CO c > 
 
 UNIVERSITY O F ILLINOIS 
 
 3.15 
 
 8d KYLE 
 
 DIRECT HNS TO 
 COOPERATIVE CORN 
 
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 UDIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 .. . LIBRARY 
 
 B. P. I.—564. Issued April 23, 1910. 
 
 United States Department of Agriculture, 
 
 BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, 
 
 Corn Investigations, 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 ^DIRECTIONS TO COOPERATIVE CORN BREEDERS." 
 
 1 FIRST YEAR’S WORK. 
 
 0 
 
 f FOUNDATION STOCK. 
 
 f Adaptation .—Seed should be selected that has been grown under 
 
 , conditions of soil and climate like those in which the crop is to be 
 'lanted, if such may be found. 
 
 Mixture .—Mixture in seed should be avoided if possible, as it will 
 ely hinder progress. If, however, a choice must be made between 
 native com that is more or less mixed, yet of long standing and 
 * roductive, and a pure but radical introduction of unknown possi¬ 
 bilities, the preference should be given to the mixed com. 
 
 The variety .—With equal adaptation and purity the possibilities 
 for improvement seem about the same for all varieties. 
 
 SELECT SEED IN FIELD. 
 
 Ear characters no indicator .—So far as known the appearance of 
 an ear, provided it is sound and well matured, indicates nothing rel¬ 
 ative to its producing power. 
 
 0 These directions are published for the convenience of cooperative corn 
 breeders who desire to follow this method. They are necessarily complicated 
 and should be attempted only by those having a deep interest, time, and a de¬ 
 termination to succeed. The origination of higher yielding strains of corn is 
 the work of specialists and requires special methods, accuracy, and good judg¬ 
 ment. The method here outlined is one of a number of methods by which the 
 Office of Corn Investigations is originating better yielding strains of corn. 
 Only accurate trials for a series of years can decide which methods give the 
 greatest, most permanent, and most profitable results.—C. P. Hartley, Physi¬ 
 ologist in Charge of Com Investigations. 
 
 33723—10 
 
2 
 
 DIRECTIONS TO COOPERATIVE CORN BREEDERS. 
 
 Select in the field .—Seed should be taken from only such parts 
 of the field as have an even stand and about the usual stand required. 
 Ears should be chosen from those plants that give the heaviest yields 
 as compared with those neighboring. 
 
 Stalks that are broken below the ear, diseased, or otherwise unde¬ 
 sirable should be avoided. 
 
 Select early .—Seed should be selected as soon as mature without 
 waiting for it to dry out. 
 
 TREATMENT AND STORAGE. 
 
 Drying .—Upon bringing seed from the field it should at once be 
 hung or laid up, so that one ear will not rest upon another, and 
 where there is a good circulation of air. Precaution should also be 
 taken that nothing damages the ears. 
 
 Storing —When thoroughly dry the seed should at once be placed 
 in barrels or boxes that may be closed tightly. If there are any signs 
 of weevils in the corn or storage receptacle at this time, a few table¬ 
 spoonfuls of carbon bisulphid should be put in a dish and set upon 
 the corn and the lids of the receptacles tightly fitted for from 
 twenty-four to forty-eight hours. The lids should then be raised 
 and the poisonous and explosive gas allowed to escape when no fire 
 is present. For each bushel of corn thus stored a pound of moth 
 balls or powdered naphthalene should be inclosed. The lids should be 
 tightly closed at all times, except when examining the seed or work¬ 
 ing with it. 
 
 Receptacles for storing .—Alcohol barrels or kerosene barrels that 
 have been flamed inside to dispose of oil are very good receptacles 
 in which to store seed, if they have lids that can be made to fit 
 tightly. 
 
 Heavy dry-goods boxes may be readily made into good fumigating 
 and storage boxes by fixing a tight-fitting lid, calking the cracks, 
 and protecting the corners and edges from mice and rats with strips 
 of tin. A lining of heavy tar paper (such as is used for siding and 
 roofing) may also add to the efficiency of such a box. 
 
 TEST A LARGE NUMBER OF SELECTIONS. 
 
 The grower’s chances for finding the exceptionally valuable indi¬ 
 viduals are increased in proportion to the number of tests he makes. 
 He should test at least 50 selections,® and 100 would be much better. 
 
 SEED MUST HAVE STRONG VITALITY. 
 
 Only ears having bright undamaged kernels throughout should 
 be retained. 
 
 ° The term “ selection ” applies to the seed from one select plant, whether it 
 be one ear or several. 
 
C'ir., Bureau of Plant Industry, 
 U. S. Dept, of Agriculture. 
 
