent concessions 
 may be secured in favor of the products and manufactures of 
 the United States; and whenever the government of any 
 country, or colony, producing and exporting to the United 
 States the above-mentioned articles, or any of them, shall en- 
 ter into a commercial agreement with the United States, or 
 make concessions in favor of the products, or manufactures 
 thereof, which, in the judgment of the President shall be re- 
 ciprocal and equivalent, he shall be, and he is hereby, author- 
 ized and empowered to suspend, during the time of such 
 agreement or concession, by proclamation to that effect, the 
 imposition and collection of the duties mentioned in this Act, 
 on such article or articles so exported to the United States 
 from such country or colony, and thereupon and thereafter the 
 duties levied, collected and paid upon such article or articles 
 shall be as follows, namely: 
 
 Argols, or crude tarter, or wine lees, crude, five per centum 
 ad valorem. 
 
 Brandies, or other spirits manufactured or distilled from 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 73 
 
 grain or other materials, one dollar and seventy-five cents per 
 proof gallon. 
 
 Champagne and all other sparkling wines, in bottles con- 
 taining not more than one quart and more than one pint, six 
 dollars per dozen; containing not more than one pint each and 
 more than one-half pint, three dollars per dozen; containing 
 one-half pint each or less, one dollar and fifty cents per dozen; 
 in bottles or other vessels containing more than one quart 
 each, in addition to six dollars per dozen bottles on the quan- 
 tities in excess of one quart, at the rate of one dol ar and 
 ninety cents per gallon. 
 
 Still wines, and vermuth, in casks, thirty-five cents per 
 gallon; in bottles or jugs, per case of one dozen bottles or jugs 
 containing each not more than one quart and more than one pint, 
 or twenty-four bottles or jugs containing each not more than 
 one pint, one dollar and twenty-five cents per case, and any 
 excess beyond these quantities found in such bottles or jugs 
 shall be subject to a duty of four cents per pint or fractional 
 part thereof, but no separate or additional duty shall be as- 
 sessed upon the bottles or jugs. 
 
 Paintings in oil or water colors, pastels, pen and ink draw- 
 ings, and statuary, fifteen per centum ad valorem. 
 
 The President shall have power, and it shall be his duty, 
 whenever he shall be satisfied that any such agreement in this 
 Section mentioned is not being fully executed by the Govern- 
 ment with which it shall have been made, to revoke such sus- 
 pension and notify such Government thereof. 
 
 And it is further provided that with a view to secure re- 
 ciprocal trade with countries producing the following articles, 
 whenever and so often as the President shall be satisfied that 
 the the Government of any country, or colony of such Govern- 
 ment, producing and exporting directly or indirectly to the 
 United States coffee, tea, and tonquin, tonqua, or tonka beans, 
 and vanilla beans, or any of such articles, imposes duties or 
 other exactions upon the agricultural, manufactured, or other 
 products of the United States, which, in view of the introduc- 
 tion of such coffee, tea, and tonquin, tonqua, or tonka, beans, 
 and vanilla beans, into the United States, as in this Act here- 
 inbefore provided for, he may deem to be reciprocally un- 
 equal and unreasonable, he shall have the power and it shall 
 be his duty to suspend, by proclamation to that effect, the pro- 
 visions of this Act relating to the free introduction of such 
 coffee, tea, and tonquin, tonqua, or tonka beans, and vanilla 
 beans, of the products of such country or colony, for such time 
 as he shall deem just; and in such case and during such sus- 
 pension duties shall be levied, collected, and paid upon coffee, 
 tea, and tonquin, tonqua, or tonka beans, and vanilla beans, 
 the products or exports, direct or indirect, from such desig- 
 nated country, as follows: 
 
 On coffee, three cents per pound. 
 
 On tea, ten cents per pound. 
 
74 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 On tonquin, tonqua, or tonka beans, fifty cents per pound; 
 vanilla beans, two aollars per pound; vanilla beans, commer- 
 cially known as cuts, one dollar per pound. 
 
 Sec. 4. That whenever the President of the United 
 States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, with 
 a view to secure reciprocal trade with foreign countries, shall, 
 within the period of two years from and after the passage of 
 this Act, enter into commercial treaty or treaties with any 
 other country or countries concerning the admission into any 
 such country or countries of the goods, wares and merchandise 
 of the United States and their use and disposition therein, 
 deemed to be for the interests of the United States, and in 
 such treaty or treaties, in consideration of the advantages ac- 
 cruing to the United States therefrom, shall provide for the re- 
 duction during a specified period, not exceeding five years, of 
 the duties imposed by this Act. to the extent of not more than 
 twenty per centum thereof, upon such goods, wares, or mer- 
 chandise as may be designated therein of the country or coun- 
 tries with which such treaty or treaties shall be made as in this 
 section provided for; or shall provide for the transfer during 
 such period from the dutiable list of this Act to the free 
 list thereof of such goods, wares, and merchandise, being the 
 natural products of such foreign country or countries and not 
 of the United States; or shall provide for the retention upon 
 the free list of this Act during a specified period, not exceed- 
 ing five years, of such goods, wares, and merchandise now in- 
 cluded in said free list as maybe designated therein; and 
 when any such treaty shall have been duly ratified by the 
 Senate and approved by Congress, and public proclamation 
 made accordingly, then and thereafter the duties which shall 
 be collected by the United States upon any of the designated 
 goods, wares, and merchandise from the foreign country with 
 which such treaty has been made, shall during the period pro- 
 vided for, be the duties specified and provided for in such 
 treaty, and none other. 
 
