1 I B R A R. Y OF THL UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY ILLINOIS A RECORD OF ITS SETTLEMENT, ORGANIZATION AND THREE-QUARTERS OF A CENTURY OF PROGRESS By ADDISON L. FULWIDER, A. M. "History is the accumulated experience of the race." JUDSON VOLUME I ILLUSTRATED CHICAGO THE S. J. CLARKE PUBLISHING COMPANY 1910 LlfiSARY OF THE .UNIVEKSI1Y OF ILLIJKMS L. A. FUI/WIDEK - HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY ILLINOIS. ' UNDER FOUR FLAGS. The first people to roam over Stephenson County and Illinois were the ' Mound Builders. In various parts of Illinois there are evidences that these early people lived here in great numbers. In Winnebago County and in White- side County, are yet to be found interesting mounds, the homes and burial places of this ancient people who undoubtedly at an early day occupied part of this County. They have gone and have left little or nothing of value to the march of civilization. Then came the Indian. Two hundred and fifty years ago, this state, that i now has a population of over six million people in the height of civilization, | was overrun by only a few thousand red men. They were Algonquins and Dakotas, broken up into several subordinate bands, living for the most part on wild game. The squaws engaged in a rude and primitive agriculture. The - largest and best known Indian tribe was the "Illinois," a division of the Algon- ^,'quin, who settled along the Illinois River, occupying the state from Joliet to Kaskaskia. To the north, and in Stephenson county, were the Winnebagoes, a branch of the Dakotas. The state was so large and the Indian population small, that it cannot be said that to any great extent they made use of the land at all. Friendly, at first, to the French Traders and Missionaries, . the Indians opposed the advance of the white settlements. The most bitter opposi- tion came from a band of Sacs and Foxes under Black Hawk. With the de- feat and almost extermination of this band in 1832, fourteen years after Illi- became a state and within the memory of men yet living here, came the of Indian occupation and resistance. The Indian had gone west from Stephenson County to await the doom of extinction that hangs over his head. He left this great, rich and beautiful 1^ state, no better than he found it. He added nothing to the storehouse of civiliza- ? tion. Nothing did he add to the stock of our institutions. Aside from an interesting tradition and stories of a wild romantic life, it may be safely said 3 5s I 1 09475 4 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY that the only lasting contribution of the Indian to the civilization of today, is to be found in the brave, independent and sturdy character of the pioneers, made stronger and more self-reliant by the dangers of Indian warfare in the big, frank, progressive spirit of the valley of the Mississippi, where there is grow- ing up the genuine, distinctive American spirit. The first flag of a civilized people to wave over the prairies of Illinois, was the flag of France. The French explorations from the mouth of the St. Law- rence, up that river, over the Great Lakes, over the portages, down the Illi- nois, and on the waters of the Mississippi, have no rival in the history of the world. From the discovery of the St. Lawrence in 1534 and the settlement of Champlain, in 1608, French love of romantic daring, determined patriotism and religious zeal never flagged till the whole of the Mississippi valley was made known to the civilized world. The work of exploration was carried on to Lake Michigan. It was then taken up by these wonderful men: Marquette, Joliet, Hennepin, Allonez, Tonti and La Salle. In birch bark canoes, they went up and down the Wisconsin, Illinois, the Rock River and the Mississippi, trading with the Indians, preaching Christianity to them, establishing trading posts and planting here the flag of France. La Salle built Fort Crevecoeur near Peoria, in 1680, and in 1683, Fort St. Louis, between Ottawa and La Salle. French settlements were established at Cahokia and at Kaskaskia. French settlers came from France and from New Orleans. In 1720, Fort Chartres was built on the Mississippi between Kaskaskia and Cahokia. In 1750 there were eleven hundred French in Illinois about Kaskaskia and three hun- dred negroes and sixty red slaves. The negro slaves were brought into Illi- nois as a result of edicts by Louis XIII and Louis XIV. The officers in Illi- nois then were a commandant and a civil judge. There was no representative government. The European wars between France and England spread to America. Eng- lad won America at the battle of Quebec, in 1759, and Illinois and Stephenson County passed from France to England by the Treaty of Paris, 1763. The dream of a great French empire was gone forever and the French flag gave away the banner of Great Britain. Illinois was under the actual rule of England from 1763 till the conquest by Colonel Geo. Rogers Clarke in 1778-1779. The Revolutionary War came in 1776 and the Americans were aroused against the English Forts in Illinois, because they felt that the English were stirring up the Indians against the fron- tier settlements. Geo. Rogers Clarke, a Virginian, who knew the value of the west, secured a commission from Geo. Patrick Henry and in 1778 with about one hundred and fifty men equipped largely by his own means, marched to Pittsburg, dropped down the Ohio in flat boats, plunged through the wilds of Southern Illinois, and captured Kaskaskia and Cahokia. In 1779, he made a desperate march across Southern Illinois and captured Vincennes. Thus the British flag went down forever in Illinois and the rule of Virginia, the "Old Dominion," began with the organization of the "County of Illinois," in 1779. The Treaty of 1763 ceded the Northwest to the thirteen United Colonies and, Virginia, after an occupation of five years ceded Illinois and the Northwest to the United States in 1784. Then over old Fort Chartres, and over Illinois, HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 5 waved the Star Spangled Banner, the flag of the United States. The flags of France, of England and of Virginia had passed upon Illinois and the future of this great state was henceforth to be identified with the history of America. The Ordinance of 1787, passed by the Old Continental Congress, organized' the Northwest Territory and prohibited slavery. Illinois was organized as a separate territory in 1809, including Wisconsin and a large part of Michigan.^ There were, in 1810, 12,282 white people in Illinois and about 600 negro slaves i ( indentured servants. The governor was Ninian Edwards of Kentucky. In 1812 j tTTe~people were granted a representative assembly. Like the spirit of the west, the government was liberal, giving the right to vote to all male taxpayers, and providing for the direct election of both branches of the Territorial Legisla- ture. The first meeting of the Representative Legislature was held at Kaskas-' kia, Nov. 25, 1812. In 1818, Illinois, through her delegate to Congress, Wm. Nathaniel Pope, asked admission into the Union as a state. The old Northern Boundary Line, suggested by the Ordinance of 1787, would have cut off the three northern tiers of counties and left Illinois without a foot hold on Lake Michigan. Pope was alive to the interests of his state and to the welfare of the nation. Seeing the value of Lake Michigan to the state, he secured the adoption of an amendment that fixed the boundary line at 42 30', giving the state its present frontage on the lake. This change, binding the state to the northern and middle states, Pope said, "Would afford added security to the perpetuity of the Union." Another amendment by Pope, provided that a part of the proceeds of the pub- lic lands should be given to the support of public schools. The first state constitution was made at Kaskaskia in 1818, and Shadrach Band was elected the first governor of the state of Illinois, Dec. 3, 1818. Con- gress formally voted the state into the Union and Dec. 4, Illinois was repre- sented in both houses of Congress. Thomas and Edwards were our first sen- ators. Several determined attempts had been made by both Indiana and Illinois to have Congress repeal that part of the ordinance that prohibited slavery in Illinois, but all had failed. However, the Anti-slavery Clause of the ordi- nance was flagrantly circumvented. Most of the population was in the southern third of the state and had come from Kentucky, Virginia and North Carolina. They brought slaves with them and in 1820 there were about 1400 negroes in the state, 917 of which were counted as slaves. The total population of the state was fifty-five thousand. From 1822 to 1824, there was fought out one of the most bitter and hotly contested campaigns known in Illinois politics. The proslavery people who were largely a majority of the population, were fight- ing for a new Constitutional Convention. The Anti-slavery people, led by Edward Coles, believed that the real object was to change the constitution so as to legalize slavery. The proslavery party made the mistake of putting two candidates in the field and Coles was elected governor. The legislature was pro-slavery by about two-thirds majority. A resolution to submit the prop<~>si- tion of a new constitutional convention to the people was passed. After a vig- orous campaign the resolution was defeated at the polls and thus was ended the attempts to make Illinois legally, a slave state. 6 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The defeat of Tecumseh at the battle of Tippecanoe and the close of the war of 1812, opened the way to the settlement of northern Illinois. New counties were organized to the north. Peoria, Ottawa, Dixon and Chicago were estab- lished and lead mining at Galena attracted settlers to the northwest corner of the state. Kellog's Trail was blazed through Stephenson County to Galena and Black Hawk's War was fought to a successful issue before there was a single permanent settler in Stephenson County. The second state constitutional convention in Illinois was convened June 7, 1847. It was in session eighty-four days. The new constitution was adopted by the people in March, 1848, and went into effect April i, 1848. One im- portant measure was the provision for a two mill tax to be kept separate to pay the state debt. The state's finances were in a bad way because of the wild- cat, internal improvements of 1837. The new constitution fixed the salary of the governor at $1,500 a year. The secretary of state, state auditor and state treasurer at $800; the supreme court judges at $1,200 and the circuit judges at $1,000. From 1818 to 1848, the governor's salary was $1,000 and the other state officials labored for $600. The constitution of 1848 placed the salary of members of the State Legislature at $2 per day for 42 days and $i per day thereafter, with 10 cents mileage both ways. SUCKER STATE. In an address of July 4, 1876, Gen. Smith D. Atkins gave two explanations of the sobriquet, sucker, as applied to the people of Illinois, as follows : "Many settlers in Illinois came from Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. They were mostly poor people, unable to own slaves and many of them were in senti- ment opposed to slavery, and were seeking a new, country where slavery did not exist. Southern Illinois was principally settled by these people, who with their families penetrated the wilderness, with all their household goods on pack animals and themselves upon foot, depending on their trusty rifles and fishing rods for sustenance on the way. They were emigrants from the poorer classes of the slave states, and being unable to own slaves came to Illinois to get away from slave domination of their wealthy neighbors. The tobacco plant has many sprouts from the root and main stem which, if not stripped off, suck up the nourishment and destroy the staple. These sprouts are called suckers, and are as carefully stripped from the main plant and thrown away as the tobacco worm itself. These poor emigrants from the slave states were jeeringly and derisively called "suckers," because they were asserted to be a burden on the people of wealth ; and when removed to Illinois, they were supposed to have stripped themselves from the parent stem, and gave way to perish in the wilderness like the suckers stripped from the tobacco plant. But we wear the title proudly now, for, the stone rejected by the builders has become the chief stone of the corner, and in intelligence, morals, material prosperity and population, Illinois has far outstripped her poor old mother, Virginia, and surpassed Kentucky and Tennessee. The cognomen was misapplied. Slavery was the "sucker" from which they fled and the "subtle corps of sappers and miners," that HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 7 "sucked" the life blood out of the states from which the early settlers of Illi- nois emigrated. But there is another generally accepted sobriquet of "suckers," the nick- name of Illinoisans. Lead was early discovered in the vicinity of Galena, and in 1824 Col. James Johnson, of Kentucky, had gone there with a party of miners and opened a lead mine about a mile above the present city of Galena. Others followed in great numbers. The southern Illinoisans ran up the Mis- sissippi in the spring season, worked the lead mines during the warm weather, and ran down the river again to their homes in the fall, thus establishing a similitude between their migratory habits and the fishy tribe known as "suck- ers," that run up a stream in the spring and down the stream in the fall. No matter how it came about, the term "sucker" will stick to the people of Illi- nois, while wood grows and water runs. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY. In this book, "The Government of Illinois," Prof. E. B. Green, of the Uni- versity of Illinois, says, "The first great fact in the experience of any people is the land on which they live." Certainly what people do is determined largely by the streams, the soil, the latitude and the location of the section in which they live. These conditions, in a large part, determine whether a people's life shall be devoted wholly to agriculture, wholly to manufacturing, or that it shall be a life of diversified industries. It is no less true, that people's in- terests govern mainly their ideas and their ideals, and these determine their politics, their social, moral and religious principles. It is evident that long before a section of the country is occupied by the first civilized men much of that section's history has been written ; written in the soil ; in the streams ; in the hills and valleys ; in the forests and in the prairies ; in its climatic condi- tions, and in its relation to present or future natural trade centers and trans- portation lines. In its location Stephenson County is a part of northern Illinois. The great prairie state extends from latitude 37 to a latitude 423O', more than 380 miles. Illinois extends farther south than Richmond, Virginia, and farther north than Boston, Massachusetts. The state has an area of more than 56,000 square miles. The Wabash, the Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers bind the state, geographically, to the south. Lake Michigan, in a like manner, ties Illinois to the northern section of the nation. The first explorers came by way of the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes. The first settlers to come in numbers, came up the Mississippi from France by way of New Orleans. Illinois geographi- cally and politically, has been regarded as the keystone state of the arch of the greater union of states. It has been said that the nation never could be divided north and south without dividing Illinois. The southern triangle of the sate between the Ohio and the Mississippi is about three hundred feet above sea level. The highest point in the state, Charles Mound, near the 'northern state line in Jo Daviess County, is 1,257 f ee t above the level of the Gulf of Mexico, and 951 feet above low water of the Missis- 8 . HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY sippi at Cairo. The northern part of Stephenson County averages about 800 feet above sea level. Lake Michigan is about 600 feet above sea level. Illinois is the lowest of the North Central States. Its average elevation is about 600 feet above tide, while that of Indiana is 700 feet; Michigan, 900 feet; Wisconsin, 1,050 feet; Iowa, 1,100 feet, and Missouri, 700 feet. The bot- tom of Lake Michigan opposite Racine, Wisconsin, it at sea level. The altitude of the state decreases in a general way from north to south. Four northern counties, Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Boone and McHenry have points which rise above 1,000 feet above sea level. The lowest points are in the southernmost part of the state, near where the Ohio flows into the Missis- sippi, slightly below 300 feet. In Illinois, only 125 square miles, less than four townships, have an altitude above 1,000 feet. Only 10,747 square miles, or less than one-fifth of the state, is below 500 feet. About 20,000 square miles, or one-third of the state, is 600 to 700 feet above tide. The average thickness of the drift in Illinois is between 100 and 130 feet. Deducting the drift, the aver- age altitude of the state is about 525 feet or 50 feet below the surface of Lake Michigan. The rock surface of Illinois is marked by a few district ridges. The most prominent ridge extends from the mouth of the Wabash to Grand Tower. This ridge is from 700 to 1047 feet above tide and 5 to 10 miles wide, and forms the southern limit to glacial action. The drift of the glacial period is found well up on the northern slope but its crest was never passed by the ice fields. An- other limestone ridge extends along the Mississippi from Grand Tower to St. Louis. This belt separates the river valley from the coal fields. It is 5 to i miles wide and 650 to 750 feet above tide. The ridge is cut across by two rivers, the Big Muddy and the Kaskaskia. Another ridge extends along the Mis- sissippi from St. Louis to the mouth of the Illinois River. Still another lime- stone ridge crosses from the Rock River basin into Indiana. At the Illinois- Wisconsin line, it is 400 feet above the level of Lake Michigan, while at the Indiana line it is only 100 to 200 feet above the lake. This limestone ridge is cut across by the Fox, the Kankakee and the Des Plaines Rivers. Aside from these ridges, the preglacial surface of Illinois is comparatively level, not marked by bold relief forms. v Stephenson County is one of the northern tier of Illinois counties, and is the second county east of the Mississippi. It is twenty-seven miles wide, east to west, and 21 1 /$ miles, north to south. It contains an area of about 573 square miles or 366,720 acres. The Illinois Central Railroad surveys show that the northern part of the county averages about 1,000 feet above the level of the sea, about 723 feet above the level of the Mississippi at Cairo and about 415 feet above the level of Lake Michigan. The southern part of the county aver- ages about 750 feet above sea level, showing a 250 foot slope to the south over the general surface of the county. The surface of Stephenson county is made up of gently rolling prairie land, with here and there small groves and belts of timber along the streams. Flow- ing across the surface of the county are a number of streams which afford abundant natural water and drainage facilities. The Pecatonica River is the largest and most important stream. It enters the county from Wisconsin about HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 9 seven miles from its northern corner, follows in a direction southeast to Free- port, and then east into Winnebago county not far from the middle of the east- ern boundary line of Stephenson County. The waters of the Pecatonica are muddy and turbulent, following a wonderfully crooked and winding course. In spite of a difference of level of about 200 feet, the current is slow and tortu- ous, affording but little water power. The Indians named the River Peca- tonica. Just what the word "Pecatonica" meant to the Indians, is not definitely known. Some claim it meant "Muddy water" and others "Crooked stream," either meaning indicating unmistakable characteristics of the stream. The Pecatonica is in process of filling and scarcely ever runs on rock bed. This filling up is the cause of the crookedness and consequent cutting off of the so-called "oxbows" of which the island, as it is called immediately north of town, is now a peninsula and will shortly cease to be water-gi'rt. Many of these ''sloughs" in various stages of filling are a marked feature of the valleys of both the Pecatonica and Yellow Creek. Immense opportunity for the reclamation of some of the best soils of the Pecatonica valley awaits the time when through mutual cooperation or government help and supervision the river is dyked out of these so-called sloughs now occupying hundreds of acres of our most fertile soil. Some efforts are being made along this line, particularly at Ridott, but lack of cooperation very largely increases the cost and efficiency so far. Hundreds of acres of corn were lost last year, 1909, by a rise less than a foot above the danger line. Yellow Creek enters Stephenson County near the middle of the western boun- dary line, flows in a direction a little south of east, into the Pecatonica about 2}/2 miles southeast of Freeport. It is a slow flowing stream, its waters being marked by a yellowish color. The creek cuts its way through the Cincinnati Shales and this soft yellowish rock dissolving and mingling with the waters gives color to the stream. Abandoned mills along its banks are evidence that its few water powers, while they served for a time to turn the wheels in an earlier day, were not sufficient in power to compete with steam and have long since stood idle. Cedar and Richland Creeks flow across the northeast part of the county. They unite a few miles from the Pecatonica, between Cedarville and Sciota Mills, and flow into it a few miles above Freeport. The mills still standing at Cedarville and at Sciota, one time made good use of the light water power at those places. Rock Run enters the county four miles from its northeast corner. Running southward about twelve miles, it flows into the Pecatonia i l /2 miles west of the Winnebago county line. It has but few very light water powers. Cranes Creek is a small stream or brook, that comes into Stephenson County near the middle of its southern boundary line and flows into Yellow Creek, south of Freeport. Silver Creek is a small stream that flows through Silver Creek township, into Yellow Creek. In addition to those above mentioned, there are other brooks and creeks, and taken together they afford Stephenson county an excellent natural water and drainage system. Yellow Creek and the Pecatonica form a line east to west across the county. In a large measure, these streams served as a partial barrier against the prairie 10 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY fires that swept toward the north, destroying the timbers. South of these water courses, consequently, there is little woodland. Along Yellow Creek' and across from Mill Grove to Eleroy and Sciota were groves of white oak. There were white oak barrens in Loran Township. Along Cedar and Rich- land Creeks were belts of heavy timber. The east bank of the Pecatonica was skirted by heavy growths of timber, extending north into the township of Oneco. The timber of Stephenson County consists, for the most part, of shell-bark and common hickory, black walnut, sugar maple, white, black and burr oak, pignut, butternut, elm and poplar. To a less degree are found the ash, the wild cherry, honey locust, basswood, cottonwood and white poplar. Sumac and hazel are found in the groves and, occasionally, red cedar, white pine and the rarer oaks. The timber lands of the county are special features, the general character- istic of the county's surface being a rolling prairie land. The timber sections have been, and are yet, of considerable economic value and by adding variety, give the county a beautiful and interesting landscape. Everywhere in the county there are drives through the country districts that are unrivaled for the beauty of the groves and the grandeur of rich valleys and distant wooded hillsides. GEOLOGY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY. The most casual observer cannot fail to be interested in the geological foun- dation upon which has grown the civilization of his time. About him is the rich soil, producing great fields of grain, and over all a wonderful natural drainage system of creeks and rivers over 365,000 acres supporting in plenty over 40,000 people, on farms, in villages, towns and the city of Freeport. Curi- osity alone would lead the mind to some study of the structure of the earth un- derlying the surface of the county. In almost every community in Stephenson County, are to be seen the out- cropping of the foundation framework of stone. On the country drives, along the railroad cuts, along the creeks and rivers, at Eleroy Hill and at Waddams Grove, are seen the great layers of limestone. Here and there over the country these stony ridges come to the surface. On them the soil is very thin or has been washed entirely away, leaving the barren rock. But the depres- sions between these ridges and above the hills are filled in with gravel, sand, clays and soils. Down through the lower levels of these depressions or val- leys run the creeks and the Pecatonica River. While the soil and clay and gravel is thin on the hills, it is found to be deeper and deeper in the valleys, in places over 150 feet in depth. All over the county wells have been dug and driven, showing everywhere the solid rock bed under the masses of gravel, clays and soils. Every hillside tells its story of how the heavy rainfall washes away the soil, cuts little gulleys through to brooks and creeks which carry much of the soil on down to the rivers and to the sea. It is not difficult to imagine all that sand and clay and soil which fills the valleys and overlays the surface of Stephenson County washed away. There would still be the 573 square miles, but no soil, no grass, no timbers, no fields of grain, Blue Limestone Cliff Galena Limestone Quarry, Freeport Cincinnati Limestone Cliff at Crane's Grove Niagara Limestone Quarry nt Watldams Wolfs Hock Along Cedar Creek OF THE OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 11 no villages and towns just 573 square miles of barren rock surface. There would still be the hills, the crags, the ridges and barren plains and valleys, the massive, strong framework of the county. The hillsides would show that the rock foundation is in layers, placed hori- zontally one above the other, just as they are now observed in the quarries, along the creeks and in the railroad cuts. The geologist would find different kinds of limestone at Waddams, at Eleroy, at Freeport and near Dakota. But it is all in layers or strata. At Waddams, the geologist would call the top layers of rock, the highest in the county, Niagara limestone. It is about 23 feet deep and found nowhere else in the county. At Eleroy and along Yellow Creek he would call the layers, Cincinnati limestone or Cincinnati Shales. At Waddams he would find it just beneath the Niagara layers. Lower than the Cincinnati limestone layers, the geologist would find that part of the county not covered by Niagara and Cincinnati layers, to be covered by the three divisions of the Trenton limestone. First of these is the Galena limestone, which would make up three-quarters of the surface of the barren rocky surface of the county. On lower levels, the Galena disappears and the blue limestone covers the sur- face. Still lower would be found, the Buff limestone. The blue limestone flow would be found around Rock Run ; the Buff being found over a small area around Winslow. If all the gravel, sands, clays and soils were removed, the rock floor of the county would be made up of these five kinds of limestone layers : Niagara, Cincinnati, Galena, Blue and Buff. The records from an oil well bored to a depth of 608 feet near Cedarville in 1865, give an idea of the rock still deeper than the Buff limestone. After passing through 75 feet of Galena limestone, 10 feet of a gray limestone and some shales, the well passed through 207 feet of a soft, white sandstone known as St. Peter's sandstone. The bottom of St. Peter's sandstone is 375 feet be- low the surface at Cedarville. Below that, there are no definite records of the rocks under Stephenson County. What is true in Stephenson County is true in a certain sense of every county in the state; for every state in the nation; and for the entire earth. If all the soil, sand, clays, gravel and water were removed from the earth, it would be a great globe of barren rock ; mountains, valleys, elevated plains and depressions. There would be the layers of limestones and sandstones. The geology of Stephenson County is then seen to be a part of the general geology of the earth. The geologists have studied the rock layers of all parts of the earth. They tell of the Potsdam sandstone still below the St. Peter's sandstone, and yet lower the Silurian and the Cambrian rocks of great thick- ness. All these layers, from the Niagara down to and including the Cambrian rocks, have certain common characteristics. First, they are arranged in lay- ers or strata; second, they all contain the remains of animal life, or the evi- dences of animal life, fossils. Below the Cambrian rock is the great mass of rock, not in layers or stratified form and not bearing evidences of animal life, called Archaean or "Ancient" rock. Beginning with this Archaean rock, the geologists have made a classification of all the layers of rock above it. By studying this table or classification, the relation of Stephenson County geology to general geology can be understood. 12 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY GENERAL GEOLOGY CHART. Quaternary Drift, etc. SOIL. Loess, clays, sand, gravel, etc. 11 Tertiary Limestone 10 Cretaceous Chalk Limestone Upper Greensand 9 Jurassic Oolytlc Bedford Limestone 8 Upper Triassic Middle Triassic Lower Triassic Triassic Limestones Limestones Sandstone 7 Carboniferous Carboniferous Coal Layer Shale Coal Layer Limestone Coal Layer Limestone 6 Sub-Carboniferous Devonian Upper Middle Lower Catskill Portage Hamilton Oriskany 5 Upper Silurian Niagara Lower Helderberg Niagara Limestone Cincinnati Limestone 4 Lower Silurian Trenton Limestones Galena Limestone Blue Limestone Buff Limestone St. Peter's Sandstone Calclferous 3 Cambrian Stratified Sandstones Potsdam Sandstone Acadian Georgian 2 Archaean Igneous, Unstratiflec Rock Archaean 1 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 13 STEPHENSON COUNTY GEOLOGICAL CHART. Quaternary Drift SOIL. Clays, sands, gravel, etc. 11 (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 not found.) Upper Silurian Niagara Niagara Limestone Cincinnati Limestone 4 Lower Silurian Trenton Rock Galena Limestone Blue Limestone Buff Limestone 3 Cambrian Stratified Sandstones Potsdam Sandstone Arcadian Georgian 2 Archaean Igneous, Unstratifled Rock 1 SKETCH. So we may begin with the Niagara limestone on the highest point at Wad- dams and go down through the earth, strata after strata, layer after layer, of limestone, shale, and sandstone till we come to the original rock, the Archaean or Precambrian rock of the lifeless or Azoic age. The unstratified, lifeless, original rock seems to be the foundation on which the earth's crust is built up, layer after layer. We may imagine the earth at a time when its surface was everywhere this barren, unstratified mass of irregular rock. It was a rough, uneven surface cov- ered by the seas and swept by powerful winds. The rocks were broken and pulverized into sands by the forces of nature. The sands settled into layers, became hardened and are called sandstones. In these early layers of sandstone are found the forms or impressions of simple animal life, corals, worms, etc., but no back-boned animals. It required ages and ages for these first layers of sandstone to be formed. These layers, or groups of layers, are called Cambrian and Silurian by the geologists. Sandstone is found in greater abundance on land than any other rocks. Wind and water wash the sand into great layers or strata. These layers harden and new layers are formed above them. The weight of a number of layers causes a great pressure which often presses the layers of sand into solid rock. Mud is made up of a material finer than sand. It is carried long distances in water and covers the bottoms of seas. A sea floor may be covered several inches thick. It is subject to pressure by layers above and becomes layers of clay, shale or slate. Limestone layers are made up of rock containing lime. If we look closely at any kind of limestone rock, we find it made up of fine pieces and occasion- ally small shells and fragments of shells. The sea contains many small ani- mals with lime shells. These shells fall like a shower to the bottom of the seas. After ages and ages a great layer of shells would be found at the bot- tom of the sea. Other layers may be washed over this and by pressure the 14 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY lime and clay is made into a hard compact layer of limestone. The corals are great limestone builders. These, together with myriads of shell animals have been making limestone for ages and ages. In fact, the limestones form about one-sixth of the surface of the earth. Thus we see that animal life has been a great factor in building up the earth's crust. Occasionally there is found an almost perfect shell. Often a cast of a shell will be found. Ordinarily the shells and skeletons of dead animals decay and mingle with the dust and soil. Leaves and wood, bark, skins of animals, likewise, soon decay and are lost in the great mass of material that makes up the earth's crust. But under certain conditions, both vegetable and animal life may be preserved. A tree trunk falling into a pond and sinking to the bottom only partly decays. It turns black and is often preserved for thousands of years. In the swamps may be found preserved also the bones of animals. SIMPLE CHARACTER OF STEPHENSON COUNTY GEOLOGY. Comparing the geological formations of Stephenson County with the gen- eral geology chart, the simple character of the county's strata will be readily observed. There are just five divisions to notice. Spread over the surface of the county, we find the Quaternary deposits, the clays, sands, gravels, silt, loess, alluvium, surface soils, etc. The average depth of this superficial deposit is 32 1/3 feet, according to Mr. Hershey. Below the Quaternary deposits, are to be found in geological order : Feet. 1. The Niagara limestone 23 2. The Cincinnati limestone 40 3. The Galena limestone 75 4. The Blue limestone 38 5. The Buff limestone 40 These thicknesses are only estimates. All of the above limestone outcrop in some part of the county. Below the Buff limestone is the St. Peter's sand- stone which outcrops near Winslow and comes almost to the surface at Orange- ville. The St. Peter's layer of sandstone is more than two hundred feet in depth. A clear idea of the geological framework of the county may be gained from the following vertical section, made from a study of the outcroppings and deep well borings : Feet. 1. Surface deposits (Inaternary) soil, clays, silts, sand, gravel, alluvium, loess, etc., average 321-3 2. Niagara limestone 23 3. Cincinnati limestone 40 4. Galena limestone 75 5. Blue limestone 38 6. Buff limestone 40 7. St. Peter's sandstone 207 8. Red sandstone ' 109 9. Yellow sand 3 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 15 10. Quicksand 4 1 1 . Slate sand 7 12. Slaty snuff colored rocks 19 13. Sharp slate colored sand 12 14. Dark colored stone 32 15. Bright red stone, oily, 22 1 6. Dark reddish slate, with impy rites 22 The above vertical section follows the outcroppings to the St. Peter's sand- stone, and the remainder is taken from records of the borings of the rocky well near Cedarville. Number 16 is 586 to 608 feet below the surface. The last 100 feet, no doubt, belongs to the Potsdam sandstones. Comparing this vertical section with the general geology chart, we find this county low down in the scale of geological formations. Below the Potsdam sandstones are the Cambrian rock layers and just below these, the Archaean rocks, known as Huronian or Laurentian. It will also be observed that the Carboniferous or coal bearing strata are above the Niagara in general geology and therefore not to be found in Stephenson County. THE WORK OF THE ICE PERIOD. How came this 32 feet of clays, gravels, soils, etc. to be spread over the limestones of Stephenson County. That interesting question has been answered by the geologists. At an early period in the earth's history, great ice fields spread over the northern part of North America. Snows and ice piled up for thousands of feet about Hudson Bay, moved southward in powerful ice fields as far as the plateau that runs from the mouth of the Wabash to the Grand Tower. From the highlands east of Hudson Bay the great sheet of ice swept towards the southwest, across the Great Lakes and over Illinois. The rock surface of the limestones, sandstones and shales had ben crumbled and pul- verized by freezing and thawing and this debris from the north was carried by the ice floes and spread out or piled up in Illinois. This glacial action was so powerful that it cut through and tore into fragments the great upper layers of limestone. Geologists believe that over 400 feet of stratified rock was removed in this way from Wisconsin. The Niagara limestone which is now found only on the top of a few high ridges as at Waddams, once covered almost the whole of northwestern Illinois and Wisconsin. This massive limestone was worn away, carried southward and deposited in the form of boulders, clays, sand and gravel, over the surface regions to the south. Great streams of water fol- lowed up the receding ice fields and by the power of erosion, kept up the work of denudation, sweeping out old preglacial channels and cutting new ones, sometimes through solid rock. The old river valleys were wide and as they narrowed with the ages, they built up the great rich, alluvial plains that now are the richest farming lands of this county. Then later the loess, the fine, gray, sandy sediment was blown into the bluffs. The ice field was deeper and carried and deposited deeper drift east and south of this county. The mar- gin is found over in Jo Daviess County, most of which county was not af- fected by glacial action. Along the margin, as about Waddams, are to be 16 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY found great boulders carried to the shore and deposited. Stephenson County, being near the shore of the ice field, was subject to more uneven action of the flow, and consequently is a varied, rolling section, with many knolls, ridges and hills alternating with stretches of level plains. The enormous transporting power of an ice sheet is well known. It has broken up the solid rocks, reduced them to boulders and carried and distributed them over Illinois. The markings, or striation, on the boulders and the scratch- ing and polishing of the hard rock surfaces are explained by the floating ice with imbedded fragments of harder material, that cut its way through and over whatever it came in contact with. Dana and other geologists estimate that the glacial ice sheets were 10,000 feet deep in Canada, and several thousand feet deep as they plowed across Wisconsin and Illinois, tearing away over 400 feet of stratified limestone. It is almost impossible to conceive of the power of such a mass of moving ice and the time required to do its work. The order of geological movements in Stephenson County, and the northern part of the United States as well, are believed to be as follows : First, the grad- ual elevation of the surface above the ocean level at the close of the Carbon- iferous period, followed by extensive denudation of limestones and sandstones, and the cutting of extensive valleys. Next, in order, was the partial filling of the valleys with clay, sand and gravel, and the formation of the lowest bed of ancient soil beneath the boulder clays. This was followed by a partial sub- , mergence of the surface and the accumulation of the sands, clays, etc., which are found below the boulder clays. The next period was a period of elevation of the surface, during which were laid down the marshy swamp soil. Next, follows a second submergence, and the ice sheets and water currents formed the boulder clays. After this, there was another elevation and loess was formed. Then came the present order of things, the rivers, alluvial deposits, etc. SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. Spread over the limestone stratified rocks of Stephenson County is the drift or Quaternary deposits, varying in depth from a thin layer of dust to over 100 feet, averaging, over the 573 square miles of the county, a depth pi 32 1-3 feet. This drift, composed of clays, sands, gravel, boulders, alluvium, loess, surface soils, etc., is valuable in two ways. First, these deposits have a great economic value because they determine the character and the pro- ductive capacity of the soil upon which all other industries are largely de- pendent. Mainly, soil consists of pulverized rock, mingled with such organic substances as result from the growth and decay of animal and vegetable or- ganisms. The drift, being made up of disintegrated limestones, sandstones, shales, etc., contains the necessary mineral ingredients to make up a soil of great fertility. Secondly, the drift deposits are the main source of our water supply and of sand, clay and gravel. Every man who builds a road, digs a ditch or cellar, drives a well or tills the soil, must deal with the drift deposits, and must be in- terested in knowing its possibilities and its origin. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 17 The 573 square miles of drift in Stephenson County with an average depth of 32 1-3 feet is the fact of first importance in the economic and political his- tory of the county. Rivers, railroad cuts and wells show this drift to be made up of several different masses. According to Hershey, fourteen feet of it is silt (Silveria), a finely pulverized sediment carried in suspension in water and deposited on the bottom of lakes of the ice age. Next, is the boulder clays, usually of small size, partly derived from bed rock of adjacent region and partly transported from distant localities. The boulder clays are frequently underlaid by a black peaty soil, filled occasionally with twigs and branches and sometimes with trunks of trees in a good state of preservation. Another part of the drift is the loess deposits. This is a buff or grayish marly sand, usually capping river bluffs and terraces. Sometimes it is a brown silicious clay. Alluvial deposits are the deposits of fine mud formed by run- ning water. They consist mainly of sand and fine silicious sediment. It forms the soil of river valleys. Along with the boulder clays are great beds and ridges of sand or gravel. On the surface is the soil, containing a large pro- portion of decayed animal and plant life. Vertical sections of drift would vary with the locality. The following vertical section will give a fair idea of the drift material: Feet. Black soil i to 2 Yellow fine-grained clay 13 Gravel 2 Silt 6 Boulder clays 15 Blue clay , 3 Sand ii Clay 5 A table by Leverett, showing distribution by depths, of glacial drift in Illinois follows : Depth of Depth if distrib- drift, uted over entire Feet. state. Feet. 300 23.50 200 41.35 150 10.04 36-32 n-57 Area, Area, Area, Area, Area, Area, square square square square square square miles 4,160 miles 10,975 miles 3,550 miles 19,275 miles 8,190 miles 6,924 100 75 50 6.52 Total 53,074 129.30 The average thickness of drift in Illinois, including everything which overlies the rock, including glacial drift, residuary clay, loess and alluvium, must be be- tween one hundred and one hundred and thirty feet, probably about one hun- dred and fifteen feet. 18 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY As a result of 1,687 borings, the following proportion of drift materials has been approximated : Tills, including all glacial clays 69.38% Sand, gravel and alluvium 25.25% Loess and associated silts 4.25% Buried soil, residuary clay, etc 1.12% Total 100% THE PECATONICA ESKER SYSTEM. An esker system is a series of gravelly ridges. They are made up largely of coarse gravel, well rounded. It contains also beds of fine gravel and sand. Several gravelly belts or eskers in Stephenson County have been studied in detail by Mr. Oscar Hershey, and printed in the American Geologist, Vol. XIX, 1897, PP- I 97~ 2O 9, ar >d 237-253. "The main belt follows the Pecatonica val- ley from eastern Stephenson County westward to the mouth of Yellow Creek about three miles east of Freeport ; thence it passes up the south side of Yellow Creek to the village of Bolton. The length of this belt is over 20 miles and the ridges are in places scattered over a width of two or three miles. Sometimes there are two and sometimes three parallel ridges, traceable for a few miles. The belt is more extensive than usual at the mouth of Yellow Creek and three miles farther west and at the western end at Bolton." Mr. Hershey believes the gravelly ridges are the boundary lines of glacial fields. At the western end, the ridges are 75 to 100 feet above the surrounding plain. Beyond this there was, no doubt, a lake. Coarse gravel and cobble were found in the upper portion of many of the ridges. Some of them are composed largely of sand and fine gravel. The peb- bles are chiefly limestone and are largely derived from local rocks. Another gravelly belt, called the Cedarville belt, begins i l / 2 miles east of Rock City, and extends through Cedarville and Damascus to a point 3 miles north- east of Lena. Southeast of Cedarville the sharp knolls rise 80 to 90 feet in height. These ridges have so obstructed the old valley of Cedar Creek that the stream has been compelled to cut a gorge on the north side of the village. The well defined part of this belt is about 12 miles in length. ' It is prominent also near the junction of Cedar and Richland Creeks, two miles west of Cedar- ville. The Orangeville belt is found best developed south of Orangeville and just north of Winslow. At Winslow there is a very prominent knoll and a number of parallel ridges. Geologists believe that these gravelly ridges, or eskers, were formed dur- ing a general recession of a nearly stagnant sheet of ice. The gravelly ridges would also indicate that the drainage from the ice sheet was somewhat vigor- ous. TRANSPORTED ROCK LEDGES. Leverett and Hershey report several remarkable instances of transporta- tion of limestone ledges in Stephenson County. In some cases, they occupy HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 19 an area of several acres. They have been moved westward from the crest of rock ridges without destroying their stratification. Hershey believes they were swept westward by the powerful action of great glacial ice sheets. He is confident they are not the result of landslides. He also found places where the limestone strata were folded 10 to 30 degrees by force of glacial action. These transported masses are numerous in Dakota Township, Stephenson County. Within four miles west and southwest of the village of Dakota, Mr. Hershey found at least 30 distinct, transported masses. They are usually coni- cal or dome shaped masses a few rods in diameter, and appeared as though embossed on the top and slope of high rock ridges. The largest transported masses are two or three miles west of Dakota and one of them, about 75 feet high, obstructs the valley in which it stands. The smaller one, about 30 feet high, is composed of Galena limestone with strata dipping steeply in every direction from the center and top. Such masses are scattered widely over Steph- enson County, east of the meridian of Freeport. Kettle holes are bowl shaped depressions, usually 30 to 50 feet deep and 100 to 500 feet in diameter. Geologists explain that the kettle hole was caused by a huge mass of ice that became detached during the melting of the ice sheets. The ice sheets piled drifts about it, after which the ice mass melted away and left the kettle hole. In his work in Stephenson , County, Hershey found in the drift large quan- tites of silt, which he called Silveria Silt. This silt, it seems, was deposited by lakes formed in glacial times in the valleys. It is found in thick beds, strati- fied and of a nearly uniformly dark blueish-gray color, with bands often sev- eral feet in thickness which are of a lighter tint. The upper portion Is a false bedded, calcareous and ferruginous, light brown fine sand and silt, and ap- pears to represent the shore deposits of an ancient lake in which this forma- tion was apparently laid down. Wells show that this silt is found in nearly all the valleys of the Pecatonica drainage basin. This silt deposit has considerable bulk in Stephenson County. In a well, three miles southwest of Freeport, the silt was penetrated a depth of 150 feet without reaching the botton. This well is in the old valley of Yellow Creek. Mr. Hershey estimates that this silt would make a uniform layer of four- teen foot depth if spread out uniformly over the county. Since the average depth of all the superficial deposits of the county is 32 1-3 feet, it is seen at once that the Silveria silt is about one-half the total drift material. Anyone who has observed how slowly silt forms in layers on the bottom of ponds, can get some idea of the immensity of time required to build up layers of the deposit or sediment to a depth of 50 to 100 feet. Several shells and pieces of partly decayed wood have been found in the silt. Hershey found shells in the following proportion: Succinea Avara 50; Pupa Olandi 5 ; Pyramidula Striatella 2. These were identified by Dr. W. H. Dall of the United States Geological Survey. STEPHENSON COUNTY Afc The direction of valleys and streams may be determined by preglacial con- ditions, glacial conditions, or both. Mr. Hershey says that that part of Illi- 20 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY nois, between the Rock River and the border of the driftless area of Jo Daviess County, the drift is so thin that the streams follow in large part the preglacial lines. Yet, there are a large number of deflections caused by the glaciers and the drift period. In some cases, the streams have been cut off and thrown across a divide into another preglacial valley. These streams were forced to cut new courses through rock ledges, forming narrow channels which, because of their high rock cliffs on their border, are called gorges. Mr. Hershey lists the following gorges in Stephenson County: One mile north of Freeport is a gorge of a small stream. The length of the cut is 950 feet; depth, 30 feet; breadth, 140 feet; cubic yards removed, 140,000. An- other^ five miles northwest of Freeport, is 850 feet long, 240 feet wide, 44 feet deep and displaces 330,000 cubic yards. Three miles south of Freeport is a 2,050 foot gorge, 235 feet wide, 36 feet deep, having removed 640,000 cubic yards. Three miles west of Freeport is a gorge 950 feet long, 100 feet wide, 25 feet deep, with a displacement of 88,000 cubic yards. Four miles west of Freeport is another 1,100 feet in length, 165 feet in breadth and 30 feet deep, with cubic contents of 202,000 cubic yards. Hershey says the Cedarville gorge is the best illustration in Stephenson County. Just north of Cedarville, Cedar Creek was forced out of its preglacial valley which runs around to the south, by the sand ridges of the glacial era and was forced to cut through the Galena limestone, a gorge 3,250 feet in length, 160 feet broad, 57 feet deep, having cut out and removed 1,100,000 cubic yards of limestone. Mr. Hershey be- lieves that these gorges were cut for the most part prior to the deposition of the loess of the time of the lowan drift sheet. Near Freeport, a gorge cut out was later* abandoned by the stream because of the large amount of loess fill- ing in, and the stream took a new course. These gorges in Stephenson County cut through limestone by small streams, afford an excellent opportunity for the study of the tremendous power of ero- sion. The power of erosion by a stream of water or a sea is very great. One au- thority states that Niagara Falls has cut its way back from Queenstown, seven miles, at the rate of about one foot a year. The falls of St. Anthony cut back five feet per annum. At Cape May, the coast is worn back at the rate of nine feet per year. The Church of Reculver, on the coast of Kent near the mouth of the Thames, stood at the time of Henry VIII, one mile inland. In 1804, a portion of the church yard fell into the sea and the church was abandoned. The Appalachian Mountains have lost as much by weathering as now remains. Chamberlain and Leverett agree that in an early part of the glacial period, the Rock River flowed into the Illinois River. Then came the kettle Moraine, which filled up part of its channel and the river set to work to cut its way to the Mississippi. SOIL. Soil is that part of the solid surface of the earth which supports plant life. The basis of soil is fragments of pulverized rock, to which are added the remains of plants and animals (organic matter) and water. The quality of any soil may be determined by the kinds of rock from which it is produced and Scene on Cedar Creek Pecatonira River, Freeport Globe Park Globe Park i ~> " V flttWVi HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 21 the amount of water and organic matter it contains. Plants affect the soil in three ways. The roots exert a mechanical force breaking up the soil. The roots also have a chemical action, taking out of the soil certain elements, thus weakening it. The plant at last dies and adds something to the soil. Animals add to the soil by their excrements and by the decay of their bodies.. Burrow- ing animals aid in weathering and transportation. Earth worms eat earth which when excreted contains more or less of organic matter and aids in preparing the earth for agriculture. Decaying organic matter forms mold and is called humus. The humus gives "heart" or "life" to soil, as its body is furnished by pulverized rock, or the mineral elements. Humus provides plant food and also improves the physical condition of the soil. It lessens extremes of tempera- ture, gives greater water holding capacity, opens up air passages and aids the chemical activity of the soil. Humus with clay, forms clay loam; with sand, a sandy loam. Exhausted soil is the result of a lack of humus, rather than a lack of mineral qualities. Humus is obtained (i) by crops grown for the purpose and plowed under; (2) by roots, stubble, sdo, refuse, etc., left on the soil; (3) by compost and stable manure directly applied. In addition to the above elements of soil, fertile soil is infested by myriads of microscopic organisms peculiar to it and without which its various chemical purposes could not be carried on. Adametz has calculated that a single grain of fertile soil contains 50,000 germs of various kinds. These germs aid in the formation of plant foods by assisting in breaking down the soil particles and hastening the decay of organic materials. Three factors of soil life must be cared for if fertility is to be secured, (i) soil physics; (2) soil chemistry, and, (3) development of germ life and germ activity. The soil contains a vast amount of plant food. It has been calculated by many analyses, that on average agricultural lands the surface, 8 inches on each acre, contains over 3,000 pounds of nitrogen, almost 4,000 pounds of phos- phoric acid, and over 1,700 pounds of potash. The farmer considers chiefly these three elements in maintaining or increasing productivity. This plant food is developed in proportion to the excellence of the tillage. The soil is indeed a wonderful agency, a mixture of physical and chemical forces and a full complete life within itself. As Mr. Bailey says, "It must no longer be thought of as mere dirt." THE SOIL OF STEPHENSON COUNTY. The soil of this county has not as yet been worked by the Bureau of Soils, so our knowledge of it is not so great as in the adjoining counties of Winnebago and Jo Daviess. Its eastern half is very largely Marshall and Miami silt loam, the former being found on prairie and the latter on timber areas. In those localities where the surface soil is the product of the disintegration of the Cin- cinnati shale, as in the southern part of Erin Township and the immediate vicin- ity, we have our poorest soil. This being a locality of little glaciation, the soil is of fine granulation and inclined to "bake," as it is technically called. This soil is also quite badly exhausted of its humus, and needs large additions of or- ganic matter. 22 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Most of the land in Harlem, Erin, Jefferson, and the northen part of Flor- ence Township is rolling to a marked degree and thinly covered with glacial material. Indeed, the northern slopes and the tops of the hills are in many places almost entirely denuded of soil. Here weathering is producing a soil which, if underlaid by limestone, is fairly productive, and would be exceedingly so if it had a deeper subsoil, for it is sure to be sweet, and rich in mineral plant food. Some of these residual soils are red in color, owing to the presence of oxide of iron, and loose in texture, owing to the presence of sand, for the lime has slaked away, leaving these iron silicates more abundant than in our glacial soil. The amount of slaking resulting in the lowering of the crest of the hill can be judged by the number of flinty fragments present. These are the remains of the chirty layers between the former strata of the limestone. These spots are marked by finer crop growth in the spring, owing to their open texture and freedom from acidity, affording a favorable field for soil bacteria, but later the crop is cut short because of want of depth in the soil. North of Freeport, largely in Harlem and to some extent in Lancaster Town- ship, is located a strip of sandy soil three or four square miles in area, which is evidently a dump or out-wash of the glacier, composed of soil from the St. Peter's formation of Wisconsin. This soil does not retain the fertilizers ap plied as well as does most of Stephenson County land, and tends to leach out again quickly. In the northwestern part of the county, including West Point and Winslow, with part of Kent, is a fine fertile soil, largely prairie, and yield- ing fine crops of corn, oats, wheat, and hay. Although lying along the western boundary of the glacial lobe, this land is level enough to prevent heavy loss by erosion, and in consequence is blacker than the south central part of the county. Along the Pecatonica River in Winslow, Waddams, Harlem, Lancaster, Sil- ver Creek, and Ridott lie wide stretches of alluvial lands of great fertility, the upper benches of which yield large crops of corn, while the lower levels suffer in times of high water, both in consequence of actual overflow, and also in the attempts of owners to farm when the land has been too wet. This has resulted in great deterioration in the physical condition of the land. Here is a great op- portunity for conservation of resources, for by cooperation or by government help the water could be held out by dyking, and hundreds of acres of the best land in the county reclaimed. The same is true in a lesser degree of the valley of the Yellow Creek. Where there is fall enough for proper outlet, tiling has been or is being done, to the great improvement of these lands. In the northern third of Ridott Township is a light, gray soil on ground formerly covered by oak timber, that is rather too thin and light for corn, as it tends to dry out in Au- gust and September. Moderate crops of grain and hay are raised here, but the soil washes easily and cannot be heavily manured. As the land immediately to the north of us from which our drift material came, had but lately emerged from the Silurian seas, and had not as yet pro- duced terrestrial life to any large extent, our glaciation was rich in marine and poor in animal remains. Hence, as shells produce the carbonate and bones the phosphate of lime, the former predominates in our soil to a greater extent than in the counties to the east of us. So the limiting factor of our soils is phos- HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 23 phorus, an element which is fast being exhausted on our most productive farms. Potash we have in abundance, as the Azoic or crystalline rocks of the Lake Superior region as found in the drift are rich in potassium. Another peculiarity of our drift is that it is almost wholly composed of till or stiff clay, and not nearly so sandy and friable as farther east and north. This renders much of the mineral plant food unavailable, and leads to washing, but these soils respond to good treatment and are capable of great productiveness when skilfully handled, because owing to their heaviness large amounts of straw and other coarse organic matter can be plowed in without danger of drying out. In the center of Lancaster and in Rock Grove Townships are bodies of silt loam that were formerly elm, walnut, and ash timber. This land when well farmed will equal the Marshall silts of Ridott or Silver Creek in corn and ex- ceed them in small grain production, but require more skill to conserve the moisture and prevent erosion. Clover, both medium and alsike, grow readily, and offer the farmers an opportunity to replace their lost nitrogen at little ex- pense. Experimental tracts of alfalfa do well, and will be easier to start when the farmers understand the innoculation of the soil better. Much damage to the soil of the county has resulted from defective methods, among which may be mentioned shallow plowing, the burning of organic matter, as corn stalks, straw, and leaves, fall plowing on rolling land, working land when too wet, failure to rotate crops, failure to sow clover, hard pasturing of stubble fields, and many others. The worst of all is the penuriousness of the absent landlord who rents from year to year for money rent. SOIL. When we trace life and all its concomitants back to their origin we come to the soil for therein grow the roots of the plants that feed the world. This soil is comprised of several elementary substances, the principles ones of which are oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, iron, calcium, magnesium, so- dium, phosphorus and potassium. The first four constitute by far the larger bulk of all plant food but the others are equally essential. The limiting elements in all soil, that is those that are likely to be deficient in quantity, are nitrogen, phosphorus or potas- sium. The former, the farmer can buy at 15 cents per pound in nitrole of soda or raise it in clover at a nominal cost of i cent per pound. Owing to the great amount of feldspathic rock in our glaciation potassium will never give out in the life of this generation. This reduces the limiting element to phosphorus which element is constantly sold off the farm in a greater degree if grain is sold and to a lesser degree if animal products are marketed. Many of the soils of this county are infertile because of an acidity which presents the proper development of soil bacteria, which introduces a new feature in soil study. Nitrogen enters into all plant food as nitrates of the other elements as sodium, potassium, etc. This nitrifying of the crude soil elements, which in the ground are generally oxides and silicates, is the work of certain minute plants so called though they very strongly resemble animals in many parts, called bacteria. These must be present in any soil in enormous number to make a soil fertile and oxl- 24 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY gen breathing. So an open loose soil is necessary to growth, hence watering on the surface during a time of drouth without a frequent subsequent stirring of the soil is detrimental in consequence of the fact that a crust is formed, but if shallow plowing is done, ditches are allowed to form and hay and straw as well as grain are sold, then the black soil grows less and finally disappears. Then we have a soil that is unproductive and in which bacteria are helpless, and the moisture can not be retained during the period of drouth. Some of our soils, especially along the western side, where glaciation was thin are formed of slaked limestone. These are never sour and although quite red and lacking in humus are friable and very fertile but generally fail to pro- duce as much at harvest as they promised in the spring because of the nearness to rock and lack of a stiff subsoil. This kind of red clay with cherty flints in it is called residua and is formed by the slaking of the limestone, leaving the sand, iron (which oxidizing colors it red) and the flints that are the cherty white layers that separated the strata in the rock before its disintegration. Soils that produced walnut, elm or maple far exceed those that bore oak and poplar in fertility. The presence of hazel on land is a good sign, while the ad- vent of certain weeds indicate a loss of nitrogen most marked of which is the horse sorrel (Rumex Acetosella). This plant springs up in old timothy mead- ows when they have exhausted the nitrates. Besides the reclamation of overflow lands, to which allusion has already been made, other things remain to be done for the conservation of our resources and the prevention of the loss of our present fertility, among which are : The pur- chase of rock phosphate to replace the loss of phosphorus of which mention has been made; better cultivation, to allow aeration of the soil and by means of a dust mulch to conserve the moisture until it is needed ; proper rotation is also essential, as it is evident that in the selection of plant food the plant leaves in the soil something toxic to itself that is of no injury to other plants so the more perfect the rotation and the oftener the return to some leguminaceus plant, as clover, and the more thorough the cultivation before and after planting the greater will be the return in dollars and cents to the agriculturist. And the greater the prosperity of the farmer the greater that of everybody. WELLS AND WATER SUPPLY. The rock surface of Stephenson County is for the most part covered with glacial drift. This deposit of clays, alluvium, loess, sands, gravel and silt has an average depth of 32 1-3 feet. The drift is not thick enough to conceal the main preglacial valleys. In these old valleys and in ridges, eskers and knolls, the drift is often over 100 feet in depth. In such places the drift affords a sufficient water supply. A large number of wells in the county reach down into Galena limestone. A few of the deeper wells pass through Galena limestone and find their water supply in the St. Peter's sandstone, which, at Freeport, is no to 130 feet below the Pecatonica flood plain. The Baier and Ohlendorf well is 186 feet deep, and draws its supply from St. Peter's sandstone. It passed through 86 feet of drift. The Stover Manufacturing Company has a well through 100 feet of HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 25 drift into St. Peter's sandstone. A well at the vinegar works penetrated 85 feet of drift. Wells in East Freeport 30 to 50 feet in depth do not reach the Galena limestone. The following wells will give an idea of the depth of drift and its value as a source of water supply in different localities: Sec. 12 T 26 R?E depth 100 feet. Drift 98 feet. Sec. 14 T 26 R/E depth 100 feet. Drift 100 feet. Sec 12 T 26 R7E depth 192 feet. Drift 17 feet. Sec. 14 T 26 R;E depth 248 feet. Drift 65 feet. Sec. 36 T 26 R/E depth 186 feet. Drift 46 feet. St. Peter's sandstone is a good source of water supply. The principal in- take of this formation is in southern Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota. The principal source of our water supply is in the cranberry marshes of Wis- consin where the St. Peter's and Potsdam sandstones outcrop. There in twenty counties in large part, the water is near the surface, and is absorbed by the sandy soil. The tilt of the sandstones is in this direction, being about 150 feet below the surface here. The water filters its way down into this county and rises through faults and crevices in the Trenton limestone, especially the Galena. The quality of the water is good, and its quantity copious. The up- per Trenton or Galena limestone is a magnesian limestone of more porous char- acter and yields an abundance of good water, but is occasionally highly charged with hydrogen sulphide, which renders it disagreeable to the taste and lim- its its use as a potable water. The Freeport Water Company gets its supply from wells in the drift along the Pecatonica and from deep wells 65 feet into St. Peter's sandstone. The wells are 201 feet deep, passing through 100 feet of the Trenton limestone, the Galena, the Blue and the Buff. In 1895, the water of the Freeport Water Company acquired a bad taste and odor. After considerable investigation, Supt. O. T. Smith discovered that the cause was. a growth of floating matter in the mains, known as well thread or Crenothix Kuhmiana. Mr. Smith also found that such growth required about 30% per million of iron solution in the water. The only remedy was to prohibit the growth by reducing the amount of iron in the water. The com- pany then put in a filter plant, in which lime water, two to four grains of lime per gallon, was used. In an address before the 24th annual meeting of the American Water Works Association at St. Louis, June, 1904, Supt. Smith stated that the result of the filter plant was that the iron was reduced to an average of about .04 parts per million, while the carbonic acid gas was re- moved and the water softened 13 to 15%. In six months the growth in the mains had absolutely stopped. FOSSILS OF STEPHENSON COUNTY. A fossil is any evidence of the former existence of a living being. Strati- fied rocks are sediments accumulated in ancient seas, lakes, deltas, etc. Shells were imbedded in the shore deposits. Leaves, logs and bones of land animals were swept into swamps and buried in mud. Tracks were formed on muddy 26 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY shores by animals. These marks, shells logs, etc., have been preserved in stratified rocks. In the Niagara limestones at Waddams, are found the Cyathophyllum, two or three species of Favosites and some imperfect Halysites. In the Cincinnati limestones of this county, but few fossils are found. Near Loran are found the Orthis Testitudinaria and the Orthis Occidentalis. In the Galena limestone is found the characteristic Receptaculites Oweni, commonly called "lead blos- som" and "Sunflower Coral." This fossil is found in large numbers at Cedar- ville and Freeport. It crumbles readily and good specimens are difficult to secure. Receptaculites orbicularis is also found in the Freeport quarry. The fossils most commonly found are species of Murchisonia, Orthocera, Orthis, Plentomaria, small Bellerophons and Ambonychia. Some of the thin shaly strata of the blue limestone are full of small sized Orthis. Fragmentary stems of encrinites are found. A specimen of Receptaculites Oweni was found in the blue limestone at Rock Run bridge. Many well preserved casts of fossils are found in the Buff limestone : Pleurotomaria subconica ; Orthoceras, five or six inches in diameter, and some six feet long ; Oncoceras pandion ; two species of Tellinomya. Hershey collected the following loess fossils which were identified by Dr. W. H. Dall of the United States Geological Survey: Vallonia Costata Mull; Vallonia perspectiva Sterki ; Zonotoides arboreus ; Vitrea hammonis ; Indentata ; Pyramidula Alternata ; Pyramidula Striatella ; Helicodiscus lineatus ; Polygyra hirsita ; Strobilops virgo ; Bifidaria Contracta ; Bifidaria Corticaria ; Bifidaria Ar- mifera; Bifidaria holzingera; Vertigo tridentata; Succinea avara; Carychium exiguum ; Carychium exiguum ; Carychium exile. All the above are Terristial species. The following are Fluviatile species (gill bearing) : Pleurocera subu- late ; Campeloma decisa ; Bythinella termipes ; Armicola Cincinnattiensis ; Arn- nicola porata ; Somatagyrus depressus ; Valvata tricarinata. The Fluviatile bivalves (some occasionally in ponds) ; Pissidium compressum ; Pissidium Cruciatum ; Pissidium fallax ; Pissidium punctatum ; Pissidium Vari- able ; Pissidium risginicum ; Pissidium walkeri ; Spaerium starninaeum ; Sphaerium striatinum; Sphaerium simile; Sphaerium solidulum. Of the pond species, ait breathing (some Fluviatile): Planobis parous; Planobis bicarinatus ; Physa he- terostropha ; Segmentina armigera ; Limnaea humilis ; Ancylus tardus ; Ancylus rivularis ; Ancylus parallelus. SUMMARY. Quaternary Deposits. The Quaternary deposits cover the county to an aver- age depth of 32 1/3 feet. Along the narrow bottoms of the Pocatonica there is a strip of Alluvium proper. In places it is two miles in width. Alluvium is also noticeable along Yellow Creek and some of the smaller streams. Along some of the hills and bluffs there is to be found the loess marls. The Alluvium and the loess are found in small quantities, the main part of the superficial detritus consisting of sands, silt, clays and gravels of the drift period. Where the rock surface is near the top of the ground, a part of the deposit is of the nature of the underlying rock. In such cases after passing through HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 27 the black soil, there is a clayey subsoil, then reddish brown clay, mixed with flints and pieces of cherty limestone, then clay and limestone in regular stratifica- tion, the limestone becoming more regular, thicker and harder in the descent till solid rock is reached. The clays above the Cincinnati shales are of chocolate color, finer in texture and freer from sand. These are evidently residuary soils. The county, however, is practically overlaid by the work of the ice sheets of the drift period. The prairies north and east of Waddams Grove are marked by numberless boulders, some black, some flame colored and others combining the colors of metamorphic rock. Many of these boulders are beautiful and many colored. These boulders were torn out by the ice sheets in Wisconsin or in Canada, and carried along, being finally deposited here. Elsewhere are to be found the silt deposits, the eskers, and boulder clays above described. NIAGARA LIMESTONE. The Niagara limestone is found only in the western and southwestern part of county. It, no doubt, at one time covered a large part of the county but was broken up and carried southward by the great ice sheets. Waddams Grove, a high tract of land two or three miles long and a mile or two wide, is capped by the Niagara formation. Here quarries have been worked twenty-five feet deep, into the Cincinnati shales. The top layers of Niagara are thick, irregular, speck- led and porous, but the bottom layers are compact and solid. A slender, rotten fossil, Cyathofillum, was found in these quarries. Niagara also outcrops in the southwestern part of the county. It is the under- lying for most of that part of the county, south of Yellow Creek and west of the Illinois Central Railroad. Small streams flowing into Yellow Creek cut through Niagara into the Cincinnati shales. At Big Springs, in LaShell Hollow, consid- erable Niagara stone has been quarried. Quantities of some of the rougher Niagara corals are found strewn over the hills about Loran. These are Favosites and Halysites. THE CINCINNATI LIMESTONES. The Cincinnati limestones are found just beneath the Niagara at WaddamSj and is about 40 feet thick. Eleroy hill is covered by the Cincinnati layers. Here a quarry outcrop is over 40 feet deep. The Catholic church is built out of the stone of this quarry. On the north side there is a bold and steep escapment, a marked feature of the landscape. The hills about the village of Loran are covered to their tops by this formation. Many quarries are opened in the face of the hills and fair building stone is secured. Like the Niagara, a large part of the Cincin- nati was eroded and carried away by the ice sheets. Just north of Baileyville, Crane's Grove, occupying several sections, is underlaid by Cincinnati. Quarries afford foundation stone. About Loran the fossils Orthis testutdinaria and Or- this Occidentalis are found. 28 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY TRENTON LIMESTONES. The Trenton limestones are the Galena, the Blue (Trenton proper) and the Buff limestones. All three of the Trentons outcrop in Stephenson County. The Galena, the upper division, is essentially a coarse grained granular, crystalline, porous dolomite which weathers into exceedingly rough, pitted, irregular forms. It is the underlying rock of about 4 of Stephenson County. It is found beneath the Cincinnati limestones at Waddams and Eleroy. Quarries and lime kilns have been operated near Lena. A heavy section of Galena is found in Freeport, in the northwest corner of the city near the Illinois Central Railroads. Three ex- tensive quarries have been worked, which have furnished material for lime and building purposes. The top layers are soft and crumble in the hand. The quar- ries are shaly towards the top but grow massive and solid as they are worked into. These quarries are worked 30 ft. or more. Three miles southwest of Freeport, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad cuts through Galena. Three miles northwest of Freeport is a similar cut. A mile to the west is another Galena cut, 1,000 feet long and 24 feet deep. Here the rock is covered by ten feet of the usual gravelly clay. About a mile west of Rock City, is another cut, 350 yards long and at the deepest point, 15 feet into the solid stone. Here the rock is hard, glassy and conchoidal in Fracture and approaches the Blue or Trenton proper. One-half mile further on and near Rock City is a 12 foot cut through the real Blue limestone. East of Dakota at the railroad bridge is a 24 footcut through Galena, and Blue limestones. Here may be seen the Yellow Galena, passing into the Blue. One-fourth of a mile east of Davis is cut through Galena, 1,000 feet long and 31 feet deep, 24 feet of which is solid limestone, slightly bluish and conchoidal in fracture. The Pecatonica River after about five miles from the Wisconsin line, cuts into the Galena limestone. At McConnell an outcrop has been worked. Rich- land and Cedar Creeks expose the Galena their entire lengths, at many points heavy outcrops and escapements stand out in bold relief. At Cedarville the out- crop is 75 feet thick. A large quarry opened here furnished the stone for Adam's milldam. There ^is a twenty foot quarry at Buena Vista. There are expostures and quarries also at Scioto Mills. Crane's Creek, at the west end of Crane's Grove, cuts into the Galena. An interesting outcrop of Galena is observed near Burroak Grove, half way between Lena and Winslow. Several small quarries have been opened on the hill tops west of the grove. Southeast of Rock City a 24 foot exposure is operated. There are outcroppings in Ridott and Oneco townships. Stephenson County, be- tween the Pecatonica River and Yellow Creek, except a small strip east and south of Winslow, and the Niagara at Waddams, the Cincinnati at Eleroy, Kent and along the banks of Yellow Creek, is underlaid by Galena limestone. The south- eastern part of the county, nearly up to the Pecatonica and almost to the Illinois Central, is also underlaid by Galena, with the exception of a strip along the southeastern corner and a few points in the eastern part of Silver Creek town- ship. Galena limestone fossils found in the county are, Receptaculites Oweni ; Receptaculites orbicularis; Nurchisonia; Orthocera; Orthis; Pleurotomania ; Bellerophon and Ambonychia. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 29 BLUE LIMESTONE. The Blue limestone, the middle division of the Trenton group, is not found extensively in Stephenson County as surface rock. Rock run cuts into Blue lime- stone soon after entering the county and along its banks until within a mile or two of its mouth shows Blue outcroppings. Some of the rocky banks are over- capped with Galena. At the Milwaukee railroad bridge over Rock run the Blue is thirty-nine feet thick. The lower part is very blue. One and a half miles below is a quarry opened in a 25 foot cut. BUFF LIMESTONE. The only place in the county where Buff limestone is the underlying rock is about Winslow. The outcrop is heavier at Martin's Mill in Wisconsin. The Winslow quarry is about 30 feet deep and the one at Martin's Mill is 38 feet. On either side of this strip are the outcroppings of Galena. The fossils are Pleurotomania subconica; a large Orthoceras, five or six inches in diameter, and some six feet long; a Cypricardites ; Oncoceras pandion; two species of Telli- nomya, and a few others. ST. PETER'S SANDSTONE. This is a soft, white sandstone, at places over 200 feet thick. It is found below the buff of the Trenton series. It is 134 feet below the surface at the Freeport Water Company's plant, 168 feet below at Cedarville and comes to the surface near Winslow. It outcrops largely in Wisconsin and also in LaSalle County, 111., where it is used as a glass sand. ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY. The chief economic value of the geological formations of Stephenson County is in the agricultural resources of the soil. Next in value, probably, is the water supply in the drift, the Galena limestone and St. Peter's sandstone. Certain portions of the Galena, Blue and Buff limestones have been successfully burned into lime of fair quality. The reddish clays over the Galena limestones make excellent red brick. A tough, tenacious fireclay which underlies the peat marshes has been made into a light colored brick, but this industry has not been developed. BUILDING STONE. The Niagara is quarried in several places and is a handsome colored, endur- ing, building material. But it is of irregular stratification which makes it un- shapely and unmanageable. Barn foundations, houses and bridge abutments are made from quarries from Cincinnati rock about Eleroy and Kent. Some of the lower strata are massive and very hard. Galena limestone is a good material for the heavier kinds of masonry. When dressed and well laid, it seasons into great hardness. Almost all the stone work 30 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY in Freeport is of Galena from the Freeport quarries. It is used extensively in foundations. Several store buildings are built of it. The best example of Ga- lena and probably the most imposing architecture in Freeport is the First Pres- byterian church at the corner of Stephenson and Walnut Streets. The Blue and the Buff afford as good building stone as is to be found in this part of Illinois, but are not used extensively because of the vast amount of useless surface ma- terials to be removed. The day will come, no doubt, when the greatest value of Stephenson County stone will be in road-building. Crushed stone has been used extensively in mak- ing the bed for brick streets and in making macadam streets in Freeport. Out- croppings of stone are well distributed over the county and in this way nature has provided a means for making permanent hard roads. MINERALS. There is but little mineral wealth to be found in Stephenson County. A little bog-iron ore is to be found in the swamps. Small pieces of float copper have been found in the drift, having been carried down from the Lake Superior region by the ice sheets. Small quantities of common lead ore have been taken from the ground. Considerable prospecting has developed the fact that lead mining is not a profitable business in the county because there is no lead. Years ago a lead crevice was developed without success near the mouth of Yellow Creek. Pieces as large as the fist have been taken out of quafries near Lena, A Freeport company secured several hundred pounds in Oneco township thirty years ago. PEAT. Peat is a more or less compact mass of vegatable matter formed in swamps It is an early stage of coal formation. In Township 26, range 9, a bed of 50 acres was found by Shaw. It was 3 to 6 feet deep and underlaid by fire clay. Almost every swamp south of Yellow Creek has some peat formations. Small beds have been found about Lena and Ridott. The best peat bed is in the town- ship of Florence, between section 25 and 26. It is 40 rods wide and over 100 rods long, and contains about 50 acres. It is from 6 to 9 feet deep. Peat may be used as fuel and as fertilizer. When mixed with ashes or lime, it becomes a good fertilizer. If peat compressing machinery is perfected, these beds may be profitably developed. A machine has been invented which presses 50 tons of peat a day. Recent experiments show that where peat contains over i% of nitrogen, the value of ammonia as a by-product will more than pay the expense of extracting the gas, leaving the latter as clear profit. Prof. Fernald of the Geological Survey found that Europe uses ten million tons of peat annually as fuel. In Sweden, power plants are located in the peat bogs, and electric current transferred to the cities. Prof. Dans, also of the United Geological Survey, says "The day is near at hand when American cities away from the coal fields and near peat bogs, will obtain their power and light from peat." Work has already begun HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 31 in Florida on a plant for generating electric power by producer-gas engines, using air dried peat as a fuel. The value of peat in the United States is estimated at $39,000,000,000. Peat also makes incomparable coke, being nearly free from phosphorus and sulphur. It is of utmost value in metallurgical reductions iron-smelting, steel making and copper refining. Peat by-products are illuminat- ing and lubricating oils, paraffin wax, phenol, asphalt, wood alcohol, acetic acid, ammonia sulphate, and combustible gases. In Europe, great quantities of fibrous peat are used in bedding live stock. It is superior to straw and an Indiana fac- tory is now making a product of this kind that sells for $12.00 a ton. In Michigan, paper is made from peat ; in Germany it is used for packing, insula- tion, etc., and in Norway is made into ethyl alcohol. THE BLACK HAWK WAR. The Black Hawk War was an inevitable conflict between the advancing tide of American civilization and a quarrelsome band of Indians. The Sacs and the Foxes had been inependent tribes in Canada near Montreal. Both tribes were troublesome and like other American Indians they drifted westward before the onward moving wave of frontier settlement. In Wisconsin the remnants of Sacs and Foxes united to form a confederation. As a confederacy, they became in- volved in frequent wars with their neighbors. They moved southward and lo- cated finally in the valley of the Rock River, with headquarters near the present site of Rock Island. At the close of the Revolutionary War, the settlers from the Thirteen Colonies pushed their way over the Appalachian Mountains and out into the great Mis- sissippi Valley. The Ordinance of 1787 provided civil government for the Northwest Territory and Illinois was admitted as a state in 1818. The northern part of the state received many new settlers after the war of 1812. Small bands of Indians had occupied almost every part of the state. The United States government had bought up the claims of these Indians and had moved most of them west of the Mississippi. The Indian lands were then open to settlement and as the scattered outposts of hardy pioneers pushed farther north and west the inevitable conflict between the Rock River Indians and the people of Illinois became evident. The valley of the Rock River and its tributaries had long been the undisputed hunting ground of the confederacy of the Sacs and the Foxes. Part of this country was occupied by the Winnebagoes, the Kickapoos, and other small tribes, all of whom were subordinate to the power of the Sacs and Foxes. Following the beautiful val- leys of the Rock, the Pecatonica, and the Wisconsin, roamed unmolested, the hunting parties of Indians in free enjoyment of the wild life of the savage. Here and there in favored fertile spots, the squaws planted their corn and In- dian villages prospered. Occasionally, bands of braves in war paint and feathers went out to make war on the Sioux, the lowas, the Osages, or the Cherokees. Too often murderous bands, many times inspired by British agents, went on long journeys to the south and east, robbing and killing among the defenseless outlying settlements. Traders, trappers and adventurers had brought the Sacs and the Foxes and the Winnebagoes in touch with the skirmish line of advanc- 32 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY ing settlements. But the Indian had come to regard the country as his own. Annually the chiefs and braves went over the old "Sauk" trail which ran from Rock Island through Joliet, to Maiden, to meet the British father from whom they received gifts and gold. But the white man crossed the trail of the surly Indian when settlements were made at Galena, and around Ottawa and Joliet. Frontier difficulties soon arose that ended only with the final defeat of Black Hawk, August 2, 1832. The lead mines proved to be the magnet that drew the rapid advance of the frontier line to the Rock River. The Indians had already found the lead, and in a rude way, the squaws had worked the mines. In 1819, the first white settle- ment was made at Galena. Others came in 1820 and soon adventurers poured into the lead regions from all quarters of the world. Some came up the Mis- sissippi River and some overland from Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky and Tennessee, via Vincennes and Peoria, through the unbroken wilderness. The increasing overland travel caused O. W. Kellog to break a trail from Peoria to Galena in the spring of 1827. "KellogY' trail crossed the Rock River at Dixon, passed near Polo, Ogle County, through "Kellog's Grove" now "Timms Grove," Erin Township, Stephenson County, then by way of Apple River Fort to Galena. In 1828, Joseph Ogee established a ferry at Dixon and this same year, John Dixon made a contract with the United States government to carry the mail from Peoria to Galena. In 1830, Dixon bought the ferry from Ogee, built a house and moved his family to Dixon. He conducted the ferry, a store and a hotel. Along Kellog's trail came two classes of settlers into northwestern Illinois: the soldiers from the Eastern States, released by the close of the War of 1812, and the men from North Carolina, Kentucky and Tennessee. They came with their families to found permanent homes. They were schooled in the hard- ships and dangers of the camp and the frontier, and were not likely to be over- patient with Indians who crossed their purposes. Only the brave and the hardy dared the perils of pioneer travel and frontier life. In 1829, many settlers occu- pied the fertile plains about the mouth of Rock River. President Jackson ordered a government survey which included Black Hawk's village and fields. A proclamation was issued opening these lands to settlement. Frequent quar- rels across between the settlers and the Indians and each in turn devastated the fields of the other. In April, 1830, a petition signed by thirty-seven settlers was sent to Gov- ernor John Reynolds, asking protection from the Indians. Governor Reynolds took up the matter with William Clark, the Federal Indian superintendent at St. Louis, and with General Gaines, and the Indian agent at Rock Island, Felix St. Vrain. These officials testified that every effort had been made to persuade the Indians to move across the Mississippi into Iowa. Most of the Indian chiefs including Keokuk, Wapello, head chief of the Foxes and Pash-e-pa-ho, of the Sacs, had agreed to abandon the Rock River lands peaceably. They also re- ported that the opposition arose from a brave, called Black Hawk, who had much influence with the quarrelsome element among the Sacs and Foxes. At a conference with General Gaines at Rock Island, Keokuk, Wapello and other BLACK HAWK IXPIAXS ATTACKING A STOCKADE LIBRARY OF THE OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 33 chiefs advised Black Hawk to move into Iowa and to avoid trouble with the whites. But because of his hatred for the Americans and his jealousy of Keokuk, the warning fell on deaf ears. When General Gaines asked at that conference, "Who is Black Hawk?" the old Indian replied: "I will tell you who I am. I am a Sac. I am a warrior. Ask those young men who have followed me to battle, and they will tell you who Black Hawk is ; provoke our people to war and you will learn who Black Hawk is." So, on April 6, 1832, Black Hawk, with five hundred braves with their women and children, crossed the Mississippi and took possession of their old hunting grounds and cornfields along the banks of Rock River in Illinois. Black Hawk said they had come to plant corn. That meant war, and the Americans were to know who Black Hawk was. The gaunt- let was thrown down to people sure to take it up. Black Hawk, or Ma-ka-tai-she-kia-kiak, was now sixty-five years old. He was born in a Sac village on the Rock River, three miles from the Mississippi. His father, Py-e-sa, was the medicine man of the tribe. Black Hawk was five feet, eleven inches tall and weighed one hundred and forty pounds. His features were marked by high cheek bones, a Roman nose, a sharp chin and black spark- ling eyes. He was a typical Indian fighter, skilled in strategy and magnetic in leadership of his braves. Even his severest critics admit that he was an excel- lent husband and father and that he was honest with his own people. But he was constitutionally an "Insurgent." He was ready to command and to lead, but he was loath to obey. Fretted by restraint and envious of chiefs above him, he was quarrelsome and a seeker of trouble. He was brave in battle but as an organizer, he fell far short of Phillip of Pokanoket, Pontiac or Tecumseh. Little is known of Black Hawk's -early life except what he tells in his auto- biography. He says he was permitted to wear paint and feathers at fifteen be- cause he wounded an enemy in battle. He always possessed a warlike spirit and was never so happy as when leading a band of young Indians to battle. At sixteen, he killed an Osage in battle and thereafter was permitted to join in the scalp dances of the braves. He led frequent expeditions against the Osages, the Cherokees, the lowas, the Sioux, the Chippewas and the Kaskaskias, almost always returning with many scalps of his own taking, which seems to Rave been the sole object of many of his attacks. From the Revolutionary War to 1803, Black Hawk's warlike tendencies were encouraged from two sources : from his Spanish father at St. Louis and from his British father at Maiden. He received presents and money from both. From both he drank deep of the hatred of the Americans. When St. Louis passed to the Americans in 1803, Black Hawk was sorry because he would see his Spanish father no more. All this time along the extended frontier of the New Republic, British agents incited Indians to prey upon the American pioneers with scalping knife and rifle. Black Hawk earned his share of British gold in these murderous enterprises. November 3d, 1804, under direction of President Jefferson, General William Henry Harrison met the chiefs of the Sacs and Foxes at St. Louis and made a treaty by which the confederacy ceded to the United States, all the Sac and Fox claims east of the Mississippi, amounting to over fifty million acres. In return the Indians were to receive lands in Jowa, $2,000.00 in supplies and a $1,000.00 34 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY annuity. Section 4 of the treaty binds the United States never to interrupt the Sacs and Foxes in their Iowa lands. The treaty was signed by William Henry Harrison; Layowvois, Pashepaho, the Stabber; Quashquame, the Jumping Fish; Outchequaha, the Sun Fish; Hashequavhiqua, the Bear, in the presence of wit- nesses and interpreters. The United States had made a treaty of friendship with the Sacs and Foxes in 1789, and this treaty of 1804 seemed to be as fair a treaty as Indian tribes of that day could expect from Americans or any other nation. Besides, frequent hunting expeditions into Iowa had already proved that that country was better fishing and hunting land than Illinois. There was no general complaint against the treaty by the chiefs of the Sacs and Foxes. But the surly Black Hawk did not recognize the treaty of 1804. He claimed that the chiefs were made drunk before they signed the treaty. He said the American, General William Henry Harrison, said one thing and put another thing on the paper. British agents were active at this period and, no doubt, did all in their power to foster Black Hawk's discontent and antagonism for the Americans. In 1810, over one hundred Sacs visited the British agent at Huron and returned with presents, stores, rifles, powder and lead. Acting on the ad- vice of the British, Black Hawk joined Tecumseh against General Harrison in 1811. On his return from the battle of Tippecanoe, Black Hawk attacked Fort Madison, on the Mississippi River below Rock Island. Failing to take the Fort by assault, he resorted to treachery and was foiled only by the exposure of the plot by a young woman who had formed an attachment for a soldier in the Fort. During the War of 1812, after the surrender of Detroit by Hull, Black Hawk with two hundred braves joined the British against the Americans. He was as- signed as aid to Tecumseh. Evidently he did not relish general, open war on the battlefield, for he said then that he preferred to descend the Mississippi River and make war on the settlements. He soon found, to his sorrow, that the Americans could fight although the British had told him they would not. Be- cause the British met with poor success and because he received no "plunder," he returned to the Rock River in 1814, after the battle of the Thames, deserting in the night. Black Hawk now satisfied his desire to slay by inciting and leading raids against defenseless frontiers. In 1814, he defeated Major Zachary Taylor and again defeated the Americans in the battle of the Sink Hole in 1815. At Black Hawk's instigation, defenseless men, women and children were murdered in their homes and their bodies horribly mutilated. Word that General Andrew Jackson was organizing an army to move against the Sacs, brought the chiefs to terms in the Treaty Portage des Sioux in 1815. This treaty ratified the treaty of 1804. Twenty chiefs signed the treaty but Black Hawk again gave evidence of his intense bitterness toward the Americans by refusing to affix his mark. The next year, however, 1816, he signed the Treaty in St. Louis, thus ratifying the Treaty of Transfer of 1804. Later the wily old malcontent said he did not know the contents of the treaty he had signed and would not obey its terms. In 1820, he kept the British flag flying over his village. In 1822, 24 and 25, he signed other treaties all of which recog- nized the Cession Treaty of 1804. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 35 In 1831, Black Hawk crossed into Illinois. General Gaines and Governor Reynolds cooperated to defend the settlements. Volunteer companies were or- ganized and marched from Central Illinois to the Mississippi, near Rock Island. Black Hawk quickly came to terms and with twenty-seven chiefs and warriors representing the British band, some Kickapoos, Pottawattomies and Winne- bagoes, and the United Sacs and Fox Nations. In this treaty Black Hawk agreed to remain west of the Mississippi in lasting friendship with the United States. His women and children were destitute and General Gaines and Gov. Reynolds supplied them with provisions to last till the next harvest. Soon after signing the treaty of June 30, 1831, Black Hawk again showed his perfidy. He began almost at once to attempt to organize an Indian Con- federacy to fight the whites. His emissaries, besides visiting nearby tribes, were sent to Canada and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. One of his emissaries, Neapope, returning from Canada, stopped at the camp of the Prophet Wa-bo- ki-a-shiek, on Rock River, forty miles from its mouth. After going through his incantations, the prophet saw a vision and said "If Black Hawk makes war against the whites, he will be joined by the Great Spirit and by a great army of worldings, and will vanquish the whites." Thus was encouraged the spirit of resistance that would not die out in the old enemy of the advancing civilization. Against the advice of the chiefs of both Sacs and the Foxes and in viola- tion of treaties of his own hand, Black Hawk determined to return to Illinois in the spring of 1832. But whatever dreams he may have had of Tjeing another Phillip of Pokanoket, or Pontiac, or Tecumseh, vanished. No tribes rallied about his standard. His failure as an organizer was followed by an ill-fated error in judgment. With a few hundred of his British band, he forced the issue against overwhelming odds and led his people to starvation, defeat and annihilation. This was Black Hawk's record when, in 1832, he recrossed the Mississippi with his five hundred men, his women and children, and took possession of lands along the Rock River. By numerous treaties, the Sacs and Foxes had agreed to retire beyond the Mississippi. These tribes had taken up their lands in Iowa and for the most part had remained friends of the Americans. They had received $27,0x30.00 in supplies Black Hawk never failing to take his share from the hated Americans. At this time, 1832, he was advised by his own chiefs not to go to war with the United States. He was not a chief, only a brave who was always able to rally to his standard the discontented warriors who were bent on plunder and murder. He was a chronic grumbler, a mercenary in the pay of the British, fought with Tecumseh at Tippecanoe, aided the British in the War of 1812, and was a free lance among the Sacs and Foxes whose hands were stained with the blood of many a defenseless frontier family. The war he chose to begin in 1832 was not a war by the confederated Sacs and Foxes, but a personal campaign by Black Hawk and his British band. Nor is it true that he was a patriot fighting for the possession of the villages, the hunting grounds and the burial places of his people ; for he, himself, says he offered to give up the Illinois land for a $10.000.00 cash payment to himself a cheap sort of pa- triotism. The history of the dealings of the United States government with this Indian, taken together with his own statement, leaves no ground for emotional 36 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY sympathy of Americans who laud him and flaunt his memory before us by erect- ing his statue in public places. It was this Black Hawk who brought about this final inevitable conflict in 1832 and struck terror to the hearts of the families of the pioneers of Northwestern Illinois. FRONTIER LIFE IN 1832. A few illustrations will give a clear portrayal of the frontier life about the borders of Stephenson County at the opening of Black Hawk's War. The set- tlers who had built their homes in Southern Wisconsin, in Jo Daviess County and along the Rock River, thus bringing civilization to our doors, were not strangers to the penalty of frontier life and the havoc of Indian warfare. The family history of most of those men and women contained many a sad chapter that told of murder of loved ones by marauding bands of stealthy red men. Life was a stern reality to these people who lived, for the most part, in close proximity to forts to which they frequently fled to escape the hatchet and the scalping knife. in the light of the history of those days, the attitude of the men of that day towards the Indians is not difficult to understand. General A. C. Dodge gives a good illustration. In a public address he said: "In the settlement of Kentucky, five of my father's brothers fell under the Indian hatchet. I saw one of my uncles bear to the fort on horseback, the dead and bleeding body of his brother. My own brother, Henry LaFayette Dodge, was burned to death at the stake." In those days in Northwestern Illinois every home was a fort and the farmers plowed the field "with a rifle lashed to the" beam." In describing the life of the pioneers in his "Sketches of the West," James Hall says: "They left behind them all the comforts of life. They brought but little furniture, but few farm- ing implements and no store of provisions. At first they depended for subsist- ence on the game of the forest. They ate fresh meat without salt, without vege- tables and often without bread ; and they slept in cabins hastily erected, of green logs, exposed to much of the inclemency of the weather. They found them- selves assailed, in situations where medical assistance could not be procured, by diseases of sudden development and fatal in character. The savage was watch- ing, with malignant vigilance, to grasp every opportunity to harass the intruder into the hunting grounds of his fathers. Sometimes he contented himself by seiz- ing the horses or driving away the cattle, depriving the wretched family of the means of support, reserving the consumation of his vengeance to a future oc- casion; sometimes with a subtle refinement of cruelty, the Indian warrior crept into the settlement by stealth, and created universal dismay by stealing away a child, or robbing the family of the wife and mother; sometimes the father was the victim and the widow and the orphans were thrown on the protection of friends who were never deaf to the claims of the unfortunate, while as often the yelling band surrounded the peaceful cabin at the midnight hour, applied the fire brand to the slight fabrics and murdered the whole of its defenseless inmates." Not far from Ottawa occurred the "Big Indian Creek Massacre," by three of Black Hawk's braves and seventy Pottawattamies and Winnebagoes. In 1830, William Davis had built a cabin and set up a blacksmith shop on the creek. HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY 37 Among the settlers who came later with their families, were John and J. H. Henderson, Allen Howard, William Pettigrew and William Hall. Shabona, a chief of the Winnebagoes, observed the plot of the Indians and on a perilous ride, warned every settler and hastened to the fort at Ottawa. But the warning was not heeded. At four o'clock, May 20, 1832, the savages burst into the door yards of the settlements. Pettigrew, Hall and Norris were soon killed, Davis fought to the end, but fell at last in a determined hand to hand struggle. The women were slaughtered with spears and knives and tomahawks, the Indians laughing with fiendish glee, as they afterwards said, because the women squawked like ducks when run through with a spear or stabbed with a knife. One Indian seized a four year old child by the feet and dashed its brains out on a stump. Two savages held the hands of the little Davis boy while another Indian shot him. Two boys escaped and two girls, Rachel and Sylvia Hall, aged seventeen and fifteen respectively, were carried away by the red men. Settlers at Ottawa returned with the boys the next day. They found some with their hearts cut out and others mutilated beyond description. All were buried in one grave, without coffin or box. Young Hall enlisted in a company and marched through Stephenson County in search of his sisters, camping at Kellog's Grove. After a terrible experience of eleven days, the girls were rescued on June ist. When Black Hawk returned in 1832, Rev. James Sample and his wife fled over the old Sauk Trail, but were overtaken by the Indians. The preacher plead in vain for them to spare his wife. Both were tied to trees, fagots were piled about them, fire was kindled and as the victims struggled in the flames, the red men danced with joy. Near Gratiot's Grove, William Aubrey was shot from ambush by a party of Sacs. He was returning from a spring with a pail of water. On June i4th, five men SpafFord, Searles, Spencer, Mcllwaine, and an Englishman were murdered and their bodies mutilated by Indians, six miles southeast of Fort Hamilton, near the border of Stephenson County, on Spafford's farm. Mr. Franklin Reed of Pontiac wrote in 1877 about the fear of Indian dep- redations. His father moved to Buffalo Grove, now Polo, 111., in 1831, built a cabin in four days, put out a garden and broke the prairie for crops. Once in 1831, the family fled to Apple River Fort in Jo Daviess County. In the spring of 1832, Black Hawk's warriors were again prowling around, more surly than usual and the family fled to Dixon. Such was pioneer life in Northwestern Illinois, when Black Hawk's band in small parties carried pillage and murder to the scattered settlements. Their depredations extended from Rock Island to Rockford and from Ottawa to Galena and to Mineral Point, Wisconsin. The issue was sharply drawn. The United States and the government of Illinois must drive Black Hawk beyond the Mississippi or the settlers must continue to be harassed and murdered by the Indians. When the old Indian crossed into Illinois in 1832, he sent word to General Atkinson that his heart was bad and he would not turn back. Gov. Reynolds again called for volunteers. Throughout Central Illinois, the men were aroused. Companies were speedily organized and marched to Beardstown. Some were ex- 38 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY perienced Indian fighters, but many were young men anxious as they said to kill "Injins." Many of the volunteers furnished their own horses, guns and am- munition. The companies elected their officers and marched to Dixon. They were the most independent men on earth but wholly lacking in discipline. Im- petuous and headstrong, it was impossible for the Governor and the officers to organize them into an efficient fighting force, or to restrain them from a rash advance into the enemy's country. They fought their "Bull Run" and learned an expensive lesson in Stillman's Defeat at Old Man's Creek in LaSalle County, the night of the I4th of May, 1832. Unable to hold the volunteers in check, Gov. Reynolds and Gen. White- side gave orders for an advance up the Rock River by a detachment under Majors Stillman and Bailey, May 12, 1832. While at supper on the I4th a few Indians appeared, and without waiting for orders, or rather in defiance of orders; the soldiers in twos and threes gave chase as fast as they could mount. The camp was soon in general disorder, the officers having lost control and the .men were straggling out over two or three miles after the red skins, each volunteer anxious to shoot an "Injin." It was the same old story of Indian strategy the decoys, the ambush, and the defeat. Suddenly Black Hawk's warriors burst upon the disorganized volunteers in force and terrifying war whoops drove the stragglers pell mell back through the camp and stampeded the main body of volunteers. The detachment beat a hasty and disorderly retreat to Dixon, leav- ing eleven dead upon the field of battle. The Indians scalped the dead and cut off some of their heads. From this time on, it was not a question of going on a lark to kill "Injins." After Stillman's defeat, Black Hawk's war became serious business. Gov. Rey- nolds called for two thousand volunteers, and General Atkinson of the United States Army took command. Three Southerners, destined to become dis- tinguished men, entered the service and reported to Gen. Atkinson, Major Zachary Taylor, Albert Sidney Johnston and Jefferson Davis. Lieutenant Jef- ferson Davis marched through Stephenson County, camping at Kellog's Grove (Timm's Grove) with a detachment to aid Colonel Strode at Galena. Major Taylor and Albert Sidney Johnston served throughout the war and more than once passed through Stephenson County, camping at Kellog's Grove. May 19, 1832, Colonel Strode started a small detachment under command of Sergeant Fred Stahl, from Galena with dispatches to General Atkinson at Dixon. They followed Kellog's Trail through this county. At Buffalo Grove, near Polo, they were attacked by Indians. The Indians were repulsed, but William Durley was left dead on the field. On May 23d, General Atkinson sent Felix St. Vrain, the Indian agent, with despatches to Fort Armstrong, at Rock Island. St. Vrain and his party, con- sisting of Aaron Hawley, Aquilla Floyd, William Hale, Thomas Kenney, John Fowler and Alexander Higginbotham, were to go via Kellog's Grove to Galena and thence down the Mississippi to Fort Armstrong. About fourteen miles from Buffalo Grove, not far from Kellog's Grove, they met a party of Sac In- dians under command of "Little Bear" who had been an intimate friend of St. Vrain. Because of this friendship, the party felt they had little to fear, but to the surprise of all the "Little Bear" and his warriors showed signs of hostility HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 39 and were evidently preparing to murder the entire party. The only chance of the seven men against thirty braves lay in flight, and each white man put his spurs to his horse and made an independent daring dash for life. Fowler, Hale, Hawley and St. Vrain were killed. Floyd, Kenney and Higginbotham escaped only to meet another band of Indians soon after. From this band they also escaped, after an exciting chase for several miles. At Brush Creek, they were attacked again, but hiding by day and moving by night, they made their way finally to Galena. Felix St. Vrain was a Frenchman, whose grandfather left France for Louisiana during the reign of terror. His father was an officer in the French navy and his brother was one time governor of Upper Louisiana. After the Louisiana purchase in 1803, Felix St. Vrain cast his lot with the United States, and was a brave, tactful and trusted Indian agent for the Sacs and Foxes at Fort Armstrong. The sullen Black Hawk had put the death mark upon him and "Little Bear" and his party had carried it into execution. After killing the three men, the savages cut off the head, arms and feet of St. Vrain. They cut out his heart and passed it around in pieces to be eaten by the Indians who were intoxicated with joy because they had eaten the heart of one of the bravest of Americans. General Atkinson sent out Captain lies company July 8th to keep the way clear from Dixon to Galena along Kellog's Trail. This company buried St. Vrain, Fowler, Hale and Hall near the present site of the Black Hawk monu- ment at Timm's Grove. The company reached Galena July loth. In this com- pany, on this march through Stephenson County, was Abraham Lincoln, a pri- vate from Old Salem, now Petersburg, 111. The mustering officer who mus- tered the company in and out of the service was Robert Anderson, who was later compelled to surrender Fort Sumter. Kellog's Grove, or Timm's Grove in Stephenson County, was the central strategic point in this war. Located on Kellog's Trail, thirty-five miles from Galena and thirty-seven miles from Dixon, its possession meant the right of way between the leading mine settlements about Galena and Fort Hamilton, and the settlement about Dixon. It was a midway point between Fort Winnebago and Fort Armstrong. If Black Hawk could hold the cabins at Kellog's Grove, he could send out his bands on any radius, striking terror and murder into the white settlements and getting away before the United States troops could concentrate for attack. It was a vital part of the plans of General Atkinson to hold Kellog's Grove and keep the trail open. The trail had been blazed by O. W. Kellog in 1827. He built the cabins at Kellog's Grove, the first buildings erected in Stephenson County and lived there till 1831. The cabins were built end to end, about seven feet high and covered with basswood bark. General Atkinson decided to make Kellog's cabins a base of operations be- tween Galena and Dixon. For this purpose, he sent out Captain Adam Snyder's company and two companies of regulars. They reached Kellog's Grove June I2th. Captain Snyder pushed on to Galena on the I3th and returned to the grove the next day. Sentinels were posted about the cabins. On the night of the 1 5th, during a storm, Indians approached. The night was dark and an Indian had crawled to within a few feet of a sentinel who saw the red skin 40 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY by the light of a flash of lightning. The Sentinel and the Indian clinched in a hand to hand conflict. The white man was strong and was overcoming the Indian. Another flash of lightning saved the brave picket, for nearby he saw three other Indians approaching. Throwing his combatant to the ground, he ran to the cabin and shouted the alarm. All through the night, the Indians prowled around the cabins and all night long the men within were held in readi- ness to ward off the attack. The next morning, the i6th of June, the Indians had withdrawn and Captain Snyder followed their trail in pursuit. After pursuing the Indians' trail several miles, Captain Snyder came upon four of them in a deep ravine about three miles from Kellog's cabins. He charged the red men, killing all four, losing one man mortally wounded, William B. Meconson, who was shot twice in this fierce hand to hand encounter. Captain Snyder's men now started for the camp, carrying Meconson on a litter. The dying man begged for water and two de- tachments were sent out to search for it. One squad, composed of Dr. Richard Roman, Benjamin Scott, the drummer boy, Corporal Benjamin McDaniels, Dr. Francis Jarritt and Dr. McTy Cornelius, was attacked by a large party of In- dians concealed in bushes in a ravine at the end of a ridge which the men were descending. Benjamin Scott and Benjamin McDaniels were instantly killed and Dr. Cornelius was slightly wounded. Roman, Jarritt, and Cornelius beat a hasty retreat with over fifty savages in mad pursuit. With murderous yells, they came upon the dying Meconson and cut off his head. Snyder's men were scattered and fought at a great disadvantage. They soon closed up and engaged the Indians in a pitched battle, checking their pursuit. In this battle, the leader of the Indians mounted on a white horse exhibited great skill and courage riding to and fro among his men, directing the conflict. The aim of the pioneer soldiers was good and the red men were repulsed. A riderless white horse, wander- ing about the battlefield, plainly showed that the Indian leader had been killed. Without a leader, the red men retreated and Captain Snyder held his ground. Early in this fray, Major Thomas had volunteered to ride alone to Kellog's Grove for reinforcements, an errand full of danger, one of many evidences of heroism in this campaign. Just as the battle was over, he returned with rein- forcements. Night was approaching and reluctantly Captain Snyder aban- doned the pursuit and returned to camp at Kellog's cabins. The next day, the i6th, Captain Snyder made a vain attempt to find the In- dians and to continue the fight. He buried the dead, and in a few days returned to Dixon where his company was mustered out. New levies had arrived to take the places of the men and keep up the war. Captain Adam Snyder was a native of Pennsylvania. He had walked to Illinois in 1817. He was elected to congress in 1836, was presidential elector in 1840, and was nominated for governor in 1841, and would have been elected had he not died during the campaign. Governor Ford who took his place was elected. At this stage of the war, the most effective service was rendered by small companies of "rangers," the rough riders of that day. The most distinguished of these leaders were Colonel Henry Gratiot, Colonel Dodge, Captain J. W. Stephenson, and Colonel Hamilton, son of the great Alexander Hamilton, first Cedarville Bridge Falls Above the Dam. Cedarville Cedarville View Near Old Settlers Grounds. Cedarville UiiRARY OF THE UNIVEKSITV OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 41 Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Owing to the slow movements of the regular army and the short enlistments of the volunteers, these "rangers" alone stood between the settlements and the murderous bands sent out by Black Hawk. Located not far from Kellog's Grove, the crafty old Indian was strik- ing in all directions at the settlements between the Rock River and the Wisconsin. Simultaneous attacks in distant parts of the war zone made effective work by a large force impossible. The marauding Indians kept the settlers well within the forts, stole their horses, burned their cabins and waiting in ambush, shot and scalped defenseless men. The Winnebagoes too were restless. Black Hawk used threats and diplomacy to drive these more peaceable Indians into the conflict on his side. In protecting the stockade forts and the property and lives of the scattered settlements, the fearless rangers of Dodge, Hamilton, Gratiot and Stephenson were noted for the swiftness of forced marches and for prowess in Indian warfare. Combining di- plomacy and daring, these men kept the Winnebagoes neutral. On one occasion when the Winnebagoes manifested signs of flight, Colonel Dodge and Captain J. B. Gratiot walked alone into the Indian camp and took away with them the chief "White Crow" and five others as hostages. An illustration will show the rapid movement of these rough riders. On the 8th of June, Colonel Dodge left Gratiot's Grove, Wisconsin ; the gth, he was at Kellog's Grove, Stephenson County, Illinois ; the loth, he was at Dixon ; the i ith, he was at Ottawa confer- ring with General Atkinson and General Brady ; at midnight, he was in Dixon again; the i2th, he camped at Kellog's Grove and the I3th, he returned to Gratiot's Grove. BATTLE OF THE , PECATONICA. On the i6th of June, Henry Appel was waylaid and shot by a band of In- dians near his cabin not far from Fort Hamilton. Colonel Dodge was soon in hot pursuit. The Indians crossed the Pecatonica, not far from the Stephen- son County line, about thirty minutes ahead of Dodge and his detachment of twenty-nine men. Colonel Dodge's own account of this battle is as fol- lows : "After crossing the Pecatonica in the open ground, I dismounted my men, linked my horses, left four men in charge of them and sent four men in different directions to watch for the movement of the Indians, if they should atempt to swim the Pecatonica ; the men were placed on high points that would give a good view of the enemy, should they attempt to retreat. I formed my men on foot at open order and at trailed arms, and we marched through the swamps to some timber and undergrowth, where I expected to find the enemy. When I found their trail, I knew they were close at hand. They had got close to the edge of a lake where the banks were about six feet high, which was a complete breastwork for them. They commenced the fire when three of my men fell, two dangerously wounded, one severely but not dangerously. I instantly ordered a charge on them by my eighteen men, which was promptly obeyed. The Indians being under the bank, our guns were brought to within ten or fifteen feet of them before we could fire upon them. Their party con- sisted of thirteen men. Eleven were killed on the spot and the remaining two 42 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY were killed in crossing the lake, so they were left without one to carry the news to their friends." Bouchard says there were seventeen Indians, a French trap- per and Colonel Hamilton having found later the bodies of four other Indians in the swamp. This battle of the Pecatonica was a type of warfare waged by the rangers. The slow work of the muzzle loaders and the uncertainty of the flint- locks, caused many a battle to be decided by hand to hand encounters in which the determination of the white men more than matched the cunning of the Indian. If these rangers were heroic, their wives who remained in the stockades were no less so. Mrs. Dodge was urged to go to Galena for safety, but she replied: "My husband and sons are between me and the Indians. I am safe as long as they live." Black Hawk's band made a specialty of stealing horses. If the owner pur- sued, he was ambushed, shot and scalped. On June 8th, the Indians got away with fourteen horses near the stockade at Apple River Fort, now Elizabeth, Illinois. A few days later, ten more were stolen. Captain J. W. Stephenson with twenty-one men went out to chastise the Indians and recover the stolen horses. CAPTAIN STEPHENSON'S BATTLE. Captain Stephenson struck the trail the morning of June i8th and overtook the Indians on Yellow Creek about twelve miles east of Kellog's Grove in Stephenson County. The Indians were driven in a mad chase for several miles and finally secreted themselves in a dense thicket, northeast of Waddams Grove. Stephenson's men fired into the thicket, but the crafty red skins refused to expose their location by returning the fire. Stephenson left a guard for his horses and charged with his men into the thicket, each side losing one man in the encoun- ter. Twice more Captain Stephenson charged the hidden foe, losing a man each time. After the first volley on the third assault, the whites and the Indians fought at close range. Captain Stephenson finally withdrew, so severely wounded that he could not continue in charge of his men. Stephen P. Howard, Charles Eames and Michael Lovell were killed. The Indians lost only the one man, and he was stabbed in the neck by Thomas Sublet. "This battle," says Governor Ford, "equaled anything in modern warfare in daring and desperate courage." Colonel Strode marched with two companies to the scene of the battle and buried the dead June 2Oth. This notable struggle occurred between Waddams and McConnell. The country later was settled up and the graves were on the road side. The graves were opened, and the bones of the three heroes were removed to Kellog's Grove and buried at the foot of the monument to the heroes of the Black Hawk War. This recognition was due entirely to the zeal and pa- triotism of Mr. J. B. Timms, the present owner of Kellog's Grove. Hamilton, Dodge, Gratiot and Stephenson fought with the courage and ef- fectiveness of Morgan, Wayne and Stark, and of Sumpter, Marion and Pickens of the Revolution. They were the minute men of their day. Stephenson County can well afford to erect in appropriate places statues in memory of the daring leaders of the "rangers" and to the sturdy riflemen who followed them with the old flintlock ; statues that will teach generation after generation of the heroic HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 43 spirits who stood between the settlers and the firebrand and scalping knife of a relentless foe, and thus made possible the safe and quiet pursuits of civil life. June 24, 1832, about two hundred Indians attacked Apple River Fort, now Elizabeth, just over in Jo Daviess County. All the settlers got within the fort except Frederick Dickson, who found the door barred just as he arrived. The savages were close upon him and he fled into the forest at once. He abandoned his horse into the darkness, dashed past the outposts of bloodthirsty Indians safely. The Indians were hungry and made a determined attack on the fort. Inside the fort, a brave frontier woman kept up the fighting spirit of the occu- pants by cheering on the men. She proved a woman's usefulness by having one squad of women mold bullets while another reloaded the rifles for the men. The Indians were repulsed with loss at every attack. But if aid did not appear from Galena, the fort must fall. Early that night, Kirkpatrick, a boy, determined to run the gauntlet and ride to Galena for aid, for he feared Dixon had been slain. The heavy gates swung out and all alone young Kirkpatrick plunged his horse into the darkness, dashed past the outposts of blood thirsty Indians and pushed his way through twelve miles of dark wilderness to Galena a ride more daring far than that of a Paul Revere. As he arrived at Galena, he met Colonel Strode and Dixon on the march to the fort's relief. The Indians, know- ing that Strode and Stephenson would soon be upon them, beat a sullen retreat and next day attacked Colonel Dement at Kellog's Grove. Once more the stealth of Black Hawk's men with scalping knife and British rifles was more than matched by the front line of pioneers with a valor that reckoned life after duty. The great difficulty still was to keep open the line of communication between Dixon and Galena. Reports from the scouts showed that Black Hawk had moved his main army from the Rock River into Stephenson County, near Kellog's Grove. On June 23d, Major Dement's battalion was ordered by Colonel Zachary Taylor to march to Kellog's Grove. The battalion arrived that night and the following day hunted about the Grove. Colonel Dement and his men were ignorant of the fact that Black Hawk was near by, planning to capture the army supplies, which he knew were stored in the cabins. Only great courage and a knowledge of Indian ways and wood craft, pre- vented a surprise and probable massacre of the party. While on a scouting trip, men from Captain Funk's fort had discovered a heavy trail leading from Apple River Fort in the direction of Kellog's Grove. Black Hawk had united h's army and evidently intended to attack Kellog's Grove. But the uncertainty just where the wily old leader would strike, was always one of the hazards of the war. Captain Funk was skilled in wood craft and Indian tactics. He readily inferred that Black Hawk intended to strike unexpectedly at Kellog's Grove, massacre the garrison and capture the stores his people so much needed. Funk's Fort was a stockade built around a double log cabin, garrisoned by about twenty-five men. It was located over the line in Wisconsin on the trail from Kellog's Grove to Mineral Point. In the fort at this time was Mr. J. B. Timms, the present owner of Kellog's Grove. He was but a child, his father and mother having sought safety in the fort after the Indians became trouble- some on the Apple River. In resisting an attack on Funk's Fort, his father 44 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY fought at the stockade, his mother moulded bullets and he rendered such service as a child could. A frontiersman, Captain Funk instinctively determined that a warning must be rushed to Kellog's Grove. He called for volunteers for the perilous jour- ney, for Black Hawk's band covered the trail. The risk and the necessity were so great that Captain Funk announced that he intended to go himself and Jake DeVall, one of his trusted scouts, stepped to his side. The pioneers of the fort cheered the men whose courage was equal to their sense of duty. Tomorrow would not do. No time was to be lost. All the interest in the fort centered in the preparation of the couriers for the dangerous journey. Mounted on the best horses and armed in the best fashion, the two heroes rode out at sunset to carry the message to Kellog's Grove. On they rode through the wilderness into the middle of the night. Sometimes slow, sometimes fast, over the ridges, down through the valley, across ravines, through the thickets and underbrush, they pushed steadily on, always aware of the danger of ambush by a lurking foe. Or surrounded maybe by the murderous red men, they would fire the flintlocks then the hand to hand encounter, the tomahawk and the scalping knife. But though dangers multiplied as they advanced, they kept steadfastly towards the goal. In telling of this ride with death, Captain Funk said : "The first signs we had of Indians while on this midnight ride was not until we approached the cabins at Kellog's Grove, while passing a thicket one mile to the west of the grove, at about one o'clock. Here the mare I rode threw up her head and sniffed the air. She became very much excited, snorting and becoming almost unmanageable. I said to DeVall, "There are Indians in that thicket. This mare will smell one half a mile away." We lost no time in reaching the top of the hill (where Black Hawk Monument now stands), overlooking the cabins a few rods below at the foot of the slope. I called in a loud voice but received no answer. I shouted louder, and this time received a response from within, which proved to be the voice of Major Dement. Making ourselves known, we thus made it safe to approach the cabins, which we lost no time in doing. We could not know how soon the crack of a rifle might ring out, or in what proximity the foe was hiding. Everything pointed towards haste and vigilance for those who had a regard for their scalps." Captain Funk and DeVall were met at the door by Major Dement who was at once informed of his dangerous situation. The messengers were delighted to learn that, instead of fifteen men, the detachment consisted of over two hun- dred with officers in charge. Although one o'clock A. M., the cabins were soon astir with military activity. The men were in a high state of tensfon, anxious for a clash with Black Hawk's British band. Most of the troops were fresh recruits, mustered in only eight days before. Many were short term enlist- ments, out on a lark fighting "Injins." Except in the minds of a few old In- dian fighters, there was little seriousness in the camp of volunteers. Black Hawk, the wily old strategist, had laid his plans to capture the entire party. He was in a surly mood because he had been repulsed the day before at Apple River Fort. His braves were stationed at every point of vantage over- looking the camp. Dement's men were surrounded by a determined foe, crouch- HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 45 ing, ready for the surprise of an unexpected assault. As Black Hawk observed the movements of Dement's men, he did not fail to notice the weakness that lost many a battle to the volunteers, the lack of discipline, over-confidence and failure to estimate correctly the fighting qualities of the Indian. Many of those lads from the farms of central Illinois, thought that they had only to march out in line of battle to see the redskins take to their heels. When Captain Funk told Major Dement that he was surrounded by Black Hawk and outnumbered two to one, Dement called a council of war and the entire command was carefully instructed in plans for defense. At daybreak, the Major sent out a scouting party of twenty-five men to verify Funk's report. In a short time, a messenger came in at full speed with the exciting news that several Indians were in sight. As the scout in a loud voice shouted, "Fivi. Indians in sight," the whole camp was at once in commotion. About this time on the hill overlooking the camp, a group of Black Hawk's men appeared. Everywhere was pandemonium, the anxious, undisciplined volunteers saddling their horses in haste to be the first to get a shot at the Indians. As fast as they could mount, disobeying orders, they set off in twos and threes in a mad rush to get a chance at the red men before the battle was over. It was said that Captain Funk at this point urged Dement to form his men in line of battle, as not five Indians but Black Hawk's main army was in the thicket below. A private, with rifle in hand, overheard that remark and sneer- ingly said : "That scout thinks there is an Indian for every tree and stump in the grove." Captain Funk replied, "My good fellow, I am afraid you will think so too before night." The prophet was soon to be honored in his own country. Kellog's Grove was a characteristic frontier battlefield. The ridge swerves to the south about two miles west of the cabins. At that point is a ravine run- ning to the southeast. Between the ridge and the ravine was a dense thicket, V shaped, the point to the west. In this V shaped thicket, Black Hawk concealed the main body of his braves, hidden by the dense underbrush. The sixty-five year old Indian gave final directions to his aids, and riding here and there among his men, per- sonally directed the strategy by which he hoped to destroy Dement's troops. The Indian warriors, bedaubed with paint and smeared with grease, with feath- ers in their scalplocks, were stirred into a feverish valor, ready to spring uwm. the unsuspecting battalions. It was the same old plan, Stillman's defeat over again. The crafty old enemy of the Americans had set his trap had then seru out the five Indians on swift ponies, as a decoy to lure the troops of Major Dement into the skillfully planned ambuscade. Captain Funk says, that after he had advised Major Dement, he went to the top of the hill where he could watch the progress of the battle. The Major soon found that he could not keep