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 St.=standard seed. 
 
 a, b, e, etc.= substandard seed. 
 
 St.-a=standard seed first member of hill; substandard (a), second member of hill. 
 
 a-l=substandard seed (a) first member of hills in row No. 1; tested ear No. 1, second member in row No 1 
 °== standard plant. 
 
 *= substandard plant. 
 
 '=plant being tested. 
 
 83723- 10 (To face page 3.) 
 
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 A MODEL TEST PLAT. 
 
 For the field selection of— 
 
 High-producing seed for testing, see top of page 2 
 Substandard seed, see bottom of page 3. 
 Standard seed, see page 4. 
 
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 / 
 
 St.— standard seed. 
 
 a, b, c, etc.=substandard seed. 
 
 St.-a=standard seed first member of hill; substandard (a), second me: 
 a-l=substandard seed (a) first member of hills in row No. 1; tested 
 °= standard plant. 
 
 *= substandard plant. 
 
 '=plant being tested. 
 
 83723—10 (To face page 3.) 
 
DIRECTIONS TO COOPERATIVE CORN BREEDERS. 
 
 3 
 
 THE TEST PLAT. 
 
 The test plat has for its object the accurate comparison of the pro¬ 
 ductive power of different ears of corn. 
 
 No seed is saved from this plat. Hence it may be located without 
 reference to other corn. 
 
 It should be located on land as nearly uniform throughout as is 
 possible to secure. The chances for uniform results may be greatly 
 increased by unusually deep and thorough preparation of the land. 
 
 The plat should grow one row from the seed of each ear tested, 
 and the ear and its row should be given the same number, which 
 should be carefully recorded and preserved for future reference. 
 
 Each ear should be represented by 50 plants in as many hills. 
 
 One plant from a substandard ear (described below) should be 
 grown in each hill with a plant from an ear to be tested. 
 
 The hills of corn should be planted by hand and in a definite man¬ 
 ner with two plants in a hill, one-a substandard and the other a plant 
 from an ear being tested. (See model test plat, fig. 1.) 
 
 For the sake of general uniformity the first plant in the hill, that 
 is, the plant nearest the row ends at which the work will naturally 
 begin, should always be from the substandard seed, and the plant 
 from seed to be tested should always be second in the hill and from 
 ^ 6 to 8 inches from the substandard. 
 
 SUBSTANDARDS. 
 
 A substandard is seed taken from a single plant. It may come 
 from one or more (in the case of prolific corn) ears. Unusual care 
 should be taken to discard any kernels of doubtful vitality. Each 
 substandard should be planted in ten different rows with ears to be 
 tested. Allowance should also be made for the planting of two other 
 rows in connection with a standard, as will be explained later. A 
 letter ( a , 6, c , etc.) must be given each substandard and its exact 
 location in the test plat accurately recorded. 
 
 The substandards have for their object the correction of differences 
 in the yields of the rows due to soil variation, so that the variations 
 in the producing power of the ears tested may be distinguished. 
 
 The substandards in connection with standards, if properly 
 selected, may also serve as a means of determining the progress of the 
 work. (See “ Total worth of season’s selections,” page 7.) 
 
 SEED USED FOR SUBSTANDARDS. 
 
 The breeder should choose his substandard and standard seed so 
 that it will represent the unselected foundation seed or such other 
 seed of the community as he would otherwise have to use. 
 
 UNIVERSITY •t 
 IU.INQIS LIBRARY 
 
4 DIRECTIONS TO COOPERATIVE CORN BREEDERS. % 
 
 This seed should be taken from stalks favored by unusual space. 
 The occasional isolated stalk in a poor stand should be the ideal. 
 
 This method of selecting in the field will prevent the voluntary or 
 involuntary choosing for high or low yielders and at the same time 
 should give individuals with the maximum number of kernels. 
 
 STANDARDS. 
 
 In order that all the tested selections may be compared with a sin¬ 
 gle standard, and hence with each other, all of the substandards 
 should be compared with another selection called the standard. The 
 substandards in this planting are the second members of the hills, 
 and the standard is the first member. Two plantings of this sort 
 should be made—preferably one on either end of the plat. In case 
 one of these tests should be destroyed or otherwise made unreliable 
 the key to the season’s work will still not have been lost. In case both 
 tests are good the average results should be used. 
 
 The standard seed is selected in the same way as that for the sub¬ 
 standards, but should be sufficient (not less than 1,000 good kernels®) 
 for planting in twice as many rows. 
 
 PREPARATION FOR PLANTING. 
 