 Sec. 5. That whenever any country, dependency, or col- 
 ony shall pay or bestow, directly or indirectly, any bounty or 
 grant upon the exportation of any article or merchandise from 
 such country, dependency, or colony, and such article or 
 merchandise is dutiable under the provisions of this Act, then 
 upon the importation of any such article or merchandise into 
 the United States, whether the same shall be imported directly 
 from the country of production or otherwise, and whether such 
 article or merchandise is imported in the same condition as 
 when exported from the country of production or has been 
 changed in condition by remanufacture or otherwise, there 
 shall be levied and paid, in all such cases, in addition to the 
 duties otherwise imposed by this Act, an additional duty equal 
 to the net amount of such bounty or grant, however the same 
 be paid or bestowed. The net amount of all such bounties or 
 grants shall be from time to time ascertained, determined, and 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 75 
 
 declared by the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall make all 
 needful regulations for the identification of such articles and 
 merchandise and for the assessment and collection of such ad- 
 ditional duties. 
 
 Sec. 6. That there shall be levied, collected, and paid on 
 the importation of all raw or unmanufactured articles, not 
 enumerated or provided for in this Act, a duty of ten per 
 centum ad valorem, and on all articles manufactured in whole 
 or in part, not provided for in this Act, a duty of twenty per 
 centum ad valorem. 
 
 Sec. 7. That each and every imported article, not enum- 
 erated in this Act, which is similar, either in material, quality, 
 texture, or the use to which it may be applied, to any article 
 enumerated in this Act as chargeable with duty, shall pay the 
 same rate of duty which is levied on the enumerated article 
 which it most resembles in any of the particulars before men- 
 tioned; and if any nonenumerated article equally resembles 
 two or more enumerated articles on which different rates of 
 duty are chargeable, there shall be levied on such nonenum- 
 erated article the same rate of duty as is chargeable on the 
 article which it resem^bles paying the highest rate of duty; and 
 on articles not enumerated, manufactured of two or more ma- 
 terials, the duty shall be assessed at the highest rate at which 
 the same would be chargeable if composed wholly of the com- 
 ponent material thereof of chief value; and the words “compo- 
 nent material of chief value,” wherever used in this Act, shall be 
 held to mean that component material which shall exceed in 
 value any other single component material of the article; and 
 the value of each component material shall be determined by 
 the ascertained value of such material in its condition as 
 found in the article. If two or more rates of duty shad be ap- 
 plicable to any imported article, it shall pay duty at tlie high- 
 est of such rates. 
 
 Sec. 8. That all articles of foreign manufacture, such as 
 are usually or ordinarily marked, stamped, branded, or la- 
 beled, and all packages containing such or other imported 
 articles, shall, respectively, be plainly marked, stamped, 
 brancfed, or labeled in legible English words in a conspicuous 
 place, so as to indicate the country of their origin and the 
 quantity of their contents; and until so marked, stamped, 
 branded, or labeled they shall not be delivered to the im- 
 porter. Should any article of imported merchandise be 
 marked, stamped, branded, or labeled so as to indicate a 
 quantity, number, or measurement in excess of the quantity, 
 nurnber, or measurement actually contained in such article, no 
 delivery of the same shalkbe made to the importer until the 
 mark, stamp,, brand, or label, as the case may be, shall be 
 changed so as to conform to the facts of the case. 
 
 Sec. g. That section thirty-three hundred and forty-one 
 of the Revised Statutes of the United States be, and hereby is, 
 amended to read as follows: 
 
76 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 “Sec. 3341. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue shall 
 cause to be prepared, for the payment of such tax, suitable 
 stamps denoting the amount of tax required to be paid on the 
 hogsheads, barrels, and halves, thirds, quarters, sixths, and 
 eighths c-f a barrel of such fermented liquors (and shall also 
 cause to be pre[)ared suitable permits for the purpose herein- 
 after mentioned), and shall furnish the same to the collectors 
 of internal revenue, who shall each be required to keep on 
 hand at all times a sufficient supply of permits and a supply 
 of stamps equal in amount to two months’ sales thereof, if 
 there be any brewery or brewery warehouse in his district; 
 and such stamps shall be sold, and permits granted and de- 
 livered by such collectors, only to the brewers of their dis- 
 trict, respectively. 
 