his forces in order. In a few moments, a large part of his men were strung out over the ridge, riding as swiftly as pos- sible in pursuit of the decoys and into the trap. The only rule of battle was that they who had the swiftest horses were in the lead, the others following in small groups. As soon as the first of Dement's men approached, the In- dian scouts had wheeled their ponies and riding like the wind trailed the in- experienced volunteers into the ambuscade. Dement's men had followed in close 46 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY pursuit and when they were well within the enetny's lines, a heavy volley of shot blazed from the thickets, and from every side Indians sprang upon them with murderous yells. Two men were killed and almost in an instant Dement's horsemen wheeled about and began a fierce race for life. The foremost rider ran his horse through the ambuscade and back again with only a bullet through his thigh. The rout was complete, the fun of fighting "Injins" was over and the disorganized condition of the forces of Dement presented a sad spectacle. Along the ridge, some of Dement's men were riding swiftly to battle, not know- ing what had happened, while the first arrivals were riding desperately in the other direction, back to camp. The red warriors, flushed with victory, painted and stripped to the waist, whipped their ponies in swift pursuit. As the Indians rode over the dead and wounded, they stopped to scalp and mutilate the bodies of the victims. Major Dement and Zadock Casey had tried in vain to caution the men and form them in military order. That they had failed, was no fault of theirs. Major Dement did the next best thing. A short distance to the west of the Kellog cabin, he succeeded in halting a part of his command and formed them in a line of battle across the ridge to await the attack he was sure would fol- low. Following the rout, the Indians swept down on Dement flanking his position on both sides and pouring upon his men a gallinng fire from safe places behind trees and bushes. Dement fought bravely at the head of his men until he was outnumbered and almost surrounded. Seeing that he could not hold his position with disorganized troops, he slowly withdrew with the men who stood by him, covering the retreat of the panicstricken volunteers who had made the first attack. At this point, the Indians turned aside to attack three men who had gone out early in the morning in search of their horses that had wandered away. The three men were killed and scalped, but not until five red men bit the dust beside them. This gave Dement time to form his men for another stand. But he could not hold his ground. When the yelling savages once more charged upon him, his men abandoned him and fled to the cabins. Dement saw the folly of at- tempting to stop the Indians in the open field and at the last moment escaped to the cabins to make a final stand. Governor Casey's horse had been shot and he narrowly escaped after furious fighting. The followers of old Black Hawk now surrounded the cabins, confident of a complete victory. From behind trees, the red men fired upon the cabins and Dement's men returned the fire through the cracks of the log buildings. The best marksmen were detailed to pick off the Indians who dared to show themselves. Although the flintlocks were in bad order, Dement's men made the Indians respect their marksmanship. The Indians shot about two dozen horses that huddled in fright about the buildings. The men were packed in Kellog's cabins in great confusion. It was a time that demanded fast thinking. Dement could keep the Indians back for a time, but unless General Posey at Dixon was notified and sent up reinforcements, the detachment would be massacred. Dement, who was the coolest man. in the lot, saw at once that despatches must be carried to Posey and he called for volunteers. It was almost a hopeless task. It was hardihood, to mount swift HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 47 horses, to dash through the enemy's lines, to escape to the Yellow Creek Val- ley and to carry the message to Posey. But there is no limit to courage on the frontier. The higher the dangers and perils rose, the higher yet rose the valor of heroes. Never in American history when there has gone out the call for volunteers to risk their owns lives to save others, has that call failed to be promptly answered. It was answered by Nathan Hale in the Revolution ; by Captain Hobson at Santiago; by Kirkpatrick at Apple River and by Funk and DeVall in carrying the warning to Dement. But no situation carried less chance of life and success than this. No sooner was Dement's call for volunteers past his lips, than Lieutenant Tramrnell Ewing limped to the front with his ban- daged leg and said, "Major, I'll go." As another stepped to his side, he asked, "What horses shall we take?" "Any ones you please," replied Dement, his voice filled with emotion as he observed the heroism of the men. Lieutenant Ewing had been the foremost rider in the morning's attack, and had ridden through the ambuscade and back again with a bullet in his thigh. The two scouts were not strangers to a race with death on the frontier. Slipping quietly from the cabins, they rescued two of the best horses animals known for their speed, one of them the little black mare belonging to Major Dement. They mounted quickly, and with bodies swung low over the horses' necks, they dashed down the slope, through the enemy's lines. With a roar of yells, the Indians turned to stop the scouts with flying tomahawks and a terrific fire from the rifles. But on they rode with charmed lives until they appeared into the valley below. Black Hawk, the foxy old strategist, was rejoicing at the prospect of a com- plete victory with its harvest of stores and scalps, when the scouts made the dash towards Dixon. The old Indian shouted his orders in frantic despera- tion for if the men escaped, Posey's army would soon be upon him and that meant certain defeat. But he was too late. The swift surefooted horses of the scouts soon left the Indian ponies far behind. Two hundred lives rested on the success of that ride. Through the cracks of the cabin logs, the lookouts kept a close watch on a certain spot on the side of a distant hill across the valley. After minutes that seemed hours, they saw two horsemen ride into view. They turned and waved a signal of triumph to their besieged comrades. The look- out shouted that the riders were safe through Black Hawk's lines and the men huddled in the cabins gave hurrahs that rang defiantly against the yi-yi-yip- yah's of the redskins. The tide of battle had turned in a few moments. The two scouts brought hope to Dement and despair to old Black Hawk. The stakes were high for the old Indian and he lost. This battle at Kellog's (Timms') Grove, in Stephen- son County, broke his power and ever afterward, instead of assuming the ag- gressive against the Americans, he bent all his energies to beat a safe retreat across the Mississippi into Iowa. When Black Hawk faced Dement at Kellog's Grove, his four hundred braves and his women and children were without food. His braves fought without sup- per or breakfast, hoping to dine sumptuously on the stores in the cabins. His fierce onslaughts on the cabins had been repulsed and he knew that Posey would be upon him before he could reduce the garrison. Sullen and in despair, 48 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY the old leader almost immediately ordered a retreat. Captain Funk said that within fifteen minutes there was not a sign of an Indian about the grove. Black Hawk's women and children were not far away and as he was com- pelled to take them with him, his movement was necessarily slow. He acted quickly and in a short time was displaying his troops on the plain below, which Captain Funk said was one of the prettiest sights he ever saw, the drill and maneuvering being perfect. When the Indians had apparently abandoned the scene, Major Dement and another man ventured outside at the west end of the cabins. At the same time, two Indians appeared on the hill and both fired. The balls struck the logs immediately behind Dement and his companion. One of the balls pierced the Major's plug hat, cutting his commission which he had placed in his hat for safekeeping. For years, it was a great pleasure for Mr. J. B. Timrns, the owner of the cabins, to point out these bullet marks to visitors at Kellog's Grove.' When the roll was called at the cabins, it was found that Dement had five men killed and two wounded. Captain Funk says five were buried. Some writers say only four were killed. Four of the killed were William Allen, James Black, Abner Bradford and James P. Band. The last named was the man who had jested about Funk's alarm. He was cut off and killed near where Dement made his first stand. The wounded were Aaron Payne and Marcus Randolph. According to Funk and Mr. J. B. Timms, the messengers were Aaron Payne and Stephen R. Hicks. They also say that Payne is the man who was foremost in the morning's ride into the ambuscade. Stevens in his history of the Black Hawk War, substitutes the name of Lieutenant Tra-m- mell Ewing for that of Payne. Some writers say that five scouts were sent out, but Captain Funk insists that there were but two. General Posey arrived just as the sun went down that day, June 25, 1832. The burden of the evidence indicates that Posey had already begun his march from Dixon and that the scouts met him at Buffalo Grove (Polo). After breakfast on the 26th, the dead were buried with military honors. This sad duty performed, General Posey started out with part of his command on Black Hawk's trail. The Indians had crossed Yellow Creek at a ford on the farm owned by Ed Schienburg. After crossing the creek, the trail broke into dozens of directions, baffling pursuit. As his commissary wagons had not arrived, General Posey returned to Kellog's Grove. The next day his wagons arrived and he set out for Fort Hamilton on the Pecatonica River. Black Hawk's band of soldiers, women and children were almost destitute. W. S. Harney, in an article in The Galenian, July 15, 1832, writes: "I followed Black Hawk and his band thirty miles, passing four encampments and found many signs of their want of provisions. I found where they had killed and butchered horses, dug for roots and scraped the trees for bark." Black Hawk had been forced from the Rock River Valley by the approach- ing lines of Atkinson and Posey. He had taken refuge in Yellow Creek Val- ley and had hoped there to win a decisive victory. But he was outplayed and outnumbered and was forced to move into Wisconsin. July 21, 1832, General James D. Henry, with his brigade of Illinois volun- teers, overtook Black Hawk's band on the Wisconsin River and defeated it with HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 49 great loss to the Indians. The Indians had retreated so precipitately, that for several miles the trail was marked by camp kettles and baggage cast aside. General Henry fought this battle without orders from General Atkinson, his superior, and the victory for the Illinois militia was resented by the regular army officers. The battle of July 2ist proved that the volunteers, under a capable leader and under rigid discipline, are as efficient soldiers as ever went to battle. After July 2ist, Black Hawk was not an aggressive fighter. His power was broken and his aim was to cross the Mississippi into Iowa. General Atkinson collected his forces and gave pursuit. He brought Black Hawk to his last stand on the banks of the Mississippi, just below the mouth of the Bad Axe River on August 2, 1832. General Atkinson prepared for battle and assigned General Henry and the Illinois volunteers to protect the baggage in the rear. It was not desired that the volunteers should win any more glory in this cam- paign. But another opportunity was offered the Illinois soldiers to atone for the mistakes at Stillman's defeat and Kellog's Grove. In order to draw off General Atkinson's army so that his people might- cross the Mississippi, Black Hawk picked out about twenty Indians and attacked At- kinson's forces. Atkinson charged the Indians and followed them as they re- treated, thinking he was in pursuit of Black Hawk's main army. General Henry soon observed that the main trail followed to the south to the river. As he was left without orders, he led his brigade over the trail and was soon engaged in a pitched battle with Black Hawk's main army of over three hun- dred braves. General Henry's men charged the Indians and, killing and wound- ing many, drove the remainder into the river, many to drown and others to low, willow covered islands. General Atkinson heard the heavy firing of General Henry's brigade and returned in time to order his men to charge the island, killing or capturing the remnant of Black Hawk's British band. Black Hawk and a few of his men escaped to the north. They were cap- tured by friendly Sioux and Winnebagoes and turned over to Colonel Zachary Taylor. General Winfield Scott, who had been sent to take command of the forces in the war against Black Hawk, arrived 'in Galena August 3d, the next day after the final defeat of the Indians. General Scott came to Galena over the Kel- log Trail through Stephenson County. September 21, 1832, he made a treaty with the Sacs and Foxes again affirming the treaty of 1804. Black Hawk was taken on a trip through the large cities of the east to Washington City. In 1833, he returned to his people in Iowa and died at the age of eighty, October 3, 1840. Black Hawk's War has a manyfold significance in the history of Stephenson County, though there was not at that time a single settler in the county. Kel- log's Trail was the main line of communication between the settlements about Dixon and the lead mines about Galena and Fort Hamilton. Three frontier battles were fought in the county: Captain Snyder's Battle, the Battle of KeU log's Grove and Captain J. W. Stephenson's Battle near Waddams. Up and 50 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY down Kellog's Trail rode these rough riders: Gratiot, Hamilton, Stephenson and Dodge. Many of the men who served as regulars or as volunteers, as officers or as privates ; men who were destined to become distinguished in the nation's his- tory crossed Stephenson County, camping on her soil at Kellog's cabins. Two of these men, Colonel Zachary Taylor and Captain Abraham Lincoln, were to become presidents of the United States. Albert Sidney Johnston, who kept an accurate journal throughout the war, was to be a leading general in the Southern Confederacy of which Lieutenant Jefferson Davis was to be president. Besides, there were Joseph E. Johnston, Major Robert Anderson, General Win- field Scott and many others destined to become famous in the subsequent his- tory of the state and nation. The greatest significance lay in the fact that the defeat of Black Hawk opened Stephenson County to peaceable settlement. Almost immediately, per- manent settlements were made. Strong men had conquered the Indian and now strong men, the first generation, began a struggle equally heroic the con- quest of the wild and native soil to the pursuits of a civilized people. In his address at Pearl City, Hon. Henry D. Dement, speaking of the. in- dependent rangers said: "It required men like these, with iron nerve, incapable of fatigue, yielding to no hardship, to pave the way for the civilization that was to follow." THE ORIGINAL MUSTER ROLL. General Robert Anderson, of Fort Sumter fame, was the United States en- rolling officer of the Black Hawk War. He kept the original muster roll of the Illinois regiments, battalions and companies in the war. General Anderson's widow carefully preserved the roll, and a few years ago, after a conference with Congressman Hitt of this district, the original roll was sent to Governor John P. Altgeld, to be placed in the archives of the State of Illinois. Early in the list of independent companies are the companies of Captain Jacob M. Early and Captain Elijah lies. On the former roll, the name of A. Lincoln appears as No. 4 in the list of privates. In a letter to Samuel Dodds, General Geo. W. Jones, who took part in the Black Hawk War, says that during the war, Jefferson Davis visited at his home, at Sinsinawa, frequently, and often escorted to his house a young lady of this section. General Jones was with General Dodge when the Hall girls were taken from the Indians. In another letter, General Jones says, "It was I who found the body of Felix StVrain, the Indian agent, who was slain by the Indians. General Jones was later a United States senator from Iowa. Colonel Hitt, while engaged in a government survey in Stephenson County, discovered a charred stake and human bones, at West Point, where, it is be- lieved, one of the men who escaped at the time of StV rain's murder, was cap- tured and burned at the stake. HISTORY Ol- STEPHFNSON COUNTY 51 BLACK HAWK WAR MONUMENT. On the site of the battle of Kellog's Grove, stands a monument erected in 1886. A marble slab on the north side of the monument bears the following inscription : "Black Hawk War. This monument is reared by Stephenson County, A. D., 1886, in grateful remembrance of the heroic dead who died that we might live." This monument stands on one of the highest points in Illinois and overlooks the beautiful valley of Yellow Creek. It can be seen for miles and miles in all directions. It is built of yellowish, flinty limestone, taken from the quarry nearby on the farm of Mr. J. B. Timms. The monument was built by Mr. William Ascher and is eight feet square at the base, three feet square at the top and is thirty-four feet high, surmounted by imitation cannon balls. The credit for this monument is due to Mr. J. B. Timms, who has lived on the site of the battlefield of Kellog's Grove since 1835. Mr. Timms' father was a soldier in the Black Hawk War and Mr. Timms, himself, was born in Fort Funk, and as a child witnessed the attack on the fort at Apple River by Black Hawk in 1832. Mr. Timms has always, maintained an extreme interest in the stirring events of the war, and it was he who presented the monument proposition to the county commissioners of Stephenson County, 1886. In March, 1886, Mr. J. B. Timms appeared before the county commissioners of Stephenson County and addressed them on the events of the Black Hawk War, about Kellog's Grove, urging the commissioners to make an appropria- tion to build a monument there. The commissioners looked upon the proposi- tion and appointed a special committee to investigate the matter, consisting of H. W. Stocks, H. S. Keck and Isaac Bogenrief, of the board, and Mr. J. B. Timms. At the April meeting the committee reported and the commissioners voted that a site be secured and the monument built. D. W. Hays, Wm. Dively,- Isaac Bogenrief and H. S. Keck, with Mr. Timms, were appointed a commit- tee to draft a plan and secure estimates. At the July meeting, plans were adopted and the committee was instructed to proceed with the work. The con- tract for the monument complete was let to Mr. Wm. Ascher for $535. A con- tract for an iron fence was let to Flachtemeier & Bros, for $144. Incidental expenses, exhuming and reburying the remains of the soldiers brought teh total costs to the county almost to $1,000. The supervisors who voted the funds were : William Ascher, W. H. Barnds, Isaac Bogenrief, W. H. Bolender, W. I. Brady, J. C. Briggs, Ira Crippen, William Dively, T. J. Foley, D. W. Hays, Jacob Jeager, Joseph Kachelhoffer, Henry S. Keck, G. S. Kleckner, J. T. Lease, James Musser, J. M. Reese, S. F. Rezner, D. F. Thompson, J. W. Stocks and T. B. Young. The monument is the idea of Mr. J. B. Timms, who prose- cuted it to its completion. As a boy he had walked over the battlefield and had kept in mind the unmarked burial places of the men who fell in battle. In 1886 he pointed out these places, the bodies were taken up and buried at the foot of the monument. Fifty-four years after the war, the remains of these 52 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY men who stood between the Indian and the frontier settlements were decently buried and the place was marked by a suitable monument. On the east side is inscribed on a tablet : "Battlefield of Kellog's Grove, where was fought, June 25, 1832, the decisive battle between the forces of the United States and the great Indian Chief, Black Hawk." The tablet on the west side bears the following: "Killed on the field of battle names as far as known Benj. Scott, the drummer boy; William B. Makenson and Benj. Mc- Daniels of St. Clair County ; Wm. Durley, Charles Eames, Stephen P. Howard and Michael Lovell, of Jo Daviess County; Felix StVrain, the Indian agent; Messrs. Hale and Fowler, escort to StVrain; Wm. Allen, James P. Band, James Black and Abner Bradford of Jefferson County, and Wm. Hecklewad of Jo Daviess County." The remains of the soldiers who were killed in Captain Stephenson's battle at Prairie Grove between Lena and McConnell, were taken up and interred with the bodies of the men who fell about Kellog's Grove. The committee and Mr. J. B. Timms, accompanied by W. H. Crotzer, Geo. Roush, S. J. Dodds, Ed. Shoesmith, A. Jones, Wm. Dively and sons, C. Shippy and Levi Robey, found the bodies of the three men, about eighteen inches underground. One of the skeletons was almost intact. The soles and heels of the shoes were well pre- served. Pieces of blankets and blue coats were found. With one skeleton was found a bullet mould, a jack knife, part of a wooden ramrod, about thirty bullets, the handle of a camp knife, several rifle flints, etc. Under another body were found several bullets. One of the men killed here, Charles Eames, was a brother-in-law of James Mitchel, of Freeport. There is a tradition that after the battle, a white man and an Indian were found so tightly clasped in each others arms that they could be separated only by severing the head of the Indian. These men were Charles Eames, Stephen P. Howard, and Michael Lovell. The bones of the men exhumed at Kellog's Grove were fairly well preserved. In one grave, a shattered hip and a flattened bullet were found. The bones of fourteen victims of the Black Hawk War, scattered over the county, in some cases a dozen miles apart, were exhumed and reburied at the base of the monument. Although fifty years had passed, some were in a good state of preservation. The lonely grave of Bennie Scott, the drummer boy, was marked by his initials, B. S., cut on trees near his burial place. The monument was publicly dedicated September 30, 1886. The services were conducted by the William R. Goddard Post, No. 258, G. A. R. of Lena, G. S. Roush commanding. DEDICATION. Two thousand people attended the dedication of the monument, September 30, 1886. At 10:30 A. M. the W. R. Goddard Post and other G. A. R. members present fell into line at command of Commander Roush. The remains of the BLACK HAWK MONUMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 53 fourteen men as they lay in a rough box were viewed for the last time. The pallbearers, Messrs. Peter Yeager, A. S. Crotzer, W. W. Lowis, Isaac Bogen- rief, Henry Bryman and John Winters lifted the box and, followed by the G. A. R. marched with solemn step, following John Van Sickle, fifer, and F. J. Harris, snare drummer, playing a military dirge. The coffin was lowered into its resting place and three volleys were fired over the open grave by a squad of eight from the Lena G. A. R. Post. The post then formed a half circle on the north side of the monument and after music by the Kent and Ward's Grove band, the president of the day delivered over the monument irv--" the following brief words : "Commander of William R. Goddard Post, No. 258, G. A. R., Department of Illinois : I have been authorized by the people of Stephenson County, through their legal representatives, to invite your post to dedicate this memorial shaft to the noble purpose for which it had been erected. I present it to you for dedication." A guard was then placed at the four cor- ners of the monument by Captain Sherry, the flag was raised by the color bearer, Mr. Sisson, the army symbol consisting of a musket and accoutrements were placed against the shaft and the beautiful dedicatory service of the Grand Army of the Republic, appropriately revised for the occasion, was read by Com- mander Roush, assisted by Mr. Charles Waite, representing the) navy, and Captain W. S. Barnes, representing the army, Captain Geo. Sherry and Chap- lain John M. Rees. At the close of the prayer, Commander Roush closed the services as follows : "In the name of the Grand Army of the Republic and of the people of Stephenson County, I dedicate this monument to the memory of the brave men and true, who suffered death but not defeat, at the hands of the red men. I dedicate it to the memory of the pioneer soldiers who fell while valiantly serving their country in the Black Hawk War." The guard of honor with drum, the symbols and the flag was removed ; the salute was given and the dedication of the Black Hawk War monument was complete. At i :3O after the basket picnic, the people assembled in the grove just across the road, north of the monument. A stand had been erected and seats provided. A stirring air was played by the band and Dr. Naramore, of Lena, called the meeting to order. "America" was rendered by the Yellow Creek Quartette, composed of J. P. Betts, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Goodrich and Mr. John Seabold, with Mrs. Hart at the organ. Mr. S. J. Dodds, of Lena, explained that not all of the fourteen bodies were those of soldiers. Two were bodies of drivers; one, Rogers, dying of illness in the cabin and the other, Hallett, being slain in a quarrel by a companion, east of the grove, while St. Vrain was an Indian agent of the government. Mr. J. B. Timms has frequently advocated that the State of Illinois should buy a part, or all, of the site of the battlefield and convert it into a state park. The people of Stephenson County, and especially the young people, may well afford to make the trip to the battlefield and at the foot of the monument, give serious thought to the lives of the men and women of the pioneer days, and especially to the sacrifice of those men who drove back Black Hawk's British band with flintlock guns, and gave up their lives on the battlefields, about Kellog's Grove, now Timms' Grove. 54 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY REUNIONS OF SURVIVORS OF BLACK HAWK WAR. The first reunion of the survivors of the Black Hawk War was held at Lena, on the M. E. camp grounds, August 28, 1891, and an association was formed. Mr. J. B. Timms, of Kent, was chairman of the committee on ar^ rangements and presided at the meeting. The following officers were elected: President, Mr. J. B. Timms, Kent; vice president, H. S. Townsend, War- ren; secretary, Samuel J. Dodds, Lena; treasurer, Wm. Lawhorn, Lena. The Lena Star Band furnished, the music. Judge Andrew Hinds gave the address of welcome. Dr. Monroe, of Monroe, Wisconsin, made a brief response. In the afternoon, the principal address was delivered by Mr. S. J. Dodds. Other speakers were, Hon. Peter Parkinson, of Fayette, Wisconsin, and Hon. Robert R. Hitt, member of Congress from this district. A photograph was taken of seventeen survivors of Black Hawk's War. Mrs. Wm. Lawhorn, who was in Apple River Fort at the time of the Indian attack, gave an interesting account of the event. D. S. Hawley, of Evansville, Wisconsin, sang an Indian song and startled the audience with an Indian war- whoop. The second annual meeting of the survivors of the Black Hawk War was held in Lena, June 24, 1892. The day was stormy and the exercises in the after- noon were held in the Opera House. President J. B. Timms called the meet- ing to order and a welcome address was given by S. J. Dodds. The officers were elected as follows : President, Henry Dodge Dement, Joliet, Illinois ; vice presidents, J. B. Timms, Kent, and H. S. Townsend, Warren, Illinois ; secretary, S. J. Dodds, Lena; treasurer, Wm. Lawhorn, Lena. Hon. Henry Dodge Dement, of Joliet, delivered eloquently the annual ad- dress on the battle of Kellog's Grove. A stirring address was given by Rev. B. H. Cartright, Oregon, Illinois. The third annual reunion was held in a grove near Pearl City, Illinois, June 26 and 27, 1893. The Shannon Cornet Band, and the Pearl City Drum Corps furnished the music. The address of the day was made by General Geo. W. Jones, of Dubuque, who was an officer in the Black Hawk War. General Jones was once senator from Iowa and at this meeting was eighty-nine years old. An address was also given by Mr. Henry Mann, of Darlington, Wis- consin, who was seven years old at the time of the war. He explained that St. Vrains correct name was Savery. An interesting address was given by Gen- eral Smith D. Atkins, of Freeport, and another by Hon. R. R. Hitt. Officers were elected as follows : President, Hon. Peter Parkinson, Fayette, Wisconsin; first vice president, J. B. Timms, Kent ; second vice president, Hon. H. S. Townsend, Warren ; secretary, S. J. Dodds, Lena; treasurer, Henry Mann, Darlington, Wisconsin. The following survivors attended the reunions of the Black Hawk War Sur- vivors Association in 1891, 1892, or 1893: W. G. Nevitt, L. B. Skeel, J. M. Rees, Jacob Burbridge, Peter Parkinson, Cyrus Lichtenberger, Geo. W. Williams, H. S. Townsend, Samuel Hathaway, Henson Ireton, W. D. Monroe, D. S. Hawley, Mrs. Sarah Lawhorn, Mrs. Eliza Rice, Mrs. Jacob Burbridge, Mrs. L. B. Skeel, J. B. Timms, Fred Chel- HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 55 tain, Robert Hawley, Wm. Lawhorn, Henry Mann, General Geo. W. Jones, Samuel L. Dark, D. W. C. Mallory, Samuel Paisley, M. B. Pearsons, W. H. Lee, Colonel Daniel F. Hitt. BLACK HAWK AN HISTORIC PLAY. During the spring of 1910, Miss Alice Bidwell, head of the department of English in the Freeport High School, wrote an historical play based on the Black Hawk War. The play was given by the senior class 1910, of the high school to crowded houses two nights. THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS 1833-1837. The first permanent settlement in Stephenson County was made by Wil- liam Waddams, in West Point Township, at Waddams Grove, in the summer of 1833. Brewster's Ferry was established in the spring of 1834 by Lyman Brewster, near Winslow. In the spring of 1835, James Timms and family set- tled in the cabins at Kellog's Grove. In 1835, Miller Preston, who had evi- dently prospected in the county in 1833, brought a drove of cattle through from Galliopolis, Ohio, and settled in what is now Harlem Township, on section 22 near the old Galena stage road. Benjamin Goddard and family settled between Freeport and Cedarville in December, 1835, and December 19, that year, Wil- liam Baker came to the present site of Freeport and built a cabin before the close of the year on the Pecatonica near the present location of the Illinois Central Railroad station. The first settlers came from the west. The attraction of lead mining was too strong for the time for the simple agricultural and trading life that might be offered in Stephenson County. The tide of settler pioneers swept around or through this county, and went on to Apple River, Galena, Gratiot Grove or Mineral Point. The first man to build a cabin in Stephenson County was a man named Kirker. It appears that he left St. Louis in 1826 and went to the lead mine regions about Galena. Here he was in the employment of Colonel Gratiot for a year. Then in 1827, he came into Stephenson County and built a cabin at Buffalo Grove. His idea was to establish a trading station there. Nothing is known of Kirker after that. He remained in his cabin less than a year and it is very probable that he left because of impending trouble with the Indians. As far as the definite records go, the first white man to cross Stephenson County was Colonel E. H. Gratiot. His father had come to the lead mine district soon after the discovery of lead there. In the fall of 1827, Colonel Gratiot with a single companion, traveled on horseback from Jacksonville, Illinois, to Gratiot's Grove in Wisconsin. After leaving Peoria, Colonel Gratiot and his camp did not see a white man until they reached the Apple River district. There was no ferry at Dixon, and they forded the Rock River at that place. They rode on through Stephenson County by way of Kellog's Grove. The outlying settlements of advancing civilization were approaching Steph- enson County in all directions from 1825 to 1830. Peoria and Ottawa were set- 56 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY tied and the lead mine regions were overflowed from 1824 to 1832. It is be- lieved that there were from seven to ten thousand people in that district in the summer of 1827. Dixon was settled in 1827; Polo in 1831; Rockford in 1835; and Chicago in 1830. In 1827 several men, including William Baker and the Prestons, came into the county. Their stay was only temporary, but Baker in passing what is now Freeport, was impressed with the value of the point as an Indian trading station. From the discovery of lead about Galena, no doubt, many traders and adventurers crossed the county. It is no more than likely that at times the county was visited by those traders and trappers, a kind of Courier de bois, which formed the skirmish line of advancing civilization. They took no permanent possession of the land. They lived in simple log cabins and only to a very small exten engaged in agriculture. They depended mainly on fish and game and the Indians for a living. These were men of a peculiar type; men who were here to enjoy the solitude of the prairie and the forest, and were not cordial to the first permanent settlers who came near their cabins. In fact, they were more antagonistic to the advance of civilization than the Indians themselves. They were silent men, anti-social, by nature constituted in such a way that they preferred life just beyond the frontier set- tlements, between the Indian and civilization. As the line of permanent settle- ments closed about him, he became restless and suspicious and suddenly and quietly, he gathered together his few simple household effects and moved out into the wilds, away from what was to him the monotonous life of permanent civilization. The rule with them was, "When you hear the shot of your neigh- bor's gun, it is time to move on west." George Flower, in his "History of the English Settlements in Edwards County, Illinois," gives us the best description of the home of one of these men who was blazing the way for the advance guard of permanent settlements. "Following a trail through a dense grove, I came suddenly on a worm fence enclosing a small field of fine corn, but I could see no dwelling. Looking closely I observed between two rows of corn a narrow path. In twenty steps, I came in sight of a cabin. Looking in the direction of a voice calling back a savage dog about to attack me, I saw a naked man fanning himself with a branch of a tree. What surprised me as I approached him was the calm, self- possession of the man. There was no surprise, no flutter, no hasty movements. He quietly said, he had just come from mill 35 miles away and was cooling himself. His cabin was 14 feet long, 12 feet wide and 7 feet high. The floor was of earth. There was a bedstead made by driving four posts in the ground. The posts were sprouting and had buds, branches and leaves growing upon them. A small three-legged stool and a rickety clapboard table were the only other furniture. Two heavy puncheons made up the door. The culinary ap- paratus for this family of seven, consisted of a rim of an old wire sieve fur- nished with a piece of buckskin, with holes punched through it for sifting the corn meal, a skillet and a coffee pot. There was an axe at the door and a rifle leaned against the wall. The man and his boys wore suits of buckskin and the wife and her three daughters wore dresses of flimsy calico, sufficiently soiled AX OX TEAM OF THK KAIU.Y DAY; OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 57 and not without rents. The wife was a dame of some thirty years, square built and squat, sallow and smoke-dried, with bare legs and feet. Her pride was in her two long braids of shining black hair which hung far down her back. Two or three slices of half dried haunch and a few corn pones made us a relishing supper. As night advanced, my host, Captain Birk, reached up among the clapboards and pulled down a dried hogskin for my especial comfort and re- pose. The entire family of seven slept in the one bed and I lay my hogskin upon the floor and myself upon it." Such was the type of home life among these peculiar men who lived always just beyond the borders of our civilization. Yet they served a purpose. They broke out the trails. They were experts with the axe and aided the settlers to build their cabins. Then, when the settlements crowded about them, they moved on to live alone, without neighbors, without law and beyond the irksome restraints of law and civil government. Yet in our midst we have after types of these men, who yield grudgingly, small pittances to public good, unsocial to the end. The close of the War of 1812 and the crushing defeat of Tecumseh in 1811 had paved the way for the great advance. The Winnebago scare gave a slight check to the advancing tide, and the Black Hawk's "bad heart," threats of war, and the war itself kept back the would-be immigrants. The removal of Keokuk and the peaceful Sacs and Foxes into Iowa and the final defeat of Black Hawk and the restriction of his power at the battle of the Bad Axe, August 2, 1832, removed the last formidable barriers to the permanent occupation of Stephen- son County. The settlements followed closely on the defeat of Black Hawk. He was defeated August 2, 1832, and in the fall of that year, William Wad- dams came into the county and selected the site at Waddams Grove as a good place to settle. In the spring of the next year, 1833, as stated above, he built his house and brought his family. William Waddams moved from Jo Daviess County into Stepljenson County. He had first lived down on the Ohio River, then in southern Indiana, then near Peoria, Illinois, then in Galena when he built the first water mill, Shullsburg, Wisconsin, Apple River, and White Oak Springs. He was evidently pleased with the country at Waddams, for here he remained till death. The first permanent home built in Stephenson County was the typical fron- tier log cabin. It was, in fact, hewed out of the forest. The trees were se- lected, cut down and shaped into logs, notched near the ends. The rafters and joints were cut and split out of the green saplings. The puncheon floor was of the usual order. The boards were rived on the ground and the window frames were smoothed up by use of a jack-knife. The great fireplace occupied almost all of one end of the house. Such a house could be built, as many of them were, with no other tools but an axe and an auger. A thatched roof log barn was quickly built and afforded protection for grain and stock. Mr. Waddams was a native of the State of New York and Mrs. Waddams of the State of Vermont. There were no schools in the first years of Mr. Waddams life in Illinois but, being interested in the education of his children, he procured the services of a private teacher for his children. He was forty-seven years old when he built the first permanent residence in this county on section 13, in 58 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY West Point Township. He was a man of decided opinions and in politics was first a whig and then a republican. Mr. Waddams was the pilot who led the way for many a family into Stephenson County. Many a settler partook of his hospitality while on his way to select a claim here. Frequently he hitched his team to the end of the newcomer's wagon tongue and pulled him through mud holes or across the fords on the Pecatonica. He was for a long time justice of the peace, and earned the title of Squire Waddams. One of his specialties as justice was marriages. On such occasions, joy was unrestrained and rule was "to let melody flow," and "all was as happy as the marriage bells." The "fiddle" played an important part, and the old time "fiddler" who knew not one note from another sawed to hearts content way into the morning hours on "Fisher's Hornpipe," "The Devil Lookin' up the Lane," "Dan Tucker," "The Squawking Hen," etc. The dancing if not as finely polished as today was quite as full of glee and vigorous enthusiasm. In the fall of 1834 the Robeys came to Stephenson County. Levi settled in Waddams Township, February 14, 1835, and his father took up a claim near Cedarville. Of the Robeys there were, Wm. Robey and wife, Levi Robey and wife and John, Wm. W., Thomas L., Frances L., Elizabeth and Mary, all children of Wm. Robey. Levi Robey's grandfather was in George Rogers Clarke's army when it conquered the Northwest Territory in 1778-9. With an axe and a jack-knife, Levi Robey built a log house on his claim in 1835. With a yoke of steers, he hauled the logs over the river on the ice. The logs were with great difficulty placed in position, but he persevered until he had completed his frontier home. George W. Lott had settled in a cabin between Winslow and Oneco. It is claimed that a son was born in the Lott family in 1835. If true, this was the. first white child born in the county. Others claim that the first white child born in the township was Amanda Waddams, born at the Waddams home in February, 1836. Lucy, the daughter of Dr. Bankson, was also born early in 1836, and the honor of being the first white child born in the county is also claimed for her. In 1835, James Timms and family moved from Jo.Daviess County into Stephenson County and settled at Kellog's Grove. Mr. Timms bought the old Kellog site from a man named Green, who got his title from Lafayette, a French adventurer who was the next in possession after Kellog. Lafayette left at the opening of the Black Hawk War. The old house stood till 1862, when a new house was built on the site. Mr. Timms was a native of South Carolina and his wife a native of New York. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk War and his family was pro- tected in Funk's Fort and in the Apple River Fort during the war. One son, James B. Timms, living at Kellog's Grove, was then a boy four years old. Many settlers came into Stephenson County in the year of 1835. Benjamin Goddard settled north of Freeport, stopping first with Mr. Robey. Luman and Rodney Montague and William Tucker settled near Waddams Grove. Hubb and Graves built a cabin near that of Levi Robey in Waddams Township. Richard Parriott, Sr., George Trotter, Henry and William Hollenbeck located in Buckeye Township. Nelson Waite, Charles Gappen, Alijah Warson, John HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 59 and Thomas Baker and William Willis settled in Waddams. In Winslow Township settled Alvah Denton, Lemuel Streator, Hector W. Kneeland, and James and W. H. Eels, Jefferson and Louis Van Metre settled in Oneco. John B. Kaufmann in Erin; Miller Preston, to Harlem; Jesse Willett, Calvin and Jabez Giddings, to Kent; Albert Alberson and Eli Frankenberger, and Josiah Blackmore to Rock Grove; Thomas Grain and family to Silver Creek; Conrad Vam Brocklin and Mason Dimmick and Otis Love and family to Florence. Thomson Wilcoxen spent part of the year in the county and settled permanently in Harlem the next year. Harvey P. Waters and Lyman Bennett spent the winter near the mouth of Yellow Creek and in the spring settled in Ridott township, where they were joined by A. J. Niles. Probably the most important settlement in some ways in 1835, was that of William Baker, who built a trading post and established his family in a cabin on the banks of the Pecatonica River at the foot of Stephenson Street in the city of Freeport. Baker had picked out the site earlier and in 1835, with his son, Frederick, and his family, began the history of Freeport. William Baker came from Orange County, Indiana. He first moved to Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1823, and in the spring of 1827 came to the lead mine region in Jo Daviess County. In 1829, they went back to Peoria, and in 1852 went to the lead mine country in Lafayette County, Wisconsin. The Bakers had come north just in time to get into the thick of the Black Hawk War. To escape the dangers from Indians, the family "forted" in Fort De- fiance. Baker and his son, Fred, returned to this county and December 19, 1835, built the cabin above mentioned which was the first house built in the city of Freeport. Mrs. Baker came the following February. Having com- pleted a hewn log home, Baker and Benjamin Goddard with an ox team and " wagon drove into Wisconsin to bring the family to the new home. -It was a long and tedious journey, over unbroken, February roads. But through all the difficulties and dangers, there was the inspiration that lifts up every family as it moves into a new home. In due time the ox team was back again, and Mrs. William Baker was the first white woman to live in the limits of the present"^? city of Freeport. Mr. William Baker then entered and owned the land on which the city of Freeport now stands. Before his wife arrived Baker, assisted by Benjamin Goddard and George Whiteman, erected another log mansion near the first. They were assisted in raising it by Fred Baker, Miller Preston and Jos. Van Sevit. Baker was favorably impressed with the location and decided to establish an Indian trading post and a hotel. A tribe of Winnebagoes was still in the community and the tavern would be able to earn something from immigrants who were sure to be coming through to the west. He also established a ferry, and did a fair business bringing people across the Peca- tonica. Mr. Baker was not here long before he became convinced that here was a desirable location for a village. That is why he laid claim to all the land of the present city. Besides, it cost him only the fee at the Dixon land office. The next move was to organize a land company and Baker secured as partners, William Kirkpatrick and W. T. Galbraith. This was the first organization in Freeport, a real estate firm, under the title of Baker, Kirkpatrick, Galbraith & Co. The purpose of this company was to offer inducements to immigrants. 60 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY They anticipated a large increase in westward bound settlers and were prepared to exploit the advantages and prospects of the village to be. The town was laid out early in 1836, in the north part of the northeast portion of section 31. This was later removed because the Indians when they had sold their lands had reserved certain tracts to the half-breeds, to be selected in any part of the territory they might choose. As soon as it became known that Baker, Kirk- patrick & Co. had laid out a town, Mary Myott located her claim on this sec- tion and the town builders moved their stakes farther west. Later, John A. Clark obtained title to this section and calling it Winneshiek Addition, opened it to settlement. In 1836, Baker & Co. put up two log cabins, one at the corner of Galena and Chicago Streets, and one opposite the monument on Stephenson Street. Mr. L. O. Crocker built a small hut on the banks of the river and in the fall occu- pied it as a store. The real estate visions of the company seemed to brighten in 1836. During the year O. H. Wright, Joel Dodds, Hiram Eads, Jacob Good- heart, John Hinkle, James Burns, William, Samuel and Robert Smith, John Brown, Benjamin R. Wilmot and several others came in, so that when winter arrived there was quite a colony in the new location. F. D. Bulkley came but settled on Silver Creek township and E. H. D. Sanborn settled in Harlem. A few points of interest have been preserved in regard to these earliest set- tlers. Luman Montague, above mentioned, was of English descent. He was a native of Bennington, Vermont. He married Miss Elmira Clark in Massa- chusetts and, soon after, with his young bride set out on a marvelous honey- moon trip. With an ox team and wagon in 1835, they drove the entire 1,000 miles from Northampton, Massachusetts, to Stephenson County, and settled on section 18 in West Point Township. The first Montague to come to America was Richard, who settled in Hadley, Massachusetts, 1660. With an ax alone, Luman Montague built his log home in this county. He set out the first nursery and one time had an orchard of 1,200 trees. Hubbard Graves had learned the stone cutter's trade on the Scioto, in Ohio. He married and came first to Hennepin, Illinois. He settled in Waddams Town- ship, 1835, and built his cabin before the land was surveyed. He sold this claim and took two others in Rock Grove Township. He was the first sheriff of Stephenson County and was a member of the legislature from 1842-1844. Richard Parriott, Sr., was a native of Tyler County, West Virginia. He came to southern Illinois in 1826, settled in Indiana a short time, and then through Stephenson County to Green Bay, Wisconsin, in 1835, and not finding anything to suit him returned to this county and settled in Buckeye township. George Trotter, also an early settler in Buckeye was a native of Bourbon County, Kentucky, and first came with his father's family to Springfield, Illinois. He walked from Springfield to the lead mine region and secured employment in a smelter at $16 a month. He enlisted for the Black Hawk War and was in the battle of the Wisconsin River and the Bad Axe. After the war, with his wife and two children, two horses, two oxen and a wagon, he drove to Honey Creek, Wisconsin, but not being pleased there, returned to this county and set- tled in Buckeye Township, 1835. Not having money to enter his land, he held it as a claim till he secured a title. James and W. H. Eels drove from HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 61 New York to LaSalle County, Illinois, and in 1835 came on to Stephenson County, settling in Winslow township and built a double hewed log house. In 1836, they moved to Ransomberg and built another log house and made it into a tavern, where was held the first election that occurred in that section. The nearest mill in 1835 was at Gratiot, Wisconsin, and it was a poor corn cracker. Galena was the nearest place for supplies and the nearest post office. It often cost 25 cents to get a letter out of the office and this the settlers did not always have, as coin was a scarce article. But a letter from the home folks way down east was highly prized, and the good natured postmaster frequently let the pioneers have the letters on "tick." At the age of 17, W. H. Eels pur- chased his "time" from his father for $250. He then worked for $16 a month on a farm and in 1838 bought a yoke of oxen. Later he bought a claim of 160 acres in Winslow Township and married in 1841. He owned the first threshing machine in that section. He was a great reader, and was admitted to the bar in 1872. T. J. Van Metre came west as a boy from Ohio to the lead mines. He served in the Black Hawk War, and in 1836 came to Oneco, paying $100 for a claim of 150 acres. In 1837 ne made a horseback trip to Cincinnati. Thus were laid the foundations for the history of Stephenson County. It had its beginning with one family, that of William Waddams in 1833, a t Wa'd- dams Grove, 77 years ago. The next year, 1834, saw several new settlements. The year 1835 closed with a large number of additional settlers of high quality. These settlements formed centers scattered in every direction, around which the county was to be built up. In addition to the those mentioned above, there were many others whose names have not been preserved. While the popula- tion was yet small and the settlements isolated, yet the tide of immigration had set in strong, and the rapid occupation of the county was assured. The settlers were pleased with the outlook and sent back east glowing reports of the climate and the resources of the county, telling in words of praise of "The beautiful land, with her broad, billowy prairies, replete with buds and blossoms, with her wooded fastnesses, in which the deer and smaller game roamed at pleasure ; of the water power that the streams would afford, and many other items of interest which conspired to render the country not only fascinating to the traveler, but productive under the horny hand of toil." The following letter written in 1837 from Damascus to New York, affords a good description of the county and the favor with which the new country was looked upon by the early settlers. It was written by Nelson Martin, who rode through from New York to Damascus on horseback. It was written to Norman Phillips, who later that same year settled at Damascus. Pekatonica River, Tan. 15, 18^7. Dear Friends: Agreeable to my promise last fall I will atempt to inform you of our journey, healths, and situation. I believe I gave you the outlines of our journey as far as Chicago, while I was there, we left there about the first of Dec. ; the ground was froze just enough to make good wheeling, and we should have got here in four days, but Rock River was impassable which detained us about four days longer, but the journey was pleasant all the way through and we saw a great many pleasant looking places, but I saw no place on the way that fills 62 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY my eye equal to this. I think Father has made the best choice there is on the river for twenty miles. The land lies just as you could wish it, there is a rise of land on the south side of the river (or rather on the west for the river runs nearly north and south here). It extends up and down the river nearly half a mile back fom the river, and between the river and this rise is about three hun- dred acres of what is called River Bottom as beautiful as you ever saw. Then across the river from this is the timber, but back of this rise I mentioned is beautiful rolling prairie as you would wish to see and it's well watered. There is some timber on this side of the river, and three or four miles back from us is a grove of timber that almost surrounds us. This grove breaks off the north and west winds and makes it quite pleasant. The timber land lies the opposite side of the river, I think we have the best lot of timber here that I have seen since I left York State. The timber land lies beautiful, not only so, but we have two as good mill sites as there is in the country. I should like it much if we had a good sawmill in operation. Lumber is very high and hard to be got, al- most the whole country south of us depends on this river for lumber, but we don't think of that at present. We are getting our Rail Stuff acrost to do our fencing, we calculate to fence about two hundred acres next spring, we have between 20 and 25 acres broke ready for corn and team enough to break as much as we can work. Mr. Phillips, I wish you was here to help us till this beautiful land, it looks to me as if it would work as easy as a bed of ashes and they tell me it produces like a garden, the. whole of it, I think you can't help but like it. I have been over the place a great deal, and the more I see of it the better I like it. If you come here next summer you will of course come by water to Chicago, to this place it is one hundred and twenty miles from Chicago. There is a new road laid out from Chicago to Galena. It's much nearer than the old road. Father thinks to meet you at Chicago if we get some more teams, if not it would be difficult, as we shall have to make use of all we have at that season on the farm. Write at all events what time you will be there. Phebe Ann, I think if you come out here in less than six months you will be as healthy as ever you was. The climate and water here is peculiarly adapted to constitutions like yours. It never has failed to cure yet and I have heard of a number of cases of the kind and I think you will like our neighbors. We have but a few of them but what there is is York State People and they are very fine respectable obliging neighbors and I am well pleased with them and I think you must be. Tell William we have a claim for him and I think he will be pleased with it. It lies handsome and it's well watered. Josephine was so pleased with the place that we had to mark a claim for her about the first thing. Tell William Stewart if he wants a farm here is the place. There is good chances yet but the country is selling so fast that I think it will be all taken up in less than a year where there is any chance for timber." Respects to all. About 1840 a newspaper man passing through the county gave the follow- ing description in the Madison Express: "Since I have been here I have been about the county considerably, and am well convinced that it is well deserving of the high reputation it has attained. From Rockford to Freeport the road passes through one continuous prairie, with the exception of a grove about a ' : - c '-^r : A. W. FORD'S JEWELRY STORE. 1855 OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY 63 mile in length. The prairie is quite rolling, in many places amounting to hifls with an uncommonly rich and fertile soil. There is in this county less waste land on account of sloughs and marshy places than in most prairie countries with which I am acquainted. Yet the land is admirably well watered, there being a clear creek nearly every mile, wending its way through the prairie to the Pecatonica River. These, I am told, originate in springs, the water always being clear and pure and the streams never dry. The banks of the creeks are usually high and the land on either side of the water's edge, is perfectly dry. A heavy body of timber is to be found on the north side of the Pecatonica River, the best growth I have ever found in the state. It is mainly oak, and in many places we find a variety of timber." Many of the early settlers came from two sources. One was from the men who were attracted to the lead mine regions. Many of these men passed through Stephenson County by way of the old Kellog trail. They were impressed by the beauty and the wealth of the agricultural resources of the county and, in due time, when fortunes did not hastily develop in the lead regions, they thought of necessity to return to the slower but surer road to competence agriculture. Remembering what they had seen of this county and its oppor- tunities, they turned back to the eastward along the old trail and from Wad- dams and Kellog's Groves, they took up claims along the valleys of Yellow Creek and the Pecatonica. Another source of settlement was the soldiers of Black Hawk's War. They too had crossed and recrossed the county and had not failed to be impressed by its opportunities and resources. The Indians were driven out and many of the veterans of the war, returned here with their families to take up claims. The land down the state was well taken and prices had advanced. But here, they could own a quarter section, for a small payment to the land office at Dixon. For the most part, they were progressive and courageous men and good citizens, who were not afraid to leave a settled community to find larger opportunities amidst the dangers and privations of life on the front wave of civilization. Naturally a few worthless characters drifted into the county. They had been undesirable citizens in the east and in the older communities, and had been compelled to go towards the west. But here they found too many people of the better class and many of them soon moved on to the farther west. The settlers here were devoted to industry and to orderly civil government. It was not an enticing place for the idle or the outlaw. Mr. Lyman Brewster settled in the county and built a ferry near Winslow in the spring of 1834. Lyman Brewster was a native of Vermont. He settled first in Tennessee. From Tennessee he moved his family to Peru, Illinois, and in '1834 settled in Winslow township where he entered a claim, built a cabin, cleared 80 acres of ground and opened Brewster's Ferry, the first on the Peca- tonica. He soon thereafter rented the ferry to William Robey and returned to Peru. In 1835, Lemuel W. Streator purchased the Brewster property, the ferry and 640 acres for $4,000, which was paid to the Brewster heirs, Lyman Brewster having died at Peru. In 1836, Stewart and McDavel opened a store in Ransomberg. Later they moved to Oneco. George Payne also stopped at 64 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Brewster's Ferry that year, and George W. Lott built a shanty in the present limits of Winslow. Others who settled near Winslow were Harry and Jerry Waters and A. C. Ransom. RANSOMBERG. Mr. Ransom was a real-estate man, a promoter with a powerful imagina- tion. He has the honor of having laid out the first town in Stephenson County. Of course, it was a paper town, located about 1^/2 miles below Brewster's Ferry. At this time, 1834, speculation in western lands was quite general throughout the east. The good times dating from 1825 had caused a great boom all over the United States. Abundant issues of paper money and wild- cat banking schemes and lotteries filled the public mind with a spirit of specu- lation. Towns were platted in the wilderness of the west and although the location was indefinite, the circulars were so attractive and the spirit of specula- tion so high that many men bought corner lots in these paper cities at unwar- ranted prices. The country was passing through a period of feverish excite- ment. Mr. A. C. Ransom's makeup was such that he was caught up in the wild speculation enthusiasm of the day. He entered a tract of land below Brewster's Ferry and set his imagination to work building up a modern town in the wilder- ness. The land was surveyed and platted. Charts and maps were drawn up such as would induce the investor to part with his money. The map of the proposed city was illustrated in attractive colors, and showed streets and ave- nues in beautiful and regular arrangement. The map showed beautiful parks, made attractive by shrubbery, fountains and statuary. Wharves extended into the Pecatonica were shown, and on the painted river, a painted steamboat gave signs of the commercial advantages of the wilderness. Mr. Ransom added a touch of reality to the game by establishing a store in his city. Land agents, however, failed to make many sales at fabulous prises, regardless of the great inducements offered. The people were too unimaginative and too conservative, for they seemed to invest real money in real values. Yet, it is maintained that Mr. Ransom sold a corner lot to an eager buyer in St. Louis for $500. The scheme failed and Mr. Ransom, disappointed, went to Texas, and a plain, unadorned cornfield occupies the site of the once beautifully illustrated paper city of Ransomberg. Simon Davis, Andrew Clarno and John M. Curtis settled in Oneco town- ship in 1834. Some claim an earlier date but this is not certain. Clarno set- fled on Honey Creek and Davis near Oneco. In 1835, Lorin and Fred Remay opened farms in the same section as did also Ralph Hildebrand and Jonas Strohm. In the spring of 1835, John Goddard settled in Buckeye township, and Jones and Lucas came in the fall. Andrew St. John, Ira, Job and Daniel Holley in 1836. The next year besides those mentioned elsewhere, G. W. Clingman, J. Tharp, Jackson Richart, Lazarus Snyder, Jacob Brown and Joseph Green opened farms in Buckeye. In 1836, Andrew Jackson and Jefferson Niles built a shanty on the east bank of the Pecatonica in Ridott Township. Others who settled in Ridott that year were Sawyer Forbes, Daniel Wooten, Horace HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 65 Colburn, Mr. Wickham, John Reed. The Ridott settlement was strengthened in 1837 by the arrival of Caleb Thompkins, G. A. Seth, Isaac and Eldridge Far- well, Garrett Floyd, Norman, Levi, Isaac and Orsemus Brace. In 1835, in the fall, Jesse Willet opened a farm near that of James Timms in Kent. Four miles north, Calvin and Jabez Giddings settled; Gilbert Osbern joined the Kent colony in the fall of 1836. Levi Wilcoxen built a mill on Richard Creek on the present site of Sciota Mills in 1836. John Lewis put in the water wheel and Mr. Wilcoxen was as- sisted by the following: John Edwards, George Cockerell, William Goddard, Alpheus Goddard, Peter Smith, Wesley Bradford, Homer Graves and John As- comb. The mill began work in August of 1836. William Kirkpatrick, it is believed by many, built a mill on Yellow Creek at Mill Grove, Loran -town- ship in 1836. Some say the date is 1839. Kirkpatrick was a member of the Freeport firm of Baker, Kirkpatrick, Galbraith & Co. Benson Mcllhenny settled near Hickory Grove, Dakota township, in 1836. Albert Alberson and Jonathan Corey settled at Rock Grove in 1836. Eli Frankenberger came the same year, and Louisa Frankenberger was the first white child born in Rock Grove Township. The year 1837 stands as a milestone in the history of Stephenson County. This year, the county was organized and civil government was established within its present boundaries. Up to this time the settlers had been under the jurisdiction of Jo Daviess County. The seat of government at Galena, however, was so far away that as an old settler put it, "but few of the people of Stephenson County knew they were under the government of Jo Daviess County." In fact, from the settlement of William Waddams, 'at Waddams in 1833 tiM J 837, there was no real civil government in Stephenson County. That does not mean, however, that there was no government. There was little lawlessness and anarchy did not prevail. The people who came into the county did what the English settlers have always done. They observed a cer- tain "unwritten" law, and when necessary organized to protect their interests and rights. During this period, undesirables were piloted beyond the settle- ments and warned not to return. The State Legislature in session at Vandalia, on March 4th, 1837, passed an act providing for the organization of Stephenson County. The act is as follows : "Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly, that all that tract of country within the following boundaries, to-wit: Commencing on the northern boundary of the state, where the section line between sections three and four, in town 29 North, Range 5, east of the principal meridian, strikes said line, and thence east on the northern boundary line of the state, to the range line between Ranges 9 and 10 East, thence south on said range line to the northern boundary of Ogle County, thence west on the northern boundary of Ogle County to and passing the northeast corner of the county to the line between sections 33 and 34, in Township 26 North, Range 5, east to the place of beginning, shall form a county to be called Stephenson, as a tribute of respect to the late Colonel Benjamin Stephenson. Section 2. An election shall be held at the house of William Baker, in said 66 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY county on the first Monday of May next, for one sheriff, one coroner, one recorder, one county surveyor, three county commissioners, and one clerk of the county commissioners court, who shall hold their offices till the next suc- ceeding general elections, and until their successors are elected and qualified; which said election shall be conducted in all respects agreeable to the law reg- ulating elections. Provided that the qualified voters present may elect from their own number three qualified voters to act as judges of said election, who shall appoint two qualified voters to act as clerks." THE FIRST ELECTION. There was great rejoicing in the county over this act -of the State Legislature. It meant much to the few struggling settlements. The fact that the county was to be organized as a separate political unit, with a county seat and county offi- cials would be a big advertisement for the county in the east. That would mean that Stephenson County would get her share of immigrants who were sure to be coming west. The next step was the election. The Legislature had set the first Monday of May as election day and had designated the house of William Baker as the voting place. The men selected to act as judges of the election were Orleans Daggett, James W. Fowler and Thomas J. Turner. They selected Benjamin Goddard and John C. Wickham- to act as clerks. The election passed off without excitement. It was too early for factions and party organizations to be formed. The number of votes cast was 121. William Kirkpatrick was elected sheriff; Lorenzo Lee, coroner; Orestes H. Wright, commissioner's clerk and recorder; Lemuel W. Streator, Isaac S. Forbes and Julius Smith, commissioners; and Frederick D. Bukley, county surveyor. These officials were duly qualified and took up their respect- ive duties. May 8, 1837, the county commissioners court held its first meeting, accord- ing to law, and the officials previously elected were qualified. The first session, it is maintained, was held in the residence of O. H. Wright. The court then laid off the county in election precincts, as follows : Freeport precinct began at the southeast corner of Central precinct, south to the south line of the county, west to the east line of Waddams precinct, north to the south line of Central precinct and east to he place of beginning. Seth Scott, A. O. "Preston and L. O. Crocker were appointed judges of election. Central precinct commenced at the northwest corner of Silver Creek pre- cinct, south five miles, west 13 miles, north to the southwest corner of Brewster precinct, thence east to the place of beginning. Ira Jones, Levi Lucas and Alpheus Goddard were appointed judges. Brewster precinct commenced at the northwest corner of Rock Grove pre- cinct, running south 6 miles, west n miles, north to the state line and east to the place of beginning. L. R. Hull, John M. Curtiss and N. E. Ransom were appointed judges. Rock Grove precinct began at the northeastern corner of the county and ran south 6 miles, thence west 9 miles, thence north to the state line, thence east to point of starting. J. R. Blackmore, Johnathan Cora and Eli Franken- berger were appointed judges. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 67 Waddams precinct began at the northwest corner of Brewster precinct, south to the south line of the county, west on the county line to the west line of the county, north to the north line of the county, and east to the point of starting. William Waddams, Othmiel Preston and John Garner were appointed judges of election. Silver Creek precinct commenced at the southeast corner of Rock Grove pre- cinct, south to the south line of the county, 7 miles west, north to the line of Rock Grove precinct, thence east to place of beginning. In this manner, the county commissioners laid off the county in six large precincts. Each one, however, contained only a small number of straggling set- tlers. This act paved the way for local government in the subdivisions of the county. While this first court was in session, a man who had imbibed too freely of "Corn juice" became boisterous and started out to paint the town red. The fellow was arrested by the newly elected sheriff, Kirkpatrick, and locked up in William Baker's root house till he sobered off. He was then released without fine or trial. There was, as yet, no jail. Prior to county organization, unde- sirables were shown the way out of the settlement, which was less expensive, at least, than boarding them in the county bastile. Besides, in those days there was an excellent spirit of fair play and there was little necessity for police because every man in those frontier settlements was amply able to take care of himself. Otherwise, he would have remained east. The commissioners evidently were "insurgents." Today they would not hesitate to pass laws regulating railroads and other corporations. At their first session they undertook to regulate, in the interest of public welfare, the only public service institution there doing business, the hotels. The court passed an ordinance, prohibiting inn-keepers from charging more than 2>7 1 / 2 cents for a meal, 12^4 cents for a night's lodging and 25 cents for a measure of oats and the same price for a horse to hay over night. LOCATING THE COUNTY SEAT. The State Legislature had appointed three men, Vance L. Davidson, Isaac Chambers and Miner York, to locate the county seat. This kept up consid- erable excitemenfc among the settlers till the location was agreed upon. Propo- sitions and petitions came in from all parts of the county where any consider- able settlement had been made. Each section set forth its particular claims and pressed them with great persistence. The two strongest contenders were Cedar- ville and Freeport. Cedarville's claim was that it was near the center of the county. Its claims were pushed by Thompson and Rezin Wilcoxen. But it was a case of an argument of real town against a "paper" town. Cedarville, as a village, was yet to be built. It was not surveyed or laid out. Freeport had been surveyed and laid out, contained a half dozen houses, a store, a hotel, trading post, a kind of ferry and a saloon. Besides, it seems, the business men of Freeport got busy. The land company that had laid out the town, offered to give $6,500 for the erection of county buildings and William Baker, mer- chant, real-estate dealer and promoter, offered the additional argument that 68 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY besides donating the lot for the county buildings each of the commissioners should receive a lot. Many, including the Rev. F. C. Winslow, claimed that these "inducements" influenced the judgment of the three commissioners and prejudiced their decision in locating the county seat. Whatever the truth may be, in June, 1837, the commissioners set forth the following proclamation : We, the commissioners appointed by the Legislature of the State of Illinois, to lo- cate the county seat of Stephenson County and state aforesaid, have located said Seat of Justice, on the northwest quarter of section 31, in Township 27, North, Range 8, east of the fourth principal Meridian, now occupied and claimed by William Kirkpatrick & Co., William Baker and Smith Galbraith. Whereunto we have set our hands and seals this I2th day of June, A. D. 1837. (Signed.) The real town o'f houses and business had won out against the theoretical. Whatever the inducements may have been, if there were any at all, there have been few people to criticise the judgment of the commissioners in locating the county seat at Freeport. THE NAME FREEPORT. Until 1836 the settlement at Freeport was called "Winneshiek," after the Winnebago chief of that name who had his village where the Illinois Central station now stands. It is not known who named it Winneshiek, it probably being taken up by consent. The following origin of the name "Freeport" has been handed down by tradition and may be true. William Baker, as beiore related, had established a tavern on the river front. Baker was a hospitable gentlemen, largely by natural disposition, and in part because he was our first real-estate agent. Newcomers were given the glad hand in true frontier fash- ion, and the latchstring was always out at Baker's. Many of these strangers were entertained by Baker without charge. This process levied heavily upon the stock of provisions at Baker's and kept Mrs. Baker hard at work. Mrs. Baker finally becoming tired of the business and annoyed by Baker's reck- less hospitality, gave vent to her feelings one morning at breakfast and an- nounced that henceforth the place should be called free port. The incident spread immediately over the community and the citizens thereafter called the town Freeport. A post-office was established in 1837 in a small room on Galena Street and B. R. Wilmot was appointed postmaster, the first in the county. Previous to that time, Thomas Grain of Grain's Grove had received mail for Freeport and carried it to the settlers, collecting the dues from the recipients of letters. He got the mail from the Funk stages. Postage on a letter ran from 18% to 25 cents. Wilmot was postmaster till 1840. The county had now been organized, named, the county seat located and named, and officials had been elected. Much county history had been made from the time that William Waddams made the first permanent settlement in 1833 to the first county election in 1837. Stephenson County had passed from the "inter-regnum" of rule w ; t''ort Inw into an organized civil government. The land company had made considerable improvements in Freeport in 1837, reaching to Stephenson Street. Wilmot and the Hollenbecks had built cabins. STEPHEXSOX COfXTY JAIL OLD ENGIXE IIOt'SE WHERE CITY HALL NOW STANDS LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 69 An occasional circuit rider may have held a few meetings in the county and in 1836 it is claimed that Father McKean preached the first sermon in Free- port. The son of Lemuel Streator died in Winslow township. In 1836 Amanda VVaddams was born at Waddams. The first marriage is a question of doubt. This distinction is claimed for a Mr. Gage and Malindy Eels at Ransomberg in 1836, and by Dr. W. G. Bank- son and Phoebe McComber in the fall of 1836. Both, it is claimed, were mar- ried by Squire William Waddams. There is absolute evidence of the latter. The first marriage after the organization of the county was that of Eunice Waddams, daughter of William Waddams, to George Place, July 4, 1837. Squire Levi Robey performed the ceremony. The wedding was a quiet af- fair. Mrs. Place lived for years in the house built by her father in 1833. July 24, 1837, James Blain and Kate Marsh were married at the home of James Timms at Kellog's Grove. May 24, 1837, Harvey M. Timms was born at Kellog's Grove, being one of the earliest births recorded in the county's his- tory. Emma Eads died in Freeport in 1836 in a two-story frame building used as a tavern at the foot of Stephenson Street. Thomas Milburn and a man named Reed lost their lives in the Pecatonica in 1837, a short distance west of Ridott. The men crossed the river in a dugout, on their way to work. One morning accompanied by a Mr. Wooten, a stepson of Thomas Grain, they started forth in the dugout to cross the river. The current was swift and the clumsy boat upset. Reed and Milburn were unable to swim and after making vain efforts to cling to the boat, both were drowned. Wooten was a fair swimmer and after a desperate struggle, reached the opposite shore. The settlers near by were aroused by Wooten, the river was dragged and after many laborious hours the bodies were brought to the shore. A large emigrant wagon served as a hearse and the men were buried on a hillside. After the grave was dug, the bodies were laid in and covered with hazel brush, and the grave filled up with dirt. It was a simple, plain burial, but in those days lumber for boxes or rude caskets was not easily obtained. Such a grave was not secure. A few days later a man passing by found that the wolves had dug into the grave and the fustian trousers of one of the men were exposed. The passerby threw in some dirt and securing a large block of wood, drove it into the opening. The grave was not molested thereafter and the place was a point of interest for years. The winter of 1836-7 was an exceedingly hard one. The small and scat- tered settlements in the county suffered not less than the Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth in 1620. The cold was intense and the cabins built without foun- dations, and left with many "chinks," were more readily ventilated than heated. It is difficult to realize the hardships of the early settlers, and an in- sight into their primitive lives is bound to fill this generation with pride for the courage and perseverance of those who first settled here. 1837- It is hardly conceivable that a person who settled in this county as one of the pioneers in 1837 would be living today, active and vigorous, and in the 70 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY full possession of the mental faculties. Yet, it is true. In Cedarville there lives probably the most remarkable resident of the county, Mrs. Maria Simp- son Clingman. She was born in Scioto County, Ohio, December 12, 1809, being now in her loist year. She lives in a pleasant home in Cedarville with her son, William Clingman, a veteran of the Civil War. When the writer called to see her, August 2, 1910, he found her cheerfully pulling a few weeds in the garden. It was a rare privilege to sit and listen to her tell the story of early days and turn the pages of seventy-three years of history. She married Josiah Cling-man in 1830 and in 1835, with two children, the family moved first to Putnam and then to LaSalle County, Illinois. The fam- ily came by boat down the Ohio and up the Mississippi and the Illinois to La- Salle. Jack Ritchie drove the ox team and wagon across the country. Land was well settled up about LaSalle and in 1836, on horseback, Josiah Clingman came into Stephenson and selected a claim north of Cedarville. In 1837 he brought his family to settle on the claim. With a horse hitched on in front of his ox team, Mr. Clingman, his wife and three children, George, Mary and Chester, the latter being born in LaSalle County, with the simple household goods stored in a hogshead, a cow and calf following behind, drove into Cedarville. Mrs. Clingman says that at that time, the only evidence of settlers in the present village was a little log shack and a mill claim. As they drove past the present mill site, Mr. Clingman remarked that a mill was to be built there. When asked why he knew that he pointed out two logs that had been cut and laid across each other near the rapids, he said it was the mark of a mill claim and that was respected on the frontier. The rule was that the man had the right of claim who did the first work. These logs had been placed by John Goddard, who sold his claim to Dr. Van Valzah that same year. Josiah Clingman had begun a log house when he took up his claim the year before. While a roof was being put on the house, the family stayed with Levi Lucas, whose one room was small enough but whose hospitality was unlimited. The one-room log house was crowded and the men slept in a "potato hole," dug out under the cabin. When the roof was completed, the Clingmans moved into their own, just log walls, board roof and a dirt floor. A kind of shelf, made of a slab, laid on pins driven into the wall served as a table. While this was placed so that it would be the right height when a board floor could be laid, it was far too high to be convenient from the dirt floor. Mr. Clingman heard of a place on Yel- low Creek where he could get boards for a floor, and after a laborious trip with ox-team, he returned with a load of black walnut lumber with which a floor was made. In such a home housekeeping was simplified. Mrs. Clingman says she got along five or six years without a stove. The cooking was done on a fireplace. She had brought a few cooking utensils from Ohio, pots, skillets, spiders, etc. She made the clothing for the family. She made their hats and caps. She picked the wool, spun the yarn, which was fulled and made into cloth at Orange- ville, and made for her husband his first overcoat, colored, with two capes. All the clothing was home-made. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 71 They had brought the cow and so had milk and butter. A bee tree was sooq found and Mrs. Clingman and her husband hived them in a barrel and al- ways had honey thereafter. Flour could not always be had, as it was neces- sary to go to Galena or Wolf Creek. When out of flour or meal, corn was grated on a grater, and this coarse meal was made into "dodgers." The first flour they got came from Galena and was made from spring wheat. Mrs. Clingman said it made good biscuits, but would not make loaf bread. The flour was brought to Brewster's Ferry from Galena in a wagon drawn by an ox and a cow, and Mr. Clingman brought it from Brewster's by ox-team. Other supplies were secured from Savannah. Mr. Clingman's father and mother, Geo. W. and Polly Clingman, joined them in the new home before the floor was laid. They had left an elegant home in Ohio, but after looking around Cedarville and killing a deer, the elder Mr. Clingman said, "Polly, I would not go back to Ohio for anything," but his wife not yet accustomed to frontier life, rebuked him for the enthusiastic expression. Besides a few deer there were quail, pheasants, prairie chicken, etc., which afforded a pleasing change from salt pork. But Mrs. Clingman is impressive in her earnestness when she tells of the generous hospitality of the earlier days. All were obliging and there was no envy and jealousy. A splendid spirit of cooperation pre- vailed. And however simple and plain the home and equipments; however ar- duous the trials and difficulties of the log -cabin days, the people were happy, she says, maybe happier than the present generation. Her children always had plenty to eat and wear and were well dressed. In closing the interview she said: "It was for the children that we left comfortable homes in Ohio in the midst of relatives and friends, to make a new home here in the wilds, where land was cheap. Here we could find homes and farms for the children and they have all done well." Mrs. Clingman's life in this county covers the period of 1837 to 1910; from the year of the organization of the county to the present day. She is now the idol of the community, always a source of inspiration to the young people who listen at her knee to the stories of long ago. Norman Phillips and wife came to Stephenson County from New York by way of the Great Lakes in 1837. At Green Bay, Wisconsin, James Phillips was born. The Phillips family settled at Damascus and has been one of the prominent families in the county. The Phillips men have always maintained a reputation for great height, any of them shorter than 6 feet 2 inches being the exception. Norman Phillips' wife was Mary Stout, of Maryland, whose ancestry runs backs to Holland and to England. Her mother was a Wolfe, in some way related to General James Wolfe, the conqueror of Quebec in 1859. So far the "claims" were respected only by the "unwritten law of the set- tlers themselves." If a man selected a piece of land to his liking and "blazed" a tree around it, or cut a furrow around it, he was secure and guaranteed in its possession. The lands were not yet surveyed and not yet open to sale. The settler held his claim till the government put the land on the market, and then he alone could buy it. Many difficulties and disputes arose when the land of- fice at Dixon opened the sale in 1843. 1 general, the rightful claimants won out. In the absence of law, claim societies were organized by the settlers to 72 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY protect themselves against speculators and "claim jumpers." Stringent meas- ures were sometimes resorted to and strong hints given certain disturbers and undesirable citizens to move on to the west. In 1836 a "claim meeting" was organized. A president, secretary and board of directors were selected. The object of the organization was mutual protection and cooperation. If a mem- ber's claim was encroached upon, his complaint was investigated by the officials. The trespasser would then be notified and warned to abandon the claim in five days. If he did not comply, he would be "carefully removed with his effects from the premises." There was a general understanding that two sections, two miles square, should be the extreme limit claimed by heads of families. A man named John Barker tested the sincerity of the "claims" organiza- tion. In 1839 he settled on one of Benjamin Goddard's claims, now a part of Freeport, and refused to withdraw. He was brought before a committee of which William Baker, the founder, was chairman. The committee, after hear- ing the evidence decided that Barker was guilty and ordered him to vacate in a certain time or receive 30 lashes. Barker was a poor student of human nature and failed to leave on schedule time, taking a long chance with those stern frontier men. When his time had expired, he was seized, tied up by his thumbs and given the prescribed lashes. He had a change of heart and was willing to obey now, but he was escorted to the county line and advised to keep forever out of the county or he would be hanged. George Whitman had previously been driven out of the county by the citizens because he had been held guilty of stealing horses. This "unwritten law" had two very creditable features it was prompt and effective. It was believed that a big boom was coming in Illinois in 1836 and 1837. Set- tlers had been coming into the state in large numbers. Speculation was in- dulged in and laws were passed by the State Legislature, providing for a sys- tem of internal improvements, based on the faith and credit of the state. A bill was passed, providing for the construction of railroads, canals and improve- ment of rivers. Great results were expected to follow. Banks overreached their resources. People went heavily in debt. The whole structure, practically, fell down before it got started. Hard times followed, not only in Illinois but all over the country. There had been too much flirting with paper money, loose banking and speculation. The bottom fell out. The hard times, no doubt, were felt here in this county, but the main result was the check given to prospective immigration. The year 1836 was a big year in the settlement of this county. Reports had had time to get east and the encouraging letters to friends, telling of big and sure opportunities here, brought out a large number of settlers. Many of them were men of great ability and were destined to take high rank in state and nation. For the time being, however, they served well the immediate purpose of settling up the country and adding to its social, economic and political life. Among the settlers this year were the following, many of whom brought their families: Thomas J. Turner, Pells Manny, Alford and Sanford Giddings, Washington Perkey, "Widow" Swanson and family, Thomas Flynn, E. Mul- larkey, Henry Hulse, M. Welsh, William and Leonard Lee, Nathan Blackmore, Aaron Baker, John Pile, Ira Job, Daniel Holly, Lydia Wart and family, Thomas HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 73 Hawkins, John Boyington, M. Phillips, John Lobdell, L. M. and Jeremiah Griggsby, Barney Howell, Mr. Veliey Nicholas Marcellus, John Dennison, W. P. Bankson, M. D., the first physician to settle in the county, Harmon Cogges- hall, James Macumber, Alonzo Denio, Duke Chilton, William Kirkpatrick, Gil- bert Osborn, A. J. Niles, Sanford Niles, Sawyer Forbes, Daniel Wooten, John Reed, E. H. D. Sanborn, the Ostranders, Garrett Lloyd, Asa Nichols, Lorenzo Lee, Madison Carnefix, Phillip Fowler, D. W. C. Mallory, Joseph Norris, Thomas Hathaway, his mother-in-law, a Mrs. Brown, James Shinkle, and a few others whose names have not been preserved. Thomas Grain, who came to Grain's Grove in 1835, was an uncle of At- torney J. A. Grain of Freeport. He was of an old English family, the first of which came to America in 1645. O ne branch settled in Georgia, later removed to Kentucky, then to Randolph County, Illinois. From there, Thomas Grain, at- tracted into this section by the lead mines, after serving in the Black Hawk War, settled Grain's Grove south of Freeport. Conrad Van Brocklin came from New York to Florence township in 1835. He was the first settler in what is now Florence Township. Harvey P. Wa- ters was of English descent. He came to Stephenson County from New York in 1836, and settled in Ridott township. He worked as a farm hand a year and then entered a claim of 66 acres in Ridott township. He married Miss Mary Lloyd, of Welsh descent, whose home was near Pecatonica and who was educated at Mt. Morris College. John Brown, 1836, Scotch, was born in Pennsylvania, educated in Ohio, moved to Illinois, 1827, served in Black Hawk War, was married in 1834, settled in Stephenson County in 1837. He had visited the county in 1834. John Brown was a great plowman. He broke prairie land for 16 years. At one time he owned over 1,000 acres of land and in 1888 owned 700 acres. Elliot Lee and wife drove from Hamilton County, Indiana, to Rock Run Township in 30 days in 1836. His father was a native of North Ireland. His wife was Rachel Kratzer. The Lees had a family of 12 children. Mrs. Swanson and her family had settled in Rock Run Township in 1836. Mullarkey and Thomas Foley established a settlement in Rock Run, which has always been called Irish Grove. In 1827, Pat Giblin, Miles O'Brien and a Mr. Corcoran joined the Irish settlement. T. J. Turner put up a grist mill in Section 34, Rock Run. In May, 1836, a young man from the east arrived in Stephenson County, who was destined to be a man of deeds and influence in the history of the county and State of Illinois. His name was T. J. Turner. He was born in Trumbull County, Ohio, but moved with his father's family to Butler County, Pennsylvania. He was a young man of spirit and ambition, and at the age of 18 heard the call of the great west and started for the much talked of lead mine district of Illinois and Wisconsin. He stopped in Chicago a time and spent three years in La Porte County, Indiana. He then went on to the lead mines and earned a livelihood, constructing bellows for the furnaces. He then fell in with the ebb tide that brought so many easterners back to Stephen- son County after an experience in the lead mines. Young Turner had learned the trade of a millwright and going into Rock Run Township, built a mill near Farwell's Ferry on the Pecatonica near the mouth of Rock Run. Nearby with 74 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Julius Smith and B. Thatcher, he built a cabin home. His life here was not a little like that of Lincoln, for when not busy at his work in the mill, he was studying and laying the foundation of a self gained education. Mr. Turner's first visit to Freeport was in search of food. Provisions were scarce and he and his associates for days had nothing more to eat than boiled corn. This became too monotonous a diet and Turner set out for Galena for supplies. He traveled along the Pecatonica till he came to Baker's cabin at Freeport. He attracted attention by the usual frontier shouts and soon a boy appeared and ferried him across the river in a canoe. Mr. .Baker had gone on a trip to Peoria for supplies. Mrs. Baker and the family greeted him in true western manner and offered him the hospitality of the home. Having gone without his regulation diet of boiled corn, Turner was hungry and asked for food. But the larder was almost empty at the Baker home. Mrs. Baker freely offered him what was left two small corn dodgers, and what was left of a catfish. Turner declined, hungry as he was, to finish the last of the family's pro- visions and only on the assurance and insistence of Mrs. Baker that her hus- band would return during the night with provisions from Peoria, did he sat- isfy the gnawing of a long empty stomach. The barking of dogs during the night signalled the return of Baker and Turner slept well with the prospect of a good breakfast in sight. Next morning, after a hearty meal, he went on his way to Galena, impressed by the generous hospitality of Freeport. He worked a while at Galena and returned to the mill with supplies. In .1841 Turner went to Freeport and his life was bound up in the history of that city till his death. Such was the early life of a man who built the first county courthouse, was justice of the peace, lawyer, states attorney, member of the State Legislature and a Constitutional Convention, a member of Congress, and a colonel in the United States army in the Civil War. If conditions were hard, they had, at least, fashioned a great character. The county was making headway in 1836. Farms were opened up. These were small clearings around the cabins and that accounts for the small crops and the scanty supply of provisions. Blacksmith shops, rude affairs indeed, were set up. The people had come to stay. There were no roads, no bridges, few fer- ries, and it was a long journey to Peoria or Galena for supplies. Thomas Lott had begun the work of setting up a sawmill at Winslow, and William Kirk- patrick had begun one on Yellow Creek, while Turner had set one up in Rock Rin. There were no grist mills north of the Illinois River and Kirkpatrick set up a corn-cracking machine at his mill on Yellow Creek. It was a crude mill, doing coarse work cracking corn and wheat, but it had to serve the purpose for a time. A number of men settlers arrived in 1837. Dr. Van Valsah, the forerunner of a vast concourse of Pennsylvania Dutch, came into the county and settled on a claim near Cedarville, purchased from John Goddard. Other arrivals were Nel- son Martin, Joseph Musser, Isaac Develey, Thomas and Samuel Chambers, Wil- liam Wallace, a Mr. Moore, Joseph Osborn, Daniel Guyer, Pat Giblin, Miles O'Brien, a Mr. Corcoran, Hiram Hill, John Howe, I. Forbes, John Milburn, a Mr. Reed, Stewart Reynolds, Sanford Miles, John Tharp, Jackson Richart, Saferns Snyder, Joseph Green, Charles MaComber, Rev. Philo Judson, Cornelius HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 75 Judson, S. F. M. Fretville, Alfred Gaylord, Rev. Asa Ballinger, Phillip and War- ner Wells, Henry Johnson, Oliver and John R. Brewster, Isaac Kleckner, Ezra Gillett, Joab Martin, James Turnbull, Father Ballinger, H. C. Haight, Jacob Gable, Valorus Thomas, George W. Babbitt, John Edwards, Levi Lewis, John Lewis, Rezin and Levi Wilcoxen, Caleb Thompkins, the Farwell Brothers, the Brace family, Garrett Lloyd, Harvey and Jeremiah Webster, Sybil Ann Price, Samuel F. Dodds, Robert T. Perry, Robert and Wm. LaShell, James and Oliver Thompson, Jacob Burbridge, Samuel and Marshall Bailey, Martin Howard, John Harmon, a Mr. Graham, Alonzo Fowler, Major John Howe and others. Irish Grove in Rock Run and "Dublin" in Erin townships were settled in 1837. Both were progressive settlements and were among the first in the county to es- tablish churches. In 1837, Nelson Martin opened a school in Freeport. William Waddams, Thomas Grain, James Timms and others had hired private teachers, a school was begun in Ransomberg in 1836 and thus by 1837, education was making a beginning in the county. In 1837, many new arrivals of unusual worth strengthened the county's settle- ments. Among these were Isaac Stoneman, Daniel Eobrust, Richard Earl, John A. McDowell, Major John Howe, Michael Red, Luther and Charles Hall, Richard Howe, Chancellor Martin, Richard Hunt, a Mr. Davis, Abraham Johnson, Wil- liam Stewart and L. W. Guiteau settled in Freeport. Mr. Guiteau was a native of New York. He came west and was in the mer- cantile business at Ann Arbor. In October, 1838, he came to Freeport and en- tered the mercantile business on the banks of the Pecatonica where the Illinois Central depot now stands. In 1840, he was made postmaster by President Har- rison. This office he held several years. Later he held positions as clerk of the circuit court, cashier and one of the directors of the Second National Bank, com- missioner of schools, and police magistrate. June 6, 1837, the county commissioners granted Hiram Eads a license to keep a tavern, charging him a fee of $12.00. June 5, 1837, the county commissioners established the following tolls for ferrying across the Pecatonica : Four horse wagon and horses $ .75 Two horse wagon and horses 50 One horse wagon and horse 25 Three or more yoke of cattle i.oo Wagon with one yoke of cattle or more 75 Footman o6j4 Man and horse \2 l / 2 Head of cattle o6 l / 2 Hog or sheep 02 September 5, 1837, the county commissioners voted to ask for bids on county jail and county court house. The contract between the commissioners and Thomas J. Turner for the county jail reads as follows: "Said jail shall be 20 ft. x 24 ft. squair, and stand on a stone wall, three feet thick and three feet high, and laid in lime mortar. To be hewn oak logs, fourteen inches squair and the lower floor to be laid with sleepers 76 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY hewn on three sides, six inches thick, closely laid and covered with a floor of three inches Plank Spiked down with large Iron Spikes. The upper floor is to be of sub- stantial joist and a suitable distance apart and covered with inch and one-half plank, doubled across each other, well spiked down. The second story to be nine feet high, to be covered with good substantial roof with shingles eighteen inches long, laid five inches to the weather. Width rafters to be of oak, not more than two feet apart. The gable end to be studded with four inch studding and weather-boarded with black walnut siding, an outside Stairway to be of white oak and a door in the senter of the gable, said door to be of good oak plank doubled and well spiked with Iron Spikes and a good strong lock attached to the same. There are to be two window^, 14 inches squair, Barred with inch squair. There is to be a trap-door in the upper floor, three foot squair, hung with good substantial Iron Hinges and an Iron Bar reaching across with Strong Strap and Lock attached. The logs are to be doweled together and the work to be done in a neat and workman-like manner." For building the jail Mr. Turner was to re- ceive $1,000 in good and lawful money, the jail to be completed in 18 months. The organization of Stephenson County and the election of county officers in $120.00. On this lot the jail was built. Page 104 of the County Records of Stephenson County shows a contract to build the jail according to specifications, signed by Charles Truax and H. VV. Hol- lenbeck. Why Mr. Turner gave up the contract, has not been discovered. The records show receipts by Truax & Hollenbeck for building the jail. William Baker went on their bond December 22,. 1838. STEPHENSON COUNTY 1837-1850. The commissioners bought the lot where the first ward school stands for 1837 began a new period of county history. The county commissioners, Lemuel W. Streator, Isaac Forbes and Julius Smith, on December 5, 1837, contracted with Thomas J. Turner for the erection of a frame courthouse and a log jail ; the lum- ber and logs were prepared during the winter. The courthouse was completed in 1840 and served its purpose till 1870 when it was torn down and the present building erected. Twice the old courthouse was struck by lightning. The build- ing of the courthouse was delayed because of the hard times and because county orders were bringing only thirty cents on the dollar. At the election held in 1838, Mr. L. O. Crocker who opened the first store in Freeport, was elected assessor and Hubbard Graves, tax collector. Both men were well fitted for their work. All kinds of personal property were listed for tax- ation. Assessments were made as high as the law permitted. A cheap watch cost its owner 6%c and three of the wealthier men in the county paid $2.00 tax each on their watches. The rate was 45c on the $100.00 and Collector Graves col- lected $96 and some cents which would give the assessed valuation in 1838 as $21,333. Election day in 1838 was a kind of holiday in the precincts over the county. In Ridott the election was held at Daniel Wooten's home. John Hoag and Wil- liam Everts were judges and Horatio Hunt and H. P. Waters were clerks. The other voters were seven in number: D. W. C. Mallory, Philo Hammond, Giles HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 77 Pierce, Zebulon Dimmick, William Barlow, Pat Fronne and S. Forbes. Wooten had a barrel of whiskey at the house and that added to the joy of the occasion. Most of the men had a capacity for liquor that would admit frequent attacks on the barrel without losing their equilibrium. One of the men, however, had in- dulged beyond reason and was scarcely able to navigate. He crossed the river safely but had trouble getting up the hillside that was made slippery by the uown- pour of rain, the usual election day rain. Bravely the elector charged up the steep and slippery slope, but down he tumbled again to the foot of the hill. His friends laughed as he assaulted the hill time and again, only to roll in the mud back to the starting point. Finally his neighbors went to his rescue, aided him up the hill and to his home. In the year 1838 Freeport gave its first Fourth of July celebration. Eads had completed his hotel and invited the country around to take dinner with him. Rev. F. C. Winslow, O. H. Wright, Benjamin Goddard, Isaac Stoneman, Allen Wiley, William Baker and the Truax boys constituted a kind of committee on arrange- ments. Rev. Winslow trained a singing class and they sang Revolutionary ballads and a national ode. The class consisted of Miss Cornelia Russel (Hazlett), Eliza Hunt, Marion Snow, Mrs. Amelia Webb (Jewell) and others. The audience was delighted with the singing. The exercises were held in Benjamin Goddard's barn, where the Declaration of Independence was read and O. H. Wright delivered the address of the day. After the dinner, the exercises closed with dancing. For years, this sane Fourth was one of the bright spots in the county's early history. In 1837 Demison and Van Zart who had settled at McConnell and built a mill in 1836, laid out a town there. In 1838 Robert McConnell drove a number of cattle into the county, bought the prospective town and named the place McConnell Grove. The place has also been called "Bobtown" and "New Pennsylvania." H. G. Eads, in 1838, built a tavern at what is now the corner of Stephenson and Liberty streets. The contractor was Julius Smith and the new tavern was called the "City Hotel." In the fall Mr. Benjamin Goddard built the "Mansion House" which was used as a hotel. It had nine rooms but was one of the won- ders of the county at that day. The house was used for years as a pop factory by Galloway and Shocks and stood diagonally on what is now the Y. M. C. A. tennis court lot, on Walnut Street. The same year John Montgomery and A. Wiley built a house on the ground now occupied by the L. L. Munn building. This building was later used as a hotel. In 1838, the ferry which had been estab- lished by Baker was moved to the foot of Stephenson Street and was conducted by H. G. Eads and others till a bridge was built. The first location of the ferry was near Goddard's Mill. A new store was opened by Elijah Barrett. Richard Hunt erected a frame building on Van Buren Street and also one on the corner of Van Buren and Spring Streets, and Michael Red built a house. Many farms were opened in the county and production largely increased. In 1838 a stage line was opened between Freeport and Chicago by J. B. Win- ters. At Freeport connection was made with Frink and Walker's line to Galena. The next year Winters went out of business and Frink and Walker ran the line through from Chicago to Galena. The clumsy stage came into Freeport three times a week. To make the trip from Chicago to Freeport required two days and a half and the fare was $5.00. Mrs. Oscar Taylor, who came from Chicago 78 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY in the stage in 1839 says, "The stage was a commodious affair, and left Chicago at two o'clock in the morning. There were ten passengers. At daybreak we reached a country tavern where we breakfasted on Rio coffee, fried fat pork, potatoes and hot saleratus biscuits. We crossed the ferry at Rockford at midnight. We had to get out and climb the sand bank after crossing the river." The stage driver of that day was in a class by himself. He was engineer, just as much so as the man who holds the throttle over the Omaha Limited. He was an expert in handling the reins, the whip and several varieties of profanity. The stage, slow as it was, was yet an important factor in building up Stephenson County. It brought new settlers, supplied a kind of express and carried the mail. It served its purpose till the railroad took its place. AN EARLY SUICIDE. The suicide of one of the early settlers in 1838 caused considerable excitement in the county. The unfortunate person was a member of the Lott family in what is now Oneco Township. The man in question inherited a form of insanity and was subject to constantly recurring moods. He was watched closely by the family but in 1838 he evaded them. When his absence was noted, the neighbors and rela- tives got up a searching party and set out to find the missing man, fearful of the result. After considerable searching, he was found hanging to a tree and when cut down by Alonzo Denio, he was almost dead. All efforts made to revive his life ended in failure. He hanged himself about 1^2 miles from the village of Oneco, and the spot has had about it much mystery and superstition. What is known as the first wedding ceremony performed by a preacher oc- curred in 1838. The contracting parties were Thomas Chambers and Rebecca Moore of Rock Grove township. The marriage was solemnized at the home of the bride's father, John Moore, the Rev. James McKean, officiating. The cabin was the usual one room log house, 20 feet square, but it is said that forty guests witnessed the ceremony. People had come 18 miles to attend the wedding. In 1838 larger crops were cultivated. Larger fields had been cleared about the cabins and increased production was the result. The struggle for a living was yet a little too tense for people to indulge to any great extent in politics. The murder of Lovejoy at Alton stirred the settlements, but otherwise the people were inclined to be interested more in local than national affairs. Many new settlers came in 1838. Many came from Pennsylvania following close in the footsteps of Dr. Van Valzah who had located at Cedarville. Among the newcomers in 1838 were: John Walsh, Robert Sisson, H. G. Davis, John and Thomas Warren, Isaac Scott, Samuel Liebshitz, Christian Strocky and two sons, Chauncey Stebbins, F. Rosenstiel, P. L. Wright, William Preston, Louis Preston, Mathew Bredendall, Lewis Gitchell, David Gitchell, Philo Hammond, Ezekial and Jacob Forsythe, John Floyd, Putnam Perley, Ezekial Brown, John Brazee, Chris- tian Clay, J. D. Fowler, James McGhu, Adrian Lucas, Newcomb Kinney, Charles A. Gore, Hiram Gaylord, Cornelius and Johnathan Cavan, Alex Allen, John Bradford, Thomas Loring, Columbus and Ichabod Thompson and Elias and Ed- ward Hunt. About this time, Thomas Carter, Isaac Rand, Samuel Bogenrief, L. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 79 L. Pitcher, a man named Lathrop and others settled in Kent. This year the first house was built in Rock Grove village. Irish Grove in Rock Run and "Dublin" in Erin townships were settled in 1837 an< i received several additions in 1838. By the close of 1838, the settlements in the county had been extended and there was general feeling that the country had a good future ahead. The value of claims advanced with the increase of settlers and with the building of mills, the stage line and the presence of stores. The store of O. H. Wright in Freeport was at this time the largest and busiest in the county. In the year 1839 the county made about the same progress as in 1838. This year a building was put up on Lyman Montague's farm in West Point township, to be used exclusively for school purposes. The courthouse though not entirely completed was in service. The log jail yet unfinished was doing duty, with citizens on guard to keep the lawbreakers within. In the spring of 1839 a Norwegian colony came across the Atlantic and made its way into this county, settling in Rock Run township. The location had been selected by an advance agent of the colony, who had looked over a considerable part of the country only to decide on Stephenson County as best of all. Many of the Norwegians were farmers and at once set to work opening up farms. Some were tradesmen and began to work at their trades. They were frugal and in- dustrious and they and their countrymen who have followed have added to the high character of the people of Stephenson County. A man who was to influence very largely the history of Stephenson County character. He was educated in part, at the Academy at Fredonia, New York, arrived in Freeport in 1839. He was a native of New York state and while his parents were poor, they gave him a training in childhood that made his a strong where he made his own way through school by hard work. The desire to be a merchant was strong in him. He was forced to begin in a small way, and started west on a peddling trip in 1838, arriving in Freeport in 1839. Here he opened up a general store and was successful. In 1842 he bought goods in New York and established his credit in New York and Chicago. In 1843 ne bought the land which is now known as Knowlton's Addition. He was twelve years a director in the Chicago, Galena and Union Railroad. Before 1840 the settlers did not understand the wealth that lay in the prairies. The settlements had been made along the streams in the groves. This was for the double purpose of being near the water and near the timber, to make build- ing convenient. A drive in any direction over Stephenson County today will show the beautiful pictures of prosperous homes in the groves that follow the winding streams. The prairies were then unfenced and stock roamed at will, feeding on the wild grasses of the lowlands. Breaking the tough prairie sod was a hard proposition. It was usually done with a wheel in front and lever to gauge the depth. Five or six yoke of oxen were necessary to pull the plow. It cut a fur- row 20 inches wide and from 3 to 5 inches deep. The blade of the plowshare had to be kept sharp by grinding and filing at the end of almost every row. When a farm was once broken this way its value was greatly increased. In 1840 Freeport contained about forty houses. The growth of the town was slow, because largely of lack of a convenient market. There were two or three hotels, three stores : O. H. Wright, L. W. Guiteau's, corner of Liberty and South 80 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY " Galena Avenue ; and D. A. Knowlton's at the corner of Galena and Van Buren Streets. There were no banks. Farmers left their money with merchants who deposited it in cities having safe deposits. Liquor was sold at saloons conducted by James Rock, James Montgomery and Abraham Johnson. It could also be bought at all the hotels except at Goddard's Mansion House. Whiskey was sixpence a drink and there was little or no re- straint placed on its sale and use. Law enforcement was not rigid and on the whole Freeport was not very different from the average western town of that period. Gambling was quite as general as drinking. Faro was dealt openly and was not interfered with. James Rock operated the game keno at his place and day and night had a good attendance at his bar and around his gaming tables. His place was a little room in the building then standing at the corner of Galena and Van Buren Streets, where Moogk's drug store now stands. Drinking, it is claimed, was almost universal among the citizens, and gambling went on openly with little protest. Debauches and disorder were not infrequent. The rougher element was augmented by many transients, who were going to or from the lead mine regions. These men aided in giving the town a reputation for drinking, gambling and disor- der which it was slow to shake off. Yet there were a few temperance people in the county. In 1840, owing to the increasing gambling, drinking and disorder, Rev. F. C. Winslow and John A. Clark saw the necessity of arousing a counteracting influence and commenced meetings in the same building where Rock's saloon was located. This was, no doubt, the first attempt at a "revival" in the county and in the midst of conditions far from the best the faithful few did an excellent work. "Father" McKean and Rev. Winslow and others held meetings in the courthouse, schoolhouse and in private rooms. /Their congregations were small but they were sincere and faith- ful and laid the foundation for the religious and civic work in Freeportf] Speak- ing of these early services, Mrs. Oscar Taylor says : "Every Sunday the farmers . and the town people assembled in the building which did duty as carpetner shop six days in a week, and served as a church on the seventh. Our religious services were hearty in spirit, though crude in form. Rev. Mr. Morrell came from Rock- ford to conduct services once in two weeks ; alternate Sundays Mr. O. H. Wright -F Mr. Guiteau read a sermon. Mr. John Rice offered prayers; Mr. -Clark was nominally leader of the congregational singing, but actually each one sang in the key best adapted to his or her voice ; the effect was volume of sound rather than harmony. But this lack of musical unity resulted in the organization of a singing school, for which Mr. Frederick Winslow volunteered his services as leader. The singing school was a success. We were trained until we could give with great effect, Rochester, Dundee, St. Thomas and Dover, with 'Now be the Gospel Ban- ner in Every Land Unfurled' and 'Come Ye Disconsolate,' for special occasions." The best description of Freeport in 1839 and '40 is that given by Mrs. Oscar Taylor in a paper before the Freeport Woman's Club, and published in the Free- port Journal, August 28, 1909: When Sunday came the big farm wagon was brought to the door and we started for the service in the village. Farm wagons were the only conveyances in use ; and those who drove horses instead of oxen were considered fortunate. How Old Lena Hotel American House Pennsylvania House Tremont House HOTELS THAT WERE HEHE IX 1871 UBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 81 well I remember that first drive to Freeport, fording Yellow Creek near where the Breweries now stand, crossing a track of low land called Rattle Snake Bot- tom, from which I expected to hear snakes rattling their warning of poison. From the lowlands we drove on, gradually ascending a hill and coming down the slope on Adams Street, following the state road on a diagonal cut to Galena Street, where church was to be held. "I looked in vain for the expected town. An unfinished Courthouse, no sign of a school house no regular street a few houses apparently dropped hap-hazard with paths or roads taking the shortest cut from place to place. Instead of a church spire to indicate the place of worship, a carpenter shop, where Moogk's drug store now stands, threw wide its hospitable doors ; and the pews consisted of boards supported by kegs. There was no sign of either minister or congrega- tion, and a small boy announced : "Everybody has gone to a funeral and there isn't to be any church today." That small boy is now Mr. Wilson Guiteau, of New York City, half brother to the honored president of our Woman's Club. And this was Freeport! With a sudden sinking of the heart I realized the limitations of the new civilization and felt myself worlds apart from my school life in Troy and my social life in Rochester. Without even being cheered by the sight of "Barr's Tavern," past which my brother drove to console me, I turned my back on Freeport, glad to take refuge in the farm which had, at least, no associates with society, and under the peaceful influence of the calm wide prairie the forlorn little town was forgotten. Freeport had apparently failed me, but it happened that one of my girl friends from the east was living within walking distance from my father's farm. Indeed it was the enthusiastic letters of this friend, Cornelia Russell, which had influenced my father in the location of his farm. The day after my drive to Freeport, I started in search of my old friend. Following the foothpath across a wide pasture I came to the Pecatonica River, and across the water I discovered the log house among the trees. Standing upon the bank I called "Over ! Over ! Over!" Presently from beneath the branches of a willow a boat shot out; in it was my old friend Cornelia, using the oars as skillfully as did Ellen in the Lady of the Lake. The delight of our meeting was mutual. It was with many mis- givings that I mustered courage to venture into her little boat, but Cornelia in- sisted that an upset was impossible as the thing was dug out of the round trunk of a big tree. Once seated in this primitive craft I thought it great fun, and we spent the morning rowing and floating up and down the muddy, crooked little stream with its odd Indian name. Cornelia seemed to have lived on the water all summer long, her face was nut brown from exposure to sun and wind, her hair hung in curls down her back, her eyes were sparkling with life, health and joy. She was wholly in touch with nature. "You are a wood nymph," I announced, after calm scrutiny. "No, I am a fisher maiden," she replied, "for every after- noon I go up and down the stream setting my fish nets, and every morning I look for my catch." But all the same she had formed many a woodland intimacy among the wild animals. Half-tamed prairie wolves came to her door and a wild fawn always answered her call. 82 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY We took a picnic lunch on shore, cooking fish out of Cornelia's net and roast- ing potatoes in the ashes. All the afternoon we lingered out of doors. The sense of primeval nature was indescribable, the silence so profound, it was as if we were under some spell of enchantment. "Is it always so? And do you never tire of it?" I asked Cornelia. "I never tire of it because nature is never twice the same but always lovely," she answered. When I took the little footpath homeward through the pasture I felt that this had been a red letter day, indeed, and looking back through nearly sixty years it is still to me a red letter day. The compartment store of today is the direct descendant of the general country store of early days, for Mr. Guiteau's stock contained a little of everything and the post office in addition. The post-master's duties were not arduous in a town of fifty inhabitants, with mails but three times a week. It was as the guest of Mr. and Mrs. Guiteau that I greatly changed my opinion of the resources of Freeport. I made the acquaintance of Mr. and Mrs. D. A. Knowlton, Mr. and Mrs. Orestes H. Wright indeed, I think I met everyone in town. 1840 AMUSEMENTS. The people in 1840 were not without their amusements. While different from the amusements of today, they were adapted and a part of the life of the tissue. Skating and sleighing were common forms of invigorating ex- ercise. Besides, there were quiltings, husking-bees, raisings and dances. Danc- ing was more general than it is today. The music was furnished by such old- time "fiddlers" as Daniel Wooten and "Professor" Clark. A man who under- stood his business "called" to dance. After the day's work was done, young people, and often times their elders, drove for miles over the snow to dance away till the morning hours. "There was sound of revelry by night' in the old log cabin home. It was not all privation and hard work in those days. The pioneers earned the joy they had, and no people were ever more entitled to the relaxation of innocent pleasures. Mrs. Oscar Taylor's dscription of early social life of Freeport is a graphic account by one who was without a superior in the social life of the county for over fifty years: The social center of the little colony was the really charming cottage built by Mr. John A. Clark. Here were to be found a piano and a library, with many of the refinements of an eastern home, and one would need to go far today to find three more elegant and interesting women than Mrs. Clark and her sisters, Mrs. Thompson Campbell and Mrs. Stephenson, for whose husband Stephenson County was named. Brilliant and witty women of the world were all three. At the close of my visit with the Guiteaus I spent several weeks with Mrs. Clars, and I remember one incident of that time which illustrates the crude and incon- gruous social conditions. A man known as Don Wooton, living at Ridott had the frame up and the floors laid for a house. Wishing to give a ball before the par- titions of the house were up, invitations were sent out far and near. Now Mr. Clark as an office-holder must keep his popularity, and therefore insisted that the ladies of the household must accept the invitation. "And mind you," he said, HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 83 "no matter what turns up to amuse you, don't let the suspicion of laugh ap- pear." Major Howe, who was dignity itself, took all our party with the Guiteau family in his bob-sled. Preliminary to the dance we were invited into the kitchen of the old log house where supper was given us with utter absence of formality, our host informing us by way of apology, that his wife was "powerful weak" and had gone to rest before the snow had melted Mrs. Wooton had gone to her final rest. After supper we repaired to the dancing hall and ranged our- selves on a bench across a corner of the room. The host himself furnished the music, twanging away upon an old fiddle, while the dance went on with great dash and spirit. Such gyrations, such double-shuffles, such pigeon-wings and variations in step as we witnessed that night might have rivalled a planta- tion dance in old Virginia. During a lull in the performance a young man with a pitcher and one tumbler circulated some beverage among the tired dancers. He approached our group and pouring some whiskey into the tumbler offered it to Mrs. Stephenson. Without surmising its contents she had taken the tumbler into her hands then she looked at the young man in bewilderment as to what to do next. Suddenly catching the amusement in Mrs. Clark's eyes, she burst into a contagious ripple of laughter, in which, in spite of ourselves we all joined. The man gave an angry look and with some threatening murmur left us. Fearing some unpleasantness from the episode, Mr. Clark speedily withdrew with his party, but nothing came of this flurry to Mr. Clark's disadvantage as he was re-elected clerk of the circuit court. It was in connection with the circuit court the following April that the first dinner party was given in Freeport. The annual session of the court was looked forward to as the festal week of the year. There were two resident lawyers in Freeport at that time. It was the custom of the day for lawyers in the various little towns to travel with the judge on his circuit and great preparations were made for enertaining the strangers. During court week Mr. Clark had at his home Mr. Thompson Campbell, exrsecretary of the state, said to be at that time, the most brilliant man in the west, with Thomas Drummond of Chicago, after- wards judge of the United States Court, while several other prominent men were entertained at other private houses. I had the good fortune to be one of the guests at a dinner given to the presiding judge, Hon. Daniel Stone, of Cin- cinnati, and the rest of the legal lights. The dinner was not served in the dozen courses of today. An enormous wild turkey was provided, a creature so large that it was sent for roasting to a neighbor having an old fashioned brick oven. The turkey made a fine appearance when placed before Mr. Clark for carving, but upon application of the knife its power of resistance became evident. Im- pervious and flexible, the joints baffled every effort of the carver, for only the surface of the turkey had been cooked. "Cut the thing into steaks and let it be broiled in the kitchen," suggested Mr. Campbell. While this suggestion was fol- lowed the interval of waiting was delightful. Judge Stone was at his best with anecdotes and stories. Mr. Campbell convulsed the company with brilliant wit and sparkling sallies while Mr. Drummond, courteous and grave, added dignity to the assembly. In due time the turkey steaks were brought in and proved a delicious variation to the ordinary fashion of serving turkey. The rest of the dinner gave proof of the ingenuity and skill with which our hostess utilized 84 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY the extremely narrow resources of the market. As a social entertainment I doubt if a more successful dinner was ever given in Freeport. In freedom from formality, in the frank recognitions of limitations, in the utter absence of the critical spirit, there was then a zest and charm and freshness in social intercourse which seems to vanish with the development of conventionality. No one was homesick or wished to return to the old life of the East or to the trammels of fashion. Fashion was indeed forgotten, for each woman was her own milliner and dressmaker. In the very country itself one felt the buoyancy of youth. I shall never forget my own amazement at the careless prodigality with which nature lavished her flowers that springtime. Not only were the prairies aglow with colors, every road and pathway bordered with flowers, but the little town itself seemed like summer houses in the midst of a great garden. I have seen the banks of the creek by the Adams Street brewery purple with the lovely liatris, no longer to be found in this region, and the green swards aflame with the painted cup. Equally generous was mother nature in meeting material needs, for game was to be had for the seeking, venison in abundance, quail, wild turkey, prairie chicken, fish in the streams and duck in the marshes. This sense of abounding life and vigor was in the very air we breathed, our energy was unfailing, either in work or in pleasure; and no one considered trouble or recognized the possibility of failure. It was at this time that two enterprising young men opened a dancing school ; this was short-lived, however, as those in the town inclined to dance considered themselves versed in the art. Mr. Bailey, the teacher, turned his energies to the manufacture of fanning-mills, resuming his lighter profession of an evening when dances were given and he was needed to call the changes in the quad- rilles. For years the music of all the dances in the county was furnished by Charlie Pratt. Charlie Pratt and his fiddle were inseparable, and supplied music as inspiring to young feet as does the Gibler orchestra today. Genial, kind- hearted old Charlie Pratt, with his gun and fiddle, was always a happy man, a favorite with the men, women and children Peace to his ashes ! I am afraid he rests in a nameless grave. In those early years all new comers were welcomed with cordial friend- liness; but as young men outnumbered the maidens, the advent of each young girl was hailed with delight ; in consequence every lassie had many a laddie. In each man's anxiety to secure a wife before a rival stepped in, the tender question was often popped on the briefest acquaintance and with little ceremony. One young man was even rash enough to send a written offer of himself, his log house and his broad acres to two girls on the same day, in order to stake his claim, as it were, without delay. It happened that the two girls were intimate friends and confidents. As a result the over-anxious swain received on the same sheet of paper, replies from the two young ladies. The one demanding first love, the other demanding constancy. Undaunted the young man, knowing of a land in the east where maidens were plenty as strawberries in June, made the journey on foot to Chicago, by water to Buffalo and for all I know he walked to England; but he returned with a wife. Another young farmer was less easy to please. Like Ceolebs of old he started in search of a wife, but he had HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 85 his ideals. He first called upon Miss Snow, then confided to a friend that she was agreeable but too black ; the next proved fair but homely ; the third was blonde and pretty but too stout. Sorrowing he turned homewards, but stopped in on the way at a house where he saw a young girl who pleased him, and straightway offering his hand he was accepted, two weeks later was married, living happily for many years after. Before the period of settled ministers in Freeport the marriage ceremony was often arranged without much regard to convention, as when our leading physician tucked his sweetheart into a crockery crate well lined with straw, seated himself beside her and sped with her to Rockford where the nuptial knot was tied. One young couple had the good luck to secure a bishop to officiate at the farm house home of the bride. The lady, learning that Bishop Chase was to form Zion Parish in the year 1842, set her wedding day accordingly. Wedding guests assembled from Rockford and Freeport as well as from neighboring farms. The good Bishop, in his full white robes, began the service. When he came to the prayer and saw the company still standing he paused, then issued the command : "Kneel down, every one of you." And down on their knees dropped the astonished guests, some of whom seemed unaccustomed to the posi- tion. Having concluded the marriage the bishop proceeded to the next business in hand which happened to be a christening, for one of the guests was a young mamma who brought her infant to the wedding in order to seize that chance of having the baby christened by the bishop. The social circle widened steadily, with many delightful additions. Mr. James Mitchell had married Miss Kate Clark, establishing a home which still con- tinues to be a center of hospitality. Pennsylvania had given us the Shaffer family, one of the daughters being Mrs. Jesse Snyder, the other marrying Dr. Sterns, and both so long prominent in church and social life; while later the brothers, Wilson and William, won distinction in the Civil War. From Cen- tral New York came the Clark Brothers, Silas and Warren, with their families ; energetic young men they both were, adding to the prosperity of the town. Inevitably a gradual transformation was taking place in the simple irtfor- mality of social life. We dropped the friendly custom of speaking to a stranger without waiting for an introduction. Innovations of fashion had crept in, as the more ambitious women sent to Rockford for bonnets or to Chicago for patterns ; until finally came the advent of the milliners and dressmakers. Inevitably, too, the accent of sectarianism was heard in the religious fold. It was not enougu that we were Christians, we must be Presbyterians, Baptists, or Methodists as -.veil, unless we happened to be Catholics or Episcopalians. Father Brewster, a man of sweet and saintly spirit, with Mr. Wright and Mr. Knowlton, fanned the fires of Presbyterianism, as Elder Schofield faithfully cleared the channel for the Baptist stream. Mrs. Russell and Father Wilcoxon cultivated the field of Methodism, entertaining with unwearied zeal the elders and exhorters who builded up its faith. Father Kavanaugh raised the Catholic standard, and the German Lutherans were forming the neucleus of St. John's Church. It was the Presbyterians who first reared their own place of worship, the brick church of 1849, which stood for many years on the present site of the Y. M. C. A. 86 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY building. These years also gave us two weekly papers, the Prairie Democrat and the Freeport Journal. FIRST CIRCUIT COURT. August 29, 1839, saw the first session of the Circuit Court convened in Stephenson County. Hon. Daniel Stone, of the 6th Judicial Circuit was trie judge. As there were no local attorneys at that day, the lawyers were imported. They came mostly from Galena and Mr. Hoag, Thompson Campbell, and prob- ably E. B. Washburne. Others, no doubt, were present who followed the Circuit as was the custom in those days. Hubbard Graves was sheriff and John A. Clark was clerk. John C. Robey and Wm. H. Hollenbeck were qualified ana appointed deputies. Previously a Grand Jury was impanelled. It consisted of John Howe, Luther F. Hall, Samuel F. Dodds, Levi Wilcoxen, Joseph Lobdell, Pells Manny, A. B. Watson, Mason Dimmick, Levi R. Hull, Robert Barber, Newcomb Kinney, Johnathan Corey, Phillip Fowler, Thomas Grain, Loring Snow, Elldridge Farwell, Giles Pierce, D. W. C. Mallory, Job. S. Watson, J. K. Blackamore, Thompson Wilcoxen, Edward Marsh and Alpheus Goddard. The Petit Jury consisted of: Frederick D. Bulkley, John Goddard, John Va- nepps, Rodney Montague, Mason Dimmick, J. H. Barber, James Hart, Bartholo- meu Fletcher, Samuel Nelson, James Canfil, Thomas Earley and Joseph Green. The first case that came up was one of Asa B. Ames vs. Jacob Stroder, on appeal. The case was dismissed and plaintiff mulcted of costs. August 27, John O'Connor and Jackson Buskirk were indicted for the prevailing crime of horse stealing. As they were unable to employ the counsel, the court appointed Thompson Campbell and John C. Kimball to defend the accused. In this case, however, a change of venue was taken to Jo Daviess County, and the case was tried there. Hiram Walker was also tried and convicted of horse stealing. He was sent to prison at Alton for a term of four years. Another case was that of the State vs. Robert Campton for riot. There being no other business, the court adjourned on the same day it convened. On April 7th and September 7th the court was in session again for two days in April and three in September, with the same officials. COURTS, LAWS, ETC. A man who had stolen a horse in Winnebago County was arrested and brought to trial in Freeport. The indictment was defective and on plea of his counsel, it was apparent that the criminal would have to be released by the court. The court evaded this, however, by adjourning court till next day. At once a man was sent on horseback to Rockford to procure a new indictment, and take the man there for trial. He arrived at Rockford at midnight and fording the river, came near losing his life at the hands of a body of "Regulators" out after horse thieves. He finally aroused a justice of the peace and securing a new indictment, again forded the Rock River and made his way back to Freeport in time to be present at the opening of court next morning. When court opened, the prisoner was discharged but immediately re-arrested on the new warrant and taken to Rockford where he was tried and convicted. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 87 Court proceedings in the early times were different from the present system. A case of Mike Walsh is a good illustration. Mike was brought before Justice Red on a complaint of assault and battery. A jury was duly summoned and the case was fully tried. When the case was ready to go to the jury, Mike started a little procedure that was not on the program, and a kind of jury "fixing," different from that indulged in today. Just as the jury was ready to retire, Mike came in with a tin pail of whiskey and a cup. Addressing the jury, he said, "Gentlemen, I expect you will hang the little Irishman, but we will have a drink together first." After the drinks had been passed around, the jury retired. They were not out long before Mike appeared with more whiskey and tried to get into the jury room to give the jury further "dustructions." This almost provoked a fight with the constable which was forestalled by the appearance of the jury, which rendered a verdict of "not guilty," and divided the costs between the parties. The money was thus paid to the justice who in turn paid it to the witnesses and others till it was all gone. Claim jumping was a common crime in the early days. Worden P. Fletcher, known as "Pony" Fletcher, was one of the guilty claim- jumpers. He came to the county in 1830 and that year was arrested and brought to trial before Justice Richard Hunt, at the corner of Galena and Van Buren Streets. At the close of the trial, the justice decided "Pony" guilty and meted out to him rather stringent punishment. Fletcher objected to the severity of the sentence, pleading that claim- jumping was just a common crime and a nominal offense. He was an eccentric character and, not having too much respect for the law, decided to take the affair into his own hands and at once made an attempt to escape without having com- plied with the conditions of the court. But in this he made a bad guess. The au- dience, which was composed of men who had no love for claim-jumpers, at once took a hand, became a self-appointed posse comitatus, and the guilty man was restrained from taking sudden leave. Enraged at his plight and seeing escape shut off, Fletcher seized his gun and fired at the justice. The aim of the pris- oner was bad, luckily, and no injury was done except the vest of the justice was ruined. Fletcher was pounced upon and disarmed and session of court was resumed. Finally he gave bail to appear later. Among those present at the time were Frederick Baker, Isaac Stoneman, Allen Wiley and others. Fletcher then opened a farm in Rock Run township where he later married a daughter of the Widow Swanson, and became a good citizen. The case against him was dropped. At the Old Settlers' Meeting at Cedarville, 1875, Mr. D. A. Knowlton, Sr., of Freeport, told the following story which indicates one way of collecting a bad bill. He said : "You know that I was always called a sharp collector. One day, a man named Charlie Hall came into my store with an order for goods, but he wanted more goods than the order called for. I said, 'Charley, I cannot trust you; and "no" is a word I can always say in business matters.' 'But,' pleaded Hall, 'let me have them, Mr. Knowlton, and I will pay you next week.' I then made the following bargain with him : 'If you do not pay me the balance as per agreement, I shall have the privilege of kicking you every time I see you till the debt is paid.' For several weeks the countenance of Hall did not grace my store; but after a while he appeared and walking into my store, I said: "Charles, 88 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY I would like to see you a moment outside,' and when out I gave him a very vio- lent kick. Hall turned around and said, 'Knowlton, what is that for?' 'Accord- ing to agreement,' said I. The sequel to the case was that in a few days Hall brought in a load of corn to me, in payment of the debt which I received and placed to his credit. I afterwards learned that he was trusted for the corn by a farmer in order to avoid any further indorsements of my contract. It is un- necessary to add that the farmer was never paid for the corn. He endeavored to wash two hands with one and washed the farmer's." PRAIRIE FIRES. Prairie fires are to be added to the list of pests of the early day. In speaking of them Mrs. Oscar Taylor says : "Country life had also its excitements and nature her dangers as well as repose, as I was soon to discover. During the Autumn, particularly, prairie fires menaced the pioneers, and children were taught to be always on the lookout for smoke along the horizon. One afternoon the smaller boys gave the startling alarm of smoke to the south of us, and the wind was sending the fire in our direc- tion. House and barns and stacks, the produce of the whole year, would be swept away before nightfall unless we could break the onward rush of the flames. The whole force of the farm, men, women and children, were set to work under my father's direction. We must fight fire with fire and suround the farm buildings with a belt of burned grass thus robbing the hungry enemy of fuel in that direc- tion. To burn that strip of grass for fifteen feet in width and nearly half a mile in length, and to keep this fire from spreading beyond control, taxed skill and energy to the utmost. But we fought our battle ; and with torn garments, burned hands and blackened face we watched the defeat of the enemy. It was a fear- fully magnificent sight, that great line of flames rushing with speed of wild horses, roaring, cracking, breathing great volumes of blackened smoke. Onward it came until it reached the line of defense; the savage flames flung themselves forward and then with one frantic upward flash the fire died instantly, utterly quenched along the blackened belt. But on either side of our premises the flames pursued their way until again deprived of fuel by the state road cutting its pathway. This fire was spoken of for years after as the great fire of '39." In the year 1839 tne people of Freeport were stricken with fevers of all va- rieties. It was one of the trying times of the early days, when doctors and medi- cines were almost a minus quantity and hospitals were not yet thought of. The crisis, however, brought out the splendid spirit of co-operation and neighborly kindness that happily prevailed. In regard to the "fever year," Mrs. Oscar Taylor says : "This year of '39 was remembered also as the fever year, when fevers, bilious, intermittent, remitting and I know not what else, visited the new-comers without partiality. "Dr. Martin in his green overcoat, on horse-back with his saddle-bags, rode from farm to farm with little rest by night or day. I was the last member of my father's family to succumb to the fever, and the last to recover. As the weather was cold during my convalescence, and it was necessary that changes should be made in our house, Dr. Martin kindly arranged for me to be taken to Freeport HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 89 as the guest of Mr. and Mrs. Luther Guiteau. Mr. Guiteau, the merchant of the town, was keeping store where the Billerbeck building now stands." Mrs. Taylor speaks as follows of the celebrating of the 4th of July, 1839: "To celebrate the glorious 4th, a number of farm wagons were mustered and the patriotically inclined drove off together into the country, not minding board seats and joltings, but full of merriment in their determination to honor the day. After the drive and return to town the Declaration of Independence was publicly read by Mr. Clark, and Mr. M. P. Sweet, whose eloquence as a public speaker was soon known through all this vicinity, made a stirring patriotic address. The celebration terminated in a dinner at the Mansion House, given by the proprietor, the father of Mr. Alpheus Goddard. This Mansion House is still standing where first built and is known today as the pop-factory. MORMONS INVADE THE COUNTY. In the year 1840, Stephenson County was deeply stirred by the Mormons. Joseph Smith and his followers having made temporary establishments in New York, Ohio and Missouri, had found surroundings unpleasant in the last named state and had built up a prosperous settlement at Nauvoo, Hancock County, Illi nois. This town of Nauvoo was headquarters from which the Mormon mission- aries went out proselyting. They came into this county and held public meet- ings. These meetings were entirely respectable and were attended by some of the best people of the county, for Mormonism was not then understood. There was not much public speaking and exhortation. The agents of Mormonism be- lieved in individual work. They devoted their time mainly to personal interviews. They had great success elsewhere, especially in southern Illinois, but met with meagre result in Stephenson County. Hector C. Haight, of Jefferson township, and a man named Shumway, from the northern part of the county, joined them and went to Nauvoo. Haight and family followed the Mormons in the long pilgrimage across the plains to Salt Lake City. Nothing was heard from him for years, but finally word came back to Stephenson County that he had been very successful. He was well to do and was one of Brigham Young's advisors. In this matter of the Mormon invasion, this county manifested early what has always been one of its chief characteristics, conservatism. The county has never been exceedingly emotional. It has not shown itself to be easily and en- thusiastically led first this way, then that. It is rather a stable society, pursuing the even tenor of its way, avoiding temporary and transient whims and fads. In 1840, seven years after the first permanent settlement was made, Steph- enson County had a population of 2,800. Freeport at that time had a population of 49. There were then in the county, 9 saw mills and 5 grist mills. There were 10 schools with an attendance of 170 students. Among the settlers who came after 1839, not including those who settled in Freeport, were the following: Mr. Martin P. Sweet came to Freeport in 1840 and opened a law office. He was born in New York. He came to Winnebago County in 1837, at that time being a licensed Methodist minister. From 1840 until his death, he was a leader in this county. He took the stump for Wm. Henry Harrison, the log 90 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY cabin campaign of 1840. He was a candidate for congress in 1844 and was de- feated by Mr. Hoge, the Mormon from Hancock County. In 1850 he was again the Whig candidate, and made a great fight, but lost. As a lawyer, he was re- markably successful, and as an orator he had scarcely an equal in all tne west. He was a self-made man. With the aid of his wife, he built his cabin-home in Winnebago County in 1837. He had the advantage of but little education. He made his way from the bottom to the top in his profession. William Corning of English descent. He was a native of New Hamp- shire and at sixteen worked on a farm for $5.00 a month. Later he drove the stage from Londonderry and Fovel to Andover, Mars. In 1842 he caught the western fever and went to Galena where he secured a position as stage driver on the line from Galena to Freeport. He saved his earnings and bought a farm in West Point township, but did not quit the stage till 1853 when it was evident that the stage was to be replaced by the railroad. In 1840 Oneco, in Oneco township, was platted and there were several men who believed that here was to be built up a great town. The town was laid out by John K. Brewster. It was the day of water power and Brewster believed that Honey Creek had great possibilities along this line. He believed the power sufficient to run several mills and that a town would be built around them. For two reasons, and more no doubt, the town never materialized. One was that the water power was not there, and the other was that Orangeville possessed good power. Thus another good paper town went the way of Ransomberg. The stage line to Chicago was well established in 1840. It was the only regular means of communicating with the outside world. The arrival of each stage from Chicago was as much an event as the arrival of a train today in the small village. The signal of approach was the lusty notes of the stage bugler, and they were greeted with joy by the passengers of the stage, and with antici- pations by the town, most of which turned out to see the arrivals and to get the mail. In 1839 and '40 the temperance wave that swept over America in 1830 to 1840 reached Freeport. A temperance society was organized in 1842 and held meet- ings in a room over a saloon on the corner of Chicago and Galena streets. Mr. Alpheus Goddard was a leader in the movement. It was on his invitation that. L. W. Guiteau went to Cedarville and made what is thought to be the first tem- perance address in the county. When the rime arrived, Mr. Guiteau found it necessary to ride through a terrific snow storm to Cedarville, but he meant to keep his engagement, and went and delivered his address to a small but apprecia- tive audience. Among the leaders of the movement were John A. Clark and Rev. F. C. Winslow. From 1840 to 1850 more professional men came into the county, more law- yers and doctors, and likewise more merchants. Among the lawyers were Martin Sweet, Thomas J. Turner, Horatio C. Buchardt, and Oscar Taylor. In 1844, Hon. John H. Adams came to Cedarville and bought the mill. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 91 AFTER 1837. Mathias Hettinger came to Freeport in 1841. He was a native of Keffenach, Alsace Loraine. He came to America in 1836, working at the wagon making trade in Williamsville, New York, for ten years. He lived a while at Canton, Ohio, and then was three years in Portsmouth, Ohio, manufacturing plows. After working as a journeyman at the wagon makers trade a few months in 1841, he opened a small shop, repairing and making wagons, buggies, etc. In 1865, he was influential in the organization of the German Insurance Company and was its first president. In 1876, he entered the banking business. He was one of the committee that erected the present courthouse. Mr. John Hoebel, of Phenish-Bavaria, came to Freeport in 1842. For several years he was in the shoe-making business. He served as city treasurer and was three times elected alderman. Thomas W. Johnson who came from England to Freeport in 1839, worked in the store of D. A. Knowlton and received for his first year's work $50.00 and his board. He later became a well to do real estate dealer. June n, 1838, O. H. Wright was granted a license to sell merchandise for one year, he paying $12.00 into the county treasury. August 16, 1838, on sworn complaint of William Kirkpatrick, Richard Hunt and William Baker, against the county clerk, Wm. H. Hollenbeck, for want of qualifications and neglect of official duties, the commissioners removed him from office and appointed Richard Hunt as clerk. The commissioners qualified in 1838 were L. W. Streator, Robert M. Mc- Connell and John Moore. October 25, 1838, L. W. Guiteau was granted a permit to retail merchandise in Freeport, paying $5.00 to the county treasury. December 4, 1838, O. H. Wright gave and took the oath of office of probate justice of the peace. D. A. Knowlton was granted a permit to vend a retail merchandise March 16, 1839. In June, 1839, grocer's license fee was raised to $200.00. Financial statement of the commissioners in March, 1839, for years 1837 and 1838 to date: Payments : Orders issued for service $ 448.04 Orders issued and not redeemed 154-99 Orders issued 9 I -55 Orders issued 121.28 To T. J. Turner, court house contract 2,500.00 To Hollenbeck & Truax on jail 750.00 To James, extra mason work on court house 374-QO Total $4,440.00 92 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Receipts : For licenses $ 200.00 For taxes, 1837 214.00 For taxes, 1838 94. 50 From fines , 78.00 Taxes due for 1838 201.63^ Fines due, not collected 86.00 Bonus received from proprietors of Freeport 3,707.51 Bonus due from proprietors of Freeport 542.13^ Total $5,124.00 RICHARD HUNT, CLERK. June 19, 1839, the commissioners passed an order: "Resolved, that it is in- cumbent upon the commissioners as special agent of the county, to take into their special possession the court house as it now stands, the contract having been, by said Turner, abandoned." The court house was said to have been completed in eighteen months, but the commissioners state, "said Turner has failed and absolutely refused to comply with the stipulations of the contract." June 19, 1839, the commissioners advertised for bids for the completion of the court house. June 19, 1839, the commissioners retained Thompson Campbell as attorney to bring suit vs. Thomas J. Turner and William Fitzpatrick on contract to build court house. For this service and for advice to the commissioners on other subjects, Campbell was to receive $100.00. July n, 1839, the commissioners entered into a contract with Richard Earl, with L. W. Guiteau security, to complete the outside of the court house foi $1,000. AN EARLY HOTEL. Mr. Horace Tarbox, of New York, came to Freeport in 1841 and engaged in the hotel and livery business. In 1848 he completed a three-story stone hotel building at the corner of Chicago and Stephenson Streets. This hotel was opened to the public January i, 1849, an d called the "Winneshiek House." This was then credited with being the only first class hotel in the county. The opening was celebrated with a grand ball and was attended by people for miles around. The ball was one of the big social events of the decade. Joseph B. Smith who came to Freeport in 1846, speaks of the society of the citizens as follows : "The good fellowship that existed among the inhabitants of the small village in 1846 was remarkable in its social and friendly intercourse and the confidence maintained by the integrity of each other. No breaches of the peace for crimes of any magnitude were perpetrated. The doors of the dwellings were seldom locked; indeed many of them contained no locks at all. The merchants, whose stocks were limited to the necessities of the settlers, all were striving through honest effort to better their conditions." HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 93 A. T. Green, an early attorney and prominent citizen of Freeport, came in 1839. He walked from Rockford and sitting on a stump on a hill near Free- port, he counted just forty roofs of all, that being all there were at that time. James Hart came in 1836, his family arriving the next year. Thomas Wilcoxen, of Georgia, made a prospecting tour through the county in 1835, following the Indian trails. In 1837, he settled on a claim near Cedarville. O. P. McCool came into Stephenson County with his father in 1840, settling first in Lancaster, then in Harlem. THE PEOPLE VERSUS SHIN-PLASTERS. December 18, 1852, a public meeting was held at the office of William Pres- ton to adopt measures calculated to suppress the circulation of illegal currency or "shin-plasters." Mr. Preston was elected chairman, and John S. Emmert, secre- tary. The following committee was appointed : John Black, John K. Brew- ster, W. P. Hunt, E. H. Hyde, Warren Clark, S. D. Knight, J. A. W. Donahoo, I. Stoneman, Thomas Egan, G. W. Maynard and William Sanford. Resolutions were adopted urging the people to discountenance the circulation of all but specie paying bank notes. THE TOWN BELL. In October, 1853, the Freeport Journal made a strenuous complaint because the town bell ceased to ring. The Journal editor said he understood it had ceased because the sexton felt that his pay was too small. "Who will take hold of the matter," asks the Journal. MANNY REAPER WINS OVER McCORMICK. The Journal of December 3, 1852, expresses great joy because the Manny Reaper won a gold medal at the annual fair of the Chicago Mechanics Institute, over the McCormick Reaper. In 1853, September, the following were elected town trustees: Peter B. Fos- ter, William D. Oyler, Jacob Mayor, Frederick Baker, and William D. Smith. April 15, 1853, the Freeport Journal says the following lawyers attended the meeting of the circuit court : Turner, Betts, Clark, Goodhue, Bright, Mea- cham, Burke and Kean of Freeport and Marsh, Loop, Brown and Burnap of Rockford and Dutcher of Ogle. THE FIRST CIRCUS. It was in June of 1842 that Freeport had a touch of real life in the form of a circus. The first show grounds were on the site of the old Fremont House. Settlers for miles around came in and Freeport established a reputation as a good circus town, a reputation that holds good with a vengeance to date. This first circus did not come in a special train, but it was a "great success" and the box office of Levi North, the manager, was liberally patronized. TRIPP BOY LOST. A boy lost in the woods in 1842 caused considerable excitement. The boy's name was Tripp, and he had gone out to the woods along Yellow Creek to 94 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY hunt butternuts. His companions were evidently full of the "Wild West" and sought to have some fun by frightening him. One of the boys with a buffalo robe represented a panther and this with the cries of the other boys cause young Tripp to take to the woods. He became separated from his companions and soon lost his way. At night the party returned, but without young Tripp. Next day a meeting of citizens was held and a committee on horses searched the woods for the lost boy. The committee kept up the search for several days and nights and finally found the lad three miles from his starting point. The boy was ex- hausted and almost starved. He soon recovered and the affair that caused so much commotion was soon dropped. THE FIRST BRICK BUILDING. The first brick building was erected in Freeport about 1842. Just where the first one was erected and the exact date can not be definitely determined. As usual several claims are put forward. One claim refers to a residence of David Clay at the corner of Bridge and Van Buren streets. Another refers to a brick residence built at the corner of Galena and Cherry streets, about 1845, by John Perkins. Still another points to a one-story brick building at the corner of Stephenson and Mechanic streets. In 1846 Mr. A. T. Green built a brick build- ing at the corner of Stephenson and Chicago streets. The first three-story brick building was that built on Stephenson street by O. H. Wright and used as a store and warehouse. In 1848, Mr. Horace Tarbox, who came to Free- port and established a hotel and livery business, built a large three-story stone building at the corner of Chicago and Stephenson streets. This was used by Mr. Tarbox as a hotel. It was torn down in 1874. By 1840 other good build- ings were erected by D. A. Knowlton, George Purrington, E. Rosenstiel, Wil- liam Glover, Emmert & Strohm, I. C. Stoneman and others. In 1849 the first church building was erected in Freeport, on the present site of the Y. M. C. A. building. The church was to be 40x65 and was built of stone and brick and cost $460.00. Owing to difficulties, the building was not completed until 1851. In 1851 the Second Presbyterians and the Methodists built churches. In 1850, December 25, the First Baptist church was built where the German Catholic church now stands. The Episcopal church was built in 1852. The first Catholic church building was erected near the present site of St. Mary's church in 1854. Early in the fifties Plymouth Block, at the corner of Van Buren and Steph- enson streets was built and the people of Freeport were proud of the structure. The building had served its purpose and gave way in 1868 to the present Wil- coxen building. In 1852 the Union school was built at a cost of $3,000 on the site of the present high school. WATER POWER RIGHTS. In 1846 O. H. Wright and E. S. Hanchett by act of the Legislature incor- porated the Hydraulic & Manufacturing Company of Stephenson County. The charter gave Wright & Hanchett legal right to build a dam across the Pecatonica HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 95 River. The race was built by Jacob Zimmerman under the direction of John Lerch. The race was 900 feet wide and 6 feet deep. In 1847 Hanchett built a saw mill on the site of the old Goddard flour mill. The mill was built of logs, square-hewed with the ax. ENGLISH COLONY RIDOTT. In 1842, Stephenson County was still one of the localities of Northern Illi- nois that was attractive to the immigrants from the East. About this time the unsettled political condition of Europe was the cause of considerable emigration to America. The free public land system of America by which the landless of the old world could easily become owners of large farms, appealed to the ten- ants of England especially. Just as the Norwegians in 1839 had sent an agent to look over the public lands of America and pick out a location in 1842, farmers in England appointed a man of their own number to visit the United States and select a favorable site for settlement. This agent crossed the United States to Illinois, came out on the Frink and Walker stage and after making con- siderable investigation, was especially pleased with the surroundings in Ridott township and, writing to England, advised the colony to settle there. He ex- plained to the English farmers the advantages of this county. The farmers began at once to make preparations for the journey. They looked to America as the country of opportunity and about twenty-two of them left their native land August 28, 1842, to cross the continent of America to find new homes. They came from that strong class of Englishmen that has always been the basis of England's successes in war and peace. They were skilled in agriculture. The descendants of many of these people are yet to be found in this county and, though assimilated in the mass of our population, they have added something of enduring value to the character of the population of Stephenson County. An attempt was made to operate the colony on the community of interest plan. No doubt, they were influenced by the teachings of Robert Owen, who had brought out a colony of Englishmen and founded New Harmony, Indiana. After two years the colony was broken up by withdrawals, some going on farther west. The settlers came into other parts of the county in 1842, but no- where, not even in Freeport, in such numbers as in Ridott township. In fact, there was considerable disappointment because the population did not increase fast enough to meet the expectations of the people. By this time trade was turned largely to Chicago. The lead mine markets had fallen and Chicago offered the additional inducement of newly arrived immi- grants who wanted to be transported to this section. This was cash business and very acceptable to farmers on the return trip. THE WALLACE SUICIDE. A suicide broke the even tenor of the life of the people in 1841. An old man, William Wallace, had settled in the county in 1836. From his peculiar actions the people who knew him regarded him as insane. Little was known about the man and his history. In one of his melancholy moods, he hanged him- 96 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY self to a tree near the village of Rock Grove. His dead body was found swing- ing from a limb by some boys who were out hunting for cows in the "common." The boys carried the news to the settlers, who hastened to the place, cut down the unfortunate man and buried him near the spot of his own execution. The suicide caused quite a ripple of excitement over the county. THE BOARDMAN MURDER. The year 1843 brought the first murder in the county after its incorpora- tion. The tragedy occurred on a farm in Rock Grove township owned then by Daniel Noble. Boardman was a hired man employed by Noble. As the story goes, one day in the fall of 1843, Noble and Boardman with their guns started off on a hunt. The two were gone several days, when Noble returned without Boardman. Noble explained that Boardman had gone in the direction of Wis- consin, being discouraged with the prospect in Rock Grove township. Board- man gave a watch to Noble and asked him to tell Mrs. Boardman that when he was located in a new home he would return for his wife. The winter and spring passed and Noble's story of Boardman's disap- pearance was not questioned, largely because of the character of the relations apparently existing between the two men. Early in the summer, a Mr. Marsh, a neighbor of Noble, discovered the remains of a man in the brush. The skull showed evidence of violence, and Marsh severing it from the body, took it to Noble's farm and in the presence of many men exhibited the "find" to Noble. Suspicion already under current, was strengthened against Noble because of his appearance and conduct when confronted with the skull. It was agreed that Noble should be arrested the following day, or just as soon as a warrant could be secured from Justice Frankenberger. Noble took time by the forelock, how- ever, and that night disappeared, leaving his wife with her father in Ogle County. He was last heard of at Dixon, and was never found or arrested. Consequently the story of the murder has never been told. GERMAN COLONY. A colony of Germans settled in Ridott township in 1850. Henry and Daniel Brick had come to America in 1844 from Germany. H. Frylings came from Hanover in 1850. John Heeren of Asuaisvaland, and Ulrich Boomgaarden from Hanover in 1850. Balster Jelderks, Jacob Molter, Fokke Rewerts and Michael Van Oosterloo came from Germany the same year. In 1852 among many others, the following joined the German colony in Ridott township: Henry Borchers, Bearnd Groveneveld, Peter Herrmann, Charles Rohkar, Henry Scheffner, John Scheffner, Abram Schleich and Edward Weik. Niel Johnson came from Han- over in 1853. Mathias Timms in 1854 and John Rademaker in 1855. Michael Bardell came from Alsace in 1845, having landed in America in 1841. Adam Fisher came from Bavaria in 1858. 1844-50. It was not all peace and happiness in the county at this periol. The early surveys were extremely faulty. Many corner stones were never set at all, and Ol'It BAXI> BKFl >!{]: TIIK WAI! 1. E. KiillutT 2. W. II. Wanner 3. J. Kiieflf II. Baler Mr. Johnson J. Decider .T. Lcecke J. Hotzlcr OF THE UNIVERSE OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 97 others were incorrectly placed. The surveys were especially faulty along the river. Claims overlapped and when the adjustments came to be made in 1844 to 1850, much strife arose among contesting claimants. Neighborhood contro- versies in which the people took sides waxed furiously. Much bad blood was stirred up and feuds were developed that continued long after the source of the conditions had disappeared. As land values increased and improvements were made, the controversies increased in fury. It is claimed to this day that some lands along the river are still government lands, but farmed by men who own adjacent farms. THE WAR WITH MEXICO. Stephenson County had not been organized ten years when the war with Mexico began in 1846. The war grew out of the annexation of Texas, losses of Americans by Mexican depredations, and a dispute over the boundary line of Texas. Mexico claimed that the Nueces River was the boundary, but Presi- dent Polk and Texas insisted that the boundary extended to the Rio Grande. Some Americans were slain in the disputed territory and Polk sent General Zachary Taylor with an army of about 2500 men to the Rio Grande. Folk's war message, "American blood has been spilled on American soil !" aroused the fighting spirit of Americans and the wave of warlike enthusiasm spread into the sparsely settled communities of Stephenson County. The call for volunteers included a call for three regiments from Illinois. Enthusiasm ran high in this county and mass meetings of men from all parts of the county was held in the court house at Freeport. Major John Howe was chairman of the meeting. Stirring, patriotic addresses were made by S. B. Far- well and Hon. Thomas J. Turner. Several enlistments were the result, and these with enlistments that came in from almost every community, soon ex- ceeded the demand. In all, about twenty-five men enlisted and went into the war. One of these, William Goddard, won the rank of Captain. The Stephen- son County enlistments were placed in the company of Captain McKinney of Dixon, and it is believed formed a part of the second regiment of Illinois soldiers, under command of J. L. D. Morrison, of St. Clair County. The regi- ment was mustered on July 2, 1846, and after taking part in the battle of Buena Vista and other battles returned to Springfield, June 4, 1847. The Stephenson County volunteers then returned home and were accorded an enthusiastic reception. Mass meetings and dinners were given in their honor, and eloquent toasts and patriotic addresses, full of praise of the men who had fought under "Old Rough and Ready" welcomed the returning heroes. Another call for troops came in 1847 an d met with a similar response, but the war soon closed by Scott's capture of the City of Mexico. The war confirmed the annexation of Texas and annexed California, New Mexico, Arizona and part of Nevada, Colorado and Utah. Right or wrong in its inception, the Mexican War was right in its results. It rounded out nicely the boundary of the United States, gave us a harbor on the Pacific Coast, and gave over to Anglo Saxon civilization a great territory, the development and govern- ment of which was impossible under the control of the incompetent descendants of the Spaniard. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY AFTER 1837. Abraham Gund came to Stephenson County from Baden in 1847. Three years later he made the trip to California and there engaged in his trade of blacksmithing. He succeeded fairly well prospecting and returned to this county in 1855. His California earnings were lost in a St. Louis Bank failure, but he struggled on and soon bought the old homestead in Silver Creek township. He served the county as a member of the board of supervisors and county treas- urer. George and Sophia Gund, parents of Frederick and Abraham Gund came to America in 1848 settlnng in Silver Creek township where they died of cholera in 1850. NEWSPAPERS. In November, 1847, the first newspaper printed in the county came off the press. This was the Prairie Democrat, founded by Hon. Thomas J. Turner, and edited by Mr. S. D. Carpenter. The business of the paper was first con- ducted in a room in the old court house. Later it was published in a frame building at the corner of Galena and Chicago streets and then to the corner of Stephenson and Chicago streets. J. A. P. Burnside succeeded Mr. Carpen- ter, Mr. George P. Ordway running the paper the year of 1852. In 1853 with a new press and new type the paper changed its name and since that date has ap- peared as the Freeport Bulletin. For a time the bulletin was run by Bagg and Brawley and in 1861 was sold to Giles & Scroggs. The paper, from 1847 to 1861, had enjoyed a good patronage and was of great influence on the county. In politics, the Prairie Democrat and the Bulletin were consistently Demo- cratic. Mr. Turner's aim in establishing the Democrat was to have an organ which would aid him and his party in managing the politics of the county. Democratic successes from 1847 to 1860 were very auspicious for the welfare , of the Democratic paper. The Prairie Democrat of 1847 contained its own ad as follows: PRAIRIE DEMOCRAT. Published Weekly. Freeport, Wednesday, Jan. 26, 1848. Terms Single copy, if paid in advance or within two months from the time of subscribing $ 2.00 If paid within the year 2.50 The usual rates will be charged to village subscribers who receive their papers per carrier. 5 copies to one post office, in advance 9.10 10 copies to one post office, in advance l 7-5 20 copies to one post office, in advance 30.00 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 99 Job and Advertising Prices. For 100 half sheet bills $ 4.0x5 For 100 half sheet bills per 100, over 100 1.50 For quarter sheet bills 2.00 For quarter sheet bills, per 100, over 300 i.oo All bills less than quarter sheet per 100 2.00 For Blanks per quire 75 cts i.oo For Cards, per pack i .00 For Cards per pack, each additional pack 75 Ball tickets one, two, three and 5.00 Bills with borders and all fancy jobs charged extra. Advertising One square one insertion i.oo each additional insertion 50 one month 2.00 three months , 3.50 six months 6.00 one year 10.00 Patent Medicines one column per year 50.00 Cards not exceeding six lines per year 5.00 Job and Book printing of all kinds neatly executed at this office. All communications and advertisements should be left at the office as early as Saturday next preceding a publication, in order to insure a publication the next week. N. B. Advertisements should be marked the number of inser- tions required, or they will be continued until forbid, and charged accordingly. The first issue of the Freeport Journal appeared November 22, 1848. The paper was a six column weekly folio. The Journal was founded by H. G. Gratton and A. McFadden. The "office" was an old building at the corner of Broadway and Beaver streets. After a year the Journal was published in a frame building on Galena street, between Walnut and South Galena Avenue. The next place of publication was north of the courthouse and in 1855 the Jour- nal was housed in Martin's block on Stephenson street between Van Buren and Chicago streets. In 1852 the Journal expanded and became a seven column folio, and appeared in a new dress. Mr. Hiram Sheetz, who had purchased a part interest in 1851, became sole proprietor in 1853. Mr. Sheetz sold the paper to Judson and McClure in 1856, who conducted the paper the next ten years. THE ANZEIGER. In 1853 the Deutscher Anzeiger was founded by William Wagner, Sr., assisted by William Wagner, Jr. From 1853 to the present time, the Anzeiger has been the property of the Wagner family. Mr. Wagner purchased a printing outfit at Galena and began with a four page, five column weekly. The office was located in the third story of the Wright building on the northeast corner of Stephenson and Adam street. In 1854 the paper was domiciled at No. 8 South Galena Avenue. The paper was printed by a hand press. For a time 100 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY on account of limited means, the paper was published by amateur type setters. In 1855 the office was moved to the third story of the Rosenstiel building, now 93 Stephenson street. In 1859 Mr. William H. Wagner, the present publisher and editor, became foreman of the mechanical department. As an apprentice, he had mastered the mechanical part of the newspaper business. The Anzeiger waxed strong because it had a hard fight for existence and because of the ability and persistence of the Wagners. The circulation increased rapidly and had always been a boon to the German settlers, who came out from the Fatherland. Among these people the paper has exercised a powerful influence which it holds to this day. TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION 1859-1860. A different form of county government was established in 1850. From 1837. the date of the first county organization, to 1850 the county was governed by three commissioners. The first commissioners were Lemuel G. Streator, Isaac Forbes and Julius Smith. Such a system was entirely adequate in the early days. But with rapidly growing population, a different plan, better adapted to present conditions, was to be desired. The Constitutional Convention of 1848 provided for township organization in case the voters of the county desired it. The Legislature of 1849 provided fur- ther that at the next general election the counties should vote on the proposition of township organization. There was some opposition in Stephenson County to the proposed change. Public opinion, however, was strongly in favor of it, and the opposition was too weak to make much of a contest. The result ofl the election of November 5, 1849, was : For township government 973 Against township government 99 Total votes cast 1,072 The above vote indicates the result of a one-sided contest. At the election of 1849, Hon. George Purrington was elected county judge. The county court met in December, Judge Purrington presiding. Levi Robey, Robert Foster and Erastus Torrey were appointed to mark off the county into townships. After considerable investigation the three commissioners made their report, having provided for the following townships : Rock Grove, Oneco, Win- slow, West Point, Waddams, Buck Eye, Rock Run, Freeport, Lancaster, Har- lem, Erin, Loran, Florence, Silver Creek and Ridott, in all, fifteen townships. Commissioner Torrey desired to change the name Harlem to Wayne, but the report had been adopted and the change was not made. November 5, 1850, the following men were elected supervisors : Lancaster, Johnathan Reitzell; Rock Run, C. G. Edley; Rock Grove, James J. Rogers; Oneco, George Cadwell ; Winslow, Cornelius Judson ; Waddams, Michael Law- ver ; Buck Eye, Montelius ; West Point, Daniel Wilson ; Harlem, William M. Buckley ; Erin, John I. F. Harmon ; Florence, Conrad Van Brocklin ; Ridott, Gustavus A. Farwell; Silver Creek, Samuel McAffee; Freeport, E. S. Hanchett; and Loran, Hiram Hart. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 101 Three additional townships were added later. In 1856, March 17, Kent Township was formed by dividing Erin. The division of Erin aroused intense feeling, says an early history, because the residents of Erin were deprived of superior wood and water advantages. In 1859 the citizens of the west half of Loran Township petitioned for independent organization and Jefferson Township was formed by the commissioners, nl September, 1860, Dakota Township was formed out of the east half of Buckeye, because of the infinite inconvenience and vexation of spirit caused by the residents being compelled to go to a distant place to cast the ballot. At the first meeting of the Board of Supevisors, November n, 1850, John I. F. Harmon was elected chairman. Hanchett of Freeport was not present and failed to qualify. Thereupon, John K. Brewster was appointed supervisor for Freeport Township. FREEPORT A TOWN 1850. From its settlement to 1850 Freeport was governed as a village. From its first settlement in 1835 by William Baker to 1850, Freeport had grown slowly to a population of 1486. In 1840 the village had a population of forty-nine. In the year 1850 there arose a general desire to have the old village organization sup- planted by a town organization. During the summer that year the place was in- corporated as a town under the laws of the state of Illinois. At the election held later in the year, the following persons were elected town trustees : Thomas J. Turner, Julius Smith, John K. Brewster, John Rice and Joseph B. Smith. The town organization seems to have satisfied the ambitions of the pioneers of the future city till about 1855, when the town organization gave way to city gov- ernment under the State Charter. CENSUS OF 1850. December 27, 1850, Mr. Oscar Taylor published his report of the census in the Journal: Freeport i ,436 Buck Eye 1,271 Waddams 1,160 Rock Run i,O37 Erin 886 Oneco 882 Lancaster 835' Rock Grove 727 Loran 654 Ridott 652 Silver Creek 603 Florence 444 Harlem w\ Winslow 384 West Point 250 Total in County in 1850 1 1,666 102 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Total in County in 1845 6,344 Total in County in 1840 2,869 The city of Galena in 1850 had a population of 5, 986, and Jo Daviess County 18,466. The census of 1850 showed that the n,666 inhabitants of Stephenson County were born in : Pennsylvania 3,360 Illinois 2,826 New York 1,485 Ohio 981 Vermont 263 Indiana 177 Virginia ,. 1 1 1 Massachusetts 103 Connecticut 83 New Hampshire 68 Kentucky 68 Wisconsin ' 63 Maryland 57 Michigan 54 New Jersey ' 47 Tennessee 25 Rhode Island 24 North Carolina 19 Iowa 15 Maine 10 Delaware 6 South Carolina 5 Missouri 4 Georgia 2 Alabama I Total 9,827 Germany 821 Ireland 409 Canada 320 England 206 Norway 37 France 23 Scotland 9 Nova Scotia 5 New Brunswick 3 Wales 3 Switzerland i Brazil i West Indies . '. i Total in County 1 1 ,666 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 103 ASIATIC CHOLERA, 1850-1852. The people of Stephenson County, and especially the people of Freeport, suffered from an epidemic of Asiatic Cholera in 1850. People were unprepared to fight such a plague. It made rapid inroads on the population and, though all common remedies and specifics were applied, the patient usually died. The physicians were not familiar with the disease and had no experience in treat- ing it. The neighborhood of Nevada, Ridott Township, Kirkpatrick's Mills, and Freeport suffered most. A traveler through the county at the time said that there was hardly a family on the old state road in which there was not one of its members down with cholera, dying or buried. But the people stood loyally by. The sick were cared for by physicians, and nurses and neighbors hurriedly buried the dead. Duty was stronger than fear of the dread disease, and a splendid heroism was manifested among the people who time and again took their lives in their hands, in caring for their neighbors. The towns were practically abandoned and business was at a stand- still. In 1852, the plague returned and wrought great havoc. In 1854 it again appeared, but was soon stamped out by the physicians who had learned how to treat it. There was practically a decrease in the population of the county from 1850 to 1852. Emigrants went on through or around the county and settled else- where. Many went back east and others who had prepared to come west remained at the old homes in the east. It was a hard blow and checked* for a time, the growth of the county. The following by Mrs. Oscar Taylor who lived through the period gives a better idea of actual conditions : "With a sense of security in the present everyone was looking forward to a time of continued prosperity when suddenly, in 1850, across the sunshine of our hopes fell the black shadow of the terrible visitation of cholera, remembered still with a shudder by all who can look back to it. Like a thief in the night it came, striking first in a house near the head of the creek crossing the town. In a home where five were living the day before, in the morning all were dead except an infant. The woman who took this child, died two days later. A great horror settled over the community. The paralysis of fear added greatly to the danger from the disease, and an attack meant in most cases death. The physicians were almost as ignorant of the treatment for cholera as were the citizens. No nurses were to be had and the victims were dependent on friends and neighbors for care. When quaking with fear we were often called upon to minister to the dying, or to prepare the dead for burial. And we mothers, as we closed for the last time the eyes of some neighbor's child, thought with sickening dread of the morrow for our own little ones. Not often was there a funeral service. The dead were taken quickly to the cemetery by the old sexton, Giles Taylor. As far as business went the week days were like Sun- days and country people were afraid to come near the infected town. When the shadow lifted with the end of summer, one-tenth of the population of Free- port had been taken away. The experience was not lost upon our physicians, 104 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY however, for when cholera came here again in '54 it was much more success- fully treated." Most of the cholera victims in Freeport were along the creek. Eighteen deaths occurred in one day in Freeport. Among the more prominent phy- sicians were Dr. Chancellor Martin, Dr. L. A. Mease, Dr. F. J. Hazlet, and Dr. Robert H. Van Valzah. Calamities seldom come singly. It is maintained that while the county was under the ban on account of the dreadful result of the cholera, the people suf- fered a renewal of thieving and rowdyism. An old settler told the following story as an illustration : "A gentleman traveling from St. Louis to Buffalo, via stage from Galena of Freeport, was taken ill with cholera at the hotel in Freeport. It was quite well known that the stranger had money and he was carefully watched by the proprietor of the hotel. One afternoon he walked about the town to regain his strength. That night he had a relapse and died. Examination of his effects showed that $6,000 had disappeared. He was buried in the old cemetery near where Keene's Canning Factory now stands. His relatives traced his travels and years later came to Freeport to remove the body, but the grave had not been marked and the effort was fruitless." The census of September, 1853, by Giles L. Taylor, for the school directors was: Males of all ages l ,5^9 Females of all ages 1.359 Total 2,926 Children under 21 1.233 THE FORTY-NINERS THE GOLD FEVER. In 1849 the California gold fever struck Stephenson County. It produced the same excitement here as elsewhere and almost one hundred left the county that year to cross the plains to the gold fields. Old and young and men of all profes- sions and vocations joined the mad rush for immediate wealth. Outfits and sup- plies were loaded into wagons and those drawn by horses and ox teams joined the caravans from other sections, and began the long and tiresome journey half across a continent. Many men, not over-conservative, put all their eggs in this one basket. It was a long chance at best, and fraught with difficulties, privation and danger. Some died on the way. Others pressed on to certain failure. A few were fortunate and some became permanent settlers in the west, and rose to distinction in the farther west. One of them, Cameron Hunt, became gov- ernor of Colorado. Loved ones and friends at home were compelled to wait long for news, sometimes sad. often not reassuring and seldom good. In all, almost 200 men, mainly young men, left the county for the west. Men of means, who did not go, furnished outfits, for others in return for an agreement to share the profits. But the gold fields were far away and these men seldom realized on the investment. The purchase of supplies made business in the county good for the time, but the ultimate effect was bad. The county could ill afford to spare at that date HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 105 so many vigorous men. Smaller crops were cultivated ; trade was slow and times were dull. Among the men who went to the gold fields were : John Walz, B. T. Buckley, Charles Willet, William Vore, John Kirkpatrick, Elnus Baker, John Mease, O. Weaver, J. W. Shaffer, Alfred Caldwell, William Patterson, Mr. Shutz, P. C. Shaffer, Joseph Carey, Charles Bogar, S. B. Farwell, Joseph Quest, William Young, Robert Hammond, Charles O'Neal, Horatio Hunt, Cameron Hunt and others. 49ERS. William Preston, who settled in the county in 1838, drove an ox team to Cali- fornia in 1848. Walking all the way except about 250 miles. He made a stake in California and went by steamer to the Isthmus of Panama. He walked from Panama to the River Chagras, and went by boat down that river to Chagris, then to Havana, then to New Orleans and up the Mississippi to Galena, arriv- ing home by stage in 1851. The Journal of June n, 1850, had an able editorial on the effect of the Free-trade Tariff of 1845. It says, "Furnaces are everywhere closing, mines are everywhere being vacated, and the course of things seems to turn towards the abandonment of these industries. We trust that Congress will speedily set- tle the slavery question and hasten to the relief of the manufactures, the with- holding of which cannot much longer be endured." In 1851 the Legislature passed an act providing for a new judicial circuit, embracing the counties of Jo Daviess, Stephenson and Winnebago. About March 21, 1851, two gentlemen with a team visited farmers north of Freeport and secured samples of wheat with the evident idea of purchasing. While there they passed counterfeit bills. WHIG CELEBRATION, 1849. March 5, 1849, tne whigs of Stephenson County held a celebration of the election of Taylor and Fillmore. Every part of the county was represented. "The day was ushered in by a national salute of 30 guns. John A. Clark was president of the day, and Hubbard Graves, M. M. Woodin, Dr. Cutler and Lorin Snow were vice presidents. Hon. Martin Sweet, was the orator of the day. After the speech "which was of great force and eloquence and charmed a de- lighted auditory," over 100 sat down to a sumptuous dinner at the Stephenson County Hotel. After dinner, toasts were given and letters read. Besides 13 regular toasts, 23 voluntary toasts were given among which were those by Charles Betts, L. W. Guiteau, Hubbard Graves, Oscar Taylor, Dr. Martin, M. P. Sweet, E. H. Hatchett, Julius Smith. It was a big day for the whigs. POLITICS. In 1849, tne whig county convention, according to the Journal, laid aside party politics, and nominated the following ticket: For county judge, Major 106 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY John Howe; associate judges, Samuel F. Dodds and Josiah Clingman; clerk of county court, Hubbard Graves ; school commissioner, L. W. Guiteau ; sur- veyor, Cyrus Clingman; treasurer, Asabel Rice. The democrats were success- ful and elected the following: George Purinton, judge; William Preston, clerk; Johnathan Reitzell, treasurer; school commissioner, L. W. Guiteau, whig. In Freeport, Julius Smith and F. W. S. Brawley were elected justices and James B. Barr and Frederick Baker constables. Colonel Thomas J. Turner was a "Wilmot Proviso" democrat in Congress. He was once stigmatised by the southern leaders as one of the "thirteen fan- atics" for resisting the Walker amendment. VARIOUS ITEMS OF INTEREST. SOCIAL. The Journal thus describes a party held at the Freeport House, Monday, January 14, 1850: "This was truly a fine affair the arrangements were all in excellent taste, the company large and highly respectable, and an abundance of agreeable ex- citement to render the occasion pleasant and interesting. And the music that was a little ahead of anything mortal ear has ever listened to before. Could it have been surpassed? No Ole Bull could have discoursed sweeter music than did the venerable Charley on that magic instrument of his, neither could a Ned Kendall have immortalized himself where Leonard is with that post horn, unsurpassed for richness and sweetness of tone. And then there was Gitchell, the king of players, sweet, a regular triumph with his clarinet, and last, though not least, the juvenile Dutchman, with his father of fiddles. He is some, though we dare not attmept to tell how much." FOURTH OF JULY CELEBRATION IN FREEPORT, 185!. Freeport celebrated the Fourth of July as follows in 1851 : "The procession followed a band to a grove near the public square. Wash- ington's Monument was sung by the choir in a very beautiful and impressive style." Prayer by Chaplain M. P. Sweet. Reading of the Declaration of Independence by H. Bright in a manner cal- culated to awaken memories of 1776. An eloquent, instructive and patriotic address by F. W. S. Brawley, Esq.: the profound attention with which it was listened to is the best testimony of its excellence; and the repeated demonstrations of applause, the best evidence that the hearts of the American people are still susceptible to impressions from "thoughts that breathe and words that burn." The Union Forever, sung by the choir. The procession then marched to the tables where a sumptuous dinner was spread by D. B. Packer, the host of the Winneshiek House, with the choicest viands and the luxuries of the season. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 107 The following regular toasts were then offered by the toast committee con- sisting of John A. Clark, J. D. Turner and Charles Powell: 1. The 31 stars of our glorious Constitution may they forever move in harmony around one common center. 2. The heroes of the Revolution the heritage of their graves can not be divided. 3. The memory of George Washington. 4. The President of the United States. 5. The Governor of the State of Illinois. 6. The Army and the Navy of the United States. 7. The Heroes of the Mexican War we delight to honor them. 8. The Constitution and the Union. 9. Freeport, the city of the seven hills may she, like Rome, her great prototype be eternal. 10. The ladies we are their servants. Several voluntary toasts were given. President of the day, Julius Smith ; secretary, T. E. Champion." AGRICULTURAL MEETING. A Stephenson County agriculture society was organized in Freeport, Feb- ruary 23, 1854. Over 150 farmers were present. All sections of the county were represented except Rock Grove and Winslow. The following were elected officials: President, O. W. Brewster; vice president, Luman Montague; secretary, John A. Davis ; treasurer, Wm. M. Buckley ; corresponding secre- tary, Wm. Preston. March 13, 1854, a Freeport public meeting indorsed the movement for an Illinois industrial university and recommended Professor J. B. Turner of Jack- sonville as the first state superintendent of schools of Illinois. MEETING OF SOLDIERS OF WAR OF l8l2. May 3, 1854, the veterans of the War of 1812 held a meeting at the court- house in Freeport. The meeting was addressed by T. F. Goodhue, Wm. Baker, and David Niles. Resolutions were passed asking for pensions in cash, instead of land. The following old soldiers were present : David Niles, Joseph Norris, James Van Velt, Marcus Carpenter, Jacob Klontz, Abraham Cole, Jacob Mor- ris, Ira H. Sturtevant, George McCoy, William Baker, E. H. Shumway, John Malone, Geo. Lattig, Jos. Van Meter, Mary Walter (widow of Aaron Walter), Josiah Smith, Henry Shepherd and Thomas Matteson. David Niles was chairman and Henry Shepherd secretary. TEMPERANCE IN 1854. One of the organizations of Freeport in 1854 was the Maine Law Alli- ance. The purpose of this organization was to secure law enforcement and to elevate the moral standing of the city. The Freeport Journal, January 12, 1854, 108 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY said, "The organization of the Maine Law Alliance we regard as one of the best movements on the part of the friends of temperance, and the enemies of the liquor traffic, that has ever been made in our community. It has instilled new life and energy into the hearts of those who for years have been offering but a feeble resistance to the frightful and rapid advance of this destructive vice. That there is an urgent necessity for such an organization, few can doubt when they contemplate the unexampled wretchedness and misery the liquor traffic produces ; the demoralization that inseparably attends it, resulting in the increase of our poor and county taxes, the spread of crime and debauch- ery, and the death of its innumerable victims. We hail the Alliance, believing that it will have a tendency to check and ultimately abolish this evil from our midst." January 5, 1854, the Journal had a 24 column editorial on "Home Manu- factures," in part as follows: "The remark is sometimes made that Freeport is not a manufacturing town, but we are certain that one branch thrives wonder- fully among us. We mean the manufacture of drunkards and gamblers. A license can be got to sell liquor for $50. A room with screens, gaudy painted window curtains, lascivious pictures, and a bar set out with rows of glittering bottles and tumblers, gives the front view. A little whiskey and some papers of logwood and other healthy drugs, make brandy, wine, gin, rum, of the best quality. Behind, is the gambling room. The raw material are young and innocent boys. At first the novice is shy. He will take a cigar, then a dish of oysters with some ale, next joins a game of euchre to see wno treats, and becomes familiar with the tainted moral air of the place. Every step of his downward course is encouraged by the men who profit by his ruin. A young man in Freeport is in peril. The fact is, it is safer here to destroy a young man's soul, than it is in Rockford to kill his body. We should have a reading room for the boys, a lecture course. Yes, it will take money, but is money the God for which we are made. You men of busi- ness may hoard up your money, now, but the day will come when, if it is locked up against such uses, it will eat like a canker of your happiness." Freeport had a 2/3 majority vs. saloons in the spring of 1855. A city ordinance was passed prohibiting retailing liquors and permitting only gallon sales. The Journal urged the enforcement of the law, but the attempt was abandoned. REAL ESTATE. A boosting pamphlet on Freeport issued in 1857, in speaking of the advan- tages of northern Illinois, says : "As the traveler comes west from Chicago, he will find but little that is inviting until he approaches Elgin on the Fox River. When he approaches Marengo and is conveyed through the center of Garden Prairie, he begins to see some of the loveliest portions of the western country and as he passes through the flourishing town of Belvidere, his admira- tion for the prairie land will be in no wise diminished. The face of the country is a little more uneven, and the soil is allowed to be richer between the Rock River and the Mississippi. Throughout Stephenson County the land is suffi- HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 109 ciently rolling to make the prospect diversified without being detrimental to agriculture. The soil is so rich that few farmers have begun to think of ro- tating their crops. Land as fertile as any in existence can be bought for $12 to $25 an acre, and in an ordinary season will produce almost enough to pay for its cost. The truth is, that aside from the difference in cost of transportation of its crops, an acre of land in Stephenson County (1857) is worth just as much as an acre of land "away down east." The eastern farmer who will canvass this matter thoroughly, can not resist this conclustion, and he who sells his farm at the east and comes among us and buys three acres for one and finds himself to all in- tents and purposes (excepting in the lack of fruit, which, however, will soon grow and is now growing) as well located as regards the comforts of civilized society, will act the part of wisdom. We have schools and churches, as good as can be found in the east, and we are as much "down east" so far as all such privileges are concerned as are our friends to whose good sense we are now appealing. Think of it, and come and give the county a visit. Take a look at our beautiful prairies and handsome groves, view our busy and crowded young city, the pride of our county, and we will venture that you will think as we think. There never was a more favorable time to purchase than now. Many of that class who always try to keep just ahead of the march of civiliza- tion and improvements, are selling and going to Kansas. Good farms can be had at fair rates and farms within two miles of the city can be bought for less money than is asked for unimproved land lying near paper towns in Kansas and Nebraska. There is no more favorable town for real estate investment than Freeport no place of its character and prosperity where homesteads can be obtained on better terms." In the history of Freeport of 1857, by Boss and Burrows, the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad has a two page spread advertisement, offering for sale 1,500,000 acres of choice farm lands, at $6 to $30 per acre, and up, on long credits and low rates of interest. A vivid description of Illinois from Cairo to Galena is given, picturing in brilliant colors the resources of the state, the fertile soil,, stone, coal, lead and timber. They asked 3% interest and gave 20% discount for cash. The Yankee real estate man of that early day was busy. He sold corner lots in paper towns, and many were the victims of his wiles. A story printed in a magazine in 1839 illustrates a characteristic of the period. As the story goes: "Major Wilkey of Mooseboro, Vermont, traded his New England farm for the land and town of Edensburg, Illinois. The real estate man gave Mr. Wilkey a beautiful colored plat of the city of Edensburg, with Broadway, Com- mercial Street, College Street, the public squares, parks, etc., etc., all located. The plot showed 300 acres that would produce 400 bushels to the acre. The credulous major drove in a wagon with his family across New York, over the mountains, across the great endless Mississippi Valley, building air castles broader and higher as he approached his own town of Edensburg. Finally, worn out and exhausted, he found Edensburg to be an uninhabitable swamp. The city and the major's dream vanished. Hardships unnerved him and he returned to the east with a broken down wagon, a broken winded horse, a 110 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY broken hearted wife, a broken legged dog, a broken down constitution, and three sons, Johnathan, Jerry and Joe shaking with the ague." BUSINESS 1857. The De Armit Plow Co. was well established in Freeport in 1857 and doing a large business. The company employed 12 men and for power had installed a 14 horse power steam engine. The year 1856-7 De Armit manufactured 300 stirring plows, 50 corn plows, 300 breaking plows, 50 shovel plows, a few drags and cultivators. He also did a turning lathe business and his total output ex- ceeded $10,000 worth of business. The Boss & Burrough's booklet (1857) says that this was very gratifying because it shows that Freeport can sustain home industries. The F. B. Williams Threshing Machine Company began in 1851 and em- ployed ten men in 1857. In 1856 the Company made and sold ten threshing machines at about $1,000 apiece. The company made the Fowlersville thresher. THE MANNY REAPER COMPANY. Pells Manny was a pioneer manufacturer of Stehphenson County. His work and fame and the services of his inventive genius was too great to be confined to one county, and the world over his name stands far towards the head of the list of early inventors and manufacturers of reapers. It is said that he got his idea of the Manny reaper from reading a descrip- tion of a machine used by the Gauls over 350 years ago. His first machine was one which cut off the heads of the grain. After much experimenting, he pro- duced the Manny reaper which soon supplanted the header. The new inven- tion struck the rocky roads encountered by most inventions. It required time and labor and over $20,000 to perfect the machine so that it would work suc- cessfully. This was accomplished in 1852 and in 1853. Mr. Manny's son, J. N. Manny, began the manufacture of reapers in Rockford. In 1856 the Mannys established a factory in Freeport. The company found a great demand for its product and the annual output soon rose to several thousands. In 1857 the Freeport factory run by Mr. Manny manufactured reapers, hay presses, and the Manny Subsoil Plow. The Freeport booklet (Boss & Burrough's) 1857, says that the Manny Company had enough orders ahead that year to make it neces- sary to employ from 250 to 400 men. It was believed that this company alone would increase the population of Freeport 1,200 to 2,000. Jacob Walkey in 1853 established a planing mill and furniture factory on Chicago Street. In 1857 he was doing a big business and employing a large number of men. He used a thirty horse power steam engine to run his ma- chinery. His building was a two story, with 60 feet frontage. He had two planing machines, scroll saw, four turning lathes, boring and mortising ma- chines. In the Exchange Block on Stephenson Street he had a furniture sales room, "One of the most creditable features of Freeport" in 1857, and "does a $37,000 annual business." HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 111 The Halderman & Company Steam Flour Mill started August, 1856. The company has three run of stone and can grind 30,000 barrels a year. In 1857 J. B. Hazen's Iron Foundry was "doing quite a business in sleigh shoes and iron kettles. In 1856, J. Riegard's Flouring Mill, which did mostly a custom busi- ness, put in a steam engine. He had three run of stone running night and day, and has a capacity of 392 bushels per day. In 1857 Benjamin Goddard's Saw Mill had one upright and one buzz saw. The company did a business of about 2,000 feet a day on the upright. Four men were employed, and the mill "did a business of from $35,000 to $50,000 a year." In 1857 B. Rhode's soap and candle factory on the Galena road did a busi- ness of $8,000 to $10,000 annually. Stiles was doing "an extensive business at the fanning mill factory in 1857. Brown & Trowbridge were grinding corn for export. Washburn and Randall's stone cutting and marble works were do- ing a good business. In 1856 the Freeport Mfg. Co. completed a new brick building on Liberty Street, three stories high, 160x60, and with room for 500 workmen. The engine room was a wing 60x30, and contained an 80 horse power $6,000 engine to drive the machinery. The building was occupied by the Manny Reaper Company and the Williams Threshing Machine Company. HARD TIMES IN 1857. Panics, like comets, seem to return at more or less regular intervals. The history of the United States shows that Stephenson County, with its first permanent settlement in 1833, was s ^ m ' ts infancy when the panic of 1837 struck it. There were men here, however, who well remembered the panic of 1818 to 1819 which followed the reorganization of the National Bank of 1816. There may have been men whose memories reached back to the panic of 1783 to 1788. The first panic in America, that of 1783, followed the close of the Revolution and the breakdown of the continental currency and state paper money. "Rag" money had had its day. Inflation of the currency, the boon of high prices, speculation and wildcat banking brought the inevitable train of ruin. Out of this chaos and ruin came order and stability in 1791, through the financial genius of Alexander Hamilton. But when the National Bank's charter expired in 1811, the experimenters refused to charter it. Then followed another reign of "Rag" money, wildcat banking by states and individ- uals, followed by speculation, fictitious values and the inevitable crash. The National Bank was re-chartered in 1816 and a return to specie payments and sound finance was accompanied by sheriff's sales and the panic of 1816 to 1819. These two lessons were not well learned. The bank was not re-chartered in 1836, owing to President Jackson's mania for tinkering with the national finances. The result was the same as in 1783 and 1816 "rag money," irresponsible state and corporation banking, speculation on fictitious values, high prices and ex- travagant living, followed by inevitable redemption and resumption of specie payments, scarcity of hard money, sheriff's sales, low prices, low wages, poor markets and a mass of unemployed men. This panic of 1837 affected Stephen- son County indirectly more than directly. It held back the tide of westward 112 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY immigration and expansion. Then came the panic of 1857, which affected the county more directly. In about twenty years followed the panic of 1873, and then the panic of 1893, and the so-called "Banker's" panic of 1907 which seemed to be ahead of the 20 year schedule. According to schedule the next big panic will be due about 1913 to 1916. It may be hoped that the flurry of 1907 will satisfy the demand for panics. That, however, may well be doubted, for history is likely to repeat with a thoroughgoing panic before 1920. Judging from the past, this is to be expected, and can be averted only by some such financial student as the great Hamilton, who will base a financial and economic system on real values. As yet the man has not appeared, and there is no assur- ance of a system sound enough to withstand the popular tendency towards speculation, overreaching credit (a new form of "rag" money) and the manip- ulation of stock gamblers. The effect of the panic of 1857 was direct and real. Immigration slacked, hard money was scarce, loans were withheld, interest was high, markets were, slow, trade declined, business and industry came to a standstill, and laborers were thrown out of employment. Land values declined and lots and farms were a drug on the market. There was no money to move the crops and farmers, in many cases discouraged because of lack of a market, let much of their lands lie idle. Merchants bought but little new stock, right glad to avoid bankruptcy on stocks in store. All over the country, banks, corporations and individuals failed, the doors were closed and business men who had lived in high hopes of prosperity went into bankruptcy. When the panic struck Stephenson County in 1857 Freeport had forty-eight dry goods and grocery stores, ten clothing stores, five drug stores, four furni- ture establishments, five saddle and harness shops, two book stores, three banks, two confectioneries, four hardware stores, five bakeries, two gun shops, four jewelry stores, four meat markets, one hat store, seven boot and shoe stores, two cigar and tobacco stores, two paint and oil stores, twelve hotels, three sa- loons, six millinery stores, five agricultural implement stores, two daguerreau galleries, one brass foundry, nine jobbing houses, one sash and blind factory and three auction and commission rooms. There were also several manufac- turing establishments, among which were the Manny Reaper Works, the Wil- liams Threshing Company, De Armit's Plow Company and Stiles and Grif- fith's Fanning Mill Factory. There were also three weekly and one daily news- papers. The daily had a short life. In a business and industrial way, Freeport was making rapid progress and just at the time when it seemed that the city's development might move along by leaps and bounds, the panic dampened the ardor of enthusiasts. Money became tighter than ever and business and in- dustry practically came to a standstill. There was little recovery from this condition till about 1862 and 1863, when the demands of Civil War revived a lagging business. The high tide of pros- perity came again, only to see the nation, its lessons unlearned, march right up to the financial chasm of 1873. With the arrival of two railroads, Freeport began a rapid and steady growth. In 1855 Judge Farwell put up a building on the south side of the square. Build- ings were built by Martin & Karcher on Stephenson Street; by Mitchel & AN OLD CEMETERY LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 113 Putnam, corner of Stephenson and Chicago ; a block by E. H. Hyde, three stories high, the third floor being a public hall. The Hyde Block is believed to have been the first building in Freeport heated by steam and lighted by gas. This was old Plymouth Hall on the site of the Wilcoxen Block. The Exchange Block, by Hoebel & Engle & Strohm was built in 1855-1856. The great want in 1855 was hotel facilities. The city had outgrown the hotels of the day. In March, 1855, John K. Brewster decided to build a hotel at the corner of Stephenson and Mechanic Streets. The foundation was laid in 1855. December 4, 1856, the Brewster Hotel was inclosed and on Tuesday, August 27, 1857, the hotel was formally opened, and the register showed the names of 29 guests. September 2 was the date of the opening. Celebrations and addresses were made by Hon. Martin P. Sweet, Rev. Dr. Sunderland and others. Music was furnished by the Great Western Band. It was a joyous day in Freeport. The building had a 60 foot front and was four stories high. The original cost was $75,000. In 1856, J. B. Childs built four buildings on Stephenson Street between Chicago and Mechanic. J. P. Spitler put up a three story building on Chicago, between Galena and Stephenson Streets. The period of 1855 of 1860 was one in which Freeport took on the appearance of a city because of extensive building. CRIMINAL RECORDS. The Crossen murder at Craine's Grove occurred Sunday, March 23, 1856. Crossen, who was drunk, beat his wife to death. When arrested he plead guilty but denied any intention of killing his wife as he said he had beaten her worse than that many times and she had not died. Peter Arnd, a German, with his wife and four children settled about five miles north of Cedarville in 1859. July 26, 1859, he left his work because he had hurt his hand and his wife went to the field and did his work. At noon she got dinner and returned to the field. In the evening, accompanied by another woman, she returned home. As she neared the house, she saw her husband with an axe in his hand, staring at the bloody bodies of the four children whom he had slain with the ax. Arnd was arrested and died of softening of the brain caused by sunstroke. June 7, 1859, a man named Lauth stabbed a William Lander, a German, causing instant death. Lander, known as "Butcher Bill," was insisting that Lauth pay him what he owed him. Lauth refused and with a butcher knife stabbed Lander through the heart. Lauth was sent to the penitentiary for a term of eight years. August 8, 1864, a soldier by the name of Walton, in the three months' service shot and killed Mrs. George Whitney, wife of another soldier, opposite the Stephenson House in Freeport. Both had been drinking. Walton was acquitted on a plea of insanity. In 1869, Henry Schmidtz, a peddler and a former resident of Freeport, was found murdered in a slough in Lancaster Township. Suspicion pointed towards an assistant, but the coraner's jury made no indictment. June 7, 1872, John L. Thompson shot and killed Frank Wood at the Kraft House. Both were drinking and were quarreling over two women of bad 114 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY character. Wood struck Thompson and the latter shot him. He was sen- tenced to one year in the state prison. In 1874, the county was stirred by the defalcation of George Thompson, ex- county clerk. Thompson, by forging numerous county orders, had swindled the people out of about $5,000. Most of the loss fell to Knowlton & Sons, the Second National Bank, Joseph Emmert, the First National Bank, and James Mitchell & Co. Thompson escaped to Canada and California, but returned to Freeport, pleaded guilty in 1878, and was sent to the penitentiary. He was pardoned after two years service and returned to California. A. W. Hall, clerk of the circuit court, defaulted, and cost the county $1,184 and his bondsmen $2,000. He carried the case to the supreme court and losing, left the county. FREEPORT GETS CITY CHARTER 1855. In 1855 there was a general sentiment for more efficient government of Free- port. It was believed that the place had outgrown the old town organization. The advisability of a change to a city charter was argued pro and con for months. The more progressive were insistent on the change. These men were not only anxious for a change because of present demands but were men who were looking far into the future. They argued that the prospects of the town were good, that its location was sure to draw to it an ever growing population, and that with the general expansion sure to follow the railroad's advent in the county would be better secured under a city form of government. The very fact that it was a "city" would be a good advertising point, and would attract both population and industries. Public meetings were held and speeches were made by such men as D. A. Knowlton, O. H. Wright, Judge Farwell, A. T. Green, C. S. Bogg, Charles Betts, J. C. Kean, Judge Purrington and others. Business and industries were rapidly developing and it was realized that in order to hold its place with other localities in the west, its rivals in the race for new citizens and new industries, there must be established a more efficient govern- ment. Many of the evils and vices too common in early western towns had retained and some of these must be eliminated and others put under more vig- orous control. It was the same old question of better laws and a more vig- orous law enforcement. To meet these demands it was believed a different form of government, with increased powers, was necessary. Such additional powers, it was argued, could be secured only from the State Legislature in the form of a city charter. There were citizens, however, who held that such a change was unneces- sary. They believed that the town trustees were able to meet the demands for some time to come. There was some fear that the new system proposed would bring additional burdens in the form of taxation. Opposed to the plan was the usual reactionary element always to be found against any progressive move- ment. They argued that drunkenness, gambling and disorder could be sup- pressed or controlled by the town trustees who had the right to have ample power to organize and maintain an efficient police force and fire department. But the progressive element won out, as it always must, sooner or later. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 115 A petition was presented to the State Legislature and a charter was granted in 1855. On April 2, 1855, an election was held and the following city officers were elected: Mayor, Hon. Thomas J. Turner; treasurer, E. W. Salisbury; clerk, H. N. Hibbard; marshall, W. W. Smith. The board of aldermen consisted of the following: John A. Clark, W. G. Waddell, Jos. B. Smith, John Barfoot, A. Cameron Hunt, John P. Byerley. With this organization Freeport began its career as a city. It marked the beginning of a distinct period of progress which was soon to be interrupted by the Civil War. Under the city charter, new and greater enterprises were launched and pushed to a successful conclusion, and Freeport soon became one of the most prosperous points west of Chicago. BIG FREMONT MEETING 1856. October 16, 1856, Freeport was the scene of a great mass meeting of the fol- lowers of John C. Fremont. The Daily Journal of October" 17, says in head lines, "Grand Republican Mass Convention ; from thirty to fifty thousand Free- men in Council ; Procession 5 to 7 miles long." The Journal says : "Yesterday was a proud day in the history of northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin. About 10 o'clock the cars came in from Galena, and the crowd lead by "OUR" band and the Warren band marched up Stephenson Street. Delegations came in from all points of the compass with a profusion of banners and devices and many with glee clubs and bands. The streets were crowded with teams and the sidewalks were crowded with a moving mass of humanity. The main pro- cession commenced moving about eleven o'clock from the Pennsylvania House under the charge of Holden Putnam the marshall of the day. After parading the principal streets, the parade headed for the fair grounds. The Carroll County delegation, consisting of 120 wagons, arrived at 12:15. In the procession there were 488 wagons, of which a large number were 4 horse and 6 horse. The pro- cession was variously estimated at 5 to 7 miles in length. The speakers stand had been erected at the head of Chicago Street, on the rolling place just west of Judge Purinton's place. About the stands was a sea of heads above which were waving banners and devices, presenting a scene long to be remembered, and one which filled the hearts of all lovers of freedom and human rights with joy and fresh courage." At one o'clock Hon. Thomas J. Turner was elected president. There were about 20 vice presidents and 6 secretaries. The crowd was so large that three orators spoke simultaneously : Hon. David Moogle, of Wisconsin, at the main stand. To the right was S. A. Hulbert of Belvidere, to the left Hon. E. B. Wash- burn. Mr. N. P. Banks also spoke and according to the Journal it "was one of the most eloquent speeches to which we ever listened. Hon. E. B. Washburn made part of his addresses to the Germans in their own language. "The Galena Turn- ers were here in a body. They were joined by the Freeport Turners and made a fine appearance. A company of cavalry, made up of two or three hundred young republicans, lead the parade. A large delegation came from Lee County on the train. The good order of the day was remarked by all. No drunken 116 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY men were seen staggering about the streets and there was no rowdyism. It was a glorious demonstration." In the evening a mass meeting was held at the courthouse and the speakers were McLean, Turner, Smith and others. BANNERS. Banners were the order of the day in political celebrations and this one was conspicuous for its wonderful banners and devices. Buchanan democracy was represented on one banner by a line, "Collo'd possum chained and shackeled, on the top of the banner. The Mt. Carroll Seminary was represented by a carriage of young ladies with the banner: "Mt. Carroll Seminary, Liberty and Union, Fremont." Among the banners were these: "Our Inland Seas : We want a President who knows them." "We keep our powder dry for disunionists." "Die Deutsches von Ridott for Fremont and Dayton." "Freie Arbeit & Freie Kansas." "No old bachelors in the White House. Fremont, Jessie and the Union." "No more Slave States." "No Compromise with Slavery." "No Comprise with Slavery." "Up Freeman and at em. Music. Star-spangled banner." It was estimated the big crowd numbered 35,000 to 50,000 by some of the newspapers. Some who attended the Fremont convention and the Lincoln-Doug- las debate maintained that the former drew the larger crowd. The great crowd was evidence that the newly born republican party was a lusty youngster. CAMPAIGN OF i860. The enthusiasm of the campaign of 1860 is shown in the headlines in the Wide Awake, October 20, 1860 : Republican Jubilee. Freeport All Ablaze. The Douglas Wake Eclipsed, Two to One. 1,500 to 2,000 Torches. Brilliant Illuminations. Fire Works. Grand Procession. Great Enthusiasm. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 117 German Mounted Rangers. 400 in Sherman Procession. Hon. J. C. Kean Declares For Lincoln. Innumerable Banners. Seven Bands of Music. Speeches by Washburne, Sweet & Shaffer. Stephenson Good for 1,000 Majority For Old Abe. Oh Ain't I Glad I Joined the Republicans. ITEM, 1860. The county gave Lincoln nearly 900 majority and Freeport gave him 205 in 1860. THE RAILROAD THE END OF PIONEER TIMES. The invention of the steam engine and the building of railroads in the east pointed the way for the rapid development of Illinois. Little progress could be made in any large way so long as supplies and crops must be hauled to and from such a distant market as Chicago by horse and ox teams. The interior coun- ties had advanced about as far as they could without a better means of trans- portation. The legislature of Illinois was possessed with the idea of internal improvements. In 1837 the legislature appropriated ten million dollars for a system of railroads and other improvements. The state borrowed money and work was begun. A heavy debt was contracted, fifty miles of railroad were built and the state rapidly approached bankruptcy. The state's credit was dam- aged. There was some talk of repudiating the debt. This disgrace was pre- vented largely through the foresight and ability of Governor Thomas Ford, and the honor of Illinois was saved. The first railroad in the United States was built in 1826, between Albany and Schenectady in New York. Illinois jumped early into the railroad business. A line was built from Meredosia to Springfield at a cost of $1,000,000, and later sold for $100,000. The first locomotive to run in the Mississippi valley ran over eight miles of this road in 1838, twelve years after the first railroad was op- erated in the United States. But the state indebtedness of $14,666,562.42 ac- companied by bank suspensions, a depreciated currency and talk of repudiation, gave a decided check to the dream of state railroading. The next undertak- ings were to be by private capital with state and national aid. 118 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY By 1850 the Chicago and Galena railroad was completed as far as Elgin. Capital was availabe but the people held mass meetings and determined to admit no railroads that did not make a terminus on Illinois soil. In 1850 Congress passed the bill donating to Illinois, three million acres of public lands to aid in railroad construction. This was a turning point and broader and saner views of railroad building prevailed. In 1850 there were three pieces of railroad in Illinois ; one eight miles long from Meredosia and Na- ples to Springfield; one six miles long from the coal fields opposite St. Louis; and one from Chicago to Elgin. The act of Congress provided for a right of way through the public lands of Illinois two hundred feet wide. The road was to run from a point near the junction of the Ohio and the Mississippi to the southern terminus of Illinois and Michigan Canal, and from that point in two branches to Galena and to Chicago. The railraad company was granted alter- nate sections, designated by even numbers, six sections deep from the right of way. The road was to begin simultaneously at the northern and southern ter- mini, and was to be completed in ten years. The government's odd number sec- tions at once rose in price from $1.25 to $2.50 an acre. The land was taken off the market for two years and was finally sold at an average of $5 per acre. So, although the federal government had made a great donation to Illinois, it profited itself, because its treasury was enriched by large sales of public lands at a higher rate. Davidson and Strive's History of Illinois says: "The capitalists who or- ganized the Illinois Central Railroad Company were six men from New York and three from Boston. It was one of the most stupendous and ingenious speculations of modern times. By means of it, a few sagacious capitalists came into possession of a first class railroad, over 700 miles long and millions of acres of land worth in the aggregate, perhaps, $40,000,000 without an actual outlay of a cent of their own money. After the road is in operation the state is to receive 5% of the gross earnings in lien of all state taxes forever. When the road was completed the minimum value of the lands donated by the gov- ernment was $20,000,000, or $6,000,000 more than the cost of the road. Bonds sold readily at par and the road was built. The government realized a profit of $9,000,000 as a result of increase in land values. THE GALENA AND CHICAGO RAILROAD. The railroad fever reached Freeport and Stephenson County about 1845. The people were thoroughly aroused because now they saw a solution to the perplexing problem of markets and transportation. Until these problems were solved, there was no possibility of rapid progress in the county. But the rail- road would be a panacea. Not only would it bring markets and transportation ; it would bring new settlers by thousands. The new settlers and the accessible markets would cause a rise in land values, and once more the conservative op- timism of the county had dreams of a prosperous future. There was much railroad sentiment in 1846. But it was not till January 7, 1847, tnat the movement for railroads took definite form. On that date a rail- road convention was held at Rockford. All northern Illinois was represented. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 119 Stephenson County was instrumental in calling the meeting and was well rep- resented at Rockford. Among the delegates from this county were John H. Adams, Luman Montague, Jackson Richert, D. A. Knowlton, Martin P. Sweet and Adrian P. Lucas. From Chicago came W. B. Ogden, I. N. Arnold and Walter Newbury. Chicago parties had already received a charter and this company proposed to go ahead and build the Galena and Chicago railroad. Several speeches were made at Rockford and each locality was ambitious to show why the railroad would profit by passing its way. The railroad question soon became a question of cash. Money was scarce and capital difficult to obtain. To construct the road, it was absolutely neces- sary to sell stock along the right of way. The company told the Stephenson County people that $20,000 worth of stock must be subscribed in this county. The time had now arrived when people who wanted a railroad, could back the desire with cash. Solicitors traveled over the county disposing of the stock. They met with a response that was quite generous, considering the tight money conditions of the times. The appreciation of the necessity of the railroad was general and women were as enthusiastic as the men. So apparent was the necessity for the railroad that both men and women were willing to sacrifice to aid the cause and hasten the day. It is said that women aided in many cases to pay for stock subscribed by selling eggs, butter and provisions. Finally the $20,000 was subscribed by Stephenson County. The railroad was built as far as Elgin in 1850 and finally reached Belvi- dere. At this time all the difficulties and discouragements to which such an undertaking is susceptible, threatened to stop the progress of construction. In the midst of the period of discouragement, an attempt was made to turn the course of the road from the original route and send it through to Savannah. This change would leave Stephenson County entirely without a railroad. The county was at once thrust in gloom and almost in despair. Men who had urged the people to subscribe for the stock were alarmed for the blame would be fixed largely on them if it developed that the people had put $20,000 in a rail- road for some other county. People who had sacrificed by buying stock, were beginning to feel that they had been fleeced. But there were aggressive leaders in Stephenson County who were deter- mined that the county was not to be side-tracked by such a game. A com- mittee of citizens was appointed, consisting of J. H. Adams, O. H. Wright, D. A. Knowlton, and John A. Clark, to visit Rockford and Chicago to insist that the original contract be carried out. The committee visited Rockford and made a strong impression on the influential ones there and then went on to Chi- cago. In Chicago they met the officers of the road and convinced them that the road should come on west through Freeport to Dubuque, for which they al- ready had the right of way. The committee was entirely successful, as it must have been with such men working together. It was cooperation and unity of interest and action that won the day for greater Freeport and Stephenson County. The county owes much to these men who aided materially in bring- ing the railroad into the county, for it was a question of ox teams or railroads. It owes much also to every individual who cooperated by buying stock, by back- 120 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY ing up his ideas with his cash, and by showing a large spirit of concerted social activity. Work soon began again on the road and slowly but surely it made its way towards Freeport. THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL. February 10, 1851, the Illinois State Legislature passed a law providing for the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, according to the conditions laid down by Congress. Considerable time was spent on a multitude of bills and amendments, for such a great enterprise would be naturally a good subject for cranks and grafters. Honest men had hard work to keep the transaction clear of graft and also to secure to the state its own rights. An understanding was entered into by which the Galena and Chicago road was to end at Freeport and the Illinois Central was to go on to Galena. Surveys were at once begun on the proposed lines and in 1852 made commendable progress. To relieve the monotony of the times and to add spice to the situation, a strike occurred while the road was being built through Silver Creek Township near Grain's Grove. The men had made demands for higher wages, but their demands had been passed by unheeded. Finally the gang of workmen quit work, drank too much liquor and became disorderly. The situation was threat- ening and the company appealed to the authorities for protection of their prop- erty. The proper authorities took the matter up promptly and the local militia company, under command of Captain J. W. Crane, marched to Grain's Grove, destroyed the whiskey and suppressed the disorder. After this show of force there was no further trouble with the strikers, and the work went merrily on. In 1854 the Galena and Chicago line was completed, through Lena to Warren. THE CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL. The original company was chartered in 1852 to build a railroad from Racine to Beloit. Racine, Elkhorn, Delevan and Beloit subscribed $490,000 worth of stock. Many farmers along the right of way also bought stock, some mortgaging their farms. In 1856 the road was completed to Beloit. The company failed to meet its obligations and a new company took charge of the road. In the reor- ganization the farmers were left out. Considerable litigation followed, but "the holders being innocent purchasers, the courts recognized their equities and the mortgagors were compelled to pay them." In 1858-9 the work of extension through Stephenson County was prosecuted with vigor. A strike occurred at "Deep Cut," but Captain Crane and his militia put a quietus on the threatened riot and destruction of property. In 1859 the road was completed to Freeport. Later it was extended to Savannah and Rock Island. The following villages and towns were built up around Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul stations: Davis, Rock City, Dakota and Florence. The railroad passes through the townships of Rock Run, Dakota, Freeport, Silver Creek and Florence. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 121 The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul thus brought steam transportation within easy reach of a large part of the county, and added the third railroad for the city of Freeport. It did its part after 1859 m developing the county. More immigrants came, the county was closely settled up along the line and land values rose. ITEMS ON RAILROADS FREEPORT JOURNAL. A Stephenson County railroad meeting was held in Freeport January 14, 1850, with Jared Sheetz chairman and F. W. S. Brawley, secretary. O. H. Wright was made chairman of a committee to select delegates to the Rock- ford Railroad Convention. The following resolution was adopted: "Resolved: That we, the citizens of Stephenson County, are in favor of a tax of i% per annum, for three years in succession, to aid in the constructing of the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, provided said road is located through this county." Another '. mass meeting was held January 26th, with Johnathan Reitzell as chairman. Journal, January 14, 1850: "A plank road is to be constructed from St. Charles to the Rock River." The Journal, Monday, January 28, 1850: "The cars are now running to El- gin, about % the distance from Chicago to Galena." The railroad tax was vigorously opposed at the meeting January 26, 1850. The chief arguments against it were: People could not stand an additional tax ; unconstitutional, could not make the county a part of an incorporal body ; would build up monopoly to enrich the few at the expense of the many. The Galena Gazette, May, 1850: "On Friday morning there were ten teams loaded with produce here from Stephenson County." June 14, 1850, a large and enthusiastic railroad meeting was held at the courthouse. John H. Adams was chairman and Charles Betts, secretary. Speeches were made by Hon. W. B. Ogden, president of the Galena & Chi- cago Union Railroad Co., and by Hon. Thomas J. Turner. By June 24th, through the efforts of John A. Holland of Rockford and D. A. Knowlton the stock subscription in Stephenson County reached $40,000. The Journal, 1850, said : "It usually requires eight days and costs $24 to make a trip with grain to Chicago and return. A farmer usually hauls 40 bushels and gets $32 for it, which leaves him $8.10. This was used as an argu- ment for a railroad tax. THE CARS ARE HERE. Friday, August 26, 1853, the Freeport Journal had an article under the above heading. The article follows : "At last after all the disappointments and diffi- culties of reaching us, the cars have at last come. We have seen and heard the panting of the iron horse and heard the shrill whistle of the locomotive for the first time in Freeport. Yesterday the construction train crossed the bridge over the Pecatonica and today will probably reach the depot grounds at the lower end of town. Our 122 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY farmers, merchants and business men will rejoice over this event heartily and hail with delight this new advance of wealth into our midst. Where, by the way, is the celebration we heard so much about? Has it fizzled?" September 16, 1853, the Journal says : "During the past two weeks our town has been busy, consequently, upon the completion of the railroad. Meanwhile, we want more hotels, store rooms and dwelling houses." THE CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD COMPANY THE "CORN BELT ROUTE." The Chicago Great Western Railroad was completed through Stephenson County in 1889. It was believed for a time that the road would enter Free- port, but this hope has never been realized and the road runs through the county south of Freeport, and along its line several important stations have been built up, such as : Bolton, Pearl City, German Valley and South Free- port. This is a rich grain section and elevators along the line do a big business. The connection with Freeport is by stage and auto-bus, meeting all passenger trains at South Freeport, three miles south of Freeport. At present, a ticket office is maintained in the "rest room," at the northwest corner of the square. The Great Western was at first largely in the hands of English capitalists. In 1909, after a heroic struggle by President Stickney, it went into the hands of a receiver and was later bought up at a low figure by the Morgan interests of New York. This was followed by a reorganization and recapitalization. As a consequence of ample financial backing, the road at once began extensive improvements, the main feature of which was double tracking from Oelwein to Chicago. Grades are being reduced and the entire line is being reballasted with a twelve inch bed of gravel ballast under the ties. Double passing tracks are laid five miles apart, many of which are lapped sidings, interlocked at the lap. The ties are treated with creosote and efficient screw spikes are used. A prospective interurban line from Freeport to Dixon, crossing the Great Western at South Freeport, is sure to be built some day, and then the Great Western will do considerable more passenger business from Freeport. THE ROCKFORD & INTERURBAN RAILROAD COMPANY. The Freeport-Rockford line of the Rockford & Interurban Railroad Co. was completed into Freeport in the spring of 1904. The road does a large pas- senger and freight business and has been a great advantage to the city and the county. Local capital aided in the construction of the road, but some time ago the company passed into the control of an eastern syndicate. The officials are: President, H. D. Walbridge; first vice president, Emil G. Schmidt ; second vice president, T. M. Ellis ; secretary, W. H. Lemons ; treasurer, W. H. Bruner; general manager, Chester P. Wilson; general passenger agent, C. C. Shockley. The local officials are : J. J. Brereton, agent ; and Wm. Holmes, assistant. THE MIGRATION TO STEPHENSON COUNTY. "They builded better than they knew." Stephenson County is five hundred, seventy-three square miles of rolling prairie in the heart of a continent and makes an interesting theme in the study A PIONEER SCENE PIONEER OX TEAM LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 123 of geology. The most valuable part of the county's geology is its soil of great fertility and variety, affording occupation and wealth for its people. Its loca- tion too is favorable, being located near the lead region and on the great path- way to the west, on the old trail that led from the east to the west, via Chicago and the Great Lakes. The county's soil and natural drainage system have made it a rich agricultural and stock raising region and its location has made it a railroad and manufacturing center. But of more interest than the soil or the favored location; of vastly more interest than its agriculture and its in- dustries is the change of these five hundred, seventy-three square miles of wild prairies and wooded hills and valleys from a land occupied only -by a few roving savages and roamed over by the wolf and the deer, with not a white man trodding its primeval state the change of five hundred, seventy-three square miles, transformed by civilization and affording homes for over 40,000 citizens of the United States, with farms, villages, towns and cities and societies, churches, schools and organized governments, and all in seventy-eight years. Such a people have an interesting history. They came not from one state or from one people. Not the Western States alone, but the old Commonwealth of the Atlantic Coast, from Massachusetts to Georgia, sent many of their best families to lay here the foundations of a new people. Europe, too, contributed liberally its daring and progressive spirits. Hardly a state in the nation, or a nation in Europe, that did not add its mite to the upbuilding of Stephenson County's civil society. Indeed, it is a fascinating study to trace to the east to their former homes, the trail of the multitude that settled here, following close upon the wake of the departing red men and in advance of the railroad. Some walked and some came on horseback. Others drove ox or horse teams from the Atlantic seaboard plains over the mountains and across the trackless and almost endless valley of the Mississippi. Still others came by canal and boat around the Great Lakes, or down the Ohio and up the Mississippi and the Illinois, and yet others by way of New Orleans and the Father of Waters. The old covered wagon, or "Prairie Schooner," was a home on wheels, the family unit enroute to new lands of wider opportunity. It was not a breaking away from the institutions and the faith of the fathers. Their strange cov- ered wagons were loaded down with the institutional ideas of a great people and wherever they stopped in the wild west, the family stepped from wagon to cabin, primitive agriculture began, schools and churches and trades and civil government sprang up round about. The wagons contained a few simple pieces of furniture and cooking utensils, the trusty rifle and the family Bible with its sacred pages of the family record. Sometimes alone, and sometimes in twos and threes, these started westward from far away Vermont or Massachusetts. Some came from New York and Pennsylvania, and yet others from Kentucky, Virginia and North Carolina. There were weeks and weeks of tedious travel, now resting by night at some friendly inn or with a settler, enjoying the un- alloyed hospitality of the frontier, or frequently pitching camp under the open sky. No road was too long, no hill too steep, no mire too deep, no dangers too great to dampen the ardor of those heroic spirits that had heard the call of the great west. It was a spirit that would not die out, and may be seen today, flash- 124 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY ing up in its original vigor and vitality through three quarters of a century of our history, as we listen reverently to the tales told by the few remaining heroes and heroines of that early time. Old Europe, too, heard the call. The revolutions of 1830 and 1848 were sure indications of restless spirit. Stories of wide fields of opportunity were carried cross the Atlantic and passed from the seaport towns to the interior, and in taverns and about the firesides, in old England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Prussia and Bavaria, plans were made to cast fortunes in the new land. Some- times it was a desire for greater political or religious freedom and often be- cause of a desire to seek a country of greater industrial opportunities, untram- melled by the limiting restrictions of aristocracy and hard and fast rules of social traditions. Many were poor, and staked all on this one great struggle to get to the land of the free and the land of plenty. From England, France and the German states, and later from Norway and Sweden, came hundreds of brave, thrifty, honest souls to found families here in the county and to add vastly to the richness and variety of our National life. Breaking home ties, they crossed the stormy Atlantic, came west by railroad as far as railroad came, and then by wagons they pushed on into the new country. The records show that most of them were workmen, trained in the apprentice system of the Old World. Wher- ever they came, shops sprang up and these shops in a generation have developed into our factory system. They gave us lessons in honesty, frugality and industry. They were loyal to the new country. In '61, when the flag was assailed and the nation threatened, alongside the men from Massachusetts, Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Kentucky, and the Carolinas, marched the men from Ireland, Scotland, Norway and Sweden, Alsace, Prussia, Wertemburg and Old England, the colors blended in the Star Spangled Banner. But particulars and incidents are more valuable and more interesting than generalizations. It is when we consider these pioneers as individuals, and not the life and experience of each, that we come to appreciate truly the plain and simple life, the dangers and the hardships, and the triumph in conquering the wilderness, and, above all, the power and influence of the pioneer character wrought in adversity. One of the best accounts of early travel is that of George Flower, from England to Illinois. He spent fifty days on the ocean from Liverpool to New York. He arrived in Arnerica alone. "With an ocean behind him and a vast continent before him." He went on horseback from Philadelphia to Pittsbuig. He joined the Birkbeck family at Richmond, Virginia, and the party consisting of Morris Birkbeck, Geo. Flower and Birkbeck's two daughters and another young lady, started for Illinois. He had heard the stories of the prairies and "shrank from the idea of settling in the midst of the wood to hew and hack away to a little farm ever bordered by a gloomy wood." The stage broke down and the party walked twelve miles to Pittsburg. Men and women then started on horseback for Illinois. Each had a blanket, a saddle and well filled saddle bags all secured by a surcingle and a great coat or cloak and an umbrella strapped behind. They left Pittsburg and plunged into the wilderness across Ohio and Indiana. Once, while crossing a log bridge, a horse leaped and plunged into the river, twenty feet below. The excitement and danger of fording streams HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 125 troubled him in his dreams to his old days. Taverns were mere shanties, often destitute of windows and doors. They slept on a blanket on the floor. At times, they slept on the ground under the open sky. They passed Cincinnati and after tedious travel across southern Indiana, they arrived at Vincennes. The slow journey had some advantages for, before the journey was many days old, Flower and Miss Andrews were frequently riding together, much to the an- noyance of widower Birkbeck who had ambitions in that same direction. Youth won, and at Vincennes, Flower and Miss Andrews were married. The party often followed the dangerous "trace" that ran from Vincennes to St. Louis and were soon past the frontier 'cabin on the wild unbroken prairies of Illinois, where Flower says, "For once, reality came up to the picture of the imagination." In the spring of 1831, John H. Bryant, a brother of William Cullen Bryant, the poet, left Cummington, Mass., for Central Illinois. At Albany, he took a boat on the Erie canal and reached Buffalo in seven days. The lake was full of ice and he hired a team to Dunkirk and then to Warren on the Allegheny River in Pennsylvania. There he joined an English family that was making the trip down the river to Pittsburg in a craft called the Ark. This required seven days. At Pittsburg he came by steamboat to St. Louis, then by boat up the Illinois River to Naples. He then walked twenty-two miles to Jacksonville, Illi- nois, completing his journey. From Pennsylvania to Illinois, required one month or more of tedious travel. The journey was made by wagon, rail, canal, stage and steamboat. On the canal, the progress was slow no faster than a mule could walk or trot. There was no haste and there seemed to be an abundance of time. Mr. W. W. Davis thus describes that part of the trip to Illinois : "On rising in the morning, a tin dipper was at hand to dip the water from the canal into a basin for the face and hands, and towels were ready to complete the toilet. These were limited in number and soon became saturated with abundant and indiscriminate patronage. There was a common comb and brush which fastidious folks hesitated to employ. The meals were substantial but monotonous : breakfast, dinner and supper consisting mainly of tea and coffee, bread and butter, ham and bacon, liver and sausage. Perhaps, the most ex- citing diversion of the voyage was the gymnastics required of the passengers when the lookout warned of the coming obstacles. "Bridge," meant the slight ducking of the head, but "Low bridge," meant a violent contraction of the whole anatomy to escape contact with some low roadway, crossing the canal. Night was our worst trial in the frail bark. There was no sound of revelry. Ex- temporaneous shelves were placed along the sides, one above the other, and a delicate man below was in danger of being crushed by some stout fellow above. A close curtain, swung on wire, separated the sexes. Long before day, the air of the narrow cabin had become distressingly foul, and at the earliest streak of dawn, there was a generous scramble for the deck and the pure air of heaven. We came one hundred and three miles in thirty hours." The trip down the Ohio by steamboat was interesting in many ways. Charles Dickens made the journey on the "Messenger" in 1842. Thwaites speaks of the river as the "Storied Ohio." At the beginning, there was old Fort Pitt, once Fort Du Quesne, recalling the struggle for a continent between the English and the French. Associated with Du Quesne is the name of Washington, the first 126 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY President. Below Parkersburg Blannerhassett's Island. Here, the young Irish- man, the brilliant scholar and his accomplished wife built Castle Blannerhassett. And here, too, Blannerhassett was entrapped by the wiles of Aaron Burr. Below Cincinnati is North Bend where the tomb of General Harrison could be plainly seen. At Louisville, an omnibus carried the travelers around the rapids. Thirty miles below Shawneetown, was Cave-in-Rock, the resort of Mason, the outlaw. It was a three days' journey from Pittsburg to Cincinnati and seven days f ron) Pittsburg to St. Louis. Above St. Louis was Alton, where Lovejoy was slain while standing for the freedom of the press. Some immigrants came on up the Mississippi in steamboats to Savannah. Others went by stage to Springfield or Jacksonville. Still others by small steamers came up the Illinois River to La Salle, and then by stage or wagon struck out for the frontier settlements and the public land offices. The poet, William Cullen Bryant, visited northern Illinois in 1832, spending a time with his brother at Princeton. The great prairies gave him an inspiration that made him write the following lines : "These are the gardens of the desert, these, The unshorn fields boundless and beautiful, For which the speech of England has no name The prairies, I behold them for the first, And my heart swells, while the dilated sight Takes in the encircling vastness : Lo ! they stretch, In airy undulations, far away, As if the ocean in her gentlest swell, Stood still, with all his rounded billows fixed, And motionless forever." Bryant tells his own experience in frontier travel. He says, "A little before sunset, we were about to cross the Illinois Canal. High water had carried away the bridge and in attempting to ford, the coach wheels on one side rose upon some stones, and on the other sank in mud, and we were overturned in an instant. We extricated ourselves as well as we could. The men waded out; the women were carried and nobody was drowned or hurt. A passing farm wagon carried the female passengers to the next house. To get out the bag- gage and set the coach on its wheels, we all had to stand waist deep in the mud. At nine, we reached the hospitable farm house, where we passed the night in drying ourselves and getting our baggage ready to proceed the next day." Samuel Willard says his father went from Boston to Greene County, Illi- nois, in 1831. He shipped his household goods by vessel to New Orleans and then by boat to St. Louis, where they arrived months afterwards. With his wife and three sons, he went 'by stage and steamer to Pittsburg, and then by boat down the Ohio and up the Mississippi and the Illinois. Henry Holbrook's father and mother traveled from Steuben County, New York, to northern Illi- nois in a buggy drawn by one horse, while the family and goods came by wagon. After five weeks of suffering from exposure, they arrived in Whiteside County. Edward Richardson came the entire distance on foot. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 127 The difficulties of travel were great. There were no bridges over the smaller streams and fording was a hazardous undertaking. Sloughs and swamps added danger and delay. It took time to drive around them, and when a wagon and team mired in the mud, it required several teams to pull them out. For that reason several wagons usually went together. Ten to fifteen miles a day were allowed for an ox team. A common mode was to have a yoke of oxen at the wheel and a horse in the lead. David Hazard brought his family from Penn- sylvania to northern Illinois, nine hundred miles in twenty-eight days, all the way by wagon. But Stephenson County has an abundance of incident in the account of travel to the west to make an interesting volume in itself. One of the earliest and best is that of Mrs. Oscar Taylor. On May 9, 1898, Mrs. Taylor read a paper before the Freeport Woman's Club, entitled "Reminiscences of life in Free- port, sixty years ago." At this point, nothing so well could be done as to quote that part of her paper which dealt with her trip to Freeport in 1839. For this, the writer is indebted to the Freeport Daily Journal, August 28, 1909. "It was in the autumn of 1839 that I began my life in Illinois. I came west by way of the lakes and stopped for several days in Chicago. That city numbered some 3,000 inhabitants at that time and was proud of its two brick buildings. Chicago River was crossed by ferry boats, bridges being things of the future. The lake lapped the shores now occupied by the Central Railroad tracks, while cows placidly pastured where the Art Institute now stands. Sidewalks were an unknown luxury and Michigan Avenue was more or less of a swamp. The one object of interest was old Fort Dearborn, at the mouth of the river, then the military post under the command of Lieutenant Leavenworth. But Chicago was not my ultimate destination, and at 2 o'clock one September morn- ing, in a Frink and Walker stage-coach, I left the lakeside town for my future home in Stephenson County. The stage was a commodious affair, and I found ten fellow-passengers, all young men westward bound, as eager fortune seek- ers as those who are today rushing to Alaska. In the darkness of the early morning I could see nothing; but the con- tinued splashing caused by the four horses gave the impression of low land nearly under water. At daybreak we reached a country tavern where we breakfasted on the Rio coffee, fried fat pork, potatoes boiled with their jackets on, with hot sal- eratus biscuits, the color and odor of which warned us what to expect in flavor. But the gay spirits and vigorous appetites of jny traveling companions added piquant sauce to the emigrant fare. On emerging from the stuffy little breakfast room into the fresh air of the morning, there before me lay the great prairies of the west, seen for the first time in the full splendor of a magnificent sunrise, the sea of green stretching unbounded in every direction, the vast expanse unbroken by any sign of habi- tation. The curtains of our stage were rolled up, as we drove on through the beau- tiful morning, I was perfectly entranced. I had heard of the western prairies, I had imagined them, I had read of them with Cooper, my father had written of them, but I had not formed the slightest conception of the actual vision of 128 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY this country which was then almost as it had been a century before, when the red man roamed over it at will. Gradually the flat levels changed to a more billowy surface, and small groves of oak appeared. Sometimes we passed through what seemed veritable gardens, so gorgeous were the fields of yellow golden-rod, broken by the deep purple and snowy white of the wild aster. And the gentians, blue and purple, fringed and closed, bloomed in bewildering beauty, while the great cloud-shadows floating across the scene continually altered the face of the landscape. I looked to see deer or wolf or some other wild crea- ture start up as we passed, but in that I was disappointed. Our late lunch had been a repetition of breakfast and I, tired and hungry, fell asleep as darkness gathered, to be aroused by a shout from the driver: "Rockford, Rockford! Here you can get a good Yankee supper." Most wel- come news! It wasn't a Yankee supper after all, but a most delicious supper of native prairie chickens, cooked, however, with the skill of the traditional eastern housewife. At midnight we left Rockford, crossing the river by ferry, to me a frightful experience in the black darkness. Hardly were we on solid earth before the driver announced that the passengers must leave the stage and climb the sand bank just ahead, as the horses could not pull the load up the bank. I think I should have been buried in the sand had not one of the young men gallantly assisted me. After reentering the stage my journey was unbroken until in the early dawn I reached my new home on a farm four miles east of Freeport. What was my first home in Illinois? It was one of the low log houses in general use among the early settlers, soon to be supplanted by the regulation frame farm house. In the joyful excitement of meeting my family, and in the novelty of all my surroundings, there was at first no chance for homesickness; but the realization of all I had left behind came with my first introduction to Free- port. My father had spoken of Freeport as the town of importance, the county seat, the centre of interest in the farming community, and I had pic- tured an eastern village nestling among trees, with church spires pointing heavenward and homes ranged side by side along the streets." One of the most interesting records and one that will have increasing value and interest as time goes by, is that of Luman Montague, who settled West Point Township. He married a Miss Elmira Clark in Massachusetts, and soon after began one of the most remarkable honeymoon trips on record, the trio driving an ox team from Northampton, Massachusetts, over one thousand miles to Stephenson County, Illinois, sleeping in the wagon and camping by the way. Only a high hope and a tremendous will set out on such a tedious journey of innumerable hardships and faltered not till the goal was reached in triumph. Such was the spirit of the men and women who laid the foun- dations of this county. James H. Eels and family drove through from New York. The Reitzels came to this county by two different routes, from Center County, Pennsyl- vania. John Reitzel, father of Captain W. H. Reitzel, partly by canal and partly by Incline Railroad, came over the Allegheny Mountains to Pittsburg. From Pittsburg with his family, household goods and a set of blacksmith tools, he traveled by steamer down the Ohio River and up the Mississippi to Sa- HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 129 vannah. The trip from Savannah to this county was made by wagon. At Waddams, Pells Manny volunteered to take his team and help pull the Reit- zels across the Pecatonica River, one of the many evidences of whole-souled frontier generosity. Mr. Reitzel settled on a claim at Buena Vista, June 22, 1840. Phillip Reitzel accompanied by John Wolford, rode horseback from Center County, Pennsylvania, to Stephenson County, via Chicago. Wolford was offered eighty acres of land on State Street, Chicago, for his horse, saddle and bridle. He declined. It seems that when people start for Stephenson County they will not be turned aside even by the offer of a future million. Of course, at that time Chicago did not give much evidence of becoming a great city. John Turneaure came from near Meadeville, Crawford County, Pennsyl- vania, in two covered wagons, one drawn by two horses and the other by three. He brought with him some simple household furniture, a trunk full of victuals, his wife and eight children. They drove ocress Ohio to Cleveland and across Indiana to Chicago. Owing to the muddy sloughs in Chicago, he drove around to the south and avoided the city. Just out of Chicago, his wagons mired down to the axles and he had to unhitch his teams and lead the horses out to solid ground. He then proved that necessity is the mother of invention, by taking off the bed cord, fastening it to the end of the wagon tongue, hitch- ing his team to the cord and pulling his wagons out of the mire. A set of modern bed springs would have been of little value in such an emergency. Mrs. Amanda Head, Mr. Turneaure's daughter, was a girl of twelve, and remem- bers how delighted the children were with the prospect of a trip to the west. She says the people along the way were always generous and hospitable. At the close of a day's drive they would stop at some farm house. Beds were made on the floor and her mother cooked the breakfast on the host's stove. There were no charges the traveler paying what he pleased. In 1842, Mr. Turneaure made the trip to Belvidere in three weeks. Later, in 1848, he bought 160 acres near Van Brocklyn at $1.50 per acre. William Baker, the first resident of Freeport, drove a wagon with his fam- ily from Orange County, Indiana, to Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1823. In 1827, the Bakers moved over the Sucker trail, via Peoria and Dixon, through Stephenson County to the lead regions in Jo Daviess County. In 1829 they moved to Peoria and in 1832 they came back over the trail to the lead mines of Wisconsin. During Black Hawk's War they "forted" in Fort Defiance. After the war, the family spent two years in Dubuque and moved to Freeport De- cember 19, 1835. Two years after his marriage to Miss Harriett Price, in Cortland County, New York, Mr. Auson S. Babcock and his wife drove in a one horse sleigh from New York across Ohio and Michigan to Chicago, and then on to Stephenson County, settling first in Ridott Township. They left New York February 12, 1859, and arrived here after a four weeks' journey. Mr. Charles Baumgarten came to America from Lorraine, France, in 1833. He lived in Detroit three years and walked to Chicago in 1835, coming to Freeport in 1850. W. L. Beebe and wife, formerly of New York, drove from Michigan to Ogle County in 1840, bringing with them all their worldly posses- sions in a wagon. Mr. Beebe found that he had just $30 when he reached his 130 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY destination. They came to Stephenson County in 1862. Benjamin Goddard was born in Graf ton County, New Hampshire, 1804; moved with parents to Vermont in 1806; moved to St. Lawrence County, New York, in 1825; drove in wagon with his wife, family and household effects from New York to Steph- enson County in 1835 and settled three miles from Freeport. Thomas F. Goodhue, born in Belfast, Maine; educated in New England; studied law at Troy, New York, and after practicing law in New York City four years, came to Freeport in 1842. Hon. A. T. Green came to Stephenson County from New York in October, 1839, walking from Rockford to Freeport. He stopped on a hill and resting on a stump counted in all, forty roofs in the village of Free- port. From the Grand Duchy of Baden, came Fred Gund, Sr., in 1848. Cap- tain J. R. Harding arrived here from Oxfordshire, England, in 1857. Mathias Hettinger, a native of Keffenach, Alsace-Lorraine, came to New York with his brother in 1836. He worked at the wagon maker's trade in New York and at Canton and Portsmouth, Ohio, driving overland to Stephen- son County in 1841 and started a shop in Freeport. John Hoebel, a boy of fourteen, came alone to America from Phenish, Bavaria, in 1825. He came west and drove to Freeport in 1842. Mr. Hollis Jewell, born in St. Albans, Vermont, left home with only $50 at the age of 18; learned the carpenter's trade in Albion, New York; in 1835 worked at his trade in Cleveland, Ohio; in 1837 he built a viaduct in Chillicothe, Ohio, and came to Freeport by wagon in 1840. Thomas W. Johnson was born in England, 1825. He landed in New Orleans at the age of fourteen, came up the Mississippi River to Galena and walked from Galena to Freeport in 1839, and became a successful mer- chant. F. E. Josel, once city engineer of Freeport, came in 1866 from Austria, where he studied engineering in Vienna. Mr. Louis Jungkunz, Sr., came to Freeport in 1854 from Bavaria. In 1856 he married Miss Caroline Lucke of Prussia. Mr. Dexter A. Knowlton started west from Chautauqua County, New York, on a peddling trip in 1838. The next year he made his way into Stephenson County and settled in Freeport, opening up a general store. Mr. Jacob Krohn, a prominent business man, came to America from Prussia and located in Free- port in 1855. D. Kuehner came from Germany to Ohio in 1851 and moved to this county in 1856. Daniel Kunz, baker, came from Hesse Darmstadt, Ger- many. Michael Lawver drove from Pennsylvania to Stephenson County in a wagon, arriving at Lena after a seven weeks' trip, May 26, 1846. The parents of George and Henry Lichtenberger came from Bavaria to New Orleans in 1847 and to Freeport the next year. C. H. Little came from Massachusetts in 1855. John Loos came to America in 1852. He was born in the County Rhei- nich, Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, and his wife in Eblington, Groshertzogtum Boxburg, Baden. Rev. Thomas F. Mangan, of St. Mary's Catholic Church, was born in County Clare, Ireland, and came to Freeport in 1858. Pells Manny came from Montgomery County, New York, in 1836, and settled near Wad- dams. Edmund Merck is a native of Alsace. Charles E. Meyer came from Hanover, Germany, in 1853 and movec? to Freeport in 1855. George Milner and Joseph Milner came to Freeport in 1855. They were natives of England. James Mitchell came to the Galena lead mines in 1827, took part in the Black HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 131 Hawk War and settled, first in Rockford and then in Freeport. Elias Perkins, of Derbyshire, England, arrived in this county in 1849 and began his work as brick mason and contractor. J. J. Piers, a native of Hunterdon County, N. J., arrived in Freeport and began his trade as blacksmith. Hon. George Purinton, a native of Maine, a graduate of Bowdoin College, a professor of Baltimore College, heard the call of the western prairies and opened up a law office in Freport in 1840. A. V. Richards with his parents moved from Mor- gan County, Illinois, to Wisconsin in 1847, l ater moved to Galena and then to this county. Henry Rohkar came from Hanover, Germany, 1856, and entered the baking business. C. H. Rosenstiel came from Hanover to Waddams Grove, 1842. D. B. Schulte, who came to Freeport in 1854, was a native of West Pla- lon, Prussia. Charles Seyfarth, of Saxony, came to America in 1849 and to Stephenson County, 1852. The parents of J. A. Sheetz drove from Pennsyl- vania in 1839. Mr. Leonard Stoskopf came here with his parents from Canada in 1842. Valentine Stoskopf came from Strasburg to New Jersey, then to Canada and then to Freeport. D. H. Sunderland, who came here in 1845, was a native of Vermont. D. C. Stover was a native of Franklin County, Penn- sylvania. Geo. F. Swarts came from Center County, Pennsylvania, in 1841. Horace Tarbox catne here from New York State. Mr. Oscar Taylor drove from Saratoga, New York, to Joliet, Illinois, in 1838, settled in Rockford later, and came to Freeport in 1842. Mr. William Walton of Birmingham, England, be- gan business in Freeport in 1858. John M. Walz, of Germany, started the cooper's trade here in 1856. Thomas Wilcoxen was born in Milledgeville, Georgia. The family moved to Portsmouth, Ohio, where produce was shipped to New Orleans. With a brother, on horseback he came over the Indian trails to the northwest. In 1837, he settled near Cedarville. Mr. Chas. Berhenke came from Lippe Detmold, Germany in 1853. Bryan Duffy came from Ireland in 1846 and located in Kent Township. James A. Hughes of Kent came to Dutchess County, N. Y., in 1851 and to Kent in 1853. Edward Hunt came to Winslow from Norfolk County, Mass., in 1838. Charles Sheard of Yorkshire, England, came to New York in 1832; to Canada in 1836; to Jo Daviess County in 1849 and in 1858 to his farm in Winslow Township. James Turnbull came from Jedburg, Scotland, to New York City in 1833 ; in 1834 to North Carolina; in 1835 back to New York; in 1837 to Chicago; and in 1838, to Stephenson County. James Coxen came from Desleyshire, England, to Cin- cinnati in 1849, and to Waddams Township in 1850. Charles P. Guenther was born in Frankfort-on-the-Maine ; came to Dutchess County, N. Y., in 1836; 1839 to Buffalo, N. Y. ; 1847, to Allegheny County, Pa., and in 1853, to Stephen- son County. Alonzo Lusk, of Hartford County, Conn., came to Waddams County in 1840. William Shippee came from Bergen County, Pa., in 1839 and to Waddams in 1852. In 1843 Robert Sisson came from Cambridgeshire, Eng- land, to Waddams township. Michael Bastian came from Alsace in 1858, to Florence Township. August Fronning, who came to Florence in 1857, is a native of Prussia. August Hoefer, also of Prussia, came to this county in 1856. Henry Kruse came to Silver Creek Township from Ostsfriesland in 1853. Dr. Van Valseh, and a party, Henry S. 132 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Barber, Joseph Green, C. Miller, John Fisher, John Glover, Nathan and Isreal Sheet, left Union County, Pa., April 18, 1837. They came via Pittsburg, Wheeling, followed the National road through Janesville and Columbus, Ohio, and through Richmond and Indianapolis, Indiana, crossed the Wabash at Coving- ton and then passed through Danville, Peoria, over the Kellog trail, through Buffalo Grove, then through Crane's Grove and Freeport, to Cedarville and Rock Grove. The party was seven weeks on the road. In 1839, Henry S. Barber brought out fourteen teams from Pennsylvania. George J. Bentley, father of C. N. Bentley, was born in Massachusetts, moved to New York in 1829 and came to Shannon, this county, in 1853. He moved to Winslow and made a trip to Des Moines, Iowa, returning with a yoke of oxen and one horse. Mr. E. Bentley of Eleroy came from Somerset County, England, to America in May, 1824, and worked on farms and in factories in various parts of the east, finally locating in Harlem Township. Henry Burkhard, a farmer in Harlem Township, was born in Baden, Germany, and came to America at the age of ten. He went on vari- ous trips to Minnesota, Kansas, Missouri and Tennessee, but at last settled in Stephenson County. Mr. Henry Hill is a native of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany. Martin Lawless, Damascus, was born seven miles from the City of Dublin, Ireland, in 1822. He came to New York in 1848 and worked his way west, arriving in Freeport in 1853 and located on a farm in Harlem in 1865. Mr. Joseph McCool, a native of Virginia and father of O. P. McCool, came to Stephenson County in 1840. The family came by boat from Pittsburg, Pa., and located first at Kiethsbury and then at Lancaster and later in Harlem. John Martin came to Harlem from England. In 1849 with his family he drove in a wagon from the east, through Chicago, to this county. Smith W. Pickard, born in New York in 1795, served in the War of 1812, and came to Stephenson County in 1838 with his son Jonas L. Pickard. John H. Stout, whose grandfather came from Holland, was born in New Jersey and came to this county in 1846. Frederick Watson left Nottinghamshire, England, at the age of thirteen and worked his way west to this county in 1845. Sometimes people came to Stephenson County in large groups. In 1843, a party of about sixty started from Union County, Pa. In this party were Samuel Barber's family of five ; John Barber's family of ten ; James W. Barber's family of ten ; John Van Dyke and sons family of eleven ; Samuel Wright's family of five ; Jacob Gables family of six ; Robert Badger's family of seven, William and John Wright. They drove through Mercer County, Pa., crossed the Allegheny River at Franklin, through Warren and Cleveland, Ohio, through Adrian and Janesville, Michigan, through South Bend, Indiana, Chicago and Rock ford to Freeport, arriving here after an arduous journey of five and a half weeks. The party had divided at Rockford, one division coming on to Freeport, July 4, 1843. They stopped at the Main Hotel which then stood on the site of the old Pop Factory, now the out-door grounds on Walnut Street. Frederick Wagner came from Sondershausen, Germany, in 1862, locating on a farm in Kent in 1871. Charles Waterman of Herkimer County, N. Y., came west and with his brother laid out Sycamore, 111., in 1838. He was a prominent leader in doing away with the "Driscolls," the notorious band of HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 133 horsethieves of that day. In 1840, he came to Freeport and in 1844 to Loran Township. Robert Baker left Yorkshire, England, in 1830 and located in Canada. In 1860, he moved to Jefferson Township, Stephenson County. Peter Kerch, born in Wurtemburg, Germany, came to New York in 1846; to Pittsburg in 1848 and to Jefferson Township in 1855. Simon Tollmeier, Simon Schester, Jacob Offenhiser and John Koch, all of Germany, settled in Jefferson Township. George D. Babbitt is a typical representative of the westward migration. He was born in Goshen, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, 1799; in 1802, the family moved to Otsego County, New York; to Susquehanna County in 1820, where he learned the trimmers trade; to Pike, Allegheny County in 1825, where he was married and had five children ; to Centerville, five years ; to Niagara County; to Canada; to Branch County, Michigan; to Ogle County, Illinois; to Sugar River, Winnebago County, Illinois ; and settled at last in Erin Township in 1854. Daniel Gilman moved from Center County, Pennsylvania, to Eleroy in 1840. From Old Virginia came Aaron Griggsby. He moved first into Kentucky and then to Indiana. Then he moved on into Edgar County, Illinois, in 1829; to Iroquois County in 1835 ; and to Stephenson County in 1836. John Manlove, of Montgomery County, England, came to Canada in 1841 ; to Chicago in 1845 and then on to Stephenson County, buying a farm of Thomas Hotchkiss, a leader of a band of horsethieves. Dr. E. H. Plasch left Germany because of revolutionary troubles in 1845 an< i after teaching and practicing medicine in Jo Daviess County, settled in Eleroy. B. P. Bellknap, born in Vermont in 1811, came west in 1839, walking from Milwaukee to Monroe, Wisconsin, and to Gratiot. In 1841, he settled in Oneco Township, where he taught the first school in that township. Michael Bolender came from Union County, Pennsylvania, to Orangeville in 1840, with John Kleckner, Michael Gift, and George Mowry. The Clarnos of Oneco Township came from France to Virginia, from Virginia to Ohio, then to Tazewell County, Illinois, and to Stephenson County in 1838. Jacob Fye drove from Center County, Pennsylvania, to Oneco Township in 1839. Lewis Gibler was born in Shenandoah County, Virginia, moved to Ohio in 1802, came west and worked in the mines and settled in Oneco Township in 1839. Emanuel Musser came from Center County, Pennsylvania, to Oneco Township in 1857. William Raymond came from Canada in 1843. Daniel Sandoe came from Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, in 1847. L. D. Van Metre came from Jo Daviess County to Oneco Township in 1836. Wm. Wagenhalls, of Wurtemburg, Germany, came to America in 1836 and to Orangeville in 1847. I fa Winchell of Erie County, New York, settled in Oneco in 1843. C. T. Barnes, born in Prussia, followed the seas as a sailor four years and settled in West Point Township in 1852. Mr. R. Baysinger was born in Ken- tucky, came to Edgar County, Illinois, in 1833 and to Stephenson County, Illi- nois, in 1846, settling in West Point. Jacob Burbridge, born in Butler County, Pennsylvania, lived a while in Kentucky, coming to Springfield, Illinois, in 1829 and to Stephenson County in 1837. William Corning, born in Rockingham County, New Hampshire; moved to Lowell, Massachusetts, 1836; to Jo Daviess 134 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY County in 1842; to West Point Township in 1848. Thomas Davis came from Sussex, England, in 1844; Frederick Damert from Prussia; George W. Delgate from Maine; Samuel Dodds from Logansport, Indiana; Anthony Doll from Canada; B. Doll from Baden; A. F. Foil from Bedfordshire, England; J. D. Fowler from Rutland County, Vermont, in 1838, coming by way of canal and lake, being 21 days on the way; D. W. Frisby from New York City; John Har- rington from Ireland in 1846 ; Joseph Hicks from Ashtabula County, New York, in 1840; Hon. Andrew Hinds from New York; Adam Krape from Center County, Pennsylvania, in 1846; H. Loomis from Litchfield County, Connecticut, in 1840; W. W. Lowis from Lincolnshire, England; John Masters from Mary- land in 1857; Dr. W. P. Naramore, Seneca County, New York; John Reeder from Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 1856; Captain John Schermerhorn from Fulton- ville, New York; A. H. Stahl from Perry County, Pennsylvania, to Ogle County in 1859 and to Lena in 1863; Jo Daviess, Waddams from Galena; Charles Walz from Kaiserslantern, Germany; and William Yeager from Germany. Edward Barker came from Franklin County, Vermont, to Rock Grove Town- ship in 1842. Samuel Chambers and Thomas Chambers rode through on horse- back from Union County, Pennsylvania, to Jo Daviess County in 1835 and set- tled in Rock Grove in 1836. C. J. Cooper, born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, moved to Clark County, Illinois, came through Stephenson County as a soldier during Black Hawk's War in 1832, and lived in Crawford County till he moved to Rock Grove in 1844. W. L. Cooper came from Delaware by way of Pennsyl- vania and Crawford County, Illinois. Jacob Fisher came here from; Pennsyl- vania in 1839 and entered a claim. Ole O. Gardner, born ninety miles from Christiana, Norway, in 1815, came to New York in 1842, then to Wisconsin and to Rock Grove Township in 1848; C. T. Kleckner, from Northampton County, Pennsylvania, in 1840; Henry Kloepping from Prussia in 1852; George Maurer from Pennsylvania in 1840; Edward Pratt, stage driver for Fink and Walker, from New York; Lewis and L. W. Schradermaeier from Lippe-Detmold, Ger- mony, in 1852; Col. Geo. Walker, made the wagon trip from Pennsylvania to Rock Grove with his family, in five weeks in 1849, and Geo. Zimmerman came from Union County, Pennsylvania, in 1849. J. B. Angle came from Franklin County, Pennsylvania, to buck Eye Town- ship, in 1844, settling first on Richland Creek. John Bender came from Baden, Germany, and John Boals from Donegal County, Ireland ; John Heser from Ba- varia ; Robert Jones from Kent County England ; Ensebius Schadle from Wurtem- burg, Germany, and William Stewart, Andrew and John Wilson from Donegal county, Ireland. Josiah Clingman and family came to Illinois in 1835, settling in Peoria and La Salle Counties and moving to Stephenson near Cedarville in 1837. Rev. Geo. J. Donmeyer, a graduate of Pennsylvania College, drove through to Ste- phenson County, enduring all the hardships incident to pioneer travel and preached his first sermon May 12, 1850, in a school house, three miles North of Lena. The father of James Folgate, with a family of ten children, made the trip from Pennsylvania to Stephenson County and settled in Buck Eye Township in 1841. Jacob Jones came from Maryland, Daniel Kostenbader from Pennsylvania by flat boat down the Ohio and up the Mississippi to Savannah, then on foot to Cedarville, and John and Thomas Pollock from Ohio. George HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 135 Trotter, born in Bourbon County, Kentucky, came to Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1826, passed back and forth through Stephenson County, during Black Hawk's War and took a claim in Buck Eye Township, in 1836. In 1843, Thomas and Robert Bell rode on horseback from Pennsylvania to Stephenson County, settling in Lancaster Township. Corad Dambman came from Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, without a dollar and in a few years owned over 250 acres in Lancaster. I. N. Mallory of Belmont County, Ohio, settled in Lancaster in 1836, and William Smith of Canton, Ohio, in 1835. A. O. Anderson left his native home in Norway and settled in Rock Run Township in 1839. Michael Blinn came from Bavaria in 1854. Uriah Boyden came from New York in 1839. Frederick Buticofer, a carriage maker, came from Switzerland in 1854 to Rock Run Township. Louis Germain is a native of France; Martin Gillen and John Glynn from Ireland; C. B. Johnson from Norway ; Charles Haas and John M. Kaufman from Germany ; Charles J Lilliquist came from Sweden and Halleck and Thueston Kundson from Norway. S. B. Leach was a native of Maine and John Long of New York. Alexander Niblo of Glasgow was an early settler in Rock Run Township. S. Olsen came to Rock Run from Norway in 1842. Jacob Orth came from Hesse Darmstadt. John Weber came from France in 1844. A large number of settlers in Rock Run came from Pennsylvania. One of the early settlers of Dakota Township was W. R. Auman, who came here from Pennsylvania in 1839. Jacob Dubs and family came to Dakota in 1852. His wife died on the journey from Europe. Martin S. Lapp came from Canada in 1842. William McElhiney came from Pennsylvania, with his parents in 1829, settling first in Edgar County, 111. In 1837, the family moved into Stephenson County. Robert F. Mitchel, of Center County, Pennsylvania, came into the county in 1842. In 1844, John Nelson and his wife, Mary Nelson, emigrated to Dakota Township from the north part of Ireland to Dakota Township. Mr. B. Schmeltzer, of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, made a year's trip through Illi- nois and Iowa in 1850 and settled in Dakota Township in 1866. Colonel Geo. Walker made the journey from Center County, Pennsylvania, in wagons in 1849, being five weeks on the road. Charles Wilson from Ireland and John Wirth from Wittenburg, Germany, came to Dakota in 1852. The parents of G. S. Babcock came to Ridott Township in 1836. Michael Bardell came from Alsace to America in 1841 and in 1845 to Ridott Township. Mrs. Bardell was a native of Reubier, Germany. Ulrich Boomgarten came from Hanover, Germany, in 1850. Henry Borchers came from Hanover, in 1852. Seth Cable came from Ohio in 1844, and Asa Carey from New York in 1852. Christian Clay came from Stark County, Ohio, in 1839. Bearnd Groeneveld came from Hanover in 1852. Philo Hammond, born in Vermont, went to New York, then to Chicago and settled in Silver Creek in 1837 and to Ridott in 1848. John Heeren, born in Aswaisraland, Germany, and settled in Ridott in 1849. Peter Hermann, born in Baden Baden in 1836 and came to America, settling in Ridott in 1852. Mr. Thomas Hunt came from Nottingham, England, in 1842. He settled in Silver Creek and later in Ridott Township. Jacob Molter came from Baden in 1850; John Rademaker from Germany in 1855; Henry Scheffner and John 136 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Scheffner from Baden in 1852. In the same year Charles Rohkar came over from Hanover; Michael Van losterloo came from Hanover in 1849; H. P. Waters settled at the mouth of Yellow Creek in 1836. He came from New York. David Wilter came from Maryland in 1853. W. G. Woodruff, of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, went to Connecticut, to New York, to Car- roll County, Illinois, to Rockford, and finally settled in Ridott Township. Mr. Fred Bohlender, in 1844, came overland from Union County, Penn- sylvania. It was a journey of six weeks, with four horses, two wagons and buggy with provisions and cooking utensils for camping by the wayside. They brought with them their household furniture. The family of Alpheus God- dard drove through this county from the Green Mountain State. They were six weeks on the journey, enlivened by many interesting incidents. John Baum- gartner and wife and four children drove in a one horse wagon from Columbia County, Pennsylvania, to northern Illinois, often through a country unmarked by wagon tracks. They sold some of the bedding on the way to raise funds for immediate use. He gave the horse as a first payment on a tract of land in Loran Township. Martin Doll, wife and six children, with three horses, a yoke of oxen and two wagons, drove to this county from Canada. They brought household goods and provisions for camping by the wayside, sleeping in the wagons. They were seven weeks on the way and arrived in Stephenson County with a cash capital of 50 cents. Isaac Dively and family came by way of Ohio, Mississippi and Fever Rivers in 1837. From Galena they came in wagons to the Pecatonica, where he built a cabin, the first in that section to have the luxury of a floor of sawed lumber. Wm. Dively, his son, hauled oats and barley to Galena and returned with lumber. Samuel and John A. Wright came overland from Pennsylvania to Buckeye Township in 1843. Fourteen teams with several families came out together. Thomas Jonas, was born in Paris, France, in 1801. He came to America and learned the blacksmith trade in Buffalo. In 1839, with wife and four children, he came to Milwaukee by way of the Great Lakes and hired two teams to haul his family to Freeport. He settled in Waddams Township. Levi Robey, one of the earliest settlers at the age of four, came from Maryland over the Appalachian Mountains on pack horses with his father's family. They settled on the Sciota River, Ohio. They came on west to Brewster's Ferry in 1834. At Dixon, the Indians freightened the oxen and one broke away from the wagon. He settled on a claim in Wad- dams Township, Section I, in 1835, February 14. While in Ohio, he taught school and peddled clocks. His father located near Cedarville after running Brewster's Ferry for two years. Frederick Gassmann, wife and child left North Germany in 1843. They crossed the Atlantic in a small sailing vessel in eighteen weeks, and landed at Baltimore. They then went to 'Wheeling, West Virginia, and from there by boat down the Ohio and up the Mississippi to St. Louis. At St. Louis, in company with Charles, John, Henry, Christian and Frederick Rosenstiel, they started overland to Freeport. They hired a team to bring them through for $40, but when half way the driver struck and demanded $40 more which, ow- ing to the conditions, they had to pay. A TYPICAL LOO CABIN LIBRABY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF tLUNOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 137 Silas Gage came from Pennsylvania. He came down the Allegheny and the Ohio on a raft and by steamer on to Galena. He walked finally into the county and settled at Winslow in 1836. Ezra B. Gillett of Brooklyn, New York, was an early settler of the county. In 1827, at the age of 21, he came to the lead mine regions. He was success- ful, but took the cholera which was epidemic in the lead mine country in 1832. When he had recovered, he traded his mine for flour and sold the flour, and bought a pony on which he intended to start to his home in New York. Black Hawk War was on, and he felt that he had little chance to get through. He placed his money in the bottom of his powder horn, and with an old 'musket across his saddle, he started on his pony across the country to his home. He arrived safe, and having married, returned to Stephenson County to take a claim in 1834. His first stop was at Reitzell's now Buena Vista, where he built a mill on Richland Creek. He then built a mill at Bowertown, now Orange- ville, and in 1837 built a board cabin on his claim in Section 20. Mr. John Rotzler, at the age of eleven, came with his parents in 1852, and landed in Savannah, Georgia. Not liking the climate, the family came to Free- port in 1854, by boat from Savannah to Albany, New York, and by railroad to Freeport. The Rotzlers came from the same part of Germany as the Wagners. Mr. John Rotzler, Sr., met Mr. William Wagner, who had returned for his family, and it was Mr. Wagner's praise of America that led the Rotzlers to come out in 1852. In the fall of 1839, George S. Cadwell, Alfred Cadwell and Z. U. Harding came to Oneco from Orange County, New York. They walked from Detroit, Michigan, through Chicago and Freeport. After taking a claim in Section 32, they walked to Milwaukee and took a boat for New York. In 1841, George S. Cadwell married and came west to settle on his claim. In a measure the above sketches give an idea of the racial elements of the people of Stephenson County, and afford some conception of the courage neces- sary for men and women to brave the hardships of pioneer travel. FRONTIER CONDITIONS. THE LOG CABIN INDIANS POISONOUS SNAKES FISH AND GAME MURDER. THE LOG CABIN. It was the day of the log cabin. The carpenter's tools were usually no more than an ax and auger. Some may have possessed an adz and a fro, for hewing the logs and riving and splitting the clapboards. The earliest cabins were built of rough unhewn logs. The cracks were filled with clay mud. The roof was covered with thatch or clapboards held in place by poles laid on top. Nails were unknown. The floor was laid with puncheons (split logs) or with bark. Augers bored holes into the log walls and into these pins were driven. On the pins, bark or split logs ewre placed and these served as shelves for kitchen utensils, clothing, bedding, etc. Bunks were often constructed in the same way. Home- made bedsteads, and chairs were common. The settlers were skilled in prepar- 138 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY ing elm and hickory bark which they wove into chair seats. In the same way they made their baskets, and muzzles for horses to prevent them from eating the corn while plowing. The fireplace was occassionally made by laying slabs of rock. Chimneys were often built by using sticks instead of bricks. Clay filled the chinks and held the sticks together. The inside of the chimney was then daubed with clay. Fireplaces were made unusually large and in winter a great roaring fire was a necessary and cheerful part of the pioneer life. A door made of puncheons, hung on wooden, home-made hinges, until replaced by a door of sawed lumber. Windows were small. At first there was but one window, sometimes none, and that one admitted light through greased paper. Glass was a luxury that came later. Blocks of wood set against the wall were used for chairs, and a slab or two of these made a settee. Tables were made of slabs supported by pegs, driven into auger holes. These first homes were one room homes. There was often to be found a loft, where things were stored and where members of the family slept. Snow and rain could not be kept out and many a morning when the pioneer and his family awoke, they found their bed clothing covered with snow. The cabin was usually about 12 or 14 feet long and 10 or 12 feet wide and about 7 feet high. In the earliest cabins, cooking was done on the fireplace. The cooking utensils consisted of heavy iron tea-kettle and skillet, a coffee pot and maybe a boiling or stew pot. These with contents were placed over red coals of the fireplace, supported by pieces of stone or andirons and occasionally a crane would be found swinging a steaming pot over the fire. Simple and plain? Ah, yes, but what savory meals were thus prepared and set on the rude table ! Food for strong men and women who had the world's work to do. Venison, pork, squirrel or wild turkey, potatoes baked in the ashes, corn pones, and coffee, We breakfast food eaters must envy them. The one room home presents a beautiful picture. Here, porch, parlor, sit- ting room, library, bed room and kitchen were crowded into one. It is all seen at a glance. The rough-hewed logs, clap-board roof, the plain furniture, bed, cooking utensils, provisions, pieces of half dried venison and pork, and seed, corn hanging from the loft ; the beds, ax and rifle and powder-horn ; the mother knitting or darning; the father mending chairs or repairing his flintlock and about them children, usually six or more, and all lighted up by the roaring blaze of the great fireplace, throwing upon the sometimes beautiful white- washed walls a warmth of color and good cheer that make homelife devoted and happy. Life then, as now, had its lights as well as its shadows. At first, provisions were scarce. Markets were 40 and 50 miles away at best and money was scarce. A patient industry cleared away a little patch about the house and planted it in grain and garden. The hoe was much in use. The farmer made his own plow and drag; in fact, all his farming implements. Grain was threshed out with flails, or clubs, or tramped out by horses. The grain was cut with sickles, scythes and cradles. There were no mills in the county, and have the grain ground into flour and meal meant a long, tiresome and dangerous journey over unbroken roads to Gratiot, Dixon or Galena or Peoria. At times this was out of the question and the settlers prepared meals in most rude and primitive ways, to meet with immediate necessities. One Brown's Mill in Early D;iys Scioto Mills Enleyanna Mills, Rock Run \ ESS Brown's Mill at present LIBRARY . OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IUJNOIS HISTORY OF STEFHENSON COUNTY 139 method was to cut down a large oak tree and build a fire on the center of the stump to burn out the heart of the wood. A hole was then chopped into the top of the stump, making a simple mortar, which would hold about a peck of grain. An ax or an iron wedge was used as a pestle to crush the corn. Occa- sionally a "sweep" similar to the old well sweep would be prepared and the iron wedge fastened in the end of the rod made a simple crusher. The coarse broken grain was sifted in wire or deer-skin sieves, the chaff was blown out, and a coarse meal was prepared which made the famous corn pommes that were baked in the ashes. Another method was to scrape the corn on "grit- ters," which were pieces of tin with holes punched in it. Scraping the corn over the rough edges produced a coarse meal which was baked in "dodgers" or "pones." The farmer made his coat and pants and shirt from the skins of deer shot in the vicinity and tanned at home. Coon and fox furnished ample material for his caps. Tea and coffee often ran low in supply and peas, wheat and barley were used as substitutes. There were periods when game was scarce and a bare existence was all that was to be had. Often the hunter would be out all day and return empty handed. There are reports that in times when meat was scarce, men were glad to get pork enough to grease a griddle. One man made a hearty meal on meat rinds that had done service in this way. The same man said he had worked hard for weeks at a time on no other food than corn meal mixed with water. Mr. William Waddam's first farm in this county really consisted of four acres, located in the timbers, which he cleared with the ax, fenced, and planted in corn and potatoes without the assistance of teams. Some built stables and out houses for hogs, cattle and horses, from the tough prairie sod. Wild prairie grass afforded an abundance of hay. "GOING TO MILL." "Going to Mill" was a hard task before 1838. It was a long trip to Peoria or Galena. Travel by ox teams was extremely slow, and there were no roads, bridges and but few ferries. Such travel was dangerous in rainy seasons and in early spring. Many a pioneer found his way blocked by a raging river and was compelled to change his course. For wagon and team to get mired in a swamp was a frequent and sad experience. After a disheartening journey, the traveler found that he had to get in line and take his "turn." "Going to Mill" was especially trying because the father never could be sure that all was well with his family left at home, in a wild western region with Indians lurking about and desperadoes plentiful enough. It was a day of great rejoicing when mills were established in the county. History and tradition threads many an inter- esting story about the ruins of the old water mills of Stephenson County. They served their purpose. They made the county attractive to immigrants and has- tened the closer settlement of the county. The county owes much to those pioneer mill-builders, Kirkpatrick, Turner, Van Valzah, Wilcoxen and Reitzell. William E. Ilgen who came to the county in 1842 said that when the mills at Cedarville were inaccessible the corn was dried in a stove and ground in a 140 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY coffee mill. In this tedious way meal was prepared. Reuben Tower ground twenty bushels of buckwheat in a coffee mill one winter. RAISINGS. The barn or house "raisings" were as much a social affair as a matter of in- dustry. When a citizen had his logs and timbers ready and on the ground, he sent out word to the neighbors that he would "raise" his building on a certain day. The preparation meant hard work. The owner had "homesteaded" or had bought a "claim" and maybe with his family lived in a shanty while getting out the logs. There was zest in the work of the settler as from morning till night he swung the ax, felling trees in the grove. He was building a home. The trees were chopped into logs and sometimes the only other work was notch- ing the ends. Later, men used both axe and adz and hewed the logs on all sides. This additional labor made a closer, warmer and more beautiful house. Early on the day of the "raising" the settlers for miles around drove in to lend a hand and enjoy the day. The women and children came also, and for them it was a kind of a holiday. The men set lustily to work, laying the heavy foundation logs, placing the puncheon floor and cutting the logs for window and door. The older men prepared the clay or mud and with sticks and mud they daubed full the cracks between the logs. Others, with sticks and clay, and rock sometimes, began the building of the great fireplace. At the noon hour all hands stopped to enjoy the feast, an informal banquet. The women and girls had work to do and did it with as much spirit and joy as the men put into theirs, and none can say that the work of one was more impor- tant than the other. The men sat down to a heavily laden table, under the shade of some friendly tree and their delight was equaled only by the conscious pleas- ure of the women who had prepared the dinner. And such a dinner ! Cabbage, potatoes, beans, corn in the ear, corn pommes from the Dutch oven, wheat bread, and meat prairie chicken, turkey, venison, fresh pork or beef and always coffee, genuine coffee. (There was no necessity for pure food laws.) It was a social hour, eating, visiting, joking, story-telling, reports of letters from the east, and getting acquainted with new settlers. How the women and the girls passed around everything time and again and urged and insisted that the men and boys eat and eat and eat. It goes without saying that under such conditions the men ate heartily, partly because of the demands of the frontier appetite and in part because a wincing, skimpy eater would lose friends among the ladies. A frequent figure at these raisings was the circuit rider, who was treated as a guest of honor. After dinner the men brought forth their pipes and smoked the home-grown tobacco to their hearts' content. They talked, told yarns, wrestled and had a good time. Then, while the women ate their dinners and "did the dishes" the men set to work again, completing the house, roof, door and all. The plain household furniture was moved in and a happy family, happier likely than their descendants in modern palaces, took possession of a new, clean western home. Orangeville ilill Hess' Mill Addams' Mill, Cedarville Mill near Fnnvell's Bridge UBRMW OF THE UNIVERSE OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 141 QUILTINGS AND CORN HUSKINGS. A feature of early socal life was the corn husking and quilting party com- bined. For days before the word was passed around that a certain citizen was to have a big corn husking and quilting party. It was not an exclusive affair and all looked forward with eager anxiety to having a "big time." If sleighing was good, so much the merrier. The home "chores" were early done, and at nightfall the great sled loads with happy and large families drove over the winding trail to the appointed place. Some of the young people went in sleighs conveniently built for two. Host and hostess met all comers with a joyous "how do you do?" The teams were cared for and when the merry crowd had gath- ered and unrestrained greetings were passed around, the program of the evening began. The women with needles and thread attacked the quilts cheerfully and found that quilting and conversation went well together. The men found at the barn a great heap of snapped corn ready for the huskers. Lanterns and candles lighted up the scene. Some of the women joined the huskers and were good "hands." Girls also found the husking party more interesting than the quilting and, just naturally, a young man and young lady would be found husk- ing together, both pleased in the extreme. Little children played in the great pile of husks, the merry laughter of the little ones adding music to the joyous occa- sion. To find a red ear of corn was sure to bring a shout from the busker, for it seemed to mean. an extra drink of cider or whatever else was in stock. Husk- ing races added excitement to the general course of events. At 10.30 the barn floor was cleared of husks. The women joined the men at the barn and pumpkin pie and apples, sweet milk, coffee and cider were served. When the lunch was over, all were happier than before. The old fiddler had already started to tune up, and began to saw away as only the old time fiddler can, on the familiar quadrilles and hornpipes of the day. After more or less "natural selections" of partners, based on attachments formed at the huskings, or of longer standing, the young people and the older people all together joined in the "grand promenade," and danced merrily away till the approach of the morning hours. Many a woman of fifty was a good dancer in those days and a feature now, all but lost, sadly lost, was the dancing of old and young together. Of necessity, the social spirit was strongly pervaded by a spirit of co-operation. Sociability was free and natural spontaneous as the great democratic life the people lived. Social distinctions, narrow-minded exclusiveness, deadening forms studied with mathematical precision, artificial social relations, were foreign to the pioneers, being reserved for the cold, spiritless manufactured society of a later day. CUTTING GRAIN. Small crops were a necessity, not only because of the small clearing, but also because of the primitive means of harvesting. For several years the scythe and the cradle were the only means of cutting the wheat. The first cradle was a straight-handled affair, called the "Turkey-wing." When the "Grapevine" cra- dle was first introduced men who were accustomed to the "Turkey-wing" thought they could not use the "innovation." 142 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Captain W. J. Reitzell, who settled Buena Vista June, 1840, says that two acres a day was good cradling. Some men cradled two and one-half to three and one-half. One dollar a day paid for cradling. Occasionally the life of the community was enlivened by a race between two or more "champion" cra- dlers. After the cradle came the mower, which was a great improvement be- cause horse power was used. Then the "drop" was added to the mower and the machine cut the wheat and by foot power the driver dropped it in bunches. It kept three or four men busy, usually four, binding the business with the straw and throwing the bundles out of the way of the machine on the next round. To take his turn and keep out of the way of the machine was one of the tests of manhood, strength and endurance, and when a boy could take his place and do his part along with the man, he was graduated into a man's work and felt the importance of the occasion. Besides a driver and four binders, two men were required to shock the grain. Six to ten acres a day was good work. After the "drop" came the table rake. This machine had a platform on which the grain fell, and a revolving rake swept the bunches to one side out of the way of the machine on the next round. The next step was the Marsh Har- vester, with an elevated platform upon which the grain was placed by an end- less canvas. Two men stood by the platform and bound the grain with straw as it came up to them. This was supposed to be the height of man's invention, but it was not long till a greater invention followed. This was the self- binder. As soon as the Marsh Harvester was set to work, inventors' minds be- came busy with the idea of bringing the bundles of grain by machinery. This was the most complicated step of all. Machinery had to gather up the straw, metal arms had to squeeze it into a tight bundle and a threaded needle had to reach around the bundle and tie it tight with wire or twine, making a firm knot. It was several years before the knotter was perfected, but it did the work after a while better than it was done by human hands. It was only a few more years till a "muncher" was added to the machine. With this contrivance the driver could drop several bundles at the same spot, and the labor of setting the bundles up in shocks was greatly lessened. Now with the self-binder three men can cut and shock ten to fifteen acres a day and do it better than seven or eight men with the old drop machine. In some communities, laborers were antago- nistic to the binder. They felt that soon there would not be a demand for labor and what would they do for a living? In places men set out as a kind of "night riders" and burned the machines in the field. Time has proved that invention and machinery has increased the demand for labor till it is more difficult now than ever before to get enough men to do the work. Captain Reitzell says that most farm hands worked for $8.00 a month. Some of the best got $10.00. Hired girls got SQC a week. Now farm hands get $25.00 and $40.00 a month, and often keep a horse and buggy and get Saturday after- noons off. Hired girls get $3.00 to $5.00 a week. Even at these prices it is difficult to get men and girls to work on the farm. THRESHING GRAIN. From the time that the early settlers threshed grain with a flail to the traction engine and modern thresher is a long road of history, but it has all been HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 143 seen in Stephenson County from 1833 to 1910. The flail was a simple thresh- ing machine. It consisted usually of a stick about like a pitch fork handle, with a rope about a yard long to the end of which were attached two slats about the same length. Seizing the handle, a man would swing it through the air bringing it down on the straws, the slats striking with great force, shat- tering out the grain. Sometimes a limb of a tree with branches on it was used. Frequently horses were used to tramp it out, walking over the piled up straw. The straw was then lifted away, the grain and chaff was gathered up and "winded," separating the grain from the chaff. Like most primitive agricul- tural processes these were slow and tedious methods. However, in one sea- son, W. L. Beebe threshed 2,200 bushel with a flail. Later screens were used to separate grain and chaff. Then the old "fanning" was invented. The old horse-power thresher invaded the county in 1839. The cylinder for beating out the grain was the essential element. At first the "teeth" were made of wood, which were soon replaced by metal. The grain dropped through screens and the straw was carried on, while a fan blew out the chaff/ When the first rude thresher on wheels threshed William Waddam's grain in 1839, it aroused considerable criticism and was looked upon by some with suspicion. The pow^r was furnished by horses driven around a cylinder, which gained speed by means of cog wheels. The cog wheel turned an iron rod which turned the cylinder and other machinery of the separator by means of another cog wheel. These simple outfits, while made almost entirely in a small shop, contained the essential elements of the modern threshing outfit. The traction steam and gaso- line engine has taken the place of the horse power; a belt replaces the rod cylinder and screens have been perfected ; a "blower" removes the straw instead of the endless canvas, and the grain is weighed into sacks or wagons. Until about 1890 two men stood on the platform and cut the bands with pocket knives and the bundles were thrown from the wagon to the table. Another man stood between them and "fed" the machine, reaching to right and left and shoveling the wheat or barley into the cylinder. It was hard work, dusty and dangerous. He had a chance to get cut with the knives of band cutters, to get an arm torn out in the cylinder, or to get killed by flying cylinder teeth broken by a rock caught up in a bundle. About 1890 the band cutters and feed- ers were replaced by machinery. Stacking the straw was another hard and dusty task. Before the day of the blower, several men were required to stack the straw. The worst position was at the "tail end" of the machine. A man had to stand there under an August sun and, smothered in clouds of straw and chaff keep back the straw with a pitchfork. This was a position at which many men "shied" and all were glad when the "blower" or "cyclone" thresher stacked the straw without the use of men. The traction engine, the self band cutters and feeders, the automatic weigher and the cyclone stacker have reduced the number of men employed by half. Threshing was a hard proposition for the women. Thirty years ago it was not uncommon for the farmer's wife to feed thirty or forty men while thresh- ing. The neighbors joined forces, made a schedule and went through the neighborhood threshing. The women co-operated in feeding the men. 144 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY And such threshing dinners as they used to get up. To attempt adequate description would be futile. There was a rivalry to some extent among the women to see who would get up the best and most elaborate meals. Quanti- ties of bread and pies were baked a day or two before. Great fresh beef roasts were procured, sometimes mutton, and added to this chicken with soup and dumplings. Then there were great pots of string beans, roasting-ears, peas, tomatoes, sliced in vinegar, and stewed, baked sweet potatoes and Irish pota- toes creamed, mashed and baked. These substantials were heaped into great bowls, dishes or tureens and set on a long table, often under the shade of a tree. Around the substantials were glasses and dishes of jellies, preserves and honey, molasses and stewed fruit. Copius supplies of milk and coffee were served, and then came stacks of pies and cake of all makes and descriptions. Withal, it was one grand glorious time. When the whistle blew for din- ner, the men made a grand stampede for that table. Faces and hands were soused in tubs of water, and without ceremony all hands "fell to" with ap- petites to be envied. The men joked and laughed and ate. The farmer's wife with a half dozen neighbor's wives on her staff superintended the dinner. The young girls of the neighborhood, dressed in their best, "waited" on the table, and lingered here and there to say a word to some blushing boy who was glad to be present. Happy days for them all ! It was hard, dirty, dusty work for men and boys, and nerve-wracking labor for the women, but it was a grand feature of country life, because an entire neighborhood were working together in a common cause. It added unity, in- terest and joy to county life. But it has practically passed away and if the rural communities do not devise some way of bringing the people of neigh- borhood and township in a happy enthusiastic unity, it shall have a lost a re- deeming feature of country life. MARKETS AND PRICES. Before the railroad came into the county there could be no large town The absence of the railroad and towns deprived the people of home and foreign markets. Most of the people were farmers. There were but few professional men. Consequently the people produced more than they consumed. There was no market for the surplus products nearer than Galena, Dixon, Savannah, Mineral Point and Chicago. Prices were extremely low. Mr. Charles Graves of McConnell says his father hauled beef and pork to Galena and sold it dressed at $1.25 a hundred. Hogs were so cheap that on one occasion when one jumped out of a wagon on the way to market the owner told a man driving on the road he could have it, as he did not have time to bother with it. From all points in the county pork was hauled to distant markets and sold at $1.25 to $2.00 a hundred. Grain was hauled to Savannah, and shipped to New Orleans on flat boats. When the cargo was sold the boat was sold for lumber and the owner began his slow and tedious return journey. The lead mine region markets soon became over-stocked and prices fell to almost nothing. Chicago then was a better market, but over a hundred miles through mire and swamp with ox teams to market was not likely . nil 'i WOOLEN HILLS 111 FREErORT WOOLEN MILLS IN 1871 RESIDENCE OF C. AND C. J. RKITZELL, BUENA VISTA, IN 1STI LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 145 to be relished by farmers. Yet the early farmers did it. With four or five yoke of oxen hitched to a lumber wagon, pastured by night about the wayside camp, the pioneer farmer drove through dangerous sloughs and over unbroken roads to Chicago, right glad to be able to sell his wheat at 500 a bushel. He occasionally made some money by bringing out settlers from Chicago or hauling out supplies for the merchants. Usually he received his pay from the merchants in goods from the store. Hauling immigrants, however, was a delight, because that usually gave the farmer some much to be desired coin of the realm. The one thing that was eventually a great aid to the thrifty settler was the price of land. Homesteads could be entered and claims partly or wholly proved up could be bought from $5.00 to $10.00 an acre. Many men got pos- session of good land between 1840 and 1850 at almost nothing and held to it, till with the advent of the railroad, the tide towards high prices set in, and the log cabin settler found himself a wealthy man. He appropriated the unearned increment, which Henry George maintained should belong to society. Eggs were sold at 5c a dozen. Often people did not gather them up. Chick- ens had no market and farmers gave them little attention, leaving them to roost in trees and take care of themselves. Hogs were sometimes as high as $2.00 to $3.00 per hundred. Mr. Wm. Waddams sold dressed pork at i l / 2 c a pound. He hauled his produce to Galena or to Chicago. In driving to market at Galena, Dixon or Chicago the farmers would join together and go in considerable numbers. They took provisions and cooking utensils to camp at night, sleeping under the wagons protected by blankets. The roads were bad and in places the men joined teams to pull one another through the mud holes. When Mr. Fred Bohlender came to this county in 1844 he built the usual log house. Several years later when he decided to build a frame house, he hauled the lumber from Chicago, over too miles. Wm. Dively hauled lumber from Galena. John A. Wright says wheat was worth 3oc and corn roc and i2c, and was hauled to Chicago. Henry Wohlford hauled his first crops to Chicago by horse and ox teams. One trip required eleven days and his receipts were not enough to pay expenses. Zacharia Gage, of Lena, came from England, and landed in Middleport, New York, with $15.00. He and his wife both worked for a farmer for $16.00 per month. He cut cord wood at 310 a cord and har- vested for $1.25 a day. Levi Robey is authority for the statement that postage on a letter cost 25c. The worst of it was that 25c was hard to find, specie being a negligible quantity in a frontier community. Richard Parriott, Sr., of Buckeye township, made many round trips to Chicago often requiring seven to ten days. Anson A. Babcock, who came from New York to Stephenson County in a sleigh in 1839, carted three hundred bushels of wheat to Chicago one winter by team. W. L. Beebe hauled grain with his team for SQC a day. Benjamin God- dard saw wheat sold at 25c a bushel. He has told of a man named Hill who carted a load of wheat to Chicago whose expenses amounted to $9.00 more than he got for his wheat. John Wright bought land at $1.25 an acre in 1843. ^ n 1839 Lewis Grigsby plowed where Freeport now stands and in 1835 rafted 100,000 ponunds of lead down the river from Hamilton's Diggings. Reuben Tower, of Massachusetts, settled near Lena in 1844. He ground twenty bushels 146 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY of buckwheat in a coffee mill. Joseph Kramer paid $9.00 an acre for land in Rock Grove township in 1846. William E. Ilgen, Dakota township, hauled wheat to Chicago and sold it at 35c a bushel. Joseph Lamm, Silver Creek township, assisted his father to haul to Chicago. Their usual load was about 100 bushels, driving five to six yoke of oxen. Powell Colby marketed hay at $1.25 a ton. The pioneer surroundings had many redeeming features. Wild flowers were abundant and of great variety and beauty. There were also hickory nuts, but- ternuts, black walnuts, and hazel nuts. For fruits the people had crabapples, wild-plums, thorn apples, blackberries, grapes and raspberries. Game was plen- tiful. There was an abundance of deer, wolves, wildcats, coon, muskrats, squir- rels, woodchucks, wild geese, ducks, quail, loon, gull, pigeons, wild turkeys and prairie chickens. Wild honey was found in ample quantities. The streams were well stocked with fish and these were readily procured from the Indians. In the midst of such surroundings in addition to the garden produce and corn bread the pioneer's table was not likely to be lightly laden. However, it is said that many a man went to a hard day's work on a breakfast of "suckers fried in water." One of John Tureaure's sons trapped $50.00 worth of prairie chickens and, being musically inclined, sent to Buffalo and got a melodion. John A. Wright in his diary says game was plentiful in early days and often a settler had only to go a few steps from his door, level his gun at deer or turkey. Henry Wohl- ford found game plentiful and said that the settlers were never without the luxury of fresh, sweet meat. It is told that while some pioneers were attending church, pioneer sportsmen shot deer on the site of the courthouse in Freeport. George Trotter, a settler in Buckeye, 1835, found game plentiful. He once killed two deer with a shot. Herds of deer and flocks of prairie chickens were found in abundance about Cedarville and the inhabitants depended mainly on the gun for meat. In 1836 Silas Gage found deer, turkey, bear, wolves and other wild game so plentiful about Winslow that they were almost troublesome. Mr. A. C. Martin, who has lived near McConnell since 1854, says that many a time he has seen a herd of deer come out of a grove opposite his father's house. Wolves were numerous and played havoc with many a flock of sheep. Mr. Charles Graves, the McConnell postmaster, says game was plentiful in the early days. The last bear that appeared in the community around McConnell, came from the hog- back up the river and went on his way across towards the Waddams settle- ment. POISONOUS SNAKES. Next to horsethieves, poisonous snakes caused as much trouble as any other one factor in the new settlements. Here were the moccasin, the black rattlesnake, racers and the massasauga or yellow rattlesnake. The bite of poisonous reptiles was fatal if known remedies were not promptly applied. This was not always possible and many a boy and man gave up his life on the frontier because of the venomous sting of a poisonous reptile. There was some excitement and hus- HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 147 tling when a farmer picked up a sheaf of oats and found a rattlesnake m it. With his family and friends a man in Rock Run one day started fishing. One of the lads suddenly cried out with great pain, thinking he had stubbed his toe. An investigation showed plainly that the boy had been bitten by a venomous snake. The father hurried the boy home as fast as possible while another summoned a physician, but it was too late. The poison spread through the boy's system, and he died before night. Another incident related is in regard to an Irishman near Rock City. He was plowing in a field and was bitten in the calf of the leg by a rattlesnake. Being far away from any medicinal remedy, he "whipped out his knife and cutting a piece out of that portion of his leg, continued his plowing." It was a radical remedy but saved his life. FRONTIER LIFE. Mr. Franklin Reed of Pontiac, Illinois, wrote in 1877 as follows: "April 29, 1831, I arrived with my father's family at Buffalo Grove (Polo, Illinois). May a we had our cabin ready to move into. It was the typical log cabin cut out of the green trees. The floor was laid of bark with the smooth side down. Large flat stones were set up against a side of the house in which we could build a fire till we had time to make a chimney. About the cabin was a wild wilderness of grass-burned prairie as far as the eye could see. We made a garden and broke 14 acres and planted it in corn. The Indians were lingering around their old hunting grounds. Once we fled by way of Kellog's Grove to Apple River Fort for safety. Game was plentiful. I have seen twenty or thirty deer in a grove at once. In the spring of 1832 we fled again, this time to Dixon on account of the Black Hawk War. In 1833 we we forted again. Mrs. Jacob Burbridge of Lena, a daughter of William Waddams, who was the first permanent settler in Stephenson County, told the following in regard to frontier life, in 1891 at the age of 75: "I was born in 1816. My father was William Waddams, the founder of Waddams Grove. Our family numbered 13, but I don't know as we had any particular bad luck because of that. We moved to Indiana when I was a year and a half old. There my father owned a grist mill and a distillery. Those two went together in early days, for when with him some good old rye. The people then always believed in keeping it in the farmer brought his maize and wheat to be ground he must needs take back the house in case of sickness, you know. "Of course we had to move with the tide. I believe some of the people never got tired of going West. We settled next near Peoria, Illinois. On our journey west, we came across an Indian camp, ran them all out and scared them to death. We stayed at Peoria a twelvemonth, and then came northward. I rode a horse during the journey and with my brother, who walked, drove the family cow towards the promised land. They claimed that milk and honey flowed there and I guess they were about right. "I went to school at Galena for a time. There were about fifty scholars and the Presbyterian minister, a goodly sort of man, instructed us in 'reading', ritin' 148 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY and 'rithmetic' and licking. Being a minister of the Gospel, he thought it not becoming for him to do the whipping, so he had someone do it for him. It al- ways seemed to me that he picked out the biggest, stoutest, most terrible man in the settlement. It appeared, too, that, being paid for his work, he would not have it said that he was not worthy of his hire. I always escaped the terrible ordeal, but I saw others go through it and that satisfied me. "Father dug lead ore in Galena for awhile, and then moved out of town and had a vegetable garden and kept bees. One night the Indians came and stole all our garden stuff and honey. Then we went to Shullsburg, Wisconsin, where father worked in the mines. We lived there two years. We also lived at Apple River and at White Oak Springs, keeping a hotel at the latter place. It was twelve miles to the nearest neighbor. Mother and I were in the fort when Sylvia and Rachel Hall were brought in from the Indian camp, during the Black Hawk War. They had no clothes fit to wear and we went to work and made them some clothes. During the war people crowded into the fort till about all of them were sick. We stayed only one night, as father said he would just as soon be killed by the Indians as to go there and get sick and die. My father had some exciting encounters with the redskins previous to the war. At one time there were three of them in the house. They became angry at him and were going to strike him down. He grabbed up a rolling pin and struck three of them to the floor. "My father built the first cabin at Waddams Grove. He had seven hundred acres of ground where he settled. Our neighbors were all Indians and we learned to talk their language as well as our own. I wish I could talk German as well as I can Winnebago. "One day a party of Indians came to our door-yard and demanded of father that we surrender or they would kill us. He made reply that they should come on, and that he would pay them well in lead for every step they took. They soon after filed off without as much as firing at us. "One evening father called us to the door. When we looked out we were surprised to see everything as light as day. The heavens were so light you could pick up a pin from the ground. From the east and west there arose two balls of fire and slowly moved across the heavens towards each other. When they had come together the sky darkened as before. This was in the closing days of the war and father said it was a sign that the war was over and we would have peace. X I remember a terrible storm that occurred while we lived in Galena. One fellow living near us was flooded out and came over to our house. We had no bed for him so he climbed up in the cone of the roof and slept on the cross pieces. When morning dawned, he spread out his arms and crowed like a rooster. This goes to show that we took things as we found them in those days. "The keel boat that brought vegetables up to us from St. Louis was attacked at one time by the redskins and all but one man was killed. He took up the dead men's gun and kept shooting till he routed the Indians. He reached our settle- ment in safety but his hat and coat were riddled with bullets. "In the early days we found the skeletons of Indians scattered over the prai- ries. You see, they never buried their dead in the ground, but put them on plat- Old French Hotel Where Mac-kny Building Now Stands The Hunt Home an Old Stage Tavern Stage Tavern at Eleroy Stage Barn at Waddams LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 149 forms supported by poles, which in the course of time would decay, topple down and leave the bones bleaching in the sun. "The children used to take the skulls of Indians, and using the jaw-bones for runners, make sleds of them. In winter time it was a peculiar sight to see the children spinning down the hillside, sitting triumphantly on the skulls of departed braves." Mrs. Matilda Boyle, in a letter read at a meeting of the survivors of the Black Hawk war says she was born in Lexington, Kentucky, 1802, and came to Illi- nois in 1825. She married Mr. Boyle and settled in the northern part of the state. They lived in a one room log cabin, the only light of which came through a greased paper. She often left the bread-dough unbaked and rushed to a near by fort at the alarm of marauding Indians. "I once remember when alone in our cabin in 1831, an armed Indian with hideously painted face, bounded in at the open door. So stealthily had he come, that the dog which was asleep at the door sill never awakened. The Indian warmed his hands at the fire, stared around but said nothing. His face was painted red, striped with black, with white about the eyes. We supposed he belonged to Black Hawk's band." LARGE FAMILIES OF THE PIONEER TIMES. Seventy-seven years have wrought a wonderful change in Stephenson County. Conditions that surrounded the people of the first generation afford many sharp contrasts with conditions as they are today. One of the character- istics of the early day was the large family. Small families were the exception. It was not uncommon before 1860 to find families of ten to fifteen children. From six to eight was an average family. Four children were called a small family. There are many reasons, no doubt, that explains the marked contrast with the present tendencies toward "race suicide." The early settlers who came from the older States or from Europe were a vigorous lot of people. The weaker element had not the courage or the initiative to face the dangers and trials of frontier travel and settlement. The people here lived largely the out- door life. Fortunately they lived in a day in which insipid breakfast foods, cold storage eatables, and destructive delicacies were unknown. Their clothing was as simple and plain as their log cabin life. The cost of rearing children was not great. There was an abundance of work at hand and children were a good investment. Besides, land was plentiful and cheap and the chances for children to acquire farms and a competence were good. Industrial/ life was developed only along a few lines, and the intricate and complicated specialization of today was unknown. In fact, parents could look forward to the rearing of large families with far less anxiety than in such a social and industrial system as now prevails. But generalization is too easy, and too indefinite. A few in- stances of large families of the pioneer times, with the observation at hand today, will enable the reader to arrive at his own conclusion. Whether the old system of large families is a better means of building up a progressive civilization, as Mr. Roosevelt seems -to think, or whether a smaller family, with 150 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY more attention paid to the education and training of the children, is the panacea, each individual must judge for himself. Mr. Frederick Baker, whose father was the first settler in Freeport, had eight children. Fred Bauch, florist, a native of Prussia, had ten children; Charles Baumgarten's family consisted of six children; W. L. Beebe, eight chil- dren, six boys and two girls; Robert Bell, five children; M. D. Chamberlain, six children ; Powell Colby, six children ; Albertus Collman, six ; C. O. Collman, nine ; John Erf ert, seven ; E. C. Fitch, six ; D. Franz, five sons and four daugh- ters; S. B. Harris, seven; E. Heller, six; C. M. Hillebrand, six; Jacob Hime, eight ; C. M. Hineline, nine ; John Hoebel, seven ; Daniel Hoover, seven ; M. Huber, six ; I. Klein, nine ; Dexter A. Knowlton, six ; John Koehler, six ; Jacob Krohn, eight; D. Kuehner, five; Michael Lawver, eleven, five sons and six daughters; Henry Lichtenberger, six; John Loos, eight; M. Marvin, seven; James Mitchell, seven ; Jacob Molter, seven ; Edwin Perkins, ten ; Elias Per- kins, five; J. J. Piersol, seven; Henry Rohkar, eight; C. H. Rosentiel, five; D. B. Schulte, five; John Snich, six; Charles P. Snow, nine; J. H. Snyder, six; J. H. Stover, six; Valentine Stoskoff, eight; Oscar Taylor, six; John M. Walz, seven; L. A. Warner, five ; George Wolf, six ; Charles Berhenke, Kent, eleven chil- dren, four sons and seven daughters ; Bryan Duffy, seven ; Henry Faringer, six sons ; Jacob Gable, eleven ; William Heyer, six ; James A. Hughes, seven ; Peter Kleckner, nine; O. H. Phillips, six; J. W. Rush, seven; David Shearer, ten, three daughters and seven sons. In Winslow Township, Henry Chawgo had five children; LeGrand M. Cox, six ; Silas Gage, eleven ; Barnabus Hinds, six ; George M. Kennedy, seven ; D. B Packer, six ; Jeptha Pronty, ten, seven sons and three daughters ; Thomas Rode- baugh, six; Charles Sheard, eight; J. M. Staver, six; Thomas P. Steere, seven; Orrin Vaughn, eight ; John Wales, seven. James Ault, of Waddams Township, had eight children, five boys and three girls; W. K. Bechtold, seven; L. B. Churchill, five; J. C. Conaby, five; Trumon Cross, six; Martin Fogel, eight; Hiram Fuller, five; J. B. Gates, ten; Hubbard Graves, first county sheriff, eleven children ; S. W. Grissinger, seven ; Charles P. Guenther, seven ; W. H. Holmes, five ; Thomas Jonas, ten, four sons and six daughters ; B. Kleckner, eight ; Alonzo Lush, eleven, six boys and five girls ; John Price, six ; James Price, five ; Levi Robey, five ; Sanford S. Sherman, six ; William Shippee, thirteen, six sons and seven daughters ; Robert Sisson, six sons and five daughters; Andrew St. John, six; Henry Wohlford, ten, four sons and six daughters. In Florence Township John Q. Adams' family consisted of eight children, four boys and four girls; John Aspinwall, seven children; Patrick Barron, five; Michael Bastian, five; Andrew Black, seven; John Burchhardt, eight; August Froning, seven; George Hamm, ten, fire boys and five girls; Jacob Hoffman, seven; Christopher Mayer, eight; Geo. A. Moore, eleven, three girls and eight boys; Jacob Pfeil, six; Nathan Sheetz, ten; Conrad VanBrocklyn, eight; Wil- helm Wilhelms, five. In the township of Silver Creek, Michael Bangasser had eight children, four boys and four girls ; Christopher Bennett, fourteen children ; Fred Brock- maier, six ; William Brockhausen, ten, five boys and five girls ; Henry C. Brown, HISTORY OF STEFHFNSON COUNTY 151 eight; Henry Dubbert, ten, four sons and six daughters; Andrew Fiest, seven; John Fosha, eight; Johann Fuls, five; S. M. Grier, five; Jacob Hoebel, six; M. W. Hollingsworth, five; F. P. Koehler, eleven; Henry Kruse, six; Joseph Lamm, six ; J. S. Reisinger, seven ; Charles Schoettle, eight ; S. J. Stebbins, seven; Nicholas Steffen, ten, four boys and six girls; George Stoenzhorn, five; Mene Vanloh, six; William Young, six. In Harlem Township, Charles W. Barber, six ; George J. Bentley, eight ; E. Bennett, five ; Ludwig Broend, six ; Henry Burkard, six ; Thomas Ewing, six ; C. H. Furry, six ; Phillip Herrbrick, nine ; Joseph Hutmacher, twelve chil- dren, six boys and six girls ; Aaron Kostenbader, eight ; Levi Law, six ; Martin Lawless, six; Oliver P. McCool, eight; Joseph McCool, nine; Edward Mar- tin, eleven, nine girls and two boys; John Martin, nine; William Meads, seven; Thomas Metz, five ; Lewis Meyers, seven ; E. R. Mulnix, six ; A. B. Munn, six ; Joseph Murdock, ten; Frank Pickard, six; R. C. Shofield, seven; George Seyler, six; John Steffen, five; John H. Stout, five; Frederick Watson, fifteen, six girls and nine boys ; Rezin Wilcoxin, six. In Loran Township, John Apgar, eleven children, six girls and five boys; Reuben Babb, five; H. M. Barnes, six; Jacob Behringer, eleven; Ira S. Bying- ton, seven; John C. Ditzer, six; Mathias J. Ditzler, eleven; Ira Kinman, twelve; Charles Kloepping, five ; D. C. Lamm, ten ; William Lahre, nine ; Jacob S. Studebaker, fourteen, seven boys and seven girls; Levi Thomas, eleven. Isaac Bogenrief, of Jefferson Township, had nine children, six sons and three daughters; Samuel Hayes, six; Peter Kerch, six; John Koch, six; G. D. Babbit, five; Charles Boeke, five; Francis Boeke, six; Conrad Fautzmeier, ten; Conrad Fye, ten; Valentine Gilman, seven; Charles Grossman, five; H. S. Jones, six ; Herman Klass, six ; Card Terica, five ; Ludwig Niemeier, five ; Dr. E. H. Plasch, eight; August Raders, eleven; John M. Rees, seven; Henry Rosenstiel, seven ; Frank R. Tower, nine ; John Winters had a family of seven children and his father a family of fourteen. D. L. Bear, Oneco Township, had six children ; Willoughby Bear, six ; B. P. Belknap, eight ; Franklin Bolender, five ; Aaron Bower, five ; John Bower, eight ; W. H. Clarno, nine; J. C. Dorn, eight; George Erb, twelve; David Fye, eight; Jacob Fye, nine ; Lewis Gibler, thirteen children ; Charles Lestikow, five ; Daniel Moore, nine; E. T. Moore, six; Emanuel Musser, five; Hiram Shons, six; E. S. Wagner, five; Ira Winchell, eight; Daniel Woodring, twelve children. Jacob Acker, of West Point Township, nine children; H. W. Allen, six; C. T. Barnes, seven ; Allen Boyer, eleven ; Jacob Burbridge, eleven ; William. Corning, five; Daniel Davis, seven; Thomas Davis, thirteen; Samuel J. Dodds, five ; J. T. H. Dobler, eight ; Anthony Doll, six ; A. M. Durkie, five ; J. D. Fow- ler, eight ; Thomas S. French, eight ; W. W. Hall, five ; John Herrington, eleven ; Andrew Hinds, eleven, six sons and five daughters ; G. L. Howard, six ; Martin Howard, five ; George Hoyman, six ; J. T. Leaman, ten ; Jacob Leckington, ten ; J. C. Lohr, five ; John McCullough, seven ; John Mahon, seven ; John Metz, five ; J. H. Ozburn, five ; John Reeder, eight ; William A. Rice, seven ; Spencer Ris- ing, six; J. M. Schermerhorn, five; A. H. Stahl, ten; A. Weaver, five; Moses Weaver, seven; Miles White, six. 152 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY N. J. Barrimore, of Rock Grove Township, had nine children ; Hugh Benne- hoff, seven ; H. H. Bolender, eleven ; Samuel Chambers, eight ; C. J. Cooper, eight; W. L. Cooper, seven; Jacob Fisher, ten; H. O. Frankeberger, twelve; Solomon Fisher, eight ; Ole O. Gardner, eight ; Lemuel Goodrich, nine ; George Hassenger, ten ; Solomon Hoy, nine ; Harvey Kiester, six ; Levi Kiester, six ; Dr. D. H. Kleckner, six; L. L. Marsh, seven; George Maurer, five; Frederich Pothast, six; Edward Pratt, six; Calvin Preston, nine; David Zimmerman, eight; J. H. Zimmerman, five. James H. Adams, of Buckeye Township, had ten children ; J. B. Angle, six ; John F. Bender, eight ; John Boals, twelve ; Frederick Bolender, six ; Dr. Chas. Brundage, seven; J. B. Clingman, eleven; Josiah Gingtnan, ten; Rev. George J. Donmeyer, nine ; John Epley, five ; Jacob Folgate, five ; John Fox, six ; Daniel Grimm, seven ; William D. Hartman, six ; John Hartzell, six ; William Herman, five; Solomon Hixson, six; William Hoff, five; Thomas Hutchinson, nine; Joseph F. Jackson, seven ; Jacob Jones, nine ; Robert Jones, seven ; Daniel Keck, six; William K. Kryder, seven; Edwin Lied, seven; John Pollock, eight; Thomas Pollock, ten; William Ritzman, twenty-two; Ensebius Schadle, five; William Stewart, five; George Trotter, eleven; Phillip Windecker, nine; Jerit Wohlford, six. In Lancaster Township, Rudolph K. Brubaker's family consisted of nine children, seven boys and two girls; Conrad Dambman, five; Samuel Daughen- baugh, ten ; Tobias Engle, eleven ; D. G. Fager, eight ; Levi Fahs, nine ; William Glasser, eight; George W. Lattig, seventeen, five sons and twelve daughters; J. T. McKibbin, eight ; I. N. Mallory, eleven ; Reuben Meyers, six ; Jacob P. Mitchel, six; William B. Mitchell, eight; Joseph Myers, five; Jacob W. Rut- ter, eleven; R. F. Rezner, seven; William W. Smith, four; Benjamin Snyder, thirteen; C. Yarger, five sons and five daughters. Joseph Afflerbaugh of Rock Run Township, a blacksmith, had twelve chil- dren, six sons and six daughters; A. O. Anderson, eight; D. Bellman, eleven; Joseph Binker, seven ; Michael Blimm, thirteen ; David Cable, twelve, five daugh- ters and seven sons; Jacob Cable, eight; H. D. Cole, nine; John S. Daughen- baugh, six; Christ Feeney, nine; S. R. Foster, five; Louis Germain, nine; Mar- tin Gillen, nine ; John Glynn, eight children ; Aaron Gold, ten ; J. H. Graham, eleven; John Hoag, nine; C. B. Johnson, six; John F. Kaufman, six; Jacob. Keehan, five; Halleck Kundson, seven; Thurston Kundson, nine; M. W. Kurtz, seven; J. Lanek, eighteen; S. B. Leach, nine; Henry Maeir, eleven; Alexander Niblo, ten ; S. Olsen, seventeen ; Jacob Orth, six ; Henry Schleiter, nine ; Samuel Strong, eight; John Weber, eleven; Joseph H. Weir, eight; Michael Wolf, twelve; Peter Wolf, twelve; Luther Angle, of Dakota township, had nine chil- dren; John Brown, eleven; William E. Ilgen, fifteen; John Kryder, nine; Mar- tin S. Lapp, ten ; Robert Nelson, ten ; Samuel Otto, five ; John S. Smith, eight ; James A. Templeton, ten; George Walker, eight; O. D. Weaver, eight; John Wirth, eight ; Solomon Wise, seven. Daniel Brick, in the township of Ridott, had a family of twelve children, six boys and six girls ; Ulrich Boomgarten, eight ; Michael Bardell, seven ; Asa Carey, seven; Christian Clay, eleven; H. H. De Groot, eleven; L. S. Freeman, six; Philo Hammond, five; John Heeren, nine; Thomas Hunt, twelve; Neil mSTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 153 Johnson, six; Wesley John, six; Jacob Molter, six; A. J. Niles, eight; Henry Scheffner, eight; Michael Von Osterloo, ten, four daughters and six sons; H. P. Waters, eight; Edward Weik, six; David J. Witter, five; Samuel Mover, seventeen. LARGE FAMILIES. The above meagre sketch of a few of the large families of pioneer times is ample evidence that there were then no strong tendencies towards "race suicide." That there has been a remarkable change since the early days is also very evi- dent. In 1862 the number of children of school age enumerated in the county was 10,609; m l %7 2 > 11,229; m 1882, 10,483; in 1890, 9,867; in 1910, 9,039. There were thirty less enumerated in Freeport in 1910 than in 1906. A large increase in the population of both Freeport and Stephenson County is accom- panied by a decline in the number of children of school age. This chapter sets forth some facts that afford food for speculation. INDIANS THE WHITE MAN'S BURDEN. The annihilation of Black Hawk's army, August 2, 1832, was the end of serious Indian troubles. When the first white settlers came into the county in 1833, 1834 and 1835, a few bands of disorganized Indians still roamed about. They were remnants of the Winnebagoes and the fight had all been taken out of them. Small hunting parties roamed about and occasionally annoyed the settlers by carrying off the garden truck or by rifling an unguarded house. Petty thefts and trespassing were the more common misdemeanors of the red men. A small party at one time drove away an entire drove of hogs belonging to William Waddams. Another squad entered the bachelor cabin of Robert Jones and Levi Lucas near Cedarville and among other things carried away razors, game, wild honey and tobacco. The owners returned as the redskins were sneaking away from the cabin. The men followed the Indian's trail and over- took him in the act of shooting a wild turkey. Jones rushed upon him, seized his gun and threatened instant death unless he immediately restored the stolen property. After some demurring and pleas in confession and avoidance, the Indian offered to restore the articles if the men would go with him to his wig- wam. Consenting to do this, they were led through the) wilderness and were brought suddenly into the presence of about thirty braves who, with their wo- men at once realized their danger, but put up a bold front, entered the circle of savages and sat down. There followed a prolonged parley without anger, after which the Indian who had stolen the property disappeared in the wilderness. Not long after he returned with the tobacco, but assured the men that the razors and provisions were in the possession of a band of Winnebagoes on Yellow Creek. The old Indian then told his people how Jones and Lucas had assaulted him in the forest, how they had taken his rifle away and had prevented him from shooting a wild turkey. There were vigorous grunts of displeasure from the circle of braves and they became loud and threatening. But Jones was a diplomat. He was not prepared to fight thirty armed Indians. He became suddenly generous and courteous. He succeeded in calming the enraged redskins 154 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY by dividing his tobacco among the braves and restored tranquility by "tickling the Indian maidens under the chin and indulging in other harmless pleasantries with them," Jones afterwards said his gallantry was severely taxed in making love to the greasy beauties of the Winnebagoes, but he was willing to make the sacrifice rather than to take a chance of losing his scalp. Jones and Lucas spent the night at the home of Benjamin Goddard, south of Cedarville. The next morning they and Mr. Goddard went to the claim of Wil- liam Baker and aided the latter in raising his house. While at work here, a party of Yellow Creek Indians came up, to hang around and get same of the "fire water" usually an article to be found at "raisings" in these days. Jones at once accosted the Indians and demanded the return of his stolen property, and threatened death if his demands were not complied with. This argument was convincing and the Indians pointed to the sky, indicating that at noon they would turn over the stolen goods. Promptly at twelve, the band returned and gave the razors to the rightful owners. Indians were still around the county and subjected the settlers to many petty annoyances. On a blustering winter day five redskins came to the cabin of F. D. Bulkley and sought shelter. "Wigwams all gone; Indian got no wigwam," they said, as they pointed to the naked poles that marked the site of the old Winnebago village. They were permitted to dry their clothes about the fireside of the paleface and as a mark of gratitude offered Mr. Bulkley some whiskey. In the absence of a funnel they had an, Indian boy transfer it from a large jug to a small one by means of his mouth. A Mr. Kent, the first settler at Rockford, had experience with Indians. Re- turning from a visit to his brother at Galena, he had secured a canoe and, laden with potatoes ; paddled down the Pecatonica to Baker's cabin, now Freeport. Here he tied up his canoe and went ashore. When he returned to his canoe he found it surrounded by a mob of squaws and young Indians, who were busy as squir- rels carrying away his potatoes. What remained he took with him to Rockford and planted some of them, raising a good crop. More hard luck was in store for Mr. Kent and his potatoes, for one night the Indians came to his clearing and dug up and carried away all of his potatoes. On one occasion Indians entered the cabin of a "Widow" Brown and carried away her stock of provisions. A party of "Freeporters," William Baker, M. Brown, Jake Goodheart and "Wild Gunner" Murphy set out after the thieving redskins with William Baker, who had acquired a certain mastery of the Winne- bago tongue, as interpreter. The party came up .with the Indians in camp in Rock Run Township. The Indians were intoxicated and their fury frightened away the first one of the pursuers who came upon them suddenly and alone. Baker and the remainder of the party then came up. The Indians asked Baker why the white man ran away. Baker's diplomacy again saved the day as he replied that the man was running to bring up a party of one hundred whites not far away. He made a bold stand and told the Indians that if they did not turn over the widow's property at once, the entire party of Indians would be killed and scalped. After a parley, the matter was adjusted. The Indians agreed to restore what had not been consumed of Mrs. Brown's stores, and gave Baker a horse to guide them out of the community and away from the "hundred volun- HISTORY Ol- STEPHENSON COUNTY 155 teers" who were bent on destruction of the Indians. Fred Baker was also paid four coon skins for his services as interpreter one instance of the practical value of the study of a foreign language. Mr. Charles Graves, the venerable postmaster at McConnell, remembers the wigwams left along the Pecatonica by the Winnebagoes. He and other children used them as playhouses. They played Indian just as children do today who read Indian stories. The early children had the advantage of seeing real Indians, war paints and feathers and heard stories told at first hand. The wigwams were ideal "playhouses," and the children added a touch of realism by painting their faces and dressing in Indian fashion. They divided into squads, Indians in one and whites in the other, and fought sham battles in which warwhoop and hatchet were put into play. Chief Winneshiek, or "Coming Thunder," had his village on the Pecatonica, at the foot of Stephenson Street, Freeport, where the Illinois Central Station now stands. Here were the wigwams of his braves and squaws. Here about their campfires they held their pow-wows and war dances. While not a trouble- some band, yet they looked with distrust upon the steady approach of the white settlements. In what is now Taylor's Park, the squaws in a rude way cultiavted the cornfields with clam shells. The first settlers saw the peculiar burial methods of the Winnebagoes. Four strong poles were planted in the ground on which a platform was constructed. The body of a dead Indian with his bow and ar- rows and trinkets was placed upon the platform, with such savage rites as were customary among the Winnebagoes. When the first settlers built their cabins in Freeport these burial grounds still held many of the skeletons of departed red men, whose spirits had gone to the happy hunting grounds and whose bodies had been destroyed by exposure to the elements. While the Indians were not exceedingly troublesome during the earlier pi- oneer days, yet their presence, their strange manners and dress and withal the everpresent uncertainty of their attitude, added a certain touch of daring and" romance that always accompanies dangerous situations to the life of the first settlers. People from the east who knew the Indian only from books could not fail to be impressed by the presence of real red men. It was no place for "mollycoddles." Girls and women were trained in the use of the rifle, the un- failing arbiter of early disputes. Neither were these girls and women ignorant. Many of them had been educated in eastern academies and colleges and had come from homes of plenty and culture and refinement. They were a brave and noble band of women, inspired by the spirit of the great west, enlivened by ro- mance of danger and made strong by the hardships and privations of the fron- tier. A MURDER TRADITION OR FACT. Whatever the truth may be, tradition has persistently maintained a story of a murder at Kellog's Grove during the summer of 1833. It seems that two young men of Virginia had heard glowing reports of the wealth of the lead mine district about Galena. They decided to leave the Old Dominion to seek their fortunes in the great West. A "Prairie Schooner" was fitted out in 156 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY elaborate style, fully equipped to make the long journey over the Virginia hills, across Kentucky, over the Ohio, and finally to Peoria when they struck the Kellog Trail for Galena. After a long and tiresome journey with an ox team, the young planters encamped for the night in the cabins at Kellog's Grove. Tired from the hard trip they ate supper, secured the oxen for the night and retired to enjoy the sound sleep that comes to him who has journeyed long in the open air. When the young adventurers awoke in the morning, they found that their oxen had broken loose and had wandered away from the camp. It was mutually agreed that one was to prepare the breakfast while the other was to find the missing oxen and return them to camp. Evidently the long journey from Virginia had for come reason made the men quarrelsome. After several hours, the one who had gone in search of the oxen returned with them to camp. The other had, however, made no headway in the task of the preparation of the breakfast. The delay led to a quarrel and finally the blows. During the fight, one of the men seized an ox yoke or some other weapon and struck his antagonist over the head causing almost instant death. But the victor quickly realized the awfulness of his crime. They had started out from the old home in full harmony and high spirits. Fortunes and a bright future awaited them, gaining which, they no doubt hoped to return prosperous and happy to the homes they had left behind. But now one lay dead at the hands of the other. The survivor at once felt the sting of the conscience stricken murderer. To get away from the scene of this crime he punged at once into the trackless forests. But he found that even in the wilds of a western wilder- ness, he could not lose the consciousness of guilt. It haunted him at every turn, till driven to desperation, he returned to the scene of his crime and looked with horrified soul upon the dead body of his comrade. Joy had gone from his life and hope fled, as with heavy heart he made a grave in the hillside and laid away as best he could the remains of his victim. In about a week the dejected traveler arrived at Apple River and sadly told the settlers the above story. The settlers placed no restraint upon the man but not long after, haunted still by a remorseless conscience, he again plunged into the wilds in a vain attempt to find relief. He was heard from no more by the settlers of Apple River. Years later, in the woods of Jo Daviess County there was found the skeleton of a human being whose identity could not be fixed. However, it may be, the Apple River settlers believed this to be the body of the conscience stricken Virginian, who, they believed, finding he could not gain peace of mind in life, sought relief in death at his own hands. THE PRAIRIE PIRATES. Stephenson County did not suffer as much as the surrounding counties from the Prairie Pirates, or the "Banditta of the Prairies." This was because the settlement was held back till the close of the War with Black Hawk, after which it was rapidly settled up. Yet many a fine horse was swiftly ridden HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 157 out of the county to the secret headquarters of the gang of thieves that preyed upon the unorganized community. No less dreaded than the Indians were these Pirates, whose organizations spread out all over the frontier settlements of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. They worked in no fear of the law. They were the overflow of the criminal class of the East which, driven from the older settlements by organized law, hovered over the sparsely settled new communi- ties, to live without working, by stealing from their more industrious neighbors. Stables were doubly locked and good horses were not to be left unguarded, unless a faithful watch dog slept in the barn. Most men never thought of going to the stable or to the wood pile after night without his gun. A man often slept with the horses with his trusty rifle at his side. The leaders about Rock River were John Driscoll, John Brodie, Samuel Ai- kens and their sons. They had a secret society and had stations scattered about the country. Signals and pass-words perfected the organization of plunderers which operated from Wisconsin to Texas, preying on the means of honest toilers. John Driscoll came from Ohio in 1835 and settled on Killbuck Creek in Ogle County. It is said that he came from the Columbus Penitentiary. In physique, courage and intellect he was a remarkable man. He was upwards of six feet and weighed 200 pounds. Part of his nose had been bitten off in a fight with a human ghoul. His hair was iron gray and coarse. He did many acts of kind- ness, once finishing the crop of a woman whose husband had died. The Dris- colls were sly, secretive, cunning and revengeful. John Brodie settled in Dement township, Ogle County, at Brodie's Grove. He was a small man, with a low forehead, stiff black hair and deep set eyes, a typical prairie pirate. His sons were dare-devils both despised and feared. The Log Tavern at Inlet Grove, Lee County, was the distributing point for counterfeiters, and a directing point from which the movements of stolen horses were controlled as they passed from station to station. The "Pirates" when ap- prehended always got bail and were always able to prove an alibi. The Ogle County Regulators organized in a school house determined to fight the pirates. They numbered from 15 to several hundred and determined to do what they law could not do. They called on John Hurd, a horse thief, at night, ordered him to strip, tied his hands behind his back and gave him thirty- six lashes with a rawhide. He stood the ordeal without flinching. When the flogging ceased, he said, "Now, to prove that I am an honest man, I will join your company." A former Baptist preacher had stolen four horses between Freeport and Rockford. He was "tried" by the Regulators, found guilty, and sentenced to re- ceive 50 lashes on the bare back. The trial was held at his house, and he was stripped for the ordeal, when his daughter, a prepossessing girl of 16, rushed to his side and plead with the Regulators to spare her father. With much mur- muring, the majority decided to let the preacher off on his promise to flee the country. Several hours later, a part of the band returned, tied the reverend horse- thief to a Burroak tree and gave him ninety-six lashes on the bare back. Driscoll's meanness ran deep. At one time, having decided to burn an enemy's barn, he determined at the same time to square off an old account with his own 158 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY son. He secretly took his son's horse from his stable, rode to the barn and set fire to it, riding the horse back and tieing it in his son's barn. The young man was sent to the penitentiary. When Driscoll's son murdered Campbell, a leader of the Regulators, the frontier was thoroughly aroused. One hundred and eleven stern men tried the Driscolls and sentenced them to die like dogs. The notorious thieves made only one request, and that was to be shot, and not to be hanged. They were given one hour to prepare for death. Some of the Regulators begged that the Driscolls be turned over to the courts, but hot speeches, recounting the losses sustained by the surrounding counties and casting doubt on the proposition of leaving the fate of the men to the courts, prevailed. Death squads, fifty-five and fifty-six, were de- tailed to shoot the men. Old John Driscoll was the first to kneel and fifty-six bullets riddled his body. A tradition is handed down that William Driscoll's hair turned almost white as fifty-five rifles ended the life of a man who had confessed to seven murders. Aikens died from sickness while hiding day and night from the "Regulators." One leader of the horse thieves who operated in Clinton County, Iowa, and through Carroll, Jo Daviess and Stephenson Counties, was a special terror to horse owners. After stealing a fine animal, he would knock some of his teeth out, paint him a different color and in this way make sure his escape. He had a secret hiding place, where he kept his stolen horses till the hunt subsided when he would take them into market. This leader, whose name was Warren, was finally rounded up by the Regulators and hanged. His wife took the event calmly saying that that was the third husband of hers that had been hung. Charles Graves, the present postmaster at McConnell, remembers several in- cidents of pioneer life that occurred while his father was the first Sheriff of Stephenson County. A report came to him one day that some horses had been stolen. Sheriff Graves followed their trail all day. Finally he came upon them in camp and captured them. About dark that evening he returned with them in a wagon. They were not hand-cuffed. It was then too late to take them to Freeport, and Mr. Graves said to the men, after supper had been prepared by Mrs. Graves, "Boys, I don't know what to do with you fellows but shut you up in my root house," "Allright," said the men, and supplying them with bedding Mr. Graves locked them up in the temporary jail. Next morning they were still there, and the Sheriff took them in a wagon to Freeport where they were placed in the old log jail. The old log bastile in Freeport was not very secure and they soon escaped. An old history of Stephenson County, in the possession of Mr. A. C. Martin, of McConnell, tells a good story of the horsethief pest and how relentless the pioneer was in dealing with it. A farmer awoke one morning to find one of his horses stolen. He immediately mounted another horse and armed with his rifle set out on the trail. When he had about lost hope and was riding along the river, he suddenly saw a horseman riding along the opposite bank of the stream. He saw at once that it was his horse and without ceremony or chal- lenge he leveled his rifle at the thief and fired, the rogue tumbling off the stolen mount dead. The horse ridden by the owner in pursuit neighed, and the stolen horse, recognizing his mate, plunged into the river and swam across to its owner. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 159 It was necessary to take up the pursuit of a stolen horse at once, because if they ever crossed the Mississippi there was no chance for recovery. Besides, there was such a perfect organization among the thieves that concealment in caves and other out of the way places would soon put the stolen, animals beyond the reach of- the owner. Horse stealing was a profitable "business." Escape was not difficult and the property could usually be converted into cash. But if caught, the thieves were summarily dealt with. The trials were brief and the criminals were either sent to Alton or driven out of the county with death as a reward if they returned. At times, the Block House which stood where the First Ward School now is was filled with rioters and horse thieves. Horse thieves were particularly active in 1838 to 40. The gang of thieves was so well organized that it was difficult to catch 1 or to recapture the stolen animals. An early experience of Conrad Van Brocklin in Florence Township gives an idea of the excitement and dangers connected with the operation of the band 01 thieves. During an afternoon, he suddenly saw thieves making away with two of his blooded horses. Assisted by Mason Dimmick, he gave pursuit. The thieves had a good start and the chase was desperate. The thieves had no bridles and were getting away with the booty easily when they suddenly came upon a stream of water. One of the horses had a dread of crossing water and could not be forced to enter it by the thieves. While the pirates were making heroic afforts to get the horse across, Van Brocklin and Dimmick came up sud- denly and the men ran into a nearby swamp. The horses were regained but the thieves escaped. About the same time, thieves secured the horses of Samuel Smith in Lan- caster township and piloted them safely across the Mississippi and sold them. Mutual Aid Societies, Regulators and Vigilance Committees were the most ef- fective means of fighting the horse thieves in the earlier years. Later, vigorous prosecution by such fearless men as States Attorney Thomas J. Turner, broke up the operations of the band. Thomas Hotchkiss, Erin Township, was connected with the band. He sold his farm to John Manlove in 1845. PRAIRIE PIRATES. Charles Waterman who came to Freeport in 1840, later settled in Loran Township, where he built a mill and a distillery. He first lived in De Kalb County and aided in putting an end to the "Driscolls." Bill Driscoll had sworn to kill Waterman. Later Waterman overtook Driscoll on the road on horse- back, both being heavily armed. Waterman watched the notorious bandit and was prepared to shoot at any instant if attacked. While they were riding- along, a body of settlers came up and captured Driscoll. PIONEER ADVERTISING, NEWS, AND BUSINESS. The following advertisements, news items and business statements give an idea of business and advertising of the period 1847 to 1855 : 160 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY A copy of the Prairie Democrat, Vol. I, No. 10, Jan. 26, 1848, is the earliest copy of this paper extant. No files were preserved and this copy and a few later ones are highly valued. Below the title line was printed the paper's motto, "Be Sure You're Right Then Go Ahead." The first item in the paper was a suggestion, in rhyme, to subscribers to pay up. The last para- graph follows : "Your other bills you promptly pay, Wherever you do go, sir The butcher for his meat is paid, For sundries is the grocer, The tailor and the shoemaker The hatter and the vinter, All get their pay, then why neglect To settle with the printer." The poem was introduced by the editor with the pertinent remark, "A hint to the wise is sufficient." Almost all the front page was given over to a continued story, entitled, "The Three Festivals." About four columns of the second page contained a letter by Hon. Lewis Cass, explaining his sentiments in regard to the Wilmot Proviso. The paper has an editorial on Thomas J. Turner, the member of Con- gress from this district, speaking of him as "One who was the artificer of his own fortune. Who is equally at home in Congress or at the plow." A letter from Washington praises Mr. Turner and says the best speech of the session was made by Mr. Lincoln, who heretofore had been perfectly mute and took Congress by surprise. An editorial lashes the whigs for being "in eternal hostility to slavery and willing to nominate a man (General Zachary Taylor) who owns the flesh and blood of hundreds of human beings ! Beautiful Consist- ency !" "Henry Clay and Tom Cornin," an editorial says, "are in fact the greatest of all Mexican heroes." Page 4 with the exception of one column "The Farmer's Column," is devoted to advertising. In the Farmer's column is an article on "Rotation of Crops," recommending the following order: Corn, oats, barley or both with three parts of clover to one of timothy; third and fourth years ; mow and pasture ; fourth year wheat, then corn again. The paper contained a notice of the meeting of the literary association which met at the Red Schoolhouse every Tuesday evening. The subject for de- bate was, "Resolved: That war is justifiable." The disputants were T. F. Good- hue, M. P. Sweet, C. A. Clark and others. There was also to be a lecture by Dr. Hazlit on Phreno-Magnetism. The editor inserted the following ad: "Wanted immediately at the office of the Prairie Democrat, wood, 5,000 subscribers, grain, butter, lard, potatoes, eggs, flour, honey, cash, etc. The winter of 1847-8 is described as follows: "This is a curious winter. To see a prairie on fire every night, the dust flying in the streets, the boys on the common playing ball and clear beautiful days and nights, with a smoky at- mosphere resembling the most exquisite Indian summer, is not what we have been accustomed to." O. II. W George Purinton P. Manny .Tared Sheet/. John II. Adda ins M. Hettlnger A. A. Krape Horatio C. Burchard PROMINENT CITIZENS OF STEPHENSON COUNTY LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 161 PIONEER ADVERTISING AND BUSINESS. The advertising pages of the early paper are as interesting and significant as the news and editorial columns. There was little display advertising. Most of the ads were written full, with much rhyme and humor. Mr. O. H. Wright advertised : Wanted, in exchange for goods, 100,000 feet of lumber, 10,000 bushels oats and corn, 20,000 bushels wheat, hides, furs and skins. He also advised delinquents to pay up at once if they wished to save the "costs." Leonard, the jeweler, next door south of O. H. Wright's store, had a half column ad with four paragraphs of "poetry" of which the following is a sample. "Yet for my bounty and your sake, Good bank notes in pay I'll take, So bring your clocks and watches too, And I'll make them run, as well as you." Jacob Smith wanted 35,000 barrel staves at once, $6 per thousand for pork barrel staves and $4 per thousand for flour barrel staves. D. A. Knowlton's ad states that no great battle or poetry is necessary to inform the citizens of Stephenson County that his store is filled with dry goods, groceries, crockery, hardware, etc. O. H. Wright lists groceries, hardware, crockery, queensware, foreign and domestic dry goods, hats, caps, boots and shoes, ready-made coats, drugs, medicines, paints, oils, iron, steel, etc., and all kinds of produce wanted. He thanks the public for trade for the past eleven years. J. M. Baker advertised the ''Eagle Saloon" opposite courthouse. Besides all kinds of wines, liquors and tobacco, he offered for sale fresh oysters, sar- dines and "various articles in the grocery line." Mr. L. W. Guiteau, then school commissioner, advertised a sale of school lands. The following tailors advertised : Smith and Johnson, one door east of Knowlton's old store; M. L. Shook, northeast of postoffice; Geo. W. New- comer, opposite Jackson's grocery ; John F. Baker, first door northwest of O. Taylor's store; S. Sweeley, over Knowlton's new store. Mr. Knowlton advertised tea, warranted good, at 75 cents a pound, and tea, warranted not good, at 12^/2 cents. He offered 65 cents for good winter wheat and 60 cents for spring wheat. He states that good men owe him over $15,000, and if they do not pay up he will leave the accounts with Major Howe for collection. E. H. Hyde advertised to sell sugar at 9 to 12^/2 pounds for $i. Mr. Oscar Taylor's ad of patent medicines is interesting as an ad and as history. It is as follows: t PATENT MEDICINES. Allen's Balsam of Hoarhound, for consumption and liver complaints ; Nerve and Bone Liniment, and Indian Vegetable Elixir, for rheumatic affections, Dr. Lin's Strengthening Plaster and Comstock & Co.'s Liquid Extract of Sarsa- parilla; Oldridge's Balm of Columbia, a restorative of the hair; Hay's Lini- ment ; Expectorant Syrup ; Dr. Spohn's Headache Remedy, either nervous or 162 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY bilious; Kline's Tooth Drops; Dr. McNair's Accoustic Oil for Deafness; Long- ley's Great Western Indian Panacea, the best family cathartic, and the best remedy for asthma, dyspepsia, liver complaints, and all bilious obstructions which the combination of medicine affords. Bed Bug Bane; Indian Hair Dye, warranted to color the hair brown or black without injury to it or coloring the skin; Kolnstock's Vermifuge for worms; stove varnish; cough lozenges; Thomp- son's Eyewater; Mother's Relief, which richly deserves its name; Mack Ken- zie's Tonic Febrifuge, the best remedy for fever and ague extant. Oil of Tannan, unequaled as a preserver and restorer of leather; Liquid Opodeldoc; Elmore's, Wright's & Soule's Pills; together with divers other articles in that line can be found genuine, and at the lowest prices, at the "Stephenson County Cash Store," corner of Exchange and Galena streets. Freeport, January, '47. OSCAR TAYLOR. The following ad for Barrett's store will give a good idea of the strenuous business of the times and also the nature of the early store, which was, in fact, a "department store:" A HASTY PLATE OF SOUP Highway robbery, murder, treason, codfish, Loco Foco matches, and 4 cent Calico ! ! GOODS ! ! ! Of fine and noble selections All colors, kinds and complexions Cheap as the cheapest at that, Are being sold now-a-days at BARRETT'S : Going off hourly, in boxes and sacks, The richest, finest and best of nic-nacks The clerks are busy early and late Using the yard stick as well as the slate. HAIL COLUMBIA ! ! Groceries of all kinds; (such as) Gimps, and window blinds. Teas, sugars, and cassimeres; Oils, candies, and cashmeres ; Indigo, trace chains, and nails; Fulled cloths, satinetts and pails. Raisins, ribbons and rice; Molasses, gimlets and spice. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 163 NUTMEGS AND RAT TRAPS. Tin-ware, and baby's socks; Eggs, boots and brass clocks; Ginger, candles and cradles; Glauber salts, tobacco and ladles. Lanterns, real estate and glues ; Lead, shot, spices and shoes. Tweedles, brooms and madder red; Basins, log chains, red and black lead. NOTIONS AND FIXINS ! Razors, perfumery and glass; Hand saws, white satin first class! Paints, saw-files and silk; Butter and cheese made of skim-milk! LADY'S BONNETS AND DYE-STUFFS. Mill saws, K. jeans, and spades; Calicoes, caps and sun shades Garden seeds, shovels and forks ; Last year's almanacs and corks ; Hard times, cotton yarn and files ; Silk and woolen goods all styles. French goods, "tunnels," buttons ; Knives, forks for steak or mutton ! CINNAMON AND CROCKERY.' Mulls, muslins, laces and tar, Cheap as cheapest and cheaper by far Clay pipes, whips, shovels and tongs; Bonnet strings ballads and songs. Lamp oil, lamp-black and black lead; Fiddle strings, marbles, greyish and red Bleached, unbleached shirting and sheetings Songs for whig and democrat meetings. JEW'S HARPS, SCISSORS AND SCHOOL BOOKS ! Bed cords, ticking, powder and shot, Kettles, hair oil, combs and pots; Flannels, tin ware, and lady's fans Hair combs, loaf sugar and moll-cans Mittens, griddles black and blue ink; And other things of which I can't think Promissory notes, and duns quite stale Warranted now due or no sale. 164 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY For all, or any of the above articles, and thousands of others, just call at the cheapest store in Freeport directly opposite the Stephenson County Hotel don't forget the place, but keep con- stantly in your mind that interesting word cheap. Freeport, January 15, 1848. A. A. Pollock, barber at I Stoneman's inn, says his prices are : Shaving 6*4 cents, hair-cutting 12^ cents, and adds "These prices will be kept up till some barber comes along who will do the business for nothing." In one of his ads O. Taylor says: "We have been told that opposition is the life of business, therefore, I will pay 65 cents for winter wheat and 60 cents for spring wheat, in goods at lower prices than any other store in Freeport. F. A. Stricky had a big ad for his Pennsylvania store. Mr. D. A. Knowlton in his ad offered great bargains, as he had decided to dispose of his entire stock. His explana- tion follows: GREAT BARGAINS! ! Having spent the last eight years in hard toil and taxed my mind day and night with the cares of business, until I have impaired my health and broken my constitution, and having been blessed by Divine Providence with a reasonable compensation for my labors, and now feeling a desire of changing my business, so as to place myself more at ease, knowing that all I can get in this world is what I can eat, drink and wear. I would now say to the citizens of Stephenson County and the public in general that I have re- solved to dispose of my entire STOCK OF GOODS. Therefore I will pay 65 cents for good Winter Wheat and 60 cents for good Spring Wheat, in exchange for goods; and I will pay the highest price of Oats, Corn, Hides, Furs, Butter, Cheese, Beeswax, Ginseng and most kinds of Country Produce in exchange for goods. There- fore, all persons wishing to buy goods will find it much to their advantage to call at D. A. KNOWLTON'S well known WHOLE- SALE & RETAIL STORE, as Great Bargains will be offered there and goods will be sold a little cheaper than the cheapest. Also, that I will now sell my Entire Stock of Goods to any Mer- chant wishing to locate in Freeport, at a Great Bargain and Rent my Store, for a year or a term of years. D. A. KNOWLTON. An ad with some evidence of literary genius is the following by Abel Smith of Winslow : WONDERFUL DEATH BY CONSUMPTION. After consuming thousands, Mr. Credit has laid down and died, at the "Rough & Ready Store," in Winslow. Call on Abel Smith and he will preach his funeral sermon over a lot of choice YANKEE NOTIONS, and a fine lot of Groceries, and a smart sprinkling of DRY-GOODS, together with White fish, paints, tin-ware, boots HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 165 and shoes, thoroughly made, to order. Bring out your produce ,and I will do your work cheaper, or sell you a pile of goods cheap. ,, r , ABEL SMITH. Wmslow, January i. L. W. Guiteau advertised his new store and stock at the southeast corner of the Public Square. One of the unique and significant ads of 1847 was that of J. Howe, the hotel man. It follows : A few travellers can be quietly entertained at Howe's Cottage with poor fare, at high prices if they come sober and remain so. N. B. I want it should be distinctly understood, of all the living beings, a drunkard, to me is the most detestable ! I can bear with i snakes, toads, hedge-hogs and skunks ; because they are as they were created ; but an intelligent human being that will make a brute of him or herself, by intoxicating drink or those who furnish it to a fel- low being, until he or she is intoxicated, and then turn them into the streets to the exposure of the frost, and gaping multitude I say to such, I have no shelter. J. HOWE. Freeport, December, 1847. F. A. Strocky's notice to delinquents is a type of the method of asking cred- itors to pay up : NOTICE. All persons indebted to me buy note, book account, or otherwise, are respectfully requested to call and liquidate their in- debtedness, on or before the loth of January next, or I shall be compelled to assist them by legal process. Gentlemen, I wish to pay my debts at maturity, and only ask you to do the same That's all! F. A. STROCKY. Freeport, December 27, 1847. E. H. Hyde's half column ad is similar to that of Barrett's in the long list of articles to be found in his store. ITEMS. The Journal, December 6, 1848, said, "No more bandits to be sent from our country to revolutionize other countries and annex them to our country." 1848, December 13, J. G. Bedee had taken charge of the Stephenson County Hotel. A large addition had been made and fitted up in good style. Ad : "Winneshiek House, corner Stephenson and Chicago streets, M. M. Woodin." County finances April 4, 1849: Appropriation and expenses $2,727.76 Revenue for 1848 2,256.75 Fines and licenses 328.25 Rent of court house 2 5-6s County indebtedness 1,527.05 1848, J. A. Grain and James Schofield were appointed West Point cadets from the 6th district. 166 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY January 24, 1849, J- H. and P. Manny advertised the Manny Harvester in the Freeport Journal. The shop was then conducted at Waddams Grove. "The machine will cut a level swath at any height the man at the wheel may desire. He adjusts the machine to suit the height of the grain. The grain is conveyed by the machine directly to the wagon from the knives as it is cut, or it will leave the grain in the ? to be bound by hand. Two horses will draw the ma- chine. Fifteen acres can be cut in a day, the machine cutting five feet. It will pass over stumps not over two feet high. The price of a machine is $250." Threshing cost 5 cents a bushel in 1848. The following ad explains itself : "Cash paid for hauling wheat to Chicago. 60 teams wanted immediately, for which the highest price will be paid. D. A. Knowlton." "Last Call. All persons indebted to Emmert & Strohm must pay up im- mediately, or "Fred" or the constable will be after an introduction." In 1852, the circuit court indicted William Peoples and W. M. Denton for passing counterfeit money and they were sentenced to years imprisonment. Later they were granted a new trial. Norton's Book Store established a circulating library in 1852. A large addition to Stephenson County Hotel completed, August, 1849. A public dinner was served to Hon. Thomas J. Turner, at the Eagle Hotel, April 19, 1849. All were invited. Music was furnished by the Freeport Brass Band. S. D. Carpenter, editor of the Democrat was orator of the day. Mr. Turner responded with an able speech. It was a non-partisan affair. The com- mittee on arrangements were: A. T. Green, Charles Beth, D. A. Knowlton, F. A. Strocky, M. M. Woodin and Nelson Martin. Mr. E. Torrey was president of the day. Eleven regular toasts were given, after the dinner at the Eagle Hotel and seven volunteer toasts followed. The day was in honor of Mr. Turner as the district's congressman, 1846- 1848. The Journal, May 23, 1849: "Whig Postmaster at Freeport! It gives us great pleasure to announce the appointment of that staunch and reliable whig, George Reitzell, to the office of postmaster in this village." In the Journal, November 30, 1848, S. D. Knight calls attention to his store by the following head-lines : "Revolution in Freeport, Vive La Republique." Emmert & Strohm's ad in 1848, December 13, appealed to young ladies with tendencies toward matrimony. It said : "O, Ladies ! Call at Emmert & Strohm's and examine those beautiful toilet articles. Purchase some of those perfumes that tickle so finely the noses of the sterner sex. Heed this advice if you are after a beau, and if you have caught one, heed that you may keep him." The "Sons of Temperance" held a public meeting in the Presbyterian church, December 15, 1848. Mr. James Turner and Mr. C. A. Clark addressed the meetings. The third issue of the Freeport Journal, November 30, 1848, made a strong appeal for the establishment of factories. It argued that a county and a city could not be built up without factories. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 167 The Journal of 1852, September 25, goes hard after Thompson Campbell. It appears that Campbell had pledged 700 abolitionists that he was in favor of prohibiting slavery in the territories, abolishing slavery in the District of Col- umbia, opposed to admission of Slave States to be made out of Texas or other territory, favors the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Law and urges all constitutional means to restrict the slave trade. Speaking of the old cemetery the Journal said, June 3, 1850: "A great por- tion of the grounds are unprotected. Not a single tree is there to spread its quiet shades around. There is no fence (except in a few cases) to shield the dust of departed friends from being trampled and torn by the beasts of the field." The edition then urged the building of an iron fence at a cost of $200.00. Mr. Pells Manny advertised his new self-raker, drop reaper and clipper February, 1850. The drop became the usual reaper till the binder was per- fected many years later. Dr. J. V. H. Judd located permanetly in Freeport in 1850. Journal, April 29, 1850 : "Wanted, a quantity of wood at this office to apply on account." MORE ADVERTISING IN 1850. Great excitement at the post office ; New goods and new prices ! ! In this way John Black called attention to the "largest and best stock of goods ever offered to the citizens of the county." He stood ready to prove that goods were selling cheaper than the high tariff prices of previous years. Folloch, the barber, advertised in 1850, "That ladies could have their heads shampooed at home if they wished and that gentlemen who were being shaved by the month or quarter would be furnished with a lather box and brush ex- clusively for their own use." January 10, 1851, D. A. Knowlton advertised that he would receive "Span- ish quarters" at 25 cents in trade or on debts. He scored merchants who were allowing only 20 cents for them. John L. Burgers, a son of W. L. Burgers of Rock Run, was bitten by a poisonous snake, June 15, 1850. The poison spread rapidly through his sys- tem and he died in eleven hours. Godey's Lady's Book was the "Ladies Home Journal" of 1850. Raymond Co.'s extenstive menagerie, being the largest and rarest collec- tion of wild beasts, birds and reptiles, will exhibit at Freeport, Saturday, July 13, 1850. Admission 25 cents. Journal, August 23, 1850: "Our town has been honored the past week by a 'traveling theatre company,' with its usual attendants, viz. : rowdyism and intemperance. It will be well for good citizens of neighboring towns not to be taken in by the boastful pretensions of the 'Robinson Family.' " In 1850, Rev. Parker for the Presbyterian and Rev. DeVore for the Metho- dists held big revival meetings in Freeport. The Messrs. Stowell of Waddams Grove, invented and manufactured a sod fence machine. They claimed it would be possible to build a mile of fence per day. The machine was drawn by oxen and cut the sod in strips and laid it up 168 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY in a durable fence. Four men and five yoke of oxen were required to operate the machine. ADVERTISING 1852. The advertisers in 1852 continued the style of 1847. Block & Lowenthal, corner of Stephenson and Adams streets, called attention to their goods as follows : Look Out, Clear the Track, Freeport Railroad Clothing Depot. Block & Lowenthal Just Arrived, etc. J. S. Emmert & Co. attracted attention by: "Spirit Rappings! call and ex- amine and if you are not pleased with the elephant, we will charge you nothing for the sight." Excelsior! in big type announces G. G. Norton's book store bargains. Stib- gen & Engle have a big ad for the Stephenson County Hardware Co. A pic- ture of a loaded freight train calls attention to D. A. Knowlton's new and up- to-date stock of goods. "Kossuth in Freeport" In order to procure his arrival you must call at the third house below the Winneshiek, for the woodwork of wagons and car- riages, by R. Moorland. S. Sutherland has a big ad for his "new merchant and grist mill," on Rich- land Creek near Wilcoxen's Mill. "The mill will be known as Sciota Mill, Pennsylvanians, this is the mill for you! We will only toll a tenth; Buckeyes, Yankees, or the hardy sons of Ireland's Isle, you shall be used alike and have your turn. Jackson Bower, an experienced miller, will receive your grist in English or Dutch. We want our mill enrolled in the memory of the dear people of the county who care for the body as well as the soul." "Smith O'Brien Escaped! and the Freeport Cabinet Warerooms refitted! is the head of a long ad by Snyder & Wade, below the Winneshiek. The "Jenny Lind" livery stable, run by Chas. Butler and Daniel Powell, made a bid for business but added poetically: Don't ride till you're able When you ride be sure to pay, Credit won't buy oats or hay ! There were numerous ads for hair dyes, snuff and "segars." INTERESTING ITEMS 1850-2. Mr. Crouse of Ohio took charge of the Winneshiek House in July, 1852. Barna T. Stowell, Esq., of Waddams Grove, invented a self-loading and dumping cart, which he exhibited, July 19, 1852. The machine worked ad- mirably and fulfilled the most sanguine expectations of the inventor. Spalding and Roger's North America Circus showed in Freeport, August 24, 1852. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 169 The Journal of June 10, 1850, says, "Last year (1849) tne population of Freeport was 1,020. This year a census has been taken and shows an increase of 480, making the population 1,500. Sixty new dwelling houses have been begun this spring." The Journal's circulation in 1851 was 323 and that of the Prairie Demo- crat was 348, both weeklies. In July, 1851, both the Democrat and the Journal had long discussions on the short dress and "bloomer costume" that were then trying to become the vogue. The Freeport Temperance Society was organized at the Baptist church, July ii, 1851. In 1851, a movement was under way to build a plank road from Freeport to Monroe, Wisconsin. That would bring the trade of southern Wisconsin to Freeport and then to Chicago, via the coming railroad. Brewster & Wheeler's nursery had 150,000 trees in 1851. In J. H. Manny's ad for his reapers and mowers, September 12, 1851, were the endorsements of almost 100 citizens of Stephenson County. Journal, October 3, 1851: "Psychology. A fellow calling himself Dr. Den^ nis, has been endeavoring to lecture to some of our citizens for several evenings on this humbug Science." A. H. Wise advertised the "Kossuth Hack" from Freeport to the railroad in 1852. March 19, 1852, there was held in Freeport an Irish patriot mass meeting. The meeting was held in the courthouse for the purpose of making a demon- stration in behalf of Smith O'Brien, John Mitchel and other Irish exiles and prisoners. Thomas Egan was chairman and Phillip Hogan, vice president; and Edward Burke, secretary. A committee on resolutions was appointed and H. Bright addressed the meeting. In June, 1852, Mease & Ely opened a new steam flouring mill in Freeport. A terrific storm passed through Oneco Township in June, 1852, blowing down John Sheckard's barn, tore up trees, scattered grain and killed hogs, sheep and calves. ADVERTISING. J. S. Emmert endeavored to do a little advertising by telegraphy, the line being expected from Rockford any day in 1851. His ad was headed: BY TELEGRAPH. The news came by telegraph this morning. The man who catches lightning from the wires, was dazzled by its brightness. When he recovered his vision, he saw "in characters of living light" that the customers of J. S. Emmert will do well, etc. ^ October 22, 1851, George W. Oyler advertised his Tontine, eating saloon, nearly opposite to the Winneshiek House. He served oysters, pig feet, veni- son, tripe, beefsteak, quail, ducks, fish, etc., "in short, everything calculated 170 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY to make a person laugh and grow fat." He adds this : P. S. "Buckwheat cakes at all hours. Persons attending court, call and try my fixin's." Emmert & Burrell ran a soda fountain in 1854-5. A Mr. Walker who quarreled with his wife and step-son suicided April, 1855, by jumping into the Pecatonica River. W. C. Clark took charge of the Clark House June, 1855. It was the old Stephenson House remodeled. Journal, 1855, June 7: "Freeport receives and sells more merchandise than Rockford and does a better railroad business than Rockford." Our love for Rockford began early. Shipments from Freeport in 1855 were: Wheat shipped bu. 347,012 Pork shipped Ib. 3,206,808 Potatoes shipped bu. 34,000 Corn shipped bu. 378,758 Oats shipped bu. 113,029 Rye shipped bu. 181,323 Butter shipped Ib. 90,000 Wool shipped Ib. 16,900 The Freeport Union Chorus Society gave a concert at Plymouth Hall De- cember 31, 1855. Hugh Jones was found frozen to death in Silver Creek Township, January 2, 1856. He was intoxicated and lost his way while returning from Freeport. The following were elected supervisors, April, 1854: Harlem William Buckley. West Point M. Lawyer. Silver Creek M. Hettinger. Lancaster V. Hemmenway. Buckeye F. Bolender. Loran G. W. Andrews. Florence L. Lee. Rock Grove John Voght. Waddams Levi Robey. Rock Run J. A. Davis. Oneco Andrew Hines. Ridott G. A. Farwell. Erin Wm. Goddard. Winslow P. Sweeley. Freeport A. W. Rice. In 1854 the following erected new buildings in Freeport: Judge Farwell, Mar- tin & Karcher, Mitchell & Putnam and E. H. Hyde. The building of the last named gentleman included a public hall. In February, 1855, a deep snow fell. The Journal says that only four mails were received from the east in two weeks. The assessed valuation of property in Freeport in 1853 was: Real estate $1,789,904 Personal property 982,096 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 171 Rymal & Wilmot employed about 25 men in 1854, manufacturing plows. The annual output was 1,000 plows. Horace Mann gave two lectures in Freeport under the auspices of the Liter- ary Institute, March 21, 1854. In 1855, N. W. Edwards, the first superintendent of schools, made a tour of inspection of schools in Stephenson County. The Journal, September 2, 1852, gives great praise to the Teacher's Insti- tute held at the Union school. The Journal, 1855, October 25, announces the law partnership formed by T. J. Turner and H. C. Burchard, "the late popular principal of the Union school." The Journal paid Mr. Burchard a high compliment and prophesied his success at the bar. ADVERTISING. Emmert & Bastress employed literary genius in placing before the public their new cleaning preparation in October, 1859, as follows: "Awake snakes and come to judgment, Glad tidings of great joy !" Bring on your dirty clothes and have the filthy scum of human impurities rinsed and soaked out of them with one half the usual labor. Old worn-out superannuated washer-woman : Ye wives of dirty husbands ! Yes, even those beautiful and simpering creatures whose pretty fingers are altogether unac- customed to the drudgery of cleansing dirty clothes. Wake up and rejoice in the hour of your deliverance from servile drudgery. Emmert & Bastress have on hand and for sale what they call "Renovating Mixture," etc., etc. December 5, 1849, Journal ad : "The Hewes of Buena Vista ! ! Adam Franz and Old Jack 1 ! ! Have entered into a copartnership to do Blacksmithing business on Galena street." In the October loth issue of the Journal, 1849, the following ad was in- serted : TEACHER WANTED. A person well qualified to teach in the common school will find employment for the coming winter by applying soon. Inquire of Jared Sheetz, James Hart or George Miller. Directors of District No. 2, five miles west of Freeport. In October, 1849, J- H. Schlott and Jacob Stibgen began the manufacture of the J. C. Miller & Co. grain drills at Freeport. The drill was a two horse simple affair and sowed five rows. Crane & Co.'s circus exhibited in town last Tuesday, said the Journal, August 8, 1849. Journal, August 15, 1849: "Somebody has sheared the mane and tail of Mr. Jones' horse, whereas. Friend Carpenter comes down on the whigs like thou- sand brick. If true it is contemptible, but not half as contemptible as trying to make a neighborhood quarrel out of politics." 172 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY PIONEER EDUCATION. With the pioneers of northern Illinois, the establishment of schools was a natural process. A large number of the settlers of Stephenson County from 1833 to 1835, were from New England, New York and Pennsylvania. Many of them were graduates of academies and seminaries of the east. They came west because of the greater opportunities. Cheap land meant to them large farms and a competence. But they brought with them the wilds of Stephenson County, that which could not be lost, the culture and inspiration of those east- ern schools. No sooner were the log cabin homes built and a small clearing made, than these people set to work with willing hands, to build the log- school house. It was by studied plan or new thought that public schools sprang up in the county it was the natural spontaneous activity of a people who themselves had had the advantages of an education. Like the church, the school was brought here and established by the settlers. Many of the settlers came from Virginia, Kentucky, and North Carolina. Some for a time had remained in Southern Indiana and Illinois. These set- tlers, while they had not been so familiar with the free public school idea, yet had had the benefit of the system of private instruction prevailing in the South. So they, too, were in favor of education. All over the county were a number of strong families from Old England, and large colonies of German people from the Fatherland. These people in different ways modified the educational spirit sentiment of the county. With such a population from New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and the South, from Old England and Germany, education could not fail to make progress. The sparsely settled country, panics and the "Internal Improvement" blunder that almost bankrupted the state and made necessary heavy taxes, hindered edu- cational progress. In 1844, the legislature made a start in the right direction and passed additional legislation in 1847, 1849 and 1851. In 1855, an educational measure was passed that comprised all the essential features of former measures and included new features among which was "the sovereign rights of the state to levy and collect a sufficient tax from real estate and personal property to be expended in providing its youth a common school education." In a state that squandered millions on wildcat internal improvements, there was strong opposition to this measure for public taxation for schools. A vig- orous attempt was made to have the law repealed, but all attempts failed. These state laws marked the beginning of the end of the "subscription school." A voluntary subscription school was not broad enough in its foundation for the basis of a school system of a great state. Such a system taxed the well to do, if they had children, heavier than the present scheme, and made education pro- hibitive to the children of the poor. Besides, in a school maintained by volun- tary subscription month by month, the very existence of the school often de- pended on the "catering" of the teacher to the whims and prejudices and jeal- ousies of the subscribers who withdrew support if the school was not run to suit them. This happened occasionally and school stopped in the middle of the FIRST STONE SCIIOOLHOUSE, LENA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 173 term. The whole scheme was a mere makeshift, the best that could be done for the time, and passed into history with first rude shacks built in the wilds of early Illinois. It was not a system at all. Today it is generally recognized as the duty of the state to provide free public schools for its children. Most men even concede that such a system is an economic necessity that it is cheaper in the end to tax all the people for the edu- cation of all the state's children, than it is to support them in ignorance and crime. A century ago, the old idea that education was a private rather than a public interest, was breaking down. The ordinance of 1787, voiced the idea of public education when it said : "Religion, morality and knowledge being nec- essary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." Besides, as the state is the agency through which all the people act, the state is the best means fog es- tablishing a state-wide educational system. In 1785, the Congress of the Confederation passed an ordinance establishing for the northwest territory, the present system of land surveys, laying off the county in townships six miles square. This ordinance also decreed that the i6th section, or 1 736 of each township, should be set apart for maintaining public schools in that township. In 1818, when Illinois became a state, congress gave these lands to the new state for the purpose of aiding education. At the same time, 1818, congress also promised 3% of the net proceeds of the sale of all public lands in Illinois after January i, 1819, to be appropriated by the leg- islature for the encouragement of learning. So, indeed, the beginning of the great public school system of Illinois is to be found in the foresight and in the generous provision of the congress of the United States. The state was slow to take advantage of its opportunities. In 1825, a law was passed by the state legislature providing for a system of free schools which might be supported partly by public taxation. This law was ahead of public sentiment and was soon repealed. Persistent agitation was necessary to arouse the people and bring public sentiment up to the point of maintaining a system of public schools by general taxation. Among the pioneers of this period were Newton Bateman and Professor W. J. Turner of Illinois College. Provision was made for school township and school district officials. The office of county superintendent of schools was created and the secretary of the state was made ex-officio state superintendent of schools. In 1854, the office of state superin- tendent was created separate from that of secretary of state. Finally, in 1855, 37 years after Illinois became a state, a general school law was adopted which became the foundation of the present school system of the state. The new law provided for free schools by local taxation and aided by the state school funds. This act made it possible for districts to proceed to build and maintain schools. In 1870, a step farther was taken in the new state constitution, which required the legislature to "provide a thorough and efficient system of public schools whereby the children of this state may receive a good common school education. The constitution requires a school system "whereby all the children of the state may receive a good common school education." The school board in each district must keep a sufficient number of free schools to accommodate all 174 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY the children of the district and "secure to all such children the right and oppor- tunities to an equal education in such schools." The first school in Stephenson County was taught by Jane Goodhue in Ran- somville, a mile or so below Winslow, in 1834. In 1836, Thomas Grain, at Grain's Grove, employed Charles Walker to teach his children. Walker was to give them the plain 3 R's, the limited rudiments of an education. Walker received $25.00 a month, and was not a reliable character. He remained several months teaching the children and later developed penchant for stealing horses. He kept this up till 1838, when he was caught and sent to the state prison at Alton. In the summer of 1837, William Ensign conducted a school at the resi- dence of James Timms at Kellog's Grove. During the same year, Nelson Mar- tin, brother of Dr. Chancellor Martin, opened a school in the old log store building on the Pecatonica River, Freeport, not far from the foot of Galena street. This school building was a small log cabin, 14 x 10, seven foot to the eaves, puncheon floor and one window. As the storg goes, the cabin was hauled up town in 1839 and located on Galena street. Mr. Martin's reputation as a disciplinarian has come down to us in a tradi- tional way. He was exacting and had forbidden skating on the Pecatonica, the penalty being a flogging. A student, John Thatcher, forgot and was caught in the act of violating the Professor's commandment. Mr. Martin gave young Thatcher the extreme penalty, and the boy received such a flogging, that the students all quit school except the children of two families, Davis and Hunt. As it was a subscription school, the teacher's income was thus largely cut off and in a short time the school stopped. Among the students of this school were Frederick, John, Elmus and Thomas Baker ; John, Ellen and Elizabeth Thatcher ; Chloe, Ann, Rebecca, Jane, O. P. and W. W. Smith; A. C, Eliza, Sara and Hamilton Hunt; Polly Strockey; Enos and Salome Fowler; Michael Reed and Levi, William and Olive Davis. In the winter of 1838-9, a Mr. Everett reopened the school. Besides the students who had started under Dr. Martin there were Rivers Fowler, W. H. and H. W. Hollenbeck, A. P. Goddard and others. The winter of 1839-40, Frederick Buckley taught the school. The next school was opened by a Miss Wright, in a frame building at the corner of Galena and Chi- cago streets, the present site of Moogk's drug store. Rothilda Buck and Lucinda and Marilla Williams also taught in this house. For a time William Buckley taught a school in Knowlton's addition. By 1843, tne increase in population made a demand for a large and better school house. There was, as yet, no taxation for school purposes and a build- ing was built by popular subscription. It was a frame structure, painted red and cost about $300. It was located on Van Buren street, a short distance north from the court house. This one story, one room building 18 x 30, was Freeport's school house till 1850 when the Union school was built on the present site of the High school. SCHOOLS. The following from the "Illustrated Freeport, by the Journal, 1896, should be preserved in the history of education in Freeport: HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 175 "In April, 1843, a s ^ e f r a school house on the north end of the lot on Van Buren street, next north of the present postoffice, was purchased of, and deeded by Philip Fowler to the township trustees of schools. Upon this ground was erected the same year THE LITTLE RED SCHOOL HOUSE, a picture of which, as it appeared in 1850, and of the teachen in charge and fifty-five of the scholars attending, appears on the following page. It was reproduced from a daguerreotype Mr. John A. Clark, then clerk of the circuit court, paid $5.00 to have taken, and which he presented to the teacher, Miss Louisa Burchard. This was the only school house owned by the Freeport school district until the erection upon the site of the present high school' building of a large two-story brick school house calld the Union school building. Having purchased this new site and levied taxes to build the Union school house, the di- rectors of the district proceeded to organize the Freeport schools upon the graded system. They rented the basements of two of the churches and created three departments a higher, intermediate and primary. Mr. A. B. Campbell, who had previously taught a private school in Freeport, was employed as principal and given the general supervision of all the departments. The schools were opened April 12, 1850. His assistants in the higher departments with him at first were Miss Emily Jackson, who married John K. Brewster, and later Miss Mary Burchard, sister of the Hon. H. C. Burchard; in the intermediate, a Mr. Lutz and Miss Delia Hyde ; in the primary, Miss Louisa Burchard, now Mrs. H. D. Converse, who lives at Maryville, Missouri. The primary department was located in "the little red school house." It must be difficult to distinguish, and after a lapse of forty-five years, name each pupil in the group, but Mrs. Converse recognizes nearly all, and among them point out several, now men and women grown, who are well known to our citizens. In front of the window, the second boy from the farther end of the row on her right, stands Dexter A. Knowlton, Esq., barefooted, shoes and stockings in his hands. The middle boy of the three sitting in the front row is Steuben Stoneman. On his left, third boy from the end, is John Black, in the rear of whom is Urias Mayer, now deceased. In the same second row, next to Mayer, and on his left, a dark-haired boy with broadf forehead, is the Hon. Michael Stoskopf, and on the right stands Charles Green, who became a mem- ber of the Freeport bar, and died two years ago. In the rear, between Green and Mayer, is Fred Norton, afterwards a lieutenant in the United States navy. In the same row, to the left of Stoskopf, the boy with the white shirt front and turn down collar is Peter Lerch, now living in Chicago, and the large boy stand- ing on the steps between him and the teacher is John Rice, a nephew of Asahel W. Rice, then living in Freeport, now in Iowa. The boy standing in the front row, with the belt about his waist, was George Carter, a brother of Mrs. E. L. Cronkrite. Of the four small boys sitting on the steps, the first next to him is Charles Smith ; the second, Chancellor Martin, who became a West Point graduate, a lieutenant in the United States army and now lives in New York City; the third is the Rev. David Burrell, the eloquent pastor of one of the 176 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY leading churches of the metropolis; the fourth is Charles Sweet, a brother of Mrs. J. A. Grain ; not long afterwards he was drowned in the Pecatonica River. Among the girls on the extreme left is Julia Sweet. The third from her, dressed in White, is Ellen Clark, a daughter of John A. Clark. On her right, just behind her standing between the window and the corner of the school house, is Ellen Carter, the mother of Corporation Counsel William N. Cronkrite. The girl on her right, her face near and below the corner of the window, was Charles H. Rosenstiel's oldest daughter Matilda, who married Dr. Carey, of Beloit, Wis., and died there several years ago. The two taller girls on her right, next to and in front of the window, are Ellen and Josephine Krinbill, now living in Freeport. The girl holding in front of her the large bouquet was Amanda Black, now Mrs. William McHenry, of this city. On her left, next to her, stood W. W. Smith's daughter Mary, who died at her father's home in Freeport a few years later. A glimpse of the face of Mrs. C. H. Chapman (Anna Stibgen) is seen, partly hidden by the boy with folded arms on the left of the door. The girl standing next to the left, her dark hair covering a portion of her forehead, was Eva Tarbox, who afterwards became the wife of the Hon. J. S. Cochran, and who died at Freeport in 1777. Among the pupils were others who grew up and continued to reside in Free- port, and can be pointed out by Mrs. Converse. PIONEER EDUCATION. "The first school in Freeport was held in 1839," says Thomas J. Turner, in 1866 in the "Northwest," "in an unfinished building on Galena street. The pro- prietor needed his room and the school, about a dozen children, moved to the log store on the river. Later, a breaking team hauled the building up town and located it where the Wilcoxen block now stands. The last use of this build- ing was as a cow stable in a dirty alley." A similar fate awaited the old red school house which was moved away and used as a livery stable. Later, both were burned. SCHOOLS. In the "Northwest," April 5, 1866, Hon. T. J. Turner said: "It required great labor to get up an interest in schools and education in Freeport. For many years all efforts to create a school fund by taxation were successfully re- sisted. It was painful and amusing, at elections called for that purpose, to see large numbers of poor people who were rich in nothing but children, and who had no property to tax, march up and vote against raising any revenue for school purposes ; while those who bore the burden generally voted the other way. The enemies of taxation for school purposes hoped to win at one election by put- ting out a ticket in favor of an enormous tax, so as to divide the friends of public schools. They were detected, and those who were in favor of a reason- able tax adopted the exhorbitant ticket and it carried." Mr. Turner also says, "We have been providentially spared the necessity of having academies." He adds, "We were fairly cheated out of the female branch of the Wisconsin & Illinois College of Beloit. KLOCK SCHOOLHOI'SK BUILT IN 1847 BY WILLIAM KRAPE TIIF. I.ITTI.K KKD S( '1 1< )( )l.l K IfSK LIBRARY OF 1HE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEFHENSON COUNTY 177 The winter of 1845-6, the teacher was D. H. Sutherland. He received $20.00 a month and "boarded round." While the pay seems small, yet in proportion to the times it was quite equal to the pay of the teachers of most one room schools of today. One of the students was a negro boy "Black Abe" employed in the Brewster family. Race feeling was aroused when the Professor seated "Abe" by a white boy, whose mother at once read the "riot act" to the teacher. The teacher found it convenient to change "Abe" and a race war was averted. Abe, however, remained in school. One of the students who attended during Pro- fessor Sutherlands instruction later won distinction as General James M. Schofield. The first school in Oneco Township was taught by Mr. Bissell P. Bellknapp, a native of Vermont. He came to Oneco in 1839. I n 1840, at the house of Anson Denio in the village of Oneco, taught the first school in the township of Oneco. The first school in Winslow was held in Edward Hunt's wagon shop in 1840. In this primitive school, instruction was given in the rudiments of an education. A wagon shop for a school would not seem so out of place today when schools are paying special attention to industrial training. After a short time a school house was. built on a hill southwest of the city, which was used till 1872, when a larger building, a frame structure, was erected. Paul Chandler is supposed to have taught the first school in Rock Grove about 1841. A permanent school was established in section 36, in 1846. About Rock City, the first school was located on the Carnefix farm, but when a village was laid out, a stone school house was built and was opened by a teacher named Searles. The first teacher in Silver Creek Township was Charles Walker who was employed at $75.00 a quarter to teach the children of Thomas Craine. History is uncertain in regard to the first school in Loran Township. It is claimed that the first school was taught at Kirkpatrick's in 1840. Others claim that the first school was es- tablished in 1841, in section 2, near Babb's church, where a Mr. Allison was employed by Reuben Babb, Willian Kirkpatrick and Anson Andrews. Two early pedagogues of Jefferson Township were George Truckenmiller and a Mr. Bonne- man. The first permanent school was in a log school house near the village of Loran. The school at Eleroy was built in 1855. One of the first schools in Ridott ownship was the Select school taught in a log house on the farm of Horace Colburn. In 1855, a frame school was built on the Harvey P. Water's farm and "served 14 years as school, church, lecture room and house of enter- tainment." In West Point Township, William Waddams first employed a private teacher for his children. In 1840, a log school was built on Luman Montague's farm. In 1849, a log house on the Samuel F. Dodd's farm, near Lena, served as school, with Miss Maria Pickard as teacher. In 1850, a log school was built in what is now Lena, and served till 1854 when the old stone school was built. In 1836, a school was opened three miles north of Cedarville in Buckeye Township. This was a typical log school, no window, puncheon floor and board roof, and in 1840 a one-story frame school was built in Cedarville. One of the early teachers was Isaac Allen of New York, who is still remembered by Capt. Reitzell, one of his students, as a teacher of great force of character. Other early teachers were Miss Julia Putnam and a Mr. Chadwick. In 1853, a school was conducted in the 178 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY basement of the Lutheran church and in 1855 a two-story brick building was erected by taxation. From 1857 to 1865, a Miss Gorham conducted a private school in Cedarville. Among the early teachers in Waddams township were Fayette Goddard and Adeline Hulbert. In Florence Township, the first school was taught in 1840 by Miss Flavilla Forbes in what was known as the "Academy," James Hart's old log house. "CORNSTALK COLLEGE," DISTRICT NO. i. The well known "Cornstalk College," sometimes called the "Block School," and one now known as Eldorado school, was one of the early schools of Stephen- son County. It was located in Township 29, north Range 8, and was in Dis- trict No. i. This school district has always been noted for its progressive en- thusiasm and loyalty. In 1907, at Gift's Grove, a home coming celebration was held, attended by former students, teachers and patrons from far and near. At this meeting, C. A. Cadwell read a history of the district, compiled after great industry and with commendable accuracy. This history was pub- lished and contains pictures of school buildings, teachers and students and citi- zens. In this work the district has set an example that should be followed by every district in the country. The "History of Eldorado," in its 116 pages con- tains a compilation of the history of the district. The earliest settler was Ezra B. Gillett in 1837. Joab Marton came the same year. A little later came Isaac Kleckner, Mr. Daggett, Mr. Kitchell, Mr. Hoffman and a Mr. Loomis. In 1839, Alfred Cadwell and Walter Bel- knap entered claims, also B. P. Belknap, G. S. Cadwell, Mr. Strader and Mr. Starr. In 1841 Michael Bolender and John Bear entered claims. Ira Winchell came in 1843; Andrew Swarts in 1844; and Wm. Krape in 1840. From this date the neighborhood was settled up by two classes of people, the Yankee and the Dutch. Because of different customs and ideas and more because of a difference of language, the two classes were a trifle slow in mixing properly. In 1841 a subscription school was opened on the D. C. Gillett claim later pur- chased by Mr. Hoffman. The schoolhouse was a quarter mile south and a quar- ter mile east of the Rocky residence. The first teacher was E. B. Gillett. The following attended the first school : The children of Phillip Wells, Addison, Ottis, Judson, Mellissa, Maria and Jane; the children of Warner Wells, George Paulina and Sopronia ; Cornelia Wells ; Lorriston and Caleb Roberts ; Levi and Matilda Youngs ; Edwin and Mary Gillett ; Cuyler Gillett ; Louis and Frank Bolender; John D. and D. L. Bear. Other teachers were Mr. Hudson, Hirarri Lilly and a Mr. Jones who taught the last term in that building in 1846. The summer of 1847, a Miss Hawley taught a school in Mr. Bolender's cabin. In 1847, the settlers decided to build a new schoolhouse. They elected Ezra B. Gillett, Joseph Baumgartner and Michael Bolender, directors. Each free- holder agreed to furnish the logs round, while others, who were able to use the broad axe, hewed them on two sides. William Krape had charge of the building and on the day of the "raisin," Michael Gift, Michael Bolender, B. P. Belknap and John Bear, Sr., were stationed one on each corner to receive and notch the logs as they were skidded up by the others. After the walls were up, Mr. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 179 Krape finished the building. It was 22x28 feet, with two windows on each side and two in each end. To 'make desks, holes were bored in the wall, strong pins driven in them and hewn slabs placed on the pins. The seats were of the same kind of slabs without backs. In this building school was kept for nine years. Cyrus Howe was the first teacher. He began December 24, 1847, an d closed March 22, 1848. It was a subscription school till 1849, when on the 5th of May, an election was held and the citizens voted a 50 cent tax to maintain a school. Oc- tober 6, 1849, G. S. Cad well, Solomon Kleckner and John Hoffman were elected directors. Asa G. Hemenway was the first teacher supported by taxation. In 1856 the walls were sided with lumber, the room was plastered and green blinds were hung at the windows. The slab desks were taken out and black walnut desks were substituted. One of the teachers, Dr. E. W. Byers, of Monroe, Wisconsin, it is said, put the bad boys up the hole into a dark attic for punishment. It is also maintained that Dr. W. W. Krape of Freeport would be able to explain the appearance of the attic. At another time while wrestling, one of the big boys, F. C. Belknap. spoiled the teacher's trousers and the professor was compelled to borrow a long coat for the afternoon. Mr. J. C. Potts, a fastidious teacher, kept a bottle of Lyons Catharian for the hair, on his desk. At an opportune time, some of the young lads complicated the oil and used it on their own heads, thinking, no doubt, that this would make the brain wheels run smoothly. Then, so the pro- fessor might not be disappointed, they filled the bottle with molasses and water. When the professor blandly applied the new mixture, the process aroused con- siderable amusement among the mischief makers. The old students still remem- ber the exciting times at the "spelling matches," and declare that several Corn- stalk College students knew Sander's speller from cover to cover. Two of the sharks were William Etzler and Addie Cadwell. For years J. H. Stover kept a singing school every Saturday night. Occasionally the farmers would come in sleds and cutters and haul teacher and school several miles over the snow to visit another school. Thus, besides the learning that was acquired, the school was the center of the social life of the community. In 1867, a special tax was voted to build a new schoolhouse. H. W. Bolender built the structure, which was 28x36 and 12 feet high. The first teacher in the new school was H. W. Bolender, who built it. In the spring of 1869, the Annual County Institute was held in the new school. The patrons of the district furnished gratuitous board and lodging for the visiting members. Among the later teachers of the school are found the familiar names of C. A. Cadwell, I. E. Kiester, Henry Collier,' Cyrus Grove, Carrie A. Musser and M. M. Baumgartner. This school has been running for 63 years. The lowest salary paid was $20 a month and the highest $55. The largest number of pupils enrolled was 63 and the smallest number 12. The law requiring the United States flag to wave over every school build- ing was passed in 1893. W. W. Krape, of Freeport, had not forgotten his old school, and early on the day the law was to go into effect, he procured a beautiful 10 foot flag, drove to the school and aided by F. C. Bejknap, erected a flag staff and floated Old Glory over "Cornstalk College." The public school was the "melting pot," that brought together the Dutch from Pennsylvania and the Yankees from New England and New York. Dif- 180 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY rences that were at first marked and emphatic diminished with time and asso- ciation and common interests soon bound all together in mutual cooperation. It was not long till Yankees were selecting Dutch wives and the Pennsylvanians were marrying into Yankee families. The material of the history of the Block school, or Cornstalk College, is taken almost entirely from Mr. C. A. Cadwell's excellent sketch of District No. I, published in 1907. It is given here at length because it is a type of the edu- cational progress of the rural districts of the county. Every one of the steps of advancement were much the same. First, there were private instructions or subscription schools in the cabins of the settlers. A little later a log school was built and a teacher employed, both by voluntary subscription. The next? step was district taxation to build and maintain a school. It was the custom in the earlier day to engage the teacher at so much a month and "found," that is, a teacher was paid, say $20 a month and "boarded round," getting his meals and lodging at the homes of the "subscribers" by turns. This simple system had its disadvantages and yet had some advantage*.. Of necessity, the teacher became better acquainted with the parents and the children. The school and the home were brought close together. The "log school" education of the early days was in harmony with its sur- roundings. Children went gladly from plain log homes to log schools. The edu- cation offered was highly prized by parents and students. With all its limita- tions, the log school, with slab desks, puncheon seats with no backs, puncheon floor, board roof and greased paper windows, if window at all, had some dis- tinct advantages. There was lacking an elaborate course of study, but there was present the free, unfettered individuality of a strong teacher who was his own county and state superintendent and made his own course of studies and program. He taught a few things but taught those few well. Few subjects were studied, but they were mastered. The children knew what they knew. Books were rare and highly appreciated. Like the boy Lincoln, the children were fortunate in that they were not subjected to the temptation of tons of light fiction to be read rapidly and superficially. A few stories of great char- acters took deep hold on their lives, and made strong characters that did the work of the second generation of Stephenson County. State Superintendent Blair says of the log schools of Illinois: "An interesting chapter in the history of education in Illinois, is the story of the log school house. Illinois, like most of the western states, was earliest settled in the wooded regions. The log cabin and the log schoolhouse met the need of the conditions of those early times. As late as 1860 there were 1,447 of these log school buildings in Illinois. In 1890 the number had decreased to 114. In 1909, there were reported to this office only u of such schoolhouses remaining. Whatever of convenience and improved facilities the modern school building has brought will not make us forget the great good which was ac- complished in the log schoolhouses of Illinois." November 30, 1848, Mr. George Scoville advertised the opening of the Free- port high school, a select school, in the basement of the Presbyterian church. Tuition for 12 weeks : in spelling, reading, grammar, arithmetic and geography, $2.50; in algebra, philosophy, etc., $3; languages, including English studies, $3.50. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 181 The Freeport Seminary for Young Ladies opened the building erected by A. H. Wright for that purpose, July 30, 1849. The ad of the seminary con- ducted by Rev. James Bentley, stated that special attention would be given to moral and religious instruction, and in addition to the usual studies instruction would be given in drawing, music, painting, embroidery, etc. French, Latin and Greek were also taught. Board with the principal and teachers, $1.25 a week. Mr. A. B. Campbell of the Galena Institute, began as principal of Mr. Sco- ville's select school, November 19, 1849. In 1850 Jas. Schofield, F. W. S. Brawley and J. K. Brewster were elected school directors for Freeport. June 3, 1850, the directors of the Freeport schools made an arrangement with Professor A. B. Campbell, who was conducting the private school in the base- ment of the Presbyterian church, to take charge of the Union school. He still maintained his classes in the church but had the use of both district schoolhouses, where competent teachers were employed. The Journal of that date said, "By this arrangement a proper division of students can be made so that the advance- ment of one grade will not conflict with the other; while the higher branches can be pursued with equal facility to any of the best regulated academies. If this system receives proper encouragement from our citizens, it will render the terms of tuition so low that it will be within the reach of everyone to confer a liberal education on their children." April, 1850, a "citizen" published a column and a quarter article in the Jour- nal in favor of a Union school. He said he was not against Select schools, but that they were not suitable for a small town. The next week a town meeting was held, Julius Smith as chairman. Rev. Schofield moved that a location for a Union school be selected. The motion carried and it was voted unanimously to select the site of the present High school. A motion by D. A. Knowlton and seconded by T. F. Goodhue was passed, empowering the directors to secure plans for the building. Every issue of the Democrat and the Journal had articles by the citizens fav- oring the Union school. One signed "A Friend," was an able article over one column in length and made an urgent plea for the tax-payers to vote the tax. He gave a vigorous reply to "Close-fistedness." The Journal editor remarked that the "Wind Work" had been well done and urged the voters to go to the polls and vote the tax. The election in Freeport to tax the people to build a Union school was held June 8, 1850, and carried by a vote of 125 to 9. Five hundred dollars, the amount limited by law, was voted. Tuition in the Freeport schools in 1851 was: $1.59 for 60 days. The Freeport school directors, John Rice, D. A. Knowlton and E. W. Sals- bury advertised for bids for the Union school house, June 13, 1851. May 7, 1852, the Journal published an announcement from the school di- rectors that the Union school building was completed, teachers selected and the school ready to begin. The directors say that it is designed to combine an English and Common school education, with a course of instruction in the higher branches and languages equal to any of the academies and seminaries. Mr. W. J. Johnson, a teacher of acknowledged reputation, is principal, and he 182 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY is assisted by the Misses Pickard, Beckwith and Horder, all teachers of ex- perience. The tuition for the term was $1.25 per scholar. L. W. Guiteau, E. W. Salsbury and C. Martin were school directors. In 1852, May 28, there were over 200 scholars. The Journal Editor, after a visit to the school, said editorially : "The citizens can point with pride to the Union school as the noblest and most useful of the many public buildings of Freeport, and can boast of having the best public school building in the state." The Freeport Journal, October 15, 1852, gave an account of the close of the first year of the Union school in Freeport. The Journal praised the idea of a Union graded school that had been so successful in the east and indicated that the first year of the idea had been entirely successful in Freeport. "We have witnessed many exhibitions but never a more laudable one than that at the close of the first term of the Freeport Union school. The crowd was immense, numbering some four or five hundred, and all appeared gratified." The school directors were L. W. Guiteau, C. Martin and Julius Smith. On October 9, 1852, the directors gave the public the following announcement through the Journal : "The fall term will open October 18, under Mr. Wm. Johnson, principal, assisted by Mr. James S. Oliver and Miss Maria M. Packard in the higher department, and Clara Beckwith and Lydia Orcutt in the primary department.The course of instruction will be equal to that of the best academies." UNION SCHOOL EXHIBIT. The Journal of March I, 1855, praises highly the Union school exhibit by Professor H. C. Burchard and his classes. The program consisted of dialogues, essays and declamations. The Journal says, "Mr. Burchard is earning for himself a reputation, by his zeal and industry by making the Union school what it is. In spite of the incubus which has always rested upon it. The receipts of the exhibition amounted to $28.00 which will be expended for a library." SHORT ITEMS OF INTEREST. Coon and Dickey conducted the Freeport Academy in 1855. The same year the Freeport Seminary was conducted by Waldenmeyer and Myers, both of the New York State Normal school. FREEPORT SEMINARY EXHIBITION 1854. March 16, 1854, Mr. Bentley of the Freeport Seminary gave an exhibition in Concert Hall with his school. "The hall was densely crowded and badly ven- tilated," says the Freeport Journal, of March 30, 1854. A large part of the program was dispensed with on account of the noise and confusion of a crowded house. Mr. Bentley has succeeded in keeping up a school for many years in Freeport. The Lena School, taught by Miss Hyde, also gave an exhibition in March, 1854. The editor of the Journal said, "The essays showed more originality and common sense than is usually shown in such programs." HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 183 In 1857, the booklet "Present Advantages and Future Prospects of the City of Freeport" gave the following description of the city schools: "If there is any one thing of which the City of Freeport may justly boast as her chief orna- ment, it is her schools. In 1856, the first system of graded instruction was put in practice. The whole city and its environs is a single school district. The schools are free to all and supported by general taxation. Three school com- missioners are elected who have supervision of the whole, hire all the teachers, and direct the standard of promotion to higher classes. The commissioners are (1857) H. N. Hibbard, William Buckley and F. G. Winslow. There are three grades : The primary, or ward schools ; the middle schools, and the high school. The high school is the upper room of the Union school building. The middle schools are in the lower rooms and the primary schools, four in number, are scattered about the city. The primary schools are open to all without examination. At stated times the commissioners name such as they think capable of entering the middle schools. All scholars pass to the high school by a thorough examination. In the high school all the advantages are presented which can be found in the academies of the east, all the higher English branches as well as the Classics being taught there. The system has worked admirably and the schools at this time are in popular favor. The report of the committee of examination (1857) says: "These results, no doubt, have cost earnest, persevering effort, together with a large expenditure of money, but the effort has been successful, promising, if continued, to give us schools of the highest excellence; and as for the expenditure, no| citizen, we think, who attended the examinations, could have wished that a dollar less had been expended. We are sure that every dollar expended in this enterprise, is so much added to the value of real estate, and helps to make our city more at- tractive and desirable as a place of residence. Good schools can not fail to at- tract immigrants of the first class to make valuable additions to our population, to promote general intelligence and morality, while promising ultimately large returns in money." Henry Freeman, A. M., was principal of the High school with Mary Noble as assistant. At this time (1857) there were three other schools. The Female Seminary, located in Plymouth Hall conducted by Miss Mary A. Potter of New York, a lady of thorough education. The booklet says that several gentlemen propose to assist in the purchase of a building. Miss F. B. Burchard had a Select school for Misses in successful operation in the Pennsylvania Block. At this time (1857) a Freeport Commercial College was running in the Bank Block. L. D. White was proprietor and teacher of bookkeeping. J. G. Cross, teacher of commercial calculations. Hon. T. J. Turner and Hon. M. P. Sweet lectured on Commercial Law. Friday, October 7, 1853, Rev. J. Coon, assisted by Rev. J. S. Dickson, and Miss H. Cornelia Bail opened the Freeport Academy. Tuition, $6.00 for 6 months in the English branches and $10.00 in Latin and Greek. The school was started in the basement of the Second Presbyterian church. 184 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY In 1852, a genius opened a school in a frame building where later stood F. Bues stone block. He was a reformer and had a new system of teaching geog- raphy in 12 lessons by singing the capes, rivers, mountains, etc., around the world. Freeport, strange to say, did not wax enthusiastic over this reformer, and after a term he left. His successor was a Mr. Chandler, a good teacher and an up- right man, but exceedingly sensitive. One evening a number of young men, including Chandler, met at Mr. Knowlton's store to discuss a barrel of cider which had just arrived. The temperance people were against cider drinking and when it was noised around what they had used for a drinking cup, the thing appeared ridiculous and Chandler, who could not stand the laugh, left the city in disgrace, as he supposed. PIONEER PREACHERS. The pioneer preacher was a product of pioneer conditions, and he adapteJ himself, unconsciously no doubt, to the life of the people about him. He was, first of all, an exhorter. Seldom was he a scholar or a logician. He appealed directly to their emotions and lived and worked on the level with his people because usually he was one of them. His strongest point, no doubt, was to point vividly beautiful pictures of heaven and the awful scenes of hell. One author says of them : "Sometimes their sermons would turn upon mat- ters of controversy, arguing, with little learning but much fervor, on free grace, baptism, free-will, election, faith, good works, justification, sanctification, ot the final perseverance of the saints. Vivid, indeed, were the startling word pic- tures drawn of the hereafter, and imagination never failed them in describing the bliss of heaven, and the awful terrors of hell." At any rate they were sincere. They were long-distance speakers. A simple theme would require a sermon of i l / 2 or 2 hours. Mr. Parrish says that the sermons were tested in three ways, by their length, by flowery, ornate language, and by vigor of action in delivery. Oratorical gymnastics played a vital part. But by such preaching the people were interested, they were deeply moved and their lives were markedly influenced. Among the pioneer preachers of Illinois were Peter Acres, Zadoc Casey and Peter Cartwright. THE PIONEER PHYSICIAN. The treatment of disease in the pioneer days was as primitive as the life of the people itself. In the earliest days among the outlying settlements there were no regular doctors often for fifty or a hundred miles. In this respect, as in all others, the early settlers cultivated a spirit of self-reliance. Home- made remedies were the vogue and many men and especially the women were skilled in their application. While the pioneer times always had their characteristic diseases and ail- ments, yet the people were fairly free from disease. Of necessity, they lived much in the open air. Houses were well ventilated. The log house with its HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 185 crack and poorly fitted doors and windows and the loosely laid clap-board roof and puncheon floors, were admirably adapted to the inlet of fresh air. Men and women worked much in the fields and gardens, and lived on plain and whole- some food. Such a life naturally built up strong constitutions, and strong con- stitutions, in the absence of the trained physician, fought the battles with disease with probably a better chance for victory than the weaker physical body of this day aided by all the science and skill of the physician. The settlements were well scattered and the population was not congested. For this reason there were few epidemics. Any contagious or infectuous dis- eases soon ran their course and disappeared. Neighborly cooperation was the prevailing spirit. When any family was stricken, it was an unwritten law that the neighbors took turns in sitting up and caring for the afflicted. While there were a few known to be especially "good in sickness," the unselfish spirit was quite general. The bites of poisonous snakes was one difficulty to be encountered. There were numerous "cures" for this affliction. Everybody knew them, even the children. When a person was biten by a rattle snake or other venomous reptile, some simple remedy was at hand and applied at once. One remedy was to suck out the poison from the wound and spit it out. A plaster of clay was then applied. A more common remedy was the "whiskey" cure. Any person suffer- ing a rattle snake bite was given a large quantity of whiskey and made dead drunk. This was an effective cure and as liquor was commonly kept! in the homes by the gallon, it was always at hand. The early community was almost always subject to the "chills," or ague. This ailment afflicted the new communities till the swamps were drained out. There were numerous remedies for the "chills." It was believed that a person must not be permitted to keep still. When at the worst in a sinking chill, they would be beaten, rubbed and walked around. The idea was that if not kept thoroughly active they would die. The persons "sitting up" with the victim, took turns in exercising their patient. The treatment, in some cases, was worse than the disease. By means of a strong constitution, many survived both. Families did their own work of vaccination. Mrs. Amanda Head, a daugh- ter of John Turneaure, tells how, as a girl of fifteen, she vaccinated the children in the family. The vaccine was put on a silk thread. She then pinched up a place on the arm with her finger nails, and ran a piece of the silk thread through. Sore arms were often to be found, but this system long prevailed and served its purpose. Remedies and specifies were usually at hand. The merchants carried these in stock as there were no drug stores. Besides others, two well-known cures for "chills" were "Roman's Tonic Mixture" and "Indian Chocalogue." Senna salts, quinine and calomel were standard articles and were kept in bulk by the store keepers. THE PIONEER NEWSPAPER. The pioneer newspaper was just as broad and just as narrow as pioneer times. The press suffered from the same limitations that affected other insti- 186 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY tutions of that day. The equipment of a printing plant was limited to a small hand press, and to type matter set by hand. The slow and tedious process, thus made necessary, restricted the amount of matter printed and made daily issues impossible. While there were a few expert typesetters, yet a large part of the work was done by amateurs. It was difficult to get paper in quantities and still more difficult to get it when wanted. It was before the day of mammoth paper mills and corporations. Paper was secured at Rockton and at other small water mills which had their own difficulties. It was before the railroad and paper had to be delivered by ox team or horses, and an issue was some- times delayed several days because floods made the fording of streams im- possible. The process of gathering news was limited. The telegraph had not yet reached its fingers out into the new sections, and when it came the cost of its privileges to any great extent was almost prohibitive. Besides, at that time, there was not in existence those world-wide news gathering organizations to furnish a mass of news each day or each week at a reasonable cost to the pub- lisher. The "patent inside" came later as did also the "boiler plate," both of which have made it easier and cheaper at later day for newspapers in sparsely settled communities to put out a paper containing much news and general reading matter. The lack of prompt and cheap postal facilities was another limitation. Poor roads, the stage that connected with only a few points in the county kept back news from districts beyond the immediate vicinity. It was practically impos- sible for the early Democrat and Journal to be much more than Freeport news- papers. News comes from Europe to Freeport more readily now than then it came from Winslow or Lena, or Yellow Creek Village. Consequently, the predominating feature of the Democrat and the Journal and Anzeiger was not news. An examination of these papers shows that from 1847 to 1860, usually 24 columns, apportioned about as follows : Adver- tising, 14 columns ; story, 5 columns ; political and editorial discussions, 3 col- umns, news, 2 columns. If there is any error in the above apportionment it is in allowing as much as two columns for news. Frequently less than one column, and often not more than a half column, was given to county news in the early weeklies. Much of the news columns was filled with news items from the east, often a month late. The story occupied the front page, or most of it. On the second page came the columns of political discussions, editorials and local news. The politics discussed was usually national politics. This might be letters or speeches. Here great national issues were set forth, such as the Mexican War, the Wilmot Proviso, the Nebraska Bill, etc. The editor of the Journal December 15, 1853, thus paid his regards to J. O. P. Burnside of the Bulletin : "In point of silly childless bluster, printless blatant nonsense, and low contemptible falsehood, His Sapiency James Oliver Perry Burnside ! ! ! the addlepated scribbler of the Bulletin, can take the hats of the whole editorial fraternity." STEPHENSON COUNTY COURT AND BAR IN PIONEER DAYS. Stephenson County was organized as a county under the laws of Illinois in 1837. The Legislature provided for the election of county officials, which oc- Thomas J. Turner Martin P. Sweet Joseph B. Smith Thomas P. Goodhue PROMINENT ATTORNEYS OF FREEPORT LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 187 curred in May of that year. The same year the courthouse site was selected. The new county was a part of the 6th judicial circuit while a part of Jo Daviess County, and continued to be a part of that circuit by act of the legisla- ture, February 22, 1839. The circuit then included Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Boone, Winnebago, Whiteside, Rock Island and Carroll Counties. The first ses- sion of the court in this county was held at a special term August 27, 1839. Daniel Stone was the first judge of the circuit to preside in Stephenson County. Hubbard Graves, father of the present venerable postmaster at Mc- Connell, was sheriff and John A. Clark was clerk of the court. This first ses- sion lasted three days. Judge Stone presided over the two succeeding terms of court in this county when the law was changed. The new law of February 23, 1841, abolished the offices of circuit judges, and appointed additional su- preme court judges and rearranged the districts. Mercer and Henry Counties were added to the 6th district and Judge Thomas C. Brown was appointed to preside over the district courts. Judge Brown was circuit judge of this county till 1846. A new law passed by the State Legislature made the circuit judge- ship an elective office, and Benjamin R. Sheldon was elected to the bench. In 1848, the adoption of a new state constitution was followed by a reor- ganization of the judicial districts. The new fourteenth circuit was made up of the counties of Jo Daviess, Stephenson and Winnebago. Judge Sheldon was a candidate for the position of circuit judge in the new I4th district, and was elected. This position he held from 1848 to 1870, over twenty years, when he was elected as one of the judges of the Supreme Court of the State of Illi- nois. Hon. H. C. Burchard thus describes the old courtroom: "It was a two story frame building with plain clapboard sides and shingle roof, surrounded by a rough board fence. The courtroom where Judge Sheldon presided in 1855, sit- ting on a raised platform behind a pine desk, had on its right two tier of seats for the jury. Fronting the judge and beyond the railing that inclosed the table and chairs for the privileged lawyers, were rows of pine benches, ruthlessly disfigured by witnesses and spectators whose incessant whittling was only tem- porarily checked by the warning of the judge not to mar the courtroom. In the winter a hot stove occupied the center of the room. The windows had to be raised frequently for ventilation and again lowered to exclude the cold air, and bench and bar were alternately roasted and frozen. I can yet hear Judge Sheldon give his order, "Mr. Sheriff, raise the window," or "Mr. Sheriff, lower the window," as he feared suffocation from odors or dreaded cold chills from the sharp winter air. The dilapidated appearance of the building was felt to be a discredit to the city and the county. In 1854, the loosened clapboards were shaking in the wind and the sky was visible through the broken plastering. The room was at that time procured for the use of Fred Douglas, the colored orator, to make an abolition speech. Although accustomed to plantation life and to uncomfortable and unsightly audience rooms, he said in his opening remarks, "I have spoken in England in the finest halls, and in this country in churches and where no better accommodations could be had, in barns, but, of all the God- forsaken places, this beats them all!" 188 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY One evening at Plymouth Hall, (where the Wilcoxen block now stands) while Hon. Martin P. Sweet was making a speech, the cry of "Fire" was heard on the streets. It was reported that the courthouse was burning. Mr. Sweet paused and said, "It is the old courthouse, let it burn." The audience cheered and remained seated, but the fire was extinguished. It was a great relief to the members of the bar as well as to the citizens of Freeport, when the building was removed in 1870 and the attractive and commodious structure that now occupies its site was built." At the first session of court in 1839, according to the records, the following attorneys were present and connected with cases: Seth B. Farwell, Martin P. Sweet, Thomas J. Turner, Campbell, Drummond, Tonlin and Kemble. Mr. Sweet still lived in Winnebago County and as Mr. Turner had not yet been admitted to practice, Mr. Farwell was the only member of the Freeport bar. Mr. Purinton arrived four months later. At that day it was the custom of the lawyers to follow the judge around the circuit, and a few were here in 1839 from other counties. There were 35 cases in the docket in 1835, seventeen of which were appeals for justice courts. Thirteen were dismissed for want of jurisdiction, because the cases had been improperly brought to that court. According to Mr. Bur- chards' report, "In the short three days session, the grand jury returned four in- dictments, two criminal trials were had, six judgments were taken by default and one judgment rendered in an appeal case for $3.18^ and costs. The second term of court lasted two days. The attorneys present and be- fore the court were Martin P. Sweet and George Purinton of Freeport. States Attorney F. S. Hall, and Jason Marsh, of Rockford, and Campbell and Drum- mond, of Jo Daviess County. Writing of these early attorneys, Mr. H. C. Burchard, in 1896, said, "People who heard Thompson Campbell and E. D. Baker in the noted trials at the old courtroom still speak of their wit, readiness in repartee, and wonderful power in addressing a jury. Eloquence in those early days, as in these later ones, must have exercised its magic influence when E. D. Baker, fresh from Springfield, had but to unstrap his trunk at a Galena Hotel, and without the aid of patronage or local friends to start his boom, could by voice and speech, win as he did his nomination and election to Con- gress from this district. It is not more surprising that afterwards a brief so- journ on the Pacific coast sent him to the United States Senate, and that he there acquired a national reputation as an orator and statesman. Thereupon, Campbell became states attorney for the judicial circuit and was elected to Congress in 1850. Later he served as secretary of state and moved to California. Mr. Drummond must have then exhibited that legal knowledge, sound judgment and argumentative ability which later characterized his rul- ings as a federal judge. James S.,Loop was able to state his client's case more clearly and to present its salient points more concisely than any other advocate at the bar. Marsh, Burnop, and Night, considered the ablest chancery lawyers in the circuit, attended from term to term. E. B. Washburn prosecuted a suit with the same zeal and tenacity that he displayed in after years in political life." With such associates and antagonists, it is not surprising that Martin P. Sweet and Thomas J. Turner grew to become and ranked among the foremost HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 189 advocates and most successful lawyers in northern Illinois. Their selection as candidates of their parties for Congress Sweet in 1844 and again in 1850, and Turner in 1846 shows the popularity they attained at this period and the high estimation of their abilities. By 1850, in addition to Sweet, Turner, Farwell and Purinton and other distinguished men joined the Freeport bar. Among these were: Thomas F. Goodhue, Charles Betts, F. W. S. Brawley, Charles F. Bagg, John A. Clark, John Coates and Charles Clark. Before 1857, they were joined by Hiram Bright, U. D. Meacham, J. B. Smith, Samuel Saukey, J. C. Kean, E. P. nar- ton, J. M. Bailey and H. C. Burchard. At the December term of court in 1857, there were 302 cases at common law on the docket and 49 in chancery. At the April term 1858, there were 392 at common law and chancery cases reached 183 the next year. Many of the chancery cases were mortgage foreclosures. These hard times with numerous financial entanglements made 1857-1858 the golden period of the bar. Mr. Burchard said in 1896: "Although the number of lawyers has considerably in- creased, scarcely one-fourth as many cases are now entered upon the docket as in 1857 and 1858. It is claimed that there is much less legal business and litigation in Stephenson County than in adjourning counties. While this is injurious to the profession it is no loss to the community. The discourage- ment and the decrease of litigation is beneficial. Many who formerly practiced at our bar were noted for compromising and dismissing suits which they com- menced. The lawyers deserve the blessing of peacemakers, because they were successful in efforts to adjust and settle, rather than litigate conflicting claims." Mr. Burchard adds, "The lawyers of Freeport, and especially those who came here at an early day and grew up with the county, have always taken a leading part in matters that concerned the prosperity of the city. Scarcely one of our business enterprises has been planned and consummated without their counsel and assistance giving it legal shape. They were associated with business men and often selected as spokesmen for them in all efforts to secure the location of public buildings, institutions, railroads to be built and manufactories to be established." Brief sketches should here be given of the early leaders of the Freeport bar: Thomas J. Turner, born in Ohio, in 1815, lived on a farm in Pennsylvania for a while and came west at the age of 18. After spending short periods in Chicago, La Porte County, Indiana, and in the lead mine county about Galena, he came into Stephenson County in 1836, building a mill in Rock Run. In 1837, he secured the contract to build the Stephenson County courthouse, and it is thought that litgation arising from this contract induced him to take up the study of law. He studied law in much the same way as Patrick Henry and Abraham Lincoln did, becoming, in fact, a self-made lawyer. Mr. Burchard says of him: "He was tall, erect, athletic and graceful. He was most effective as a jury lawyer. In 1845 Governor Ford appointed him states attorney for the 6th judicial circuit. He managed, or assisted, in the trial at Rock Island, of the murderers of Colonel Davenport. His ability and fearlessness in prose- cuting the gang of murderers and horse thieves that then infested northern Illinois made him hosts of friends in this congressional district. His nomina- 190 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY tion and election to Congress in 1846 was a natural consequence. Upon the organization of the town of Freeport in 1850. Mr. Turner was elected presi- dent of the board of trustees. In 1854, he became an active opponent of those who supported the repeal of the Missouri Compromise and the Kansas and Nebraska Bill. He replied briefly to a four hours' speech in its justification made by Stephen A. Douglas in front of the old Pennsylvania House, then standing on the present site of Munn's building. He was sent the following fall to the Legislature as an Anti-Nebraska democrat, and voted first for Lin- coln and then for Trumbull for senator. He procured the passage of a bill introduced by him to create the city of Freeport by special charter, and was afterwards elected the city's first mayor. Early in 1861, he was a member of the Peace Conference at Washington, and later was elected and commissioned colonel of the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers. He resigned the service in 1862 on account of ill health. He was chairman of the republican state central committee in 1864, a member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1870, and in the Legislature in 1871. He died on the third day of April, 1874, at Hot Springs, where hopeless of other relief, he had gone for the purpose of regaining health. He will always be remembered as one of the pioneers in the early settlements of Stephenson County, and as contributing, by his per- sonal efforts, as much, or more, than any other citizen of the prosperity and permanent growth of Freeport." COURT. Hon. Martin P. Sweet was one of the early leaders of the Stephenson County Bar. He was a native of New York and after farming and preaching, he began the practice of law in Freeport in 1840. He was a noted whig leader and twice was honored by his party as its candidate for Congress. The best summary of his career as a lawyer is that given by his centemporary, Hon. Thomas J. Turner, at a meeting of the Stephenson County Bar Association, after Mr. Sweets death: "It is difficult for me to find words to express what we all feel on this solemn occasion. Hon. Martin P. Sweet is dead. We shall not again hear from his lips the burning eloquence that in times past has thrilled the court and the bar, as he held up to view the enormities of crimes which he had been called on to prosecute ; or, the melting pathos with, which he captivated the sympathies of jury and people, while defending those he regarded innocent. Few men ever possessed that magnetic power which chains an audience in a greater degree than did our departed friend. It is not alone at the bar that he has left his impress as a leading mind. In the arena of politics, and in the sacred desk, he was alike conspicuous. Logical in argument, terrible in invective and quick in repartee, he carried the judgments of a jury or an audience; or, failing here, his quick sympathies and deep pathos led them along against the conviction of judgment. Such was Martin P. Sweet as an orator and an advocate. A self- made man, he surmounted difficulties which would discourage and defeat others and reach a position at the bar. Second to none, and established a reputation as an orator of which any men among us might feel proud. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 191 On opening an office in Freeport, he soon secured a remunerative practice, and took a first rank at the bar throughout the circuit. His services were sought whenever important cases were to be tried, or legal ability was required. Among the traits of character which endeared Mr. Sweet to the members of his pro- fession, were his urbane manners, his nice sense of professional honor and his kind and cautious bearing toward those who were opposed to him. In these re- spects, he has done much to raise the standard of professional ethics. In private life, he was generous and urbane and had many friends, with few, if any, enemies. In death, the bar has lost one of its brightest ornaments, the city a good citizen and a zealous friend, and the county and the state an able defender of their rights. There is still another circle that mourns him with a deeper grief the charmed circle of the home. Let us, my brethren of the bar, while our eyes are suffused with tears, and our hearts bowed with sorrow over his grave, resolve to emulate his virtues, to follow his example and avoid and forget his faults, if he had any, so that when our work on earth is done and when our names may be mentioned, as the name of our departed friend is mentioned today, with baled breath and choked ut- terance, it may be said of us, our work is finished ; it is well done." At the close of Mrs. Turner's eulogy, the judge of the circuit court said: "As an effective speaker and legal orator, he had no superior, and at times he was the leading genius, outstripping all others in the circuit. It is probable, we may never look upon his like again." COURT AND BAR. Hon. Horatio C. Burchard was one of the distinguished members of the Ste- phenson County bar for over fifty-two years. He was born in Marshall, Oneida County, New York, in 1825. His father came west to Beloit, Wisconsin, in 1840. Mr. Burchard was graduated from Hamilton College, New York, in 1850. He was admitted to the bar in 1852, and began practice in Monroe, Wisconsin. In 1854, he came to Freeport and was principal of the Union school. In 1855 he resumed the practice of law, the firm being Turner and Burchard, his partner being Thomas J. Turner. In 1856, the firm was Turner, Burchard & Barton. From 1864 to 1874, the firm was Burchard, Barton & Barnum. In 1857, Mr. Burchard was county school commissioner; in 1862, and 1864, he was elected to the legislature. For four years he was a trustee of the Illinois Industrial Uni- versity, now the University of Illinois. In 1869, when Hon. E. B. Washburn was given a post in the Cabinet, Mr. Burchard was elected to Congress. The speaker, James G. Elaine, appointed him a member of the Committee on Banking and Currency, of which James A. Garfield was chairman. Later, for eight years he served on the committee on ways and means. For ten years, 1869 to 1879, Mr. Burchard was recognized as one of the able men in Congress. In 1879, Mr. Burchard was appointed director of the United States Mints by President Hayes. In this department he distinguished himself by his thor- ough mastery of the finances of the United States, and by his five elaborate re- ports to Congress. As director of the United States Mints, Mr. Burchard served 192 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY from 1879 to 1885; when a democratic president made a change in the appoint- ment. In 1886 he was appointed by Governor Oglesby on a commission to re- vise the revenue laws of Illinois. He was elected to the membership in the International Statistical Institute in 1837. In 1886 Mr. Burchard resumed his law practice in Freeport. In ? , he formed a partnership with Hon. Louis H. Burrell, the firm name being Burchard & Burrell. Mr. Burchard continued his law business till his death in ? . He was a man of whom Stephenson County was always proud, having won distinction as a teacher, as a lawyer, as a statesman and an administrator. Judge Charles Belts was an active member of the Freeport bar from 1848 to 1880 when he retired. Born in Batavia, New York, in 1824. He was ad- mitted to the bar in that state in 1847. He came to Freeport in 1848 and was successful from the start. In 1852 he was the nominee of the whig party for State Auditor. During the political revolution of 1856-1858, when many dem- ocrats became republicans, Mr. Betts, being a great admirer of Stephen A. Doug- las, became a democrat. In 1870 he was the democratic candidate for Congress in the district and reduced the republican majority from 10,000 to 5,000 H. M. Barnum, a native of Vermont, has graduated from Middlebury Col- lege in 1858, came to Freeport in 1859 and was admitted to the bar in 1861. From 1861 to 1864 he was a teacher in the city schools, part of that time principal of the high school. In 1864 he entered the law firm of Burchard & Barton. In 1867 he was city attorney, was a member of the board of education and the library board. Hon. James S. Cochran, born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 1834, educated at Bethany College, Virginia, Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, and the law school of Judge Brockenbaugh at Lexington, Kentucky, was admitted to the bar in Pitts- burg, in 1858, and that year came to Freeport. He entered upon the practice of his profession here at once and was eminently successful. He was state's at- torney for the county from 1872 to 1884, when he was elected to the state senate from the district of Stephenson, Jo Daviess and Carroll Counties. Eight of his nineteen bills became laws during the 35th session of the legislature. One law established "Arbor Day" and another provided that teachers could attend institutes without the deduction of pay. He was one of the ablest men this dis- trict ever sent to the state legislature. He was distinguished as a lawyer and as a legislator. Judge John Coates came to Stephenson County in 1847 an d entered the law office of Hon. T. J. Turner. He was elected county judge in 1853. He aided in the organization of the Second Presbyterian church. Throughout his long legal career, he was recognized as an able and conscientious attorney. THE LYCEUM OF EARLY DAYS. The first generation in Stephenson County had time for things intellectual. Through all the turmoil and hardships with Indians and wild animals, rude equipment and simple homes, the struggle with a wild soil and the dangers and perils of distant mills and markets, burst the spirit of culture from the old academies of the east. The education of the old academy of the east was the STEI'IIEXSOX COUNTY'S FIRST COURTHOUSE, ERECTED IX 1838 LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 193 leaven that lifted up the frontier society from the lower levels of "mere" busi- ness and the struggle for daily bread. It was this irrepressible spirit that brought organized local lecture course committees, and brought to early the greatest stars of the American platform, musicians, lecturers, poets, reformers and states- men. Old Plymouth Hall audiences saw and heard, Ole Bull and Patti ; Starr King and Bayard Taylor; E. P. Willett, Lowell and Emerson, and Giddings, Chase, Horace Greeley and Horace Mann. It is to be regretted that no later period has even approached to decade of 1850 to 1860 in the matter of Lyceum talent in this county. This is in part because the first generation contained that element of culture and the spirit of intellectualism that had been stimulated by a contact in the academies and colleges of the older states. THE LECTURE COURSES. Mrs. Oscar Taylor's explanation of Freeport's early lecture courses is full of interest and should serve as an inspiration to the people of today. "Where the Wilcoxen opera house now stands Mr. E. H. Hyde had erected a three story brick building, the upper story of which was intended for lectures, con- certs and other public gatherings. This was old Plymouth Hall, of which the town was justly proud. It was here that the Lombard brothers and the Baker family gave their musical entertainment as they traveled through this region season after season ; and always welcome were the Hutchinson family, who came almost every year, bringing with them their old melodeon, opening every performance with "We're a band of brothers from the old Granite State." Strong anti-slavery men were all of them, and when they sang "There's a Good Time Coming Boys," there was a ring of faith and feeling in their voices that stirred the enthusiasm of their hearers, and in humorous parts the drollery of the brother Judson was irresistible. Dr. and Mrs. Beaumont, both sincere lovers of music, assisted in many of the home concerts of those days. The walls of Plymouth Hall, one never-to-be forgotten night, echoed to the tunes of Ole Bull's violin, and to the supremely beautiful voice of Adelina Patti, when that voice was the voice of a young girl of fourteen, even then so won- derful that her future world-wide fame seemed already assured. She was a lovely picture as she stood before the audience in a low-necked gown of light blue silk, ruffled from waist line to hem. Her great Italian eyes were velvety in their soft blackness and her black hair was worn in thick braids, while her features were of that delicate clear-cut beauty so familiar to us all in later years. The "Little Patti," as she was then called, was most friendly with her audience all the evening, and at the close of the concert she invited two young girls, whom she joined as the audience was dispering, to visit her at the Pennsylvania House next day. The invitation was, of course, joyfully accepted, but the unsophisticated western girls were amazed by the young prima donna's desperate flirtation with the handsome pianist who played her accom- paniments. In the autumn of 1854 the Young Men's Association secured for us a course of lectures from some of the most eminent literary men of the country. As the hotel accommodations were not above criticism, it was thought desirable 194 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY that the lecturers should be entertained at private houses, and as Mr. Taylor was a member of the association he was among the first to proffer this hospi- tality. It so happened that when Horace Mann opened this lecture course he was for three days a guest in our old home on Adams street. I must own to being in quite a flurry over the thought of entertaining so distinguished a per- son, but well I remember how I was at once put at ease by the kindly smile and winning tones with which the stranger greeted me. There was something saint-like in his appearance, so frail was his health, so snowy his hair, and so gentle his whole bearing. His heart was in the educational work, which formed the subject of his lecture; but even more interesting to me was his quiet con- versation during the two following days. I almost felt myself one of the Con- cord circle as Mr. Mann shared with me his intimate acquaintance with Emer- son, Thoreau, Margaret Fuller and Hawthorne. Hawthorne's wife and Mrs. Mann were sisters, and Mr. Mann told me of Hawthorne's excessive shyness, how he would seldom join in conversation, but liked to sit apart, sometimes even getting behind a door. Thoreau and his new book "Walden," then in press, received enthusiastic praise, as did Mr. Howe, the philanthropist, whom Mr. Mann dearly loved. He thought Mrs. Howe, who had been greatly admired as a society belle in New York, not altogether in sympathy with her husband's work for the blind, but has she not really proved herself a fitting wife for her noble husband? The Saturday Club of Boston, where the literary lights of New England gathered weekly for informal discussions, was also opened to me for the first time, so vividly that I seemed to know personally Longfellow, Whittier and Holmes, with other men whose names are now historic, but whose biographies had not then been lived. Following Horace Mann came Bayard Taylor, who drew a crowded au- dience, and gave a most graphic and entertaining lecture upon his travels in Europe. There was great charm in his picturesque and magnetic personality, and pure cosmopolitan as he was, he seemed to bring his whole audience in touch with the great world. He was also a delightful guest, genial and witty, instantly at home with the friends whom I had asked to the house to meet him. A little girl to whom he seemed the most wonderful man in the world, had listened with wide open eyes to all that he was relating of far-away lands, when, thinking it time that Freeport was heard from, she remarked : "Mr. Taylor, I don't believes you saw in Europe anything prettier than the egg my chicken laid." With quick responsiveness, Mr. Taylor admitted that an egg was really more wonderful than anything the art of man could produce. When Horace Greeley came the farmers flocked to hear the man who ad- vised everyone to go west. Plymouth Hall could not hold the crowd that gathered. To my mind, the disappointed ones did not lose much. Socially, Greeley was brusque and repellent, receiving with evident indifference the young men who called upon him. "What did those men come here for?" he asked when they left. "They came to see the great mogul," I answered which seemed to please him, as he laughed heartily. After his stay with us, and I had seen him carefully turn his necktie awry before sitting for his daguerrotype, I con- cluded that his reputed accentricities were but affectations. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 195 Later in the season we had George Sumner, of Boston, brother to Charles Sumner. For many years a resident in Dresden and Paris, he had the cap- tivating polish of manner acquired in continental cities but his lecture, upon the political conditions of Europe, did not particularly appeal to his audience. Be- fore the lecture I had called Mr. Sumner's attention to an article in Putnam's Magazine on the Crimean war, giving a most vivid description of the battle of Sebastopol. "Is not that article wonderfully written," I asked him. "I did not find it so," he replied. In the dash to my enthusiasm I thought him over-critical, not dreaming, until he laughingly told me so the following year, that he was the writer of the brilliant article. The lecture course of 1855 was opened by Starr King, who was entertained by Mr. Taylor and myself. I remember that Mr. King surprised me early in our conversation by the question, "How old do you think I am?" "From your appearance I should judge you to be a boy in your teens, but, of course, I know you must be older or you could not have achieved your reputation," I replied. "I am a long way of my teens," he said, "but my youthful aspect affords me great fun, as I had today when your husband walked through the car looking on either side but evidently seeing no one whom he could believe was the ex- pected individual. When I asked if he was looking for Mr. King you should have seen his look of surprise." The editor of the Journal, in speaking of Ralph Waldo Emerson's lecture at Plymouth Hall, Freeport, said : "What we understood of it was excellent, and what we did not understand we suppose was excellent." ADDAMS INSTITUTE. The Addams Institute, an association of young men, was organized in 1852, and held its first meeting November 25, that year in the basement of the First Presbyterian church. J. C. Howells, president of the club, gave an inaugural address in "Danger and Weakness of Ignorance." At the second meeting the following question was discussed : "Resolved ; that the intervention policy ad- vocated by Kossuth, is just and should be adopted by the United States." The officers were: President, W. J. Johnston; Vice President, J. Burrell; Secretary, J. S. Oliver. J. S. Oliver and W. J. Johnston debated against H. M. Sheetz and J. C. Howells. J. Burrell gave a declamation. Professor 1 Daniels gave a series of lectures on Geology. The Journal says, "The efforts of the Addams Institute to introduce these lectures deserves credit." FREEPORT LITERARY INSTITUTE. The Freeport Literary Institute was organized at Hon. T. J. Turner's office January n, 1853. Mr U. D. Meacham was chairman of the meeting. The following officers were elected for one year : President, Judge Coats ; Vice Presi- dent, P. D. Fisher ; Secretary, S. D. Knight ; Treasurer, John Barfoot ; Librarian, Dr. O. E. Stearns. The business committee consisted of John K. Brewster, Dr. C. Bartin, and D. C. Wilmot, part of whose duties were the employment of lecturers, and purchase of books, papers and scientific apparatus. The mem- 196 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY bership fee was one dollar. Mr. F. W. S. Brawley was to deliver the first lec- ture. The Journal says, "Mr. Brawley is an easy and beautiful writer and a ripe scholar." Mr. Brawley being absent, Hon. T. J. Turner gave one of his characteristic speeches. Mr. C. A. Clark also addressed the meeting. LECTURES. PUBLIC LECTURES. In 1853, the following citizens volunteered to deliver public lectures : F. W. S. Brawley, T. J. Turner, Rev. A. J. Warner, D. E. Markle, C. A. Clark, Rev. J. Coon, U. D. Meacham, Dr. C. Martin, J. C. Howells, Rev. James Bentley, H. M. Sheetz, Dr. R. Van Valzah, E. Hunt, Dr. O. E. Stearns and C. E. Berry. Cassius M. Clay spoke in Freeport in 1854, for the whigs, before an audience of 2,000 to 3,yco people. Later came Joshua R. Giddings, the Anti-Slavery war horse of the Western Reserve, Salmon P. Chase, George W. Julian, followed by Stephen A. Douglas. LECTURE COURSE, 1855-6. Wm. Stark New Hampshire. E. P. Whipple ._ Boston. Park Benjamin New York. Parke Goodwin New York. T. Starr King Boston. R. W. Emerson Concord. John G. Saxe Vermont. B. F. Taylor Chicago. J. K. Doolittle Racine. E. H. Chapin New York. THE LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATE 1858. The greatest political event in Stephenson County was the Lincoln and Douglas Debate at Freeport, August 27, 1858. Both Lincoln and Douglas were candidates for the United States Senate. Douglas had been in the senate since 1847 an d his second term would expire in 1859. In order to be elected in 1858, Douglas knew he must control the election to the state legislature. Douglas had broken with Buchanan in the Kansas troubles and found that he had a hard fight before him in Illinois. When Buchanan threatened Douglas, the "Little Giant" told the president that Andrew Jackson was dead. This meant that Douglas would take his own course on his idea of 'Popular Sovereignty.' " Mr. Lincoln, as a candidate, however, found that Douglas was a strong op- ponent, for in over eleven years Douglas had planted an army of federal officials, postmasters, revenue collectors, etc., over the state. He had back of him an interested organization, composed of the old wheelhorses of his party. As Lincoln said of Douglas : "All anxious politicians have seen in his round, jolly, ABRAHAM LINCOLN . STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 197 fruitful face, post-offices, land-offices, marshall-ships, cabinet appointments, charge-ships and foreign missions, bursting and sprouting out in wonderful exuberance, ready to be laid hold of by their greedy hands. On the contrary, nobody ever expected me to be president. In my poor lean, lank face nobody has ever seen that any cabbages were sprouting out. We have to fight this battle upon principle, and principle alone." Some claimed that John Wentworth of Chicago was the real republican can- didate and that Lincoln was just a stalking-horse to beat Douglas in the leg- islative elections. Douglas received the indorsement of the Democratic State Convention April 21, 1858. A number of democrats bolted, held a "rump" convention on June gth and denounced Douglas. The Republican Convention was held June 16, at Springfield. Lincoln was unanimously nominated with wild applause. Chicago took the lead in securing Lincoln's nomination. It was Lincoln's carefully written speech of acceptance that brought him at once into national prominence. It was in this speech that he broke away from the old compromise idea and said, "The Government cannot exist half salve and half free ; it must become all one thing or all the other." Future events justified the wisdom of Lincoln going to the root of the whole slavery question. But the politicians of his own party felt that he had made a mistake. Truly enough, from the standpoint of immediate politics, he lost, for Douglas beat him in the race for the senate. But Lincoln was looking far into the muture. He grasped the great fundamentals and essentials of the slavery question, and in 1860 he became the logical candidate for the presidency of the United States. The campaign really opened in Chicago, where Douglas was given a great oration. Democratic newspapers said 30,000 people heard him. Republican papers said 12,000. In this speech Douglas attacked Lincoln's Springfield speech. Lincoln then went to Chicago and replied to Douglas. The Illinois Journal then said : "The war has begun. In sound manly argument Lincoln is too much for Douglas. While the former shakes his black locks vaingloriously, and ex- plodes in mere fustion of sound and smoke, the latter, quietly, unassumingly but effectively, drives home argument after argument, heavy as cannon balls and sharp as two-edged swords, until his adversary is so thoroughly riddled, cut up and used up, that in the view of discriminating men, nothing remains of him but a ghastly appearance." The Louisville Democrat said : "The debate in Illinois is the ablest and most important that has ever taken place in any of the states, on the great question which has so .long agitated the country, elected and de- feated presidential candidates, built up and broken down parties. It is the opening for the question of 1860. In Illinois the real battle has begun, by broad- sides too, from the heaviest artillery. Douglas is matchless in debate and stands upon the only national platform. Lincoln is able and does full justice to the cause he advocates." The New York Tribune commented on the fact that Douglas was born in Free Vermont and Lincoln in slave-holding Kentucky, and observes that these gentlemen would seem respectively to have "conquered their preju- dices" found in early impressions. The Philadelphian North America said August 25, 1858, "The administration of Buchanan has been at work with all its power and influence to prevent the election of Douglas to the Senate. Mr. 198 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Lincoln follows Douglas wherever he goes, and has the best of the argument." Trumbull also stumped the state against Douglas and Mr. Edwin Ensle Sparks says : "Without a formal nomination or indorsement by the people of Illinois, ridiculed as a "My party" candidate, and facing the loss of Federal patronage, Douglas entered on the greatest of his many battles for supremacy, a contest surpassing that waged two years later for the presidency. Alone and un- aided he forced in the lists Trumbull and Lincoln, the best debaters afforded by the Republicans in the West and probably equaled by Seward in the East." The Quincy Whig had an idea that Douglas was done for. It said, "Judge Douglas has left the Democratic party or it has left him. He sees that his fate is sealed, but he is determined to die hard." The Pittsfield Democrat took up Lincoln's statement that he would rather be a live dog than a dead lion. The Democrat said, "Abe Lincoln who compared himself to a living dog and Doug- las to a dead lion will rapidly discover that instead of 'living,' he is one of the smallest of defunct puppies. His comparison in some degree was true it is very much like a puppy-dog fighting a lion." Douglas began a tour of the state after his oration in Chicago. He had a special train, and a flat car at the rear on which was a small cannon. It was reported that Douglas mortgaged his Chicago home and borrowed funds in New York to carry on his campaign. Republicans said he carried a cannon so as to announce his entrance to a city, provided there was no reception for him. On the baggage car in large letters were the words, "S. A. Douglas, the Champion of Popular Sovereignty." At Bloomington Douglas attacked Lincoln's ideas. He said Lincoln was in favor of negro equality. That he defied the Supreme Court in opposing the Dred Scott Decision and that Lincoln's "House Divided Against Itself" speech beautiful the spirit of disunion. July 19, 1858, Douglas spoke in Springfield in the afternoon and Lincoln replied at night. Lincoln also had an invitation to go to Bloomington and reply to Douglas. Douglas made out a schedule of speeches indicating his itinerary, after his Springfield speech. Lincoln's friends made a corresponding schedule closely following that of Douglas, sometimes at the same place on the same date, but more often a day or so following. Douglas' friends claimed that Lincoln was violating the ethics of campaigning by following Douglas. The Illinois State Journal approved, saying: "We hope that Mr. Lincoln will continue to follow up Mr. Douglas with a sharp stick, even if it does make his organ (the Chicago Times) howl with rage." Another paper said: "Wherever the Little Giant happens to be, Abe is sure to turn up and be a thorn in his side." The Chicago Times said Lincoln's Chicago and Springfield meetings were failures. "The cringing, crawling creature is hanging at the outskirts of Douglas' meet- ings, begging the people to come and hear him. He rode to Monticello yesterday on Douglas' train ; poor deseperate creature, he wants an audience ! The people won't turn out and hear him, and he must do something, even if it is mean, sneaking and disreputable! We suggest that Lincoln's managers make an ar- rangement with a Circus Company now touring the State, to include a speech by Lincoln in the program. In this way Lincoln could get good audiences." In reply the Chicago Journal said : "We suppose Douglas owns neither the railroad trains he travels on nor the people whom he addresses." The Chicago Times said : HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 199 "Lincoln attended the Douglas Meeting at Clinton screened behind a man in green goggles, whom he used as a shield and cover. When Douglas was through, Lincoln gradually lengthened out his long lank proportions till he stood upon his feet, and with a desperate attempt to look pleasant, said that he would not take advantage of Judge Douglas' crowd but would address 'sich' as like to hear him in the evening at the Courthouse." LINCOLN'S CHALLENGE TO DOUGLAS. In his speeches Douglas was paying particular attention to Trumbull's speeches. Lincoln's friends feared that in this way he would be a minor attrac- tion in the campaign and would lose force as a candidate. Lincoln was anxious for a series of joint debates with Douglas and after consulting the Republican leaders, he sent the following challenge to Douglas : Hon. S. A. Douglas. ' D1 " My Dear Sir: Will it be agreeable to you to make an arrangement for you and myself to divide time, and address the same audiences the present canvas? Mr. Judd, who will hand you this, is authorized to receive your answer; and if agreeable to you, to enter into terms of such agreement. Your obedient servant, A. LINCOLN. That very day Douglas answered the challenge, accepting it and suggesting places where the debates were to be held. Mr. Douglas expressed surprise that Lincoln had delayed so long in sending the challenge as he had already made out his schedule and had arranged with candidates for Congress and State offices to speak from the same platform. "However," Mr. Douglas said, "I will take the responsibility of making an arrangement with you for a discussion between us at one prominent point in each Congressional District except the second and the sixth where both have spoken and you had the last speech. If agreeable to you, I will indicate to you the following places as those most suitable in the sev- eral congressional districts in which we should speak, to wit : Freeport, Ottawa, Galesburg, Quincy, Alton, Jonesboro, and Charleston. I will confer with you at the earliest opportunity in regard to the mode of conducting the debate. Very respectfully, your most obedient servant, S. A. DOUGLAS. Republican papers claimed that Douglas evaded the conflict in limiting the number of debates and that he lacked courtesy when he selected the places where the debates were to be held, if any were to be held. The Chicago Daily Journal, July 27, says : "Every canvass for the last twenty years has found these two champions of their respective parties side by side with each other, and often addressing the same audience, and Mr. Lincoln never asked any favor of his adversary. He does not now. Douglas shows the white feather and, like a trembling Felix, skulks behind the appointments of the emasculate Democratic State Central Committee!" The Chicago Times believed, or pretended to be- lieve that Lincoln's challenge was due to the fact that Lincoln could not get audiences to come out to hear him. It expressed the opinion that about two 200 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY joint discussions would satisfy Mr. Lincoln's ambitions along this line. The paper doubted Mr. Lincoln's acceptance, but stated that if he did he would get enough of debate and discomfiture to last him a life-time. The Peoria Tran- script and other papers took the position that Lincoln's delay in issuing the chal- lenge was due to the fact that out of courtesy, in accordance with a western cus- tom, Lincoln expected and hoped that Judge Douglas would challenge him to stump the state. FREEPORT JOURNAL, JULY 2g, 1858. In discussing the debate the Freeport Journal said, "Mr. Lincoln having challenged Senator Douglas to meet him on the stump all over the state. The latter . declines the general invitation, but agrees to meet him at seven different places as follows: Freeport, Galesburg, Ottawa, Quincy, Jonesboro, Alton and Charleston, provided Lincoln will come at the time Douglas' friends may have chosen, if any. Though this is a half-way evasion of the challenge, we are glad that we in Freeport, at least, will have an opportunity to hear these two champions from the same stand. We bespeak for them the largest gathering ever known here, and are willing to let the people judge for themselves who shall be their choice after a fair hearing of them both in person." The Illinois State register defended Douglas and hoots at the idea that Douglas is afraid to meet Lincoln. It said, "The idea that a man who has crossed blades in the Senate with the strongest intellects of the country, who has as the champion of Democratic principles in the senatorial arena, routed all opposition that such a man dreads encounter with A. Lincoln is an ab- surdity that can be uttered by Lincoln's organs only with a ghastly phiz. If Lincoln was good for fifty or a hundred encounters, he ought to be good for seven." On July 29, Lincoln met Douglas near Monticello, Illinois, and offered him his answer to Douglas' reply to the challenge. A St. Louis paper gives the following account of that meeting on a prairie road. It is needless to say the account was written by a Douglas reporter. "On the way to the railroad, the judge's procession was met by Abe, who in a kind of nervous, excited manner tumbled out of his carriage, his legs appearing sadly in the way or out of place. He got to the judge's carriage with a kind of hop, skip and a jump, and then with considerable bowing and scraping, he told the judge he had the answer to the judge's letter; that it was long, that he had not compared it with the original letter, and could the judge just wait that the comparison might be made by the roadside. Just think of staying out in the middle of a vast prairie to compare notes. Douglas, of course, declined, requesting Mr. Lincoln to compare to his own satisfaction, and then forward the communica- tion." Lincoln's reply is dated Springfield, July 29. In it, Mr. Lincoln an- swers several insinuations in Mr. Douglas' letter. Concluding Mr. Lincoln says, "I agree to an arrangement for us to speak at the seven places you men- tion, and at your own times, provided you name the times at once, so that I, as well as you, can have to myself the time not covered by the arrangement. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 201 As to the other details, I wish perfect reciprocity and no more. I wish as much time as you and that conclusions shall alternate. That is all. Your obedient servant, A. LINCOLN. P. S. As matters now stand, I shall be at no more of your exclusive meet- ings. A. L. Douglas received Lincoln's letter at Bement, and replied the next day, July 30, 1858, as follows: Dear Sir: Your letter dated yesterday, accepting my proposition for a joint discussion at one prominent point in each district except, as stated in my pre- vious letter, was received this morning. The times and places designated are as follows: Ottawa, LaSalle County, August 21, 1858; Freeport, Stephenson County, August 2j, 1858; Jonesboro, Union County, September 15, 1858; Charleston, Coles County, September 18, 1858; Galesburg, Knox County, Octo- ber 7, 1858; Quincy, Adams County, October 13, 1858; Alton, Madison County, October 15, 1858. I agree to your suggestion that to alternately open and close the discussion, I will speak at Ottawa one hour, you can reply, occupying one hour and a half, and I will then follow for one-half hour. We will alternate in like manner at each successive place. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, S. A. DOUGLAS. On July 31, Lincoln replied: "Yours of yesterday, naming places, times and terms for joint discussions between us was received this morning. Although by the terms, as you propose, you take four openings and closes to my three, I accede, and thus close the arrangement. I direct this to you at Hillsboro, and shall try to have both your letter and this appear in the Journal and Register Monday morning. Your obedient servant, A. LINCOLN. The Springfield Journal said on July 31, "It is clear that Senator Douglas is not fond of Mr. Lincoln's rough-handling and is anxious to get out of an ugly scrape on any terms. He had to run away from Lincoln in 1854 and dares not stand his broadsides now." Thus on July 31, the last word had been written between these two great sons of Illinois, and a series of joint debates arranged that have no parallel in the history of the United States. The whole state was aroused and all looked for- ward eagerly to the opening of the series at Ottawa, August 21, 1858. THE OTTAWA DEBATE. The special Chicago train of 14 cars, leaving at 8:00, arrived at Ottawa with Lincoln at 1 1 145. The railroad gave a half-fare rate. Twenty thousand people assembled to hear the contest. Douglas was met at Peru and brought to Ottawa in a carriage drawn by four horses. He was escorted into the city by shouts of the thousands, the booming of cannons and the music of brass bands, says one of the reporters, while the Lincoln delegation made a sorrowful appear- ance. Another paper said that Lincoln was met at the depot by an immense crowd with flying banners, while Douglas' turnout was less noisy. 202 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY At Ottawa the surging crowd two or three times almost drove the reporters off the platform. People climbed to the roof of the speakers stand and it broke through on the heads of the reception committee. The Chicago Press and the Tribune said, "Fully two-thirds of the crowd were with Lincoln and cheered him wildly all through his speech." It says, "When Lincoln had finished his speech, Douglas sprang to his feet to reply. His face was lined with passion and excitement. We have never seen a human face so distorted with rage. He re- sembled a wild beast in looks and gesture, and a maniac in language and argu- ment. He called everybody liars who believed the charges Lincoln made against him. He boasted that he had won the victory and threatened what awful things he would do to Lincoln at Freeport." The Missouri Republican's reporter wrote in his paper that Douglas' speech was received calmly, but "Lincoln in one of his characteristic efforts, inter- larding his address with funny anecdotes, droll expressions and frequent witti- cisms, soon brought outbursts of applause which his clever hits brought forth. He punched the Little Giant right and left and dealt him many a well aimed thrust of keen satire. But the aforesaid Giant did not seem to be otherwise af- fected than as a young bull by an attack of gad flies. Douglas was aroused, and when it came his turn to reply, "perhaps" he didn't make the "hair" "fly." The Peoria Transcript said "Douglas" whole speech was delivered in a coarse, vulgar, boisterous style. Lincoln's speech was high-toned and honorable, bold pungent and powerful." The Illinois State Register, Springfield, said, "Compared with the hearty welcome of Douglas the efforts of the Republicans to make a show for Lincoln was a sickly affair. Lincoln did not 'face the music.' He only blun- dered and broke down lacking fifteen minutes of making out the time al- lotted to him. Lincoln withered before the bold, lucid, eloquent argumentation, and writhed under the sharp invective of Douglas." The Chicago Times said "Lincoln broke down, his heart, his legs, his tongue, his arms failed him, and he failed all over." The Chicago Journal : "Since the flailing Senator Douglas got at Ottawa on Saturday we suggest that his friends address him as the late Mr. Douglas." The Quincy Whig: "Among other equally eloquent expressions, Douglas said he intended to bring Lincoln to his milk, that Lincoln advocated that 'niggers' were equal to white men and that he was going to 'trot' Lincoln down to Egypt. Isn't this beautiful language for a United States senator?" The newspapers gave such conflicting reports of the debate at Ottawa that the only way to form an unbiased opinion is to read the speeches. THE FREEPORT DEBATE. Friday, August 2.7, at Freeport was a chilly day, threatening rain. But the crowds came from all directions to hear the great debate, the second of the series between Lincoln and Douglas. At 9 o'clock the Carroll County delegations arrived with a brass band and banners. An hour later a special train of twelve crowded cars came in from Dixon. Mr. Lincoln arrived on this train and was met at the station by two thousand citizens of Stephenson County. They met him with tremendous cheering and the multitude, headed by a band, marched' to the Brewster Hotel where Hon. Thomas J. Turner delivered the welcome ad- HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 203 dress. A special train of sixteen cars, carrying over one thousand persons, came in from Rockford, with a banner "Winnebago County for Old Abe." They swept up Stephenson Street to the hotel and yelled till Lincoln came out and made a brief speech. A train of eight cars brought a crowd from Galena and Lincoln again had to appear on the balcony at the Brewster. Douglas reached Freeport Thursday evening and was escorted to the Brewster by a torchlight procession. The New York Evening Post's special correspondent said the crowd was larger than at Ottawa. "All prairiedom lias broken loose. Everywhere are banners, cotton mottoes and small flags. The streets are black with people. The weather is cool and cloudy. Mr. Douglas was greeted last evening by a turnout of torches, salutes of artillery and a stunning illumination of the hotel." A Republican Chicago newspaper said there were seventy-five in the torchlight procession and the Missouri Republican (Democratic) said there were one thousand. The Freeport Journal (September 21, 1858) said: "The people began coming the day before. The crowd was estimated at from ten thousand to twenty thousand. Douglas was met at the depot Thursday evening and made a brief speech at the Brewster Hotel. Lincoln arrived from the South at ten o'clock and was met at the train by an immense assemblage of Republicans. All away along the procession to the Brewster Hotel he was received with the most un- bounded enthusiasm. It was plainly evident that the great majority of the peo- ple had no sympathy with the party that endorsed the Dred Scott Decision or its unprincipled leader." WHERE THE DEBATE WAS HELD. The Lincoln-Douglas debate in Freeport was held not far from the Brewster Hotel, the site being marked by a large boulder. The platform was three or four feet high and had room on it for about a dozen people. The crowd formed a vast semi-circle about the stand. It had been planned to take Douglas to the speaking place in a handsome carriage. Lincoln's men, hearing of this, decided to produce a contrast, explained as follows from the recollection of General Smith D. Atkins: "Laming that it was the intention to convey the Democratic champion in a splendid equipage from Mr. Brawley's residence to the place of speaking, the Republican Committee sent out into Lancaster township for Uncle John Long to come to Freeport with his splendid team of six enormous horses and his conestoga wagon in which he had recently driven from Pennsylavnia. Lincoln stoutly protested against the plan, but finally consented. Amid the cheers of Republicans and Democrats alike, he climbed into the wagon, followed by a dozen of his enthusiastic supporters from the farming contingent and was drawn to the place of speaking. The driver of the teams sat on the nigh wheel horse and drove the six horses with a single rein." When Douglas was informed of Lincoln's conveyance, he decided to abandon the fine carriage and the dapple grays and walked to the speaker's plat- form Vvith Colonel Mitchel. The New York Evening Post has the following from its special correspond- ent on the method of handling the crowd at Freeport: "After dinner the crowd 204 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY hurried to a grove near the hotel, where the speakers' stand and seats for listen- ers had been arranged. Here also was confusion and disorder. They have a wretched way in Illinois of leaving the platform unguarded and exposed to the forcible entry of the mob, who seize upon it an hour before the notabilities ar- rive and turn a deaf ear to all urgent appeals to evacuation. Hence, orators, committee of reception, invited guests and last, but not least, the newspaper gentry have to fight a hand to hand conflict for even the meagerest chance for standing room. This consumes a half hour or so, during which the crowd tak- ing their cue from those of high places, improvise a few scuffles for position among themselves." DESCRIPTION OF DOUGLAS AND LINCOLN. The correspondent of the New York Evening Post gave the following de- scription of Douglas and Lincoln : "Two men presenting wider contrasts could hardly be found as representa- tives of the two great political parties. Everybody knows Douglas, a short, thick-set, burly man, with large round head, heavy hair, dark complexion, and fierce bull-dog bark. Strong in his own real power, and skilled in a thousand conflicts in all the strategy of a hand to hand or a general fight. Of towering ambition, restless in his desire for notoriety: proud, defiant, arrogant, unscrupu- lous, 'Little Doug' ascended the platform and looked out impudently and care- lessly on the immense throng which surged and struggled before him. A native of Vermont, reared on soil where no slave ever trod, trained to hard manual labor and schooled in hardships, he came to Illinois a teacher, and from one post to another had arisen to his present eminence. "The other, Lincoln, is a native of Kentucky, and of poor white parentage and from his cradle he has felt the blighting influence and cruel shadow which rendered labor dishonorable. Reared in poverty and the humblest aspirations, he came to Illinois and began his career of honorable toil. At first a laborer, splitting rails for a living, deficient in education, and applying himself even to the rudiments of knowledge he, too, felt the expanding power of manhood and be- gan to achieve the greatness to which he has succeeded. With great difficulty, struggling through the tedious formularies of legal lore, he was admitted to the bar and rapidly made his way to the front ranks of his profession. He has been always, in every relation of life, the pure and honest man. Built on the Kentucky type, he is very tall, slender and angular, awkward, even in gait and attitude. His face is sharp, large featured and unprepossessing. His eyes are deep set, under heavy brows ; his forehead is high and retreating and his hair is dark and heavy. In repose, 'Long Abe's' appearance is not comely. But stir him up and the fire of his genius plays on every feature. His eye glows and sparkles, every lineament, now so ill-formed, grows radiant and expressive, and you have before you a man of rare power and of strong magnetic influence. He is clear, concise, and logical ; his language is eloquent and at perfect command. He is altogether a more fluent speaker than Douglas, and in all the arts of debate fully his equal." HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 205 A description of Lincoln in the Vincennes Sun, July 3, 1858, is as follows: "Lincoln is popular, the strongest man the opposition have, is nearly fifty years old, six feet two, slightly stoop-shouldered, very muscular and powerful, dark eyes, a quizzical, pleasant, raw-boned face, tells a story better than anybody else, is a good lawyer, and is what the world calls a devilish good fellow. He would have been Senator before had not Trumbull's superior cunning over- reached him. But in dignity, intellect and majesty of mind, it is not pretended that he is Douglas's equal." Douglas said that he considered Lincoln "a kind, amiable, kindhearted gentleman, a good citizen, and an honorable opponent," but that he took exception to his principles. An eye witness of the Freeport debate gives the following description of the "two men : "Lincoln was tall and ungainly, with a lean face. Homely and sor- rowful looking, while Douglas was short and fat, easy of manner and his full face seemed to be that of a man whose life had been one of success and sun- shine. Douglas was dressed in what might have been called plantation style. He was richly dressed. He wore a ruffled shirt, a dark blue coat closed with shiny buttons, light trousers and shiny shoes, with a wide-brimmed soft hat, like that still worn by the prosperous politicians of Southern Illinois. He made a picture fitted for the stage. Lincoln wore an old stove-pipe hat with a coarse looking coat with sleeves far too short, and baggy trousers, so short that they showed his rough boots. To tell the truth, the Lincoln men couldn't brag much on their man for exhibi- tion purposes. The correspondent of the New York Tribune criticised Douglas for his abuse of opponents. It says, "Trumbull in particular came in for a good share of these compliments. Douglas is rather more cautious how he talks about Lin- coln, 'Long Abe' being a man of Kentucky raising, and one who might fight and 'Little Doug' is well known to be a bully who insults only peaceable men." The Tribune reporter also sent his paper the following story about Lincoln's good looks. The story goes as follows : "Lincoln was out hunting in the woods when he fell in with a most truculent looking hunter who immediately took a sight on Lincoln with a rifle. 'Halloo!' says Lincoln, 'whatever you going to do stranger?' 'See here, friend, the folks in my settlement told me if I ever saw a man uglier than I was, then I must shoot him ; and I've found him at last.' 'Well,' says Lincoln, after a good look at the man, 'Shoot away, for if I am really uglier than you are, I don't want to live any longer.' " The Chicago Times said, October i, 1858: "It will be remembered that after Lincoln had been listened to attentively, and when Douglas went upon the stand, some villian threw at Douglas a melon, hitting him upon one shoulder. Nor was that the only indecent act perpetrated by the enemies of Democracy at that place. From that day to this the ruffianism of black Republicanism has steadily increased." Mr. Ingalls Carleton, one of the pioneers of Freeport who witnessed the great debate, says that on Friday A. M. the people crowded the street in front of the Brewster Hotel and yelled for both Douglas and Lincoln. Finally both Lincoln and Douglas appeared on the balcony, arm in arm, and bowed to the 206 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY people again and again. At the debate each side thought its man did the best, but a majority thought Lincoln had Douglas on the hip." William Askey says Hon. Martin P. Sweet had a vantage position on a box car when Lincoln's train came into Freeport and shouted, "Make the welkin ring when the train arrives." He adds, "they cheered as though bedlam had an outing." LINCOLN'S QUESTIONS AND DOUGLAS' REPLY. During the Ottawa debate Douglas put several question to Mr. Lincoln. At Freeport, Lincoln answered these questions and then said that he had a few questions he wanted to put to Judge Douglas. At Freeport, he confined himself to four questions, as follows : 1. If the people of Kansas shall, by means entirely unobjectionable in all other respects, adopt a state constitution and ask admission into the Union under it, before they have the requisite number of inhabitants according to the English bill same 93,000, will you vote to admit them? (Applause.) 2. Can the people of a United States territory in a lawful way, against the wish of any citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from its limits prior to the formation of a state constitution? (Applause.) 3. If the supreme court of the United States shall decree that states cannot exclude slavery from their limits, are you in favor of aquiescing in, adopting and following such decision as a rule of political action? (Loud applause.) 4. Are you in favor of acquiring additional territory in disregard of how such acquisition may affect the nation on the slavery question? (Cries of good! good!) Judge Douglas answered the questions as follows: i. I, therefore, answer at once that it having been decided that Kansas has people enough for a slave state, it has enough for a free state. ' 2. In my opinion the people of a territory can, by lawful means, exclude slavery from their limits, prior to the formation of a state constitution. It mat- ters not what way the supreme court may hereafter decide as the abstract ques- tion whether slavery may go into the territory under the constitution, the people have the lawful means to introduce it or exclude it as they please, for the reason that slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere unless it is supported by local police regulations. 3. I tell him that such a thing is not possible. 4. I answer that whenever it becomes necessary, in our growth and progress, to acquire more territory, that I am in favor of it without reference to the ques- tion of slavery ; and when we have acquired it, I will leave the people free to do as they please, either to make it slave or a free territory as they prefer. It was the second question that caused so much comment before and after the debate. It seemed to put Douglas in a dilemma because if he answered yes, he .would seem to be denying the principle of the Dred Scott decision which he supported. If he answered no, then he shattered his own creation, popular sovereignty. However, that may be, Douglas answered the question, yes, and HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 207 lost the votes of the southern delegation in the Democratic National Convention of 1860. That Lincoln's advisors were against his asking this second question is clear. Joseph Medill, of the Chicago Tribune, was with Lincoln from Ottawa to Freeport. Between the two debates Lincoln addressed three or four meetings. Lincoln showed his four questions to Medill on the train coming up from Dixon, and asked Medill's opinion of them. Medill objected to the second question, because, as he said, it would give Douglas a chance to square himself on his popu- lar sovereignty idea. Lincoln replied, "I won't change it, and I intend to spear it at Judge Douglas this afternoon." Medill told E. B. Washburn and Norman B. Judd, the former the congressman from the Freeport district and the latter, chairman of the Republican State Central Committee, about Lincoln's questions and they decided to attempt to convince Lincoln that the celebrated question should be left out. They made the attempt and failed to change his purpose. After Lincoln had been elected president of the United States, he asked Medill if he remembered that question he asked Douglas at Freeport? Medill, of course, remembered it and replied that, while it hurt Douglas for the presi- dency, it elected him to the senate. Lincoln replied with a smile, "Now, I have won the place he was playing for." Hon. Clark E. Carr, who knew Lincoln and Douglas well, in speech before the Bar Association, July n, 1907, denied that Lincoln drove Douglas into a cor- ner by his question. He stated that Douglas had taken the same ground on that point at Bloomington six weeks before, and that Lincoln heard that speech. Mr. Carr adds : "Senator Douglas has never been driven into a corner. In all his de- bates with the greatest American, he was never driven into a corner. His views on slavery were wrong, but there was no concealment about them. He was always outspoken, and it is an unwarrantable and an outrageous imputation against him to say that he was forced to take a position through being driven into a corner." However, the Bloomington speech by Douglas received little at- tention, while the Freeport debates were read and discussed all over the nation, and the wide publicity of that idea expressed in the answer by Douglas made it impossible for him to be the candidate of the United Democracy for the presi- dency of the United States in 1860. The division thus caused, made Lincoln's election both possible and probable. Rhodes quotes Horace Greeley as authority for the statements of the cost of the campaign to the two candidates. "Lincoln," Greeley said, in the Century Magazine, July, 1891, p. 375, "spent less than $1,000, while Douglas spent no less than $80,000, and incurred a debt which weighed him down to the grave." When the legislature met to elect a senator, Douglas had a majority of eight votes. But the Republican state ticket was elected by a majority of almost four thousand votes. In 1854 Lincoln lacked only four votes of being elected to the senate. After the contest of 1858 was over Douglas paid Lincoln the compliment in Washington by saying that there was not a man in the senate he would not rather meet in debate than Lincoln and that included such men as Seward, Sum- ner and Chase. 208 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY SECOND JOINT DEBATE. Freeport, August 27, 1858. Mr. Lincoln was introduced by Hon. Thomas J. Turner, and was greeted with loud cheers. When the applause had subsided he said: MR. LINCOLN'S SPEECH. Ladies and Gentlemen : On Saturday last, Judge Douglas and myself first met in public discussion. He spoke one hour, I an hour and a half, and he replied for half an hour. The order is now reversed. I am to speak an hour, he an hour and a half, and then I am to reply for half an hour. I propose to devote myself during the first hour to the scope of what was brought within the range of his half-hour speech at Ottawa. Of course there was brought within the scope of 1 that half-hour's speech something of his own opening speech. In the course of that opening argument Judge Douglas proposed to me seven distinct interrogatories. In my speech of an hour and a half, I attended to some other parts of his speech, and incidentally, as I thought, answered one of the interrogatories then. I then distinctly intimated to him that I would answer the rest of his interrogatories. He made no intimation at the time of the proposi- tion, nor did he in his reply allude at all to that suggestion of mine. I do him no injustice in saying that he occupied at least half of his reply in dealing with me as though I had refused to answer his interrogatories. I now propose that I will answer any of the interrogatories upon condition that he will answer ques- tions from me not. exceeding the same number. I give him an opportunity to respond. The judge remains silent. I now say 2 that I will answer his interrog- atories whether he answers mine or not; (applause) and after that I have done so, I shall propound mine to him. (Applause.) (Owing to the press of people against the platform our reporter did not reach the stand until Mr. Lincoln had spoken to this point. The previous re- marks were taken by a gentleman in Freeport, who has politely furnished them to us.) I have supposed myself, since the organization of the Republican party at Bloomington, in May, 1856, bound as a party man by the platform of the party, then and since. If in any interrogatories which I shall answer I go beyond the scope of what is within these platforms, it will be perceived that no one is re- sponsible but myself. Having said thus much, I will take up the judge's interrogatories as I find them printed in the Chicago Times, and answer them seriatim. In order that there may be no mistake about it, I have copied the interrogatories in writing, and also my answers to it. 3 The first otic of these interrogatories is in these words : Question I. "I desire to know whether Lincoln today stands as he did in 1854, in favor of the unconditional repeal of the Fugitive- Slave law?" i Reads : "in 1 ' for 'of." - Inserts : "to you" after "say." s Reads : "them" for "it." THE LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DERATE MONUMENT LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 209 Answer. I do not now, nor ever did, stand in favor of the unconditional repeal of the Fugitive-Slave law. (Cries of "Good! Good!") Q. 2. "I desire him to answer whether he stands pledged today, as he did in 1854, against the admission of any more slave states into the Union, even if the people want them?" A. I do not now, nor ever did, stand pledged against the admission of any more slave states into the Union. Q. 3. "I want to know whether he stands pledged against the admission of a new state into the Union with such a constitution as the people of that state may see fit to make ?" A. I do not stand pledged against the admission of a new state into the Union, with such a constitution as the people of that state may see fit to make. (Cries of "Good! Good!") Q. 4. "I want to know whether he stands today pledged to the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia?" A. I do not stand today pledged to the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. Q. 5. "I desire him to answer whether he stands pledged to the prohibition of the slave trade between the different states?" A. I do not stand pledged to the prohibition of the slave trade between the different states. , Q. 6. "I desire to know whether he stands pledged to prohibit slavery in all the territories of the United States, north as well as south of the Missouri Compromise Line?" A. I am impliedly, if not expressly, pledged to a belief in the right and duty of Congress to prohibit slavery in all the United States territories. (Great applause.) Q. 7. "I desire him to answer whether he is opposed to the acquisition of any new territory unless slavery is first prohibited therein?" A. I am not generally opposed to honest acquisition of territory ; and, in any given case, I would or would not oppose such acquisition, accordingly as I might think such acquisition would or would not aggravate 1 the slavery question among ourselves. (Cries of "Good! Good!") Now, my friends, it will be perceived, upon an examination of these questions and answers that, so far, I have only answered that I was not pledged to this or the other. The judge has not framed his interrogatories to ask me anything more than this, and I have answered in strict accordance with the interrogatories and have answered truly, that I am not pledged at all upon any of the points to to which I have answered. But I am not disposed to hang upon the exact form of his interrogatory. I am rather disposed to take up at least some off these questions and state what I really think upon them. As to the first one, in regard to the Fugitive- Slave Law, I have never hesi- tated to say, and I do not now hesitate to say, that I think, under the Constitution of the United States, the people of the southern states are entitled to a congres- sional fugitive-slave law. Having said that, I have had nothing to say in regard to the existing Fugitive- Slave Law, further than that I think it should have been framed so as to be free from some of the objections that pertain to it, without i Reads : "them" for "it" 210 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY lessening its efficiency. And inasmuch as we are not now in an agitation in re- gard to an altercation or modification of that law, I would not be the man to introduce it as a new subject of agitation upon the general question of slavery. In regard to the other question, of whether I am pledged to the admission of any more slave states into the Union, I state to you very frankly that I would be exceedingly sorry ever to be put in a position of having to pass upon that question. I should be exceedingly glad to know that there would never be an- other slave state admitted into the Union; (applause) but I must add that if slavery shall be kept out of the territories during the territorial existence of any one given territory and then the people shall, having a fair chance and a clear field, when they come to adopt the constitution do such an extraordinary thing as to adopt a slave constitution, uninfluenced by the actual presence of the insti- tution among them, I see no alternative, if we own the country, but to admit them into the Union. (Applause.) The third interrogatory is answered by the answer to the second, it being, as I conceive, the same as the second. The fourth one is in regard to the abolition of slavery in the District of Co- lumbia. In relation to that, I have my mind very distinctly made up. I should be exceedingly glad to see slavery abolished in the District of Columbia. (Cries of "Good! Good!") I believe that Congress possesses the constitutional power to abolish it. Yet as a member of Congress I should not, with my present views, be in favor of endeavoring to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, unless it would be upon these conditions : First, that the abolition should be gradual , second, that it should be on a vote of the majority of qualified voters in the district ; and third, that compensation should be made to unwilling owners. With these three conditions, I confess I would be exceedingly glad to see Congress abolish slavery in the District of Columbia and, in the language of Henry Clay, "sweep from our capital that foul blot upon our nation." (Loud applause.) In regard to the fifth interrogatory, I must say here, that as to the question of the abolition of the slave trade between the different states, I can truly an- swer, as I have, that I am pledged to nothing about) it. It is a subject to which I have not given that mature consideration that would make me feel authorized to state a position so as to hold myself entirely bound by it. In other words, that question has never been prominently enough before me to induce me to investi- gate whether we really have the constitutional power to do it. I could investi- gate it if I had sufficient time to bring myself to a conclusion upon that subject; but I have not done so, and I say so frankly to you here, and to Judge Douglas. I must say, however, that if I should be of opinion that Congress does pos- sess the constitutional power to abolish the slave-trade 1 among the different states, I should still not be in favor of the exercise of that power unless upon some conservative principle as I conceive it, akin to what I have said in relation to the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. My answer as to whether I desire that slavery should be prohibited in all the territories of the United States, is full and explicit within itself, and cannot be made clearer by any comments of mine. So I suppose in regard to the ques- tion whether I am opposed to the acquisition of any more territory unless slavery i Reads : "slavery" for "the slave trade." HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 211 is first prohibited therein, my answer is such that I could add nothing by way of illustration, or making myself better understood, than the answer which I have placed in writing. Now in all this the judge has me, and he has me on the record. I suppose he had flattered himself that I was really entertaining one set of opinions for one place, and another set for another place; that I was afarid to say at one place what I uttered at another. What I am saying here I suppose I say to a vast audience as strongly tending to abolitionism as any audience in the State of Illinois, and I believe I am saying that which, if it would be offensive 2 to any persons and render them enemies to myself, would be offensive to persons in this audience. I now proceed to propound to the judge the interrogatories, so far as I have framed them. I will bring forward a new installment when I get them ready. (Laughter.) I will bring them forward now, only reaching to number fcur. The first one is : Question I. If the people of Kansas shall, by means entirely unobjection- able in all other respects, adopt a state constitution and ask admission into the Union under it, before they have the requisite number of inhabitants according to the English bill, some ninety-three thousand, will you vote to admit them? (Applause). Q. 2. Can the people of a United States Territory in any lawful way, against the wish of any citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from its limits prior to the formation of a State constitution ? ( Renewed applause. ) Q. 3. If the Supreme Court of the United States shall decree that states cannot exclude slavery from their limits, are you in favor of acquiescing in, adopting and following such decision as a rule of political action? (Loud applause. ) Q. 4. Are you in favor of acquiring additional territory, in disregard of how such acquisition may affect the nation on the slavery question? (Cries of "Good! Good!") As introductory to these interrogatories which Judge Douglas propounded to me at Ottawa, he read a set of resolutions which he said Judge Trumbull and myself had participated in adopting, in the first Republican State Convention, held at Springfield in October, 1854. He insisted that I and Judge Trumbull, and perhaps the entire Republican party, were responsible for the doctrines con- tained in the set of resolutions which he read, and I understand that it was from that set of resolutions that he deduced the interrogatories which he propounded to me, using these resolutions as a sort of authority for propounding those questions to me. Now, I say here to-day that I do not answer his interrogatories because of their springing at all from that set of resolutions which he read. I answered them because Judge Douglas thought fit to ask them. (Applause.) I do not now, nor never did, recognize any responsibility upon myself in that set of resolutions. When I replied to him on that occasion. I assured him that I never had anything to do with them. I repeat here to-day that I never in any possible form had anything to do with that set of resolutions. - Reads : "affirmed" for "offensive." 212 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY It turns out, I believe, that those resolutions were never passed in any con- vention held in Springfield. (Cheers and laughter.) It turns out that they were never passed at any convention or any public meeting that I had any part in. I believe it turns out, in addition to all this, that there was not, in the fall of 1854, any convention holding a session in Springfield, calling itself a Republican State Convention ; yet it is true there was a convention or assemblage of men calling themselves a convention, at Springfield, that did pass some resolutions. But so little did I really know of the proceedings of that convention, or what set or reso- lutions they had passed, though having a general knowledge that there had been such an assemblage of men there, that when Judge Douglass read the resolutions, I really did not know but they had been the resolutions passed then and there I did not question that they were the resolutions adopted. For I could not bring myself to suppose that Judge Douglas could say what he did upon this subject with out knoimng that it was true. (Cheers and laughter.) I contented myself, on that occasion, with denying, as I truly could, all connection with them, not denying or affirming whether they were passed at Springfield. Now, it turns out that he had got hold of some resolutions passed at some convention or public meeting in Kane County. (Renewed laughter.) I wish to say here, that I don't conceive that in any fair and just mind this discovery relieves me at all. I had just as much to do with the convention in Kane County as that at Spring- field. I am just as much responsible for the resolutions at Kane County as those at Springfield, the amount of the responsibility being exactly nothing in either case ; no more than there would be in regard to a set of resolutions passed in the moon. (Laughter and loud cheers.) I allude to this extraordinary matter in this canvass for some further pur- pose than anything yet advanced. Judge Douglas did not make his statement upon that occasion as matters that he believed to be true, but he stated them roundly as being true, in such form as to pledge his veracity for their truth. When the whole matter turns out as it does, and when we consider who Judge Douglas is, that he is a distinguished Senator of the United States ; that he has served nearly twelve years as such ; that his character is not at all limited as an ordinary Senator of the United States, but that his name has become of world- wide renown, it is most extraordinary that he should so far forget all the sug- gestions of justice to an adversary, or of prudence to himself, as to venture upon the assertion of that which the slightest investigation would have shown him to be wholly false. (Cheers.) I can only account for his having done so upon the supposition that that evil genius which has attended him through his life, giving to him an apparent astonishing prosperity, such as to lead very many good men to doubt there being any advantage in virtue over vice. (Cheers and laughter.) I say I can only account for it on the supposition that that evil genius has at last made up its mind to forsake him. (Continued cheers and laughter. ) And I may add that another extraordinary feature of the Judge's conduct in this canvass made more extraordinary by this incident is, that he is in the habit, in almost all the speeches he makes, of charging falsehood upon his adversaries, myself and others. I now ask whether he is able to find in any- thing that Judge Trumbull, for instance, has said, or in anything that I have HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 213 said, a justification at all compared with what we have, in this instance, for that sort of vulgarity. (Cries of "Good! Good!") I have been in the habit of charging as a matter of belief on my part that, in the introduction of the Nebraska bill into Congress, there was a conspiracy to make slavery perpetual and national. I have arranged from time to time the evidence which establishes and proves the truth of this charge. I recurred to this charge at Ottawa. I shall not now have time to dwell upon it at very great length ; but inasmuch as Judge Douglas, in his reply of half an hour, made some points upon me in relation to it, I propose noticing a few of them. The Judge insists, that, in the first speech I made, in which I very distinctly made that charge, he thought for a good while I was in fun ; that I was playful ; that I was not sincere about it; and that he only grew angry and somewhat ex- cited when he found that I insisted upon it as a matter of earnestness. He says he characterized it as a falsehood as far as I implicated his moral character in that transaction. Well, I did not know, till he presented that view, that I had implicated his moral character. He is very much in the habit, when he argues me up into a position I never thought of occupying, of very cosily saying he has no doubt Lincoln is "conscientious" in saying so. He should remember that I did not know but what he was ALTOGETHER "CONSCIENTIOUS" in the matter. (Great laughter.) I can conceive it was possible for men to conspire to do a good thing, and I really find nothing in Judge Douglas' course or argu- ments that is contrary to, or inconsistent with, his belief of a conspiracy to nationalize and spread slavery as being a good and blessed thing; (continued laughter) and so I hope he will understand that I do not at all question but that in all this matter he is entirely "conscientious." (More laughter and cheers.) But to draw your attention to one of the points I made in this case, beginning at the beginning. When the Nebraska bill was introduced, or a short time after- ward, by an amendment, I believe, it was provided that it must be considered "the true intent and meaning of this act not to legislate slavery into any state or territory, or to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their own domestic institutions in their own way, sub- ject only to the constitution of the United States." I have called his attention to the fact that when he and some others began arguing that they were giving an increased degree of liberty to the people of the territories over and above what they formerly had on the question of slavery, a question was raised whether the law was enacted to give such unconditional liberty, to the people ; and to test the sincerity of this mode of argument, Mr. Chase, of Ohio, introduced an amendment in which he made the law if the amendment were adopted ex- pressly declare that the people of the territory should have the power to exclude slavery if they saw fit. I have asked attention also to the fact that Judge Douglas and those who acted with him voted that amendment down, notwithstanding it expressed ex- actly the thing they said was the true intent and meaning of the law. I have called attention to the fact that in subsequent times a decision of the Supreme Court has been made, in which it has been declared that a territorial legislature has no constitutional right to exclude slavery. And I have argued and said that for men who did intend that the people of the territory should have the right to 214 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY exclude slavery absolutely and unconditionally, the voting down of Chase's amendment is wholly inexplicable. It is a puzzle, a riddle. But I have said that with men who did look forward to such a decision, or who had it in contempla- tion that such a decision of the Supreme Court would or might be made, the voting down of that amendment would be perfectly rational and intelligible. It would keep Congress from coming in collision with the decision when it was made. Anybody can conceive that if there was an intention or expectation that such a decision was to follow, it would not be a very desirable party attitude to get into, for the Supreme Court all or nearly all its members belonging to the same party to decide one way, when the party in Congress had decided the other way. Hence it would be very rational for men expecting such a decision to keep the niche in that law clear for it. After pointing this out, I tell Judge Douglas that it looks to me as though here was the reason why Chase's amendment was voted down. I tell him that, 'as he did it, and knows why he did it, if it was, done for a reason different from this, he knows what that reason was, and can tell us what it zvas. I tell him, also, it will be vastly more satisfactory to the country for him to give some other plausible, intelligible, reason why it was voted down than to stand upon his dignity and call people liars. (Loud cheers.) Well, on Saturday he did make his answer; and what do you think it was? He says if I had only taken upon myself to tell the whole truth about that amendment of Chase's no explanation would have been necessary on his part - or words to that effect. Now, I say here that I am quite unconscious of having suppressed anything material to the case, and I am very frank to admit if there is any sound reason other than that which appeared to one national, it is quite fair for him to present it. What reason does he propose? That when Chase came forward with his amendment expressly authorizing the people to exclude slavery from the limits of every territory, General Cass proposed to Chase, if he (Chase) would add to his amendment that the people should have the power to introduce or exclude, they would let it go. (That is substantially all of his reply.) And because Chase would not do that, they voted his amendment down. Well, it turns out, I believe, upon examination, that General Cass took some part in the little running debate upon that amendment, and then ran away and did not vote on it at all. (Laughter.) Is not that the fact? So confident, as 1 think, was General Cass, that there was a snake somewhere about, he chose to run away from the whole thing. This is an inference I draw from the fact that, though he took part in the debate, his name does not appear in the ayes and noes. But does Judge Douglas's reply amount to a satisfactory answer? (Cries of "Yes, Yes," and "No, No.") There is some little difference of opinion here. (Laughter.) But I ask attention to a few more views bearing on the question of whether it amounts to a satisfactory answer. The men who were determined that that amendment should not get into the bill and spoil the place where the Dred Scott decision was to come in, sought an excuse to get rid of it somewhere. One of these ways one of these excuses was to ask Chase to add to his proposed amendment a provision that the people might introduce slavery if they wanted to. They very well knew Chase would do no such thing, that Mr. Chase was one HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 215 of the men differing from them on the broad principle of his insisting that free- dom was -better than slavery, a man who would not consent to enact a law, penned with his own hand, by which he was made to recognize slavery on the one hand and liberty on the other, as precisely equal; and when they insisted on his doing this, they very well knew they insisted on that which he would not for a moment think of doing, and that they were only bluffing him. I believe (I have not, since he made his answer, had a chance to examine the journals or Congressional Globe and therefore speak from memory) I believe the state of the bill at that time, according to parliamentary rules, was such that no member could propose an additional amendment to Chase's amendment. I rather think this is the truth, the Judge shakes his head. Very well. I would like to know, then, if they wanted Close's amendment fixed over, why somebody else could not have offered to do it? If they wanted it amended, why did they not offer the amend- ment? Why did they stand there taunting and quibbling at Chase? (Laughter.) Why did they not put it in themselves? But to put it on the other ground : Suppose that there was such an amend- ment offered, and Chase's was an amendment to an amendment; until one is disposed of, by parliamentary law you cannot pile another on. Then all these gentlemen had to do was to vote Chase's on, and then, in the amended form in which the whole stood, add their own amendment to it, if they wanted to put it in that shape. This was all they were obliged to do, and the ayes and noes show that there were thirty-six who voted it down, against ten who voted in favor of it. The thirty-six held entire sway and control. They could in some form or other have put that bill in the exact shape they wanted. If there was a rule preventing their amending it at the time, they could pass that, and then, Chase's amendment being merged, put it in the shape they wanted. They did not choose to do so, but they went into a quibble with Chase to get him to add what they knew he would not add, and because he would not, they stand upon that flimsy pretext for voting down what they argued was the meaning and in- tent of their own bill. They left room thereby for this Dred Scott decision, which goes very far to make slavery national throughtuot the United States. I pass one or two points I have, because my time will very soon expire; but I must be allowed to say that Judge Douglas recurs again as he did upon one or two other occasions, to the enormity of Lincoln, an insignificant individual like Lincoln upon his ipse dixit charging a conspiracy upon a large number of members of Congress, the Supreme Court and two presidents, to nationalize slavery. I want to say that, in the first place, I have made no charge of this sort upon my ipse dixit. I have only arrayed the evidence tending to prove it, and presented it to the understanding of others, saying what I think it proves, but giving you the means of judging whether it proves it or not. This is precisely what I have done. I have not placed it upon my ipse dixit at all. On this occasion, I wish to recall his attention to a piece of evidence which I brought forward at Ottawa on Saturday, showing that he had made substan- tially the same charge against substantially same persons, excluding his dear self from the category. I ask him to give some attention to the evidence which I brought forward that he himself had discovered a "fatal blow being struck" against the right of the people to exclude slavery from their limits, which fatal 216 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY blow he assumed as in evidence in an article in the Washington Union, pub- lished "by authority." I ask by whose authority? He discovers a similar or identical provision in the Lecompton constitution. Made by whom? The f ramers of that constitution. Advocated by whom ? By all the members of the party in the nation, who advocated the introduction of Kansas into the Union under the Lecompton constitution. I have asked his attention to the evidence that he arrayed to prove that such a fatal blow was being struck, and to the facts which he brought forward in support of that charge, being identical with the one which he thinks so vil- lainous 1 in me. He pointed it, not at a newspaper editor merely, but at the president and his cabinet and the members of Congress advocating the Lecomp- ton constitution and those framing that instrument. I must again be permitted to remind him that although my ipse dixit may not be as great as his, yet it some- what reduces the force of his calling my attention to the enormity of my making a like charge against him. (Loud applause.) Go on, Judge Douglas. MR. DOUGLAS'S REPLY. Ladies and Gentlemen: The silence with which you have listened to Mr. Lincoln during his hour is creditable to this vast audience, composed of men of various political parties. Nothing is more honorable to any large mass of peo- ple assembled for the purpose of a fair discussion than that kind and respectful attention that is yielded, not only to your political friends, but to those who are opposed to you in politics. I am glad that at last I have brought Mr. Lincoln to the conclusion that he had better define his position on certain political questions to which I called his attention at Ottawa. He there showed no disposition, no inclination, to answer them. I did not present idle questions for him to answer, merely for my grati- fication. I laid the foundation for those interrogatories by showing that they constituted the platform of the party whose nominee he is for the senate. I did not presume that I had the right to chatechise him as I saw proper, unless I showed that his party, or a majority of it, stood upon the platform and were in favor of the proposition, upon which my questions were based. I desired simply to know, inasmuch as he had been nominated as the first, last, and only choice of his party, whether he concurred in the platform which that party had adopted for its government. In a few moments I will proceed to review the answers which he has given to these interrogatories ; but, in order to relieve his anxiety, I will first respond to these 2 which he has presented to me. Mark you, he has not presented interrogatories which have ever received the sanction of the party with which I am acting, and hence he has no other foundation for them than his own curiosity. ("That's a fact.") First, he desired to know if the people of Kansas shall form a constitution by means entirely proper and objectionable, and ask admission into the Union as a state, before they have the requisite population for a member of Congress, 1 Reads : "Villainous." 