 Preparing seed .—Each ear should be given a number. The num¬ 
 bers should be written on pieces of cardboard or very tough paper, 
 about one-half inch square. A six-penny wire nail, should then be 
 forced through the label into the butt of the ear so that there will be 
 no danger of the label becoming separated from the ear. Where there 
 have been two or more ears saved from the same stalk they should be 
 given the same number. In this case it is well to shell all the seed 
 together and put it in a cloth bag. 
 
 Sufficient seed should then be taken from each selection to plant the 
 required number of hills in its row. It should be put in a small 
 paper bag bearing the selection number. The kernels should all be 
 given individual inspection to be sure that none are in any way un¬ 
 desirable. 
 
 Remnants .—The remnants of the ears, after taking enough kernels 
 for planting, should be returned to storage and carefully preserved. 
 
 Preparation of the land .—The land should have received all neces¬ 
 sary preparation previous to the time of planting, and if the method 
 of preparation does not indicate the location of the rows they should 
 be indicated by some form of a marker or by a cord at the time of 
 planting. 
 
 ° It is desirable, for possible future plantings, and particularly for the stand¬ 
 ard selection, to have as much seed from any one plant as it is possible to ob¬ 
 tain; hence, in prolific corn more than one ear should be saved from a single 
 stalk and the total quantity regarded as one ear. 
 
DIRECTIONS TO COOPERATIVE CORN BREEDERS. 5 
 
 4 
 
 A furrow may be opened for the reception of the seed, but in 
 that case it should not be opened long enough ahead to permit it to 
 dry out before the seed can be planted. If it is allowed to dry out, 
 the stand may be imperfect and will be irregular in coming up. 
 
 Distributing the bags of seed .—Before beginning to plant it is 
 well to distribute the bags of seed according to their number upon 
 the proper rows. 
 
 PLANTING. 
 
 Two persons should drop the seed of each row, one always dropping 
 the first member of the hill and the other always dropping the second 
 member of the hill. Only one kernel should be dropped in the hill 
 by each. Both kernels should be dropped at the same time and 
 covered by a third person. 
 
 Hand planters .—There are small planters on the market that can 
 be carried and operated with one hand, and where their hoppers are 
 replaced by an open funnel-shaped tube—easily made of tin by any¬ 
 one—they may be used by the droppers so as to eliminate the man 
 with the hoe. 
 
 These planters will give a more uniform depth of planting than 
 where a hoe is used, and there need be no danger of a dry hill as 
 they make their own hole and cover the seed. 
 
 The soil over each kernel should be given pressure from the foot 
 before leaving it; dry or open soil should be given more pressure 
 than moist soil that is liable to bake. 
 
 HARVESTING. 
 
 Corn must be-dry .—All rows of a test plat, and sometimes all 
 plants in a row, may not ripen and dry out together. Particularly 
 will the large-cobbed thick ears be slow in becoming well cured. 
 For this reason sufficient time should be allowed for even the latest 
 and largest ears to become air dry; otherwise extra weight due to 
 moisture may, in calculating results, be mistaken for weight of grain, 
 and an individual be retained for future planting that may be par¬ 
 ticularly undesirable because of its lateness or tardiness in curing. 
 
 RECORDS AND WEIGHINGS. 
 
 The following blank form heading indicates the notes and the man¬ 
 ner of recording them that are essential in getting a comparison of 
 the productive power of selections in a test. 
 
6 
 
 DIRECTIONS TO COOPERATIVE CORN BREEDERS. 
 
 Record Sheet for Test Plat. 
 
 Grower_ Location_ Season 191- 
 
 Substandard letter. 
 
 Row 
 
 No. 
 
 Number 
 of perfect 
 hills. 
 
 Total yield of 
 ears from— 
 
 Yield per stalk of— 
 
 True rela¬ 
 tive values 
 of the se¬ 
 lections 
 tested. 
 
 Sub¬ 
 
 standard. 
 
 Tested 
 
 plants. 
 
 Sub¬ 
 
 standard. 
 
 Tested 
 
 plants. 
 
 Calcu¬ 
 
 lated 
 
 standard. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Perfect hills. —In securing comparisons only such hills as contain 
 one productive stalk from substandard seed and one productive stalk 
 from the seed being tested should be considered. Before husking the 
 com the number of these perfect hills in a row must be recorded. 
 
 Yields from rows. —Two men should be equipped with bags slung 
 from their shoulders. One should gather and husk only the com 
 from the first plant in each hill (substandard) and the other should 
 gather and husk only the com from the second plant in each hill 
 (tested plants), and the work on each hill should be done simul¬ 
 taneously. The corn thus gathered should be weighed separately 
 and the weights recorded with the proper row number. 
 