 “Such collectors shall keep an account of the number of 
 permits delivered and of the number and value of the stamps 
 sold by them to each brewer. 
 
 Sec. 10. That section thirty-three hundred and ninety- 
 four of the Revised Statutes of the United States, as amended, 
 be, and the same is hereby, further amended, so as to read as 
 follows: 
 
 “Upon cigars which shall be manufactured and sold, or 
 removed for consumption or sale, there shall be assessed and 
 collected the following taxes, to be paid by the manufacturer 
 thereof: On cigars of all descriptions made of tobacco, or any 
 substitute therefor and weighing more than three pounds per 
 thousand, three dollars per thousand; on cigars, made of to- 
 bacco, or any substitute therefor, and weighing not more than 
 three pounds per thousand, one dollar per thousand; on cigar- 
 ettes, made of tobacco, or any substitute therefor, and weigh- 
 ing more than three pounds per thousand, three dollars per 
 thousand; on cigarettes, made of tobacco, or any substitute 
 therefor, and weighing not more than three pounds per 
 thousand, one dollar per thousand: Provided, That all rolls of 
 tobacco, or any substitute therefor, wrapped with tobacco, 
 shall be classed as cigars, and all rolls of tobacco, or any sub- 
 stitute therefor, wrapped in paper or any substance other than 
 tobacco, shall be classed as cigarettes. • 
 
 “And the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, with the 
 approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall provide dies 
 and adhesive stamps for cigars weighing not more than three 
 pounds per thousand: Provided, That such stamps shall be in 
 denominations of ten, twenty, fifty and one hundred, and the 
 laws and regulations governing the packing and removal for 
 sale of cigarettes, and the affixing and canceling of the stamps 
 on the packages thereof, shall apply to cigars weighing not 
 more than three pounds per thousand. 
 
 “None of the packages of smoking tobacco and fine-cut 
 chewing tobacco and cigarettes prescribed by law shall be 
 permitted to have packed in, or attached to, or connected with 
 them, any article or thing wh itsoever other than the manu- 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 77 
 
 facturers’ wrappers and labels, the internal revenue stamp and 
 the tobacco or cigarettes, respectively, put up therein, on 
 which tax is required to be paid under the internal revenue 
 laws; nor shall there be affixed to, or branded, stamped, 
 marked, written, or printed upon, said packages, or their con- 
 tents, any promise or offer of, or any order or certificate for, 
 any gift, prize, premium, payment or reward.” 
 
 Sec. II. That no article of imported merchandise which 
 shall copy or simulate the name or trade-mark of any do- 
 mestic manufacture or manufacturer, or which shall bear a 
 name or mark, which is calculated to induce the public to be- 
 lieve that the article is manufactured in the United States, 
 shall be admitted to entry at any custom-house of the United 
 States. And in order to aid the officers of the customs in en- 
 forcing this prohibition, any domestic manufacturer who has 
 adopted trade marks may require his name and residence and 
 a description of his trade-marks to be recorded in books 
 which shall be kept for that purpose in the Department of the 
 Treasury, under such regulations as the Secretary of the 
 Treasury shall prescribe, and may furnish to the Department 
 facsimiles of such trade-marks; and thereupon the Secretary 
 of the Treasury shall cause one or more copies of the same to 
 be transmitted to each collector or other proper officer of the 
 customs. 
 
 Sec. 12. That all materials of foreign production which 
 may be necessary for the construction of vessels built in the 
 United States for foreign account and ownership, or for the 
 purpose of being employed in the foreign trade, including the 
 trade between the Atlantic and Pacihc ports of the United 
 States, and all such materials necessary for the building of 
 their machinery, and all articles necessary for their outfit and 
 equipment, may be imported in bond under such regulations 
 as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe; and upon 
 proof that such materials have been used for such purposes no 
 duties shall be paid thereon. But vessels receiving the benefit 
 of this section shall not be allowed to engage in the coastwise 
 trade of the United States more than two months in any one 
 year except upon the payment to the United States of the 
 chities of which a rebate is herein allowed: Provided, That 
 vessels built in the United States for foreign account and 
 ownership shall not be allowed to engage in the coastwise 
 trade of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 13. That all articles of foreign or domestic production 
 needed for the repair of American vessels engaged in foreign 
 trade, including the trade between the Atlantic and Pacific ports 
 of the United States,, may be withdrawn from bonded ware- 
 houses free of duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of 
 the Treasury may prescribe. 
 
 Sec. 14. That the sixteenth section of an Act entitled “An 
 Act to remove certain burdens on the American merchant 
 marine and encourage the American foreign carrying trade. 
 