2 Reads : "those" for "these." HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 217 whether I will vote for that admission. Well, now, I regret exceedingly that he did not answer that interrogatory himself before he put it to me, in order that we might understand, and not be left to infer, on which side he is. ("Good, good.") Mr. Trumbull, during the last session of Congress, voted from the beginning to the end against the admission of Oregon, although a free state, because she had not the requisite population for a member of Congress. ("That's it.") Mr. Trumbull would not consent, under any circumstances, to let a state, free or slave, come into the Union until it had the requisite population. As Mr. Trumbull is in the field, fighting for Mr. Lincoln, I would like to have Mr. Lincoln answer his own question, and tell me whether he is fighting Trum- bull on that issue or not. ("Good, put it to him," and cheers.) But I will answer his question. In reference to Kansas, it is my opinion that as she has population enough to constitute a slave state, she has people enough for a free state. (Cheers.) I will not make Kansas an exceptional case to the other states of the Union. ("Sound," and "Hear, hear.") I hold it to be a sound rule, of universal application, to require a territory to contain the requisite population for a member of Congress before it is admitted as a state into the Union. I made that proposition in the senate in 1856, and I renewed it during the last session, in a bill providing that no territory of the United States should form a constitution and apply for admission until it had the requi- site population. On another occasion I proposed that neither Kansas nor 1 any other territory should be admitted until it had the requisite population. Congress did not adopt any of my propositions containing this general rule, but did make an exception of Kansas. I will stand by that exception. (Cheers.) Either Kansas must come in as a free state, with whatever population she may have, or the rule must be applied to all the other territories alike. (Cheers.) I therefore answer at once, that, it having been decided that Kansas has people enough for a slave state, I hold that she has enough for a free state. ("Good," and applause.) I hope Mr. Lincoln is satisfied with my answer; ("He ought to be/' and cheers.) and now I would like to get his answer to his own interrogatory whether or not he will vote to admit Kansas before she has the requisite popu- lation. ("Hit him again.") I want to know whether he will vote to admit Oregon before that territory has the requisite population. Mr. Trumbull will not, and the same reason that commits Mr. Trumbull against the admission of Oregon, commits him against Kansas, even if she should apply for admission as a free state. ("You've got him," and cheers.) If there is any sincerity, any truth, in the argument of Mr. Trumbull in the senate against the admission of Oregon because she had not ninety-three thousand, four hundred and twenty people, although her population was larger than that of Kansas, he stands pledged against the admission of both Oregon and Kansas until they have ninety-three thousand, four hundred and twenty inhabitants. I would like Mr. Lincoln to answer this question. I would like him to take his own medicine. (Laughter.) If he differs with Mr. Trumbull, let him answer his argument against the admission of Oregon, instead of poking questions at me. ("Right, good, good," laughter and cheers.) i Reads : "or" for "i:or." 218 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The next question propounded to me by Mr. Lincoln is : Can the people of, a territory in any lawful way, against the wishes of any citizen of the United States exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a state con- stitution? I answer emphatically, as Mr. Lincoln has heard me answer a hun- dred times, from every stump in Illinois, that in my opinion the people of a territory can, by lawful means, exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a state constitution. (Enthusiastic applause.) Mr. Lincoln knew that I had answered that question over and over again. He heard me argue the Nebraska Bill on that principle all over the state in 1854, in 1855, and in 1856, and he has no excuse for pretending to be in doubt as to my position on that question. It matters not what way the supreme court may hereafter decide as to the abstract question whether slavery may or may not go into a territory under the constitution, the people have the lawful means to introduce it or exclude it as they please, for the reason that slavery cannot exist a day or an hour any- where, unless it is supported by local police regulations. ("Right, right.") Those police regulations can only be established by the local legislature; and if the people are opposed to slavery, they will elect representatives to that body who will by unfriendly legislation effectually prevent the introduction of it into their midst. If, on the contrary, they are for it, their legislation will favor its extension. Hence, no matter what the decision of the supreme court may be on that ab- stract question, still the right of the people to make a slave territory or a free territory is perfect and complete under the Nebraska Bill. I hope Mr. Lin- coln deems my answer satisfactory on that point. In this connection I will notice the charge which he has introduced in rela- tion to Mr. Chase's amendment. I thought that I had chased that amendment out of Mr. Lincoln's brain, at Ottawa; (laughter) but it seems that it still haunts his imagination, and he is not yet satisfied. I had supposed that he would be ashamed to press that question further. He is a lawyer, and has been a member of Congress, and has occupied his time and amused you by telling you about parliamentary proceedings. He ought to have known better than to try to palm off his miserable impositions upon this intelligent audience. ("Good," and cheers.) The Nebraska Bill provided that the legislative power and authority of the said territory should extend to all rightful subjects of legislation consistent with the organic act and the Constitution of the United States. It did not make any exception as to slavery, but gave all the power that it was possible for Congress to give, without violating the constitution to the territorial legis- lature, with no exception or limitation on the subject of slavery at all. The lan- guage of that bill which I have quoted, gave full power and the full authority over the subject of slavery, affirmatively and negatively, to introduce it or ex- clude it, so far as the Constitution of the United States would permit. What more would Mr. Chase give by his amendment? Nothing. He offered his amendment for the identical purpose for which Mr. Lincoln is using it to en- able demagogues in the country to try and deceive the people. ("Good, hit him again," and cheers.) (Deacon Bross spoke.) His amendment was to this effect. It provided that the legislature should have the power to exclude slavery and General Cass suggested : "'Why not HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 219 give the power to introduce as well as exclude?" The answer was: "They have the power already in the bill to do both." Chase was afraid his amendment would be adopted if he put the alternative proposition, and so make it fair both ways, but would not yield. He offered it for the purpose of having it rejected. He offered it, as he has himself avowed over and over again, simply to make capital out of it for the stump. He expected that it would be capital for small politicians in the country, and that they would make an effort to deceive the people with it ; and he was not mistaken, for Lincoln is carrying out the plan admirably. ("Good, good.") Lincoln knows that the Nebraska Bill, without Chase's amendment, gave all the power which the constitution would permit. Could Congress confer any more? ("No, no.") Could Congress go beyond the constitution of the country ? We gave all a full grant, with no exception in regard to slavery one way or the other. We left that question as we left all others, to be decided by the people for themselves, just as they pleased. I will not occupy my time on this question. I have argued it before, all over Illinois. I have argued it in this beautiful city of Freeport ; I have argued it in the north, the south, the east and the west, avowing the same sentiments and the same principles. I have not been afraid to avow my sentiments up here for fear I would be trotted down into Egypt. (Cheers and laughter.) The third question which Mr. Lincoln presented is, If the supreme court of the United States shall decide that a state of this Union cannot exclude slavery from its own limits will I submit to it? I am amazed that Lincoln should ask such a question. ("A schoolboy knows better.") Yes, a schoolboy knows bet- ter. Mr. Lincoln's object is to cast an imputation upon the supreme court. He knows that there never was but one man in America, claiming any degree of intelligence or decency, who ever for a moment pretended such a thing. It is true that the Washington Union, in an article published on the i7th of last De- cember, did put forth that doctrine, and I denounced the article on the floor of the senate, in a speech which Mr. Lincoln now pretends was against the presi- dent. The Union had claimed that slavery had a right to go into the free states, and that any provision in the constitution or laws of the laws of the free states to the contrary were null and void. I denounced it in the senate, as I said before, and I was the first man who did. Lincoln's friends, Trumbull, and Seward, and Hale, and Wilson, and the whole Black Republican side of the senate, were silent. They left it to me to denounce it. (Cheers.) And what was the reply made to me on that occasion? Mr. Toombs, of Georgia, got up and undertook to lecture me on the ground that I ought not to have deemed the article worthy of notice, and ought not to have replied to it; that there was not one man, woman or child south of the Potomac, in any slave state, who did not repudiate any such pretension. Mr. Lincoln knows that that reply was made on the spot, and yet now he asks this question. He might as well ask me, Suppose Mr. Lincoln should steal a horse, would I sanction it. (Laugher.) And it would be as genteel in me to ask him, in the event he stole a horse, what ought to be done with him. He casts an imputation upon the su- preme court of the United States, by supposing that they would violate the Constitution of the United States. I tell him that such a thing is not possible. (Cheers.) It would be an act of moral treason that no man on the bench could 220 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY ever descend to. Mr. Lincoln himself would never in his partisan feelings so far forget what was right as to be guilty of such an act. (Good, good.") The fourth question of Mr. Lincoln is, Are you in favor of acquiring addi- tional territory, in disregard as to how such acquisition may affect the Union on the slavery question ? J This question is very ingeniously and cunningly put. (Deacon Bross here spoke, sotto voce the reporter understood him to say, "Now we've got him/') The Black Republican creed lays it down expressly that under no circum- stances shall we acquire any more territory, unless slavery is first prohibited in the country. I ask Mr. Lincoln whether he is in favor of that proposition. Are you (addressing Mr. Lincoln) opposed to the acquisition of any more ter- ritory, under any circumstances, unless slavery is prohibited in it? That he does not like to answer. When I ask him whether he stands up to that article in the platform of his party, he turns, Yankee-fashion, and without answering it, asks me whether I am in favor of acquiring territory without regard to how it may affect the Union on the slavery' question. 1 ("Good.") I answer that when- ever it becomes necessary, in our growth and progress, to acquire more territory, that I am in favor of it, without reference to the question of slavery ; and when we have acquired it, I will leave the people free to do as they please, either to make it slave or free territory as they prefer. (Hear Deacon Bross spoke; the reporter believes that he said, "That's bold." It was said solemnly.) It is idle to tell me or you that we have territory enough. Our fathers supposed that we had enough when our territory extended to the Mississippi River; but a few years' growth and expansion satisfied them that we needed more, and the Louisiana Territory, from the west branch of the Mississippi to the British possessions, was acquired. Then we acquired Oregon, then California and New Mexico. We have enough now for the present; but this is a young and grow- ing nation. It swarms as often as a hive of bees; and as new swarms are turned out each year, there must be hives in which they can gather and make their honey. ("Good.") In less than fifteen years, if the same progress that has distinguished this country for the last fifteen years continues, every foot of vacant land between this and the Pacific Ocean, owned by the United States, will be occupied. Will you not continue to increase at the end of fifteen years as well as now? I tell you, increase, and multiply, and expand, is the law of this nation's existence. ("Good.") You cannot limit this great republic by mere boundary lines, saying, "Thus far shalt thou go, and no farther." Any one of you gentlemen might as well say to a son twelve years old that he is big enough, and must not grow any larger; and in order to prevent his growth, put a hoop around him to keep him to his present size. What would be the result ? Either the hoop must burst and -be rent asunder, or the child must die. So it would be with this great na- tion. With our natural increase, growing with a rapidity unknown in any other part of the globe, with the tide of emigration that is fleeing from despotism in the old world to seek refuge 2 in our own, there is a constant torrent pouring into this country that requires more land, more territory upon which to settle; 1 Reads : "(iwestioiis" for "question." 2 Reads "Peek a refuge." HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 221 and just as fast as our interests and our destiny require additional territory in the north, in the south, or on the islands of the ocean, I am for it ; and when we acquire it, will leave the people, according to the Nebraska Bill, free to do as they please on the subject of slavery and every other question. ("Good, good;" "Hurrah for Douglas.") I trust now that Mr. Lincoln will deem himself answered on his four points. He racked his brain so much in devising these four questions that he exhausted himself, and had not strength enough to invent the others. (Laughter.) As soon as he is able to hold a council with his advisers, Lovejoy, Farnsworth and Fred Douglass, he will frame and propound others. ("Good, good." Renewed laughter, in which. Mr. Lincoln feebly joined, saying that he hoped with their aid to get seven questions, the number asked him by Judge Douglas, and to make conclusions even.) You Black Republicans who say good, I have no doubt think that they are all good men. ("White, white.") I have reason to recollect that some people in this country think that Fred Douglas is a very good man. The last time I came here to make a speech, while talking from the stand to you, people of Freeport, as I am doing today, I saw a carriage and a magnificent one it was drive up and take a position on the outside of the crowd ; a beautiful young lady was sitting on the box-seat, whilst Fred Douglas and her mother reclined inside, and the owner of the carriage acted as driver. (Laughter, cheers, cries of "right," "what have you to say against it," etc.) I saw this in your own town. ("What of it?") All I have to say of it is this, that if you, Black Republicans, think that the negro ought to be on a social equality with your wives and daughters, and ride in a carriage with your wife, whilst you drive the team, you have a perfect right to do so. ("Good, good," and cheers, mingled with hooting and cries of "white, white.") I am told that one of Fred Douglas' kinsmen, another rich black negro is now traveling in this part of the state, making speeches for his friend Lincoln, as the champion of black men. ("White men, white men," and "What have you to say against it? "That's right, etc). All I have to say on that sub- ject is, that those of you who believe that the negro is your equal and ought to be on an equality with you socially, politically, and legally, have a right to entertain those opinions, and of course will vote for Mr. Lincoln. ("Down with the negro," "no, no," etc.) I have a word to say on Mr. Lincoln's answer to the interrogatories con- tained in my speech at Ottawa, and which he has pretended to reply to here today. Mr. Lincoln makes a great parade of the fact that I quoted a platform as having been adopted by the Black Republican party at Springfield in 1854, which, it turns out, was adopted at another place. Mr. Lincoln loses sight of the thing itself in his ecstasies over the mistake I made in stating the place where it was done. He thinks that that platform was not adopted on the right "spot." When I put the direct question to Mr. Lincoln to ascertain whether he now stands pledged to that creed- to the unconditional repeal of the Fugitive-Slave Law, a refusal to admit any more slave states into the Union, even if the people want them, a determination to apply the Wilmot proviso, not only to all the territory we now have, but all that we may hereafter acquire he refused to 222 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY answer; and his followers say, in excuse, that the resolutions upon which I based my interrogatories were not adopted at the "right spot." (Laughter and applause.) Lincoln and his political friends are great on "spots." (Renewed laughter.) In Congress, as a representative of this state, he declared the Mexi- can War to be unjust and infamous, and would not support it, or acknowledge his own country to be right in the contest, because he said that American blood was not shed on American soil in the "right spot." ("Lay on to him.") And now he cannot answer the questions I put to him at Ottawa because the reso- lutions I read were not adopted at the "right spot." It may be possible that I was led into an error as to the spot on which the resolutions I then read were proclaimed, but I was not, and am not, in error as to the fact of their forming the basis of the creed of the Republican party when that party was 1 first organ- ized. (Cheers.) I will state to you the evidence I had, and upon which I relied for my statement that the resolutions in question were adopted at Springfield on the 5th of October, 1854. Although I was aware that such resolutions had been passed in this district, and nearly all the northern congressional districts and county conventions, I had not noticed whether or not they had been adopted by any state convention. In 1856, a debate arose in Congress between Major Thomas L. Harris, of the Springfield District, and Mr. Norton, of the Joliet District, on political matters connected with our state, in the course of which Major Harris quoted those resolutions as having been passed by the first Re- publican state convention that ever assembled in Illinois. I knew that Major Harris was remarkable for his accuracy, that he was a very conscientious and sincere man, and I also noticed that Norton did not question the accuracy of this statement. I therefore took it for granted that it was so; and the other day when I concluded to use the resolutions at Ottawa, I wrote to Charles L. Lanphier, editor of the State Register, at Springfield, calling his attention to them, telling him that I had been informed that Major Harris was lying sick at Springfield, and desiring him to call upon him and ascertain all the facts con- cerning the resolutions, the time and place where they were adopted In reply, Mr. Lanphier sent me two copies of his paper, which I have here. The first is a copy of the State Register, published at Springfield, Mr. Lincoln's own town, on the i6th of October, 1854, only eleven days after the adjournment of the convention, from which I desire to read the following: The material of this was gathered from a variety of sources, including the files of the Freeport Journal, the Woodburn's Orations ; the Illinois Historical Society's Volume by Sparks and Rhodes' History of the United States. "During the late discussion in this city, Lincoln made a speech, to which Judge Douglas replied. In Lincoln's speech he took the broad ground that, ac- cording to the Declaration of Independence, the whites and blacks are equal. From this he drew the conclusion, which he several times repeated, that the white man had no right to pass laws for the government of the black man with- out the nigger's consent. This speech of Lincoln's was heard and applauded by all the Abolitionists assembled in Springfield. So soon as Mr. Lincoln was done speaking, Mr. Codding arose, and requested all the delegates to the Black Republican Convention to withdraw into the senate chamber. They did so; and HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 223 after long deliberation, they laid down the following Abolition platform on which they stood. We call the particular attention of all our readers to it." Then follows the identical platform, word for word, which I read at Ottawa. (Cheers.) Now, that was published in Mr. Lincoln's own town, eleven days after the convention was held, and has remained on record up to this day never contradicted. When I quoted the resolutions at Ottawa and questioned Mr. Lincoln in re- lation to them, he said that his name was on the committee that reported them, but he did not serve, nor did he think he served, because he was, or thought he was, in Tazewell County at the time the convention was in session. He did not deny that the resolutions were passed by the Springfield Convention. He did not know better, and evidently thought that they were; but afterwards his friends declared that they had discovered that they varied in some respects from the resolutions passed by the convention. I have shown you that I had good evidence for believing that the resolutions had been passed at Springfield. Mr. Lincoln ought to have known better; but not a word is said about his ignorance on the subject, whilst I, notwithstanding the circumstances, am ac- cused of forgery. Now, I will show you that if I have made a mistake as to the place where these resolutions were adopted and when I get down to Springfield I will in- vestigate the matter, and see whether or not I have that the principles they enunciate were adopted as the Black Republican platform, ("White, white.") in the various counties and congressional districts throughout the north end of the state in 1854. This platform was adopted in nearly every county that gave a Black Republican majority for the Legislature in that year, and here is a man (pointing to Mr. Denio, who sat on the stand near Deacon Bross) who knows as well as any living man that it was the creed of the Black Re- publican party at that time. I would be willing to call Denio as a witness, or any other honest man belonging to that party. I will now read the resolution adopted at the Rockford Convention on the 3Oth of August, 1854, which nomi- nated Washburne for Congress. You elected him on the following platform : "Resolved, That the continued and increasing aggressions of slavery in our country are destructive of the best rights of .a free people, and that such ag- gressions cannot be successfully resisted without the united political action of all good men. "Resolved, That the citizens of the United States hold in their hands peace- ful, constitutional, and efficient remedy against the encroachments of the slave power the ballot-box ; and if that remedy is boldly and wisely applied, the principles of liberty and eternal justice will be established. "Resolved, That we accept this issue forced upon us by the slave power, and, in defense of freedom, will cooperate and be known as Republicans, pledged to the accomplishment of the following purposes: "To bring the administration of the government back to the control of first principles; to restore Kansas and Nebraska to the position of free terri- tories ; to repeal and entirely abrogate the Fugitive-Slave Law ; to restrict sla- very to those states in which it exists ; to prohibit the admission of any more slave states into the Union ; to exclude slavery from all the territories over which 224 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY the general government has exclusive jurisdiction; and to resist the acquisi- tion of any more territories, unless the introduction of slavery therein forever shall have been prohibited. "Resolved, That in furtherance of these principles we will use such condi- tional and lawful means as shall seem best adapted to their accomplishment, and that we will support no man for office under the general or state govern- ment who is not positively committed to the support of these principles, and whose personal character and conduct is not a guarantee that he is reliable, and shall abjure all party allegiance and ties. "Resolved, That we cordially invite persons of all former political parties whatever, in favor of the object expressed in the a'bove resolutions to unite with us in carrying them into effect." (Senator Douglas was frequently in- terrupted in reading these resolutions by loud cries of "Good, good," "that's the doctrine," and vociferous applause.) Well, you think that is a very good platform, do you not? ("Yes, yes, all right," and cheers.) If you do, if you approve it now, and think it is all right, you will not join with those men who say that I libel you by calling these your principles, will you 1 ("Good, good, hit him again," and great laughter and cheers.) Now, Mr. Lincoln complains; Mr. Lincoln charges that I did you and him injustice by saying that this was the platform of your party. (Re- newed laughter.) I am told that Washburne made a speech in Galena last night, in which he abused me awfully in bringing to light this platform, on which he was elected to Congress. He thought that you had forgotten it, as he and Mr. Lincoln desires to. (Laughter.) He did not deny but that you had adopted it, and that he had subscribed to and was pledged by it, but he did not think it was fair to call it up and remind the people that it was their platform. ( Here Deacon Bross spoke.) But I am glad to find that you are more honest in your abolitionism than your leaders, by avowing that it is your platform, and right in your opinion. (Laughter, "You have them, good, good.") In the adoption of that platform, you not only declared that you would re- sist the admission of any more slave state, and work for the repeal of the Fugi- tive-Slave Law, but you pledged yourselves not to vote for any men for state or federal offices who was not committed to these principles. ("Exactly so, exactly so," cheers.) You were thus committed. Similar resolutions to those were adopted in your county convention here, and now with your admissions that they are your platform and embody your sentiments now as they did then, what do you think of Mr. Lincoln, your candidate for the United States Senate, who is attempting to dodge the responsibility of this platform, because it was not adopted in the right spot. ( Shouts of laughter, "Hurrah for Doug- las.") I thought that it was adopted in Springfield, but it turns out it was not, that it was adopted at Rockford, and in the various counties which com- prise this congressional district. When I get into the next district, I will show that the same platform was adopted there, and so on through the state, until I nail the responsibility of it upon the back of the Black Republican party throughout the state. ("White, white," "Three cheers for Douglas.") A voice. Couldn't you modify, and call it brown? (Laughter.) HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 225 Mr. Douglas. Not a bit. I thought that you were becoming a little brown when your members in Congress voted for the Crittenden-Montgomery bill; but since you have backed out from that position and gone back to Abolition- ists, you are black, and not brown. (Shouts of laughter, and a voice, "Can't you ask him another question?) Gentlemen, I have shown you what your platform was in 1854. You still adhere to it. The same platform was adopted by nearly all the counties where the Black Republican party had a majority in 1854. I wish now to call your attention to the action of your representatives in the Legislature when they assembled together at Springfield. In the first place, you must remember that this was the organization of a new party. It so declared in the resolutions themselves, which say that you are going to dissolve all old party ties and call the new party Republican. The old Whig party was to have its throat cut from ear to ear, and the Democratic party was to be annihilated and blotted out of existence, whilst in lieu of these parties the Black Republican party was to be organized on this Abolition platform. You know who the chief lead- ers were in breaking up and destroying these two great parties. Lincoln on the one hand and Trumbull on the other, being disappointed politicians, (laughter) and having retired or been driven to obscurity by an outraged constitutency because o.f their political sins, formed a scheme to ' abolitionize the two par- ties, and lead the old Line Whigs and old Line Democrats captive, bound hand and foot, into the Abolition camp. Giddings, Chase, Fred Douglass, and Love- joy were here to christen them whenever they were brought in. (Great laugh- ter.) Lincoln went to work to dissolve the Old Line Whig party. Clay was dead ; and although the sod was not yet green on his grave, this 'man undertook to bring into disrepute those great compromise measures of 1850, with which Clay and Webster were identified. Up to 1854 the Old Whig party and the Democratic party had stood on a common platform so far as this slavery question was concerned. You Whigs and we Democrats differed about the bank, the tariff, distribution, the specie circular, and the sub-treasury, but we agreed on this slavery question, and the true mode of preserving the peace and harmony of the Union. The com- promise measures of 1850 were introduced by Clay, were ' defended by Web- ster, and supported by Cass, and were approved by Fillmore, and sanctioned by the national men of both parties. They constituted a common plank upon which both Whigs and Democrats stood. In 1852 the Whig party, in its last national convention at Baltimore, indorsed and approved these measures of Clay, and so did the national convention of the Democratic party held that same year. Thus the Old Line Whigs and the Old Line Democrats stood pledged to the great principle of self-government, which guarantees to the peo- ple of each territory the right to decide the slavery question for themselves. In 1854, after the death of Clay and Webster, Mr. Lincoln, on the part of the Whigs, undertook to abolitionize the Whig party by dissolving it, transfer- ring the members into the Abolition camp, and making them train under Gid- dings, Fred Douglass, Lovejoy, Chase, Farnsworth, and other Abolition lead- ers. Trumbull undertook to dissolve the Democratic party by taking old Demo- crats into the Abolition camp. Mr. Lincoln was aided in his efforts by many leading Whigs throughout the state, your member of Congress, Mr. Washburne, 226 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY being one of the most active. (Good fellow.) Trumbull was aided by many renegades from the Democratic party, among whom were John Wentworth, (laughter) Tom Turner, and others, with whom you are familiar. (Mr. Turner, who was one of the moderators, here interposed, and said that he had drawn the resolutions which Senator Douglas had read.) Mr. Douglas. Yes, and Turner says that he drew these resolutions. ("Hur- rah for Turner," "Hurrah for Douglas.") That is right; give Turner cheers for drawing the resolutions if you approve them. If he drew those resolutions, he will not deny that they are the creed of the Black Republican party. Mr. Turner. They are our creed exactly. (Cheers.) Mr. Douglas. And yet Lincoln denies that he stands on them. ("Good, good," and laughter.) Mr. Turner says that the creed of the Black Republican party is the admission of no more slave states, and yet Mr. Lincoln declares that he would not like to be placed in a position where he would have to vote for them. All I have to say to frie.nd Lincoln is, that I do not think that there is much danger of his being placed in such a position. (More laughter.) As Mr. Lincoln would be very sorry to be placed in such an embarrassing position as to be obliged to vote on the admission of any more slave states, I propose, out of mere kindness, to relieve him from any such necessity. (Renewed laughter and cheers.) When the bargain began Lincoln and Trumbull was completed for abolition- izing the Whig and Democratic parties, they "spread" over the state, Lincoln still pretending to be an Old Line Whig, in order to "rope in" the Whigs, and Trumbull pretending to be as good a Democrat as he ever was, in order to coax the Democrats over into the Abolition ranks. ("That's exactly what we want.") They played the part that "decoy ducks" play down on the Potomac River. In that part of the country they make artificial ducks, and put them on the water where the wild ducks are to be found, for the purpose of decoying them. Well, Lincoln and Trumbull played the part of these "decoy ducks" and deceived enough Old Line Whigs and Old Line Democrats to elect a Black Republican Legislature. When that Legislature met, the first thing it did was to elect as speaker of the House the very man who is now boasting that he wrote the Abolition platform on which Lincoln will not stand. ("Good, hit him again," and cheers.) I want to know of Mr. Turner whether or not, when he was elected he was a good embodiment of Republican principles. Mr. Turner. I hope I was then, and am now. Mr. Douglas. He swears that he hopes he was then, and is now. He wrote that Black Republican platform, and is satisfied with it now. ("Hurrah for Turner," "Good," etc.) I admire and acknowledge Turner's honesty. Every man of you knows that what he says about these resolutions being the plat- form of the Black Republican party is true, and you also know that each one of these men who are shuffling and trying to deny it are only trying to cheat the people out of their votes for the purpose of deceiving them still more after the election. ("Good," and cheers.) I propose to trace this thing a little further, in order that you can see what additional evidence there is to fasten this revolutionary platform upon the Black Republican party. When the Legis- lature assembled there was a United States Senator to elect in the place of HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 227 General Shields, and before they proceeded to ballot, Lovejoy insisted on lay- ing down certain principles by which to govern the party. It has been published to the world and satisfactorily proven that there was, at the time the alliance was made between Trumbull and Lincoln to abolitionize the two parties, an agreement that Lincoln should take Shields' place in the United States Senate, and Trumbull should have mine so soon as they could conveniently get rid of me. When Lincoln was beaten for Shields' place, in a manner I will refer to in a few minutes, he felt very sore and restive ; his friends grumbled, and some of them came out and charged that the most infamous treachery had been practiced against him; that the bargain was that Lincoln was to have had Shields' place, and Trumbull was to have waited for mine, but that Trumbull, having the control of a few Abolitionized Democrats, he pre- vented them from voting for Lincoln, thus keeping him within a few votes of an election until he succeeded in forcing the party to drop him and elect Trumbull. Well, Trumbull having cheated Lincoln, his friends made a fuss, and in order to keep them and Lincoln quiet, the party were obliged to come forward, in ad- vance, at the last state election, and make a pledge that they would go for Lin- coln and nobody else. Lincoln could not be silenced in any other way. Now, there are a great many Black Republicans of you who do not know this thing was done. ("White, white," and great clamor.) I wish to remind you that while Mr. Lincoln was speaking there was not a Democrat vulgar and blackguard enough to interrupt him. (Great applause and cries of, "Hurrah for Douglas.") But I know that the shoe is pinching you. I am clinching Lin- coln now, and you are scared to death for the result. (Cheers.) I have seen this thing before. I have seen men make appointments for joint discussions, and the moment their man has been heard, try to interrupt and prevent a fair hearing of the other side. I have seen your mobs before, and defy your wrath. (Tremendous applause.) My friends, do not cheer, for I need my whole time. The object of the opposition is to occupy my attention in order to prevent me from giving the whole evidence and nailing this double dealing on the Black Republican party. As I have before said, Lovejoy demanded a declaration of principles on the part of the Black Republicans of the Legislature before going into election for United States Senator. He offered the following preamble and resolutions which I hold in my hand : "Whereas, Human slavery is a violation of the principles of natural and revealed right ; and whereas the fathers of the Revolution, fully imbued with the spirit of these principles, declared freedom to be the inalienable birthright of all men ; and whereas the preamble to the Constitution of the United States avers that that instrument was ordained to establish justice, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity ; and whereas, in furtherance of the above principles, slavery was forever prohibited in the old Northwest Territory, and more recently in all that territory lying west and north cf the state of Missouri, by the act of the federal govenment; and whereas the re- peal of the prohibition last referred to was contrary to the wishes of the people of Illinois, a violation of an implied compact long deemed sa- cred by the citizens of the United States, and a wide departure from the uni- 228 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY form action of the general government in relation to the extension of slavery; therefore, "Resolved, by the House of Representatives, the Senate concurring therein, That our senators in Congress be instructed, and our representatives requested to introduce, if not otherwise introduced, and to vote for, a bill to restore such prohibition to the aforesaid territories, and also to extend a similar prohibition to all territory which now belongs to the United States, or which may here- after come under their jurisdiction. "Resolved, That our senators in Congress be instructed, and our represen- tatives requested, to vote against the admission of any state into the Union, the Constitution of which does not prohibit slavery, whether the territory out of which such state may have been formed shall have been acquired by con- quest, treaty, purchase, or from original territory of the United States. "Resolved, That our senators in Congress be instructed, and our represen- tatives requested to introduce and vote for, a bill to repeal an act entitled 'an act respecting fugitives from justice and persons escaping from the service of their masters ;' and, failing in that, for such a modification of it as shall secure the right of habeas corpus and trial by jury before the regularly constituted authorities of the state, to all persons claimed as owing service or labor." (Cries of "good," "good," and cheers.) Yes, you say "good," "good," and I have no doubt you think so. Those resolutions were introduced by Mr. Lovejoy immediately preceding the election of senator. They declared, first that the Wilmot Proviso must be applied to all territory north of 36 degrees 30 minutes. Secondly, that it must be applied to all territory south of 36 degrees 30 minutes. Thirdly, that it must be applied to all territory now owned by the United States; and finally, that it must be applied to all territory hereafter to be acquired by the United States. The next resolution declares that no more slave states shall be admitted into this Union under any circumstances whatever, no matter whether they are formed out of territory now owned by us or that we may hereafter acquire, by treaty, by Congress or in any other manner whatever. (A voice, "That is right.") You say that is right. We will see in a moment. The next resolu- tion demands the unconstitutional repeal of the Fugitive-Slave Law, although its unconstitutional repeal would leave no provision for carrying out that clause of the Constitution of the United States which guarantees the surrender of fugitives. If they could not get an unconstitutional repeal they demanded that that law should be so modified as to make it as nearly useless as possible. Now, I want to show you who voted for these resolutions. When the vote was taken on the first resolution it was decided in the affirmative yeas, 41, nays, 32. You will find that this is a strict party vote, between the Democrats on the one hand, and the Black Republicans on the other. (Cries of "White, white," and clamor.) I know your name and always call things by their right name. The point I wish to call your attention to is this : that these resolutions were adopted on the 7th day of February, and that on the 8th they went into an election for a United States senator, and that day every man who voted for these resolutions, with but two exceptions, voted for Lincoln for the United States Senate. (Cries of "Good, good," and cheers. "Give us their names.") HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 229 I will read the names over to you if you want them, but I believe your object is to occupy my time. (Cries of "That is it") On the next resolution the vote stood yeas 33, nays 40; and on the third resolution yeas 35, nays 47. I wish to impress it upon you that every nation who voted for those' resolutions, with but two exceptions, voted on the next day for Lincoln for United States senator. Bear in mind that the members who thus voted for Lincoln were elected to the Legislature pledged to vote for no man for office under the state or federal government who was not committed to this Black Republican platform. (Cries of "White, white," and "good for you.") They were all so pledged. Mr. Turner who stands by me, and who then represented you, and who says that he wrote those resolutions, voted for Lincoln when he was pledged not to do so unless Lincoln was in favor of those resolutions. I now ask Mr. Turner (turning to Mr. Turner), did you violate your pledge in voting for Mr. Lincoln, or did he commit himself to your platform before you cast your vote for him? (Mr. Lincoln here started for ward and grasping Mr. Turner shook him nervously and said, "Don't answer, Turner, you have no right to answer.") I could go through the whole list of names here, and show you that all the Black Republicans in the Legislature, ("White, white.") who voted for Mr. Lincoln, had voted on the day previous for these resolutions. For instance, here are the names of Sargent, and Little, of Jo Daviess and Carroll ; Thomas J. Turner of Stephenson ; Lawrence, of Boone and McHenry ; Swan, of Lake ; Pinckney, of Ogle County; and Lyman, of Winnebago. Thus you see every member from your congressional district voted for Mr. Lincoln, and they were pledged not to vote for him unless he was committed to the doctrine of no more slave states, the prohibition of slavery in the territories, and the repeal of the Fugitive-Slave Law. Mr. Lincoln tells you today that he is not pledged to any such doctrine. Either Mr. Lincoln was then committed to these propositions, or Mr. Turner violated his pledges to you when he voted for him. Either Lin- coln was pledged to each one of these propositions, or .else every Black Re- publican (cries of "\Vhite, white") representative from this congressional district violated his pledge of honor to his constituents by voting for him. I ask you which horn of the dilemma will you take? Will you hold Lin- coln up to the platform of his party, or will you accuse every representative you had in the Legislature of violating his pledge of honor to his constituents? (Voices: "We go for Turner," We go for Lincoln," "Hurrah for Douglas," "Hurrah for Turner.") There is no escape for you. Either Mr. Lincoln was committed to those propositions, or your members violated their faith. Take either horn of the dilemma you choose. There is no dodging the question ; I want Lincoln's answer. He says he was not pledged to repeal the Fugitive- Slave Law, that he does not quite like to do it; he will not introduce a law to repeal it, but thinks there ought to be some law; he does not tell what it ought to be; upon the whole he is altogether undecided, and don't know what to think or do. That is the substance of his answer upon the repeal of the Fugitive-Slave Law. I put the question to him distinctly, whether he indorsed that part of the Black Republican platform which calls for the entire abrogation and repeal of the Fugitive-Slave Law. He answers, No! that he does not in- 230 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY dorse that ; but he does not tell what he is for, or what he will vote for. His answer is, in fact, no answer at all. Why cannot he speak out, and say what he is for, and what he will do? (Cries of "That's right") In regard to there being no more slave states, he is not pledged to that. He would not like, he says, to be put in a position where he would have to vote one way or another upon that question. I pray you, do not put him in a posi- tion that would embarrass him so much. (Laughter.) Gentlemen, if he goes to the Senate, he may be put in that position, and then which way will he vote? A voice. How will you vote? Mr. Douglas. I will vote for the admission of just such a state as by the form of their constitution the people show they want ; if they want slavery, they shall have it; if they prohibit slavery, it shall be prohibited. They can form their institutions to please themselves, subject only to the Constitution; and I, for one, stand ready to receive them into the Union. ("Three cheers for Douglas.") Why cannot your Black Republican candiates talk out as plain as that when they are questioned? (Cries of "Good, good.") (Here Deacon Bross spoke.) I do not want to cheat any man out of his vote. No man is deceived in regard to my principles if I have the power to express myself in terms ex- plicit enough to convey my ideas. Mr. Lincoln made a speech when he was nominated for the United States Senate which covers all these Abolition platforms. He there lays down a proposition so broad in its Abolitionism as to cover the whole ground. "In my opinion the slavery agitation will not cease until -a crisis shall have been reached and passed. 'A house divided against itself cannot stand.' I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the house to fall, but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the states old as well as new, north as well as south." There you find that Mr. Lincoln lays down the doctrine that this Union can- not endure divided as our fathers made it, with free and slave state. He says they must all become one thing, or all the other; that they must all be free or all slave, or else the Union cannot continue to exist; it being his opinion that to admit any more slave states, to continue to divide the Union into free and slave states will dissolve it. I want to know of Mr. Lincoln whether he will vote for the admission of another slave state. (Cries of "Bring him out.") He tells you that the Union cannot exist unless the states are all free or all slave; he tells you that he is opposed to making them all slave and hence he is for making them all free, in order that the Union may exist; and yet he will not vote against another slave state, knowing that the union must be dissolved if he votes for it. (Great laughter.) I ask you if that is fair dealing? The true intent and inevitable conclusion to be drawn from his first Springfield speech is, that he is opposed to the admission of any more slave states under any HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 231 circumstances. If so opposed, why not say so? If he believes this Union cannot endure divided into free and slave states, that they must all become free in order to save the Union, he is bound as an honest man to vote against any more slave states. If he believes it, he is bound to do it. Show me that it is my duty in order to save the Union, to do a particular act, and I will do it if the Constitution does not prohibit it. (Applause.) I am not for the dis- solution of the Union under any circumstances. (Renewed applause.) I will pursue no course of conduct that will give just cause for the dissolution of the Union. The hope of the friends of freedom throughout the world rests upon the perpetuity of this Union. The down-trodden and oppressed people who are suffering under European despotism all look with hope and anxiety to the Ameri- can Union as the only resting place and permanent home of freedom and self- government. Mr. Lincoln says that he believes that this Union cannot continue to endure with slave states in it, and yet he will not tell you distinctly whether he will vote for or against the admission of any more slave states but says he would not like to be put to the test. (Renewed laughter.) I do not think that the people of Illinois desire a man to represent them who would not like to be put to the test on the performance of a high constitutional duty. (Cries of "Good.") I will retire in shame from the Senate of the United States when I am not will- ing to be put to the test in the performance of my duty. I have been put to severe tests. ("That is so.") I have stood by my principles in fair weather and in foul, in the sunshine and in the rain. I have defended the great principles of self-government here among you when northern sentiment ran in a torrent against me, (A voice, "That is so.") and I have defended that same great prin- ciple when southern sentiment came down like an avalanche upon me. I was not afraid of any test they put to me. I knew I was right; I knew my prin- ciples were sound; I knew that the people would see in the end that I had done right, and I knew that the God of heaven would smile upon me if I was faithful in the performance of my duty. (Cries of "Good," cheers and 'laugh- ten) Mr. Lincoln makes a charge of corruption against the supreme court of the United States and two presidents of the United States, and attempts to bol- ster it up by saying that I did the same against the Washington Union. Suppose I did make that charge of corruption against the Washington Union, when it was true, does that justify him in making a false charge against me and others? That is the question I would put. He says that at the time the Nebraska Bill was introduced, and before it was passed, there was a conspiracy between the judges of the supreme court, President Pierce, President Buchanan, and myself, by that bill and the decision of the court, to break down the barrier and estab- lish slavery all over the Union. Does he not know that that charge is historically false as against President Buchanan? He knows that Mr. Buchanan was at that time in England, repre- senting this country with distinguished ability at the court of St. James, that he was there for a long time before, and did not return for a year or more after. He knows that to be true, and that fact proves his charge to be false as against Mr. Buchanan. (Cheers.) Then, again, I wish to call his atten- 232 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY tion to the fact that at the time the Nebraska Bill was passed, the Dred Scott case was not before the supreme court at all ! it was not upon the docket of the supreme court; it had not been brought there; and the judges in all probability knew nothing of it. Thus the history of the country proves the charge to be false as against them. As to President Pierce, his high character as a man of integrity and honor is enough to vindicate him from such a charge; (laughter and applause) and as to myself, I pronounce the charge an infamous lie, whenever and wherever made, and by whomsoever made. I am willing that Mr. Lincoln should go and rake up every public act of mine, every measure I have introduced, report I have made, speech delivered, and criticise them ; but when he charges upon me a corrupt conspiracy for the purpose of perverting the institutions of the coun- try, I brand it as it deserves. I say the history of the country proves it to be false ; and that it could not have been possible at the time. But now he tries to protect himself in this charge, because I made a charge, against the Washington Union. My speech in the Senate against the Wash- ington Union was made because it advocated a revolutionary doctrine, by de- claring that the free states had not the right to prohibit slavery within their own limits. Because I made the charge against the Washington Union Mr. Lincoln says it was a charge against Mr. Buchanan. Suppose it was ; is Mr. Lincoln the peculiar defender of Mr. Buchanan ? Is he so interested in the federal admin- istration, and so bound to it that he must jump to the rescue and defend it from every attack that I may make against it? (Great laughter and cheers.) I understand the whole thing. Ihe Washington Union, under that most corrupt of all men, Cornelius Wendell, is advocating Mr. Lincoln's claim to the Senate. Wendell was the printer of the last Black Republican House of Representatives ; he was a candidate before the present Democratic House, but was ignomini- ously kicked out; and then he took the money which he had made out of the public printing by means of the Black Republicans, bought the Washington Union, and is now publishing it in the name of the Democratic party, and advo- cating Mr. Lincoln's election to the Senate. Mr. Lincoln therefore considers an attack upon Wendell and his corrupt gang as a personal attack upon him. (Immense cheering and laughter.) This only proves what I have charged that there is an alliance between Lincoln and his supporters, and the federal office-holders of this state, and presidential aspirants out of it, to break me down at home. (A voice "That is impossible," and cheering.) Mr. Lincoln feels bound to come in to the rescue of the Washington Union. In that speech which I delivered in answer to the Washington Union, I made it distinctly against the Union, and against the Union alone. I did not choose to go beyond that. If I have occasion to attack the President's conduct. I will do it in a language that will not misunderstood. When I differed with the President, I spoke out so that you all heard me. ("That you did," and cheers.) That question passed away ; it resulted in the triumph of my principle, by al- lowing the people to do as they please ; and there is an end of the controversy. ("Hear, hear.") Whenever the great principle of self-government the right of the people to make their own Constitution, and come into the Union with slavery or without it, as they see proper shall again arise, you will find me HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 233 standing firm in the defense of that principle, and fighting whoever fights it. ("Right, right," "Good, good" and cheers.) If Buchanan stands, I doubt not he will, by the recommendation contained in his message, that hereafter all state constitutions ought to be submitted to the people before the admission of the state into the Union, he will find me standing by him firmly shoulder to shoulder, in carrying it out. I know Mr. Lincoln's object; he wants to di- vide the Democratic party, in order that he may defeat me and get to the Senate. Mr. Douglas' time here expired, and he stopped on the moment. MR. LINCOLN'S REJOINDER. As Mr. Lincoln arose he was greeted with vociferous cheers. He said : My Friends : It will readily occur to you that I cannot, in half an hour, notice all the things that so able a man as Judge Douglas can say in an hour and a half ; and I hope, therefore, if there be anything he has said upon which you would like to hear something from me, but which I omit to comment upon, you will bear in mind that it would be expecting an impossibility for me to go over his whole ground. I can but take up some of the points that he has dwelt upon, and employ my half hour especially upon them. The first thing I have to say to you is a word in regard to Judge Douglas' declaration about the "vulgarity and blackguardism" in the audience that no such thing, as he says, was shown by any Democrat while I was speaking. Now, I only wish, by way of reply on this subject, to say that while I was speaking, I used no "vulgarity or blackguardism" toward any Democrat. (Laugh- ter and applause.) Now, my friends, I come to all this long portion of the judge's speech perhaps half of it which he has devoted to the various resolutions and plat- forms that have been adopted in the different counties in the different congres- sional districts, and in the Illinois Legislature, which he supposes are at vari- ance with the positions I have assumed before you today. It is true that many of these resolutions are at variance with the positions I have here assumed. All I have to ask is that we talk reasonably and rationally about it. I happen to know, the judge's opinion to the contrary notwithstanding, that I have never tried to conceal my opinions, nor tried to deceive any one in reference to them. He may go and examine all the members who voted for me for the United States Senator in 1855, after the election in 1854. They were pledged to cer- tain things here at home, and were determined to have pledges from me ; and if he will find any of these persons who will tell him anything inconsistent with what I say now, I will resign, or rather retire from the race, and give him no more trouble. (Applause.) The plain truth is this : At the introduction of the Nebraska policy, we be- lieved there was a new era being introduced in the history of the Republic, which tended to the spread and perpetuation of slavery. But in our opposi- tion to that measure we did not agree with one another in everything. The people in the north end of the state were for stronger measures of opposition than we of the central and southern portions of the state, but we were all op- 234 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY posed to the Nebraska doctrine. We had that one feeling and that one senti- ment in common. You at the north end met in your conventions and passed your resolutions. We in the middle of the state and further south did not hold such conventions and pass the same resolutions, although we had in gen- eral a common view and a common sentiment. So that these meetings which the judge has alluded to, and the resolutions he has read from, were local, and did not spread over the whole state. We at last met together in 1850, from all parts of the state, and we agreed upon a common platform. You who held more extreme notions, either yielded those notions, or, if not wholly yielding them, agreed to yield them practically, for the sake of embodying the oppo- sition to the measures which the opposite party were pushing forward at that time. We met you then and if there was anything yielded, it was for practical purposes. We agreed then upon a platform for the party throughout the entire state of Illinois, and now we are all bound, as a party to that platform. And. I say here to you, if anyone expects of me in the case of my election that I will do anything not signified by our Republican platform and my answers here today, I tell you very frankly that person will be deceived. I do not ask for the vote of any one who supposes that I have secret pur- poses or pledges that I dare not speak out. Cannot the judge be satisfied? If he fears, in the unfortunate case of my election (laughter) that my going to Washington will enable me to advocate sentiments contrary to those which I expressed when you voted for and elected me, I assure him that his fears are wholly needless and groundless. Is the judge really afraid of any such thing? (Laughter.) I'll tell you what he is afraid of. He is afraid we'll all pull together. (Applause and cries of "We will! we will!") This is what alarms him more than anything else. (Laughter.) For my part, I do hope that all of us, entertaining a common sentiment in opposition to what appears to us a design to nationalize and perpetuate slavery, will waive minor differences on questions which either belong to the dead past or the dis- tant future, and all pull together in this struggle. What are your sentiments? ("We will! we will!" Loud cheers.) If it be true that on the ground which I cupy, ground which I occupy as frankly and boldly as Judge Douglas does his my views, though partly coinciding with yours, are not as perfectly in accord- ance with your feelings as his are, I do say to you in all candor, go for him, and not for me. I hope to deal in all things fairly with Judge Douglas, and with the people of the state, in this contest. And if I should never be elected to any office, I trust I may go down with no stain of falsehood upon my reputation, notwithstanding the hard opinions Judge Douglas chooses to entertain of me. (Laughter.) The judge has again addressed himself to the Abolition tendencies of a speech of mine made at Springfield in June last. I have so often tried to answer what he is always saying on that melancholy theme that I almost turn with disgust from the discussion from the repetition of an answer to it. I trust that nearly all of this intelligent audience have read that speech. ("We have! we have.") If you have, I may venture to leave it to you to inspect it closely, and see whether it contains any of those "bugaboos" which frighten Judge Douglas. (Laughter.) HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 235 The judge complains that I did not fully answer his questions. If I have the sense to comprehend and answer those questions, I have done so fairly. If it can be pointed out to me how I can more fully and fairly answer him, I will do it ; but I aver I have not the sense to see how it is to be done. He says I do not declare I would in any event vote for the admission of a slave state into the Union. If I have been fairly reported, he will see that I did give explicit answer to his interrogatories ; I did not merely say that I would dislike to be put to the test, but I said clearly, if I were put to the test, and a territory from which slavery has been excluded should present herself with a state consti- tution, sanctioning slavery a most extraordinary thing, and wholly unlikely to happen I did not see how I could avoid voting for her admission. But he refuses to understand that I said so and he "wants this audience to understand that I did not say so. Yet it will be so reported in the printed speech that he cannot help seeing it. He says if I should vote for the admission of a slave state I would be vot- ing for a dissolution of the Union, because I hold that the Union cannot per- manently exist half slave and half free. I repeat that I do not believe this government can endure permanently half slave and half free; yet I do not admit, nor does it at all follow, that the admission of a single slave state will permanently fix the character and establish this as a universal slave nation. The judge is very happy indeed at working up these quibbles. (Laughter and cheers.) Before leaving the subject of answering questions, I aver as my confident belief, when you come to see our speeches in print, that you will find every question which he has asked me more fairly and boldly and fully answered than he has answered those which I put to him. Is not that so? (Cries of "Yes, Yes.") The two speeches may be placed side by side, and I will venture to leave it to impartial judges whether his questions have not been more directly and circumstantially answered than mine. Judge Douglas says he made a charge upon the editor of the Washington Union, alone, of entertaining a purpose to rob the states of their power to exclude slavery from their limits. I undertake to say, and I make the direct issue, that he did not make his charge against the editor of the Union alone. (Applause.) I will undertake to prove by the record here that he made the charge against more and higher dignitaries than the editor of the Washmington Union. I am quite aware that he was shirking and dodging around the form in which he put it, but I can make it manifest that he levelled his "fatal blow" against more per- sons than this Washington editor. Will he dodge it now by alleging that I am trying to defend Mr. Buchanan against the charge? Not at all. Am I not making the same charge myself? (Laughter and applause.) I am try- ing to show that you, Judge Douglas, are a witness on my side. (Renewed laughter.) I am not defending Buchanan, and I will tell Judge Douglas that in my opinion, when he made that charge, he had an eye farther north than he has today. He was then fighting against people who called him a Black Republican and an Abolitionist. It is mixed all through his speech, and it is tolerably manifest that his eye was a great deal farther north than it is today. (Cheers and laughter.) The judge says that though he made this charge, Toombs got up and declared there was not a man in the United States, except 236 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY the editor of the Union, who was in favor of the doctrines put forth in that article. And thereupon I understand that the judge withdrew the charge. Al- though he had taken extracts from the newspaper, and then from the Lecomp- ton Constitution, to show the existence of a conspiracy to bring about a "fatal blow," by which the states were to be deprived of the right of excluding sla- very, it all went to pot as soon as Toombs got up and told him it was not true. (Laughter.) It reminds me of the story that John Phoenix, the California railroad sur- veyor, tells. He says they started out from the Plaza to the Mission of Do- lores. They had two ways of determining distances. One was by a chain and pins-taken over the ground. The other was by a "go-it-ometer" an invention of his own a three-legged instrument, with which he computed a series of triangles between the points. At night he turned to the chain-man to ascertain what distance they had come, and found that by some mistake he had merely dragged the chain over the ground without keeping any record. By the "go- it-ometer" he found he had made ten miles. Being skeptical about this, he asked a drayman who was passing how far it was to the Plaza. The drayman replied it was just half a mile; and the surveyor put it down in his book just as Judge Douglas says, after he had made his calculations and computations, he took Toomb's statement. (Great laughter.) I have no doubt that after Judge Douglas had made his charge, he was as easily satisfied about its truth as the surveyor was of the drayman's statement of the distance to the Plaza. ( Renewed - laughter. ) Yet it is a fact that the man who put forth all that matter which Douglas deemed a "fatal blow" at state sovereignty, was elected by the Democrats as public printer. Now, gentlemen, you may take Judge Douglas' speech of March 22, 1858,1 beginning about the middle of page twenty-one, and reading to the bottom of page twenty-four, and you will find the evidence on which I say that he did not make his charge against the editor of the Union alone. I cannot stop to read it, but I will give it to the reporters. Judge Douglas said : "Mr. President, you here find several distinct propositions advanced boldly by the Washington Union editorially, and apparently authoritatively, and every man who questions any of them is denounced as an Abolitionist, a free-soiler, a fanatic. The propositions are, first that the primary object of all govern- ment at its original institution is the protection of persons and property; sec- ond, that the Constitution of the United States declares that the citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states; and that, therefore, thirdly, all state laws, whether organic or otherwise, which prohibit the citizens of one state from settling in another with their slave property, and especially declaring it forfeited, are direct viola- tions of the original intention of the government and Constitution of the United States ; and fourth, that the emancipation of the slaves of the northern states was a gross outrage on the rights of property, inasmuch as it was invol- untarily done on the part of the owner. "Remember that this article was published in the Union on the iyth of No- vember, and on the i8th appeared the first article, giving the adhesion of the Union to the Lecompton Constitution. It was in these words: HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 237 " 'Kansas and Her Constitution. The vexed question is settled. The prob- lem is solved. The dead point of danger is passed. All serious trouble to Kan- sas affairs is over and gone ' "And a column, nearly, of the same sort. Then, when you come to look into the Lecompton Constitution, you find the same doctrine incorporated in it which was put forth editorially in the Union. What is it? " 'Article J, Section i. The right of property is before and higher than any constitutional sanction ; and the right of the owner to a slave to such slave and its increase is the same and as invariable as the right of the owner of any property whatever.' "Then in the schedule is a provision that the Constitution may be amended after 1864 by a two-thirds vote. " 'But no alteration shall be made to affect the right of property in the owner- ship of slaves.' "It will be seen by these clauses in the Lecompton Constitution that they are identical in spirit with this authoritative article in the Washington Union of the day previous to its indorsement of this Constitution. "When I saw that artcle in the Union of the I7th of November, followed by the glorification of the Lecompton Constitution on the i8th of November, and this clause in the Constitution asserting the doctrine that a state has no right to pro- hibit slavery within its limits, I saw that there was a fatal blow being struck at the sovereignty of the states of the Union." Here, he says, "Mr. President, you here find several distinct propositions ad- vanced boldly, and apparently authoritatively." By whose authority, Judge Douglas? (Great cheers and laughter.) Again, he says in another place, "It will be seen by these clauses in the Lecompton Constitution that they are identi- cal with this authoritative article." By whose authority? (Renewed cheers.) Who do you mean to say authorized the publication of these articles ? He knows that the Washington Union is considered the organ of the Administration. I demand of Judge Douglas by whose authority he meant to say those articles were published, if not by the authority of the President of the United States and his Cabinet? I defy him to show whom he referred to, if not to these high func- tionaries in the Federal Government. More than this, he says the articles in that paper and the provisions of the Lecompton Constitution are "identical" and, be- ing identical, he argues that the authors are co-operating and conspiring together. He does not use the word "conspiring" but what other construction can you put upon it ? He winds up with this : "When I saw that article in the Union of the I7th of November, followed by the glorification of the Lecompton Constitution on the i8th of November, and this clause in the Constitution asserting the doctrine that a state has no right to prohibit slavery within its limits, I saw there was a fatal blow being struck at the sovereignty of the states of this Union." I ask him if all this fuss was made over the editor of this newspaper. (Laughter.) It would be a terribly "fatal blow" indeed which a single man could strike, when no President, no Cabinet officer, no member of Congress, was giving strength and efficiency to the movement. Out of respect to Judge Doug- las' good sense I must believe he did not manufacture his idea of the "fatal" 238 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY character of that blow out of such a miserable scapegrace as he represents that editor to be. But the judge's eye is farther south now. (Laughter and cheers.) Then, it was very peculiarly and decidedly north. His hope rested on the idea of enlisting the great "Black Republican" party, and making it the tail of his new kite. (Great laughter.) He knows he was then expecting from day to day to turn Republican, and place himself at the head of our organization. He has found that these despised "Black Republicans" estimated him by a standard which he has taught them only too well. Hence he is crawling back into his old camp, and you will find him eventually installed in full fellowship among those whom he was then battling, and with whom he now pretends to be at such fear- ful variance. (Loud applause and cries of "Go on, go on,") I cannot, gentle- men, my time has expired. THE CIVIL WAR. The firing upon Fort Sumter and the overt attempt to break up the Union in 1861, was not a surprise to the people of Stephenson County. Since 1848, there had been a great amount of public discussion on the slavery question ; in the two newspapers, on the stump and in great public meetings, culminating in the debate between Lincoln and Douglas in 1858. The lines were sharply drawn between Whigs and Democrats and later between Democrats and Re- publicans. In the press and on the stump, each side assailed the policy of the other as leading toward disunion. Both sides were honest and sincere. Each believed the policy of the other to lead to disunion. On the question of per- petuity of the Union, there was no difference of opinion in this county. Events followed fast upon each other, the repeal of the Missouri Com- promise in the Kansas-Nebraska bill, the Civil war in Kansas, the Lincoln- Douglas debates, John Brown's raid, the Dred Scott decision, the nomination of Lincoln and the split in the Democratic party in 1860, all of which prepared the public mind for the approaching struggle. The conflict had raged for twenty years, and its intensity had raised up a mass of men of powerful conviction. The issues had passed from the abstract to the concrete and by 1860, the line of demarcation was geographical. The firing on Fort Sumter, while not a surprise, presented a new situation. The issue was no longer slavery, it was the preservation of the National Union. While Stephenson County had been sharply divided on the various issues aris- ing out of the slavery question, her people stood almost a unit on the greater question of the preservation of the Union, and how well they did their part in the greatest crisis of the nation, is written in the history of her fighting men on the battlefield. Party lines were practically obliterated and Democrats and Re- publicans went to the front side by side, not to free the negroes, but to save a nation. Douglas, in his Chicago speech, revealed his true greatness by coming out strongly on the side of Lincoln and the Union. Old Plymouth Hall, where the Wilcoxen building now stands, was Free- port's Fanueil Hall. April 18, Thursday evening, 1861, a mass meeting was called for Plymouth Hall. The people rallied to the hall in great numbers and HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 239 in feverish excitement and with a spirit of determination. Hon. F. W. S. Brawley was elected chairman ; J. R. Scroggs and C. K. Judson, secretaries. On motion of J. W. Shaffer, Thomas Wilcoxen, J. M. Smith, W. P. Malburn, H. H. Taylor, Capt. Crane and Dr. Martin were elected vice presidents. A com- mitee on resolutions was appointed. It consisted of J. W. Shaffer, James Mit- chell, C. K. Judson, J. R. Scroggs and A. H. Stone. Stirring speeches were made by Smith D. Atkins, Charles Betts, C. S. Bagg and William Wagner of the Anzeiger. Resolutions straight to the point, declaring love for the Union and for the enforcement of the law, were adopted. When a telegram came, April 17, 1861, that Lincoln had issued his first call for troops, Mr. Smith D. Atkins, then state's attorney for the district, at once drafted an enlistment roll and wrote his own name at the head of the list, the first to enlist from the county. Largely through his efforts a company was raised, a company organization perfected. Mr. Atkins was elected captain; M. E. Newcomer, first lieutenant; S. W. Field, second lieutenant; E. T. Good- rich, H. A. Sheetz, William Polk and R. W. Hulbert, sergeants; C. T. Dunham, J. O. Churchill, R. H. Rodearmel and W. W. Lott, corporals; C. E. Cotton, drummer; and J. R. Harding, fifer. The officers and the following privates took the oath April 20, 1861 : W. W. Allen, J. W. Brewster, Robert Brennan, W. N. Blakeman, A. S. Best, H. P. Parker, W.. H. Brown, Frank Bellman, J. S. Chambers, J. M. Chown, Thomas Chattaway, A. Coppersmith, F. Dreener, J. W. Duncan, J. P. Davis, M. Eshel- man, William Eddy, J. Geiser, J. R. Hayes, E. J. Hurlburt, W. J. Hoover, L. Hall, T. J. Hathaway, J. E. Hershey, J. F. Harnish, F. M. DeArmit, W. W. Hunt, W. J. Irvin, S. H. Ingham, Nicholas Kassel, D. L. Fanner, O. F. Lamb, T. H. Loveland, S. Lindeman, S. Lebkicker, J. H. McGee, U. B. McDowell, W. T. McLaughlin, F. Murphy, D. McCormick, J. M. Miller, F. R. McLaugh- lin, J. P. Owen, J. Pratt, A. Patterson, G. L. Piersol, N. Smith, L. Strong, J. S. Stout, O. F. Smith, M. Slough, C. Sched, J. S. Sills, C. G. Stafford, T. Wishart, W. P. Waggoner, M. S. Weaver, J. Walton, Stephens Waterbury, J. Walkey and J. Work. May i, 1861, the company left for Springfield. It was a stirring day in old Freeport. Three thousand people were out to see the first company of Stephen- son county boys leave for the front. The company was escorted to the station by the Union Cornet Band and by Capt. W. B. Mills Company. At Springfield, Capt. Atkins' Company was assigned as Company A, the Eleventh Regiment of Illinois Volunteers. A second company was soon organized, with W. J. McKimm, captain ; Henry Settlee and Philip Arno, lieutenants; Carl F. Wagner, Jacob Hoebel, D. A. Golpin and Theodore Grove, sergeants. The company included : Joseph Meyer, Jacob Fiscus, E. Wike, John Bauscher, L. Lehman, Amos D. Hemming, Joseph Boni, George Moggly, Dietrich Sweden, John Kruse, Meinhard Herren, C. H. Gramp, Jacob Steinhauer, Mat Allard, John Berry, Peter E. Smith, James Holmes, Henry Groenewald, Albert Kocher, Thomas Burling, C. Protexter, David Stocks, Henry Luttig, Thomas Shuler, Adam Haiser, Andrew Oln- hausen, E. Neese, David French, J. M. Maynard, A. Borches, Jacob Doll, John A. Raymer, Jacob Ernst, Leonard Sherman, Frederick Deusing, John T. 240 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Palmer, John Wheeler, Martin Aikey, R. Harberts, A. V. L. Roosa, Emanuel Evee, C. F. A. Kellogg, John Niemeyer, Thomas Willan, James Vore, August Temple, Jacob Rohrback, Henry Spies, Charles Entorff, Isaac Kephart, James Barron, Herman Froning, Daniel F. Shirk, James Kenneg, Albert J. Miller, William H. Hennich, John Wiefenbach, William Morris, Henry Kasper, Mar- tin D. Rollison, Henry D. Black, John F. Black, Henry Rubald, Bernard O'Brien, George Philbrick, William Quinn, John B. Yoder, John Ginther, M. D. Miller, John Yordy, Moses Burns, Gotlieb Vollmer, Garrison Haines and Max Lamprecht, privates. A company organized at Lena went to the front in the Fifteenth Illinois. Camp Scott had been opened on what is now Taylor's Park and to this company came volunteers from all points of the compass. Hon. Thomas J. Turner was colonel of the Fifteenth Regiment recruited at Camp Scott, and the regiment left for Alton, June 19, 1861. An immense crowd gathered at the railroad sta- tion to see the regiment leave for the war. Such a scene beggars description, the parting of friends, relatives and loved ones, the martial music of fife and drum, and through all a deep stirred patriotism and loyalty. At the close of the three months' service, Capt. Atkins and his company re- enlisted, as Company A, Eleventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, at Birds Point. At least three regiments containing Stephenson County volunteers were in the battle at the capture of Fort Donelson. In September, 1862, the Ninety- second Illinois was organized, with volunteers from Lancaster, Kent, Erin, Buckeye and Jefferson townships. In June, 1862, a company of three months' men was organized under Capt. James !W. Crane; lieutenants, Stephen Allen and Lorenzo Williard ; sergeants, John Stine, James R. Bake, Charles A. Dodge, John D. Lamb and Harrison W. Sigworth ; and corporals, C. D. Bentley, Am- brose Martin, Sidney Robins, H. S. Ritz, W. H. Heyt and W. H. Battle. In 1862, an enrollment of the county showed 3,000 men able for duty. War meetings were held at Freeport, Lena, Cedarville, Winslow and other places in the county in 1862 and 1863. Besides sending a large percentage to the fighting line, the people of the county loyally aided the needy at the front and at home. Fairs were held and money was donated to support families whose heads had gone to war. Dr. W. P. Narramore, of Lena, and other physicians gave their services freely to the families of soldiers. Through all there was a magnificent spirit of co- operation born of necessity. The draft was enforced but once, and during the war this county furnished 3,168 soldiers. CEDARVILLE IN THE CIVIL WAR. Mr. Luther B. Angle wrote the following article which was published in the Freeport Daily Journal, May 31, 1910. It is a good explanation of the part Cedarville played in the Civil War : "Cedarville was represented in thirteen different regiments during the Civil War. The village had men in the Third and Seventh Illinois Cavalry ; the Elev- enth, Twelfth, Fifteenth, Twenty-sixth, Thirty-second, Forty-sixth, Ninety-sec- HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 241 ond (mounted), Ninety-third, One Hundred and Forty-second, One Hundred and Forty-sixth and One Hundred and Forty-seventh Regiments of Illinois Volunteer Infantry and in one battery. We would like to mention all of the families, but will mention only a few notable large ones. Aikey Three brothers. Hiram Clingman Five brothers. John Clingman Four brothers. Josiah Clingman Three brothers. Carman Father and three sons. Humphrey Three brothers. Haines Three brothers. Helm Three brothers. Ilgen Two brothers and one brother-in-law. Kostenbader Three brothers. Kahley Three brothers. Piersol Father and two sons. Rutter Father and two sons. Vore Father and three sons. Diemer Three brothers. Patten Three brothers. From the little stream south and east of the village in a distance of one mile, there came thirteen soldiers; one family (Heck) furnished three sons and one son-in-law; another family (Kryder) three sons and two sons-in-law and one brother-in-law. So we think we have a record hard to beat at any time or place, or in any war. Eighteen families furnished sixty-three soldiers. In Company G, Captain Joseph Reel's company of the Ninety-third, fifty of the company went from Cedarville, including the other captain, Samuel Daugh- enbaugh, and the two first lieutenants, Jerimiah Piersol, who was succeeded by his son, George Piersol. The Forty-sixth Illinois Infantry was represented by more than sixty mem- bers : one field officer, Major Joseph Clingman ; twelve members of Company K, including Captain William Stewart and First Lieutenant J. Wilson ; twenty-one members of Company G, including Captain Samuel Buchanan, First Lieutenant Thomas B. Jones of Company B, and six members of his company. Cedarville also furnished First Lieutenant Jason Clingman of the Tenth Iowa Infantry. Thus we have a total of ten commissioned officers from Cedarville, one major, four captains and five first lieutenants. A few years ago Major General Nelson A. Miles, in a speech in Freeport, said that after consulting the census reports of Stephenson County, he found that this county sent 72 per cent of the adult male population into the army. CAMP LIFE OF THE FORTY-SIXTH ILLINOIS. In the History of the Forty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, the author, Lieutenant T. B. Jones, writing of the life of the volunteers in camp, says: "We 242 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY were put to drill at once, and toes and heels were soon sore from the treading of the men before and kicks of those behind, as we marched by file, by flank and in line. Not having any arms at first we held our hands at our sides, directing our mental faculties to the task of keeping our little fingers on the seams of our trouser legs and the more difficult requirements of keeping step. As duty was then impressed upon us, the salutation of the Union seemed to depend on our fidelity in just covering the seams and keeping step with our front rank men or file leaders, eyes fifteen paces to front on the ground. The men were a motley host, mostly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five, full of animal life, light hearted, disposed to see fun in everything, and what witty things one did not think of some one else did. There were men of all trades and professions. There were athletes, who could "do" all the feats of the circus ring. There were clowns, too, full of a waggery that kept the camp in a roar. Tailors, barbers, expert clerks, to keep company records, teamsters, lumbermen, skilled with the axe; in short, the regiment could find in its ranks men adapted to any service, from running or repairing a locomotive to butchering an ox. Only a few were slaves of drink. They became frequent tenants of the guard house and soon, in one way or another, got out of the service. Their pranks and stratagems to get liquor were many and witty; amusing to men and annoying to officers. One scape-grace would make shoulder straps out of orange peel, pin them on his coat and stride out of the guard house, past the innocent sentry with the consequen- tial air of a major general, only to turn up a little later roaring drunk in camp. Life in camp was very regular. At five o'clock the reveille sounded and all must rise at once and bound from the little A tent in which six men slept in straw and blankets. As soon as straw and chaff could be combed from the hair and the soldier properly clad, the line was formed in each company street for roll call. A half hour was then spent in "policing" camp, that is, in cleaning up the streets, airing tents, blankets, etc. At half past six the companies formed to march to breakfast, each man armed with a knife, fork and tin cup. Thus they marched to the mess table, opened files to surround the table ; the command "in- ward face" brought the company in line of battle in front of rations. "Touch hats" "Seats," was next ordered and executed. The rattle of knives, forks, cups and tin plates and the roar of a thousand voices calling in every key for "bread," "coffee," "water," presented a scene of very active service. At half past seven a tap of the drum called for squad drill. For an hour squads of men, nearly all the regiment, marched, filed, faced, turned, double- quicked, invariably holding on to the seam of the trouser legs, and soon became fa- miliar with the simple movements in the schools of the soldier. At nine the guard mount, a pompous ceremony in which the sergeant-major and adjutant figured as great dignitaries. At eleven battalion drill for an hour gave all an insight into how much our company commanders did not know about war. Then dinner and some lolling about in the heat of the day ; but two o'clock found the battalion again formed and executing many movements, the command and executions of which are long forgotten. We drilled in Hardee's tactics, then thought to be the perfection of simple direct evolution. We formed line, advanced and re- treated, changed front forward and to the rear. We marched in close column, formed square; we charged at double-quick and retreated slowly as if yielding HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 243 the field inch by inch, and we kept the little finger on the seam of our trousers, though the sweat tickled our faces and the flies tortured our noses. A grateful country never fully appreciates the services and sufferings of the raw recruit. Company drill of one hour was one of the most important of all, for here the commanding officers were supposed to impart to their men complete instructions, according to Hardee, in all the maneuvers in military instruction. This was not always done, for the officers, most of them, were only beginners in their military education, and after they had acquired some knowledge, the putting into practice the different evolutions was in many case a difficult task. Diligent application to this work, with the aid of a few instructors, soon gave them the necessary knowledge and with practice the most of them became well informed. Some of them made the best commanders of the army and made their mark in after-time in all the duties of army life. Dress parade came off at five o'clock. The guard ceremonial of the day, de- scribed by one of the wags of the regiment as a "hard job o' standing still." At six o'clock supper and then the play spell of the day. Usually a circus was or- ganized and the athletes of the regiment vied with each other, while the wags made the welkin ring with their drolleries. As darkness stole on the noise sub- sided into a hum of conversation in the tents, or the singing of plaintive songs, for the hallowing influence of eve steals over the rough soldier as well as the sentimental poet. At nine o'clock the tattoo was beaten, the evening roll called, then camp was in slumber. Boots and shoes for pillows, straw and a blanket, worse than a white horse in coat-shedding time, made us comfortable beds, whatever our opin- ion may have been of them in those days of our callow experience. ELEVENTH INFANTRY. The regiment was called into service under proclamation of the president, April 16, 1861 ; organized at Springfield, and mustered into serivce April 30, 1 86 1, by Capt. Pope, for three months. During this term of service, the regiment was stationed at Villa Ridge, Illinois, to June 2Oth, then removed to Bird's Point, Missouri, where it re- mained, performing garrison and field duty, until July 3Oth, when the regiment was mustered out, and re-enlisted for three years' service. During the three months' term, the lowest aggregate was eight hundred and eighty-two and the highest nine hundred and thirty-three, and at the muster-out was nine hundred and sixteen. Upon the re-muster, July I3th, the aggregate was two hundred and eighty- eight. During the months of August, September, October and November, the regiment was recruited to an aggregate of eight hundred and one. In the mean- time were doing garrison and field duty, participating in the following expedi- tions : September gth to I ith, expedition toward New Madrid ; October 6th to nth, to Charleston, Missouri; November 3rd to i2th, to Bloomfield, Missouri, via Commerce, returning via Cape Girardeau ; January 7th and 8th, expedition to Charleston, Missouri, skirmished with a portion of the command of Jeff Thompson; January I3th to 2Oth, reconnoissance of Columbus, Kentucky, under 244 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Gen. Grant; January 25th to 28th, to Sikestown, Missouri, February 2nd em- barked on transports to Fort Henry, participating in campaign against that place, February nth moved toward Fort Donelson; February I2th, I3th and I4th occupied in investing that place, 1 2th heavily engaged with the enemy about five hours, losing three hundred and twenty-nine killed, wounded and missing, out of about five hundred engaged, of whom seventy-five was killed and one hundred and eighty-two wounded ; March 4th and 5th, en route to Fort Henry ; 5th to 1 3th en rounte to Savannah, Tennessee, in transports; 23d to 25th, en route for Savannah to Pittsburg landing; April 6th and 7th, engaged in battle of Shiloh, losing twenty-seven killed and wounded, out of one hundred and fifty engaged ; April 24th to June 4th, participated in siege of Corinth, thence marched to Jackson, Tennessee, making headquarters here to August 2d, participating in two engagements; July ist and 2d toward Trenton, Tennessee; July 23rd to 28th, to Lexington, Tennessee ; August 2d moved to Cairo, Illinois, for purpose of recruiting; remained at that point until August 23d, thence to Puducah, Kentucky, remaining there until November 2Oth ; in the meantime engaged in two expeditions ; August 23rd to September i6th, to Clarksville, Tennessee, via Forts Henry and Donelson; October 3ist to November i3th, expeditions to Hopkinsville, Kentucky; November 2Oth to I4th, en route to La Grange, Ten- nessee, where the regiment reported and was assigned to Brig. Gen. McArthur's Division, Left Wing, I3th Army Corps. From this time to January I2th, 1863, participated in campaign in Northern Mississippi, marching via Tallahatchie (where the regiment was engaged in a sharp skirmish) ; from thence to Abbe- ville ; thence seven miles below Oxford ; thence to Holly Springs, Moscow and Memphis, Tenn., remaining in Memphis until the i/th, when it embarked on transport and en route to Young's Point until 24th, remaining there until Feb- ruary nth, then moved to Lake Providence, and assigned to the seventeenth Army Corps, making headquarters there until April 2oth, participating in ex- pedition to American Bend, from March I7th to 28th. April 23, 1863, the One Hundred and Ninth Illinois Infantry was transferred to the Eleventh, five hun- dred and eighty-nine being the aggregate gained by the transfer. April 26th, regiment moved with column to rear to Vicksburg, via Richmond, Perkins Landing, Grand Gulf, Raymond and Black River, arriving before the works May i8th; May igth and 22d engaged in assaults on the enemy's works; then in the advance siege works to July 4th, at time of surrender; the regiment los- ing in the siege and assault and field officer (Col. Garrett Nevins) killed; three line officers wounded, and forty men killed and wounded; July I7th moved with expedition to Natchez, Mississippi, participating in expedition to Woodville, Mississippi, making headquarters there to July 29, 1864; in the meantime en- gaged in the following expeditions: February ist to March 8th, up Yazoo River to Greenwood, Mississippi, having a skirmish at Liverpool Heights, February 5th, losing four killed and nine wounded ; action at Yazoo City March 5th, los- ing one line officer killed, eight men killed, twenty-four wounded and twelve missing; April 6th to 28th, at Black River Bridge; May 4th to 2ist, expedition to Yazoo City, Benton and Vaughn's Station, Mississippi, taking a prominent part in three important skirmishes; July ist to 7th, with an expedition to Jack- son, Mississippi, under Maj. Gen. Slocum, engaged with the enemy three times; SURVIVORS OF COMPANY A, ELEVENTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY LIBHARf OF THE UNIVERSITY 01- ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 245 July agth, moved to Morganza and was assigned to nineteenth Army Corps, staying there to September 3d ; in the meantime participating in an expedition to Clinton, Louisiana, August 24th to 2Qth ; September 3d moved to mouth of White River, Arkansas ; October 8th moved to Memphis, Tennessee, returning to White River October 2/th; November 6th and 7th, expedition to Games' Land- ing ; November the 8th, moved to Duvall's Bluff, Arkansas ; November 3Oth to December 4th, en route to Memphis, Tennessee; December 2Oth to 3ist, ex- pedition to Moscow, Tennessee; January ist to 5th, en route to Kenner, Louis- iana ; February 4th to 7th, en route to Dauphine Island, via Lake Pontchartrain ; March i7th to April i2th, engaged in operations against Mobile, Alabama, marching from Fort Morgan, participating in the investment and siege, and final capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, and in the assault -on the latter; April 1 2th marched into and took possession of the city of Mobile, staying there until the 27th of May, when embarked in transport and moved via Lake Pont- chartrain to New Orleans, from thence to Alexandria, Louisiana, remaining there until June 22d ; thence to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, to be mustered out of service; mustered out July 14, 1865, and left for Springfield, Illinois, for pay- ment and final discharge. Killed in the field and died of wounds 149 Aggregate three-months' service 933 Aggregate three-years' service I >&79 Field and staff, three-years' service 53 The following general officers have been in the regiment : Gen. W. H. L. Wallace, Gen. T. E. G. Ransom, Gen. Smith D. Atkins. The following field officers of other regiments were members of- this regU ment : Col. Hotchkiss, Col. Hopeman, Col. H. H. Dean, Col. G. L. Fort, Lieut. Col. McCalb, Maj. S. B. Dean, Maj. Widmer. Line officers from this regiment to other regiments, thirty-three (33). Maj. Smith D. Atkins, Com. Capt. Co. A, May 14, 1861, prmtd. Maj. Feb. 15, 1862, prmtd. Col. 92nd Regt. Quartermaster Guyan J. Davis, com. ist. lieut. Co. A. July 4, 1860, prmtd. quartermaster Aug. 31, 1861, term exp. July 29, 1864. Quartermaster Joseph W. Brewester, e. as private Co. A, July 30, 1862, prmtd. 2nd lieut. Oct. 31, 1863, prmtd quartermaster July 29, 1864. COMPANY A. Capt. Smith D. Atkins, com. May 14, 1861. First Lieut. Martin E. Newcomer, com. May 14, 1861. Second Lieut. Silas W. Fileds, com. May 14, 1861. First Sergt. Richardson W. Hurlburt, e. July 30, 1861, prmtd. second lieut. Sergt. James O. Churchill, e. July 30, 1861, prmtd. 2nd lieut. Sergt. Orton Ingersol, e. July 30, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. Sergt. F. T. Goodrich, e. July 30, 1861, kid. bat. Shiloh. Sergt. F. R. Bellman, e. July 30, 1861, kid. at Ft. Donelson. Corp. Hugh Q. Staver, e. July 30, 1861, disd. for promotion. Corp. John R. Hayes, e. July 30, 1861, disd. Nov. 24, 1862, disab. 246 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Corp. O. F. Lamb, e. July 30, 1861, disd. Aug. 3, 1862, disab. Corp. John D. Waggner, e. July 30, 1861, disd. May 17, 1862. Corp. H. B. Springer, e. July 30, 1861, died July 14, 1863, wd. Corp. William N. Blakeman, e. July 30, 1861, disd. July 30, 1864, term ex- pired. Corp. John Cronemiller, e. July 30, 1861, kid. at Ft. Donelson. Corp. Jason Clingman, e. July 30, 1861, disd. for promotion June 6, 1863. Musician C. E. Cotton, e. July 30, 1861, trans, to noncom. staff. Musician John R. Harding, e. July 30, 1861, disd. for promotion June 6, 1863. Addams, S. J., e. July 30, 1861, disd. April, 1862, disab. Alexander, Joseph, e. July 30, 1861, died August 3, 1862. Adams, John H., e. July 30, 1861, disd. Nov. 20, 1862, wd. Bradford, John, e. Dec. 15, 1861, disd. May 17, 1862. Brewster, John W., e. July 30, 1861, trans, to non-com, staff. Brooks, E. L., e. July 30, 1861. Bobb, Isaac, e. July 30, 1861, disd. Dec. 25, 1862. Brace, S. N., e. July 30, 1861, vet. Bamberger, E., e. July 30, 1861, disd. for promotion, Oct. 20, 1863. Chown, Joseph N., e. July 30, 1861. Cross, Levi, e. July 30, 1861, disd. Aug. 30, 1862, disab. Clingman, William, e. July 30, 1861, kid. at Ft. Donelson. Cramer, D. N., e. July 30, 1861, kid. at Ft. Donelson. Cradler, Joseph, e. July 30, 1861, as vet. Dersham, David, e. Dec. n, 1861, trans, from 109 111. Inf., disd. May 5, 1863, disab. Dunham, Christopher, e. July 30, 1861, trans, to cav. Frain, William, e. July 30, 1861, disd. May 17, 1862. Fry, John W., e. July 30, 1861, died Oct. 17, 1862. French, D. H., e. July 30, 1861, disd. May 17, 1862. Figely, William, e. July 30, 1861. Ferrin, Harvey, e. July 30, 1861, disd. May 17, 1862. Forbes, John, e. July 30, 1861. Graham, D. F., e. July 30, 1861, kid. at Ft. Donelson. Gillet, John, e. July 30, 1861. Gillap, Henry, e. July 30, 1861, disd. July 18, 1862, disab. Gravenwold, Henry, e. July 30, 1861, kid. at Ft. Donelson. Hurlburt, E. D., e. July 30, 1861, as vet. Hayes, Russell, e. July 30, 1861, disd. Aug. 9, 1862, disab. Hall, Luther, e. July 30, 1861, disd. Sept. 22, 1864, term expired. Hay, Jonathan, e. July 30, 1861, disci. Oct. 13, 1861. Hanman, John M., e. July 30, 1861, kid. at Shiloh. Hartman, F. D., e. July 30, 1861, kid. at Shiloh. Hile, Samuel, e. July 30, 1861, disd. Nov. 20, 1863, disab. Hays, Samuel P., e. Jan. 26, 1865, trans, to 46th 111. Inf. Hayes, William, e. July 30, 1861, vet. Haight, Samuel, e. July 30, 1861, disd. Feb. 9, 1864. Ingham, Samuel H., e. July 30, 1861, trans. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 247 Inman, Seth, e. July 30, 1861. Kassell, Nicholas, e. July 30, 1861, disd. Aug. 14, 1862, disab. Kearney, Francis, e. July 30, 1861, m. o. Nov. 4, 1861, term expired. Kline, Eli, e. July 30, 1861, disd. Aug. 21, 1862, disab. Kailey, Jos., e. July 30, 1861, kid. at Ft. Donelson. Lamb, John, e. Sept. 27, 1861, disd. May 17, 1863. Loveland, J. H., e. July 30, 1861, vet. Lambert, F., e. July 30, 1861, kid. Vicksburg, May 22, 1863. Lamb, Thomas, e. July 30, 1861. Lutz, Charles H., e. July 30, 1861, vet. Lied, Edwin, e. July 30, 1861, disd. Nov. 20, 1862, disab. Lyon, George W., e. July 30, 1861. Lynch, Jos. J., e. July 30, 1861, disd. Sept. 14, 1864, term expired.' McGhee, James J., e. July 30, 1861, vet. McCormick, D., e. July 30, 1861, disd. Aug. 14, 1862, disab. McGlouthling, R., e. July 30, 1861, disd. Sept. 30, 1862, disab. Marion, Jacob, e. July 30, 1861, vet. Pratt, Joseph, e. July 30, 1861. Patterson, Arthur, e. July 30, 1861, vet. Parker, H. M., e. July 31, 1861, disd. for promotion. Pope, H. H., e. July 30, 1861, disd. May 17, 1862. Roe, John M., e. July 30, 1861, vet. Ross, Isaac M., e. July 30, 1861, kid. Ft. Donelson. Smith, O. F., e. July 30, 1861, m. o. July 29, 1864, term expired. Slough, M., e. July 30, 1861, trans, to corps. Stoner, H. C., e. July 30, 1861, vet. Stoner, Saul, e. July 30, 1861. Shoemaker, Anson, e. July 30, 1861, disd. May 17, 1862. Smith, Benj., e. July 30, 1861, disd. Feb., 1862, disab. Sidle, John, e. July 30, 1861, disd. July 30, 1864, term expired. Syphep, Annias, e. Sept. 27, 1861, disd. Nov. 24, 1861, disab. Thompson, John A., e. July 30, 1861, kid. Ft. Donelson. Templeton, David, e. July 30, 1861, disd. May 17, 1862. Trimper, John, e. July 30, 1861, kid. Ft. Donelson. Taylor, John B., e. July 30, 1861, disd. July 30, 1863, disab. Weaver, M. S., e. July 30, 1861, died Sept. 2, 1861. Woodring, Uriah, e. July 30, 1861, disd. May 17, 1862. Wohlford, Aaron, e. July 30, 1861. Wohlford, Jerit, e. July 30 ,1861. Wohlfort, Geo., e. July 30, 1861, prmpt. Corp., died Aug. 29, 1863. Wohlford, Jos., e. July 30, 1861, prmptd. Corp. Wenz, James, e. July 30, 1861. Williams, F. J., e. Sept. 27, 1861, disd. Oct. 14, 1862, disab. COMPANY D. Clement, Louis, e. Aug. 15, 1861, died July 27, 1864, wd. 248 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY FIFTEENTH INFANTRY. The Fifteenth Regiment Infantry, Illinois Volunteers, was organized at Free- port, Illinois, and mustered into the United States service May 24, 1861, being the first regiment organized for the state for the three-year service. It then proceeded to Alton, Illinois, remaining there six weeks for instruction. Left Alton for St. Charles, Missouri, thence by rail to Mexico, Missouri. Marched to Hannibal, Missouri ; thence by steamboat to Jefferson Barracks ; then by rail to Rolla, Missouri. Arrived in time to cover Gen. Siegel's retreat for Wilson's Creek; thence to Tipton, Missouri, and thence joined Gen. Fremont's army. Marched from there to Springfield, Missouri ; thence back to Tipton ; then to Sedalia, with Gen. Pope, and assisted in the capture of one thousand three hun- dred of the enemy a few miles from the latter place ; then marched to Otterville, Missouri, where it went into winter quarters December 26, 1861. Remained there until February i, 1862, then marched to Jefferson City; thence to St. Louis by rail; embarked on transports for Fort Donelson, arriving there the day of the surrender. The regiment was then assigned to the fourth division, General Hurlbut commanding and marched to Fort Henry. Then embarked on transports for Pittsburg' Landing. Participated in the battles of the 6th and 7th of April, los- ing two hundred and fifty-two men killed and wounded. Among the former were Lieutenant Colonel E. T. W. Ellis, Major Goddard, Captains Brownell and Wayne, and Lieutenant John W. Puterbaugh. Captain Adam Nase, wounded and taken prisoner. The regiment then marched to Corinth, participating in various skirmishes and the siege of that place, losing a number of men killed and wounded. After the evacuation of Corinth, the regiment marched to Grand Junction; thence to Holly Springs ; back to Grand Junction ; thence to La Grange ; thence to Memphis, arriving there July 21, 1862, and remaining there until September 6th. Then marched to Bolivar; thence to the Hatchie River. Lost, fifty killed and wounded in that engagement. Then returned to Bolivar; from thence to La Grange; thence with General Grant down through Mississippi to Coffeeville, returning to La Grange and Memphis ; thence to Vicksburg, marched with Sher- man to Jackson, Mississippi, then returned to Vicksburg and embarked for Natchez. Marched thence to Kingston ; returned to Natchez ; then to Harrison- burg, Louisiana, capturing Fort Beauregard, on the Washita River. Returned to Natchez, remained there until November 10, 1863. Proceeded to Vicksburg and went into winter quarters. Here the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, re- maining until February i, 1864, when it moved with General Sherman through Mississippi. On Champion Hills had a severe engagement with rebel Carney. Marched to Meridian; thence south to Enterprise; thence back to Vicksburg. Was then ordered to Illinois on veteran furlough. On expiration of furlough-, joined seventeenth army corps, and proceeded up the Tennessee River to Clin- ton ; thence to Huntsville. Alabama ; thence to Decatur and Rome, Georgia ; thence to Kingston, and joined General Sherman's army, marching to Atlanta. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 249 At Allatoona Pass, the fifteenth and the fourteenth infantry was consolidated, and the organization was known as the Veteran Battalion Fourteenth and Fif- teenth Illinois Infantry Volunteers, and numbering six hundred and twenty-five men. From Allatoona Pass it proceeded to Ackworth and was then assigned to duty, guarding the Chattanooga & Atlanta Railroad. While engaged in this duty the regiment being scattered along the line of road, the rebel General Hood, marched north struck the road at Big Shanty and Ackworth, and captured about three hundred of the command. The remainder retreated to Marietta, were mounted and acted as scouts for General Vandever. They were afterward trans- ferred to General F. P. Blair, and marched with General Sherman through Georgia. After the capture of Savannah, the regiment proceeded to Beaufort, South Carolina; thence to Salkahatchie River, participating in the various skirmishes in that vicinity Columbia, South Carolina, Fayetteville, North Carolina, battle of Bentonville losing a number wounded; thence to Goldsboro and Raleigh. At Raleigh, recruits sufficient to fill up both regiments were received, and the organization of the Veteran Battalion discontinued, and the fifteenth re-organ- ized. The campaign of General Sherman ended by the surrender of General Johnston, The regiment then marched with the army to Washington, D. C., via Richmond and Fredericksburg, and participated in the grand review of Washington, May 24, 1865; remained there two weeks. Proceeded by rail and steamboat to Louisville, Kentucky; remained at Louisville two weeks. The regi- ment was then detached from the Fourth Division, Seventeenth Army Corps, and proceeded by steamer to St. Louis; from thence to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, arriving there July i, 1865. Joined the army serving on the plains. Arrived at Fort Kearney August i4th ; then ordered to return to Fort Leavenworth September i, 1865, where the regiment was mustered out of the service and placed en route for Springfield, Illinois, for final payment and discharge, having served four years and four months. Number of miles marched 4,299 Number of miles by rail 2,403 Number of miles by steamer 4,310 Total miles traveled 11,012 Number of men joined for organization 1,963 Number of men at date of muster out 640 Colonel Thomas J. Turner, com. May 14, 1861, res. Nov. 2, 1862. Maj. William R. Goddard, com. June 26, 1861, kid. Pittsburg Landing. Maj. Rufus C. McEathorn, com. ist lieut. Co. G., April 24, 1861 ; prmtd. capt. April 2, 1862; prmtd. maj. July 7, 1863. Surgeon William J. McKim, com. May 14, 1861, hon. disd. March 21, 1865. First Asst. Surg. John W. Van Valzah, com. April u, 1862, died about Au- gust 9, 1863. Fife Maj. John H. Griffith, e. Dec. 21, 1863. Hospital Steward, H, H. McAfee. Assistant Surgeon, J. iN. DeWitt. 250 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY COMPANY A. Henry Williams, Warren W. Armstrong, John S. Smith, George W. Whit- ney, James Hodges and Charles S. Page. COMPANY B. Samuel Aikey, Joseph H. Fleaury, Patrick McNichols. COMPANY c. Alfred Broadee, Joseph Clark. COMPANY D. Hotchkiss, W. N., e. may 24, 1861, vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Barnes, William G., e. May 24, 1861, vet. Jan. 24, 1864, Co. E. Deye, Emanuel, e. May 24, 1861, died May 25, 1862, wd. Freman, Alfred, e. May 24, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864. Smith, William H., e. May 24, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864. Giltner, Conrad, e. May 26, 1862, vet. Jan. i, 1864. Hyortas, Julius O., e. May 24, 1861, disd. Aug. n, 1862, disab. Hawkins, John H., March 26, 1862, vet. Jan. i, 1864. Protexter, Christian, e. May 26, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1862. Shattuck, Abner, e. May 26, 1861, disd. Dec. 15, 1862, disab. Smith, Charles, e. May 26, 1861, died April 22, 1862. Krink, Jonas, e. June 3, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864. Miers, Oscar, e. June 3, 1861. Prouse, William H., e. Sept. 12, 1861. Wilson, Robert B., e. June 3, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864. COMPANY F. Sweden, Dietrich, e. May 24, 1861. Luttig, Henry, e. Jan. i, 1864. Jordan, Frank A., e. Nov. 2, 1861, disd. Nov. 14, 1863, disab. COMPANY G. Capt. James O. P. Burnside, com. May 15, 1861, m. o. April 2, 1862. Capt. Albert Bliss, Jr., com. 2d lieut. April 24, 1861, prmtd. ist lieut. April 2, 1862; prmtd. capt. July 7, 1863; m. o. at Consolidation. First Lieut. Hubbard P. Sweet, e. as First Sergt. May 24, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d lieut. April 2, 1862; prmtd. 1st lieut. July 7, 1863; m. o. at Consolidation. Sergt. Robert Reeder, e. May 24, 1861, disd. Oct. 27, 1861, disab. Sergt. Waterman Ells, e. May 24, 1861, vet. trans, to Co. B, Vet. Bat. Sergt. John W. Foil, e. May 24, 1861, disd. May 24, 1863, disab. Sergt. Lansing Ells, e. May 24, 1861, disd. Oct. 17, 1861, disab. Corp. William T. House, e. May 24, 1861. Corp. James Aurand, e. May 24, 1861, disd. Jan. i. 1862, disab. Corp. Albert V. S. Butler, e. May 24, 1861, died Jan. 4, 1864. Corp. Thomas J. Kaufman, e. May 24, 1861. Corp. George L. Stevens, e. May 24, 1861, disd. Oct. 19, 1862, disab. Corp. Hood Hazlett, e. May 24, 1861. Corp. Daniel J. Kelley, e. May 24, 1861. Allen, William E. Dec. i, 1863, trans, to Co. B, Vet. Bat. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 251 Auk, Jacob, e. May 24, 1861. Addis, Jacob R., e. May 24, 1861, disd. Jan. i, 1862, disab. Aikey, Martin, e. May 24, 1861. Aurand, George C., e. May 24, 1861. Bailey, R. B., e. May 24, 1861, kid. at Shiloh April 6, 1862. Brigham, Lewis D., e. May 21, 1861, disd. Jan. n, 1862, disab. Braham, August, e. May 24, 1861, died Dec. 19, 1863. Bowker, Homer H., e. May 24, 1861. Bowker, James M., e. May 24, 1861, died Aug. 17, 1861. Barnes, William G., e. May 24, 1861, trans, to Co. E. Ballinger, Borroughs W., e. Sept. 23, 1861, disd. Aug. 15, 1862, disab. Burrell, Henry, e. Sept. 30, 1861. COMPANY G. Barden, George R., e. March 31, 1864. Barber, Geo. E., e. March 31, 1864. Buswell, Wm. J., e. May 24, died Oct. 14, 1863. Bahan, John, e. May 24, 1861, vet. trans, to Go. B, vet. bat. Brien, B. O., e. May 24, 1861, disd. Oct. 17, 1861, disab. Brown, Alex., e. May 24, 1861, disd. May i, 1863, disab. Cox, James H., e. May 24, 1861, disd. Oct. 17, 1861, disab. Christenson, Claus, e. May 24, 1861. Cassidy, William J., e. May 24, 1861, disd. Nov. i, 1862, wd. Calhoun, John P., e. May 24, 1861, disd, Jan. i, 1862, disab. Cair, Geo., e. May 24, 1861, disd. Aug. 20, 1862, disab. Callen, John, e. May 24, 1861. DeWitt, N. J., e. June 23, 1861, vet. prmtd. hospital steward. Davenport, Lucius, e. May 24, 1861, disd. Oct. 17, 1861. Denton, E. S., e. May 24, 1861, vet. trans, to Co. B, vet. bat. Denton, Chas. E., e. May 24, 1861. Doyle, Mathew, e. May 24, 1861, kid. at Shiloh, April 6, 1862. Ehrman, Florence, e. May 24, 1861, disd. Feb. 4, 1863, disab. Ferguson, N. M., e. May 24, 1861, disd. Jan. 17, 1862. French, Geo. W., e. May 24, 1861. Fox, John C., e. May 24, 1861, disd. May 18, 1862, disab. Feely, Duncan MacD., e. May 24, 1861, disd April 17, 1863, disab. Gardner, Jerome, e. Oct. I, 1861, disd. Oct. 19, 1862. Garner, John D. F., e. May 24, 1861, vet., trans, to vet. bat., Co. B. Gittner, John C., e. May 24, 1861. Gittner, R. D., e. May 24, 1861, disd. July 28, 1862, disab Girton, John W., e. May 24, 1861. Gintter, John, e. May 24, 1861, disd. Feb. 7, 1862, disab. Hayes, Charles G., e. May 24, 1861. Heiser, William H., e. May 24, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864, trans, to Co. B, vet. bat. Hoag, Leonard H., e. May 24, 1861. Hoffe, John, e. Dec. i, 1863, vet. trans, to Co. B, vet. bat. Hackman, John W., e. May 24, 1861. 252 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Hays, A. A., e. May 24, 1861, m. o. May 24, 1864. Hays, Martin, e. May 19, 1864, trans, to Co. B, vet. bat. Hayes, Wm., e. May 24, 1861, trans, to invalid corps. Illingsworth, Jos., e. June 17, 1861, disd. Jan. i, 1862, disab. Kline, M. V., e. May 24, 1861, died Nov. 8, 1861. Kinsman, Richard, e. May 24, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864, trans, to Co. B, vet. bat. Lawver, M. A., e. March 31, 1861, trans, to Co. B, vet, bat Laurer, Lewis, e. May 24, 1861, disd. April 8, 1862, disab. Landon, Lyman, e. May 24, 1861. Ling, E. W., e. May 24, 1861, died Aug. 15, 1862. Lambrecht, Max, e. May 24, 1861. Milhollin, Daniel, e. Oct. 4, 1861, died June 24, 1862, wd. Moll, Wm. R, e. May 24, 1861, vet. trans, to Co. B, vet. bat. Mack, John, e. Dec. 5, 1863. Minns, Chas., e. May 24, 1861. Mack, Samuel, e. Dec. 5, 1863. Murphy, Thomas, e. May 24, 1861. Moist, E., e. Dec. 24, 1863, trans to Co. B, vet. bat. Morley, Marshall, e. May 24, 1861, disd. Dec. 16, 1862, disab. Maloney, Michael, e. April 23, 1864, trans, to Co. B, vet. bat. Mullen, James, e. May 24, 1861. Mathison, Alex., e. May 24, 1861, vet., trans, to Co. B, vet. bat. McAfee, Henry H., e. May 24, 1861, prmtd. to hospital steward. Miller, John H., e. May 24, 1861, disd. Oct. 17, 1861, disab. Noble, Geo. W., e. May 24, 1862, vet. Niemeyer, John, e. May 24, 1861, kid. at Shiloh April 6, 1862. Philips, Hugh, e. May 24, 1861, died Jan. 6, 1862. Pickel, Henry, e. May 24, 1861, vet., trans, to vet. bat., Co. B. Patton, Wm. P., e. May 24, 1861, disd. Dec. 10, 1862, disab. Preston, George L., March 31, 1864, trans, to Co. B, vet. bat. Palmer, John T., e. May 24, 1861, disd. Oct. 17, 1861, disab. Reeder, John, disd. June 14, 1862, disab. Randall, Geo. H., e. May 24, 1861, disd. Sept. 2, 1862. Ross, Walter J., e. May 24, 1861. Rush, Peter, e. May 24, 1861, disd. Oct. 17, 1861, disab. Rishel, John G., e. May 24, 1861, disd. Oct. 17, 1861. Rees, Daniel J., e. May 24, 1861. Rohback, Jacob, e. May 24, 1861, disd. Aug. 20, 1862, disab. Seymour, Oliver, e. May 31, 1861. Sasman, D. W., e. May 24, 1861, disd. Oct. 18, 1862. Sigler, John B., e. May 24, 1861. Shiney, Sylvester, e. May 24, 1861, vet. trans, to Co. B, vet. bat. Shinkle, Geo. W., e. May 24. 1861, vet.. Jan. i, 1864. trans, to Co. B, vet, bat. Stites, David R. P., e. Sept. 23, 1861, kid. at Shiloh, April 6, 1862. Shrove, Wm. H., e. May 24, 1861, disd. Oct. 17, 1861, disab. Snyder, Egbert, e. Sept. 30, 1861, disd. Dec. 18, 1862, disab. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 253 Shinkle, E. R., e. May 24, 1861. Stull, James, e. Sept. i, 1862, trans, to Co. B, vet. bat. Shrove, Daniel, e. May 24, 1861, disd. Feb., 1862, disab. Sturn, Henry, e. May 31, 1864, trans, to Co. B, vet. bat. Solace, E. D., e. May 24, 1861, died April 28, 1862, wd. Savidge, Robt. S., e., May 24, 1861, disd. July 28, 1862, wd. Tull, Chas. H., e. Sept. 23, 1861, vet. Tenant, Owen, May 24, 1861, died April, 1862, wd. Trepus, Daniel, Sept. 2, 1862, trans, to vet. bat. Twogood, Luther J., e. May 23, 1861. Wite, John E., e., March 30, 1864, trans, to vet. bat. Wheeler, John S., e. May 24, 1861, kid. at Shiloh. Yoder, John B., e. May 24, 1861. FOURTEENTH (REORGANIZED) INFANTRY. COMPANY K. Blankenship, John,.e. March 9, 1865. Rollins, Solomon W., e. March 9, 1865. FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH BATTALION. Maj. Rufus O. McEathorn, com. July 7, 1863, m. o. Aug. i, 1864. Surg. Wm. J. McKim, com. May 14, 1861. FIFTEENTH (REORGANIZED) INFANTRY. Surg. Wm. J. McKim, com. May 14, 1861, hon. disd. Dec. 22, 1864, COMPANY B. Sergt. Waterman Ells, e. Jan. i, 1864. Sergt. William F. Mall, e. Jan. i, 1864. Corp. John D. F. Garner, e. Jan. i, 1864. Corp. Erastus Denton, e. Jan. i, 1864, vet. Musician Oliver Seymour, e. Jan. i, 1864. Allen, William, e. Dec. i, 1863. Beham, John, e. March i, 1864. Barden, Geo. R., e. March 31, 1864. Barber, Geo. E., e. March 31, 1864. Foreman, Alfred, e. Jan. i, 1864. Huffee, John, e. Dec. i, 1863. Hayes, Martin, e. March 19, 1864. Heiser, Henry, e. Jan. i, 1864. Kinsman, Richard, e. Jan. i, 1864. Lawyer, M. A., e. March 31, 1864. Maloney, Michael, e. April 23, 1864. Mook, Samuel, e. Dec. 5, 1863. Moist, Ephraim, e. Dec. 24, 1863. Noble, George W. Preston, Geo. L., e. March 31, 1864 Potter, Samuel. Shuler, Thomas. 254 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Stull, James, e. Sept. i, 1862. Starn, Henry, e. March 31, 1864. Trepus, Daniel, e. Sept. 26, 1862. White, John E., e. March 31, 1864. COMPANY c. Hotchkiss, W. N., e. Dec. 16, 1863. Perry, James H., e. March 17, 1862. Price, William, e. Dec. 18, 1863. Staplin, George W., e. April i, 1862. COMPANY E. Armstrong, W. W., e. Jan. i, 1864. Hawkins, John H., e. March 26, 1864, died Sept. 14, 1864. Luttig, Henry, e. Jan. I, 1864. Protexter, Chris., e. Jan. i, 1864. Prouse, William H., e. Sept. 12, 1861, m. o. Sept. 23, 1864. Page, Chas. S., e. April 27, 1864. Pabst, Charles H. C., e. Jan. i, 1864. Steekle, Ruben, e. Jan. i, 1864. Smith, William H., e. Jan. i, 1864. Steves, Thomas M., e. Jan. i, 1864. Smith, John H., e. Jan. i, 1864. Whitney, George W., e. Jan. i, 1864, disd. March 27, 1865. COMPANY G. Fessenden, E. A., e. March 2, 1865. Gill, Richard H., e. March 2, 1865. COMPANY H. Fowler, William, e. March 2, 1865. TWENTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. The Twenty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry was mustered into the United States service, with seven companies at Camp Butler, Illinois, August 31, 1861, and were ordered to Quincy, Illinois, for the protection of that place. Not hav- ing been armed the regiment did guard duty with hickory clubs. During the autumn the regiment did guard duty on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, and were armed with old English Tower muskets Colonel John Mason Loomis commanding post at Hannibal. Prior to January i, 1862, three more companies were raised, completing the organization. February 19, 1862, they left Han- nibal, Missouri, for the south, stopping at Commerce, where the regiment was assigned to Brigadier General J. B. Plummer's brigade, Brigadier General Schuyler Hamilton's division, Major General John Pope's corps. They arrived in New Madrid, March 3, and were engaged in action there; marched to Point Pleasant, and arriving on the 6th, engaged rebel gunboats with sharp-shooters and prevented the landing of the enemy; marched to intercept the flying enemy from island number ten, and assisted in capturing many prisoners. After re- HISTORY OF STErHFNSON COUNTY 255 maining some time at New Madrid, joined an expedition against Fort Pillow; returning, proceeded up the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers to Hamburg Landing; took part in the siege at Corinth ; May 8th and gth were engaged at Farmington, the regiment losing five killed and thirty wounded, Lieutenant Colonel Charles J. Tinkham was among the wounded ; Colonel Loomis commanded the bri- gade, and General Stanley the division. May 28th, engaged the enemy one mile from Corinth, the regiment losing four killed and twenty-five wounded ; Major Gilmore was wounded. Company G of the Twenty-sixth was the first to enter Corinth on evacuation by the enemy ; engaged in the pursuit to Boone- ville, and returned to Clear Creek, four miles from Corinth. June 23d, ordered to Danville, Mississippi, where we remained until August 18, 1862, at which time we joined the brigade commanded by Colonel R. C. Murphy, Eighth Wis- consin, and marched for Tuscumbia, arrived 2ist; September 8th, with Forty- seventh and Twenty-sixth, Lieutenant Colonel Tinkham commanding, marched to Clear Creek; September i8th, marched for luka; igth, were engaged with the enemy in a brigade commanded by Lieutenant Colonel J. A. Mower, of the Elev- enth Missouri ; the enemy evacuating in the night, we joined in the pursuit, arriv- ing at Corinth October 3d, and participating in the battle of Corinth ; after the battle followed the retreating enemy as far as Ripley. Ten days afterward, ar- rived again at Corinth, where we stayed' until November 2d. Marched via Holly Junction, Holly Springs and Lumpkin's Mill toward Tallahatchie River, the enemy being fortified on the south side of the river. The regiment was here detailed to guard a commissary train to Hudsonville, during the trip, losing two men killed and two wounded by guerrillas ; ordered to Holly Springs for guard duty; thence to Oxford, Mississippi, where we remained until December 2Oth; ordered to Holly Springs, to prevent the capture of that place; on the 2ist reached that place, the enemy having fled ; remained here during the year, Colo- nel Loomis commanding the post, and Lieutenant Colonel Gilmore as chief of outposts. In the beginning of the year 1863, the post of Holly Springs was broken up and the army fell back to La Grange, Tennessee, where the regiment was assigned to duty as provost guard, Colonel Loomis commanding the post. Here it remained until March 8th. March 3d the regiment was brigaded with the Ninetieth Illinois, Twelfth and One Hundredth Indiana, Colonel Loomis commanding. March 9th the bri- gade marched from La Grange to Collierville, Tennessee, where they remained three months, engaged in fortifying the place and defending the railroad against guerrillas and bushwhackers. June Jth, left Colliersville for Memphis. The following day they embarked for Haines' Bluff. The regiment subsequently went into camp at Oak Ridge, where it remained until after the fall of Vicks- burg. On the afternoon of July 4th, started in pursuit of the retreating forces of General Johnston. The siege of Jackson was marked by severe skirmishing in one of which Captain James A. Dugger, of Company C, was instantly killed by a round shot through the breast, and a number of men were killed and wounded. About the 22d of July, began the march back to Vicksburg, and when the troops crossed Black River they went into camp for the summer. September 28, the encampment was broken up and the regiment marched into Vicksburg and there 256 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY embarked for Memphis, where it arrived on the 7th of October. Here a few days were given for the purpose of outfitting the men, preparatory for the long march across the country from Memphis to Chattanooga, to relieve the besieged army of the Cumberland. The march began at 8 A. M., October nth; arrived at Bridgeport November i5th, and on the 24th and 25th took an active part in the battle of Mission Ridge, losing, in killed and wounded, one hundred and one officers and men. Among the officers severely wounded were Lieutenant Colonel Gilmore, Captain James P. Davis, Company B. ; Adjutant Edward A. Tucker and Lieutenant William Polk, Company B. The next morning, started before daylight, in pursuit of the defeated and flying enemy ; followed them to Ringgold, Georgia, burnt the bridges and destroyed the railroad; then turned to make the march of two hundred miles, without supplies, cooking utensils, camp equipage, or change of clothing, to the relief of General Burnside, at Knox- ville; returned to Bridgeport in the latter part of December; were reclothed, paid off, and marched to Scottsboro, Alabama, and went into winter quarters. January i, 1864, there were five hundred and fifteen men present for duty of whom four hundred and sixty- three re-enlisted as veterans. Of sixty- one men present in Company K, sixty re-enlisted. January i2th, started home on veteran furlough. At the expiration of fur- lough, returned to the field with ranks well filled with recruits. Arrived at old camp at Scottsboro, March 3d, and remained there until May ist, when it started on the great Atlanta campaign. The regiment was actively engaged in all the marches, skirmishes and battles which finally resulted in the capture of Atlanta. On the 3d of August, a detail of nine hundred men was made on the division, to charge the enemy's skirmish line. The charge was to be made over an old field, covered with high grass, a distance of about four "hundred yards. When the signal was given the men started on a keen run for the rebel works. Private John S. Wilson of Company D, Twenty-sixth Illinois, a stout active fellow, outrun the rest, and suddenly found himself alone in front of a~ rebel pit, which had been concealed by the tall grass, filled with seventeen men and a commissioned officer. He drew up his musket and told them to "fight or run, and that d d quick." All surrendered except the officer, who started to run, and he shot him. It was laughable to see "Buck," as he was called, marching back with his seventeen prisoners. By order of General Logan, he retained the officer's sword and a fine Whitney rifle, found in the pit, and now has them at home as mementoes of his gallantry. After the fall of Atlanta most of the old officers were mustered out at the expiration of their term of service. Only two of the original officers remained, one of whom, Captain Ira J. Bloomfield, Company K, was made colonel of the regiment. About the same time the fourth division, Fifteenth Army corps, was broken up and the regiment was transferred to the first division of the same corps with which it remained until the close of the war. The regiment did some hard marching, following Hood up toward Chatta- nooga, and off into northern Alabama ; then returned to Atlanta ; were paid and reclothed, preparatory to "marching through Georgia." The twenty-sixth were engaged in the action of Griswoldville, siege of Sa- vannah, and capture of Fort McAlister. A short time after the fall of Sa- HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 257 vannah, the regiment was ordered to Beaufort, South Carolina, and remained on duty there and at Port Royal Ferry until the commencement of the north- ward march through the Carolinas ; were among the first regiments into Colum- bia, and were hotly engaged in the battle of Bentonville. Here the regiment was ordered to carry the bridge across Mill Creek, which was strongly guarded by the enemy. The regiment charged and carried it but lost a number of good men. Sergeant Smith of Company K, color bearer, was charging at the head of the column across the bridge and was shot, the colors falling into the stream. The enemy rushed forward to secure them, but Lieutenant Webster, with Company E, charged, drove them back and saved the colors. Colonel Bloom- field had his horse shot under him, and narrowly escaped himself. Remained at Goldsboro, North Carolina, a few days, and April 10, began to march against Raleigh. Left Raleigh May I for Washington, via Richmond ; participated in the grand review at Washington ; transported by rail to Parkers- burg, Virginia; thence by boat to Louisville, Kentucky, where it remained in camp until July 20, 1865, when it was mustered out of service and started for Springfield, Illinois, for final payment and discharge. July 28th the regiment was paid off and disbanded. The regiment had marched during its four years of service, six thousand nine hundred and thirty-one miles, fought twenty-eight hard battles, besides innumerable skirmishes. They were permitted by the order of the commanding general to place upon their banners "New Madrid," "Island No. 10," "Farming- ton," "Siege of Corinth," "luka," "Corinth 3d and 4th October, 1862," "Holly Springs," "Vicksburg," "Jackson, Miss.," "Mission Ridge," "Reseca," "Kene- saw", "Ezra Church," "Atlanta," "Jonesboro," "Griswoldville," "McAllister," "Savannah," "Columbia," "Bentonville.' Lieut. Col. George H. Reed, com. ist lieut. Co. B, August 28, 1861 ; prmtd. capt. May 17, 1864; prmtd. Maj. June 6, 1865. COMPANY B. Capt. James P. Davis, com. May 28, 1861, hon. disd. March 30, 1864. Capt. Theodore Schernerhorn, e. as ( ?) corp. Aug. 15, 1861 ; prmtd. ist lieut. May 14, 1863; res. May 14, 1864. First Lieut. David Layser, e. as corp. Aug. 15, 1861 ; vet. Jan. i, 1864; prmtd. ist lieut. June 6, 1865. Sergt. William Quinn, e. Aug. 15, 1861, disd. Oct. 31, 1862, disab. Sergt. William P. Dursk, e. Aug. 15, 1861 ; prmtd. Q. M. Sergt. vet. Sergt. William J. Irvin, e. Aug. 15, 1861, vet. Sergt. Jonas Andrew, e. Aug. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864. Corporal James P. Winters, e. Aug. 15, 1861, died Oct. 10, 1862. Addams, C. H., e. Aug. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864. Buckley, Daniel, e. Aug. 15, 1861, trans, to Co. H. Buckley, Patrick, e. Aug. 15, 1861, trans, to Co. H. Buckley, John, e. Aug. 15, 1861, trans, to Co. H. Berry, Edwin, e. Feb. 12, 1864. Bentley, William, e. Aug. 15, 1861, disd. July 16, 1862. Blake, F. W., e. Aug. 15, 1861, trans, to Co. L. Bear, F. H., e. Aug. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864. 258 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Burns, Francis, e. Aug. 15, 1861, trans, to Co. L. Butcher, James, e. Aug. 15, 1861, prmtd. corp. ; vet. Jan. i, 1864; died Oct. 31, 1864. Burk, John J., e. Aug. 15, 1861, disd. Aug. 18, 1864, term expired. Baker, Philip, e. Aug. 15, 1861, kid. Farmington, Miss., May 9, 1862. Bokof, Harmon, e. Aug. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. 15, 1864; m. o. as corp. Cornelius, Samuel, e. Aug. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864. Cawley, William, e. Aug. 15, 1861, trans, to Co. I. Choppy, Charles, died May 31, 1864, wds. Derling, Isreal, e. Aug. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864; m. o. as corp. Dow, Edward, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Doll, Dogebert, e. Sept. 18, 1862. Fehr, William, e. Oct. 10, 1864. Fleekson, Peter, e. Feb. 7, 1864. Fannon, Andrew, e. Nov. 3, 1862. Eastland, A. J., e. Aug. 15, 1861, trans, to Co. I. Eshlerman, William, e. Aug. 15, 1861, died July 27, 1862. Eaton, N. H., e. Aug. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864. Frisby, Julius, e. Aug. 15, 1861, died April 2, 1862. Forbs, Nathan, e. Aug. 15, 1861, disd. Aug. 28, 1864; term expired. Foster, R. J., vet. Jan. i, 1864, m. o. corp. Gold, Charles, e. Aug. 15, 1861, died Jan. 9, 1864, wd. Gartman, Nicholas, e. Aug. 31, 1864. Gates, Simon, e. Aug. 15, 1861, died Sept. 17, 1863. Geiser, John, e. Aug. 20, 1862, died Jan. 2, 1864, wd. Garrison, Freeborn, e. Aug. 15, 1861, disd. Aug. 28, 1864; term expired. Greer, John, e. Aug. 15, 1861, disd. Oct. 13, 1864. Hennick, William H., vet. Jan. i, 1864; m. o. as sergt. Hunt, A. B., e. Aug. 15, 1861, trans, to Co. H. Heise, John, vet. Jan. i, 1864, died Aug. 19, 1864, wd. Henry, John, e. Aug. 15, 1861, trans, to Co. I. Hoag, Theodore G., e. Feb. 22, 1864, disd. Nov. 12, 1864, disab. Hanson, Christopher, e. Aug. 15, 1861, disd. July 12, 1862, disab. Heise, Aaron, e. Feb. 22, 1864. Haines, Howard, e. Aug. 15, 1861, Jan. i, 1864 m. o. as corp. Haines, Garrison, e. Aug. 15, 1861, disd. Aug. 28, 1864; term expired. Heller, Jacob E., Jan. 29, 1864. Hiatt, William W., e. Aug. 15, 1861, trans, to Co. I. Kane, John, e. Aug. 15, 1861 ; vet. Jan. i, 1864; disd. July 2, 1865. Kummerrer, Tieghman, e. Aug. 15, 1861, disd. March 6, 1863, disab. Kraymer, William H., e. Aug. 15, 1861 ; vet. Jan. i, 1864. Keegan, James, e. Aug. 15, 1861, trans, to Co. I. Kramer, Benj. F., e. Feb. 2, 1864. Kruntzler, William, e. Aug. 15, 1861 ; re-e. vet. Jan. i, 1864; m. o. as corp Kouth, Micheal, e. Aug. 16, 1862. Leonard, Arthur, e. Aug. 15, 1861, trans, to Co. I. Lilley, William E., e. Nov. 17, 1863. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 259 Long, William, e. Aug. 15, 1861 ; died at luka Aug. 28, 1862. Long, John, e. Aug. 15, 1861, disd. Oct. 13, 1864; term expired. Long, Jacob H. Mieley, Samuel P., e. Aug. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864; m. o. as drummer. McCoy, Lemuel, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died July 22, 1864, wd. Messenger, J. C, e. Aug. 15, 1861 ; prmtd, corp., vet. Montague, Patrick F., e. Aug. 18, 1861 ; vet. Jan. i, 1864; kid. April 30, 1864. Morris, D., e. Aug. 18, 1861 ; died May 29, 1864; wd. Mallick, Franklin, e. Feb. 13, 1864. Miller, Bernard, e. Sept. 28, 1861, trans, to V. R. C. May i, 1864. Miller, A. J., e. Jan. i, 1864; trans, to i47th inf. as ist. lieut. Co. G. Melody, Thomas, e. Sept. 28, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864. Needham, Dennison, Sept. 8, 1861, trans, to Co. I. Needham, Thomas, Sept. 8, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864. Nicholas, Thomas, Aug. 15, kid. at Cornith, Miss., Oct. 4, 1862. Paul, V. A., Aug. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. i, 1864. Robnett, James, e. Aug. 15, 1861, disd. Jan. 13, 1863. Rice, Frank, e. Feb. 3, 1864; m. o. May 26, 1865, wd. Robinold, S. J., e. Aug. 15, 1861, died May 22, 1862. Raymer, Chas., e. Feb. 3, 1864; m. o. July 20, 1865. Reardon, John, e. Sept. 8, 1861. Ryan, James, e. Feb. 2, 1864. Smith, Peter E., Sept. 8, 1861 ; vet. Jan. i, 1864; kid. May 13, 1864. Smith, Jesse L., e. Feb. 10, 1864. Stage, Theo., e. Sept. 8, 1861, vet. March 9, 1864. Sting, Rasper, e. Feb. 10, 1864. Sigman, Wilson, e. Sept. 8, 1861, prmtd. corp. vet. Jan. i, 1864; m. o. as corp. Sumner, James R., e. Aug. 19, 1862. Seiferman, B., e. Sept. 8, 1861, died Sept. 12, 1862, wd. Schmidt, John, e. Aug. 29, 1862, kid. Nov. 25, 1863. Sharp, Harwood, e. Feb. 10, 1864. Schreader, Frederick, e. Sept. 12, 1862. Sturdevant, Jacob, Jan. i, 1862. Thompson, John F., e. Sept. 8, 1861 ; disd. Aug. 28, 1864; term expired. Thompson, Loren, e. Feb. 2, 1864. Thompson, Joseph D., Sept. 8, 1861 ; disd. Aug. 28, 1864; term expired. Wishart, Thomas, e. Aug. 15, 1861, died Nov. 27, 1863. Walkey, Joseph, e. Aug. 15, 1861, died March 22, 1862. Wright, N. F., e. Aug. 15, 1861, trans, to Co. D. Walton, John, e. Aug. 30, 1862, kid. March 7, 1865. Wertz, C. F. COMPANY a First Lieut. John Irvin, com. Aug. 31, 1862; died Oct. 6, 1863. COMPANY H. Capt. Chas. F. Wertz, com. 2d lieut. Jan. i, 1862; prmtd, ist lieut. Feb. 16, 1862; prmtd. capt. Aug. 22, 1863. 260 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Capt. Win. W. Allen, e. as sergt. Aug. 15, 1861 ; prmtd. ist lieut. Feb. 16, 1863; prmtd, ist lieut. Aug. 22, 1863; prmtd, capt., delined commission. Capt. Robt. Salisbury, e. as corpl. Nov. i, 1861 ; vet. Jan. i, 1864; prmtd. sergt., then capt. May 19, 1865. Sergt. Chas. H. Edmonds, e. Nov. i, 1861. Buckley, John, e. Jan. i, 1864. Beaury, Albert, e. Nov. i, 1861 ; vet. Jan. i, 1864. Black, John F., e. Jan. i, 1864, died Sept. 11, 1864, wd. Black, H. L., e. Feb. 3, 1864. Buckley, Daniel, e. Aug. 15, 1861 ; m. o. Sept. 3, 1864; term expired. Buckley, Patrick, e. Aug. 15, 1861, dis. July 11, 1862, disab. Cross, Hiram A., e. Nov. i, 1861, m. o. Oct. 31, 1864; term expired. Deagon, Jos., e. Nov. i, 1861 ; vet. Jan. i, 1864. Fye, Daniel, e. Jan. 26, 1864. Fye, J. D., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Fye, David. Grey, Robt, e. Jan. i, 1864. Heintz, Micheal, e. Nov. i, 1861 ; vet. Jan. i, 1864. Hunt, A. B., e. Aug. 15, 1861. Mayer, John, e. Nov. i, 1861, m. o. Oct. 31, 1864; term expired. Rice, A. L., e. Nov. i, 1861, died Oct. 15, 1864, wds. Reef, Jos. S., e. March 23, 1864, m. o. corpl. Rees, Enos S., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Rees, John M., e. Jan. 31, 1865. Wertz, Jacob, e. Nov. i, 1861, wd. ; m. o. Dec. 2, 1864. Winters, Abraham, e. Nov. i, 1861 ; vet. Jan. i, 1864. Winters, Cyrus, e. Nov. i, 1861 ; vet. Jan. i, 1864; absent, wd. at m. o. of regiment. Wagoner, Geo., e. Nov. i, 1861 ; vet. Jan. i, 1864; absent sick at m. o. of regiment. COMPANY i. Eastland, A. J., died Aug., 1863. Blake, F. W., e. Jan. i, 1864. Keegan, James, e. March 12, 1864; kid. July 22, 1864. Leonard, Arthur, e. Jan. i, 1864; absent sick at m. o. of regiment. Ruff, F. C., e. Jan. i, 1864. Reider, Jos., e. Jan. i, 1864. COMPANY K. Allison, W. W. Cooper, Wm. e. Jan. i, 1864. Sheppard, Charles. FORTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. The Washburne Lead Mine Regiment was organized at Chicago, Illinois, December 25, 1861, by Colonel John E. Smith, and mustered into the United States service as the Forty-fifth Infantry Illinois Volunteers, January 15, 1862. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 261 Moved to Cairo, Illinois, February i, assigned to brigade of Colonel W. H. L. Wallace division of Brigadier General McClernand. February 4 landed below Fort Henry, on the Tennessee, and on the 6th marched into the fort, it having been surrendered to the gun-boats. February nth moved toward Fort Donelson, and during the succeeding days bore its part of the suffering and of the battle. The flag of the forty-fifth was the first planted on the enemy's works. Loss, two killed and twenty-six wounded. March 4th moved to the Tennessee River, and nth arrived at Savannah. Was engaged in the expedition to Pine Hook. March 2$th moved to Pittsburg Landing, and encamped near Shiloh Church. The Forty-fifth took a conspicuous and honorable part in the two days' battle of Shiloh, losing twenty-six killed and one hundred and ninety-nine wounded and missing, nearly one-half of the regiment. April I2th, Colonel John E. Smith, of the Forty-fifth, took command of the brigade. During the siege of Corinth, the regiment was in the first brigade, Third Division, Reserve Army of the Tennessee and bore its full share of the labors and dangers of the campaign. June 4th, the regiment was assigned to Third Brigade, and moved toward Purdy, fifteen miles. On the 5th, marched to Bethel ; 7th, to Monte- zuma, and on the 8th, to Jackson, Tennessee, the enemy flying on its approach. During the months of June and July, engaged in garrison and guard duty. August nth, assigned to guarding railroad, near Toon's Station. On the 3ist, after much desperate fighting, Companies C and D were captured. The re- mainder of the regiment, concentrating at Toon's Station, were able to resist the attack of largely outnumbering forces. Loss, three killed, thirteen wounded and forty-three taken prisoners. September i/th, moved to Jackson; November 2d, to Bolivar, and was assigned to First Brigade, Third Division, Right Wing, Thirteenth Army Corps. November 3, 1862, marched from Bolivar to Van Buren; 4th, to La Grange, and was assigned to Provost duty; 28th, marched to Holly Springs; December 3d, to Waterford; 4th, Abbeville; 5th, to Oxford, to Yocano River, near Spring Dale. Communications with the north having been cut off, foraged on the country for supplies. December I7th, notice received of the promotion of Colonel John E. Smith to Brigadier General, ranking from November 29th ; December 22d, returned to Oxford ; 24th moved to a camp three miles north of Abbeville, on the Tallahatchie River, where the regiment remained during the month. Mustered out July 12, 1865, at Louisville, Kentucky, and arrived at Chicago, July 15, 1865, for final payment and discharge. COMPANY B. Capt. Thomas J. Prouty, e. as private; Aug. 30, 1861, prmtd. sergt; prmtd. 