 Yield yer stalk. —The yield per stalk should then be determined 
 for both the substandards and the tested plants. 
 
 Calculated standard. —The calculated standard for any row repre¬ 
 sents the yield per stalk of the standard ear had it been planted in 
 that row. 
 
 To obtain the calculated standard, suppose, for example, that the 
 standard had produced 0.0625 of a pound (1 ounce) per stalk more 
 than the substandard a\ this difference would then be added to the 
 stalk yield of that substandard and the result would be recorded 
 under the heading “ Calculated standard.” If the standard yield 
 had been 0.0625 of a pound less than that substandard the difference 
 would have been taken away from that substandard’s yield and the 
 result placed under the same heading. 
 
 The yield of each substandard is thus changed according as it 
 varies from that of the standard, so that the new figures represent 
 the standard ear in every case, and thus all of the tested selections 
 may be compared with the same unit of production. 
 
 True relative value of the selections tested. —Under the last heading 
 of the record sheet one simply fills in the differences between the tested 
 plants and the calculated standard. Where the tested plants have 
 yielded more than the calculated standard the difference is written 
 with a plus sign before it, and when less, with a minus sign before it. 
 These differences represent the true relative values of the selections 
 
DIRECTIONS TO COOPERATIVE CORN BREEDERS. 7 
 
 tested, and the largest differences with the plus signs before them 
 indicate the selections that should be retained and propagated. 
 
 REMNANTS TO RETAIN FOR FURTHER TEST. 
 
 When the comparative values of the selections have been deter¬ 
 mined, as described, all of those remnants should be discarded whose 
 low productiveness bars them from being classed with the 20 per 
 cent that gave the highest yields. The high-yielding 20 per cent 
 should still be retained for another year’s test. 
 
 TOTAL WORTH OF SEASON’S SELECTIONS. 
 
 The total worth of the season’s selections should be determined by 
 subtracting the average stalk yield of the substandards and the stand¬ 
 ard from the average stalk yield of all the selections tested. 
 
 SECOND YEAR’S WORK. 
 
 TEST PLAT. 
 
 Contents .—The second year’s work should consist of a test similar 
 to that of the first year. It should contain 20 per cent of the previous 
 year’s selections and enough new selections to complete the test’s 
 required number. 
 
 Numbering the selections .—The new selections should be num¬ 
 bered simply 1, 2, 3, etc., as in the past season, and should be planted 
 in rows of the same number. The previous test-plat selections should 
 be given the number of the row in which they are now planted, but 
 this number should also be accompanied by the old row number .writ¬ 
 ten after it. Suppose the first old selection this year is planted in 
 row 1, and last year it was planted in row 33, its complete number 
 this year will be 1—33. These old selections should be so arranged 
 that one will occur in each of the first two rows of each substandard. 
 
 BREEDING PLAT. 
 
 Object .—The breeding plat is for the crossing and propagation of 
 the high-yielding strains found in the previous year’s test plat. 
 
 Isolation .—This plat should be so isolated that the pollen from other 
 corn can not be blown upon it. 
 
 Land .—The land does not necessarily have to be uniform, but it 
 should be of average fertility and well cultivated, so that as much seed 
 can be grown as is possible. 
 
 Seed used .—The breeding plat should be planted with the remnant 
 seed of the four highest producers of the previous year’s test. In 
 making this planting all of each remnant should be used, except that 
 which is required for planting a row in the test plat. 
 
8 
 
 DIRECTIONS TO COOPERATIVE CORN BREEDERS. 
 
 Numbering .—In the breeding plat the selections should be desig¬ 
 nated by a Roman numeral following the previous year’s test plat 
 number. (See “ Plan for crossing remnants,” below.) 
 
 Planting .—The four selections should be planted in separate rows, 
 but the first choice must be alternated with the rows of the other 
 three selections so that it may shed its pollen upon all. 
 
 Preventing inbreeding. —The following table indicates a plan for 
 planting and detasseling the breeding plat so as to secure cross¬ 
 pollination : 
 
 Plan for crossing remnants. 
 
 21—II. Second choice_Detasseled. 
 
 33 — 1 . First choice_Not detasseled. 
 
 42—III. Third choice_Detasseled. 
 
 33—I. First choice_„_Not detasseled. 
 
 7—IV. Fourth choice_Detasseled. 
 
 Pate of seeding .—It should be observed that if the remnants are 
 all about the same size the first-choice seed will have to be planted just 
 half as thick as that of the other selections, because it is planted upon 
 just twice as much row. 
 