78 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 and for other purposes,” approved June twenty-sixth, eighteen 
 hundred and eighty-four, be amended so as to read as follows: 
 
 “Sec. i6. That all articles of foreign production needed 
 and actually withdrawn from bonded warehouses and bonded 
 manufacturing warehouses for supplies (not including equip- 
 ment) of vessels of the United States engaged in foreign trade, 
 or in trade between the Atlantic and Pacific ports of the Uni- 
 ted States, may be so withdrawn from said bonded warehouses 
 free of duty or of internal revenue tax, as the case may be, 
 under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may 
 prescribe; but no such articles shall be landed at any port of 
 the United States.” 
 
 Sec. 15. That all articles manufactured in whole or in part 
 of imported materials, or of materials subject to internal revenue 
 tax, and intended for exportation without being charged with 
 duty, and without having an internal revenue stamp affixed 
 thereto, shall, under such regulations as the Secretary of the 
 Treasury may prescribe, in order to be so manufactured and 
 exported, be made and manufactured in bonded warehouses 
 similar to those known and designated in Treasury Regula- 
 tions as bonded warehouses, class six: Provided, That the 
 manufacturer of such article shall first give satisfactory bonds 
 for the faithful observance of all the provisions of law and of 
 such regulations as shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the 
 Treasury: Provided further, That the manufacture of dis- 
 tilled spirits from grain, starch, molasses or sugar, including 
 all dilutions or mixtures of them or either of tlTem, shall not 
 be permitted in such manufacturing warehouses. 
 
 Whenever goods manufactured in any bonded warehouse 
 established under the provisions of the preceding paragraph 
 shall be exported directly therefrom or shall be duly laden for 
 transportation and immediate exportation under the supervis- 
 ion of the proper officer who shall be duly designated for that 
 purpose, such goods shall be exempt from duty and from the 
 requirements relating to revenue stamps. 
 
 Any materials used in the manufacture of such goods, and 
 any packages, coverings, vessels, brands and labels used in 
 putting up the same may, under the regulations of the Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury, be conveyed without the payment of rev- 
 enue tax or duty into any bonded manufacturing warehouse, 
 ^and imported goods may, under the aforesaid regulations, 
 ’be transferred without the exaction of duty from any bonded 
 warehouse into any bonded manufacturing warehouse; but this 
 privilege shall not be held to apply to implements, machinery, 
 or apparatus to be used in the construction or repair of any 
 bonded manufacturing warehouse or for the prosecution of the 
 business carried on therein. 
 
 No articles or materials received into such bonded manu- 
 facturing warehouse shall be withdrawn or removed therefrom 
 except for direct shipment and exportation or for transporta- 
 tion and immediate exportation in bond under the supervision 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 79 
 
 of the officer duly designated therefor by the collector of the 
 port, who shall certify to such shipment and exportation, or 
 ladening for transportation, as the case may be, describing the 
 articles by their mark or otherwise, the quantity, the date of 
 exportation, and the name of the vessel. All labor performed 
 and services rendered under these provisions shall be under 
 the supervision of a duly designated officer of the customs and 
 at the expense of the manufacturer. 
 
 A careful account shall be kept by the collector of all mer- 
 chandise delivered by him to any bonded manufacturing ware- 
 house, and a sworn monthly return, verihed by the customs 
 officers in charge, shall be made by the manufacturers con- 
 taining a detailed statement of all imported merchandise used 
 by him in the manufacture of exported articles. 
 
 Before commencing business the proprietor of any manu- 
 facturing warehouse shall file with the Secretary of the Treas- 
 ury a list of all the articles intended to be manufactured in 
 such warehouse, and state the formula of manufacture and the 
 names and quantities of the ingredients to be used therein. 
 
 Articles manufactured under these provisions may be 
 withdrawn under such regulations as the Secretary of the 
 Treasury may prescribe for transportation and delivery into 
 any bonded warehouse at an exterior port for the sole purpose 
 of immediate export therefrom. 
 
 The provisions of Revised Statutes thirty-four hundred 
 and thirty-three shall, so far as may be practicable, apply to 
 any bonded manufacturing warehouse established under this 
 act and to the merchandise conveyed therein. 
 
 Sec. i6. That all persons are prohibited from importing 
 into the United States from any foreign country any obscene 
 book, pamphlet, paper, writing, advertisement, circular, print, 
 picture, drawing, or other representation, figure or image on 
 or of paper or other material, or any cast, instrument or other 
 article of an immoral nature, or any drug or medicine, or any 
 article whatever for the prevention of conception or for caus- 
 ing unlawful abortion, or any lottery ticket or any advertise- 
 ment of any lottery. No such articles, whether imported 
 separately or contained in packages with other goods entitled 
 to entry, shall be admitted to entry; and all such articles shall 
 be proceeded against, seized, and forfeited by due course of 
 law. All such prohibited articles and the packages in which 
 they are contained in the course of importation shall be de- 
 tained by the officer of customs, and proceedings taken against 
 the same as hereinafter prescribed, unless it appears to the 
 satisfaction of the collector of customs that the obscene articles 
 contained in the package were inclosed therein without the 
 knowledge or consent of the importer, owner, agent or con- 
 signee: Provided, That the drugs hereinbefore mentioned, 
 when imported in bulk and not put up for any nf the purposes 
 hereinbefore specified, are excepted from the operation of this 
 section. 
 
/ 
 
 8o Appendix B. 
 
 Sec. 17. That whoever, being an officer, agent or employe 
 of the Government of the United States, shall knowingly aid or 
 abet any person engaged in any violation of any of the provis- 
 ions of law prohibiting importing, advertising, dealing in, ex- 
 hibiting, or sending or receiving by mail obscene or indecent 
 publications or representations, or means for preventing con- 
 ception or procuring abortion, or other articles of indecent or 
 immoral use or tendency, shall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
 meanor, and shall for every offense be punishable by a fine of 
 not more than $5,000, or by imprisonment at hard labor for not 
 more than ten years, or both. 
 
 Sec. 18. That any Judge of any District or Circuit Court 
 of the United States, within the proper district, before whom 
 complaint in writing of any violation of the two preceding 
 sections is made, to the satisfaction of such Judge, and founded 
 on knowledge or belief, and if upon belief, setting forth the 
 grounds of such belief, and supported by oath or affirmation of 
 the complainant, may issue, conformably to the Constitution, a 
 warrant directed to the Marshal or any Deputy Marshal in the 
 proper district, directing him to search for, seize, and take 
 possession of any such article or thing mentioned in the two 
 preceding sections, and to make due and immediate return 
 thereof to the end that the same may be condemned and de- 
 stroyed by proceedings, which shall be conducted in the same 
 manner as other proceedings in the case of municipal seizure, 
 and with the same right of appeal or writ of error 
 
 Sec. 19. That machinery for repair may be imported into 
 the United States without payment of duty, under bond, to be 
 given in double the appraised value thereof,to be withdrawn and 
 exported after said machinery shall have been repaired; and the 
 Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to pre- 
 scribe such rules and regulations as may be necessary to pro- 
 tect the revenue against fraud and secure the identity and 
 character of all such importations when again withdrawn and 
 exported, restricting and limiting the export and withdrawal 
 to the same port of entry where imported, and also limiting all 
 bonds to a period of time of not more than six months from the 
 date of the importation. 
 
 Sec. 20. That the produce of the forests of the State of 
 Maine upon the Saint John River and its tributaries, owned by 
 American citizens, and sawed or hewed in the province of New 
 Brunswick by American citizens, the same being otherwise un- 
 manufactured in whole or in part, which is now admitted into 
 the ports of the United States free of duty, shall continue to be 
 so admitted, under such regulations as the Secretary of the 
 Treasury shall from time to time prescribe. 
 
 Sec. 21. That the produce of the forests of the State of 
 Maine upon the Saint Croix River and its tributaries owned by 
 American citizens, and sawed or hewed in the province of New 
 Brunswick by American citizens, the same being otherwise un- 
 manufactured in whole or in part, shall be admitted into the 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 8i 
 
 ports of the United States free of duty, under such regulations 
 as the Secretary of the Treasury shall from time to time pre- 
 scribe. 
 
 Sec. 22. That a discriminating duty of ten per centum ad 
 valorem, in addition to the duties imposed by law, shall be 
 levied, collected and paid on all goods, wares, or merchandise 
 which shall be imported in vessels not of the United States, or 
 which, being the production or manufacture of any foreign 
 country not contiguous to the United States, shall come into 
 the United States from such contiguous country; but this dis- 
 criminating duty shall not apply to goods, wares, or merchan- 
 dise which shall be imported in vessels not of the United 
 States, entitled at the time of such importation by treaty or 
 convention to be entered in the ports of the United States on 
 payment of the same duties as shall then be payable on goods, 
 wares and merchandise imported in vessels of the United 
 States, nor to such foreign products or manufactures as shall 
 be imported from such contiguous countries in the usual course 
 of strictly retail trade. 
 
 Sec. 23. That no goods, wares, or merchandise, unless in 
 cases provided for by treaty, shall be imported into the United 
 States from any foreign port or place, except in vessels of the 
 United States, or in such foreign vessels as truly and wholly 
 belong to the citizens or subjects of that country of which the 
 goods are the growth, production or manufacture, or from 
 which such goods, wares, or merchandise can only be, or most 
 usually are, first shipped for transportation. All goods, wares, 
 or merchandise imported contrary to this section, and the 
 vessel wherein the same shall be imported, together with her 
 cargo, tackle, apparel, and furniture, shall be forfeited to the 
 United States; and such goods, wares, or merchandise, ship or 
 vessel, and cargo shall be liable to be seized, prosecuted, and 
 condemned in like manner, and under the same regulations, 
 restrictions and provisions as have been heretofore established 
 for the recovery, collection, distribution, and remission of for- 
 feitures to the United States by the several revenue laws. 
 