 Duplicating .—In case it is not convenient to plant all seed in a 
 single long set of rows, the set may be shortened and then duplicated. 
 In duplicating, however, care should be taken to maintain the same 
 relation between the different selections, and the same should all be 
 recorded so that no mistake will be made in detasseling and harvesting. 
 Better pollination will probably be secured by thus duplicating 
 the set. 
 
 Detasseling. —When this corn begins tasseling it should be visited 
 daily, and any tassels on the rows from the second, third, and fourth 
 choice selections should be removed before they have begun to scatter 
 pollen. 
 
 Caution. —The tassels should be pulled out carefully, so as not to 
 break the stalks or injure the leaves more than is necessary. 
 
 HARVESTING TEST PLAT. 
 
 The test plat should be harvested and the results recorded in the 
 same way as in the past season. 
 
 HARVESTING BREEDING PLAT. 
 
 Selections for third yeaPs test plat. —Enough selections should be 
 made from each of the four strains represented in the breeding plat 
 to plant 10 per cent of the next season’s test plat; that is, if the test 
 plat contains 50 selections, then 5 should be made from each strain in 
 the breeding plat, but if the plat contains 100 selections, then 10 
 selections should be made from each of the breeding-plat strains. 
 
DIRECTIONS TO COOPERATIVE CORN BREEDERS. 
 
 9 
 
 Selections for general -planting .—All of the remaining corn from 
 the detasseled rows that is suitable for seed should be gathered and 
 saved for planting an improved general field the following season. 
 No seed from the rows not detasseled should be used for this field. 
 
 If the work up to this time has been properly done there should be 
 sufficient high-producing seed to plant at least 10 acres. Another 
 year this can be multiplied sufficiently to furnish seed for even the 
 largest farm or plantation. 
 
 MIX THE SEED FOR GENERAL PLANTING. 
 
 Before planting the seed saved from the breeding plat for general 
 planting it should be thoroughly mixed together. 
 
 TO TEST BREEDING-PLAT SELECTIONS. 
 
 To test the breeding-plat selections the following season, they 
 should be so planted in the test plat that each strain will be repre¬ 
 sented once with each substandard. 
 
 PLAN FOR A THIRD YEAR’S TEST PLAT. 
 
 The following table indicates a plan for planting selections with 
 each substandard in the third year’s test plat: 
 
 Plan for planting a substandard section in the third year's test plat. 
 
 [Substandard a.]° 
 
 1 (old row No.), from last year’s test plat 
 
 2 (old row No.), from last year’s test plat. 
 
 3— I, from last year’s breeding plat_ 
 
 4— II, from last year’s breeding plat_ 
 
 5— III, from last year’s breeding plat_ 
 
 6— IV, from last year’s breeding plat_ 
 
 7, untried selections_ 
 
 8, untried selections_ 
 
 9, untried selections_ 
 
 10, untried selections_ 
 
 Per cent. 
 . 20 
 
 ■ 
 
 ► 40 
 
 40 
 
 CONTINUOUS WORK. 
 
 TEST PLAT A COURT. 
 
 From year to year the test plat should be made a court in which 
 the best corn from the unselected fields, the previous test plat, the 
 breeding plat, and the fields of improved seed grown from ears 
 that have already passed the test must meet yearly and stand solely 
 upon their merits. 
 
 a The next 10 rows are planted in the same order with substandard b, and so 
 on for each substandard. 
 
10 DIRECTIONS TO COOPERATIVE CORN BREEDERS. 
 
 HIGH YIELDING POWER TRANSMITTED BY REMNANTS ONLY. 
 
 The quality of productiveness should be allowed to pass on into 
 the improved field only by means of remnants of the highest yielding 
 ears. 
 
 PRESENT HIGH PERFORMANCE REQUIRED. 
 
 No matter what the pedigree may show, the highest record of 
 present performance should be required of each ear before allowing 
 its progeny to enter the improved general field, and then only after 
 precaution is taken to prevent inbreeding as prescribed under 
 “ Breeding plat.” 
 
 ADOPTING A DIFFERENT VARIETY. 
 
 Any selections that promise better yields should be tested in the 
 test plat, but should selections from a distinctly different variety be 
 tested, unusual assurance from repeated trial should be obtained 
 before it be taken up and the old strain discarded. 
 
 C. H. Kyle, 
 Assistant Physiologist. 
 
 Approved: 
 
 G. H. Powell, 
 
 Acting Chief of Bureau. 
 
 March 10, 1910. 
 
 O 
 
rflm rnLti hinder 
 
 ' Syracuse, N. Y. 
 - Stockton, Calif.