 Sec. 24. That the preceding section shall not apply to 
 vessels or goods, wa^es or merchandise imported in vessels of 
 a foreign nation which does not maintain a similar regulation 
 against vessels of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 25. That the importation of neat cattle and the hides 
 of neat cattle from any foreign country into the United States 
 is prohibited: Provided, That the operation of this section 
 shall be suspended as to any foreign country or countries, 
 or any parts of such country or countries, whenever the Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury shall officially determine, and give public 
 notice thereof that such importation will not tend to the intro- 
 duction or spread of contagious or infectious diseases among 
 the cattle of the United States; and the Secretary'' cd the 
 Treasury is hereby authorized and empowered, and it shall be 
 his duty, to make all necessary orders and regii^'^'^ioLS tj carry 
 
82 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 this section into effect, or to suspend the same as herein pro- 
 vided, and to send copies thereof to the proper officers in the 
 United States, and to such officers or agents of the United 
 States in foreign countries as he shall judge necessary. 
 
 Sec. 26. That any person convicted of a wilful violation of 
 any of the provisions of the preceding section shall be fined 
 not exceeding five hundred dollars, or imprisoned not exceed- 
 ing one year, or both, in the discretion of the court. 
 
 Sec. 27. That upon the reimportation of articles once ex- 
 ported, of the growth, product or manufacture of the United 
 States, upon which no internal tax has been assessed or paid, 
 or upon which such tax has been paid and refuhded by allow- 
 ance or drawback, there shall be levied, collected and paid a 
 duty equal to the tax imposed by the internal revenue laws 
 upon such articles, except articles manufactured in bonded 
 warehouses and exported pursuant to law, which shall be sub- 
 ject to the same rate of duty as if originally imported. 
 
 Sec. 28. That whenever any vessel laden with merchan- 
 dise, in whole or in part, subject to duty, has been sunk in any 
 river, harbor, bay, or waters subject to the jurisdiction of the 
 United States, and within its limits, for the period of two 
 years, and is abandoned by the owner thereof, any person who 
 may raise such vessel shall be permitted to bring any mer- 
 chandise recovered therefrom into the port nearest to the 
 place where such vessel was so raised free from the payment 
 of any duty thereupon, but under such regulations as the Sec- 
 retary of the Treasury may prescribe. 
 
 Sec. 29. That the works of manufacturers engaged in smelt- 
 ing or refining metals, or both smelting and refining, in the 
 United States may be designated as bonded warehouses under 
 such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may pre- 
 scribe: Provided^ That such manufacturers shall first give 
 satisfactory bonds to the Secretary of the Treasury. Ores or 
 metals in any crude form requiring smelting or refining to 
 make them readily available in the arts, imported into the 
 United States to be smelted or refined and intended to be ex- 
 ported in a refined but unmanufactured state, shall, under such 
 rules as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, and un- 
 der the direction of the proper officer, be removed in original 
 packages or in bulk from the vessel or other vehicle on which 
 they have been imported, or from the bonded warehouse in 
 which the same may be, into the bonded warehouse in which 
 such smelting or refining, or both, may be carried on, for the 
 purpose of being smelted or refined, or both, without payment 
 of duties thereon, and may there be smelted or refined, to- 
 gether with other metals of home or foreign production; Pro- 
 vided, That each day a quantity of refined metal equal to 
 ninety per centum of the amount of imported metal smelted 
 or refined that day shall be set aside, and such metal so set 
 aside shall not be taken from said works except for transporta- 
 tion to another bonded warehouse or for exportation, under 
 
Appendix B, 
 
 83 
 
 the direction of the proper officer having charge thereof as 
 aforesaid, whose certificate, describing the articles by their 
 marks or otherwise, the quantity, the date of importation, and 
 the name of vessel or other vehicle by which it was imported, 
 with such additional particulars as may from time to time be 
 required, shall be received by the collector of customs as suf- 
 ficient evidence of the exportation of the meta-l, or it may be 
 removed under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treas- 
 ury may prescribe, upon entry and payment of duties, for 
 domestic consumption, and the exportation of the ninety per 
 centum of metals hereinbefore provided for shall entitle the 
 ores and metals imported under the provisions of this section 
 to admission without payment of the duties thereon: Provided 
 furthery That in respect to lead ores imported under the pro- 
 visions of this section the refined metals set aside shall either 
 be reexported or the regular duties paid thereon within six 
 months from the date of the receipt of the ore. All labor per- 
 formed and services rendered under these regulations shall be 
 under the supervision of an officer of the customs, to be ap- 
 pointed by the Secretary of the Treasury, and at the expense 
 of the manufacturer. 
 
 Sec. 30. That where imported materials on which duties 
 have been paid are used in the manufacture of articles manu- 
 factured or produced in the United States, there shall be al- 
 lowed on the exportation of such articles a drawback equal in 
 amount to the duties paid on the materials used, less one per 
 centum of such duties: Providedy That when the articles ex- 
 ported are made in part from domestic materials, the 
 imported materials, or the parts of the articles made from 
 such materials, shall so appear in the completed articles 
 that the quantity or measure thereof may be ascertained: 
 And provided fu 7 ‘thery That the drawback on any article 
 allowed under existing law shall be continued at the rate 
 herein provided. That the imported materials used in the 
 manufacture or production of articles entitled to drawback 
 of customs duties when exported shall, in all cases where 
 drawback of duties paid on such materials is claimed, be iden- 
 tified, the quantity of such material used and amount of duties 
 paid thereon shall be ascertained, the facts of the manufacture 
 or production of such articles in the United States and their 
 exportation therefrom shall be determined, and the drawback 
 due thereon shall be paid to the manufacturer, producer, or 
 exporter, to the agent of either or to the person to whom such 
 manufacturer, producer, exporter, or agent shall in writing 
 order such drawback paid, under such regulations as the Sec- 
 retary of the Treasury shall prescribe. 
 
 Sec. 31. That all goods, wares, articles, and merchandise 
 manufactured wholly or in part in any foreign country by 
 convict labor shall not be entitled to entry at any of the ports 
 of the United States, and the importation thereof is hereby 
 prohibited, and the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized 
 
84 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 and directed to prescribe such regulations as may be necessary 
 for the enforcement of this provision. 
 
 Sec. 32. That sections seven and eleven of the Act entitled 
 “An Act to simplify the laws in relation to the collection of the 
 revenues,” approved June tenth, eighteen hundred and ninety, 
 be, and the same are hereby, amended so as to read as follows; 
 
 Sec. 7. That the owner, consignee, or agent of any imported 
 merchandise which has been actually purchased may, at the 
 time when he shall make and verify his written entry of such 
 merchandise, but not afterwards, make such addition in the 
 entry to the cost or value given in the invoice or pro forma 
 invoice or statement in form of an invoice, which he shall pro- 
 duce with his entry, as in his opinion may raise the same to the 
 actual market value or wholesale price of such merchandise at 
 the time of exportation to the United States, in t«he principal 
 markets of the country from which the same has been import- 
 ed; but no such’ add it ion shall be made upon entry to the in- 
 voice value of any imported merchandise obtained otherwise 
 than by actual purchase; and the collector within whose dis- 
 trict any merchandise may be imported or entered, whether 
 the same has been actually purchased or procured otherwise 
 than by purchase, shall cause the actual market value or whole- 
 sale price of such merchandise to be appraised; and if the ap- 
 praised value of any article of imported merchandise subject 
 to an ad valorem duty or to a duty based upon or regulated in 
 any manner by the value thereof shall exceed the value de- 
 clared in the entry, there shall be levied, collected, and paid, 
 in addition to the duties imposed by law on such merchandise, 
 an additional duty of one per centum of the total appraised 
 value thereof for each one per centum that such appraised 
 value exceeds the value declared in the entry, but the ad- 
 ditional duties shall only apply to the particular article or 
 articles in each invoice that are so undervalued, and shall be 
 limited to fifty per centum of the appraised value of such art- 
 icle or articles. Such additional duties shall not be construed 
 to be penal, and shall not be remitted, nor payment thereof in 
 any way avoided, except in cases arising from a manifest cler- 
 ical error, nor shall they be refunded in case of exportation of 
 the merchandise, or on any other account, nor shall they be 
 subject to the benefit of drawback: Provided^ That if the ap- 
 praised value of any merchandise shall exceed the value de- 
 clared in the entry by more than fifty per centum, except when 
 arising from a manifest clerical error, such entry shall be held 
 to be presumptively fraudulent, and the collector of customs 
 shall seize such merchandise and proceed as in case of for- 
 feiture for violation of the customs laws, and in any legal pro- 
 ceedings that may result from such seizure, the undervaluation 
 as shown by the appraisal shall be presumptive evidence of 
 fraud, and the burden of proof shall be on the claimant to re- 
 but the same and forfeiture shall be adjudged unless he shall 
 rebut such presumption of fraudulent intent by sufficient evi- 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 85 
 
 dence. The forfeiture provided for in this section shall apply 
 to the whole of the merchandise or the value thereof in the 
 case or package containing the particular article or articles in 
 each invoice which are undervalued: Provided, further. That 
 all additional duties, penalties or forfeitures applicable to 
 merchandise entered by a duly certified invoice, shall be alike 
 applicable to merchandise entered by a pro forma invoice or 
 statement in the form of an invoice, and no forfeiture or dis- 
 ability of any kind, incurred under the provisions of this sec- 
 tion shall be remitted or mitigated by the Secretary of the 
 Treasury. The duty shall not, however, be assessed in any 
 case upon an amount less than the invoice or entered value: 
 
 Sec. II. That, when the actual market value as defined by 
 law, of any article of imported merchandise, wholly or partly 
 manufactured and subject to an ad valorem duty, or to a duty 
 based in whole or in part on value, cannot be otherwise ascer- 
 tained to the satisfaction of the appraising officer, such officer 
 shall use all available means in his power to ascertain the cost 
 of production of such merchandise at the time of exportation 
 to the United States, and at the place of manufacture; such 
 Cost of production to include the cost of materials and of fab- 
 rication, all general expenses covering each and every outlay 
 of whatsoever nature incident to such production, together 
 with the expense of preparing and putting up such merchan- 
 dise ready for shipment, and an addition of not less than eight 
 nor more than fifty per centum upon the total cost as thus 
 ascertained; and in no case shall such merchandise be ap- 
 praised upon original appraisal or reapprai^ement at less than 
 the total cost of production as thus ascertained. It shall be 
 lawful for appraising officers, in determining the dutiable value 
 of such merchandise, to take into consideration the wholesale 
 price at which such or similar merchandise is sold or offered 
 for sale in the United States, due ailovvance being made for 
 estimated duties thereon, the cost of transportation, insurance, 
 and other necessary expenses from the place of shipment to 
 the United States, and a reasonable commission, if any has 
 been paid, not exceeding six per centum. 
 
 Sec. 33. That on and after the day when this Act shall go 
 into effect all goods, wares and merchandise previously im- 
 ported, for which no entry has been made, and all goods, wares, 
 and merchandise previously entered without*payment of duty 
 and under bond for warehousing, transportation, or any other 
 purpose, for which no permit of delivery to the importer or his 
 agent has been issued, shall be subjected to the duties imposed 
 by this Act and to no other duty, upon the entry of the with- 
 drawal thereof: Provided, That when duties are based upon 
 the weight of merchandise deposited in any pnblic or private 
 bonded warehouse, said duties shall be levied and collected 
 upon the weight of such merchandise at the time of its entry. 
 
 Sec. 34. That sections one to twenty-four, both inclusive, of 
 an Act entitled “An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue 
 
86 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 for the Government, and for other purposes,” which became a 
 law on the twenty-eighth day of August, eighteen hundred and 
 ninety-four, and all Acts and parts of Acts inconsistent with 
 the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed, said repeal to 
 take effect on and after the passage of this Act, but the repeal 
 of existing laws or modifications thereof embraced in this Act 
 shall not affect any act done, or any right accruing or accrued, 
 or any suit or proceedings had or commenced in any civil 
 cause before the said repeal or modifications; but all rights 
 and liabilities under said laws shall continue and may be en- 
 forced in the same manner as if said repeal or modifications 
 had not been made. Any offences commited and all penalties 
 or forfeitures or liabilities incurred prior to the passage of this 
 Act under any statute embraced in or changed, modified, or 
 repealed by this Act may be prosecuted or punished in the 
 same manner and with the same effect as if this Act had not 
 been passed. All Acts of limitation, whether applicable to 
 civil causes and proceedings or to the prosecution of offences 
 or for the recovery of penalties or forfeitures embraced in or 
 modified, changed, or repealed by this Act shall not be affect- 
 ed thereby; and all suits, proceedings, or prosecutions, whether 
 civil or criminal, for causes arising or acts done or committed 
 prior to the passage of this Act, may be commenced and pros- 
 ecuted within the same time and with the same effect as if this 
 Act had not been passed: And provided further ^ That nothing 
 in this Act shall be construed to repeal the provisions of sec- 
 tion three thousand and fifty-eight of the Revised Statutes as 
 amended by the Act approved February twenty-third, eighteen 
 hundred and eighty-seven, in respect to the abandonment of 
 merchandise to underwriters or the salvors of property, and 
 the ascertainment of duties thereon: And provided further, 
 That nothing in this Act shall be construed to repeal or in any 
 manner affect the sections numbered seventy-three, seventy- 
 four, seventy-five, seventy-six, and seventy-seven of an Act 
 entitled “An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for 
 the Government, and for other purposes,” which became a law 
 on the twenty-eighth day of August, eighteen hundred and 
 ninet^fe-four. 
 
 Approved July 24, 1897. 
 
Return this book on or before the 
 Latest Date stamped below. 
 
 Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books 
 are reasons for disciplinary action and may 
 result in dismissal from the University. 
 University of Illinois Library 
 
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