2d lieut. Nov. 29, 1862; prmtd ist lieut. Dec. 25, 1864; prmtd. capt. July 9, 1865. Hollenbeck, Chas. H., e. Aug. 30, 1861 ; disd. April 16, 1863, wd. Prouty, Elijah; e. Aug. 30, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 19, 1863. Cressler, Alfred, e. Jan. 5, 1864. COMPANY c. Sergt. Orrin L. Williams, e. Oct. i, i86i,-m. o. Dec. 24, 1864; term expired. Corp. Ephraim Percy, e. Oct. 2, 1861. Beaumont, H. E., e. Oct. 7, 1861. 262 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Foley, Michael, e. Oct. 3, 1861. Green, James M., e. Oct. 5, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 1864. Jordan, James, e. Oct. 3, 1861, disd. March 2, 1862. Kepheart, Isaac, e. Oct. 3, 1861, disd. for disab. Lasier, Silas D., e. Dec. 20, 1861. Mourn, Andrew, e. Sept. 20, 1861, reported dead. Morrison, John H., e. Oct. i, 1861, m. o. Nov. 20, 1864. Mitchell, Robert M., e. Oct. 7, 1861. Mugley, Geo., e. Oct. 8, 1861. McGrath, Patrick, e. Oct. i, 1861, trans, to V. R. C. Stocks, Jos. e. Oct. 9, 1861. Verly, John, e. Oct. 5, 1861, disd. Jan. 31, 1863, disab. COMPANY D. McLaughlin, Thos. W., e. Oct. 19, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 19, 1863; m. o. July 12, 1865. McLoughlin, W. T. Wilder, Albert A., e. Oct. 19, 1861, disd. April 23, 1863, diseb. COMPANY E. Second Lieut. Chas. F. Dube, e. as sergt. Sept. 14, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d. lieut. May 22, 1863; term expired Dec. 25, 1864. Corp. Samuel R. Machamer, e. Sept. 14, 1861, disd. May 2, 1862. Boop, Wm. H., e. March 30, 1864. Brandt, Abraham, e. Sept. 18, 1861, vet. Dec. 19, 1863; m. o. as corp. Boop, Jacob, e. March 30, 1864. Bowersox, Chas., e. Sept. 18, 1861, disd. May 2, 1862. Dubs, Henry, e. March 24, 1864. Frasher, Wm., e. Sept. 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 1864. Flickenger, E. O., e. Sept. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 1864. Kiester, Chris., e. Sept. 18, 1861, trans, to inv. corps. Miller, Henry, e. Sept. 7, 1861, vet. March i, 1864. Spellman, Thomas, e. Sept. 24, 1861, m. o. Sept. 29, 1864; term expired. Wingard, Jacob, e. Sept. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 1864. FORTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. The forty-six Infantry Illinois volunteers was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, December 28, 1861, by Colonel John A. Davis, ordered to Cairo, Illinois, February n, 1862; from thence proceeded via the Cumberland River to Fort Donelson, Tennessee, arriving on the 141)1 and was assigned to the command of General Lew. Wallace ; on the 1 5th lost one man killed and two wounded ; i6th, moved through the works and to Dover; igth, moved to Fort Henry. March 6th, embarked to Pittsburg Landing, where it arrived on the i8th. The regiment was now in Second Brigade, Fourth Division, and Fourteenth and Fifteenth and Forty-sixth Illinois, and Twenty-fifth Indiana, Colonel James C. Veatch, Twenty-fifth, Indiana, commanding brigade, and Brigadier General S. A. Hurlbut, of Illinois, commanding division. In the battle of Shiloh the HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 263 46th took a most conspicuous and honorable part, losing over half of its offi- cers and men in killed and wounded and receiving the thanks of the commanding generals. Among the wounded were Colonel John A. Davis, Major Dorn- blasser, Captains Musser, Stephens, Marble and McCracken; Lieutenants Hood, Barr, Arnold, Ingraham and Howell. In this action the "Fighting Fourth Divis- ion" of General Hurlbut achieved a reputation for bravery to which it added on every field in which it was engaged until the close of the war. Was engaged in the siege of Corinth, in the month of May. June 2, camped six miles west of Corinth; on the loth marched to the Hatchie River; isth, past through Grand Junction, and camped three miles from town; 24th moved to Collarbone Hill, near La Grange; on the 3Oth moved to Old Lamer Church. July i, marched to Cold 'Water, and returned on the 6th; on the i/th, moved toward Memphis, marching via Moscow, Lafayette, Germantown and White's Station, and camp- ing two miles south of Memphis on the 2ist of July. August 27th, engaged in the scout to Pigeon Roost. September the 6th, moved from Memphis towards Brownsville ; 7th, marched through Raleigh and Union Stations ; 9th, marched to Big Muddy River; nth, via Hampton Station, to Danville; I2th, via White- ville to Pleasant Creek; I4th, via Bolivar to Hatchie River. September 27, all the troops on the river at this place, were reviewed by General. McPherson. October 4, moved toward Corinth ; 5th, met the enemy at Metamore. The forty- sixth was in position at the right of second brigade supporting Bolton's Battery. After an hour of shelling by the batteries, the infantry was ordered forward, and at a double quick, advanced, driving the enemy across the river. The First Brigade coming up, "Hurlbut's Fighting Fourth Division" advanced and drove the enemy from the field, compelling their fight. Colonel John A. Davis, of the forty- sixth was mortally wounded in this action, and Lieutenant M. R. Thompson also both dying on the roth. After the battle returned to Bolivar. November 3, marched to La Grange ; 28th, -moved to Holly Springs ; 3Oth, toward Talla- hatchie River, and camped near Waterford, Miss., where splendid winter quar- ters with mud chimneys and bake ovens complete, were fitted up in time to move away from them. December the nth, to Hurricane Creek, and I2th, to Yocona Station, where it remained until December 22, when it marched to Tay- lor's Station. Van Dorn, having captured Holly Springs, marched on the 23d, via Oxford, to Hurricane Creek; 24th, the Forty-sixth Illinois and Thirty-third Wisconsin moved, as train guard, to north side of Tallahatchie River; 26th, moved camp four miles nearer Holly Springs, between Waterford and Wyatt Stations. January 6, 1863, moved to Holly Springs; loth, Fifteenth and Forty- sixth Illinois were escorted to ammunition train to La Grange; I3th, marched to Moscow, where it remained until February 5, when it moved to Lafayette. The garrison of Moscow was First Brigade, Fourth Division, the Forty-sixth and Seventy-sixth Illinois of the Second Brigade, and two batteries ; and the garrison of Lafayette the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Illinois and one battery, Colonel Cyrus Hall commanding. After rejoining brigade at Lafayette, marched on the gth of March, via Collierville and Germantown, to Memphis. April 2-, 1863, engaged in the expedition to Hernando, and returned on the 24th. May 13, embarked for Vicksburg, and on the i5th, landed at Young's Point; i8th, marched to Bower's landing; ipth moved to Sherman's landing; 2Oth moved 264 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY by steamer up Yazoo to Chickasaw Bayou ; disembarked and moved across the swamp to the bluff. May 21, proceeded to the right of General Grant's army, and were then ordered to- Snyder's Bluff ; 24th, marched in the direction of Vicks- burg; 25th, marched to the extreme left of the line. The regiment was de- tailed on picket duty, and during the night the outpost, consisting of five com- panies of the regiment, were captured by the enemy ; 104 men and 7 officers were captured, 70 escaping. The remainder of the regiment took an active part in the siege of Vicksburg ; July 5th, moved to Clear Creek ; 6th, to Bolton Sta- tion; 8th, to Clinton; gth, to Dickens' Plantation, where it remained guarding train; I2th, moved into position on the extreme right of the line near Pearl River; engaged in the siege until the i6th, when the enemy evacuated Jackson, after which the regiment returned to Vicksburg. The division was now trans- ferred to the I7th corps, and Brigadier General M. M. Crocker assigned to com- mand. August 12, moved to Natchez. September i, went on an expedition into Louisiana, returning on the 8th. September the i6th, moved to Vicksburg. No- vember 28, moved to Camp Cowan, on Clear Creek. January 4, 1863, the Forty- sixth was mustered as a veteran regiment; i2th, started north for veteran furlough ; 23, arrived at Freeport, Illinois ; and on the 27th, the regiment was furloughed. Col. John A. Davis, com. Sept. 12, 1861, died at Bolivar, Tenn., Oct. 10, 1862, of wounds received at battle of Hatchie. Col. Benj. Dornblazer, com. adjt. Oct. n, 1861, prmtd. Major Feb. 8, 1862, prmtd. col. Oct. n, 1862, brevt. brig, gen, Feb. 20, 1865. Maj. John M. McCracken, com. capt. Co. K, Dec. 30, 1861, prmtd. maj. Oct. n, 1862, term expired Dec. 23, 1864. Maj. Jos. Clingman, com. capt. April 24, 1862, prmtd. maj. Dec. 23, 1864. Quarter Master Edwin R. Gillett, com. September, 1862, res. Oct. 5, 1864. Quarter Master James B. Wright, com. Oct. 5, 1864. Sergt. Elias C. De Puy, com. Sept. 23, 1861, res. Nov. i, 1864. First Asst. Sergt. Julius N. DeWitt, com. 2d. asst. sergt. March 5, 1864, prmtd. ist asst. sergt. Nov. i, 1864. Chaplain David Teed, com. Oct. 11, 1861, res. Sept. i, 1862. Sergt. Maj. Wm. Swanzey, e. Dec. 1861, disd. May 29, 1862, disab. Sergt. Maj. Henry A. Ewing, disd. Oct. 25, 1863, for promotion. Sergt. Maj. John E. Hershey, disd. Sept. i, 1864, disab. Sergt. Maj. Edgar Butterfield, vet., m. o. Sept. 20, 1866. Sergt. Maj. F. H. Whipple, trans, from nth inf., m. o. July 8, 1865. Quarter Master Sergt. James Duncan, e. Sept. 14, 1861, disd. May 29, 1862, disab. Quarter Master Sergt. Julius T. Weld, m. o. June 20, 1866. Comsy. Sergt. E. R. Gillett, e. Sept. 14, 1861, disd. for promotion as regi- mental quartermaster. Comsy, Sergt, W. H. Barnds, vet., m. o. Jan. 20, 1866. Hospital Steward Thos. Walcott, vet. Hospital Steward Jos. Chambers, e. Sept. 14, 1861, disd. August, 1862, disab. Hospital Steward James Steels, disd. March i, 1864, for promotion. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 265 Hospital Steward Thos. J. Allen, vet., m. o. Jan. 20, 1866. Principal Musician Geo. W. Trotter, vet., reported dead Oct.(?), 1865. COMPANY A. Capt. John Musser, com. Sept. 10, 1861, died April 24, 1862. Capt. Isaac A. Arnold, com. 2d lieut. Sept. 10, 1861. prmtd., ist lieut. April i, 1862. prmtd. capt. Dec. 23, 1864. First Lieut. Wm. O. Saxton, com. Sept. 10, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. Oct. 15, 1861 ; prmtd. ist lieut. Dec. 23, 1864. Wm. Reynolds, e. as sergt. Sept. 10, 1861, prmtd. 2d. lieut. Oct. 15, 1861, prmtd. ist lieut. Dec. 23, 1864. Second Lieut. Geo. S. Dickey, e. as sergt. Sept. 10, 1861, prmtd. 2d. lieut. April i, 1862, res. Oct. 15, 1864. Second Lieut. Wm. M. Moore, prmtd. ist. lieut. Dec. 23, 1864. Sergt. Horace D. Purinton, e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. Dec. 12, 1863. Corp. Daniel M. Hart, e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. July 8, 1862, disab. Corp. Thomas S. Clingman, e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. Aug. 2, 1862, wds. Corp. Andrew M. Fellows, e. Sept. 10, 1861, died May 2, 1862. Corp. Albert M. Lull, e. Sept. 10, 1861, kid. at Shiloh. Corp. Benj. Musser, e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. Nov. 24, 1862, disab. Corp Wesley J. Best, e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Corp. Q. E. Pollack, e. Sept. 10, 1861, as ist lieut, died at Mound City April 9, 1862, wds. Arnold, A. F., e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. Sept. 4, 1862, disab. Andrew Wm., e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 22, 1863, died at Duvall's Bluff, Dec. 10, 1864. Andrea, Jacob D., e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. Ambrose, DeWitt, C., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Allen, John A. Allison, Wm. W., e. Oct. 10, 1861, died March 16, 1863. Belknap, C. A., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Bruner, Robt. D., e. Jan. 5, 1864, as corpl., died Oct. 6, 1864. Barrett, Edw., e. Jan. 25, 1864, died Aug. 12, 1864. Babcock, James, M., e. Aug. 10, 1862, disd. Nov. 25, 1863, for promotion. Best, Hiram C., e. Jan. 24, 1865, disd. June 19, 1865. Bolander, H. W., e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. Aug. 25, 1862, disab. Bates, A. J., e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. July 9, 1862, disab. Bolander, Geo. W., e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 22, 1863, m. o. as corpl. Best, Robt. T., e. Sept. 10, 1861, died Nov. 7, 1861. Barrett, Chas., e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. Aug. 13, 1862, wd. Best, Wesley J., e. Dec. 22, 1863, died Aug. 19, 1864, wds. Benter, Martin, e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. Nov. 14, 1862, wds. Buss, Hillery, e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 22, 1863, m. o. as corp. Cearn, William, e. Sept. 10, 1861, trans, to inv. corps. Clingman, Abner, e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 7, 1863, m. o. July 14, 1865. Clingman, Hiram, e. Sept. 10, 1862, kid. battle of Shiloh. Clingman, George R., e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 22, 1863. 266 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Clouse, Charles, e. Sept. 10, 1861, died Sept. 7, 1862. Clingman, Charles, e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Clingman, John T., e. Jan. 26, 1865. Clingman, William M., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Cadwell, Horace, e. Jan. 24, 1867. Clow, Benjamin, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Clause, William, e. Jan. 27, 1865. Deriges, John P., e. Feb. 7, 1865. Daughenbaugh, C., e. Oct. 15, 1864, m. o. Oct. 8, 1865. Derrick, James E., e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. May 28, 1862, disab. Descaven, D. P., e. Sept. 10, 1861, died Sept. 22, 1862. Davidson, George W., e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. April 28, 1863, disab. Elliott, John, e. Sept. 10, 1861, kid. bat. Shiloh. Erley, William F., e. Sept. 10, 1861,; vet. Dec. 7, 1863. Evans, Thomas W., e. January 5, 1854. Ellis, Elias, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Faurer, Robert A., e. Oct. 10, 1062, vet. French, D. H., e. Jan. 28, 1864. Ford, William D., e. Jan. 27, 1865. Fellows, George E., e. Feb. 27, 1864; m. o. May 15, 1865. French, S. A., e. Sept. 10, 1861, ( ?) m. o. as sergt. Garrison, D. W., e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Gibbons, Thomas, e Sept. 10, 1861. Galpin, Daniel A., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; term expired. Gibbens, William, e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 7, 1863. Garrard, W., e. Jan. 24, 1865 ; absent, sick at m. o. Glynn, James, e. Jan. 25, 1864. Carman, Lawrence G., e. Feb. 8, 1864. Green, Chris, e. Oct. 10, 1861. Hunting, George H., e. Jan. 5, 1864, disd. for promotion in U. S. C. H. Art. Hartzel, William, e. Dec. 30, 1863, vet., absent at m. o. Hart, Joseph E., e. Jan 31, 1865. Hill, John, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Hills, H. M., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Hoot, John, e. Sept. 10, 1861; kid. at Shiloh. Hunting, Charles H., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863 ; disd. July 14, 1864. Hollenbeck, H. W., me. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died May 3, 1862; wd. Hunting, William A., e. Sept 10, 1861. Hart, James H., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Holsinger, William H., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died April I, 1862. Hoyman, Henry, e. Feb. 6, 1865. Hadsell, N. A., e. ( ?) ; disd. March 9, 1866. Hadsell, A. C., '- . Hart, John, e. Aug. 30, 1862; m. o. June 19, 1865; as sergt. Hart, Thomas J., e. Aug. 30, 1862; m. o. June 19, 1865. Hathaway, Homer H., e. ? . Joy, Benedict, e. Feb. 20, 1864. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 267 Jefferies, Jos. G., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 10, 1863 ; absent at m. o. Kemper, Adam, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; ist sergt., disd. for promotion. Krape, Wm. W., e. Feb. 29, 1864. Law, John H., e. Jan. 26, 1865. Lee, L. H., e. Jan. 26, 1865. Miller, I., e. Dec. 23, 1863; absent at m. o. Moore, George W., e. Jan. 25, 1863. Moser. Wm., e. Feb. 29, 1864. McAfee, R. L. H., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Musser, Chas., e. Jan. 31, 1865. Moser, E. A., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Morgan, H. A., e. Jan. 24, 1865. May, Willard, e. Feb. 24, 1864, died May 18, 1864. McCarthey, James C., e. Feb. i, 1864, vet. Moore, Wm. R., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863 ; disd. March 19, 1865, sergt. Miller, H. W., e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Musser, James, e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 22, 1862. McHoes, John, e. Sept. 10, 1861, trans, to inv. corps. More, Chas F., e. Sept. 10, 1861, died April 2, 1863. Mason, John H., e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. Nov. 24, 1862, wd. Mack, James H., e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Neil, Wm. R., e. Feb. 20, 1864. Peck, Theo., e. Sept. 10, 1861, died Jan. 8, 1862. Patten, John, e. Sept. 10, 1861, kid. Shiloh. Plowman, Charles, e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Patten Robert, e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 7, 1863, m. o. as corp. Parrish, Pleasant, e. Sept. 10, 1861, trans, to Co. B. Peck, A., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; m. o. Nov. 12, 1864. Parker, John., e. Feb. 18, 1864, absent (sick) at m. o. Rogers, H. G., e. Oct. 10, 1861 ; kid. at Shiloh April 6, 1862. Reiniger, Samuel J., e. Dec. 17, 1863. Rice, M. A., e. Feb. i, 1864. Ritzman, John, e. Feb. 6, 1865. Rubendall, D. R., e. Jan. 4, 1864, m. o. June 10, 1865. Rudy, John, e. Dec. 23, 1863, m. o. May 22, 1865. Quiggle, Robert H., e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 7, 1863, m. o. July 14, 1865. Ritzman, Robert, D., e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Riem, James, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863 ; died March 22, 1864. Rush, John, e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. Aug. 16, 1862, disab. Rogers, D. F., e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 22, 1863, died Dec. 12, 1864. Rodimer, Wm. H., e. Sept. 10, 1861, kid. at bat. Shiloh. Rollins, E. W., e. Sept. 10, 1861, died June 29, 1862. Smith, C. H., e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 7, 1863. Solomon, John C., e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. May 8, 1862, disab. Sheckler, John, e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 7, 1863. Scovill, Daniel A., e. Sept. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 22, 1863, m. o. as corps. 268 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Sleight, Samuel A., e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. May 8, 1862, disab. Smith, E. W., Sept. 10, 1861, trans, to inv. corps. Scovill, Nelson, e. Sept. 10, 1861, died April 18, 1862, wd. Stephens, James N., e. Sept. 10, 1861, died May 9, 1862. Smith, James C., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Scovill, Alfred B., e. Jan. 25, 1864. Shadell, Samuel P., e. Dec. 17, 1863. Shadell, A. C., e. Oct. 30, 1863. Swartz, John L., e. Oct. 30, 1863. Shellenberger, John, e. Jan. 8, 1864. Sheets, George W., e. Jan. 25, 1864, Sanborn, Charles G., e. Feb. 6, 1865. Sills, Thomas, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Seidle, Charles H., e. Dec. 23, 1863, died Nov. 20, 1864. Sherman, Leonard. Tomlins, John W., Dec. 16, 1863. Taft, Jos. A., e. March 4, 1865. Thompson, L. B., e. Oct. 8, 1864. Taylor, John W., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863 ; disd. for prom. 53d U. S. C. I. Thompson, James M., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died April i, 1862. Van Brocklin, James M., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. December 22, 1863. Vincen, Thomas, e. Sept. to, 1861 ; vet. December 22, 1863. Walker, John /W., e. Sept. 10, 1861. Winchell, H. P., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863. Wieland, John M., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died Nov. 2, 1862. Woodring, John M., e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. Nov. 22, 1862, disab. Wilson, Benjamin F., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died Dec. 30, 1861. Whisler John B., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died Dec. 30, 1861. Wilson, R. P., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Waddell, John R., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Woodring, U., e. Feb. 27, 1864. Wall, Thomas, e. March 21, 1865, disd. Winters, Darius, e. Aug. 10, 1862; m. o. July 7, 1865. Wetzol, F. F., e. Feb. 17, 1864. Windecker, William, e. Feb. 6, 1865. Waddell, William W., e. Jan. 28, 1865. Woodring, John M., e. Feb. 7, 1865. COMPANY B. Capt. Rollin V. Ankeny, com. Sept. 14, 1861 ; res. Dec. 31, 1862. Capt. William J. Reitzell, e. as sergt. Sept. 10, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d lieut. June 10, 1862; prmtd. ist lieut. July 10, 1862; prmtd, capt Jan. i, 1863; term expired Dec. 23, 1864. Capt. Robert F. Cooper, e. as sergt. Sept. 10, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. i, 1863; prmtd. ist lieut. Sept. 27, 1864; prmtd. capt. Dec. 23, 1864. First Lieut. Henry Roush, com. Sept. 14, 1861 ; res. April 18, 1862. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 269 First Lieut. Emanuel Faust, e. as sergt. Sept. 10, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d lieut. July 10, 1862; prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. i, 1863; res. Sept. 27, 1864. First Lieut. George S. Rousch, e. as corp. Sept. 10, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d. lieut. Sept. 27, 1864; prmtd ist. lieut. Dec. 23, 1864; res. June 19, 1865. First Lieut. Thomas B. Jones, e. as corp. Sept. 10, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec. 23, 1864; prmtd. first lieut. July 31, 1865. Second Lieut. Thomas J. Hathaway, com. Sept. 14, 1861 ; res. June 10, 1862. Second Lieut. Aaron McCaley, e. as private Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. prmtd. 2d lieut. July 31, 1865. First Sergt. Thomas J. Hood, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; trans, to Co. G. Sergt. Robt. Smith, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; trans, to Co. G. Corp. George Cox, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died October 9, 1862, wds. Corp. Leonard Shook, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. July 10, 1862; as sergt. disab. Corp. John E. Hershey, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; prmtd sergt. maj. Corp. John Y. Haughey, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Jan. 5, 1864; m. o. May 30, 1865. Corp. J. W. Barker, e. Sept. 10, 1865; disd. Feb. 12, 1863; as private disab. Corp. Isaac F. Kleckner, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. June 14, 1862; disab. Musician Isaac Bolander, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863. Musician Casper Long, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; trans, to Co. G. Wagoner Isaac N. Mallory, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Aug. 12, 1862; disab. Ashenfelter, Cyrus, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died Dec. 6, 1861. Arnold, Adam, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863. Askey, Samuel, e. Feb. 5, 1864. Arnold, Charles, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Askey, John e. Feb. 5, 1864. Andre, Jacob, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. December 23, 1863; trans, to Co. A. Artley, Abram, e. Feb. 15, 1864; trans, to Co. K. Alshouse, Jacob, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Sept. 21, 1862; disab. Ansberger, S., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863. Barr, John W., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; prmtd. sergt. maj. Boyd, Franklin, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Brenizer, J. K., e. Feb. i, 1864; m. o. as corp. Barker, A. J., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Dec. 28, 1863 ; disab. Brayman, E P., e. Dec. 26, 1863. Barker, S. S., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Bloss, Joseph L., e. Feb. 8, 1864. Bowen, John T., e. Sept. 10. 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Bolender, Jackson, e. Feb. i, 1864. Bolander, Aaron, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1864; m. o. June 19, 1865. Burgess, Solon S., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. June 30, 1863 ; disab. Bolander, John P., e. Feb. i, 1864. Bovver, Charles F., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died April 23, 1862; wds. Butterfield, Edgar, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 1863 : prmtd. sergt. maj. Collins, Thomas, e. ? ; trans, from ggth 111. Crawford, Franklin, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; m. o. Sept. 9. 1864. Carroll, Henry, e. Feb. 2, 1864. 270 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Chambers, Joseph, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; prmtd. hospital steward. Cooper, George W., e. Feb. i, 1864. Cantrell, Joseph T., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Decmber 23, 1863; trans, to Co. K. Clark, Siias W., e. Dec. 16, 1863. Cooper, A. J., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Cade, Charles, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Aug. 12, 1862; disab. Chase, L. W., trans, from 99th 111. Dubois, William W., e. Dec. 26, 1863. Duncan, O. P. e. Jan. 26, 1865. Duncan, James. ? . Daniels, Willis, m. o. Jan. 8, 1866. Dougherty, Geo., e. Jan. 2, 1864; disd. Sept. 17, 1864; disab. Ernst, Jacob, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863. Eli, Marion, e. Dec. 18, 1863; trans, to Co. K. Erb, Ira, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. December 7, 1863; m. o. as corp. Frankeberger, Aaron, e. Feb. 22, 1864, Forbes, A. W., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863. Foster, Geo., e. Feb. i, 1864. Frankeberger, E. B., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863. From, James, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863. Prize, Henry, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died March 31, 1862. Gallagher, H. C, e. Dec. 17, 1863. Guiter, Adam, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. George, Wm., e. Feb. 12, 1864; died Sept. 10, 1864. Gibler, Hiram, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; m. o. Sept. 9, 1864. Gibler, Jos. H., e. Sept. 10, 1864. Hess, Andrew, e. Feb. 4, 1865; died April 24, 1865; wd. Henrich, Cornelius, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863. Hinies, Jos., e. Feb. 19, 1864. Hay, John, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863 ; m. o. as sergt. Hartman, H. J., e. Jan. 28, 1865. Hathaway, H. H., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; trans, to Co. A. Hartman, Jos. W., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Hathaway, J. J., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863. Hinds, Erastus, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Hathaway, Jas. B., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. April 23, 1862; disab. Hamilton, Thos., trans, from 99th 111. Hess, Andrew, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Hofmerster, Aug. W., m. o. Oct. 9, 1865. Hill, Langford, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Feb. 15, 1864. Hendrickson, A. m. o. Oct. 9, 1865. Henderson, W. J., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863; m. o. July 15, 1865. Hartzel, John, e. Oct. 13, 1864; m. o. Oct. 12, 1865. Henderson, Francis, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Henderson, Francis, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863 ; m. o. as sergt. Hathaway, Phillip, e. Jan. 30, 1864; disd. Dec. 31, 1866. Hoag, Chas., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 271 Howe, James, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Hinds, Erastus, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. July 30, 1862; disab. Inman, H. L., e. Feb. 2, 1864. Johnson, Wm. T. e. Dec. 27, 1863; died June 17, 1865. Kaup, Geo. S., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. July 30, 1862; disab. Kryder, Jacob N., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. King, Edwin, e. Feb. 3, 1864. King, Robt., e. Feb. i, 1864. Kerr, Wm. e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; kid. at battle of Shiloh. Kellog, E. V., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. December 23, 1863; died Oct. 4, 1864. Lauck, Jacob, e. Feb. 2, 1864. Mingle, D. J., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Jan. 5, 1864. McKee, Robert, e. Oct. 21, 1861; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Mather, A., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863. McKee, David, e. Nov. 13, 1863. McElhaney, Wm., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. April 4, 1862. Mogle, Samuel, e. Feb. 2, 1864. McCurdy, Francis, e. Sept. 10, 1861; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Mogle, Jacob, e. Feb. 2, 1864. Mitchell, Norton, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. McCauley, Isaac, e. Feb. 2, 1864. Moses, John N., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Mitchell, C, trans, from 99th 111. McLenahan, George, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863. Mogle, L. W., e. Feb. i, 1864; m. o. Oct. 21, 1865. Malory, Daniel, e Sept. 10, 1861 ; m. o. Sept. 9, 1864. Mack, Harry A., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died June 15, 1862. Mallory, John W., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died May 17, 1862. McGinnis, Jos., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died Sept. 28, 1862. Mingle, John H., Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Nicholas, John, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Nov. 7, 1862 ; disab. Pentecoff, Levi, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. December 23, 1863 ; prmtd. serg. maj. Parrish, P. P., disd. Feb. 3, 1863; disab. Pieter, John, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Jan. 5, 1864. Pierce, James, e. Dec. 9, 1863. Potter, Francis, e. Sept. 10, 1861. Potter, Julius, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died Feb. 6, 1862. Pierce, James, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Nov. n, 1862; disab. Rockwell, Charles W., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died May 14, 1862. Rishel, Daniel L. Reed, W. D., e. Jan. 27, 1864. Reed, John P., e. Jan. 27, 1864. Runkle? John H., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Roush, Henry, e. Feb. i, 1864; died July 10, 1864. Seibold, Calhoun, e. Feb. i, 1864. Stottler, Jacob, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died May, 1862; wd. Skinner, W. W., e. Feb. 8, 1864. 272 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Segin, Theo., e. Dec. 17, 1863. Snyder, F. M., e. Dec. 24, 1863. Shaffer, W. F., e. Jan. 24, 1865; m. o. June 20, 1865. Stanley, John, e. Feb. i, 1864; m. o. Sept. 8, 1865. Shane, Charles N., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died July 26, 1863. Stone, E. L., e. Feb. 9, 1864; died Nov. 27, 1864. Shane, Thomas J., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; m. o. Sept. 9, 1864; corp. Smith, Henry, trans, from 99th 111. Sprague, George D., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Feb. 28, 1863; disab. Taft, H. C., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Turrinzo, Anson, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Thompson, I. E., e. Feb. 4, 1864. Tyler, Dayton D., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863; trans, to Co. D. Thompson, Robert S., e. Feb. 4, 1864. Tomlins, J. W. Van Meter, John C., e. Sept. 19, 1861 ; disd. July 7, 1862; disab. Vocht, Levi S., e. Jan. 24, 1864. Vinson, George, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 7, 1863; trans, to Co. H. Vinson, John, e. Jan. 8, 1864; died Aug. 12, 1864. Wilson, George, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died April 30, 1862. Wunshel, George, e. Feb. i, 1864. Wright, Charles F., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Wohlford, Franklin, e. Feb. 2, 1864. Webb, Oliver P., e. Feb. 4, 1864. Wagner, P. R., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Wilson, Henry, m. o. Oct. 9, 1865. Yoder, Andrew B., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Zigler, Miller, e. Feb. 2, 1864; trans, to Co. K. COMPANY c. Capt. Frederick Khrumme, com. Sept. 10, 1861 ; res. April 23, 1862. Capt. Philip Arno, com. ist lieut. Sept. 10, 1861 ; prmtd. capt. April 23, 1862; term expired Dec. 23, 1864. Capt. Edward Wilke, e. as sergt. Sept. 10, 1861 ; prmtd, 2d lieut. Sept. 29, 1862; prmtd. ist lieut. Dec. 17, 1863; prmtd, capt. Dec. 23, 1864. First Lieut. Harbcrt Harberts, e. as sergt. Sept 10, 1861 ; prmtd. 1st lieut. April 23, 1862, m. o. for promotion 2d Miss. Dec. 17, 1863. First Lieut. Andrew Ohlenheusen, e. as private Dec. 22, 1863; prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec. 17, 1863; ;---.ntd. ist lieut. Dec. 23, 1864. Second Lieut. Ad< ;> iiorchers, com. Sept. 10, 1861 ; res. Sept. 29, 1862. Second Lieut. En ! Neese, e. as corp. Sept. 10, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d lieut. March 30, 1865. Sergt. Adolph Wa!';recht, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disa. for promotion in U. S. C. H. art. Sergt. Carl H. G e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Sept. 9, 1864; term expired. Sergt. Ferdinand ' e tz, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; m. o. Sept. 16, 1864. Corp. Albert Koch e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died May 15, 1862. HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY 273 Corp. Arnold Rader, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Sept. 22, 1862; disab. Corp. Carl Lipinski, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. March 19, 1864. Corp. John Ochxle, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Corp. Peter Steinmetz, e. Sept. 19, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863; died Oct. 15, 1864. Corp. C. Michealson, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Feb. 21, 1864. Musician Conrad Kahn, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died May 15, 1862. Musician Albert Stacker, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. July 3, 1862 ; disab. Arens, Peter, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Altmann, Henry, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Abels, Johann, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. September 14, 1864; term expired. Adams, Geo. W., trans, from gyih 111. Bauer, Anton, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Burkhart, John, e. Dec. 31, 1863. Berg, Alfred, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Burkhardt, A., e. died July 24, 1865. Berg, Alfred, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Backes, Jacob, e. Feb. 4, 1864. Benton, John L., e. Feb. 29, 1864 ; m. o. May 22, 1865. Bonn, Jos., e. Sept. 10, 1861. Byrne, Martin, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Barmington, F., e. Feb. 26, 1865. Baker, Jacob. Bagger, Heinrich, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died Oct. 15, 1862. Burkhardt, A., e. died July 22, 1865. Bles, Jacob, e. Dec. 20, 1863 ; dis. May 27, 1865. Cruse, John, e. Sept. 10, 1861. Cohlstedt Henry, e. Jan. 15, 1864. Christian, John. Crueger, Henry, e. Jan. 15, 1864. Dreesman. Ubbo, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died April n, 1864. Diller, Michael, e. Dec. 25, 1861 ; trans, to V. R. C. Durken, N. H. Van., e. Sept. to, 1861 ; died April 25, 1862. Davis, Philip. Dobble, W., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Jan. 5, 1864. Dede, Henry, e. Jan. 27, 1865. Duitsman, W., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; Dec. 22, 1863. Dennis, Thomas, died Oct. 7, 1865. Denzing, F., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd, September 9, 1864; term expired. Dillin, Michael, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Egnsen, B. W., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died May 19, 1862. Eickle, Anton, e. Jan. 25, 1864. Esch, J. J., e. Sept. 10, 1861. Friday, Philip, e. Jan. 28, 1864. Froning, Herman, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Oct. 14, 1863; disab. Farley, Thomas, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; trans, to Co. K. Friedman, Valentine, e. Dec. 31, 1863. Freivert, F., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Jan. 12, 1863 ; disab. 274 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Franz, Safrin, e. Feb. 9, 1864. Foster, John, e. Jan. 27, 1865. Frey, Johann, e. Jan. i, 1862; died at Vicksburg, July 5, 1862. Frewart, Charles, e. Nov. 26, 1863; died Dec. 19, 1864. Giboni, H., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; kid. at Bat. Shiloh. Getz, Andrew, e. Feb. 3, 1865. Gretzley, Gottleib, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died April 26, 1862; wds. Gasteger, A., e. Jan. i, 1864. Heeron, W., e. Sept. 10, 1864; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Hoebel, Jacob, e. Jan. 29, 1864. Hasselmann, Fred, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; kid. at Battle of Shiloh. Hofwimer, Jos., e. Jan. 18, 1864. Harberts, Johann, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Feb. 4, 1863 ; disab. Held, Frederick. Hencke, W., e. Jan. 28, 1864. Heine, Frederick, Feb. 29, 1864; kid. July 8, 1864. Husenger, O., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died May 5, 1862. Jaeger, John, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Roller, Johann, e. Sept 10, 1861 ; disd. Sept. 9, 1864 ; term expired. Roller, William, e. Nov. 25, 1861 ; vet. Jan. 5, 1864. Ruhlmeier, H., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Sept. 13, 1864; term expired. Rohle, Jacob, e. Dec. 26, 1863. Rraemer, Jacob, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died July 19, 1862. KJock, H., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died July 4, 1862. Rrueger, Rlaas, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Feb. 5, 1863 ; disab. Rrumme, H., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; trans, to Co. G. Rnock, Harm, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. September 13, 1864; term expired. Rraemer, F., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died May 26, 1862. Rnock, Andreas, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; kid. at Shiloh. Rnoeller, George, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Rauner, Christ, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. June 19, 1862; disab. Rohle, Jos., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Raemer, George, e. Jan. 27, 1865. Rastler, Nicholas, e. Jan. 26, 1864. Ruhler, August, e. Jan. 29, 1864. Raubenberger, P. G., e. Jan. 26, 1864. Rnecht, Philip, e. Jan. 28, 1864. Rom, Lewis, e. Jan. i, 1864. Royn, Frederick, e. Feb. 12, 1864. Roehler, Fred, e. Jan. 30, 1864. Roller, Fred, e. Jan. 27, 1864. Raemer, George N. Rleger, George, e. March 2, 1865. Retlerer, John, e. Jan. 1864; died Sept. 18, 1864. Rrueger, Carl, e. Jan. 5, 1864 ; died Nov. 29, 1864. Latour, Charles, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Lapp, Aaron, e. Sept. 10, 1862 ; died May 4, 1862. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 275 Ludicke, Henry, e. Feb. 4, 1864. Lahre, John, e. Dec. 18, 1863. Lahre, Isaac, e. Dec. 26, 1863. Lahre, Elias, e. Jan. 25, 1865. Long, Charles M., e. Jan. 27, 1865. Long, Jacob, e. Jan. 27, 1865. Leter, Nicholas, e. Oct. 6, 1864; m. o. Oct. 4, 1865. March, James, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; trans, to V. R. C. Mueller. Gottfried, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Metzger, Richard, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Nov. 7, 1862; disab. Metzen, Nielaus, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; trans, to V. R. C. Marbeth, Leons, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; kid. at Shiloh. Marks, J. F., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; kid. at Shiloh. Marks, Marius, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. June 19, 1862; wd. Meisencamp, C., Feb. 15, 1864; m. o. as corp. Miller, R. Wm., e. Dec. 16, 1863. Miller, Wm., e. Dec. 18, 1863. Meise, Comrad, e. Feb. 10, 1864, drowned Aug. 24, 1864. Miller, Frederick, e. Feb. 7, 1862; vet. Feb. 12, 1864; 46th I. V. I. Co. C. Neef, Johann, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Sept. 4, 1862; disab. Neef, Hermann, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Sept. 13, 1864; term expired. Nurgen, Jacob Van, e. Oct. 29, 1861 ; m. o. Nov. 12, 1864. O'Konas, Cornelius, e. Jan. 27, 1865. O'Konas, Peter, e. Jan. 27, 1865; died June 12, 1865. Otto, Charles, e. Jan. 25, 1865. Olthoff, William, e. Oct. 29, 1861 ; disd. Oct. 20, 1864; term expired. Olnhausen, Andreas, e. Oct. 29, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Plumer, Johann, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Penning, Wiard, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died Sept. 31, 1861. Perstin, F., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Sept. 13, 1864; term expired. Polmann, Albert, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Oct. 19, 1862, as corp. Prince, Jacob, e. Jan. 24, 1865 ; m. o. June 20, 1865. Peppering, Chris, e. Oct. 29, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Raden, John Van, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Rebel, Johan, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; kid. bat. Shiloh. Reichemeier, C., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died January r, 1862; wds. Rader, Arnold, e. Feb. 29, 1864. Romelfauger, Jacob, e. Jan. 28, 1864. Borback, Jacob, e. Feb. 26, 1864. Rach, Ernest, e. Jan. 28, 1864. Rippberger, John, e. Jan. 28, 1865. Reinecke, Joseph, e Restine, George, e Schneider, H., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Dec. n, 1862; disab. Stohr, John, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Nov. 13, 1862; disab. Schmaltzhaf, H., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died April 24, 1862; wds. Steifenhofer, M., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died Jan. 25, 1862. 276 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Stober, William, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. December 22, 1863 ; m. o. as sergt. Steinhauer, Jacob, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. May 24, 1862 ; disab. Sclimidt, Johann, e. Feb. 2, 1864. Schvenstein, Burkhardt, e. Feb. 9, 1864; m. o. Jan. 20, 1866. Streeger, Peter, e. Feb. 27, 1864. Stork, Henry, e. Feb. 10, 1864. Schwartz, H., e. Jan. 26, 1864. Schneider, A. C., e. Feb. 4, 1865. Seiferman, L., e. Feb. 2, 1865. Saur, Julius, e. Feb. i, 1865. Spies, Jacob, e. Oct. 29, 1861 ; kid. Oct. 5, 1862. Schlueker, H. A., e. Feb. 4, 1864; drowned Aug. 26, 1864. Schneider, Joseph, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Schroeder, Frank, e. Dec. 29, 1863; m. o. Oct. 3, 1865, as corp. Seidenburg, Frederick, e. Oct. 29, 1861 ; disd. Feb. 7, 1862. Stoehr, John, e , disd. May 31, 1865. Steffer, Michael, e. Feb. 4, 1864; m. o. June 7, 1865. Schroeder, Charles, e ; m, o. June 7, 1865. Schweitzer, John Geo., e. Oct. 29, 1861 ; vet. Jan. 5, 1864. Thei, Fredrich, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; died May 9, 1863. Trivel, W., e. Feb. 8, 1864. Vacopp, Philip, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863; died May 21, 1864. Vollmer, Gottleib, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; drowned May 14, 1863. Weifenbach, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. July 10, 1862 ; disab. Wolff, Johann, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Weggenhausen, Max, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Wagner, H. L., e. Jan. i, 1864, Weik, Louis, e. Jan. 26, 1864. Wagner, W., e. Feb. 6, 1865. Wernick, H. A., e. Jan. 18, 1864. Werner, Jacob, e. Jan. 26, 1865. Wepel, H., e. Jan. 27, 1865. Wyarda, Theodore, e. Feb. 13, 1864. Wunderlin, Saver, e. Feb. 2, 1864; m. o. May 22, 1865. Zeibrich, Paulus, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disd. Nov. 23, 1862; disab. COMPANY D. (New Company.) Capt. James W. Crane, com. Feb. 3, 1864; disd. March 25, 1865. Capt. Francis O. Miller, com. ist lieut. Feb. 3, 1864; prmtd, capt. June 6, 1865. First Lieut. Isaac Bobb, com. 2d lieut. Jan. 30, 1864; prmtd, ist lieut. June 6, 1865. Second Lieut. Benjamin F. Hayhurst, e. as private, Dec. 24, 1863; prmtd. first sergt; prmtd. second lieut. June 6, 1865. Aurand, John J., e. Dec. 17, 1863; m. o. June 22, 1865. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 277 Adams, John H., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Atkins, Lewis E., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Avery, William N., e. Nov. 30, 1863. Brady, Frederick, e. Oct. 10, 1864; m. o. Oct. 9, 1865. Brown, William W., e. Feb. 26, 1865. Brown, John W., e. Oct. 25, 1864. Beswick, A. W., e. Feb. 27, 1864. Bolick, Henry, e. Dec. 26, 1863. Benton, Levi, e. Dec. n, 1863; m. o. July 3, 1865. Bates, A. J., e. Dec. n, 1863; disd. Feb. 14, 1865; sergt. disab. Brown, James E., e. Dec. 23, 1863 ; m. o. as corp. Boyer, George, e. Dec. 26, 1863. Belden, Arthur, e. Dec. 28, 1863. Bentley, William, e. Dec. 24, 1863. Bentley, Lewis D., e. Dec. 28, 1863. Beck, John, e. Dec. 20, 1863. Branard, Benjamin, e. Dec. 30, 1863; died July 20, 1864. Bundy, Ambrose A., e. Dec. 30, 1863. Bundy, Christopher, e. Jan. 18, 1864. Bistine, Daniel, e. Jan. 2, 1864. Qade, Levi, Jan. 24, 1865. Clark, William A., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Clark, Charles B., e. Dec. 31, 1863. Clade, Charles, e. Dec. 18, .1863. Cook, S. M., e. Dec. 28, 1863. Culling, H. P., e. Dec. 25, 1863 ; trans, to V. R. C. Cross, Levi, e. Jan. 2, 1864. Clark, John, e. Jan. 2, 1864. Daugenbaugh, John N., e. Dec. 5, 1863 ; absent sick at m. o. Denton, Levi A., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Demer, Levi, e. Jan. 2, 1864. Edgars, William, e. Dec. 12, 1863. Eister, Daniel W., e. Dec. 22, 1863. Ells, Lansing, e. Jan. 22, 1863; died May 14, 1862; wds. Eshelmann, M. N., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Furray, William, e. Jan. 27, 1865. Fiss, Thomas J., e. Dec. 30, 1863 ; absent, sick at m. o. Fogel, John D., e. Dec. n, 1863; disd. Sept. 28, 1864; wd. Fry Joel, e. Dec. 30, 1863. Felt, William W., e. Dec. 28, 1863. Feltzer, Christopher, e. Jan. 28, 1863. Flory, John, e. Dec. 30, 1863. Gross, Theo., e. Feb. 2, 1865. Grissinger, Wm. B., e. Dec. n, 1863. Gardner, Brayton, e. Dec. 29, 1863. Grimmel, Wm. D., e. Dec. 30, 1863. Hurlburt, R. W.. e. Dec. 29. 1863. 278 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Hayden, Luther ., e. Dec. 25, 1863; died Jan. 5, 1865. Hammond, Marion, e. Dec. 29, 1863. Hayhurst, B. F. Jones, Robert A., e. Dec. 28, 1863. Johnson, James W., e. Dec. 28, 1863. Kleckner, John P., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Kaley, Jos., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Keller, Henry, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Keohler, John, e. Feb. 24, 1865. King Henry, e. Dec. 31, 1863; m. o. June 26, 1865. Knight, H. R., e. Jan. 2, 1864; died June 3, 1864. Kleckner, Jacob, e. Dec. 15, 1863. Keeler, Chris., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Lincoln, Albert, e. Dec. 9, 1863 ; disd. July 7, 1864. Lightheart, Warren, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Lee, Samuel, e. Dec. 29, 1863. Leverton, Isaac, e. Dec. 29, 1863. Luts, Wm., e. Jan. 14, 1864. Lenart, Elias, e. Dec. 30, 1863. Melton, L. L., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Minnick, N., e. Dec. 26, 1863. Musser, J. W., e. Dec. 28, 1863. Moorehouse, W. E., e. Dec. 29, 1863. McGilligan, Wm. K. P., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Maxwell, Jos. W., e. Dec. 31 ; died Aug. 23, 1864. Mattingley, James, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Messinger, George, e. Dec. 31, 1863; disd. May 31, 1865. Messinger, Wm., e. Dec. 21, 1863. Mudy, Geo. W., e. Jan. 4, 1864; died Oct. 9, 1864. Musser, Raymond, e. Jan. 2, 1864. Mechamer, A. E., e. Jan. 2, 1864. McGilligan, Jos. N., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Pangborn, Geo. E., e. Jan. i, 1864. Parker, Wm., e. Dec. 31, 1864. Rush, Jos., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Rush, Emanuel, e. Dec. 29, 1863. Reed, James H., e. Dec. 30, 1863 ; trans, to Co. E. Rogers, M., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Reed, S. A., e. Jan. 2, 1864. Randal, James, e. Dec. 24, 1863; absent at m. o. of regt. Shumaker, John A., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Simcox, A. R., e. Jan. 24, 1865 ; died Aug. 6, 1865. Stine, John, e. Dec. 28, 1863 ; m. o. as sergt. Spitler, W. H., e. Dec. 30, 1863 ; m. o. as corpl. Solace, C. L., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Shumaker, George, e. Dec. 19, 1863. Scrambling, Wm. H., e. Dec. 28, 1863. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 279 Spofford, Ghas. F., e. Jan. 2, 1864. Tyler, D. D., e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; m. o. Sept. 22, 1865. Towl, Henry E., e. Dec. 12, 1863. Vaughan, O. O., e. Dec. 12, 1863. Verguson, John S., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Vance, O. C., e. Jan. 4, 1864. Wagnor, J. P., e. Dec. 24, 1863. Williams, Edward, e. Dec. 29, 1863. Warren, Wm., e. Dec. 29, 1863; m. o. June 26, 1865. Winner, Jacob, e. Jan. i, 1864; disd. Oct. 7, 1865. Wittenmeyer, J. H. Young, Wm., e. Dec. n, 1863. , Zerby, Jacob, e. Jan. 2, 1864. COMPANY E. Cassady, John, e. Feb. 6, 1865. Demuth, Fred, e. Jan. 28, 1865, m. o. Aug. 9, 1865. Hammond, A. J., e. Feb. 24, 1865. > O'Neal, Patrick, e. Feb. 16, 1864. Koin, John W., e. Feb. 29, 1864. Law, John W., e. Feb. 6, 1865. Long, Isaac, e. Feb. 6, 1865. Leslie, Edw., e. Jan. 28, 1865. Marion, Jos. Moses, Lewis. Moshier, Lorenzo, e. Feb. 7, 1865. Peaslie, Cornelius, e. Feb. 2, 1865. Phillips, Chris. Reed, I. W., e. Feb. 7, 1865. Reed, James H. Runkle, John D., e. Feb. 6, 1865. Rishel, John G., e. Jan. 31, 1865; m. o. May 27, 1865. Shane, Wm. E., e. Feb. 7, 1865. Syler, Peter, e. Feb. 6, 1865. Saxby, Wm. R., e. Feb. 6, 1865. Sidles, Charles, e. Feb. 24, 1865. Springer, David S., e. Jan. 26, 1865 ; m. o. May 27, 1865. Shaw, John W. Trotter, James, e. Feb. 6, 1864. Waddell, W. W. COMPANY F. First Lieut. John W. Barr, com. Oct. 15, 1861 ; m. o. for promotion 2d Miss. Nov. 22, 1863. Hays, Thomas, e. Oct. 4, 1861 ; m. o. Dec. 29, 1864. Hays, James, e. Oct. 4, 1861. Otto, Simon, e. Oct. 4, 1861. Gettich, Aaron, e. Feb. 6, 1865. 280 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Gross, Josiah, e. Feb. 2, 1865. Hellman, M., e. Sept. 13, 1863 ; trans, to V. R. C. Little, Ira G., e. Sept. 8, 1863; disd. Sept. 5, 1864. Mallory, James C., e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; died Aug. 10, 1862. Messenger, Theo. Petty, Stephen, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Stoll, Frederick, e. Feb. 27, 1864. COMPANY G. Capt. William Young, com. Oct. 15, 1861 ; res. April 12, 1863. Capt. Robert Smith, e. as ist sergt, Oct. 8, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d lieut. April 7, 1862; prmtd. ist lieut. Oct. 6, 1862; prmtd. capt. April 12, 1863; term expired Dec. 23, 1864. Capt. Samuel Buchanan, e. as private, Oct. 8, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d lieut. Aug n, 1863; prmtd. ist lieut. June 24, 1864; prmtd. capt. Dec. 28, 1864; res. July 21, 1865. Capt. Daniel D. Diffenbaugh, e. as private Oct. 8, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d lieut. June 24, 1864; prmtd. ist lieut. Dec. 28, 1864; prmtd. capt. Sept. 5, 1865. First Lieut. Thomas M. Hood, com. Oct. 15, 1861 ; killed at Shiloh. First Lieut. Moses R. Thompson, com. 2d lieut. Oct. 15, 1861 ; prmtd. ist lieut. April 7, 1862 ; kid. Bat. Hatchie. First Lieut. Robert Smith. First Lieut. Thomas Allen, e. as private Oct. 8, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d lieut. Oct. 6, 1862; prmtd. ist lieut. April 12, 1863; res. Aug. n, 1863. First Lieut. Michael J. Cooper, e. as private Oct. 8, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d lieut. April 12, 1863; prmtd. ist lieut. Aug. n, 1863; res. June 24, 1864. First Lieut. Thomas C. Laird, e. as private Oct. 8, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d lieut. March 30, 1865; prmtd. ist lieut. Sept. 5, 1865. Second Lieut. Thomas E. Joiner, e. as private Oct. 8, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d lieut. Sept. 5, 1865. Sergt. Swauzery, e. Oct. 8, 1861. Sergt. Joseph McKibben, e. Oct. 8, 1861. Sergt. Joseph Stamp, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died June 16, 1862. Sergt. James B. Smith, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. Aug. 22, 1862; private. Corp. S. E. Hershey, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; trans, to inv. corps. Corp. Jos. S. Brown, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died April 28, 1862 ; wds. Corp. Thomas Snyder, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. Dec. n, 1862; disab. Corp. John W. Rowrey, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. June 21, 1862; disab. Musician James Cole, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. Aug. 18, 1862; disab. Albright, William, e. Jan. 21, 1864. Aikey, Abram, e. Jan. 28, 1865. Angle, Luther, e. Jan. 31, 1865. Aikey, Robert, e. Feb. i, 1862; kid. bat. Shiloh. Albright Jacob, e. Feb. I, 1862; vet. Jan. 5, 1864. Allison, D., e. Feb. I, 1862; vet. Dec. 23, 1863; m. o. as sergt. Auman, John, e. Feb. i, 1862; vet. Jan 5, 1864; disd. March 12, 1865; for promotion. Butler, E. M., e. Jan. 9, 1865 ; trans, from 99th Inf. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 281 Bush, William, e. Dec. 15, 1861. Baker, John M., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Baker, Joseph, e. Jan. 25, 1865. Brubacker, William H., e. Feb. 26, 1864. Beedy, E. K., e. Feb. 27, 1864. Benton, George, e. Feb. 29, 1864. Barfoot, F. R., e. Feb. 24, 1865. Bordner, Henry, e. Feb. 28, 1865. Bren, Ferdinand, e. Feb. 27, 1865. Bellman, John, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Boyer, Owen, e. Feb. 23, 1865. Baker, E. H., e. Aug. 30, 1862. Baker, Solomon S., e. Feb. 26, 1864; m. o. May 23, 1865. Brubacker, Reuben, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died May 9, 1862. Beeler, George D., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; killed Battle Shiloh. Brown, Win., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. June 30, 1863. Benton, George, e., Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. Dec. n, 1861 ; disab. Bradshaw, B. H., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. Sept. 12, 1862, to accept promo- tion to asst. sergt. Baker, Elias, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 24, 1863. Bates, B. L., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died July 12, 1862. Craig, E. W., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. June, 21, 1862; disab. Cable, Seth, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 24, 1863. Cable, David, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; m. o. Oct. 19, 1864. Clubine, D., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. June 30, 1863. Clark, Ezekiel S., e. Dec. 7, 1863 ; m. o. as corp. Cable, Wm., e. Feb. 26, 1864. Cole, John, e. Jan. 21, 1864. Chambers, James S., e. Jan. 27, 1864. Campbell, Richard, e. Feb. 2, 1865. Curtis, H. H., e. Nov. 30, 1861 ; disd. Nov. n, 1862; disab. Christman, F., m. o. May 22, 1865. Correl, Daniel, e. March 9, 1865 ; m. o. June 9, 1865. Driesbach, Daniel, e. Sept. 10, 1864; died March 12, 1865. Drake, Edward, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; m, o. Nov. 12, 1864. Daughenbaugh, S. A., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863 ; disab. Dunn, Thomas, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Davis, Alfred, e. Dec. 9, 1863. Fiscus, D. W., e. Feb. 29, 1864. Frisbie, C. G., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Frisbie, Wm. D., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Fehr, Aaron, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Foster, Harry, e. Oct. 8, 1861. Gage, Isaac, e. Oct. 8, 1862. Groken, S. H.. e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died April 6, 1862. Groff, John, e. Feb. i, 1864. German, H. C., e. Feb. 6, 1864. 282 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Carman, Wm. A., e. Feb. 10, 1864. Gardner, John, e. Dec. 9, 1863. Goodrich, Jerome, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Hathaway, Earl, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. Jan. 4, 1863. Hulet, Henry, e. Oct. 8, 1861. Hickle, Elias, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 24, 1863. Helm, (Wm., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died June 26, 1863. Hood, Jos. R., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 24, 1863. Hood, Thomas J., e. Oct. 8, 1861. Haughey, Jas. H., e. Feb. 24, 1864. Hathaway, Robert, e. Feb. 27, 1864; m. o. July i, 1865. Hains, John H., e. Dec. 7, 1863. Haughey, Samuel J., e. Feb. 22, 1864. Haines, Wm., e. Sept. 18, 1863; died Feb. 16, 1865. Hay, Jonathan, e. Feb. 29, 1864; disd. March 30, 1865; for promotion in United States army. Hall, Thomas W., m. o. Oct. 10, 1865. Howard, Wm., e. Dec. 7, 1861 ; trans, to Co. K. Kittner, George, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died April 12, 1862; wd. Klontz, George, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863; m - - J u ty *5> 1865- Kancke, R., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 24, 1863. Klonez, Peter, e. Feb. 19, 1864; disd. May 15, 1865; disab. Krumme, Henry, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; m, o. Sept. 13, 1864. Lee, Ion, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Lee, Isaac S., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Larne, John, e. Oct. 8, 1861. Linsley, Newton, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863 ; m. o. as corp. Long, Casper, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. July 9, 1862; disab. LaBell, Peter, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died June 2, 1862. Law, Rolandus, e. Feb. 6, 1864. Lowe, Thomas A., e. Dec. 7, 1863. Lapp, Joseph, e. Feb. i, 1865. Lahay, James, e. Dec. 25, 1861 ; trans, to Co. K. , Loehle, F., e. Jan. i, 1862; vet. Jan. i, 1864. Mayer, Isaac, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Moothart, P., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. May 9, 1862. Moothart, John F., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died Feb. 9, 1864. McLeese, Robert, e. Jan. 21, 1865. Maker, J., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863; sick at m. o. of regt. McClintic, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. March 17, 1863; disab. Meinert, C., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; m. o. Nov. 12, 1861. McLaughlin, Thomas, e. Dec. 15, 1861 ; trans, to Co. K. McMurry, J., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. May 20, 1863 ; corp. McMurry, Chambers, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. May 20, 1863; corp. McMurray, George, e. Feb. I, 1864. Preising, George, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Jan. 5, 1864; kid. July 7, 1864. Petrick, Paul, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Jan. 5, 1864. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 283 Paul, William, e. Feb. i, 1865; m. o. Jan. 20, 1866. Redinger, Francis, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863. Richards, William D., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; m. o. Oct. 21, 1864. Richards, Uriah, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863; m. o. as corp. Richmond, Lewis B., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Rubold, Henry, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863 ; disd. March 8, 1865. Reiter, W., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; m. o. Nov. 12, 1864. Rutter, Jacob, e. Oct. 8, 1861. Riddle, Samuel, e. Feb. 29, 1864. Riddle, Wm., e. March 18, 1865; trans, to 99th Inf. Raymer, John A., e. Jan. 27, 1865. Raymer, Wm. H., e. Feb. 27, 1865. Reirmeyer, Henry, e. Dec. 15, 1861. Reatt, Ed., e. Sept. 13, 1862; m. o. Aug. 8, 1865. Risshell, Elias, e. Feb. 10, 1864; m. o. Aug. 8, 1865. Steel, James, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; prmtd. hospital steward. Shively, John, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died April 23, 1863. Smith, Wm., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Jan. 5, 1864; m, o. Jan. 20, 1866. Smith, August L., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. Dec. 11, 1862. Sindlinger, Wm. M., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. July 9, 1862 ; disab. Schawb, Thomas, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. Nov. 26, 1862; disab. Smith, Martin, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Jan. 5, 1864; died March 21, 1864. Sheffer, Jacob, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died July 17, 1862. Sausman, John L., e. Dec. 12, 1863. Springman, Adam, e. Feb. 27, 1864. Sherman, Leonard, e. March 4, 1865. Sindlinger, William M., e. Jan. 27, 1865. Seely, Orin, e. Jan. 26, 1865. Shinkle, John T., e. Jan. 28, 1864; died Aug. 28, 1864. Stamm, William D., e. Dec. i, 1863; died at Vicksburg, Sept. 24, 1864. Shippy, Joseph, e. Jan. 28, 1864; died Nov. 28, 1864. Shearer, John, e. Feb. 29, 1864; died Sept. 26, 1864. Shirk, Daniel F., e. Feb. 5, 1862 ; vet. Feb. 6, 1864. Stamm, Amos A., e. Oct. 4, 1864; m. o. July i, 1865. Spooner, Charles, e. Nov. i, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 24, 1863. Smith, E. O. W., e. Feb. 29, 1864. Thomas, William H., e. Feb. 23, 1865. Tool, Eugene T., Oct. n, 1864. Tool, A. S., e. Oct. 11, 1864; m. o. Oct. 10, 1865. Thombleson, Silas W., e. Oct. 4, 1864; m. o. Oct. 5, 1865. Vore, John, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 24, 1865. Ward, Sidney, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863 ; died July 8, 1864. Williams, Peter, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 22, 1863 ; died March 5, 1865. Wilson, F. T., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Wyre, John, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disd. April 26, 1863 ; disab. Wilson, John, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Wentz, Philip, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 284 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Walters, Samuel, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Williams, William, e. Jan. 28, 1864; died Dec. 14, 1864. Wolfanger, Aaron, e. Jan. 24, 1865 ; died July 19, 1865. Wootan, James E., e. Feb. i, 1862; vet. Feb. 6, 1864; disd. Weaver, William, e. Dec. 15, 1861 ; m. o. Dec. 5, 1864. Wike, Peter, trans. Ind. corps. Young, D. D., e. Feb. i, 1864. Young, Robert C, e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; m. o. Nov. 12, 1864. Young, F. M., e. Oct. 8, 1861 ; m. o. Oct. 19, 1864. COMPANY I. Carter, S. E., e. Oct. 16, 1861. COMPANY K. Capt. Wm. Stewart, com. ist lieut. Oct. 15, 1861 ; prmtd. capt. Oct. n, 1862; term expired Dec. 28, 1864. First Lieut. Jos. M. McKibben, e. as - , prmtd. 2d lieut. July 16, 1862; prmtd. ist lieut. Oct. n, 1862; term expired Dec. 23, 1864. First Lieut. Louis E. Butler, e. as sergt. Nov. 7, 1861 ; vet. prmtd. ist lieut. Dec. 23, 1864; died at Salubrity Springs, La., Oct. 5, 1865. First Lieut. John Wilson, e. as corp. Nov. 7, 1861 ; vet. prmtd. 2d lieut. March 20, 1865; prmtd. ist lieut. Oct. 26, 1865. First Sergt. James C. Mallory, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; trans, to Co. F. Sergt. Oscar H. Osborne, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; disd. July 27, 1862; disab. Sergt. George Barton, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; disd. Nov. 21, 1863; disab. Corp. Walter G. Barnes, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; disd. May 31, 1862; disab. Corp. Benj. R. Feisbie, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; m. o. Dec. 29, 1864. Corp. T. S. Felton, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; died March 17, 1862. Corp. R. C. Hardy, e. Oct. 4, 1861 ; disd. Nov. 7, 1863; disab. Corp. E. H. Gardner, e. Oct. 7, 1862; died June 18, 1864. Corp. Thos. Woodcock, e. Dec. 26; vet. Musician Thos. Slade, e. Oct. 4, 1861 ; vet. Apker, John, e. Jan. 2, 1865 ; died May 8, 1865. Artley, A., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Artley, Charles, e. Jan. 28, 1865. Allen, Thomas H., e. Feb. 10, 1864; prmtd. hospital steward. Butler, James A., e. Oct. 4, 1861 ; died July 13, 1862. Berns, Moses, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; disd. May 25, 1862; disab. Brown, Geo. F., e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; disd. May 25, 1862; disab. Brid, Geo. H., e. Feb. 2, 1865. Barker, Dudley, e. Feb. 2, 1865; died June 17, 1865. Brace, John. e. Jan. 13, 1862; died May 22, 1862; wds. Boyle, L., e. Jan. 21, 1862; trans, to inv. corps. Baker, John, e. Oct. 4, 1864; m. o. Oct. 3, 1865. Babb, A. W., e. Feb. 27, 1865. Butterfield, Chas. W., e. Feb. 26. 1865 ; absent, sick at m. o. of regt. Cramton, Aaron, e. Oct. 4, 1861 ; disd. Sept. 9, 1862. Curran, John, e. Nov. 20, 1861 ; trans, to inv. corps. Carter, S. E., e. Dec. 26; trans, to Co. A. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 285 Cantrill, J. T., e. Sept. 10, 1861. Cosier, Ammon, e. Jan. 25, 1865. Canvill, Calvin, e. Feb. 4, 1865. Coolidge, Nelson, e. Jan. 25, 1864; disd. Oct. 5, 1864; wds. Carroll, Patrick, e. Feb. 23, 1864. Cade, Alfred, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Daughenbaugh, Wm. J., e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; vet. Diemar, Josiah, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; vet. Dodson, Thomas H., e. Nov. 15, 1861 ; died June i, 1862. Dillon, George W., e. Feb. 19, 1864. Dillon, Zachariah, e. Feb. 29, 1864. Decker, Z., e. Feb. 3, 1865. Devore, Espy, e. Jan. 16, 1864; disd. Aug. 23, 1865. Dinsmore, Wm., e. March 27, 1865; sick at m. o. of regt. Diller, Michael, e. Dec. 25, 1861 ; trans, to Co. C. Doan, Jos., e. Feb. i, 1864; died May 28, 1864. Dobson, Jacob, e. Feb. i, 1864; died Oct. 30, 1864. Dolan, John, e. Feb. 4, 1864. Ely, Marion, e. Oct. 18, 1863. Flood, Bartholomew, e. Feb. 3, 1865. Farley, Thomas, e. Sept. 10, 1861 ; trans, to inv. corps. Fry, Conrad, e. Jan. 5, 1864; m. o. June 19, 1865. Gibler, H., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Gregsby, Uriah, e. Feb. 13, 1864. Garrison, I. T., e. Dec. 5, 1863. Gillespie, P., e. Nov. 5, 1861 ; disd. May 22, 1865; disab. Gregsby, W. C., e. Feb. 13, 1864; m. o. June 12, 1865. Gregsby, Samuel, e. Jan. 27, 1865. Hays, Thomas J., e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; trans, to inv. corps. Hills, E. P., e. Dec. 26, 1861. Hiatt, John, e. Nov. 13, 1861 ; disd. Feb. n, 1863, as sergt; disab. Heiter, Monroe, e. Feb. 7, 1865. Hartman, Amon, e. Jan. 13, 1865 ; m. o. July 17, 1865. Hand, Barney, e. Nov. 30, 1861 ; died Dec. 23, 1861. Kinney, Daniel, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; vet. Kessling or Keeling, William, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; vet. Kamrar, David, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Kraft, Jacob, e. Feb. 5, 1864. Kelly, Zebedee, e. Feb. 7, 1865. Keck, H. S., e. Feb. 4, 1865. Kamrar. Saul H., e. Jan. 13, 1862; vet. Lamb, Samuel F., e. No. 7, 1861 ; vet. Latour, Charles, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; trans, to Co. C. Lahay, James, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; vet. Lamb, Samuel D., e. Jan. 22, 1865. Leibhart, Henry, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Lower, Reuben, e. Jan. 26, 1865. 286 HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY Linscott, Abram, e. Feb. 29, 1864; m. o. May 31, 1865. Logan, William, e. Jan. 21, 1864. Mishler, Barton, e. Jan. 28, 1864. Miller, John H., e. Dec. 30, 1863. Mullin, D., e. Feb. 16, 1864. McCay, George, e. Feb. 6, 1865. Muffly, Charles T., e. Jan. 28, 1865. McKibben, James H., e. Jan. 27, 1865. Myron, Thomas, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; died June 12, 1862. Miller, Aaron, e. Dec. 26, 1861 ; died June 6, 1862. Martin, William H., e. Dec. 26, 1861. McLaughlin, Thomas, e. Dec. 6, 1861 ; vet. McKee, Robert, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; trans, to Co. B. McKinsom, John S., e. Jan. i, 1862; m. o. Dec. 31, 1864. Miller, A., Feb. 2, 1865; m. o. June 24, 1865. Mallory, D. C., e. Jan. 24, 1865 ; m. o. June 23, 1865. McGuirk, James, e. Jan. i, 1862; vet. Needham, R. N. e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; vet. Nicholas, Charles H., e. Feb. 6, 1865. Owen, A. R., e. Jan. 22, 1864. Osborn, O. H., e. Jan. 30, 1864. Patten, Lawrence, e. Dec. n, 1861 ; disd. March 7, 1862; disab. Plotner, Frank, e. Feb. 7, 1865. Quinn, William, e. Jan. 2, 1864. Reber, Levi M., e. Dec. 30, 1861 ; vet. Reber, M. V. B., e. Nov. 7, 1861. Reagle, Jacob, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; died Oct. 26, 1862. Rutter, W. H. Rudel, L. Read, James H., e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; disd. Aug. 31, 1863, for promotion in U. S. C. T. " Runner, Z. T. F., Jan. 25, 1865. Richards, Willam D., e. Jan. 30, 1865. Richards, Levi, e. Jan. 30, 1865. Segin, Theo, e. Dec. 26, 1861 ; disd. August 27, 1862; disab. Shook, Robert, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; disd. Aug. 26, 1862 ; disab. Snow, A. L. F. M., e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; disd. Aug. 29, 1862; disab. Scott, George W., e. Feb. 29, 1864. Star, F. H., e. Feb. 4, 1864. Scott, Isaac, e. Feb. 20, 1864. Shefry, Levi W., e. Jan. 26, 1865. Sloan, Thomas, e. Feb. 7, 1865. Shane, Mathias, e. Feb. 7, 1865. Smith, Charles, e. Jan. 26, 1865. Shane, John W., e. Jan. 24, 1865. Sneely, Lewis Z., e. Feb. 7, 1865. Shaffer, Thomas J., e. Feb. 3, 1865. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 287 Sponage, William, e. Feb. 2, 1865. Train, L. R., e. Feb. 2, 1865. Winney, Daniel, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; m. o. Dec. 29, 1864. Thomas, William, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Wagner, William N., e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; vet Wood, Thomas, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; vet. Wardwell, William G., e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; vet. Warner, D. J., e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; vet. Walbridge, Thomas, e. Dec. 26, 1861 ; vet. Woodruff, Isaac, e. Nov. 7, 1861 ; vet. Warner, William W., e. Jan. 25, 1865. Willy, Andrew, e. Dec. 10, 1861 ; trans, to Co. A. Withneck, William, e. Feb. 7, 1862; died May 17, 1862. Winne, Abraham, e. Jan. 26, 1865; died June 16, 1865. Watson, Henry, e. Feb. 3, 1865. Zweifel, Albert, e. Feb. 19, 1864; m. o. as crop. Zeigler, Miller, e. Feb. 2, 1864. Barker, Jack, e. Feb. 27, 1865. Brown, Charles M., e. Jan. 25, 1864. Butler, B. F., e. Feb. 6, 1864. Cable, L. M., e. Feb. 22, 1864. Grossman, George W., e. March 9, 1865; m. o. June 29, 1865. Cochran, D., e. March 29, 1865 ; m. o. May 21, 1865. Davis, Philip, e. Feb. 3, 1865. Driggs, John A., e. March 4, 1865 ; m. o. May 21, 1865. Frund, Julius L., March n, 1865; m. o. May 23, 1865. Getlish, Adison. Harkell, William, e. Dec. 30, 1863. Helder, John W., e. Oct. 3, 1864. Mareau, Joseph, e. Feb. 6, 1865. Phillips, C. Y. Prain, L. R. Richardson, James, e. March 9, 1865; m. o. June 8, 1865. Richardson, Joshua, e. March 9, 1865. Rishel, Daniel L., e. Dec. i, 1863. Sprader, Charles, e. Jan. 31, 1865. Tegar, or Yeager, John, e. Jan. 24, 1865. Umphreys, A. R., e. Jan. 24, .1865. Van Buren, George E., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Weldon, Sidney, e. Dec. 7, 1863. Wendecker, William. William, Thomas, e. Jan. 5, 1864. SIXTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. (Three Months.) COMPANY H. Capt. James W. Crane, com. June 13, 1862. First Lieut. Stephen Allen, com. June 13, 1862. 288 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Second Lieut. Alonzo Hilliard, com. June 13, 1862. First Sergt. John Stine, e. June 2, 1862. Sergt. James R. Baker, e. June 2, 1862. Sergt. Charles A. Dodge, e. June 2, 1862. Sergt. John D. Lamb, e. June 2, 1862. Sergt. H. W. Sigworth, e. June 2, 1862. Corp. O. T. P. Steinmetz, e. June 2, 1862. Corp. Ambrose Martin, e. June 2, 1862. Corp. Sidney Robins, e. June 2, 1862. Corp. Hazilas S. Ritz, e. June 2, 1862. Corp. William H. Hoyt, e. June 2, 1862. Corp. William H. Butler, e. June 2, 1862. Wagoner, Jacob W. Pells, e. June 2, 1862: Armstrong, John T., e. June 2, 1862. Allen, T. M., e. June 2, 1862. Allen, N., e. June 2, 1862. Albright, Harrison, e. June 2, 1862. Adams, Taylor, e. June 2, 1862. Bitts, Jacob, e. June 2, 1862. Bollman, George. Clark, C. H., e. June 2, 1862. Cross, T. L., e. June 2, 1862. Carpenter, Horace, e. June 2, 1862. Denure, W., e. June 2, 1862. Dryer, Edward, e. June 2, 1862. Davenport, Lucius, e. June 2, 1862. Denton, Levi, e. June 2, 1862. Evans, L. A., e. June 2, 1862. Farley, James, e. June 2, 1862. Fain, John P., e. June 2, 1862. Friedman, V., e. June 2, 1862. Fye, Benjamin, e. June 2, 1862. Fye, Josiah, e. June 2, 1862. Griffing, D. J., e. June 2, 1862. Gilmore, George, e. June 2, i86e. Gafney, Michael. Gundy, A. M., e. June 2, 1862. Gates, H. H., e. June 2, 1862. George, John E., e. June 2, 1862. Grant, Smith H., e. June 2, 1862. Grant, R. C., e. June 2, 1862. Hagart, Sidney, e. June 2, 1862. Hagart, William, e. June 2, 1862. Hustin, William T., e. June 2, 1862. Hersey, Daniel, e. June 2, 1862. Jones, Robert, e. June 2, 1862. Kelly, Mathew, e. June 2, 1862. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 289 Layr, M., e. June 2, 1862. Lauver, George, e. June 2, 1862. Leverton, Isaac, e. June 2, 1862, Lee, Samuel, e. June 2, 1862. Lunt, A. M., e. June 2, 1862. Linderman, S., e. June 2, 1862. Martin, W. H., e. June 2, 1862. . Martin, A. ]., e. June 2, 1862. Maher, Ed., e. June 2, 1862. Mullen, John, e. June 2, 1862. Mock, Henry, e. June 2, 1862. Miller, John H., e. June 2, 1862. McEathron, John S., e. June 2, 1862. Miller, J. C, e. June 2, 1862. Messinger, George, e. June 2, 1862. Miller, Zeri, e. June 2, 1862. Pickard, John S., e. June 2, 1862. Price, William, e. June 2, 1862. Phillips, Reuben, e. June 2, 1862. Rice, David E., e. June 2, 1862. Stout, Syrus, e. June 2, 1862. Solace, Chester L., e. June 2, 1862. Stewart, Thomas M., e. June 2, 1862. Steckler, Daniel, e. June 2, 1862. Shoemaker, George, e. June 2, 1862. Van Sickles, John, e. June 2, 1862. Walsh, F. A., e. June 2, 1862. Williams, George, e. June 2, 1862. Warner, Henry, e. June 2, 1862. Walton, A. D., e. June 2, 1862. Wulliams, L., e. June 2, 1862. SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT. (Three Months.) COMPANY B. Capt. Luther W. Black, com. July 22, 1862. Sergt. W. A. St. John, e. July 7, 1862. Sergt. John J. M. Brown, e. July 7, 1862. Corp. Jas. H. Cox, e. July 10, 1862. Andre, George W., e. July 2, 1862. Bunce, Danforth, e. July n, 1862. Barrott, Marion. DeFrain, Samuel, e. July 5, 1862. Durkee, D. M. Ells, Wm. A., e. July 15, 1862. Gettig, Aaron M., e. July 5, 1862. 290 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Hicks, James R. Hoflinger, Jacob, e. July 15, 1862. Klecker, John P., e. July 14, 1862. Klouts, John, e. July 7, 1862. Mitchell, Levi. Ritzman, Martin, e. July 8, 1862. Stites, George W., e. July 10, 1862. Shippy, Charles, e. July 7, 1862. Shinkle, John, e. July 10, 1862. Snyder, William H., e. July 14, 1862. Smith, Ellis, e. July 14, 1862. Snyder, John, e. July 12, 1862. Smith, James C, e. July 10, 1862. Stace, J. E. W., e. July 14, 1862. Stands, Jos. H., e. July 5, 1862. Soliday, Hy. Wilson, Henry, e. July 14, 1862. SEVENTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized at Rockford and mustered into the United States service Sep- tember 6, 1862. Companies G. and I. were from Ogle and Stephenson Coun- ties; all the rest were from Winnebago County. Left Rockford September 27 for Jeffersonville, Indiana. Arrived there October i, and moved to Louisville, Kentucky, immediately. Assigned to Army of the Cumberland, First Brigade, Second Division, under General Buell. Moved from Louisville, October 7, and was in the battle of Chaplain Hills, Kentucky, October 13, from there to Crab Orchard, Kentucky, pursuing Bragg, participating in many skirmishes. Re- turned from Lebanon, Kentucky, October 25 ; from there it went to Nashville, Tennessee, where a re-organization was effected, under General Rosecrans, De- cember 25, received marching orders, with three days' rations. Participated in the battle of Stone River, December 30-31, 1862, and January i, 1863, the regi- ment losing sixteen men killed and wounded. Went into winter quarters at Camp Little, south of Murfreesboro, and were engaged in numerous raids in the surrounding country. Moved from winter quarters July 15, was in the battle of Liberty Gap, July 20, one man killed ; was engaged at Tullahoma, Tennessee; from here it was ordered to Winchester, Tennessee, where it en- camped. Moved August 20, to Stevenson, Alabama. Engaged at Chickamauga, September 18, 19 and 20; lost five men. The regiment on the latter date was in charge of hospital and supply trains, arriving at Chattanooga, Tennessee, Sep- tember 22. While here it had very short allowances until November 22, when they participated in the fight of Mission Ridge, November 25, their colors be- ing the first to pass over the rebel lines, capturing a battery of four pieces at Bragg's headquarters ; loss to regiment, six privates, Colonel Jason Marsh, wounded, Lieutenant Colonel Kerr wounded in the arm. Returned to Chattanooga on the 26th, and marched to Knoxville, Tennessee, to relieve General Burnside, and then went into winter quarters about December 13. May 2, 1864, it joined the main army of the Cumberland at Chattanooga, where it arrived on the 3d; on the 5th, marched under orders, and was in the HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 291 battle of Rocky Face, or Buzzard Roost, Georgia; was at Resaca, Georgia, May 14 and 15; Calhoun, May 17; Adairsville, Georgia, May 18; Dallas, Georgia, May 25 to June 5 ; Lost Mountain, Georgia, June 16 ; was in the battle at Kene- saw Mountain, Georgia, June 20 and June 27 ; lost fifty-two men and six com- missioned officers, Lieutenant Colonel J. B. Kerr being among the number. Battle of Smyrna ; Camp Ground, Georgia, July 4, lost sixteen men ; was also at Peach Tree Creek, July 20; Atlanta, July 22, and was continually engaged until the battle of Jonesboro, Georgia, September i, 1864, and Lovejoy Station, September 2; then returned to Chattanooga, Tennessee, where it was assigned to the army of the Tennessee. Engaged the enemy November the 28th at Col- umbia, Tennessee; Spring Hill, Nov. 29; Franklin, Tennessee, November 30; Nashville, Tennessee, December 15 and 16, following Hood to Huntsville, Ala- bama, fighting him all the time until he crossed the Little Tennessee, and then went into winter quarters. March 26, 1865, it marched to Bull's Gap, Tennessee, to intercept Lee, leaving there April 17, for Nashville, Tennessee, where the regiment was mustered out June 20, 1865. Returned to Rockford with one hundred and fifty-seven enlisted men and thirteen officers. Colonel Jason Marsh was at the head of the regiment until about January i, 1865, when Lieutenant Colonel Thomas J. Bryan took command. First Asst. Surg. Chesseldon Fisher, com. 2d asst, surg. Sept. 28, 1862; prmtd. March 24, 1863, surg. 75th reg. COMPANY i. Capt. Wm. Irvin, com. Sept. 4, 1862; res. Jan. 28, 1863. Capt. Frederick W. Stegner, com ist lieut. Sept. 4, 1862; prmtd. capt. Jan. 28, 1863 ; killed in battle June 27, 1864. Capt. Daniel Cronemiller, com. 2d lieut. Sept. 4, 1862; prmtd. ist lieut. Jan. 28, 1863; prmtd. capt. June 27, 1864. First Lieut. Edgar Warner, e. as sergt. August n, 1862; prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 28, 1863; prmtd. ist lieut. June 27, 1864; disd. Sept. i, 1864. First Lieut. Robert P. Gift, e. as sergt. Aug. 14, 1862; prmtd. ist lieut. June 27, 1864. Sergt. Johnson Porter, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. June 17, 1863. Sergt. John A. Mullarky, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died June 28, 1864; wd. Corp. James B. Rowray, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. for disab. Corp. J. Steward, e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; trans, to V. R. C. Corp. Charles Hunt, e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; m. o. June 10, 1865. Corp. Uriah Boyden, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. Dec. 20, 1862; disab. Corp. Jacob Kehm, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. for disab. Hensey, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. June 16, 1864; wd. Wagoner, Wm. Vere, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. March 4, 1863; disab. Andrews, Jacob, e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; m. o. as corp. Anderson, Ole, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. March 31, 1863; disab. Ashenfelter, Franklin, e.'Aug. 14, 1862; disd. Dec. 6, 1862; disab. Bellman, Wm., e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Dec. 14, 1862. Bener, Jos., e. Aug. 14, 1862; died March n, 1865. Benning, Gottleib, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Bingman, Robert, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died May 16, 1864. 292 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Boos, Wm., e. Aug. 14, 1862; missing in action. Bokhoff, Wm., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Boughton, George W., e. Aug. 14, 1862; trans, to V. R. C. Boughthampt, Jacob, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. March n, 1863, disab. Bramin, Edwin, e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; disd. June 27, 1863 ; disab. Burrell, Robert, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Clark, Orla, e. Aug. 14, 1862; missing in action. Cole, Sidney, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Nov. 5, 1862. Ebling, Peter, e. Aug. 14, 1862; trans, to V. R. C. Englot, Gregory, e. Aug. 14, 1862; m. o. June 10, 1866. Feeny, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862; trans, to V. R. C. Feeney, Henry. Ferico, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died March 22, 1863. Flinn, Jos., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Fuoss, Daniel, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. March 7, 1865; disab. Hensey, Fred, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died in battle June 27, 1864; corp. Henderson, O. P., e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. July 18, 1863; disab. Hultz, Benj., e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. Dec. 27, 1862; disab. Inman, Austin, e. Aug. 15, 1862; died June 27, 1864. Jennewine, Thomas, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Jan. 2, 1864, wd. Keagle, Wm. H., e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Dec. 13, 1862. Keagle, James G., e. Aug. 14, 1862; died May 22, 1865. Keagle, F. B., e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; trans, to U. S. Engs. Keller, Adam, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Knudson, Nels, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Nov. 26, 1862. Laber, Levi, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. March 15, 1863; disab. Lapp, Samuel, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Jan. 5, 1863. Masmin, Fred, e. Aug. 14, 1862; kid. June 18, 1864. McCarty, Thomas, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd". June 27, 1863; disab. Miller, Fredk., e. Sept. 25, 1862. McGrane, Peter, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. Dec. 18, 1862; disab. Mullarkey, Chas., e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. Nov. 5, 1862; disab. Mullarkey, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. Nov. 5, 1862; disab. Neidle, Rudolph, e. Aug. 14, 1862; m. o. as corp. Miller, Frederick. O'Mealy, Patrick, e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; m. o. as corp. Oleson, Talliff , e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; disd. March 22, 1863 ; disab. Peterson, Elias E., e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. Feb. 2, 1863; disab. Richardson, Henry, e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. March 26, 1863. Schoolcraft, Whitney, e. Aug. 15, 1862; trans, to V. R. C. Seward, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; prmtd. corp. then sergt. ; pris. ; m. o. June 27, 1866. Sheckler, James W., e. Aug. 21, 1862; disd. Feb. 12, 1863; disab. Sheckler, Thomas, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. Jan. 27, 1863; disab. Snyder, Perry, e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; m. o. as corp. Snyder, Jackson, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. March 26, 1863; disab. Stinson, E. H., e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; trans, to 36th Inf. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 293 Spaulding, D. G., e. Aug. g, 1862; trans, to V. R. C. Spaulding, A. C., e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. Feb. 10, 1865; disab. Tunks, Alfred, e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. July 6, 1863; disab. Van Valkenburg, L. H., e. Aug. 14, 1862; kid. June 27, 1864. Waggoner, Jacob, e. Aug. 15, 1862; m. o. as sergt. Webb, E. Boone, e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; trans, to V. R. C. Winkle, Fredk., e. Aug. 15, 1862; m. o. June 10, 1865. Webster, O. B., e. Sept. 30, 1864. NINETIETH INFANTRY. The Ninetieth Infantry Illinois Volunteers, was organized at Chicago, Illi- nois, in August, September and October, 1862, by Colonel Timothy O'Meara. Moved to Cairo November 27, and to Columbus, Kentucky, on the 3Oth. From thence, proceeded to La Grange, Tennessee, where the regiment arrived De- cember 2. On the 4th, ordered to Cold Water, Mississippi, where it relieved the Twenty-ninth Wisconsin Infantry. On the morning of December 20, a detachment of Second Illinois Cavalry arrived at Cold Water, having cut their way through Van Dorn's forces, out of Holly Springs. Soon after, four com- panies of the One Hundred and First Illinois came in and were followed by the enemy to our lines. The demonstrations made by the Ninetieth deterred the enemy from making any severe attack, although he was 4,000 or 5,000 strong, and after some skirmishing, he withdrew. The regiment was mustered out of service June 6, 1865, at Washington, D. C., and arrived at Chicago, June 12, 1865, where it received final pay and discharge. COMPANY A. Barrett, Patrick, Aug. 5, 1862. Barn, Michael, Sr., e. Aug. 5, 1862; disd. March i, 1865; disab. Broderick, David, e. Aug. 5, 1862; kid. July 12, 1863, at Jackson, Mississippi. Carroll, John, e. Aug. 5, 1862. Caton, Wm., e. Aug. 5, 1862; kid. Nov. 25, 1863. Cranney, Patrick, e. Aug. 5, 1862 ; died March 28, 1863. Crawley, John, e. Aug. 5, 1862, died May 18, 1863. Foley, James, e. Aug. 5, 1862. Kennelly, Edward, e. Aug. 5, 1862; absent at m. o. of regt; wd. McCormick, J., e. Aug. 5, 1862. COMPANY G. McCarty, Dennis, e. Aug. 15, 1862; kid. Nov. 25, 1863. COMPANY I. First Lieut. William Brice, com. April 7, 1865; m. o. June 6, 1865. Second Lieut. John J. O'Leary, com. Oct. 31, 1862; res. Feb. I, 1863. Sergt. John Doogan, e. Aug. 16, 1862; died Sept. 2, 1864; wd. Sergt. William Brice, e. Aug. 14, 1862; prmtd. lieut. Sergt. Neil O'Garrey, Aug. 16, 1862; died Jan. 22, 1863. Corp. William Con well, e. Aug. 16, 1862; m. o. as sergt. Corp. Thomas B. Eagan, e. Aug. 17, 1862. Corp. Elisha N. Strong, e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; disd. Sept. 4, 1863. 294 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Brennan, Edw., e. Aug. 16, 1862. Burns, Cornelius, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Coughlin, John, e. Aug. 8, 1862. Cooney, Francis, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Crawford, John, e. Aug. 16, 1862; died June 18, 1864. Cane, James, e. Aug. g, 1862. Chichester, Merit, e. Aug. 7, 1862; disd. March 13, 1864; disab. Enright, James, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Flanningham, M., e. Aug. 8, 1862; trans, to V. R. C. Frost, H. O., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Gallaher, Charles, e. Aug. 16, 1862. Griffin, Patrick, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Laughran, James, e. Aug. n, 1862; died Aug. 21, 1864. McAndrews, M., e. Aug. 12, 1862; disd. April 16, 1864; disab. McSweeney, E., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Mclntyre, Timothy, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Moynahan, Anthony, e. Aug. 10, 1862. Mooney, Thomas, e. Aug. 17, 1862. Moonahan, John, e. Aug. 18, 1862. Moynahan, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Mulhgan, James, e. Aug. 17, 1862; m. o. as musician. O'Connell, Daniel, e. Aug. 11, 1862. O'Conner, Charles, e. Aug. 18, 1862; died Sept. 16, 1863. O'Brien, Bernard, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Powers, James, e. Aug. 16, 1862; died Sept. 14, 1863. Ryan, John, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Wilkinson, John, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Whalen, M., e. Aug. 16, 1862; died Aug. 21, 1864. NINETY-SECOND INFANTRY. The Ninety-second Regiment Infantry Illinois Volunteers was organized at Rockford, Illinois, and mustered into the United States service September 4, 1862. It was composed of five companies from Ogle County, three from Ste- phenson County, and two from Carroll County. The regiment left Rockford, October n, 1862, with orders to report to General Wright, at Cincinnati, where it was assigned to General Baird's Division, army of Kentucky. It marched immediately into the interior of the state and during the latter part of October was stationed at Mount Sterling, to guard that place against rebel raids, and afterward at Danville, Kentucky. On the 26th of January, 1863, the regi- ment with General Baird's Division, was ordered to the army of the Cum- berland. Arriving at Nashville the command moved to Franklin, Tennessee, and was engaged in the pursuit of the rebel General Van Dorn. Advanced to Murfreesboro, and occupied Shelbyville June 27. On July the 25th, the regi- ment was engaged in re-building a wagon-bridge, over Duck River; July 6 was ordered by General Rosecrans to be mounted and armed with the Spencer rifle, and attached to Colonel Wilder's Brigade of General Thomas' Corps, where HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 295 it remained while General Rosecrans had command. The regiment crossed the mountains at Dechard, Tennessee, and took part in the movements opposite and above Chattanooga, when it recrossed the mountains and joined General Thomas at Trenton, Alabama. On the morning of the gth of September, it was in the advance to Chattanooga, and participated in driving the rebels from Point Look- out, and entered the rebel stronghold, unfolding the Union banner on the Crutch- field House, and kept in pursuit of the rebels. At Ringgold, Georgia, was at- tacked by a brigade of cavalry, under command of General Forrest, and drove them from the town, killing and wounding a large number. During the Chicka- mauga battle, the regiment took part in General Reynolds' Division of General Thomas' Corps. In April, 1864, it was again at Ringgold, Georgia, doing picket duty. April 23, Captain Scovil, with twenty-one men, was captured at Nicka- jack Gap, nine miles from Ringgold, and one man killed. Of the men thus taken prisoners, twelve were shot down, and six died of wounds, after being taken prisoners. The remainder was taken to Andersonville ; and very few ever left that place, having died from the cruel treatment received there. From Ringgold, May 7, 1864, the regiment entered upon the Atlanta campaign, and was assigned to General Kilpatrick's command, and participated in the battles of Resaca, raid around Atlanta, Bethesda, Fleet River Bridge and Jonesboro, one-fifth of the men engaged. From Mount Gilead Church, west of Atlanta, October i, the regiment moved and took an active part in the operations against Hood's army. At Power Springs it had a severe engagement, losing a large number of men killed and wounded. The regiment then returned to Marietta, and participated in the various engagements and skirmishes in Sherman's march to the sea. At Swift Creek, North Carolina, Captain Hawk, of Company C, was severely wounded, losing a leg. The regiment, during its term of service, was in some forty battle and skirmishes. It was mustered out at Concord, North Carolina, and paid and discharged from the service, at Chicago, Illinois, July 10, 1865. In July, 1862, President Lincoln called for 300, troops. In August, the same year, he directed a draft of 300,000 more. In speaking of the recruiting of the Ninety-second Illinois, General Smith D. Atkins in the History of the Ninety-second, says: "Then the people with an impulse that was grand took hold of the work in earnest. In every schoolhouse in the three counties from which the Ninety-sec- ond was recruited meetings were held; the fife sent out its shrill notes and the drum its roll, and the old flag was displayed ; the harvest hands gathered at the meetings after their days of toil. Patriotic songs were sung: "We will rally round the flag, boys, rally once again, shouting the battle-cry of freedom," and patriotism took up the refrain and answered it, "We are coming, Father Abra- ham, six hundred thousand more." Gray haired fathers who had already sent one or more sons to battle, attended the meetings and saw their remaining sons enlist. Many who went only to hear the speeches and songs were touched with the prevailing spirit of patriotism, and signed their names to the msuter rolls. Eloquent speakers, many of whom did not say, "Go, boys," but "Come boys," told the story of the nation's peril. Many who had seen the battle's terrible car- nage and were not dismayed, were ready to go again to the front, and elo- 296 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY quently plead with the people to "fill up the ranks of their brothers gone be- fore." The sacred fires of liberty were kindled in those meetings and the people lifted up to the high resolve of demonstrating to the world the strength of republican government, that a free people of their own will, with courage sublime, would not halt in a battle for the nation's existence, but march forward, filling the battle-broken ranks of the army in the field. It was in these meet- ings that "party was sunk in patriotism." No one who witnessed the recruit- ing in the summer of 1862 in northern Illinois, will ever forget it; the people ral- lying from the harvest fields, leaving the ripened grain ungathered, to fill the ranks of the new regiments. It was grand, beyond all powers of our to tell. It was thought at first that one regiment might be raised in the counties of Stephen- son, Ogle, Jo Daviess, Carroll, Winnebago, Lake, McHenry and Boone. But it was found that four regiments and three companies were ready to muster when finally put into camp at Rockford." Major Smith D. Atkins had charge of the enlistments in Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Carroll and Ogle Counties, and Major Atkins was elected colonel of one regiment and was appointed by Governor Richard Yates, the War Governor. Col. Smith D. Atkins, com. Sept. 4, 1862; prmtd, brvt. brig. gen. Lieut. Col. Christopher T. Dunham, com. capt. Co. F, Sept. 4, 1862; prmtd. maj. April 21, 1864; com. declined. Adjt. Isan C. Lawver, com. Sept. 6, 1862; res. Oct. i, 1864. Adjt. Charles C. Treeguard, prmtd. ist lieut. Co. G, Feb. 14, 1863; prmtd. adjt. Oct. i, 1864. Quartermaster Phillip Sweeley, e. as private Sept. 3, 1861 ; prmtd. quarter- master June 4, 1864. Sergt. Maj. Noah Perrin, e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. Feb. 25, 1863. Hospital Steward David C. Grier, disd. Dec. 6, 1862. COMPANY A. Capt. William J. Bellinger, com. Sept. 4, 1862; res. Dec. 25, 1862. Capt. Harvey W. Timms, com. ist lieut. Sept. 4, 1862; prmtd. capt. Dec. 25, 1862; trans, to Co. I. Sixty-fifth inf. First Lieut. William Cox, com. 3d. lieut. Sept. 4, 1862; prmtd, ist lieut. Dec. 25, 1862; hon. disd. May 15, 1865. Second Lieut. William H. Frost, e. as ist sergt. August 9, 1862; prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec. 25, 1862. Sergt. Legrand M. Cox, e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. Jan. 27, 1865; disab. Sergt. W. C. Goddard, e. Aug. n, 1862; died Nov. 7, 1862. Sergt. Jesse R. Leigh, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Corp. Charles S. Vincent, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Corp. M. P. Eldridge, e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. April 12, 1863; disab. Corp. Henry Rudy, e. Aug. n, 1862; died July 27, 1863. Corp. William W. Smith, e. Aug. 11, 1862; died Feb. 17, 1863. Sergt. George Metcalf, e. Aug. 12, 1862; died March 3, 1863. Corp. H. Dusenbury, e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. April 3, 1864; disab. Corp. Roswell Eldrige, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Corp. Daniel Deneere, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Musician George Boop, e. Aug. 7, 1862. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 297 Musician John L. Lower, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Wagoner George C. Mack, e. Aug. 13, 1862; kid. Feb. n, 1865. Armagast, Hugh S., e. Aug. 15, 1862; died Nov. 20, 1862. Armagast, James C., e. Aug. 15, 1862; m. o. as corp. Butler, D. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. April 8, 1865; disab. Beach, Jay A., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Boddy, William, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Baker, William H. H., e. Aug. 26. 1862; disd. April 13, 1863; disab. Balliett, D. M., e. Oct. 17, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Balliett, Henry, e. Oct. 7, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Buchanan, Charles, e. Jan. 20, 1865 ; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Baker, Lambert, e. Aug. n, 1862; disd. April 13, 1863; disab. Basinger, W. H., e. Aug. 15, 1862; disd. Aug. 29, 1863; disab. Beverly, William H., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Babcock, John S., e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. March 13, 1863; disab. Babbitt, C. W., e. Aug. 7, 1862. Baum, S. Y., e. Aug. 13, 1862; disd. March 23, 1865, as corp. Churchill, E. S.. e. March 22, 1864. Caldwell, J., e. Aug. 15, 1862; m. o. as corp. Churchill, George W., e. Sept. 20, 1862. Cheney, Chester, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Cheney, M., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Cole, W. D., e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; disd. Aug. 9, 1863. Denure, W. J., e. Feb. 8, 1864. Demons, John, Aug. 9, 1862; died Sept. 23, 1864; wds. Dunn, Joseph I., e. Aug. n, 1862; died Sept. 23, 1864; wd. Egleston, Charles W., e. Aug. 9, 1862 ; disd. May 26, 1865 ; disab. Erb, William, e. Aug. 9, 1863; kid. Dec. 4, 1864. Gaylord, D. C., e. Aug. 13, 1862; disd. Sept. 9, 1863; disab. Gaylord, F. H., e. Aug. n, 1862. Gunsaul, Joseph, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Giddings, H. M., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Gossman, Charles, e. Aug. 13, 1864. Gelz, Leonard, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Harshbarger, Samuel, e. Feb. 8, 1864; trans, to 65th inf. Hatch, Wellington, e. Aug. n, 1862; died Dec. 23, 1862. Hoppe, Ernst, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Havnes, W. E., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Judson, Cha?. O., e. Aug. n, 1862; disd. May 26, 1863; disab. Johnson, Geo., e. Aug. n, 1862; died Feb. 27, 1863. Knox, H. B., e. Aug. n, 1862. Mack, H. B., e. Aug. n, 1862. Miller, M. R., e. Aug. n, 1862; died Sept. 26, 1864. Moothart, Wm. P., e. Feb. 29, 1864; trans, to 6sth inf. Miller, G. D., e. Feb. 8, 1864; died May 26, 1865. McCarty, Thomas, e. Jan. 20, 1865; trans, to 65th inf. Merrill, E. A., e .Aug. 13, 1862; disd. March 31, 1863; disab. 298 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Marshall, Chas. F., e. Aug. 9, 1862; sick at m. o. McCracken, John H., e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; sick at m. o. Newman, R., e. Jan. 18, 1864; trans, to 65th inf. Pickard, Luther, e. Feb. 8, 1864; trans, to 65th inf. Prouty, Jas. N., e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. March 30, 1863, to enlist in naval service. Plase, R. R., e. Aug. 11, 1862; disd. March i, 1863; disab. Pencil, Wm. L., e. Aug. 11, 1862; disd. Sept. u, 1863. Rand, N. A., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Reeder, John P., e. Aug. n, 1862. Robbins, Henry, e. Aug. n, 1862; disd. April 28, 1863; disab. Richardson, George W., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Robins, S. L., e. Feb. 8, 1864. Stocks, H. W., e. Feb. 12, 1864. Stover, S. G., Aug. 13, 1862; sick at m. o. Sweeley, Philip. Thompson, John R., e. Aug. 9, 1862 ; trans, to inv. corps. Tyler, Dolphus, e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. March 20, 1863; disab. Tyler, N. C, e. Aug. 21, 1862; m. o. June 14, 1866. Taylor, James, e. Aug. n, 1862; sick at m. o. Tumbleson, John K., e. Aug. n, 1862. Welden, L. A., e. Aug. 13, 1862. Wright, W. W., e. Aug. n, 1862, sick at m. o. Wickwire, W. H., e. Aug. n, 1862. Wire, Valson, e. Aug. 13, 1862; disd. Feb. 8, 1863; disab. Wire, Jasper A., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Withey, Wm. F., e. Aug. n, 1862; disd. Feb. 23, 1863; disab. Williams, A. R., e. Aug. 15, 1862; died March 13, 1863. Wendling, M., e. Sept. 20, 1862 ; sick at m. o. COMPANY F. Capt. William B. Mayer, e. as ist sergt. Aug. 2, 1862; prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec. 24, 1862; prmtd. capt. April 21, 1864; m. o. as 2d. lieut. Second Lieut. William C. Dove, com. Sept. 4, 1862; res. Dec. 24, 1862. Second Lieut. Chas. M. Knapp, e. as sergt. Aug. 10, 1862; prmtd. to 2d. lieut. April 21, 1864, commission canceled. Second Lieut. James M. Work, e. as sergt. Aug. 12, 1862; prmtd. 2nd lieut April 21, 1864; m. o. as sergt. June 21, 1865. Sergt. Samuel G. Trine, e. Aug. 12, 1862; disd. Sergt. George Acker, e. Aug. 6, 1862; disd. March 20, 1863. Corp. Charles Purinton, e. Aug. 15, 1862; died Feb. 10, 1863. Corp. E. C. Winslow, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Corp. Harvey Ferrin, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Corp. J. C. Bigger, e. Aug. 10, 1862; disd. Dec. 29, 1863. Corp. A. Hemmenway, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Corp. A. H. Ferman, e. Aug. n, 1862; disd. April 27, 1864. Corp. D. R. Voight, e. Aug. 10, 1862; died Feb. 6, 1863. Musician Jacob M, Turneaure, e. Aug. 10, 1862. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 299 Musician William H. H. Turneaure, e. Aug. 10, 1862. Aurand, Thomas J., e. Aug. 6, 1862; kid. Oct. 6, 1864. Aurand, Joel, e. Aug. 6, 1862 ; sick at m. o. Allen Hiram, e. Aug. n, 1862. Anderson, Charles A., e. Aug. 15, 1862; disd. March 23, 1864; disab. Adams, B. F., e. Aug. n, 1862; died Aug. 25, 1863. Allard, M., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Allard, Stephen, e. Aug. 21, 1862. Atkins, John C, e.-Feb. 8, 1864; disd. March 30, 1865. Atkins, George G., disd. Feb. 3, 1863. Baker, P. G., e. Aug. 9, 1862 ; captd. June 22, 1864. Buckman, Z. S., e. Aug. n, 1862. Burgess, D. R., e. Aug. 14, 1862; trans, to Elliet's Ram Fleet. Branenger, D., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Babb, D. P., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Berry, John, e. Aug. 19, 1862. Baker, Elmus, e. Feb. 3, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Bentley, N. S., e. Jan. 29, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Colby, A. H., e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; sick at m. o. Colton, John, e. Aug. 15, 1862; disd. Feb. 14, 1864. Cuff, John, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Clark, Thomas, e. Aug. 14, 1862; sick at m. o. Clark, S. J., e. Feb. 3, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Countryman, Adam, e. Feb. 29, 1864; kid. Oct. 28, 1864. Dummal, H., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Engleman, Solomon, e. Feb. 12, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Engleman, Jacob, e. Feb. 12, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Eaton, Urias H., e. Aug. 10, 1862; disd. March 29, 1863. Fox, James, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Friery, John, e. Aug. 15, 1862; died Dec. 29, 1863. Fox, Henry, e. Oct. 10, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Grier, David C. Giddlings, Luther, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Gregory, John, e. Feb. 8, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Holmes, Spencer, e. Aug. 2, 1862; disd. Feb. 23, 1863. Hoy, Henry, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Hetherton, James, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Haum, Valentine, e, Aug. II, 1862; died Jan. 10, 1863. Hodgess, James P., e. Jan. 5, 1864; m. o. Oct. 9, 1864, for promotion. Krotzer, Jacob, e. Aug. 2, 1862; sick at m. o. Kester, Asa, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Feb. 28, 1863. Lambert, E., e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Nov. 13, 1863. Lambert, Jere, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Long, Benj. F., e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Jan. 30, 1863. Long, Jonathan, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Lamme, Jacob, e. Aug. 10, 1862. Mitchell, O. J., e. Aug. 9, 1862; died Feb. 17, 1863. 300 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Miller, A. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Mowry, John, e. Feb. 3, 1864, trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Morris, Wellington, e. Feb. 3, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Metz, L., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Marl, George E., e, Aug. 10, 1862. McNeal, Thomas, e. Oct. 10, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Owen, Henry, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Pope, Wm. W., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Preston, Charles A., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Penticoff, Daniel, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Penticoff, Samuel, e. Aug. 10, 1862 ; trans, to inv. Pope, Abraham, e. Aug. n, 1862. Petermire, Fred, e. Aug. 21, 1862. Reese, A. G., e. Feb. 18, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Reese, W. H. S., e. Feb. 24, 1865; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Rodgers, Edw., e. Oct. 10, 1862 ; died Feb. 28, 1863. Sanders, James, e. Aug. 30, 1862. Sager, Conrad, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Sedam, L. H., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Small wood, James, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Schlott, John H., e. Jan. 23, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Sweet, Noah, e. Oct. 10, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Sweet, M. A., e. Dec. 24, 1863 ; disd. Truckemiller, E. G., e. Aug. 19, 1862. Thompson, George, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Oct. n, 1863. Tarbert, Andrew, e. Aug. 15, 1862; died June 18, 1863. Thomas, E., e. Aug. 29, 1863 ; m. o. as sergt. Ventevier, George W., e. Feb. 26, 1864, Wilson, John A., e. Aug. 10, 1862. Work, W., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Wilcoxen, O. D., e. Feb. 12, 1864; died June 5, 1865. Williams, F. J., e. Feb. 3, 1864. Whiteside, Thomas F., e. Aug. 12, 1862; died Feb. 20, 1863. Whiting, Warren, e. Aug 12, 1862. Wright, William, e. Aug. 6, 1862; died Feb. 21, 1863. Young, Elias, e. Aug. 15, 1863. COMPANY G. Capt. John M. Schermerhorne, com. Sept. 4, 1862. First Lieut. John Gishwiller, com. Sept. 4, 1862; res. Feb .14, 1863. First Lieut. Harry G. Fowler, e. as sergt. Aug. 9, 1862; prmtd ist lieut. May 10, 1865. Second Lieut. Justin N. Parker, com. Sept. 4, 1862; res. Feb. 6, 1863. Second Lieut. W. McCammon, e. as sergt. Aug. 9, 1862; prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 6, 1863. Sergt. Noah Perrin. First Sergt. Charles C. Fragard, e. Aug. 9, 1862 ; prmtd. lieut. Sergt. G. G. Manny, e. Aug. 9, 1862; m. o. as sergt. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 301 Corp. George Byrum, e. Aug. 9, 1862; died April 22, 1863. Corp. J. L. Doxsee, e. Aug. 9, 1862; m. o. as sergt. Corp. Albert Van Epps, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Corp. Wallace R. Giddings, e. Aug. 9, 1862; died Aug. 30, 1864. Corp. Joseph B. Train, e. Aug. 9, 1862; trans, to inv. corps. Corp. Wm. Back, e. Aug. 9, 1862; missing in action. Corp. Wm. E. Stewart, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Wagoner Thomas Fleming, e. Aug. 8, 1862; disd. March i, 1863; disab. Austin, H. M., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Andrews, Silas, e. Oct. 10, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Armagast, A., e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. Feb. 13, 1865. Beine, Carl F., e. Aug. 9, 1863; disd. Aug. 26, 1864; wds. Bunker, Hollis M., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Bennett, Thomas J.; e. Aug. 9, 1862. Baysinger, Alex., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Bunker, Hiram, e. Jan. 29, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Betz, Jacob, e. Feb. 29, 1864; kid. June 22, 1864. Burbridge, W. M., e. Feb. 3, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Butler, Wm. H., e. Feb. 12, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Best, Jacob, e. Feb. 8, 1864; died Feb. 22, 1865. Bennett, M. L., e. Feb. 11, 1865; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Bartholomew, W., e. Feb. 24, 1865 ; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Best, Jacob S. Bartlett, Thomas H. Clark, Henry H., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Cornforth, John, e. Aug. 9, 1862; died May 18, 1865; wds. Curtis, Wm. U., e. Aug. 9, 1862 ; sick at m. o. Clark, R. M., e. Aug. 9, 1862; trans, to inv. corps. Cox, H., e. Aug. 9, 1862; trans, to inv. corps. Corning, N., e. Aug. 9, 1862; kid. Sept. 19, 1863. Clair, Davis B., e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. Feb. 18, 1863; disab. Crouch, J., e. Dec. 26, 1863; died Feb. 13, 1865. Cox, Jas. H., e. Dec. 21, 1863; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Colton, John C, e. Dec. 19, 1863 ; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Chambers, John B., trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Delong, A., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Dalrymple, S. L., e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. Nov. 8, 1864; disab. Dall, Chas. A., e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. Feb. 3, 1863; disab. Drew, Jos., e. Aug. 9, 1863 ; m. o. as corp. Dickhomer, Wm., e. Aug. 9, 1862; died June, 30, 1863. Empfield, Wm. J., e. Aug. 9, 1862; died March 14, 1863. Feeley, D. M., e. ; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Fisk, Amos, e. Aug. 9, 1862 ; died June 13, 1863. Ford, L. A., e. Aug. 9, 1862; died Jan. 2, 1863. Foreman, James, e. Aug. 9, 1862; sick at m. o. Fair, L. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Foley, Patrick, e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. June 24, 1863; disab. 302 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Fair, H. L., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Gates, H. H., e. Dec. 19, 1863; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Glanz, Chris, e. Dec. 26, 1863; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Grinnel, P. L., e. Oct. 7, 1864, trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Giltner, James W., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Grossman, D., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Graves, C. S., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Galbraith, Joseph, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Gailgraith, William, e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. Dec. 28, 1864. Honser, Chris, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Hillard, William J., e. Aug. 9, 1862; sick at m. o. Hawkins, William, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Hawkins, George S., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Houser, Samuel, e. Aug. 9, 1862; m. o. as corp. Haggart, Darius, e. Aug. 9, 1862; corp, sick at m. o. Houser, Abram, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Haggart, William H., e. Dec. 30, 1863; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Houston, William T., e. Dec. 30, 1863; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Hays, S. E. e. Dec. 19, 1863; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Henderson, Joseph, e. Feb. 12, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Harrington, John, e. Feb. 5, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Hampugh, Gustav, e. Isaacson, Isaac, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Keeler, N. F., e. Aug., 9, 1862. Kena, Charles, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Koller, Earnest, e, Aug. 9, 1862. Klass, August, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Kliplinger, James E., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Keiser, Charles, N., e. Aug. 9, 1862; died Oct. 14, 1863. Ladd, John, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Lawver, George, e. Jan. 29, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Moor, Emanuel, e. Aug., 1862; sick at m. o. Mahony, D. L., e. Aug. 9, 1862. McCausland, A. L., e. Aug. 9, 1862. McStay, Edward, e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. Sept. 8, 1864; disab. Mahany, William G., e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. June 2, 1863; disab. Mathews, John G., e. Dec. 23, 1863 ; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. McEathron, M., e. Dec. 30, 1863 ; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Mathews, S. R., e. Feb. 12, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Nunn, Thomas, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Phillips, Jas. M., e. Aug. 9, 1862; m. o. as corp. Playford, H. R., e. Feb. 4, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Phillips, P. A., e. Feb. 13, 1865; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Rees, George W., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Reber, Jacob A., e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. Jan. 31, 1863, to re-e. Rathbun, Parris, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Richardson, L., e. Dec. 19, 1863 ; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. i HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 303 Royer, Isaac, e. Jan. 29, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Rea, Geo. W., e. Feb. 13, 1865; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Rea, John W., e. Feb. 13, 1865; died April 13, 1865. Shligel, Julius, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Smith, Thomas A., e. Aug. 9, 1862. - Smith, John I., e. Aug. 9, 1862; died April 22, 1865. . Seizhorn, H., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Sisson, Wm. e. Aug. 9, 1862 ; sick at m. o. Smith, Robt. D., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Seabury, Jerome, e. Aug. 9, 1862 ; m. o. as corp. Stout, Thomas U., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Shearer, Edward, e. Aug. 9, 1862; died Jan. 23, 1863. Simpson, John M., e. Aug. 9, 1862. < Skeels, A. S., e. Feb. 8, 1864, trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Sindlinger, Geo. W., e. Oct. 28, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. Tomlinson, Geo. H., e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. April i, 1863; disab. Train, Samuel S., e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. Feb. 3, 1863; disab. . Vanalstine, D. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862 ; sick at m. o. Verbee, Benj. E., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Wales, Thomas, e. Aug. 9, 1862. West, Philip, e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. Sept. 30, 1863; disab. West, Ezra, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Workheiser, Wm., e. Aug. 9, 1862; died Oct. 6, 1864. Workheiser, E., e. Aug. 2, 1862; disd. Aug. 5, 1865; disab. Walter, A. B., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Wyckoff, E., e. Aug. 9, 1862; died April 14, 1863. Westcott, John, e. Feb. 3, 1864; trans, to Sixty-fifth inf. NINETY-THIRD INFANTRY. The Ninety-third Infantry Illinois Volunteers, was organized at Chicago, Illi- nois, in September, 1862, by Colonel Holden Putnam, and mustered in October, 13, nine hundred and ninety-eight strong. Was ordered to Memphis, Tennes- see, November 9, and, arriving on the I4th, moved with General Grant's army, in the northern Mississippi campaign, to Yocona Creek, and thence via Lump- kin's Mills, to Memphis, arriving December 30. Marched again immediately to La Fayette, Tennessee, and returned to Ridgeway where the regiment re- mained during January and February, 1863. Embarked to Lake Providence, March 3, and from there moved to Helena on the loth. From there moved down the river on the Yazoo Pass expedition. Entered Moon Lake on the 22d, and landed near Greenwood. After reconnoitering the enemy's position, re- embarked and returned to Helena. April 13, moved to Milliken's Bend, and on the 25th, commenced the Vicksburg campaign. Marched via Bruinsburg, Port Gibson, Raymond and Clinton, and arrived at Jackson, May 14. The Ninety-third was first under fire here. Participated in the advance, losing three killed and four wounded. Remained at Jackson until the I5th, and then moved toward Vicksburg. On the i6th was engaged in the battle of Champion Hills. 304 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The Ninety-third was in the Third Brigade, Seventh Division, Seventeenth Army Corps. At 2 P. M., Brigadier General Hovey's Division being severely pressed, the brigade was ordered forward and placed on the extreme left. After twenty minutes' fighting, it was flanked on the left, and retiring steadily changed front to the left. Being again flanked, it again retired, and in this position held its ground against a most furious attack, after which the enemy retreated to Black River Bridge. The loss of the regiment was one officer and thirty- seven men killed, six officers and one hundred and seven men wounded, and one officer and ten men missing. On the i7th, again moved towards Vicks- burg. At noon of the igth, came on the enemy's line, about three miles from the city. May 22 was engaged in the assault on the enemy's works, on the left of Fort Fisher, losing ten or twelve men killed and wounded. In the after- noon was ordered to reenforce General McClernand's command, near the rail- road. At 4 o'clock P. M., charged the enemy. Loss in this charge, five enlisted men killed, and one officer and forty-nine enlisted men wounded. June 22, moved to the rear and on July 4, was stationed at McCalFs plantation. July 13, 1863, started for Jackson. Arrived on the 15th and immediately moved to Vicksburg, arriving on the 25th. September 12, moved to Helena, Arkansas, and on the 3Oth, to Memphis. Moved to Glendale, October 3, marched to Burnsville, Mississippi, October 8. On the igth marched toward Chattanooga, via luka ; Florence, Alabama ; Winchester, Tennessee, and Bridgeport, Alabama ; arriving November 19. November 24, the regiment crossed the Tennessee River ,and threw up a tete de pont, occupying the works until the pontoon bridge was built. November 25, was heavily engaged at Mission Ridge, losing Colonel Holden Putnam and nineteen men killed, one officer and forty-four enlisted men wounded, and two officers and twenty-five men missing. Pur- sued the enemy, November 26 and 27, to Grayson, and returned to Chatta- nooga. Moved toward Bridgeport, Alabama, December 3. On the 22d moved toward Larkinsville, Alabama, and January 17, 1864, to Huntsville. Febru- ary I2th, participated in the reconnaissance to Dalton. On the 24th and 25th, lay in line of battle all day near Dalton. Returned to Huntsville, March 6. Moved by rail to Decatur, Alabama, and, June 14, marched via Huntsville, and Larkinsville, to Stephenson, Alabama, arriving on the 25th. On the 27th moved by rail to Chattanooga, and 28th to Kingston. One mile north of Dalton, the train collided with an uptrain, and one officer and thirty men were wounded. July 2, moved to Etowah to guard crossings until the i ith, when the regiment returned to Kingston. August 2 and 3, marched to Allatoona. On the eve- ning of the 1 5th, moved by rail to Resaca, and on the I7th, marched to Spring Place; but, Wheeler's cavalry having retreated, the command returned to Resaca and to Allatoona. On September 3, ten men were captured while out foraging. On October 5, the Ninety-third was a part of the force, 2,100 strong, which so signally defeated General French's rebel division of 7,000 men. At I o'clock A. M. the picket firing commenced. At 7 A. M. the artillery on both sides opened, and at 9 A. M., the enemy made its first charge, and after des- perate fighting succeeded in pressing the Union forces back, from the outer line of works, into the forts. Until 3 P. M. the battle raged with intense fury, when the enemy hastily withdrew in the direction of Dallas. The Ninety-third HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 305 lost twenty-one killed, three officers and forty-nine men wounded, and ten missing. November 12, 1864, the regiment started on "the march to the sea," and marched, via Atlanta, McDonough> Jackson, Planter's Factory, Hillsboro, Clinton, Gordon, Irwinton, Summerville and Eden, reaching the enemy's lines around Savannah, December 10. On the nth, skirmished with the enemy at Ogeechee Canal, losing one killed and two wounded. On the i2th, moved to "Station i" on the Gulf Railroad, and remained till the 2ist, when it marched into the city, and there remained until January 19, 1865. Commenced the cam- paign of the Carolinas on January 19. Marched across the Savannah River, and two miles into the swamp. On the 2Oth, returned to Savannah, and on the 23d, embarked for Beaufort, S. C. Landed on the 24th, and on the 29th, marched northward, via McPhersonville, Hickory Hill, Owens' Cross Roads, Baneburg, Graham (destroying one and one-half miles of railroad), Binnaker's Bridge, Orangeburg, Bates' Ferry, on the Congaree (where skirmished with the enemy, February 15) and to Columbia arriving on the I7th. While here one man was mortally wounded by the accidental explosion of shells. From Columbia, marched, via Muddy Springs, Peay's Ferry on the Wateree, Liberty Hill, West's Corner (here had one man wounded by enemy's cavalry) to Cheraw, S. C., thence, via Laurel Hill, Big Raft Swamp, Fayetteville, Jack- son's Cross Roads, Cox's Bridge and Bentonville, arriving at Goldsboro, March 24. April 10, moved to Raleigh, arriving on the I4th. After the surrender of Johnston's army, marched, via Petersburg and Richmond, Va., to Washing- ton City. Participated in the grand review May 24, and on the 3ist, moved to Louisville, Kentucky. June 23, 1865, was mustered out of service, and on the 25th, arrived at Chicago, Illinois. Received final payment and discharge July 7, 1865. During two years and seven months' service, the casualties in battle of the Ninety-third were four hundred and forty-six, and one officer and thirty-one men accidentally wounded. The regiment has marched two thou- sand, five hundred and fifty-four miles, traveled by water two thousand, two hundred and ninety-six miles, and by railroad one thousand, two hundred and thirty-seven miles. Total, six thousand and eighty-seven miles. Col. Holden Putnam, com. Oct. 13, 1862; kid. Nov. 25, 1863. Adjt. Henry G. Hicks, com. Nov. 15, 1862; hon, disd. Feb. 26, 1864. COMPANY D. Capt. Charles F. Taggart, com. Oct. 13, 1862; hon. disd. Jan. 10, 1865. Capt. George S. Kleckner, com. 2d lieut. Oct. 13, 1862; prmtd. ist lieut. Feb. 9, 1864; prmtd. capt. April n, 1865. First Lieut. Alphens P. Goddard, com. Oct. 13, 1862; res. Feb. 9, 1864. First Lieut. James W. Newcomer, e. as private Aug. 7, 1862; prmtd. ist Heut. June 6, 1865; m. o. as Q. M. sergt. Sergt. Lansing Ells, e. July 28, 1862 ; disd. May 31, 1863 ; disab. Sergt. Edward P. Renolds, e. Aug. 7, 1862; died March 12, 1863. Sergt. John B. Newcomer, e. Aug. 2, 1862; died June 21, 1862; wds. Sergt. Benjamin E. Goddard, e. Aug. 12, 1862; trans, to Fortieth inf. Corp. Samuel Shriver, e. Aug. 6, 1862; disd. Aug. n, 1865; disab. Corp. James Hickey, e. Aug. 5, 1862; kid. May 16, 1863. Corp. George Lills, e. Aug. 6, 1862; died May 22, 1863. 306 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Corp. John Rima, e. Aug. 5, 1862; kid. Nov. 25, 1863. Corp. Walker Templeton, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Musician M. W. Lyman, e. Aug. 7, 1862; trans, to brigade band. Musician George B. Turneaure, e. Aug. 6, 1862; prmtd. principal musician. Wagoner Silas Andrews, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. Aug. 5, 1863; disab. Andrews, Charles J., e. Aug. 6, 1862; trans, to Fortieth inf. Brandt, Benjamin F., e. Aug. 5, 1862. Brillhart, William F., e. Aug. 9, 1862; trans, to inv. corps. Bender, Charles, e. Aug. 9, 1862; died Feb. 27, 1863. Brown, E. S., e. Aug. 6, 1862; disd. Aug. 5, 1863; disab. Brewer, E. B., e. Aug. 6, 1862; died April 17, 1863. Brillhart, Henry, e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. Aug. 5, 1863; disab. Bergstresser, James, e. Aug. 9, 1862; m. o. as corp. Birtlin, Balser, e. Aug. 5, 1862. Bender, Chris, e. Aug. 14, 1862; trans, to V. R. C. Bogenreif, David, e. Aug. 7, 1862; disd. Feb. i, 1864; disab. Cornville, M. L., e. Aug. 7, 1862; disd. May 25, 1864; disab. Davis, George, e. Aug. 5, 1862. Devore, Samuel F., e. Aug. 8, 1862; died July 27, 1863. Erwin, Rudy, e. Aug. 10, 1862; kid. May 16, 1863. Frey, George W., e. Aug. 5, 1862. Fry, Isaac, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Garrett, James, e. Oct. 3, 1864; trans. Giddings, Calvin, e. Aug. 5, 1862. Goodwill, Frederick, e. July 26, 1862; disd. Jan. 10, 1863; disab. Gable, Jacob, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Hopkins, H. L. e. Aug. 7, 1862. Hahn, Isaac, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Hahn, Jacob, e. Aug. 7, 1862. High, H. W., e. Aug. 10, 1862. Hood, E. E., e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd, term expired. Jewell, John G., e. Aug. 13, 1862; died July 12, 1863. Kiester, David, e. Aug. 9, 1862; sick at m. o. Klotz, John, e. Oct. 3, 1864; trans. Kaufman, Adam E., Aug. 14, 1862; sick at m. o. Knedler, Samuel, e. Aug. 6, 1862; died Sept. i, 1863. Kleuhner, Geo. W., e. Aug. 5, 1862; died Oct. 13, 1864. Lansing, Ezra, e. Aug. 8, 1862; disd. for disab. Liscomb, N., e. Aug. 10, 1862 ; died Aug. 3, 1863. Lenhart, George C., e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; disd. Jan. 5, 1863, disab. Lusk, George F., e. Aug. 5, 1862 ; trans, to the 4Oth inf. Lusk, Franklin. Lahr, Paul, Aug. 7, 1862; m. o. as corp. Metz, Henry, e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. Feb. 23, 1863, disab. McKibben, Foster B., e. Aug. 7, 1862. McKibben, R., e. Aug. 15, 1862; m. o. as sergt. Plush, Thomas, e. Aug. 6, 1862; sick at m. o. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 307 Pattern, T. M. C, e. Aug. 6, 1862; m. o. as corp. Phillips, Thomas, e. Aug. 7, 1862; kid. May 16, 1863. Pittinger, William, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Robert, Cyrus A., e. Aug. 5, 1862; disd. June 8, 1865, disab. Reeder, Peter, Oct. 3, 1864; trans. Rotzler, John, e. Aug. 6, 1862; trans, to brigade band. Solace, C. S., e. Aug. 5, 1862; disd. Feb. 5, 1865, disab. Sprague, Carson, e. Aug. 9, 1862; disd. Aug. 15, 1863, disab. Shearer, Peter, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Shearer, David, e. Aug. 5, 1862; died April 18, 1865. Shearer, Andrew, e. Aug. 7, 1862; absent at m. o. Shippey, Hiram, e. Aug. 10, 1862; sick at m. o. Templeton, D. H., e. Aug. 15, 1862; died Oct. 30, 1862. Thomas, George, e. Aug. 9, 1862 ; captd. at Champlain Hills. Unangust, Franklin, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Whitehorn, John, e. July 28, 1862; disd. March 7, 1865, disab. Washburn, C., e. Aug. n, 1862. Ward, Wm. B., e. Aug. 14, 1862; died June 29, 1863. White, John D., e. Aug. 8, 1862; disd. May 28, 1864, disab. Yordy, Chris., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Young, John, e. Aug. u, 1862; m. o. March n, 1863. Young, Henry, e. Aug. 5, 1862. Young, Simon, e. Aug. 5, 1862. COMPANY G. Capt. Jos. P. Reel, com. Oct. 13, 1862; res. July 20, 1864. Capt. Samuel M. Daughenbaugh, e. as sergt. Aug. n, 1862; prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 24, 1864; prmtd. ist lieut. Jan. 5, 1864; prmtd. capt. July 20, 1864. First. Lieut. George W. Hartsough, com. Oct. 13, 1862; res. Jan. 24, 1863. First Lieut. Jeremiah J. Piersol, com. 2d lieut. Oct. 13, 1862; prmtd. ist lieut. Jan. 24, 1863; hon. disd. Jan. 5, 1864. First Lieut. George L. Piersol, e. as private Aug. n, 1862; prmtd. ist lieut. July 20, 1864. Sergt. Abner H. Howe, e. Aug. 10, 1862. Sergt. Elias Castenbader, e. Aug. n, 1862. Sergt. Hugh Moser, e. Aug. 21, 1862; absent at m. o. Sergt. Chas. Yunt, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Corp. Daniel I. Cobb, e. Aug. 12, 1862; disd. Aug. n, 1863, disab. Corp. N. Wartman, e. Aug. 6, 1862 ; disd. Aug. 16, 1863, wd. Corp. Daniel Keiser, e. Aug. n, 1862. Corp. Henry Shoemaker, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Corp. John B. Bollman, e. Aug. 2, 1862; kid at Champion Hills. Corp. D. W. Jones. Corp. Luther Hays. Corp. O. M. Broughter. Musician Wm. Ware, e. Aug. 12, 1862; trans, to inv. corps. Musician Edward Owen, e. Aug. 6, 1862 ; disd. March 2, 1863. Wag. John Templeton, e. Aug. 4, 1862; died Feb. 25, 1865, wd. 308 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Addams, Alvin, e. Aug. 11, 1862; died May 24, 1863, wd. Andre, John J., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Brown, John, e. Aug. n, 1862. Bordner, D. M., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Bennethine, John G., e. Aug. II, 1862. Cade, Levi, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Clams, Jos., e. Aug. n, 1862. Cari, H. C, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Oct. 22, 1864, wd. Collier, Wm. H., e. Aug. 15, 1862; died March 30, 1864. Diemar, Ames, e. Aug. 15, 1862; disd. Sept. n, 1863, disab. Dinges, Adam K., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Duhart, Henry, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Danber, Daniel, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Eastman, H. C., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Erb, Isaac, e. Aug. u, 1862; kid. May 16, 1863. Erb, Henry, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Eisenhour, Wm. H., Aug. n, 1862; died May 19, 1863, wd. Frank, Wm., e. Aug. 9, 1862; sick at m. o. Forney, David, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died June 27, 1864. Fogel, Robert, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Dec. 26, 1862. Fogel, Jos. W., Aug. 14, 1862. Folgate, Thomas, e. Aug. n, 1862. Graham, George W., e. Aug. n, 1862. Garman, J. P., e. Oct. 14, 1862. Carman, Wm., e. Oct. 15, 1864. Grane, Jos. F., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Greenwalt, Benj., e. Aug n, 1862; sick at m. o. Grissinger, F. B., Aug. 12, 1862. Granzo, Aug., e. Aug. n, 1862; sick at m. o Hockman, Henry, e. Aug. n, 1862. Humphrey, Charles, e. Aug. n, 1862. Humphrey, John M., e. Aug. n, 1863. Hulbert, Lyman, e. Aug. 10, 1862; kid. Oct. 15, 1864. Helm, Tobias, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died May i, 1863. Hartsell, Samuel, e. Aug. 20, 1862. Haas, W. G., e. Aug. 19, 1862; kid. May 23, 1865. Ilgen, Daniel G., e. Aug. n, 1862. Ilgen, David M., e. Aug. n, 1862. Kostenbader, S. S., e. Aug. n, 1862. Kahlj, Henry, e. Aug. n, 1862. Kryder, John J., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Kahli, Emanuel, e. Aug. n, 1862; disd. March 28, 1865, disab. Klapp, Chas. B., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Knock, Jas. E., e. Aug. 7, 1862. Krise, Wm., e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Sept. 27, 1863. Logan, Jas. N., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Logan, S. W. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 309 Lott, Geo. W., e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. March 31, 1865, disab. Law, Henry, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died May 29, 1864. Lattig, Geo. M., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Leibe, D., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Myers, Reuben, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Matteo, Moses, e. Aug. 14, 1862 ; trans, to inv. corps. McHolt, Oliver, e. Aug. n, 1862; died Nov. 30, 1863. Morse, Jefferson, e. Aug. 12, 1862. McConnell, John P., e. Aug. 12, 1862; died Oct. 4, 1863. Nickles, Lester, e. Aug. n, 1862. Nicklas, A. M., e. Aug. n, 1862; disd. April 2, 1863, disab. Nickles, Geo. W., e. Aug. 14, 1862; trans, to inv. corps. Reiser, Conrad, e. Aug. n, 1862; died March 28, 1863. Rosweiler, Henry, e. Aug. 14, 1862; kid. May 16, 1863. Reubendall, R. R., e. Aug. n, 1862; trans, to inv. corps. Sindlinger, John W., e. Aug. 12, 1862; dis. July 23, 1863, disab. Stewart, Jas. C, e. Aug. n, 1862. Shockley, Benj., e. Aug. 12, 1862; died May 19, 1863. St. John, Thomas K., e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Oct. 22, 1862. Seigley, D. Y., e. Aug. 15, 1862; trans, to inv. corps. Smith, Sanford, e. Aug. 15, 1862; sick at m. o. Sands, Wm., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Shekler, Levi, e. Aug. 10, 1862. Vantilburg, T., e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Aug. 14, 1862. Vantilburg, N. H., e. Aug. 14, 1862; disd. Feb. 15, 1863, disab. Werkheiser, John H., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Wolf, Daniel, e. Aug. 10, 1862; kid. May 16, 1863. Wetzel, Peter, e. Aug. n, 1862. Wilson, Wm. J., e. Aug. 12, 1862; died May 25, 1863, wd. Wertman, Jos., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Wickwire, F. M., e. Aug. 12, 1862; died Aug. 17, 1863. Wagner, J. R., Aug. 12, 1861 ; m. o. as corp. Wagner, Joel, e. Aug. 14, 1862; died Nov. 29, 1863, wds. Wardlow, Robt, e. Aug. 21, 1862; dis. for wds. Zerle, Geo., e. Aug. 14, 1862; trans, to V. R. C. Zerle, Wm., e. Aug. 10, 1862. Youndt, Albert, e. Dec. 29, 1863 ; trans, to 4Oth inf. THE ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SECOND INFANTRY. (One Hundred Days.) The One Hundred and Forty-second Infantry Illinois Volunteers was or- ganized at Freeport, Illinois, by Colonel Rollin V. Ankeney, as a battalion, of eight companies, and ordered to Camp Butler, Illinois, where two companies were added and the regiment mustered June 18, 1864, for one hundred days. 310 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY On June 21 the regiment moved to Memphis, via Cairo, and the Mississippi River, and arrived on the 24th; on the 26th, moved to White's Station, eleven miles from Memphis, on the Memphis & Charleston railroad, where it was as- signed to guarding railroad. Mustered out of the United States service October 27, 1864, at Chicago. Col. Rollins V. Ankeney, com. June 18, 1864. Adjt. Albert W. Brewster, com. June 9, 1864. Sergt. Asa E. Shephard, com. June 18, 1864. COMPANY A. First Lieut. Denison C. Frisbie, com. June 18, 1864. Sergt. John McEathron, e. May i, 1864; m. o. as ist sergt. Corp. Herbert W. Allen, e. May 2, 1864; m. o. as sergt. Corp. Dennis H. Reynolds, e. May i, 1864. Corp. Lewis P. Clingman, e. May 10, 1864. Corp. Ira Peckard, e. May 4, 1864. Boyer, John, e. May i, 1864. Baum, Samuel, e. June i, 1862. Bailey, Horace, e. May i, 1864. Barklow, Frederick, e. May 5, 1864. Biehl, Frank, e. June 16, 1864; died Sept. n, 1864. Cosier, Ammon, May 16, 1864. Clingman, W. Draws, George, e. June i, 1864. Hill, Eugene, O., e. May 25, 1864. Ludeke, Charles, e. May 21, 1864; died Sept. 26, 1864. McGloughlin, Joseph, e. May 10, 1864. Williams, John, e. May 10, 1864. COMPANY E. Second Lieut. James R. Baker, com. June 18, 1864. First Sergt. William Trude, e. May i, 1864. Musician William H. Baker, e. May 10, 1864. Buisman, John, e. May 14, 1864; died Sept. 9, 1864. Cobie, John, e. May 12, 1864. Dean, Israel, e. May 30, 1864; died Sept. 12, 1864. Gifford, Henry. Heddens, Roelf, e. May 14, 1864. Higgins, Frank, e. May 28, 1864. Kohl, George, e. May i, 1864. Lizer, Andrew, e. May 30, 1864. Long, David, e. May 2, 1864. Seibels, D. B., e. May 16, 1864; died Aug. 12, 1864. Turbett, Thomas M., e. May 25, 1864. Wepel, Bertus, e. May 14, 1864. Wepel, H., e. Aug. 14, 1864. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 311 COMPANY F. Capt. Henry Burrell, com. June 18, 1864. First Lieut. Francis A. Darling, com. June 18, 1864. Second Lieut. Josiah D. Fye, com. June 18, 1864. First Sergt. Graham M. Woods, e. May 5, 1864. Sergt. John H. Tandy, e. May 5, 1864. Sergt. Dolphus Tyler, e. May 6, 1864. Sergt. Thomas M. Bradshaw, e. May 5, 1864. Corp. Charles F. Bulkley, e. May 6, 1864. Corp. Henry Brillhart, e. May 12, 1864. Corp. William Liebhart, e. May 12, 1864. Corp. Josiah F. May, e, May 9, 1864. Corp. George B. Stephens, e. May 5, 1864. Corp. Edward P. Johnson, e. May 5, 1864. Corp. Thomas C. Strunk, e. May 13, 1864. Corp. John L. French, e. May 12, 1864. Wagoner Daniel W. Jennings, e. May 24, 1862. Adair, George, e. May 25, 1864; died Sept. i, 1864. Ballinger, Aquilla, e. May 25, 1864. Brownley, H., e. May 6, 1864. Brown, George W., e. May 25, 1864. Buchanan, John H., e. May 9, 1864. Burrell, Daniel, e. May 5, 1864. Dilly, Jacob, e. May 11,1864. Ells, William A., e. May 9, 1864. Eyre, John H., e. May 24, 1864. Freese, I. T., e. May 24, 1864. Frisbie, William D., e. May 9, 1864. Fuller, Lorenzo, e. May 9, 1864. Galpin, William C., e. May 10, 1864. Gates, Norman, e. May 20, 1864. Getteg, Aaron, e. May 19, 1864. Goldin, John A., e. May 9, 1864. Hall, Archer, e. May 9, 1864. Hawkins, Wesley, e. May 29, 1864. Hazen, Gustavus E., e. May 9, 1864. Heinsler, Frederick, e. May 17, 1864; died Aug. 26, 1864. Hitchcock, F., e. May 23, 1864. Jones, August D., e. May 5, 1864. Kanawell, William, e. May n, 1864. Kuley, William, e. May u, 1864. Lapp, Isaac, e. May 24, 1864. Madden, William, e. May 5, 1864. Martin, William A., e. May 24, 1864. McAffe, Torrance, e. May 18, 1864. 312 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY McLees, William, e. May 5, 1864. Merely, Robert, e. May 15, 1864. Murdaugh, Thomas, e. May i, 1864; died Oct. 9, 1864. Nesbit, Alexander, e. May 31, 1864. Ochk, Alpha, e. May 10, 1864. Ochk, Omega, e. May 14, 1864. Otto, Charles, e. May 17, 1864. Packard, Eleroy, e. May 6, 1864. Pender, Thomas, e. May 4, 1864. Raudecker, James C., e. May 9, 1864. Rippbarger, John, e. May 8, 1864. Shane, William, e. May 12, 1864. Sheldon, C. D., e. May 9, 1864. Stunk, Peter, May 16, 1864. Sterling, Robert, e. May 10, 1864. Sullivan, ( Patrick, e. May n, 1864. Turneaure, Charles H., e. May 12, 1864. Thomas, William H., e. May 20, 1864. Townes, Edw., e. May 6, 1864. Vanalst, Martin, e. May 4, 1864. Wagner, William H., e. May 24, 1864. Wallace, William, e. May 31, 1864. Warner, A. J., e. May 14, 1864. Warner, C. F., e. May 12, 1864. Warner, John, e. May 28, 1864. White, Wallace, e. May 10, 1864. Wilson, Charles M., e. May 20, 1864. Winters, John C., e. May 14, 1864. Winters, William, e. May 25, 1864. Young, Thomas B., e. May 18, 1864. Zimmerman, H. O., e. May 7, 1864. COMPANY G. Sergt. John F. Whitley, e. June i, 1864. Brownley, S., e. June 2, 1864. Bessinger, John, e. May 27, 1864. Barry, John, e. May 16, 1864. Davidson, Joseph, e. May 21, 1864. George, Lawson E., e. June i, 1864. Kenneson, T. E., e. March 9, 1864. Kanrai, David, e. May 10, 1864. Mooney, Edw., e. June i, 1864. McGlaughlin, James, e. May 10, 1864. Wood, Cyrus A., e. June 2, 1864; m. o. for re-enlistment. Wilson, Charles, e. May 16, 1864. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 313 THE ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. (One Year.) The One Hundred and Forty-sixth Infantry Illinois Volunteers was organ- ized at Camp Butler, Illinois, September 18, 1864, for one year, and Henry H. Dean appointed colonel. Companies C and B were ordered to Brighton, Illi- nois, Companies D and H to Quincy, Illinois, and Company F to Jacksonville, Illinois, and were assigned to duty guarding drafted men and substitutes. The remaining companies were assigned to similar duty at Camp Butler, Illinois. On the 5th of July, 1865, the regiment was mustered out of service at Camp Butler, Illinois. Adjt. James P. Hodges, com. Oct. 10, 1864. COMPANY E. Capt. John R. Jones, com. Sept. 19, 1864; res. April 7, 1865. Capt. Russell A. Hays, com. ist lieut. Sept. 19, 1864; prmtd. capt. May 10, 1865. Second Lieut. John L. Kamrar, com. Sept. 19, 1864; disd. March 9, 1865. Second Lieut. Lewis D. Brigham, e. as ist sergt. Sept. 2, 1864; prmtd. 2d lieut. May 10, 1865. Sergt. James Frost, e. Sept. 2, 1864; disab. Sergt. Samuel Hayes, e. Sept. 3, 1864. Sergt. David Schreiak, e. Sept. 3, 1864. Sergt. Edw. L. Bruce, e. Sept. 2, 1862. Corp. Jerome A. Butts, e. Sept. 2, 1864. Corp. Samuel Whitemeyer, e. Sept. 2, 1864. Corp. Stephen Clingman, e. Sept. 2, 1864. Corp. John Boyer, e. Sept. 2, 1864. Corp. Lewis Lawyer, e. Sept. 2, 1864. Corp. Thomas McGhee, e. Sept. 2, 1864. Musician Edw. Owen, e. Sept. 5, 1864. Wagoner Andrew Harnish, e. Sept. 2, 1864. Andrews, Isaac F., e. Sept. 2, 1864. Auman, Edw., e. Sept. 3, 1864. Burd, Benjamin F., e. Sept. 3, 1864; m. o. as corp. Burd, George W., e. Sept. 2, 1864. Bogenreif, Samuel, e. Sept. 3, 1864. Briel, Reuben C., e. Sept. 5, 1864; disd. May 12, 1865, disab. Bowen, Samuel, e. Sept. 5, 1864. Bortzfield, John, e. Sept. 5, 1864; died Sept. 13, 1864. Bollman, George, e. Sept. 2, 1864. Childs, Lewis C., e. Sept. 2, 1864. Cornville, M. L., e. Sept. 3, 1864; died Oct. 7, 1864. Clingman, H. C., e. Sept. 3, 1864. Foster, Robert, e. Sept. 3, 1864. Graham, E. W., e. Sept. 3. 1864. 314 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Haggart, Sydney, e. Sept. 3, 1864. Hutchison, Samuel, e. Sept. 3, 1864. Ingraham, Orlin, e. Sept. 3, 1864. Keagan, Nicholas, e. Sept. 3, 1864. Kleckner, William, e. Sept. 2, 1864. Knoll, Thomas, e. Sept. 2, 1864. Kryder, William H., e. Sept. 2, 1864. Kuns, N., e. Sept. 2, 1864. Kailey, George W., e. Sept. 2, 1864. Kenison, Thomas J., e. Sept. 3, 1864; disd. May 20, 1865, disab. Kearn, Richard, e. Sept. 2, 1864. Larkins, M., e. Sept. 3, 1864. Wendenhall, William, e. Sept. 3, 1864. Murray, James S., e. Sept. 3, 1864; died Feb. i, 1865. McDowell, E. R., e. Sept. 5, 1864; prmtd. principal musician. Rees, John, e. Sept. 3, 1864. Patten, Lawrence, e. Sept. 5, 1864; disd. April 4, 1865, disab. Rath, A. B., e. Sept. 3, 1864. Springer, Nathan, e. Sept. 3, 1864; died Oct. 19, 1864. Schroeder, H., e. Sept. 3, 1864. Stoeger, Adam, e. Sept. 3, 1864. Stiles, R. A., e. Sept. 2, 1864. Sheckler, O. P., e. Sept. 5, 1864. Twogood, Daniel, e. Sept. 2, 1864. Vocht, John L., e. Sept. 5, 1864. Williams, F. E., e. Sept. 2, 1864. Wells, Orsen, e. Sept. 3, 1864. Yeaman, Thomas J., e. Sept. 3, 1864. Yeager, Peter, e. Sept. 5, 1864. Yarger, William A., e. Sept. 3, 1864. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. (One Year.) The One Hundred and Forty-seventh Infantry Illinois Volunteers was or- ganized at Camp Fry, Illinois, by Colonel Hiram F. Sickles, and mustered in for one year on the i8th and igth of February, 1865. On the 2ist of Febru- ary moved, via Louisville, Kentucky, to Nashville, Tennessee, arriving on the 25th. On the 28th moved to Chattanooga, and thence to Dalton, Georgia, Col- onel Sickles commanding post. On March I3th went on an expedition to Mill Creek, on Cleveland Road, and broke up a nest of guerrillas. On the 2Oth under command of Major Bush, went on an expedition to Spring Place. March I5th the regiment was assigned to First Brigade, Second Division, Army of the Cumberland, Brigadier General H. M. Judah commanding. On March 28th went on an expedition to Ringgold. On April 23d moved to Pullen's Ferry, on Coosawhatchie River, and had several skirmishes with the enemy, killing Major Edmeston, their commander, and several officers and men. On May 2d HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 315 the regiment moved to Resaca, Georgia, and were engaged in repairing the railroad. On May i2th Wofford, commanding rebel forces in Northern Georgia, surrendered his forces to General Judah. May I4th Colonel Sickles took com- mand of the brigade. Marched to Calhoun June 26th, and July 27th moved to Marietta. From there ordered to Macon, Georgia, and to Albany, Georgia, ar- riving July 3 1 st. October i6th brigade organization dissolved. October 28th ordered to Hawkinsville, Georgia. November 25th the regiment was ordered to Savannah, Georgia, via Macon, Atlanta and Augusta, where it remained until December 31, 1865. Mustered out January 20, 1866, at Savannah, Georgia, and ordered to Springfield, Illinois, where it received final pay and discharge. COMPANY E. Capt. Francis A. Darling, com. Feb. 18, 1865. First Lieut. Denison C. Frisbie, com. Feb. 18, 1865; res. Sept. 2, 1865. First Lieut. Jacob M. Martin, com. 2d lieut. Feb. 18, 1865; prmtd. st lieut. Oct. 4, 1865. Second Lieut. Daniel J. Kelley, e. as ist sergt. Feb. 9, 1865; prmtd. 2d lieut. Oct. 4, 1865. Sergt. Richard M. Rockey, e. Feb. 10, 1865; m. o. as ist. sergt. Sergt. John J. Thomas, e. Feb. 6, 1865. Sergt. C. B. White, e. Feb. 4, 1865 ; dis. Dec. 16, 1865, disab. Sergt. Jonathan Small, e. Feb. 7, 1865. Corp. N. M. Ferguson, e. Feb. 10, 1865. Corp. Peter Slear, e. Feb. 4, 1865. Corp. John L. Rockey, e. Feb. 10, 1865. Corp. Henry Phelps, e. Feb. 6, 1865. Corp. A. W. Kaup, e. Feb. 8, 1865. Corp. Alfred F. Miller, e. Feb. 6, 1865. Corp. Charles Wilson, e. Feb. 9, 1865. Musician William H. Baker, e. Feb. 7, 1865. Wagoner D. W. Jennings, e. Feb. 3, 1865. Allen, John S., e. Feb. 4, 1865. Allen, T. M., e. Feb. 8, 1865. Boyer, Isaac, e. Feb. 17, 1865. Buss, Thankful, e. Feb. 15, 1865. Buss, Isaac, e. Feb. 13, 1865. Buffington, C. H., e. Feb. 13, 1865. Beegle, A. H., e. Feb. u, 1865; m. o. Sept. 21, 1865. Baker, Lewis, e. Feb. 9, 1865. Boyer, Joseph L., e. Feb. 8, 1865. Baniger, Peter, e. Feb. 9, 1865. Burnham, N. S., e. Feb. 4, 1865. Bangs, M., e. Feb. 6, 1865. Bobb, Cyrus, e. Feb. 10, 1865. Blake. William, e. Feb. 6, 1865. Bolinger, D., e. Feb. 8, 1865. 316 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Caffee, James L., e. Feb. 6, 1865. Carter, L. H., e. Feb. 4, 1865. Cooper, B. G., e. Feb. 8, 1864. Carpenter, D., e. Feb. 9, 1864. Davenport, Lucius, e. Feb. 7, 1864. Durfee, R. S., e. Feb. 6, 1864. Darling, Francis S. Frisbie, D. C. Farrell, Charles, e. Feb. 17, 1864; disd. Aug. 30, 1865, disab. Folgate, Daniel, e. Feb. 10, 1864; disd. Dec. 26, 1865, disab. French, George, e. Feb. 9, 1864. Frank, John W., e. Feb. 7, 1864. Fisher, George, e. Feb. 6, 1864. Fischer, Charles, e. Feb. 6, 1864. Flickinger, Wm., e. Aug. 10, 1864. Foster, Fred, e. Feb. 8, 1864. Galbraith, Benj., e. Feb. 17, 1864. Gearry, John, e. Feb. 4, 1864. Hallensleben, H, W., e. Feb. 4, 1864. Harwood, Wm. N., e. Feb. 6, 1864; died Aug. 5, 1865. Hkk, H. V., e. Feb. 4, 1864. Harris, Charles B., e. Feb. 4, 1864. In man, John, e. Feb. 17, 1864. Kibner, Wm., e. Feb. 4, 1864. Keyser, John E., e. Feb. 6, 1864. Kelly, John, e. Feb. 10, 1864; died May 2, 1865. Kahl, Thomas J., e. Feb. 7, 1864. Lims, Jos., e. Feb. 10, 1864. Lashell, H. F., e. Feb. 6, 1864. Leigh, Wm. H. e. Feb. 9, 1864. Lower, Solomon, e. Feb. 15, 1864. McLain, Isaac, e. Feb. 9, 1864. Moore, John T., e. Feb. 10, 1864. Price, David, e. Feb. 4, 1864. Patterson, Arthur, e. Feb. 8, 1864. Rhoades, I. P., e. Feb. 17, 1864. Reed, Hugh, e. Feb. 6, 1864. Smith, Charles A., e. Feb. 7, 1864. Stickney, H. J., e. Feb. 6, 1864. Sisson, James R., e. Feb. 8, 1864. Snyder, John S., e. Feb. 8, 1864. Small, Samuel, e. Feb. 8, 1864. Tyler, Andrew, e. Feb. 17, 1864. Van Epps, James W., e. Feb. 7, 1864. Wood, Wm. H., e. Feb. 4, 1864. Carpenter, H., e. Feb. 9, 1865. Cox, Abel, e. Feb. 6, 1865. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 317 SEVENTH CAVALRY. Lieut. Col. Henry C. Forbes, com. ist lieut. Co. B, Aug. n, 1861 ; prmtd. capt. Nov. 18, 1861 ; prmtd. maj. Feb. 10, 1863; prmtd. lieut. col. March i, 1865. COMPANY B. Capt. Henry C. Forbes. Capt. William McCausland, e. as (?) sergt. Sept. 5, 1861 ; prmtd. ist lieut. Nov. 18, 1861 ; prmtd. capt. Feb. 10, 1863; died Dec. 25, 1864. Capt. Stephen A. Forbes, e. as ( ?1 private Sept. 5, 1861 ; prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 10, 1863; prmtd. capt. March 28, 1865. First Sergt. Josiah T. Noyes, e. Sept. 5, 1861 ; prmtd. bat. Q. M. Addler, Charles, e. Sept. 5, i86i;-disd. Oct. 23, 1864. Barnes, George H., e. Sept. 5, 1861 ; died June 15,, 1862. Clark, John W., e. March 4, 1865 ; m. o. Nov. 4, 1865. Combs, H. D., e. Sept. 5, 1861 ; m. o. April 21, 1865. Cuff, Thomas, e. Feb. 10, 1864. Davis, T. H., e.-Sept. 5, 1861 ; m. o. Oct. 15, 1864, as corp. Goddard, S. N., e. Sept. 5, 1861 ; disd. April 9, 1862, disab. Hill, Thomas, e. Sept. 5, 1861 ; died Nov. 15, 1863. Jenkins, George I., e. Sept. 5, 1861 ; disd. April 25, 1863, disab. McCausland, S. A., e. Sept. 5, 1861 ; m. o. Oct. 15, 1864. Myers, Charles, e. Sept. 5, 1861 ; vet. Feb. 10, 1864; m. o. Nov. 4, 1865. Noyes, Lucius A., e. Sept. 5, 1861 ; disd. Oct. 28, 1862, ist sergt. (Unassigned) Kleckner, Aaron, e. Jan. 25, 1865. Long, Caspar, e. Oct. n, 1862; disd. May 23, 1865. Massler, David D., e. March 2, 1865. Nolan, Thomas, e. Feb. 20, 1865. Sherman, Leonard. EIGHTH CAVALRY. COMPANY G. Sergt. Chalmers Ingersoll, e. Sept. 14, 1862; vet. Coppersmith, A., e. Sept. 14, 1861 ; kid. in action Sept., 1863. Chambers, James S., e. Sept. 14, 1861 ; prmtd. regt. comsy. sergt. Daniel, Joseph, e. Sept. 14, 1861 ; vet. Diffenbaugh, David, e. Sept. 14, 1861 ; kid. July i, 1863. Hollenbeck, A., e. Sept. 14, 1861 ; vet. Jan. i, 1864; m. June 19, 1865. Langdon, D. L., e. Sept. 14, 1861 ; vet. Jan. i, 1864; trans, to Co. K; m. o. July 17, 1865. Miller, S. H., e. Sept. 14, 1861 ; m. o. Sept. 28, 1864. COMPANY i. High, Samuel, e. Sept. 30, 1864; m. o. July 17, 1865. COMPANY K. Langdon, David. Margritz, George O., e. Oct. 3, 1864; m. o. July 17, 1865. 318 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY COMPANY M. Woodcock, D. R., e. Dec. 5, 1863; m. o. July 17, 1865. TWELFTH CAVALRY. (Unassigned.) Brooks, R. H., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Bronsum, John H., e. Dec. n, 1863. Calvin, Francis M., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Corns tock, George R., e. Dec. 17, 1863. Erlewine, Samuel, e. Dec. 22, 1863. Fitzpatrick, William, e. Dec. 31, 1863. Fuller, Eli C, Jan. 5, 1864. Green, Charles, e. Jan. 5, 1864. Gardner, Ed., e. Dec. 31, 1863. Giltner, R. D., e. Dec. 24, 1863. Hyde, D., e. Jan. 15, 1864. Martzall, S., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Mclaughlin, R., e. Jan. 15, 1864. McGill, William, e. Dec. 31, 1863. Mullarkey, John, e. Dec. 31, 1863. Peterson, John, e. Dec. n, 1863. Ryan, Henry, e. Dec. 24, 1863. Shaffer, George J., e. Dec. u, 1863. THIRTEENTH CAVALRY. COMPANY E. Gardner, Brayton, e. Oct. 7, 1861 ; disd. in 1862. Smallwood, Jr., Charles, e. Sept. 25, 1861. COMPANY I. High, Henry A., e. Dec. 21, 1863; died Oct. 31, 1864. Johnson, R. W. Kleckner, H. C., e. Dec. 31, 1863; m. o. Aug. 31, 1865. Kleckner, J. M. Lamb, O. F., e. March 17, 1864. Lamb, J. D. Lamb, D. C. Miller, H. G., e. Dec. 31, 1863; disd. June 13, 1865. Smith, John G., e. Dec. 21, 1863; sick at m. o. Shrove, Daniel, e. Dec. 21, 1863; sick at m. o. Sindlinger, John, e. Jan. 29, 1864; died July 8, 1864. Sheldon, O. D., e. Feb. 2, 1864. Studebaker, Henry. Strange, W. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 319 FOURTEENTH CAVALRY. COMPANY I. Capt. Francis M. Hagaman, com. Jan. 7, 1863; res. May 25, 1864. Capt. Francis Boeke, com. ist lieut. Jan. 7, 1863; prmtd. capt. May 25, 1864. First Lieut. Wm. H. Puckett, e. as private Oct. 14, 1862; prmtd. 2d lieut. Oct. 19 1864; prmtd. ist lieut. March 28, 1865. Addis, Mattenly, e. Aug. 6, 1862; disd. Oct. 3, 1864, disab. Allen, Nelson, e. Oct. 22, 1862. Bardin, John, e. Oct. 4, 1862; disd. July 21, 1863. Butterfield, Wm. D., e. Nov. 4, 1862; disd. July 21, 1863. Berininger, B., e. Dec. i, 1862; missing in action. Clare, David S., e. Oct. 14, 1862; m. o. July 31, 1865, as sergt. Clair, Wm., Oct. 4, 1862; m. o. July 31, 1865. Chapin, K. W., e. Nov. 18, 1862; missing in action. Donahoo, Wm. J., e. Feb. 18, 1864; m. o. July 31, 1865. Donahoo, Robert, e. March 31, 1864; m. o. July 31, 1865. Eby, Richard R., e. Oct. 20, 1862; m. o. July 31, 1865. Elliott, D. M., e. Nov. 7, 1862; died Dec. 8, 1863. Fouke, R. R., e. Jan. 16, 1863; m. o. July 31, 1865. Gogan, John, e. Oct. 18, 1862; missing in action. Gregsby, James M., e. Nov. 5, 1862. Gandy, Alex M., e. Nov. 10, 1862; died Oct. 9, 1864. Glass, Henry, e. Nov. 25, 1862; m. o. July 31, 1865. Ginther, John, e. Nov. 22, 1862; m. o. June 21, 1865. Humphrey, A., e. Sept. 27, 1862 ; trans, to Co. E. Haggart, Charles, e. Nov. 5, 1862; tn. o. July 31, 1865. Hollenbeck, H. W., e. Oct. i, 1862; m. o. July 31, 1865, as corp. Lenan, M., e. Sept. 15, 1862; died Jan. 12, 1863. Martin, Robert L., e. Feb. 12, 1862; m. o. July 31, 1865. Miller, A. C., e. Oct. 14, 1862. Martin, A. W., e. Feb. 18, 1864; m. o. Aug. 4, 1865. Miller, Anton, e. Aug. 4, 1862; disd. April 5, 1865. Morris, Wm. F., e. Oct. 17, 1862; disd. May 18, 1865. Mellois, John, e. Sept. 15, 1862; missing in action. Miller, John H., e. Oct. 14, 1862; disd. June 21, 1865. McNicholas, James, e. Dec. 2, 1862; missing in action. O'Brien, James, e. Oct. 17, 1862; m. o. July 31, 1865, as sergt. Pardee, A. W., e. Feb. 18, 1862; disd. June 23, 1865. Pickard, John S., e. Nov. 6, 1862; died March 29, 1863. Rollinson, M. D., e. Oct. 14, 1862; missing in action. Stewart, Wm. H., e. Sept. 24, 1862; died Aug. 10, 1863. Strange, John W., e. Nov. 24, 1862; disd. Sept. 17, 1863. Schlimmer, K., e. Dec. 13, 1862; died May 23, 1863. Strange, Wm., e. Dec. 24, 1864; disd. Scott, Alfred M., e. Feb. 18, 1864; disd. March 28, 1865. 320 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Thompson, Alex., e. Dec. i, 1864. Vandeburg, H., e. Oct. i, 1864; missing in action. FIFTEENTH CAVALRY. COMPANY L. Newcomer, A. C., e. Feb. 14, 1862; disd. March 16, 1863, disah Sinclair, George S., e. Feb. 15, 1862. SEVENTEENTH CAVALRY. COMPANY F. Black, E. O., e. Feb. 5, 1864; m. o. Dec. 18, 1865. Bowden, Hiram, e. Dec. 10, 1863; drowned July 3, 1864. Clark, H. R., e. Jan. 25, 1864. Delate, L. W., e. Dec. 25, 1863; died July 26, 1864. Davis, E. H., e. Dec. 15, 1864; m. o. Dec. 18, 1865. Delate, William D., e. Dec. 15, 1864; m. o. June 12, 1865, disab. Horton, Geo. E., e. Jan. 23, 1864; m. o. Dec. 18, 1865. Hall, James H., e. Jan. 4, 1864; trans, to inv. corps. Justice, Charles T., e. Jan. 23, 1864. Luke, Moses H., e. Jan. 25, 1864; m. o. Dec. 18, 1865. Mapes, William, e. Jan. 4, 1864; m. o. Dec. 18, 1865. Phifer, John W., e. Dec. 15, 1863; m. o. Dec. 18, 1863. COMPANY H. Redder, Bernard, e. Jan. 5, 1864; m. o. May 23, 1865. COMPANY M. Bolster, William A., e. Feb. 5, 1864 ; m. o. Nov. 23, 1865. Brooks, R, H., e. Jan. 5, 1864; m. o. Nov. 23, 1865. Carver, Mellen. Calvin, F. M., e. Jan. 5, 1864. Fitzpatrick, William, e. Dec. 31, 1863; m. o. Nov. 23, 1865. Fuller, E. C., e. Jan. 5, 1864; m. o. May 25, 1864. Green, Charles, e. Jan. 5, 1864; disd. July 14, 1864. Gardner, Edw., e. Dec. 31, 1863; m. o. Nov. 23, 1865. Giltner, R. D., e. Dec. 24, 1863. Hyde, Daniel, e. Jan. 15, 1864. Harmon, William, e. Jan. 5, 1864; m. o. Nov. 23, 1865. Harvey, Albert. McLaughlin, Richard, e. Jan. 15, 1864. Martzall, Solomon, e. Jan. 5, 1864; m. o. July 18, 1865. McGill, William, e. Dec. 31, 1863; m. o. Nov. 23, 1865. FIRST ARTILLERY. (Unassigned.) Adams, John H., e. Dec. 29, 1863. Lynds, H., e. Sept. 28, 1864. Reuter, Peter, e. Aug. 24, 1864. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 321 SECOND ARTILLERY. COMPANY E. Burkhard, Casper, e. Aug. 31, 1862. Shillibg, Frederick, e. Aug. 31, 1862; died March 20, 1863. MISCELLANEOUS. EIGHTH INFANTRY. Adjt. Leander A. Sheetz, com. March 20, 1865; m. o. May 4, 1866. Second Lieut. Daniel A. Sheetz, com. Sept., 1861 ; kid. in bat. EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY. (Consolidated.) Capt. Urias H. Eaton, com. ist lieut. March 18, 1865, prmtd. capt. July 17, 1865; res. Oct. 12, 1865. FIFTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Forbes, Edwin, e. Dec. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 27, 1863 ; m. o. July 7, 1865. Rodmire, Joseph, e. Dec. 10, 1861 ; vet. Dec. 27, 1863; m. o. July 7, 1865. FIFTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Bauer, Peter, e. Nov. 30, 1861 ; supposed to be dead. James, Phillip, e. Nov. 20, 1861 ; died Feb., 1862, wds. Koller, Jacob, e. Nov. 28, 1861. SIXTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Reisch, Chris, e. Dec. i, 1861. SEVENTY-SECOND INFANTRY. SEVENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Stoddard, Farrell, e. ; died Sept. 4, 1864. Surg. Chesseldon Fisher, com. July 28, 1863; res. Nov. 22, 1864. EIGHTY-NINTH INFANTRY. Ayers, John, e. Nov. 28, 1863 ; trans, to 39th. inf. Koym, William, e. Oct. 26, 1863 ; kid. June 22, 1864. Creschance, Case, e. Aug. 7, 1862; m. o. June 10, 1865. Conner, Michael, e. July 31, 1862; disd. Jan. 29, 1865, disab. Roe, Chas. E., e. Aug. 14, 1862; prmtd. Q. M. Sergt. Snyder, Chris, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Wadsworth, O. T., e. July 31, 1862; m. o. June 10, 1865. Stitle, Henry, e. STEPHENSON COUNTY SOLDIERS' MONUMENT. Soon after the close of the war for the Union, there was considerable dis- cussion among the leading citizens of Stephenson County, "without regard to party affiliations, as to the propriety of erecting a suitable monument to com- memorate the heroism of the noble sons of Stephenson County who had vol- untarily laid down their lives upon the altar of their country, and the opinion 322 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY was universal that the living owed such a lasting memento to the memory of their gallant dead." No steps were taken, however, until the winter of 1868, when a mass meeting was called on Saturday, February 19, 1868, at the hall of the Grand Army of the Republic, in Freeport. The meeting was well attended. General Smith D. Atkins was elected chairman, and C. C. Shuler, Esq., secretary. A constitution for forming the Stephenson County Soldiers' Monument Asso- ciation was reported and unanimously adopted, of which Articles I and II read as follows: ARTICLE I. NAME. Section i. This Association shall be known as "The Stephenson County Soldiers' Monument Association." ARTICLE II. OBJECT. Section i. The object of this association shall be the erection of a suitable monument, or memorial, to the memory of the gallant dead of Stephenson County, who have laid down their lives while serving in the armies of the United States during the rebellion, in order to rescue their names from forget- fulness, and suitably honor their heroic devotion to country and liberty, when country and liberty were in peril. Articles III and IV provided for the proper officers of the association, and minutely defined their duties, which were those usual to such associations, and we omit them here. On motion, the following officers were elected as provided for by the con- stitution ; President, Hon. John H. Addatns, of Cedarville ; vice presidents, Gen- eral Wilson Shaffer, of Freeport; Ross Babcock, of Ridott; Major J. W. Mc- Kim, of Freeport, and Captain J. P. Reel, of Buckeye; recording secretary-, General Smith D. Atkins, of Freeport; corresponding secretary, James S. Mc- Call, of Freeport; treasurer, Captain William Young, of Silver Creek. Execu- tive committee: C. C. Shuler, Freeport; Captain William Cox, Winslow; B. P. Belknap, Oneco; Daniel Bellman, Rock Grove; Captain J. M. Schermerhorn, West Point ; Levi Robey, Waddams ; Captain William Stewart, Buckeye ; Cap- tain Robert T. Cooper, Rock Run; Captain George S. Kleckner, Kent; Captain F. A. Darling, Erin ; Perez A. Tisdell, Harlem ; Captain W. J. Reitzel, Lancas- ter; Hon. James S. Taggart, Ridott; Frederick Baker, Silver Creek; Conrad Van Brocklin, Florence; Major H. M. Timms, Loran; John R. Hayes, Jeffer- son, and Harrison Diemer, Dakota. Immediately thereafter, a meeting of the executive committee was called in the parlors of the Second National Bank in Freeport, which was fully at- tended, and an address was prepared and published to the citizens of the county inviting them to subscribe to the fund for building the monument. It was de- cided to have a membership certificate engraved, with correct likenesses of Colonel Holden Putnam, Ninety-third Illinois Volunteers, Colonel John A. Da- vis, Forty-sixth Illinois Volunteers, and Major William R. Goddard. Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers, engraved thereon, they being the only field officers from Stephenson County who had given their lives in the war; such membership certificate to be issued to each subscriber of $1.00 or more. A meeting was ap- pointed for each township in the county to urge the citizens to take hold of the work, all of which meetings were addressed by the secretary of the association, HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 323 General S. D. Atkins, and at many of the meetings he was accompanied by Hon, J. M. Bailey and Major I. C. Lawver. In the newspaper report of one of these meetings held at Ridott, we find the following pleasant reference: "At Ridott, a small audience subscribed a little upward of $100. The meeting was addressed by General Atkins and Major Lawver. The Major referred to the fact that before the war he was a Democrat in sentiment, while General Atkins was a Republican. They went to war in the same regiment and fought side by side ; neither has changed his political sentiments, and now they are side by side in honoring their dead comrades. So it should be with Democrats and Republicans. The soldiers lost their lives for their country, and all parties should join in erecting a monument to their heroism." The meetings held in the townships resulted in a very thorough organization in all parts of the county, but, after pretty thorough canvassing, only $3,500 had been pledged on the va- rious township subscriptions. The officers of the association therefore resolved to ask the Board of Supervisors to make an appropriation to be added to the voluntary subscriptions that altogether would be sufficient for the completion of a suitable soldiers' monument in commemoration of the heroic dead of the entire county. On Tuesday, June 29, 1869, the Board of Supervisors being in special session, Hon. John H. Addams, the president of the association, Cap- tain William Young, treasurer, and General S. D. Atkins, secretary, as a com- mittee on the part of the Soldiers' Monument Association, waited upon the Board of Supervisors and requested from them permission to erect the monu- ment on the Court House Square in the city of Freeport, and also a suitable donation to aid in its erection. Permission was granted by the Board to erect the monument on the public square as requested, and the sum of $6,000 voted to aid in the erection of the monument by an almost unanimous vote, only one dis- senting, and from that hour the completion of the Stephenson County soldiers' monument was assured. The following members of the Board of Supervisors were added to the execvitive committee of the monument association : S. K. Fisher, of Waddams; James McFatrich, of West Point, and James A. Grimes, of Lancaster. The funds for erecting the monument having been provided, the secretary was instructed to advertise in the New York, Philadelphia, Cincinnati and Chi- cago papers for designs and plans for a monument to be submitted at a meeting of the association on July 28, 1869, at which time there were artists present with plans from all the cities named. General Atkins also submitted a plan designed by himself, for a monument of Joliet marble, 12 x 12 at base, eighty- three feet high, to be surmounted on the top with a statue of "Victory" in bronze, thirteen feet high, making the monument ninety-six feet from the base to the top of the statue of "Victory," with life-size soldiers on the four corners of the lower base of the monument, in bronze, representing the four arms of the service infantry, cavalry, artillery and navy. After full discussion of the various plans submitted, on motion of Daniel Bellman, of Rock Grove, the de- sign prepared and submitted by General S. D. Atkins was adopted. H. H. Upp was appointed superintendent of the building of the monument, with authority to make all contracts. Hon. John H. Addams, James A. Grimes, Samuel K. Fisher, Dr. W. J. McKim, Captain William Young and Gen. Smith D. Atkins were 324 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY appointed a sub-building committee, to approve all contracts before they should be in force. The contracts were immediately let and the erection of the monument pro- ceeded with. Under the superintendence of Mr. H. H. Upp, Mr. Adolph Beo- diker prepared the foundation; Elias Perkins contracted to lay up the Joliet stone and the Chicago Terra Cotta Company contracted to furnish the statue of "Victory" and the four soldiers, which were especially prepared by the cele- brated artist, Sig. Giovanni Meli. The Terra Cotta Company contracted to furnish the statuary in bronze, but, hoping to do better, covered them with copper by an electric bath, and failed to make the deposit of copper sufficiently heavy, so that the copper cracked and scaled off, and the statuary was after- ward painted by Mr. Daniel Adamson in imitation of Joliet marble, the material out of which the monument was constructed. The colossal statue of "Victory" surmounting the monument, designed by the celebrated artist, Sig. Giovanni Meli, is an original conception of the artist, and is a work of very great artistic merit. The Chicago Republican of Friday, December 17, 1869, thus refers to it: "But the last great work of this artist is the colossal statue of 'Victory,' which he has made from an original design and which is intended to render in terra cotta for the soldiers' monument at Freeport. The 'Victory' is the largest sculptural work ever composed in America, being thirteen feet high. It is, even to the minutest detail, finished as perfectly as the finest marble statue. While the imposing dignity and majestic pose of the figure at once impress the be- holder, yet the proportions are so nicely observed and such is the careful and artistic handling of the drapery, which sweeps in broad, massive folds to the feet of the figure, that its colossal height and great size do not at once appear. The figure stands in a strong and confident, though not bold, posture, with its right foot slightly advanced, and a portion of the weight of the body thrown upon the right hand, which rests on the staff of a large flag. The flag is gathered up in large folds by the sweep of the right arm, while, as if caught by some passing breeze, the fluttering ends swell out behind in broad waves of graceful drapery, so light and silken that they seem almost to apple in the air. The left hand hangs by the side with an easy grace and holds the symbolic olive. The head ah ! there is the imposing dignity which, like an atmosphere, is rather felt than seen in the figure. Set on a neck which suggests rather than impresses power, is the grand head which crowns the statue, and which in its benignant dignity blends the imperial justice of the conqueror with the melting mercy of an in- jured though pardoning ruler. The head is thrown back as if a glorious sense of triumph thrilled it through with joy; and, though the eyes are raised as if a gleam of the battle fire still lit them with a glorious passion, yet the lips are parted with a smile of calm, satisfied peace that softens the sternness of the upper face. There is a curious interblending of the ancient and modern in the face, which, though at first sight incongruous, has been made by the artist to secure an effect that could not otherwise have been produced. The eyes and forehead are purely Grecian, and have an imperious, almost a hard boldness of expression, while the cheek, chin and mouth are rounded with a sweet and tender grace that relieves the face from that otherwise stern and strong look, and gives to it a modern type or cast of countenance seldom before introduced HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 325 in sculpture. Thus, while the full face view gives to the beholder the impres- sion of an imperious and proud queen, calm in her self-poised dignity, and strong in her self-reliant nature, the profile contrary to all precedent seems melted with the sunshine of a happy spirit, which suffuses the whole face with a smile. Usually the character is shown by the profile, which is more pro- nounced than the open face, but the artist says that the subject demanded the blending of Grecian features with American, and the happy effect produced by this combination has united dignity with grace, and sweetness with strength." On Tuesday, October 19, 1869, the corner-stone was laid with great cere- mony, under the auspices of the Masonic bodies of Freeport, participated in by the Odd Fellows, Turnvereins, Fire Department and Citizens. Dr. W. J. McKim was Grand Marshal. After the Masonic ceremonies were concluded, the Freeport Journal says : "The Senior Grand Warden introduced Sir Knight General Smith D. Atkins, who, owing to the absence of Sir Knight Colonel Thomas J. Turner, orator of the day, was invited and delivered an effective and eloquent address of some twenty minutes' duration." The lower base of the monument is 12x12 feet and twelve feet high. On each of the four sides are two niches, in which a panel of white marble is inserted, on which are cut the names of those soldiers of Stephenson County who are known to have given their lives for their country, as follows : Eighth Regiment, I. V. I. F. Benglesdorff, Co. E; A. A. Berryhill, Co. F, killed at Vicksburg, May 22, 1863 ; Joseph Berger, Co. I, died at Marshall, Texas, September 12, 1865; Lieutenant H. A. Sheets, Co. , killed at Fort Donelson, February 15, 1862. Eleventh Regiment, I. V. I. J. Alexander, Co. A, died August 31, 1861 ; F. R. Bellman, Co. A, killed at Fort Donelson, February 15, 1862; John Brad- ford, Co. A, died of disease contracted in service, ; John Cronemiller, Co. A, killed at Fort Donelson, February 15, 1862; William ding- man, Co. A, killed at Fort Donelson, February 15, 1862; Louis Clement, Co. D, died of wounds, July 27, 1864; Thomas Chattaway, Co. A, drowned at Bird's Point, Missouri, - ; William Eddy, Co. A, died at Camp Hardin ; Captain Silas W. Field, Co. A, died of wounds, May 9, 1862 ; John W. Fry, Co. A, died October 17, 1862; Franklin T. Goodrich, Co. A, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; David F. Graham, Co. A, killed at Fort Donelson, Febru- ary 15, 1862; Henry Greenwold, Co. A, killed at Fort Donelson, February 15, 1862; John M. Hauman, Co. A, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; Franklin -D. Hartman, Co. A, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; B. N. Kramer, Co. A; Joseph Kailey, Co. A, killed at Fort Donelson, February 15, 1862; Franklin D. Lambert, Co. A, killed at Vicksburg, May 22, 1863; S. McGinnis, Co. A; R. Clothin, Co. A ; David McCormick, Co. A, died of wounds, - ; Isaac N. Ross, Co. A, killed at Fort Donelson, February 15, 1862; Hial B. Springer, Co. A, died of wounds, July 14, 1862; John A. Thompson, Co. A, killed at Fort Donelson, February 15, 1862; John Trimper, Co. A, killed at Fort Donelson, February 15, 1862; Milton S. Weaver, Co. A, died September 2, 1861 ; George Wohlford, Co. A, died August 26, 1863 ; James Wentz, Co. A, died of wounds, May 19, 1862. Twelfth Regiment G. Smith. 326 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Fifteenth Regiment, I. V. I. B. W. Ballenger, Co. G; George A. Barton, Co. A, died February 27, 1862; A. V. S. Butler, Co. G, died January 4, 1864; R B. Bailey, Co. G, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; A. Brahm, Co. G, died De- cember 15, 1862; J. H. Bowker, Co. G, died August 17, 1861 ; W. J. Buswell, Co. G, died October 14, 1863; E. S. Denton, Co. G; J. Clingman, Co. G; E. A. V. S. Butler, Co. G ; R. B. Bailey, Co. G ; A. Brahm, Co. G ; J. H. Bowker, Co. G; J. Clingman, Co. G; Deye, Co. E, died of wounds, May 5, 1862; M. Doyle, Co. G, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; Major William R. God- dard, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; W. Ells, Co. G; J. H. Hawkins, Co. E; J. Illingworth, Co. G; M. V. Kline, Co. G, died November 8, 1861 ; F. Kline, Co. E, died at Andersonville, September 10, 1864; E. W. Ling, Co. G, died August 15, 1863 ; C. Lashell, Co. H, died July 12, 1865 ; J. Mook, Co. G; S. Mook, Co. G; J. Murphy, Co. G; D. Milholin, Co. G, died'of wounds, June 24, 1862; John Niemeyer, Co. G, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862 ; Hugh Phillips, Co. G, died June 6, 1862; H. Stamm, Co. G; J. H. Ross, Co. I; Charles Smith, Co. E, died April 22, 1862; David Stocks, Co. I, died of wounds, June 24, 1869; E. D. Solace, Co. I, died of wounds, April 8, 1862 ; D. R. P. Stites, Co. G, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; O. Tenant, Co. G, died of wounds, April 6, 1862; J. S. Weeler, Co. G, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862 ; J. W. Van Valzah, assistant surgeon, died Au- gust 9, 1863; J. Wier, Co. B, Eighteenth Regiment, I. V. I. Cyrus Paden, Co. G, died at Camp Butler, April 6, 1865; J. Maxwell, Co. I. Twenty-sixth Regiment, I. V. I. Philip Baker, Co. B, killed at Farmington, May 9, 1862; Jans. Butcher, Co. B, died at Chattanooga, October 13, 1864; John F. Black, Co. H, died of wounds at Marietta, September n, 1863; Aaron Clay, Co. B, died at Danville, Mississippi, July n, 1862; Charles Choppy, Co. B, died of wounds at Chattanooga, May 3, 1864; J. P. Ditty, Co. B, died at Keokuk, August 17, 1863; William Eshelman, Co. B, died July 27, 1862; William A. Eggert, Co. B, died June 14, 1862; A. J. Eastland, Co. I, died at Camp Sher- man, August 18, 1863 ; Julius Frisbee, Co. B, died at Point Pleasant, April 2, 1862; Charles Gold, Co. B, died of wounds, January 9, 1864; Simon Gates, Co. B. died September 17, 1863 ; John Geiser, Co. B, died of wounds at Chattanooga, January 2, 1864; Aaron Heise, Sr., Co. B, died at Scottsboro, March 24, 1864; John Heise, Co. B, died of wounds at Marietta, August 9, 1864; Moses Heise, Co. B, died at Scottsboro, March 22, 1864; George H. Hettle, Co. B, killed at Scottsboro, May i, 1864; Lieutenant John Irvin, Co. G, died October 6, 1863; C. D. Jinks, Co. B, died at Scottsboro, March 20, 1864; W. Knauss, Co. G, died at Resaca, August 13, 1864; J. Kinney, Co. B, died at Atlanta, July 22, 1864; J. Keigan, Co. I; Wm. Long, Co. E, died at luka, August 28, 1862; D. Morris, Co. B, died of wounds at Dallas, May 29, 1864; P. E. Montague, Co. B, killed at Scottsboro, April 30, 1864; L. McCoy, Co. B, died of wounds, Chat- tanooga, July 22, 1864; Thomas Nicholas, Co. B, died at Corinth, October 4, 1862; John J. Nigg, Co. B, died of wounds at Danville, July 7, 1862; William Quinn, Co. B, died - .; S. J. Robinold, Co. B, died at Farmington, May 22, 1862; A. L. Rice, Co. H, died of wounds at Marietta, October 14, 1864; P. E. Smith, Co. B, killed at Reseca, May 13, 1864; John Schmidt, Co. B, killed at Mission Ridge, November 25, 1863 ; Egbert Snyder, Co. B, died at HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 327 Scottsboro, March 17, 1864; J. P. Winters, Co. B, died at Corinth, October 10, 1862 ; Thomas Wishart, Co. B, died at Memphis, November 27, 1863 ; J. Walkey, Co. B, died at New Madrid, March 22, 1862; John Walton, Co. B, killed March 7, 1865. Thirty-second Regiment, I. V. I. J. P. Walker, Co. C, died at Annapolis, March 10, 1865 ; F. J. Erickson, Co. A. Thirty-fourth Regiment, I. V. I. J. H. Brown, Co. H, died of wounds, May n, 1862. SOLDIERS NAMES ON STEPHENSON COUNTY SOLDIERS' MONUMENT. Thirty-seventh Regiment, I. V. I. N. G. Wire, Co. D, killed at Pea Ridge, March 7, 1862; A. W. Tarbert, Co. . Thirty-ninth Regiment, I. V. I. W. Agney, Co. G, killed in Virginia, Octo- ber 13, 1864. Forty-second Regiment, I. V. I. Samuel Kohl, Co. G, died of wounds, December , 1864; L. Mossman, Co. G, died at Andersonville, March i, 1865; L. Warner, Co. G, died of wounds, January n, 1865; W. Bunte, Jr. Forty-fifth Regiment, I. V. I. J. Jordan, Co. C; Andrew Mourn, Co. C, killed - -; W. T. McClothlin, Co. B; J. Watterson, Co. G, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862. Forty-sixth Regiment, I. V. I. A. F. Arnold, Co. A, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; William Andre, Co. A, died at Duval's Bluff, December 10, 1864; William W. Allison, Co. A, died at Memphis, March 16, 1863; A. E. Arnold, Co. A, died at ; Cyrus Ashenfelter, Co. B, died at Camp Butler, December 6, 1861 ; F. Ashenfelter, Co. D; Robert G. Aikey, Co. G, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; John Apker, Co. K, died at Mobile, May 6, 1865; Robert T. Best, Co. A, died at Camp Butler, November 7, 1861 ; Wesley J. Best, Co. A, died of wounds at Vicksburg, August 19, 1864; R. D. Bruner, Co. A, died at Cairo, October 6, 1864; Edward Barrett, Co. A, died at Vicksburg, August 12, 1864; Charles F. Bower, Co. B, died of wounds, April 23, 1862; A. Bauer, Co. C, died - ; H. Bagger, Co. C, died at Bolivar, October 15, 1862; A. Buckhardt, Co. C, died at Salubriety Springs, July 24, 1865 ; J. S. Brown, Co. G, died of wounds, April 28, 1862; R. Brubaker, Co. G, died of wounds, August 9, 1862; George D. Beeler, Co. G, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; B. L. Bates, Co. G, died at La Grange, July 12, 1862; L. C. Butler, Co. K, died ; James A. Butler, Co. K, died at La Grange, July 12, 1862; George F. Brown, Co. K, died at St. Louis, May 18, 1862 ; Dudley Barker, Co. K, died in Shreve- port, June 17, 1865 ; A. Barker, Co. B ; John Brace, Co. K, died of wounds, May 22, 1862 ; Lieutenant Louis E. Butler, Co. K, died at Salubriety Springs, October 5, 1865; J. Backus, Co. K; Hiram Clingman, Co. A, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; Charles Clouse, Co. A, died at Mound City, September 7, 1862; George Cox, Co. B, died of wounds, October 9, 1862; Henry Cruger, Co. B, died at Big Black, April n, 1864; Thomas A. Clingman, Co. F, died of wounds, ; W. Cramer, Co. K; J. Chambers, Co. B; Colonel John A. Davis, died of wounds, Bolivar, October 10, 1862; D. P. DeHaven, Co. A, died at Memphis, September 22, 1862; Daniel Dreisbach, Co. G, died at Memphis, May 328 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 12, 1863; Thomas H. Dodson, Co. K, died June i, 1862; Joseph Doan, Co. K, died at Vicksburg, May 28, 1864; Jacob Dobson, Co. K, died October 30, 1864; J. E. Derrick, Co. A; John Elliott, Co. A, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; B. W. Eghusen, Co. C, died at St. Louis, May 19, 1864; Lansing Ells, Co. D, died of wounds, May 14, 1864; Marion Ely, Co. K, died at Vicksburg, August 8, 1864; Johann J. Esh, Co. C, died - -; W. Elliott, Co. A; A. M. Fellows, Co. A, died of wounds, Quincy, May 2, 1862; R. A. Fawver, Co. A, drowned Au- gust 20, 1864; Henry Prize, Co. B, died May 31, 1862; C. Frewart, Co. C, died at Duval's Bluff, December 19, 1864; T. S. Felton, Co. K, died at Freeport, March 17, 1862; J. D. Fogle, Co. D; Charles H. Gramp, Co. C, died - ; Hiram C. Galpin, Co. A, died July 8, 1862; William A. George, Co. B, died at New Orleans, September 10, 1864; H. Giboni, Co. C, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; Gotlieb Greetzley, Co. C, died of wounds at Louisville, April 26, 1862; Samuel H. Groken, Co. G, died about April 6, 1862; E. H. Gardener, Co. K, died at Corinth, June 18, 1862; John Hoot, Co. A, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862 ; H. W. Hollenbeck, Co. A, died of wounds, May 3, 1862 ; W. H. Holsinger, Co. A, died at Pittsburg Landing, April i, 1862; Sergeant Major J. E. Hershey, died ; Langford Hill, Co. B, died ; Lieu- tenant H. Harbert, Co. C, died ; Andrew Hess, Co. B, died of wounds at New Orleans, April 24, 1865 ; F. Hasselman, Co. C, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; F. Heine, Co. C, killed near Jackson, July 8, 1864; O. Husinga, Co. C, died at Pittsburg Landing, May 5, 1862; H. H. Hay- den, Co. D, died at Memphis, January 6, 1865 ; Henry H. Hulet, Co. G, died at Hamburg, May 30, 1862; William Helm,- Co. G, died at Vicksburg, June 26, 1863; William Haines, Co. G, died in Stephenson County, February 16, 1863; Barney Hand, Co. K, died at Camp Butler, December 26, 1861 ; Lieutenant Thomas M. Hood, Co. G, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; Samuel E. Hershey, Co. B, died -; O. Kittleson, Co. K; W. T. Johnson and J. Y. Haughney, Co. B; Eugene V. Kellogg, Co. B, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; Albert Kocher, Co. C, died at Louisville, May 15, 1862; C. Kahn, Co. C, died at St. Louis, May 15, 1862; Jacob Kramer, Co. C, died at St. Louis, July 19, 1862; H. Klock, Co. C, died in Kentucky, July 4, 1862; F. Kraemer, Co. C, died at Corinth, May 26, 1862; A. Knock, Co. C, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; John Katlerer, Co. C, died at New Orleans, September 18, 1864; Carl Krueger, Co. C, died at Duval's Bluff, November 29, 1864; Hiram R. Knight, Co. D, died at Vicksburg, June 3, 1864; George Kettner, Co. G, died of wounds, April 12, 1862; F. J. LeFevre, Co. C, died of wounds, April 9, 1862; Daniel Lobdell, Co. B, died at Cairo, October 3, 1864; Aaron Lapp, Co. C, died at Fort Henry, May 4, 1862; John Larve, Co. G, died at Vicksburg, June 27, 1863; Peter LaBell, Co. G, died at Louisville, June 2, 1862; James LaHay, Co. K, died at New Orleans, February 19, 1865; Captain John Musser, Co. A, died of wounds, April 24, 1862; Charles F. More, Co. A, died of wounds at Memphis, April 2, 1863 ; J. C. McCarthy, Co. A, died at Freeport, March 9, 1865 ; D. J. Mingle, Co. B, died - - ; J. H. Mingle, Co. B, died - - ; Willard F. May, Co. A, died at Vicksburg, May 18, 1864; Harry A. Mack, Co. B, died at Winslow, June 15, 1862; John W. Mallory, Co. B, died in Corinth, May 17, 1862; Joseph McGinnis, Co. B, died at Camp Butler, October 9, 1861 ; HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 329 Leons Marbeth, Co. C, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; J. F. Marks, Co. C, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; C. Meise, Co. C; J. W. Maxwell, Co. D, died at Morganzia, August 23, 1864; G. W. Mudy, Co. D, died at Mound City, Septem- ber 9, 1864; James C. Mallory, Co. F, died at St. Louis, August 10, 1862; John F. Moothart, Co. G, died in Stephenson County, February 9, 1864; Thomas Myron, Co. K, died at Corinth, June 12, 1862; Aaron Miller, Co. K, died at Cor- inth, June 12, 1862; E. Mueller, Co. C; Peter O'Konas, Co. C, died at Shreve- port, June 12, 1865 ; Q. E. Pollock, Co. A, died January 6, 1862; Theodore Peck, Co. A, died at Camp Butler, January 8, 1862; John Patten, Co. A, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; Levi Penticoff, Co. B, died at Evansville, October 19, 1862 ; Julius Potter, Co. B, died at Camp Butler, February 6, 1861 ; W. Pen- ning, Co. C, died at Camp Butler, December 31, 1861 ; George Preising, Co. G, killed near Jackson, July 7, 1864; W. Quinn, Co. K; W. H. Rodimer, Co. A, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862 ; E. W. Rollins, Co. A, died at Corinth, June 29, 1862; James Riem, Co. A, died at home, March 22, 1864; D. E. Rogers, Co. A, died at Baileyville, December 12, 1864; H. G. Rogers, Co. A, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; Charles W. Rockwell, Co. B, died at Quincy, May 14, 1862; Henry Roush, Co. B, died at Freeport, May 10, 1864; J. Rebel, Co. C, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; C. Reismayer, Co. C, died of wounds at Savannah, January i, 1862; Jacob Rudel, Co. D, died ; H. Reismayer, Co. G, died of wounds, July 10, 1864; Jacob Reagel, Co. K, died at Bolivar, October 22, 1862 ; R. P. Ritzman, Co. A ; Nelson A. Scoville, Co. A, died at Savannah, April 18, 1862; J. M. Stephens, Co. A, died at Corinth, May 9, 1862; Charles H. Seidle, Co. A, died at Mound City, November 20, 1864; A. J. Steele, Co. A, died at St. Louis, July 24, 1863 ; Jacob Stottler, Co. B, died at St. Louis, May , 1862; Charles N. Shane, Co. B, died at St. Louis, July 26, 1863; Edwin L. Stone, Co. B, died at New Madrid, November 27, 1864; H. Schmeitzhaf, Co. C, died of wounds at St. Louis, April 24, 1862; M. Steinhofer, Co. C, died at Corinth, January 25, 1862; Peter Steinmetz, Co. C, died at White River, October 15, 1864; Jacob Spies, Co. C, killed near Hatchie, October 5, 1862; H. Schlieker, Co. C, drowned in Mississippi, August 26, 1864; A. R. Simcox, Co. D, died at Salubriety Springs, August 6, 1865 ; Joseph Stamp, Co. G, died in Stephenson County, June 15, 1862; John Shiveley, Co. G, died of wounds, April 23, 1863; Jacob Sheffer, Co. G, died at Jacksonville, July 7, 1862; Martin Smith, Co. G, died at Vicksburg, March 21, 1864; John T. Shinkle, Co. G, died at Morganzia, August 28, 1864; William G. Stamm, Co. G, died at Vicksburg, September 24, 1864; Joseph Shippy, Co. G, died in Stephenson County, Novem- ber 28, 1864; John Shearer, Co. G, died in Chicago, September 26, 1864; T. Shaub, Co. G; J. M. Thompson, Co. A, died at Pittsburg Landing, April i, 1862; George W. Trotter, Co: A, died October , 1865 ; Friederich Trei, Co. C, died at Monterey, May 9, 1862; Lieutenant M. R. Thompson, Co. G, killed at Hatchie, October 10, 1862; Neil Thompson, Co. K, died May 13, 1862; John Vinson, Co. B, died at Morganzia, August 12, 1864; N. H. Van Jurken, Co. C, died at Pittsburg Landing, April 25, 1862 ; Philip Van Copp, Co. C, died at Camp Hebron, May 21, 1864; B. F. Wilson, Co. A, died at Camp Butler, De- cember 30, 1861; J. Weiland, Co. A; S. Ward, Co. - -; W. Weaver, Co. G; John B. Wishler, Co. A, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; George Wilson, Co. 330 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY B, died at Pittsburg Landing, April 30, 1862; Martin Wales, Co. D, killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862; Peter Williams, Co. G, died at Dauphin Island, March 5, 1865; William Williams, Co. G, died at Duval's Bluff, December 14, 1864; A. Wolfanger, Co. G, died at Shreveport, July 19, 1865; Thomas Walbridge, Co. K, drowned November 28, 1864; William Withneck, Co. K, died at St. Louis, May 17, 1862; Abram E. Winnie, Co. K, died at Shreveport, June 13, 1865. Fifty-first Regiment I. V. I. Dennis Cook, Co. K, died at . Fifty-third Regiment I. V. I. W. H. Shean, Co. E, died at Chicago, March 31, 1862. Fifty-fifth Regiment I. V. I. George W. Crocker, Co. I, died of wounds at Marietta, September 20, 1864. Fifty-seventh Regiment I. V. I. Thomas Millerky, Co. E, died at Freeport, March 13, 1864. Fifty-eighth Regiment I. V. I. Peter Bauer, Co. D, died of wounds at Shiloh, ; P. Janus. Sixty-fourth Regiment I. V. I. Josiah Capps, Co. C, died at Chatta- nooga, May 10, 1864. Seventy-first Regiment I. V. I. E. Sherbondy, Co. D; J, Snyder, Co. D. Seventy-fourth Regiment I. V. I. F. Ashenfelter, Co. I; William Bellman, Co. I, died at Bowling Green, December 4, 1864; Joseph Biehner, Co. I, died at Annapolis, Marc r h n, 1865; T. T. Borden, Co. I; Robert Bingham, Co. I, died of wounds, May 16, 1864; Orla Clark, Co. I, died ; Sidney Cole, Co. I, died at Bowling Green, November 5, 1862; John Ferico, Co. I, died at Mur- freesboro, March 24, 1863 ; Amos Haskins, Co. A, died at Huntsville, March 27, 1865; John Henze, Co. I, died of wounds, June 16, 1864; Frederick Henze, Co. I, killed at Kenesaw, June 27, 1864; Austin Innman, Co. I, killed at Kenesaw, June 27, 1864; Thos. Jennewine, Co. I, died of wounds, January 2, 1863; Wm. H. Keagle, Co. I, died at Nashville, December 13, 1862; Ells Knudson, Co. I, died at Nashville, November 26, 1862 ; Samuel Lapp, Co. I, died at Nashville, January 5, 1863; John A. Mullarkey, Co. I, died of wounds, June 28, 1864; Fred Masmin, Co. I, killed at Lost Mountain, June 18, 1864; M. G. McCue, Co. I, killed at Kenesaw, June 27, 1864; Capt. F. W. Stegner, Co. I, killed in battle at Kenesaw, June. 27, 1864; L. H. Van Valkenburg, Co. I, killed in bat- tle at Kenesaw, June 27, 1864. Eightieth Regiment I. V. I.- J. Frantz, Co. F. Eighty-ninth Regiment I. V. I W. Koym and W. W. Snyder, both of Co. L Ninetieth Regiment I. V. I. D. A. Broderick, Co. A, killed at Jackson, July 20, 1863; Wm. Caston, Co. A, killed at Chattanooga, November 25, 1863; Pat- rick Cranney, Co. A, died at Lafayette, Tennessee, March 28, 1863 ; John Craw- ley, Co. A, died at Lafayette, Tennessee, May 18, 1863 ; John Crawford, Co. I, died at Nashville, June 18, 1864; John Doogan, Co. I, died of wounds at At- lanta, September 23, 1864; B. Donahue, Co. A; James Laughran, Co. I, died at Marietta, August 23, 1864 ; Dennis McCarty, Co. G, killed November 25, 1863 ; Neil O'Garry, Co. I, died at La Grange, January 21, 1863; Charles O'Connor, Co. I, died at Camp Sherman, September 16, 1863 ; John Powers, Co. I, died of HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 331 wounds, February , 1862; G. Van Valkenburg, Co. I; Michael Whalen, Co. I, died of wounds at Camp Sherman, August 21, 1864. Ninety-second Regiment I. V. I. H. S. Armagost, Co. A, died at Mount Sterling, November 20, 1862; Thomas J. Aurand, Co. F, killed at Powder Springs, October 6, 1864; Benjamin F. Adams, Co. F, died at New Albany, August 25, 1863; Robert Best, Co. E, died at Danville, June 24, 1863; Gaston C. Best, Co. E, died at Florence, S. C., February 14, 1865; George Byrum, Co. F, died at Nashville, April 21, 1863; William Back, Co. G, killed February n, 1865; Jacob Bits, Co. G, killed at Kingston, June 22, 1864; W. Boeke, Co. G; A. Baysinger, Co. G; Adam Countryman, Co. F, killed at Steelsboro, October 26, 1864; John Cornforth, Co. G, died of wounds, May 18, 1865; Nathan Corning, Co. G, killed at Chickamauga, September 19, 1863 ; J. Crouch, Co. G, died of wounds at Davis Mills, S. C., February 13, 1865; John Denious, Co. A, died of wounds at Atlanta, September 23, 1864; William Dickhorner, Co. G, died at Danville, Kentucky, January 30, 1863 ; William Erb, Co. A, killed at Waynes- boro, Georgia, December 4, 1864; William* Wmpneld, Co. G, died at Danville, March 14, 1863 ; William M. Flack, Co. A, died at Lexington, Kentucky, No- vember 22, 1862; John Friery, Co. F, died at Danville, Kentucky, December 29, 1862 ; Amos Fisk, Co. G, died at Nashville, June 30, 1863 ; Lyman A. Ford, Co. G, died at Danville, January 2, 1863 ; Warren C. Goddard, Co. A, died at Lexington, November 7, 1862; Charles H. Giles, Co. E, killed at Catlett's Gap, Georgia, September 17, 1863; W. R. Giddings, Co. G, died at Sand Lowe, Au- gust 30, 1864; C. S. Graves, Co. G; W. A. Hatch, Co. A, died at Nicholasville, December 23, 1862; Valentine Haum, Co. A, died at Danville, January 10, 1863; G. Hicks, Co. A; W. H. Haggart, Co. G; George Johnson, Co. A, died at Nashville, February 22, 1863 ; Charles M. Knapp, Co. F, died at Baileyville, January 31, 1864; Asa Kaster, Co. F, died at Nashville, February 25, 1863; G N. Keiser, Co. G, died at Louisville, Oct. 14, 1863; Ephraim Lambert, Co. F, died at Nashville, November 13, 1863 ; Benjamin F. Long, Co. F, died at Dan- ville, January 30, 1863; Orin J. Mitchell, Co. F, died at Nashville, February 17, 1863; George Metcall, Co. A, died at Danville, May 3, 1863; George C. Mack, Co. A, killed at Aiken, S. C., February n, 1865; M. Miller, Co. A, died at An- dersonville, September 26, 1864; Emmet A, Merrill, Co. A, killed at Waynes- boro, Georgia, December 4, 1864; Henry Miller, Co. F, died at Andersonville, July 10, 1864; Charles H. Purinton, Co. F, died at Danville, February n, 1863; J. A. Reber, Co. F ; E. R. Rogers, Co. F ; L. W. Rogers, Co. F ; Henry Rudy, Co. A, died at Murfreesboro, July 21, 1863 ; John W. Rea, Co. G, died of wounds, April 13, 1865; W. W. Smith, Co. A, died at Nashville, February 17, 1863; Ed- ward Shearer, Co. G, died at Danville, January 23, 1863; George Thompson, Co. F, died at Danville, October n, 1863; J. R. Thompson, Co. A; Daniel R, Vought, Co. F, died at Danville, February 6, 1863 ; Albert R. Williams, Co. A, died at Nashville, March 13, 1863; Coates L. Wilson, Co. E, died at Chatta- nooga, October 19, 1863 ; Thomas F. Whiteside, Co. F, died at Danville, Feb- ruary 20, 1863; William Wright, Co. F, died at Danville, February 21, 1863; Oscar D. Wilcoxon, Co. F, died at Concord, N. C., June 5, 1865 ; William Werkheiser, Co. G, died of wounds, October 6, 1864; Ephraim Wykoff, Co. G, 332 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY died at Nashville, April 14, 1863 ; David C. Wingart, Co. K, died at Nashville, October 9, 1864; E. Werkheiser, Co. G. Ninety-third Regiment I. V. I Alvin Addams, Co. G, died of wounds at Vicksburg, May 24, 1863; James Blue, Co. D, died at Ridgeway, January 17, 1863; Isaac Brandt, Co. D, killed at Altoona, October 5, 1864; Charles Bender, Co. D, died at Memphis, February 27, 1863; E. B. Brewer, Co. D, died at Mem- phis, April 17, 1863; J. B. Bollman, Co. G, killed at Champion Hills, May 16, 1863; A. M. Broughler, Co. G, killed at Champion Hills, May 16, 1863; Henry C. Carl, Co. G, died of wounds, October 22, 1864; William H. Collier, Co. G, died at Andersonville, March 30, 1864; D. S. Coble, Co. G; Samuel F. Devore, Co. D, died at Nashville, July 27, 1863 ; E. W. Derrick, Co. D ; Rudy Erwin, Co. D, killed at Champion Hills, May 16, 1863; Isaac Erb, Co. G, killed at Champion Hills, May 16, 1863; H. Erb, Co. G; W. H. Eisenhour, Co. G, died of wounds, May 19, 1863; David Forney, Co. G, died at Andersonville, January 27, 1864; W. Frank, Co. G; Robert Fogle, Co. G, died at Memphis, December 26, 1862; James Hickey, Co. D, killed at Champion Hills, May 13, 1863; Lyman Hulbert, Co. G, killed at Altoona, October 5, 1864; Tobias Helm, Co. G, died at Milli- ken's Bend, May 16, 1863; Willis G, Haas, Co. G, killed at Vicksburg, May 2, 1863; S. R. Hutchinson, Co. G; W. Irvin, Co. D; John J. Jewell, Co. D, died at Memphis, July 12, 1863; Daniel W. Jones, Co. G, died at Cairo, September 7, 1863; Samuel Knodle, Co. D, died at Vicksburg, September i, 1863; G. W. Kleckner, Co. D, died of wounds at Rome, Georgia, October 3, 1864; William Krise, Co. G, died at St. Louis, September 7, 1863; J. Leonard, Co. D, died of wounds at Vicksburg, May 23, 1863; Nathan Liscom, Co. D, died at Vicksburg, August 3, 1863; S. W. Logan, Co. G, killed at Mission Ridge, November 25, 1863; Henry Law, Co. G, died May 29, 1863; D. Leible, Co. G, died at Mem- phis, February 22, 1863 ; Oliver McHoes, Co. G, died at St. Louis, November 30, 1863; J. P. McConnell, Co. G, died at Chicago, October 9, 1864; J. B. New- comer, Co. D, died of wounds, June 21, 1862; Thomas Phillips, Co. D, killed at Champion Hills, May 16, 1863; Holden Putnam (Colonel), killed at Mission Ridge, November 25, 1863; T. Plush, Co. D; P. E. Reynolds, Co. D, died at Memphis, March 12, 1863 ; John Rima, Co. D, killed at Mission Ridge, Novem- ber 25, 1863 ; C. Reiser, Co. G, died at Jacksonville, March 28, 1863 ; H. Ross- weller, Co. G, killed at Champion Hills, May 16, 1863 ; George Sills, Co. D, died of wounds at Champion Hills, May 22, 1863; J. W. Sidlinger, Co. G; David Shearer, Co. D, died at New York Harbor, April 18, 1865 ; Benjamin F. Shock- ley, Co. G, died of wounds, May 19, 1863; G. Sprague, Co. D; Thomas R. St. John, Co. G, died at Camp Douglas, October 22, 1862 ; D. H. Templeton, Co. D, died at home, October 3, 1862; George Thomas, Co. D, killed at Champion Hills, May 16, 1863 ; John Templeton, Co. G, died of wounds at South Caro- lina, February 25, 1865 ; T. K. Vantilburg, Co. G, died at St. Louis, August 4, 1863 ; William B. Ward, Co. D, died at Vicksburg, June 29, 1863 ; Daniel Wolf, Co. G, killed at Champion Hills, May 19, 1863 ; William J. Wilson, Co. G, died of wounds, May 25, 1863; F. M. Wickwire, Co. G, died at Vicksburg, August 17, 1863 ; Joel Wagner, Co. G, died of wounds at Chattanooga, November 29, 1863 ; G. Zerbe, Co. G. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 333 One Hundred and Eighteenth Regiment I. V. I. William H. Wallace, Co. C, died at New Orleans, December 6, 1863. One Hundred and Forty-second Regiment I. V. I. George Adair, Co. F, died at White Station, September i, 1864; Frank Biehl, Co. A, died at M,em- phis, September n, 1864; John Buisman, Co. G, died at White Station, Septem- ber 9, 1864; Israel Dean, Co. G, died at Memphis, September 12, 1864; C. H. French, Co. F; F. Haeuss, Co. F, died at White Station, August 26, 1864; Charles Ludeke, Co. A, died September 26, 1864; T. Murdaugh, Co. F, died at Chicago, October 9, 1864; D. B. Seibels, Co. E, died at Memphis, August 12, 1864. One Hundred and Forty-sixth Regiment I. V. I. John Bortsfield, Co. E, died at Camp Butler, December 13, 1864; M. L. Cornville, Co. E, died at Chi- cago, October 7, 1864; S. Haggart, Co. E; J. S. Murray, Co. E, died at Camp Butler, February i, 1865; Nathan Springer, Co. E, died at Chicago, October 9, 1864. One Hundred and Forty-seventh Regiment I. V. I. John Kelly, Co. E, died at Dalton, Georgia, May 7, 1865 ; W. N. Harwood, Co. E ; W. L. Seyler, Co. E. One Hundred and Fifty-third Regiment I. V. L A. Shaffer, Co. D. Fourth Regiment, I. V. C. W. Hurlburt, Co. . First Regiment Colored Cavalry Capt. J. R. Shaffer, Co. A. Twelfth Iowa V. I. D. D. Warner, Co. G. Third Missouri Cavalry J. W. Shively, Co. G; M. Shotts, Co. G; W. D. Thompson, Co. I. Seventh Iowa Cavalry J. Barron, J. Antes, A. W. Lucas, N. Kohl, D. M. Mage. Fifth United States Cavalry Lieutenant J. J. Sweet, Co. E. Seventh Regiment, I. V. C. George H. Barnes, Co. B, died at Savannah, Tennessee, June 6, 1862; Thomas Hill, Co. B, died at Memphis, November 15, 1863 ; J. T. Noyes, Co. B ; Capt. W. McCausland, Co. B ; D. C. Stone, Co. G, died at luka, July 20, 1865. Eighth Regiment I. V. C. Anthony Coppersmith, Co. G, killed September 12, 1863; Samuel Crane, Co. I, prisoner of war, dead; D. Dieffenbaugh, Co. G, killed at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; Charles Mularkey, Co. M, killed at Manassas, November 11, 1864. Thirteenth Regiment, I. V. C. Samuel B. Deitzler, Co. I, died March 29, 1864; Henry A. High, Co. I, died at Memphis, Tennessee, ; Henry Studebaker, Co. I, died at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, October 23, 1864; William Strange, Co. I, died at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, September 3, 1864; John Send- linger, Co. I, died at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, July 8, 1864. Fourteenth Regiment I. V. C. B. Breninger, Co. I, missing in action, July 13, 1864; K. W. Chapin, Co. I, missing in action, August 3, 1864; D. M. Elliott, Co. I, died at Gallipolis, December 8, 1863; John Gogan, Co. I, missing in ac- tion, July 31, 1864; A. M. Gandy, Co. I, died at Bowling Green, Kentucky, October 9, 1864; Michael Lenan, Co. I, died at Peoria, January 12, 1863; J. McNichols, Co. I, missing in action, July 31, 1864; John S. Pickard, Co. I, died at Peoria, March 29, 1863; M. D. Rollison, Co. I, missing in action, July 31, 334 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 1864; William H. Stewart,. Co. I, died at Louisville, August 10, 1863; H. Van- deburg, Co. I, missing in action, July 31, 1864. Seventeenth Regiment I. V. C. H. Bowden, Co. F, drowned at Alton, July 3, 1864; George R. Comstock, Co. M, died at Lena, July 19, 1864; J. Peterson, Co. I, accidentally killed, December 12, 1864. Second Regiment I. V. A. F. Shilling, Co. E, died at Memphis, March 20, 1863; Henry Williams, Co. K, died at Memphis, April 26, 1865. Company and Regiment Unknown Jasper Clingman, died ; Captain James R. Shaffer, died at Freeport, . The second, or upper base, is 9 x 9 feet and nine feet high, and on each side. is a niche in which is inserted a massive slab of white marble. On the south side, facing Stephenson street, is engraved the following, in large raised letters: To The HEROIC DEAD of STEPHENSON COUNTY. 1861-1865. On each of the three remaining slabs in the upper base are engraved in raised letters some of the battles in which it is known that some of the soldiers of Stephenson County laid down their lives, as follows: Fort Donelson, Pitts- burg Landing, Siege of Corinth, Jackson, Siege of Vicksburg, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Altoona Pass, Resaca, Pea Ridge, Nashville, Kenesaw Mountain, Stone River, Waynesboro, Cattlet's Gap, luka, Aiken, Franklin, Nickajack Gap, Siege of Knoxville, Champion Hills, Farmington, Bentonville, Hatchie, Mobile. The shaft, 7x7 feet at base, rises sixty-two feet gracefully from the second base, tapering to three feet at the top, surmounted by a molded cap-stone, four feet six inches by four feet six inches, on which is poised the statue of "Victory" above described, thirteen feet high, making the top of the statue ninety-six feet from the ground. Early in June, 1871, the last finishing touches were given, and the Stephen- son County Soldiers' Monument, beautiful in its proportions, and as enduring as the solid marble of which it is constructed, stood forth completed, an endur- ing evidence of the patriotism of the entire population of Stephenson County, by whom it was erected. It was resolved to dedicate the monument on July 4, 1871, and great preparations were made for the event. General. John M. Palmer Governor of Illinois, agreed to deliver the dedicatory address, but at the last hour, he sent a telegram that he could not come, and General Smith D. Atkins, of Freeport, reluctantly consented to supply his place. General Atkins spoke as follows : Fellow-citizens : I have been admonished by friends, and the conflicting -emotions of my heart, to which I cannot give utterance, admonish me now, that it is no easy task, under the peculiar circumstances which have induced me HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 335 to appear before you, to address such an assemblage on such an occasion. But I have come, not because I had any hope of doing justice to my subject, but because I know that you will do more than justice to me you will be generous. Kneeling this day around the altar of American liberty, your hearts will throb responsive to the lightest touch. We do well to come here today on this anniversary of our national inde- pendence, remembering the fathers who have "gone before." We are indebted for all the liberties that we enjoy to those who have long since entered the "dark valley and shadow of death ;" those who shall come after us, in the sure flight of years, will be indebted to us for the civil and religious liberties which they will enjoy. If we were to seek the fountain whence our liberties flow, we should be com- pelled to go far back to 1776; the Declaration of American Independence was the result of a prior moving cause ; on the Mayflower came the germ of liberty ; not alone to the Continental Congress, but to the Pilgrim Fathers are we in- debted for the glories of the day we celebrate. Ideas are the moving causes of revolutions; the clash of arms, the sullen roar of artillery, are but the means employed to an end; deeper than that, below all that, like disembodied spirits, He the ideas for which revolutions are fought. The idea, the great underlying thought upon which the American Revolutionary War was fought, was em- bodied in the Declaration of American Independence in these words : "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights govern- ments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed." No grander enunciation of the rights of man had ever been put forth by any people, and around it crystallized the hopes of the three millions and a half of people composing the thirteen American Colonies. I wish it were in my power to draw a picture of the American Continental Congress, convened in the plain little red-brick building in Philadelphia, called at that time the State House, on the morning of July 4, 1776, when Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benja- min Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R. Livingston, the Committee on the Declaration of Independence, brought in their report. With what breathless attention did the members of the Continental Congress listen to the reading of it. With what emotion must that Congress have swayed, every one of them knowing that if they failed in their unequal struggle with England, the most powerful nation on the globe, the declaration would prove the death-warrant of every one of them upon the scaffold. But they faltered not, John Hancock wrote his name "Dashing and bold, as if the writer meant A double daring in his mind's intent." Stephen Hopkins, with a palsied hand, but with a fearless and patriotic heart, wrote his name plain enough for the minions of King George to read it; and Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and Franklin and Adams, and Gerry, and Rutledge, and Jefferson, and Sherman, and Morris, and Witherspoon "there were giants in those days" and relying upon the intrinsic justice of their cause, 336 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY and the self-evident truths of the rights of human nature that they were de- claring, to their maintenance they mutually pledged "their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor." Well might the old bellman, who sat anxiously in the steeple of the old State House, waiting for the word, joyfully ring out the glad tidings, when the Declaration of Independence passed, on the old bell cast many years before in England, and bearing, as if by inspiration, this inscription, in solid metal letters: PROCLAIM LIBERTY TO ALL THE LAND, AND TO ALL THE INHABITANTS THEREOF. Aye, Liberty! That old bell is ring- ing yet, and millions hear it. The last of all those who were there have long since been "gathered to their fathers," but their work lives after them and yet shall live. Time shall not dim it. The glories of the Cross of Cavalry shall pale away and fade from the remembrance of men as soon as the mortal grandeur and sublimity of that declaration shall be dimmed. While the memories of Wash- ington and Warren survive, while there is one man to honor the memories of John Hampden and Algernon Sydney, while there is one human heart groaning beneath oppression and throbbing with the love of freedom, the Declaration of American Independence will stand a beacon light to beckon on to liberty. In February, 1861, Abraham Lincoln, after his election by the people as President of the Republic, stood upon the steps of the old State House in Phil- adelphia, on the very spot where liberty was proclaimed by our Revolutionary Fathers in 1776, and uttered these memorable words: "I have often inquired of myself what idea or principle it was that kept the Confederacy so long together. It was something in the Declaration of Inde- pendence giving liberty, not only to the people of this country, but hope to the world for all future time. It was that which gave promise that, in due time, the weight should be lifted from the shoulders of all men, and that all should have an equal chance. Now, my friends, can this country be saved upon this basis? If it can, I will consider myself one of the happiest men in the world if I can help to save it. But if this country cannot be saved without giving up that principle, I was about to say, I would rather be assassinated upon the spot than to surrender it." They are memorable words. Great, noble Lincoln, how tenaciously Tie clung to the idea of liberty which inspired the Pilgrim Fathers on the Mayflower; to which our fathers clung throughout all their colonial history ; the one idea and single thought of the Continental Congress of 1776; the heart, the soul, the life, of the Declaration of American Independence, looking forward to the future, the clouds of civil war gathering in the South, as if inspired with a foresight to see the bloody ending of his self-sacrificing devotion to the cause of liberty, Abraham Lincoln proclaimed himself the willing sacrifice! But could the nation have seen the bitter dregs of the cup that he was destined to quaff, with what agony would every face have been turned heavenward, and mil- lions of supplications gone to the great throne on high : "Father, if it be pos- sible, let this cup pass." But thank God before the idol of the nation was called upon to drink that bitter cup, before the foreshadowed prophesy was fulfilled, the idea of liberty had triumphed over slavery, and the blood of the martyred Lincoln sealed the deed of freedom forever. Toll, solemn bells; weep, ye worshipers around Liberty's Altar; the disciple, the prophet, Abraham HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 337 Lincoln, of the people and by the people best beloved, amid the nation's tears, even on the top wave of the nation's victory, has gone from earth, called by the Great Jehovah to "come up higher." In that terrible struggle, foreshadowed by Abraham Lincoln as he stood upon the steps of the old State House in Philadelphia, have gone down into the "dark valley and shadow of death" the immortal heroes in whose honor the patriotism of the people of Stephenson County has erected that marble col- umn. Honoring, as we ought and do, the Revolutionary heroes, never can we forget those brave men who, in the late war, have died that their country might live. At the story of their heroism our hearts swell with pride, and at the story of their sufferings our hearts melt into tears. Sometimes I wonder if the American people will ever forget what they felt when the news was flashed over the wires that the South Carolinas had fired upon Fort Sumter. I won- der if all the people of the good old Northland will forget that great up- rising, party ties broken, party sunk in patriotism, when President Lincoln called for troops, and the voice of the mighty Douglas rang through the land, declar- ing that he who was not for his country in such an hour was against his coun- try, and all the people resolved that the stars and stripes should again float over Sumter aye, should "greet the morning sunlight and kiss the last rays of the setting sun," not alone above the brick and mortar of that old fort, but everywhere throughout all this broad land, should unfold its bright stripes and gleaming stars the symbol of liberty, and the shield and protection of Ameri- can citizenship. Have the citizens of Freeport forgotten the Sabbath-day meet- ing for enlisting soldiers, held here on our public square? Have you for- gotten the meetings held in all your schoolhouses, when the prairies were all alive with patriotic ardor, and the fife and drum were beating up recruits? Have you forgotten how a free people, living in a government "of the people, and by the people, and for the people," with a common impulse, rallied to the de- fense of their imperiled country? How grand it was something to be remem- bered always, and to be proud of always. How like a mighty dream it all ap- pears to us now, as we look back upon the past. And afterwards, when the three-year troops were called for, how the heroes of the Republic came pouring into the camps the farmer from his plow, the mechanic from his shop, the merchant from his store, the lawyer from his office by ones, by dozens, by fif- ties and by hundred, until companies, and regiments, and brigades, and divi- sions, and corps, with banners flying, and bugles blaring, and drums beating, were marching to the front, singing as they went, "We are springing to the call of our brothers gone before, Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom; And we'll fill the vacant ranks with a million freemen more, Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom; Grand and glorious as was the great uprising of the north in the early summer of 1861, grander still was the swelling and growing volume of the nation's patriotism, as it swelled and rose higher with the nation's need. Our good president called for three hundred thousand more, and the patriotic people answered back to the president, 338 HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY "We are coming, Father Abraham, Six hundred thousand strong." It is an accepted doctrine of the Christian church that "God gives strength ac- cording to its need," and in His wise providence battalion after battalion poured into the camps, until the maxim of Napoleon, "God is on the side of the heaviest battalions, "did not seem so irreverent as it is usually regarded ; and the apothegm of the ancients, "Whom God would destroy he first makes mad," appeared to be exemplified in the mad-cap South. I believe that it is ever true that "God is on the side of the right," and while we give those sol- diers who have died for their country more praise than tongue of mine can tell, we ought still to raise our hearts in thankfulness and praise to the "God of battles," without whose blessing no cause can long prosper, and who can hold an army with the hollow of His hand. I cannot dwell upon the history of the late war; time will not permit me to pronounce the fitting words of praise due our dead heroes for their heroic deeds upon all the battlefields for the Union; the people of Stephenson County and the northwest need not be told of them they know of them already, and they cherish the memories of them in their hearts. When will the American people forget Washington and the Revolutionary heroes, who upheld the starry banner of the Republic that was born in revo- lution and baptized in blood? When will we forget those whose names are graven on yonder tablets, the "boys in blue;" who, in 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864 and 1865, enlisted in our army to bear that standard sheet on high? Side by side with the heroes of the Revolution will their names go down in history, never more to be forgotten. To whom do we owe it that we have a country today? To whom but those who, with heart and brain and stalwart arm, upheld the flag? To the loyal men and women of America, to those who went to the front and to those who remained at home, are we this day indebted for the security and peacefulness. of our firesides and for the liberty we enjoy; but most of all to those gallant heroes, in memory of whom that marble monument has been erected ; who, standing "between their loved homes and war's desolations," have died for their country. Do air that we may or can, we never shall be able to repay more than a trifling moiety of the great debt of gratitude and love we owe to those heroes who have gone to that "Undiscovered country From whose bourne no traveler returns." Build them monuments of marble, surmounted with statues of "Victory ;" cut their names in enduring tablets of stone ; tell of their heroic deeds in story, and sing of them in song; keep their memories green in our hearts forever- more, and yet we will not pay one-half of the great debt of gratitude and love we owe. The liberties secured to their country by the sacrifice of their lives, they themselves cannot enjoy ; for you and for me, and for those who will come after us, they have died. Long after that massive marble monument has mold- ered into dust, their memories will live ; the generations to follow us will honor them even more than we honor them now. Think you that while there remains one human heart that loves liberty their memories will perish? No. Hun- HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 339 dreds of years ago, Leonidas and his band of Spartan soldiers went down in the defense of the Pass of Thermopylae, but, forevermore, among every people in whose language there can be found a word to express liberty, those dead heroes will be remembered. Those whose memories we seek to perpetuate by that marble pile were the defenders of our Thermopylae, not like Leonidas and his Spartan soldiers, doomed to defeat in honorable death, but victory, overwhelming and complete, has crowned their heroism. Fitly do we place the statue of "Victory" on the monument the grateful patriotism of all the people of Stephenson County has erected to their memory. Never on earth can they answer roll call again. "On Fame's eternal camping-ground Their silent tents are spread, And glory guards with solemn round, The bivouac of the dead." Engraven deeply on those marble tablets are the names of nearly seven hundred of the gallant heroes of Stephenson County, who went out to the de- fense of their country, and came not back again. And yet they were but a handful in the great sacrificial offering that liberty demanded and received. "Four hundred thousand men, The brave, the good, the true, On battle plain, in prison pen, Have died for me and you. Four hundred thousand of the brave, Have made our loyal soil their grave, For me and you ; Kind friend for me and you." Dedicating this day that colossal marble monument to the memories of the gallant dead of Stephenson County, let us thank God for the glowing patriotism that gave to the nation its heroic defenders, and reverently ask His blessing upon the work which they have accomplished. The following are buried in the cemeteries about Freeport: General J. W. Shaffer; Colonels H. Putnam, T. J. Turner, C. T. Dunham, and John A. Davis; Captains S. W. Field, James R. Shaffer and James W. Crane; Majors Wil- liam McKim and Elisha Schofield; Lieutenants M. R. Thompson, H. A. Sheets, T. M. Hood and Emil Neese, Elias Diffenbaugh, Joseph Degon, Sam- uel Ailey, R. C. Swain, M. D., H. Broadie, Mortimer Snow, Joseph Cavanagh, Eli M. Ketchum, James Daniels, Max Lambrecht, Lawrence Fisher, Anton Bauer, James Jordan, L. Bently, J. W. Sinlinger, David McCormick, James C. McCarthy, William Haggart, Sidney Haggart, William Eddy, John Bortsfield, Charles Gramp, Joseph Maxwell, Jacob Backers, Van Reason, Fred Shilling, Aaron S. Best, Milton S. Weaver, Thomas Mullarkey, Lary Paten and Andrew Bartlett. "Winds of summer, Oh! whisper low, Over the graves where the daisies grow, Blossoming flowers and songs of bees, Sweet ferns tossed in the summer breeze Floating shadows and golden lights, 340 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Dewy mornings and radiant nights All the bright and beautiful things That gracious and bountiful summer brings, Fairest and sweetest that earth can bestow Brighten the graves where the daisies grow." BUCKEYE TOWNSHIP. Buckeye Township is located in the north central part of the county, and is second to no other township of the county either in fertility of soil or in polit- ical importance. It is traversed from north to south by Richland Creek, one of the swiftest streams of the county, and second in size only to the Pecatonica River. Richland Creek flows through the villages of Buena Vista and Red Oak, and has in the past afforded excellent water power for turning a number of mills. Most of the mills are now abandoned, and those which are still operated in various portions of the county are doing only a meagre business, hardly sufficient to warrant their continuance. Cedar Creek, which rises in Dakota Township, pursues an uneven and eccentric course in a general westerly direc- tion, and joins Richland Creek a short distance south of Red Oak. It is itself joined by Coon Creek, a very small stream, which rises in the northern part of Buckeye Township, is joined by a multitude of little brooklets, and flows into Cedar Creek just east of Cedarville. As far as can be learned, John Goddard was the first permanent white set- tler in Buckeye Township. He came to these regions in 1835, and settled in the southern part of Buckeye Township, near the present site of Cedarville. This was in the spring of the year. Before fall, David Jones and Levi Lucas came and settled near him, the former making claim to a large tract of land surround- ing the present village of Buckeye Center. Here he built a log cabin and began housekeeping. In time the population was increased by the arrival of George Trotter, Richard Parriott, and William Hollenback. In 1835, William Robey had made a claim in Buckeye Township, but did not come to take possession until the following year. In 1836 there came also Jehu Pile, Andrew St. John, Ira Holly, Job Holly, Daniel Holly, and a num- ber of others. Jehu Pile and Richard Parrioft settled near the present town of Cedarville, while the others for the most part laid their claims in the north- eastern part of the township. In 1837, a large number of families came to settle. In that year also, in the month of May, occurred the first death in the township, that of Richard Par- riott, Sr. Among the settlers of '37 were Dr. Thomas Van Valzah, who bought the mill claim of John Goddard and Barton Jones, built what was afterward known as the Cedar Creek Mills, and afterward put up a log cabin for his fam- ily. This mill continued in operation, under the management of one John Fisher, from November, 1837, to January I, 1838. That year Cedar Creek overflowed its bank and the dam was destroyed. Since that the present dam has been con- structed. At the time of Dr. Van Valzah's immigration a large company came, including J. Tharp, G. W. Clingman, Jackson Richart, Lazarus Snyder, Jacob S. Brown, Joseph Green, arid others. William II. Wagner William Wagner Gen. Smith D. Atkins Hon. Stephen Rigney O. B. Bithvell LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 341 In 1838 occurred the first marriage solemnized in Buckeye Township. Rob- ert Jones and Mary Harlacher were united by the Rev. Mr. McKean, the first Methodist preacher of the county, the ceremony being performed all the resi- dence of Dr. Van Valzah. The bridegroom built a rude log cabin for his new bride, and thither he escorted her, without the preliminary convention of a bridal tour. On the 23rd of June following, David Jones was born to the couple, the first recorded birth of the township. Among the arrivals of the year were Ben- jamin Bennett, John Murdaugh, Adrian Lucas, and James McGhee. In 1840 the increase of population still continued, in spite of the fact that Indian camps in the district menaced the settlers. Life was hard, and the Pottawatomies and Winnebagpes were near by with their settlement at the mouth of Richland Creek, on the banks of the Pecatonica. But from 1840 dates the prosperity of the Buckeye settlers. In that year came J. B. Clingman, Philip Reitzell, George Reitzell, who settled near the present site of Buena Vista, Henry Wohlford, John Fryebarger, Richard Parriott, Jr., Franklin Scott, George Ilgen, who afterward became the founder of Cedarville, and a number of others. After 1840, farms were opened and cultivated, new homes were built, and the old log cabin began to disappear. For a time it was hard to make a living. The early Buckeye settlers depended mainly on their guns for meat, and created great havoc among the flocks of prairie chickens and herds of deer which were to be found in the timber. Flour was difficult to obtain until the various mills were started, but from 1840 on, the conveniences of life became more accessible. Previous to 1838, Buckeye Township was a portion of the district known as Central Precinct, which comprised the present towns of Buckeye, Dakota, Harlem, and Lancaster. About that time the present division was made. Within the next ten or twenty years, the various villages of the township were estab- lished. There are today in Buckeye a larger number of' villages than in any other township of the county. In 1849, Cedarville was founded and laid out by George Ilgen, and in the same year Buckeye Center came into existence. Buena Vista was platted and settled on September 19, 1852. Later on Afolkey was settled in the northeastern portion of the township on the town line. Buckeye Township is today one of the most prosperous sections of the county. It has a population of about 3,000 inhabitants, most of them located on the farms of the the township. Buckeye is one of the larger townships of the county, containing thirty-six square miles. It is traversed by the Madison and Dodgeville branches of the Illinois Central Railroad, which pass through Red Oak, formerly known as Cedarville Junction, and Buena Vista. BUCKEYE CENTER. Buckeye Center is no longer a postoffice, and since the removal of that in- stitution there is nothing at the cross roads to attract the attention of the pass- ing traveller. Formerly a large number of farmers came to Buckeye Center for their mail, and the settlement which sprang up about the postoffice sup- ported a general store. However, the advent of the Rural Free Delivery system put Buckeye Center postoffice out of service, as it did so many others. With the withdrawal of the postoffice the store discontinued its business and the village is now merely a group of farm houses. 342 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Buckeye Center does, however, contain the town hall of Buckeye Township, where the township meetings are held. There is also an Evangelical church, the oldest now in existence in the county. It is the same building which was originally built, and presents an exceedingly dilapidated appearance, many of the windows being broken in, and the whole property abandoned and out of re- pair. Services have long since been discontinued in the church, and the build- ing is now of interest only to the lover of the antique. While Buckeye Center is hardly a village in the strict sense of the word since the removal of the postoffice, the settlement is most picturesque, being located in a wooded hollow at the foot of a considerable hill. The main buildings of the settlement are occupied by the Maple Spring Dairy, whose trim dwelling- house and outbuildings, and neat, well-kept, sweet-scented dairy bespeak a prosperous and well conducted business. RED OAK. Red Oak is the newest town in Buckeye Township. It was not a natural settlement, but sprang into existence at the time of the building of the rail- road to Madison and Dodgeville., In 1888, the two northern branches of the Illinois Central were put through. They ran over the same tracks from Free- port to Scioto Mills, and thence to a point in the southern part of Buckeye Township. Here they divided and the Madison branch went north through Buena Vista and Orangeville, while the Dodgeville line ran in a northwesterly direction through the towns of McConnell and Winslow. At the point of divergence in the southern part of Buckeye, there was orig- inally no town, but a tiny settlement quickly grew up about the railroad sta- tion. The station was originally named Cedarville Junction, from its proximity to that village, but the postoffice which was presently established, assumed the name of Red Oak, and the railroad name of the village was also changed. The first settler of Red Oak was W. R. Bender, who founded the village in 1888. He opened a grocery, and general store, and became the first postmaster. The settlement grew slowly for a time, when the influx of several farmers raised the population to about one hundred, which it still remains. For thirteen years, Mr. Bender conducted his grocery and general store, until the advent of an- other grocery in 1901. At that time he closed the doors of his general store, and reopened soon after with a hardware and farmers' supplies establishment. In addition to its two stores, Red Oak also boasts of a creamery, which is one of the oldest institutions of the town. It was built and organized in 1892, four years after the coming of the railroad. The Red Oak Creamery is now in the hands of the Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association, and is operated by William Waite. It is doing a large business, and is one of the most prosperous of its kind in the county. Red Oak possesses two lodges, one a camp of the Modern Woodmen of America, and the other an organization of the Mystic Workers. There is one church, a Methodist organization, which was founded soon after the building of the town. The church edifice, which is a handsome brick structure, was erected in 1891. The pastor now in charge is the Rev. W. M. Kaufman, of HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 343 Orangeville, who has Red Oak as part of his circuit. The several church so- cieties are all active organizations in their various lines of activity, but aside from them, the social life of the community is necessarily limited. The last census numbered the population of Red Oak at about 125, and the village has grown little, if any at all, within the past ten years. BUENA VISTA. A typical village of the prairie is Buena Vista, located on Richland Creek in the northwestern corner of Buckeye Township. The site has been appro- priately named Buena Vista, for it is located on a slight natural eminence, the prospect from which is most beautiful. Outside of the natural beauty of the surroundings, there is little within the town to attract the visitor or speculator. Buena Vista was platted and laid out September 19, 1852, by Marcus Mon- telius, who acted as surveyor. Philip Reitzell was the real founder of the town, inasmuch as he contributed forty acres for the town site, and took charge of selling them. But Buena Vista never grew very rapidly. When the railroad came through in 1888 there was an influx of population, which, however, never amounted to a "boom." Unfortunately, Buena Vista has never offered any inducements to settlers. There is no church in the village, and has never been one. Bellevue church, one and one-half miles east of the city is a Lutheran church, and offers facilities to the members of that church. Aside from the Bellevue church, the places of worship are, in general, at a considerable dis- tance from Buena Vista. As far as schools are concerned, the village is fairly well provided for. There is a very satisfactory district school, but no high school opportunities are offered, and the aspiring youth is obliged to journey either to Orangeville, or, as is usually the case, to Freeport. Buena Vista possesses a creamery, which was established about thirty years ago, and has been in operation almost constantly since that time. It is oper- ated by a Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association, and is managed by B. Jonely, who has been in charge for the last four years. There is also a large lumber ' business, which, however, is not a home industry, but is conducted by Meyers Brothers, of Scioto Mills. The old Whitehall Mills, long since burned to the ground, were for a long time the only mills of the vicinity, and enjoyed a large business. In 1839 or 1840 the old mills were erected by Philip Reitzell and Ezra Gillett, the former building the grist-mill and the latter the saw-mill. Mr. Reitzell purchased the saw-mill from Mr. Gillett, and operated the business until his death, when his sons succeeded to the business. They continued in possession until 1869, when the venture failed and the mill was sold under foreclosure proceedings to the Northwestern Life Insurance Company for $22,000. In 1870 Jacob Schaet- zell and Jacob Rumel bought the business and sold it to Samuel Wagner. Mr. Wagner disposed of the business to Jerry Wohlford, for $18,090, and the latter continued in operation until the burning of his mill. After a short season on operation, Mr. Wohlford discontinued the grist-mill and con- tinued to operate the saw-mill alone. In 1887, the place was visited by fire, and 344 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY the mill burned to the ground. No attempts were ever made to rebuild the structure. At the present time, Buena Vista patronizes one store, which carries a general stock of groceries, dry goods, hardware, books, drugs, etc. W. M. Gift who is proprietor of the store has only owned the venture for a few years. Mr. Gift is also postmaster at Buena Vista. The last census gave Buena Vista a population of 30 inhabitants, and there are small prospects for further growth or development. CEDARVILLE. Cedarville is a beautiful village six miles south of Freeport in the valley of Cedar Creek. About the village along the creek that cuts its way through the outcropping Galena limestone, are some of the most picturesque scenes in the County of Stephenson. The absence of railroad or trolley gives the village many characteristics peculiar to the towns of earlier days. The first settlements were made in 1837. That year Dr. Van Valzah, the pioneer of that long train of immigrants from Pennsylvania, built a cabin and bought the claim to the mill site. The same year came the Chicagoans. Josiah Clingman had visited the vicinity and picked out a claim in 1836, and then brought his family in 1837. His wife, Mrs. Maria Clingman, is still liv- ing in Cedarville having passed the century mark, Dec. 12, 1909. She says there was just one log shack in the present limits of Cedarville when her family arrived in 1837. Levi Lucas had a log house north of the village, and here the Clingmans stayed until Mr. Clingman put a roof on his log house. John God- dard and Barton Jones had marked the mill claim which they sold to Dr. Van Valzah. The village was laid out in 1849 by George Ilgen, the surveying being done by Marcus Montelius. About 1850, James Canfield set up a brick kiln about two miles west of the village. The present store and postoffice building was built about the same time by Samuel Sutherland. Other houses were built around 1851 by Francis Knauss, James Benson, David Clements and Dr. Bucher. John H. Adams built a handsome residence in 1854, and put up the mill in 1858. The village grew slowly until it reached a population of 400 or 500. Its citizens of the early days were among the most progressive people of Stephen- son County. Schools and churches have been maintained and in all the greater movements of the county, Cedarville has been represented by earnest and able men and women. John C. Pepperman is president of the village board and Henry Richert is clerk. Mr. Frank W. Clingman is president of the board of school directors, and Geo. Kryder and Clinton Fink are members. The first school was three miles north of the present village in 1836. In 1846, through the influence of Hon. John H. Adams and the Clingmans, a one-story frame building was put up by subscription, near the old cemetery. A. Mr. Chadwick and a Julia Putnam were the first teachers. Lutheran Reform Church Looking North on Stephenson Street Public School Presbyterian Church Methodist Episcopal Church Evangelical Church CEDARYILLE SCENES LIBRARY OF THE UNWLKSI1Y Of ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY 345 In 1853 the basement of the Lutheran church was used as a school room, till a two-story brick building was completed in 1855. The lower room was for school purposes while the upper room was a public hall. In 1857, a Miss Gorham conducted a private school in the upstairs room. This school was conducted by Colonel H. C. Forbes till 1865. In 1880 the directors were John H. Adams, Joseph P. Reel and Jacob Sill. The present school building was erected later and is now being equipped with a steam heating plant. Many students have gone out of the Cedarville schools to achieve success and fame in the world. Cedarville has four church buildings, the old Methodist church being built of brick in 1849; the German Reformed and Lutheran in 1854; the Evangelical in 1859 and the Presbyterian in 1876. The first Methodist meetings were held in the log schoolhouse and at the Jiomes of Methodists and were conducted by the occasional circuit riders. The present pastor is Rev. B. C. Hollowell. The Evangelical church at first worshipped at the schoolhouse and in the homes of the members. The church was built in 1856 at a cost of $3,000. Prom- inent among the founders of the church were the families of Benjamin Hess, Christine Auman, David Neidigh, Benjamin Levan, Robert Sedam, William Vore, Henry Mark, Jacob Sills, etc. It is claimed that the first services were held by Rev. Levi Tobias. The Lutherans organization has been abandoned. Among its pastors were Rev. G. J. Donmeyer, E. Miller, J. Stoll, A. B. Niddlesworth, B. F. Pugh and Rev. Mr. Shimpf. The following is the history of the Presbyterian church of Cedarville taken from the Historic Manual published in 1906: The first meeting that we have any record of was one held in what was known as the Richland schoolhouse, situated midway between Cedarville and Buena Vista, now known as the Belle- view schoolhouse. An affidavit setting forth what was done at the meeting was found by John G. Bruce, December 13, 1893, amongst the papers of Adrian W. Lucas in his possession, to-wit: "State of Illinois, Stephenson County, ss: We, the undersigned, do hereby certify that on the twenty-ninth day of December, A. D., 1845, the German Presbyterian Society of Richland, in said county, met at the Richland school- house and elected viva voce the following named persons for the term of one year from the first Saturday in January, A. D., 1846; Adrian W. Lucas for the term of two years from the same time; and John H. Addams for the term of three years from the same date. That the name and style of said church or corporation is and shall be "The German Presbyterian Society of Richland," in said county. "In testimony whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals this sec- ond day of January, A. D., 1846. "HENRY AULT, (SEAL) "ADRIAN W. LUCAS, (SEAL) "JOHN H. ADDAMS. (SEAL) 346 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY "State of Illinois, Stephenson County, ss: Henry Ault, one of the above named trustees, after being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that the facts set forth in the foregoing certificate are true. "HENRY AULT "Subscribed and sworn to before me this 5th day of January, A. D., 1846. "JOHN A. CLARK. "Clerk of the Circuit Court of said County. "Filed and entered for record this 5th day of January, A. D., 1846, at half after 1 1 o'clock a. m. Liber B, pages 437 and 438. "JOHN A. CLARK, Recorder. "Members Henry Ault, Adrian W. Lucas and wife, Elizabeth Lucas (Mr. Lucas' mother), Levi Lucas, Thos. Pollock and John Pollock." How long this organization lasted or who were members other than the above named, we have no way of finding out. We have another record of later date that was also found with Mr. Lucas' papers, which reads as follows: "BUCKEYE, ILL., January 27, 1851. "At a meeting held pursuant to public notice for the purpose of organizing a Church of Christ, a sermon was preached by Rev. J. C. Downer, of Freeport, from Acts 20 -.24, after which Rev. A. Kent, of the Presbytery of Galena, was appointed moderator and Rev. J. C. Downer, clerk, Adrian W. Lucas and wife and grandmother, Elizabeth Lucas, Levi Lucas, Robert Boals, Mrs. Margaret Boal, Thomas Boal, Mrs. Catharine Jenkins, Miss Jennie Boal, Miss Sarah Boal, John Wilson, Mrs. Rosana Wynkoop, and Mrs. Sarah Young presented a joint letter of dismission from the First Presbyterian church of Freeport, and requested to be formed in the church." The following resolutions were passed unanimously, viz : "Resolved, that we now form a Church of Christ, which shall be called the First Presbyterian church of Cedarville, and be under the care of Presbytery . of Galena, etc. The session met after adjournment, with the following as members: A. W. Lucas, elder; Rev. A. Kent, moderator; and Rev. J. C. Downer and John N. Powell, of the Galena Presbytery, as members. At this meeting the following members presented themselves and were ad- mitted on profession of faith, viz: Andrew Wilson, Mrs. Mary Boal and Miss Letitia Boal. July 12, 1851. At a meeting of the session held after preparatory services, the following members were received into the church, viz : A. W. Lucas, Henry Ault, Levi Lucas, Thomas Pollock and John Pollock The services of the congregation were held in the Reformed church during the years 1867 to 1875 inclusive, and during the year 1876 in the M. E. church. At a congregational meeting held January 21, 1876, it was decided to buy lots from Charles Duth and build on them a church. With this end in view, Jacob Latshaw, John Wright and J. Weber Addams were elected as a building committee, with full power to act. At this time Mr. W. Lucas (familiarly known in this community as Aunt Betty Lucas) offered to give $1,000 toward the erection of a church. With this splendid offer the committee went to work and built a fine church, 36x56 MARIA SIMI'SOX CLIXOMAX, CEDARVILLB One Hundred Years Old December 12, 1909 LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 347 feet, gothic in style, with a 98-foot spire (a part of the spire was taken off) costing $3,400. The church was dedicated free of debt on Sunday, October 29, 1876. Rev. T. C. Easton, of Belleville, Illinois, assisted the pastor, Rev. L. H. Mitchell in the services. Many were turned away who could not find even standing room in the church during the service. It was decided to celebrate the sixth anniversary of our church on December 29, 1905, and, with this object in view, a committee, consisting of Rev. R. Nex- womb, Mrs. J. K. Benson and C. W. Frank was elected, with power to act. The committee went to work with a will, and prepared a fine program. The committee to build a parsonage reported to the congregation that Morgan Gandy was the lowest responsible bidder. On motion the contract was awarded to him, and a building committee consisting of Jacob Latshaw, John H. Addams and John Wright was appointed. All the buildings were completed, costing $1,022,000, and committee discharged April 10, 1880. The following named are the present officers of the, church : Minister Rev. A. W. McClurkin. Elders F. W. Clingman, C. W. Frank Elias D. Baker, Henry Richart. Trustees J. K. Benson, Mrs. S. B. Barber, Jr., Alma Richart, Oliver P. Cromley, T. Hutchinson Rutherford, E. D. Baker. Supply Pastors Calvin Waterbury, 1845; J- C. Downer, 1851; John N. Powell, 1851; A. Kent, 1851; Robert Colston, 1853; Matthew B. Patterson, 1866; B. Roberts, 1867. Pastors John M. Linn, 1867-1871; Louis H. Mitchell, 1874-1878; John C. Irwin, 1879-1882; James McFarland, 1883-1884; J. W. Parkhill, 1884-1885; J. H. Dillingham, 1886-1889; Thomas Hickling, 1890-1892; Henry Cullen, 1892- 1900; Emmett W. Rankin, 1900-1901; Charles P. Bates, 1901-1902; James T. Ford, 1902-1904; Ozro R. Newcomb, 1905-1907; A. W. McClurkin, 1907. The Cedarville Cemetery Association was organized in 1855 by John H. Addams, Marcus Montelius, Josiah Clingman, Peter Wooding and John Wilson. Josiah Clingman was elected president and John H. Addams secretary and treasurer. The Cedarville Library was established in 1846. The first board of trustees consisted of John H. Addams, A. W. Lucas, Josiah Clingman and William Irwin. For years the library was located in the home of John H. Addams and was ac- cessible to all. This library probably contained a higher proportion of books of real value than the libraries of today. The Independent Band of Cedarville was organized in 1873. In 1880 the officers were : President, Henry Richert ; Secretary, J. B. McCammon ; Treasurer, W. B. Clingman, and George W. Barber, leader. At present, Cedarville maintains one of the best bands in northern Illinois and is in great demand to play at public gatherings. The first postmaster was George Reitzell. He was followed by William Irwin, Robert Sedam and Johnathan Sills. Jackson Richart began in 1856 and the present postmaster is Henry Richart. From 1835 to 1855 the people of Cedarville had faith that the village was to grow to be a city. Mills and factories were established, many of which did a 348 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY big business for that day. But a few factors which the people could not control determined otherwise and the place is a village still. One factor was the per- fection of steam power. Another was the decline of the available water power, with its intervals of uncertainty. Another was the failure of the village to secure a railroad, and the fourth is that modern phase of industrial life that has gathered up the little shops and factories into great corporations with almost unlimited capital. One by one these irresistible forces undermined the pros- pective industries of the village until the last dream of a city has been dissipated, and left Cedarville with the great opportunity to be a model village. In this it may still easily become great. Among the early business enterprises were Reel & Syler's Purifier Manufactory, which did a $30,000 business in 1880; J. B. McCammon's Carriage Factory, a $10,000 business in 1880; John Shaffer's Carriage Factory, established in 1859 ; the J. W. Henny Carriage Factory, which moved to Freeport; and the Cedarville Mills. The first mill was a God-send to that portion of the county. Dr. Van Valzah conducted it until 1840 when it was sold to David Neidigh. Conrad Epley and John W. Shuey bought it of Neidigh and sold it to Hon. J. H. Addams in 1844 Ior $4,4- In J 846 Mr. Addams re- built the mill and in 1858 built the mill that now stands as one of the land marks of the county. It was three stories high, 36x54, had three run of stones, and cost $10,000. Its capacity in 1880 was 100 barrels of flour daily. ROCK GROVE TOWNSHIP. Rock Grove Township is the home of a group of the most thrifty and pros- perous farmers that can be found anywhere in Stephenson County. The farms are under high cultivation, and each and every one is provided with the most up-to-date machinery and farm appurtenances. The number of new circular barns which have been erected within the last few years in and about Rock Grove exceeds that of any other township of the county. Corn, wheat, oats, rye, and barley are grown in abundance, and hogs, sheep, and cattle are raised in large numbers, and the whole township from one corner to another presents an appearance of thrift, peace, and plenty, which is exceedingly beautiful to the eye. There are two townships in the county which are not entered by any rail- road, and Rock Grove is one of them. There has been talk at various times of connecting Freeport and the village of Rock Grove by an electric line. Such a line would possibly prove a paying venture as it would supply the long felt want of transportation facilities to the dwellers in the village and especially the farmers of the surrounding country. The prospects of an immediate com- pletion of the venture are, however, exceedingly vague. Rock Grove is traversed by a number of small creeks, notably Rock Creek, which flows south to join Rock Run in Rock Run Township. There are also a number of other small streams which have their sources in this township and flow down to swell the tide of the Pecatonica. The ground is slightly rolling, and the surface of the township is well wooded. There are large groves of CUEAMBKY AT CEDARVILLE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY 349 valuable timber at Walnut, Linn, and Rock Groves, suitable for building and other mechanical purposes. The water supply is admirable; there are a num- ber of artesian wells of delicious drinking water scattered throughout the region. No permanent settlement was made in Rock Grove Township earlier than 1835, although many transients and prospectors had passed through on their way westward long before that date. In the summer of 1835, Albert Albert- son, accompanied by Johnathan Corey, came to the township, and, having pitched their tents in the vicinity of the present village of Rock Grove, they were so delighted with the aspect of the country that they decided to remain perma- nently. They entered their claims in Section 36 of the present township and there took up their permanent abode. In December of the same year, Albert- son and Corey were joined by Eli Frankeberger, who came with his family from Champaign County, Ohio, and settled in the present village of Rock Grove. In the same month of their arrival, the first white child born in the township, was born to Mr. and Mrs. Frankeberger, and straightway christened "Louisa Frankeberger." The following winter was one of sore trial to the new settlers, owing to insufficiency of food and supplies. In the course of the winter they were joined by Josiah Blackamore, and later by one or two others. But the recruits were few, and it was only the enthusiasm and courage of the new settlers that kept them from a disgraceful retreat. That they did remain in their chosen habi- tation is greatly to their credit, and that they never regretted it is shown by the fact that most of them spent the rest of their lives within the bounds of Rock Grove Township, and their descendants are living there today. In 1836 few new settlers came to Rock Grove Township, but in 1837 they began to come in large numbers. Previous to this year, the settlers had laid their claims in and about the future village of Rock Grove. Some of the new- comers went farther out in the country, as Joseph Musser, who settled in Sec- tions 19 and 20, Thomas Chambers, Samuel Chambers, William Wallace, and a few others. They all clung close to the grove, however, and did not go up into the northern part of the township. In the same year came Mr. Moon, who laid his claim in Sections 31 and 32, east of the grove, Joseph Osborn, who opened a farm in Section 35, and laid claim to timber lands in Section 30. In Section 31, in the future village site, Samuel Guyer and Daniel Guyer came to take up their claim, and later founded the village itself. The first marriage occurred during the winter of 1836-7, and the contracting parties were Josiah Blackamore and Miss Wallace, a daughter of William Wal- lace, an early settler. This marriage did not take place in the township itself, however, but in Green County, Wisconsin hence many of the old settlers dis- claim it as the first marriage in the township. It is said that Josiah Blacka- more, who was one of an army of volunteer soldiers, who had been sent by the government to aid in driving back the Indians, became smitten with the charms of Miss Wallace and on his return from the Indian wars, he wooed and won her. In 1838, the first marriage within the bounds of the township itself oc- curred. Albert and Lavinia Albertson were united in marriage by Eli Franke- berger, who was justice of the county in addition to his farming duties. On 350 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY April 19, 1839, Elijah Clark and Harriet Hodgson were united at Walnut Grove by Squire Kinney. In the fall of 1839, Solomon Fisher and Jacob Fisher came to Rock Grove Township and laid claim to 600 acres of ground in Sections 25 and 26. The claim had previously been entered by Drummond, a transient miner, who erected a 16 by 16 cabin and dug a well. Drummond did not stay long and sold out to the Fisher brothers upon his departure from the locality. In 1839 and 1840 the immigration was large. Among those who came at this time were Peter George, John Fisher, Calvin Preston, J. S. Potter, John Kleckner, John and Reuben Bolender, George and Jacob Maurer, Joseph Barber, Levi, Adam and Michael Bolender, and others. By this time the population of the township was very well distributed. The settlers were not altogether gathered about the grove, but had spread out and taken claims even up in the northern part of the township near the state line. The first death in the history of the township occurred in 1842, although some say it was 1843, ar *d took place under very tragic circumstances. Wil- liam Wallace, one of the earliest settlers of the region, became violently in- sane, and going out into the woods on the edge of the grove, he hung himself to a tree. He was buried in the vicinity of the village of Rock Grove, where the tragic event occurred. Along in 1843 another tragedy occurred, this time a tragedy of mysterious and inexplicable nature. A man named Boardman, who was employed on the farm of one Daniel Noble near Walnut Grove, was shot to death by the hand of an unknown assassin. Nothing was ever learned either of the assassin or the possible motives for his deed, and, although the event transpired nearly seventy years ago, it is still shrouded in the deepest mystery. After 1839, prosperity began to be apparent in the township. Supplies were easier to obtain, and the founder of several mills in the nearby county, viz : the Van Valzah Mills at Cedarville, the Curtis mills at Orangeville, and various smaller mills on Rock Run, placed the inhabitants of Rock Grove Township in a safe and comfortable position. From about 1841 dates the modern his- tory of Rock Grove Township. In 1844 occurred the sale of government lands at public auction, and thereafter the inpour of settlers was very great. In 1846 the first school was established in the township, in Section 36, near the village site, and the educational facilities of the township have since been on the steady increase. At present no section of the county is provided with better conducted schools. In 1850 the township was set apart and formally organized as Rock Grove Township. In the same year the village of Rock Grove, first known as Guyer's Addition, was founded. Rock Grove Township comprises a territory of thirty-three square miles, or nearly that area. It contains but one village, the Rock Grove mentioned above. Located in the far northeastern corner of the county, it is farthest of any township from the county seat, but is well provided with schools and churches and is one of the pleasantest spots of the county for permanent resi- dence, both from a farming standpoint and as a place of retreat, where joy and comfort can be the prime factors in life. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 351 ROCK GROVE. i Rock Grove village although not formally platted out until as late as 1850, was one of the oldest villages in the county. It was in reality founded by the first settlers who came to the township, inasmuch as they located their claims in the immediate vicinity of the grove, and many of them in the very town site itself. The land on which the town was later located was origin- ally owned by C. W. Cummings, who afterward sold out to Peter D. Fisher. Fisher himself had also owned some land in the neighborhood and Samuel Guyer owned extensive property just to the west. In 1850 Samuel Guyer laid out the village and sold lots, but the whole settlement was re- platted and re-surveyed by Benjamin Dornblazer in 1855. In 1856, on the spth of August, J. D. Schmeltzer set apart, surveyed and platted nine acres in the southwest quarter of Section 36, and called it by the name of Schmelt- zer's Addition. In 1852 Fisher's Addition, which had never been settled thickly enough to deserve the name of village, was abandoned, and sold to Solomon Hoy. Thence- forth it was never used for village purposes, but on April 22, 1869, Samuel H. Fisher laid off four acres south of Schmeltzer's Addition in village lots and a settlement quickly sprang up there. The village is today as it was then, oc- cupying for the most part only four or five streets, with one main street on which the stores and all the principal residences of the village are located . Rock Grove possesses three churches, schools, two stores, a telephone ex- change, a hotel, and several lodges, which meet in the Woodmen's Hall. There are also two cheese factories, one of them operating about a half mile north of Rock Grove, the other some distance west. Churches. Of the three churches, only the Evangelical and Reformed churches are at present holding divine worship. The third, an Evangelical Lu- theran congregation has temporarily disbanded, and no services are being held in the church. Evangelical Church. The Evangelical adherents of Rock Grove have had a church and held services for a very long time, but for some years after estab- lishing the congregation, no church edifice was bought or built. The congre- gation held services and worshiped in the church belonging to the Lutheran congregation, located about a half mile west of the center of the village. In 1878 the congregation had increased to such an extent that it seemed ad- visable to put up a church building. Under the direction of a building commit- tee consisting of George Meyers, Jere Swartz, Jacob Sullivan, William Alex- ander, and A. Bolender, an edifice costing $2,300 was put up and paid for by subscriptions from among the farmers of the township and village. The church was dedicated on the 27th of November, 1878, and has been in use ever since that time. The Rock Grove Evangelical church is in the same charge with the Oakley church, and both are presided over by the Rev. G. Eberly, who has been in residence since about a year ago, when he came here from Anna, Illinois. Both churches are in a prosperous condition. The Rock Grove church is the larger of the two, having a membership of eighty-six and a Sunday school of 352 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY one hundred and twenty. The Oakley church has a membership of sixty-two and a Sunday school of about sixty. The church owns a parsonage, beautifully located in the village of Rock Grove, and valued at about $1,000. The Rock Grove church is estimated at about $1,600, and the Oakley church at a slightly smaller amount. Reformed Church. The Reformed church holds its services in the Lutheran church building west of town. The membership is very small, having a con- gregation of about fourteen, with a Sunday school of twenty. The pastoral duties are performed by the Rev. G. W. Kerstetter, pastor of the Dakota church, and services are held only occasionally. The Rock Grove charge was only established in 1908. Evangelical Lutheran Church. The Evangelical Lutheran church holds its services at intervals in the above mentioned church west of the village of Rock Grove. At the present time the church is without a pastor, the Rev. Mr. Delo having left some time ago. It is probable that services in the Rock Grove church will be altogether discontinued. Lodges. Rock Grove boasts of two lodges, the Rock Grove Lodge of the I. O. O. F. and the Rock Camp, No. 142 of the Modern Woodmen of America. The former has been in existence for many years, having been founded about thirty years ago. The membership at present is extended to about sixty mem- bers. G. Frankeberger is noble grand and Henry Long is secretary. The M. W. A. Lodge was established twenty years ago and has a membership of about forty. Both of these organizations meet in the M. W. A. hall on Main street. The Kaup Hotel and feed barn has been conducted for some years by F. S. Kaup on East Main street. Mr. Kaup intends to move to Orangeville, where he will conduct the Central Hotel. He has kept a most excellent house in Rock Grove and his departure will be deeply regretted. There is no rival in- stitution, nor has any provision been made for a new hotel as yet. There is one general store, conducted by D. L. Thoren, also a Bell telephone exchange. The present population of the village is estimated at about three hundred, with no prospects for any great increase in the near future. Rock Grove is one of the most picturesquely situated villages in the county, and af- fords quiet and rest for a large number of prosperous retired farmers, whose comfortable and well kept homes line the main street of the village. Although not on any railroad line, Rock Grove is easily accessible, being only a few miles from the C., M. & St. P. station at Rock City, and about eighteen miles from Freeport. WINSLOW TOWNSHIP. William Brewster was the first settler in Winslow Township. It is likely that he came in 1834, although it has been claimed that he came in 1833. He was a native of Vermont who had lived a while in Tennessee and later at Peru, Illinois. He was a man of means and erected a comfortable house at Brewster's Ferry, cleared eighty acres of ground and established a ferry. He rented the ferry to William Robey the next year and returned to Peru. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 353 This township is the northwestern corner of the county and contains twenty- seven sections and nine fractions of sections along the Wisconsin line. In all it contains about eighteen thousand five hundred acres. The township is crossed by the Pecatonica, east of which are many groves of hard wood. Most of the township is made up of rolling prairie. Joe Abenos assisted William Brew- ster in the running of the ferry. A. C. Ransom came into the township in 1834 and returned with his family in 1835, settling one and one-half miles southeast of the present village of Winslow. Here he laid out the town of Ransomberg which prospered a few years but was soon abandoned. George Payne settled at Brewster's Ferry in 1834 and George W. Lott built a cabin in what is now Winslow in the same year. Other settlers that year were Harvey and Jerry Webster. In 1835 many settlers came in from the east. Lemuel W. Streator bought the Brewster holdings for $4,000. He married Miss Mary Stewart and became a prominent man in the county. James and W. H. Eels established claims that year and the family has been prominent and influential in affairs of Stephenson County. In 1835 George W. Lott and the Websters began the erection of a sawmill. Lott was to build the mill and the Websters were to build the dam. Hector P. Kneeland aided in the work and the four owners completed the mill in the fall. In 1836 Stew- art and McDowell opened a store in Ransomberg. In the same year Dr. W. G. Bankson settled on Section 35 and set up his shingle as the first physician in the section. He was married to Phoebe McCumber in the fall of 1836. In 1837 the following settlers arrived: Rev. Philo Judson, Cornelius Judson, Charles McCumber, Ephram Labaugh, Alfred Gaylord, Rev. Asa Ballinger and S. F. M. Fretville. The Judsons settled below Brewster's Ferry, Rev. Philo soon moving on west. His daughter became known as Mrs. Governor Bev- eridge. The first child born in the township was Sara Maria Denton, born in the fall of 1836. I. V. Gage, son of Silas Gage, was born January 10, 1838. Newcomb McKinney, Hiram Gaylord, Cornelius and Johnathan Cowen opened farms and built cabins. May 28, that year, there came from Plymouth County, Massachusetts, John Bradford, Thomas Loring, Columbus and Ichabod Thomp- son and the Moulton brothers. They came out to build up the land of the Boston Western Land Company on which company's land the village of Wins- low was later built. In the summer of 1838 they built a shingle factory and a hotel, the American House. Elias and Edward Hunt came the same year and in 1839 Joseph R. Berry, W. P. Cox, Gilson Adams and A. A. Mallory settled in the township. In 1844 the Boston Land Company sent out as agent Cyrus Woodman, and under his energetic direction the township was rapidly settled up. The Massachusetts influence gave the township its name, for in 1838 it was called Winslow in honor of Governor Winslow, one of the provincial gov- ernors of that state. The name was given by W. S. Russell, the agent of the Boston Land Company in 1838. The Boston Land Company at one time owned seventy-two thouasnd acres in Wisconsin, Missouri, and Illinois. Seven hundred acres were in Winslow township on the site of the present town. 354 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY WINSLOW. In 1844 Cyrus Woodman, the new agent of the land company, surveyed, platted and laid off the village of Winslow. Lots on the main street were held at ten dollars and twenty-five dollars each. The real estate company was not lacking in hope and laid off a city with square, streets, avenues, and a wharf. Later the company decided to sell farms instead of town lots, and thus disposed of its holdings. The village was organized in 1850. In 1880 it contained three hundred and seventy-five inhabitants, five stores, one church and a hotel. In 1837 Rev. Asa Ballinger came to Winslow. He was a pioneer Meth- odist circuit rider, and preached each Sunday in cabins or groves. In 1849, Elisha Hazzard, a congregationalist minister, arrived and had good success as a minister. From 1840 to 1855 the spiritual welfare of the people cared for by transients, in addition to Hazzard and Ballinger. In 1855 the Presbyterian organized with nineteen members. The first meeting of the Presbyterians was at the village hotel April gth. A later meeting, April igth, was well at- tended and April 2ist the organization was effected. The Presbyterians held services in the schoolhouse till fall, when a brick church, 35x55, was built at a cost of $2,000. Up to 1880, the following pastors had served, though part of the time the organization had services by transient preachers: Rev. John N. Powell, John Johnson, A. T. Wood, a Mr. Schofield and A. S. Gardner. After 1880 the church declined and the organization was broken up. The building was sold to the German Evangelical church, which now uses it. Mr. A. T. Loomis, a Congregationalist preacher, held a revival in Winslow in 1877. He me t with great success, securing one hundred converts. At the close of the revival, the "Winslow Christian Association" was organized. On the nth of May, 1878, this organization became the Congregational church with sixty members. Services were held for a time in Wright's Hall. In 1880 Rev. Frances Lawson was pastor. The organization never became strong and was later discontinued. The German Evangelical church of Winslow was established as a mission and bought the Presbyterian church building in 1899. At present there is a small but earnest membership of about thirty. The Sunday school is in good condition and has a membership of about the same. The church has had the following pastors: 1883, William Caton ; 1885, John Fahger; 1887, F. S. Entorf ; 1889, Otto Brose; 1890, Geo. Harris; 1890, Peter C. Koch; 1893, W. P. Rilling; 1894, C. A. Heisler; 1898, J. A. Holtz- man; 1901, J. H. Spear; 1902, B. H. Reutepohler; 1902, W. C. Hallwacs; 1903, Henry Schaffner; 1905, John Widner; 1907, to the present time, Wil- liam Gross. The Methodist church, of which Rev. Charles Briggs is pastor, is an active organization and has a beautiful fram church building erected in 1891. H. H. Morse is superintendent of the Sunday school. Rev. Metzker is pastor of the U. B. church, which has a good church build- ing and an active membership. Oldest House in Winslon High School U. B. Cliurc-h \VINSLO\V VIEWS LIBRARY OF THE Of ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 355 The first school in Winslow was held in Edward Hunt's wagon shop in 1840. After a short time a schoolhouse was built on a hill southwest of town which was used till 1872, when a larger school building was erected at a cost of $3,000. It is a frame structure, 40x40 and two stories high. The average daily attendance in 1880 was sixty-five students. IVinslow Lodge, No. 564, A. F. & A. M. The Masonic lodge was estab- lished in 1867. The following were charter members : Benjamin Pym, John Bradford, Jacob Sweeley, P. Sweeley, D. D. Tyler, R. E. Mack, T. Rodebaugh, C. M. McComber, M. J. Cooper and J. W. Saucerman. The Winslow Register is in its fifteenth year. Mr. F. A. Deam is editor and proprietor. The Register is an eight-page weekly, newsy, and showing a liberal advertising patronage. Fuller's private bank was organized May 20, 1894, by Mr. J. M. Fuller, who died in 1898. The bank is now in charge of Mr. J. B. Fuller and does an extensive business. One of the leading industries of Winslow is Karlen's cheese factory, one of the best in the country. The product is the Blue Label Cheese. Mr. J. M. Gordon is president of the village board, F. A. Deam secretary, and Charlie Brand, marshal. The school directors are: Adam Rect, president; Dr. Willis, clerk, and 1910, P. P. Fisher; 1910, elect. Professor Moorhead. The officials of the Modern Woodmen of America, No. 762, are: Venerable counsel, J. M. Gordon ; clerk, C. C. Tyler ; adviser, L. H. Fuller ; escort, F. P. Hymes ; sentry, A. H. Collyer. March 4, 1902, Winslow suffered a disastrous fire which destroyed sev- eral business houses. The appropriations of the village board of Winslow for the fiscal year 1910, were as follows : Lighting $ 650.00 Sidewalks 2,000.00 Streets and alleys 400.00 Police 200.00 Incidentals 700.00 Total $3,950.00 Mr. J. B. Fuller is treasurer of the Winslow school township. WEST POINT TOWNSHIP. West Point Township is six miles square, is the east half of Township 28, and has an area of twenty-two thousand eight hundred acres. In 1850 Wad- dams Township was organized, thus leaving West Point with its present boun- daries. The first settlement in Stephenson County was made in West Point Township. It was made by William Waddams at Waddams Grove in 1833, the next year after Black Hawk's War. The war and the previous uncertain attitude of the Sacs and Foxes had held back the settlement of the county. The Winnebagoes also were frequently moody and likely at any moment to 356 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY join Black Hawk in an attack on the white settlements. The final defeat of the old Sac Brave at the battle of the Bad Axe, August 2, 1832, made it pos- sible for the first time for settlers to take up claims in Stephenson County with safety. Even then there were many dangers because small squads of Indians still lurked about the county. While the threshing Uncle Sam had given them had taken the fight out of the red men, yet such a foe might be expected to make trouble by means of the skulking bands which, at least, were not afraid to steal. Mr. Waddams felt the effect of Indian depredations more than once. At one time they drove away his hogs. Mr. Waddams and his sons, Hiram and Nelson, built a plain log house of one room. The ax was the chief, if not the only tool. The logs were cut and shaped from the trees of the grove a one-room cabin, with puncheon floor and the great fire place. In 1834, the Waddams family was joined by the families of Geo. S. Payne, John Garner and his sons, Alpheus and A. J. Garner. Payne settled near Waddams and the Garners a half mile from Lena. The next year, 1835, came Luman and Rodney Montague and William Tucker. These families all cut away small clearings and began the cultivation of crops on Stephenson County soil. The presence of these pioneers paved the way for others and in 1836, Washington Parker made a permanent settlement. In 1837 there came Sam- uel F. Dodds, Jacob Burbridge, Martin Howard, John Harmon, Samuel and Marshall Bailey, George Place, David T. Perry, Robert and William LaShell, James Thompson, Oliver Thompson, Mr. Graham, John Tucker, Jesse Tucker, Benjamin Tucker. Pells Manny, who came in 1836, was made postmaster in 1838, and secured his first patent for the Manny Reaper in 1849, an ^ began the manufacture of reapers in a little shop at Waddams before moving his work to Rockford and Freeport. J. D. Fowler and Thomas Way took up claims in West Point Township and in 1839 M. L. Howard came. From 1839 to 1853, the township was rap- idly settled up. The welfare of the settlers was held back because of the ab- sence of a good means of transportation and because of a lack of good mar- kets. Supplies were obtained by wagon from Galena, what products the early farmers had for sale were hauled over the same long and unbroken roads. For these reasons the people were extremely interested in the coming of the railroad. Every step in the progress of plans was watched with anxiety. When the time came to aid by subscribing stock, the people contributed to the point of sacrifice. When the first trains finally puffed into Freeport, it seemed that the day was not far distant when West Point Township would have both mar- kets and transportation. During 1854, the road was completed through the township and on to Warren. There was almost immediately a twenty-five cent advance in the price of farm lands due, in part, to the large numbers of new settlers. In 1854, at the instigation of the Illinois Central Railroad Company, Sam- uel F. Dodds laid off one hundred and sixty acres for a village site and named the station Lena. The location proved to be a good one, for here grew up the largest town in the county with the exception of Freeport. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 357 West Point Township did its part nobly in the war of the Rebellion. Every demand of the government was promptly filled. Her volunteers were to be found in the Eleventh, Fifteenth, Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth, and Ninety- second Infantry and in the Fourteenth Cavalry. In 1836 a Methodist class meeting was organized as the result of preach- ing by Rev. James McKean, the previous year in Luman Montague's cabin. A Presybterian class was organized in 1840 by Rev. Arastus Kent, who was practicing in Galena and Dubuque. Sabbath school began the same year in J. D. Fowler's cabin and a log schoolhouse was erected on Luman Montague's farm. Amanda Waddams, born in 1836, was, no doubt, the first white child born in the county. Eunice Waddams and George Place were married in 1837, July 4, this being, it is claimed, the first marriage in the county. The first burial in the old cemetery was that of Minerva Rathburn, about 1839. LENA. THE LENA STAR. The Lena Star was founded in 1866. In that year, John W. Gishwiller, a photographer of Lena, and Samuel J. Dodds, postmaster, formed a partner- ship to secure material to start a newspaper and job office. They expended about one thousand four hundred dollars for a Washington Hand Press and other necessary equipment. The firm secured the services of John M. Shan- non, who was then in Lena on a visit to his brother, the station agent. They also secured Robert Shannon of Chicago, then one of the fastest typists of the west, and Captain S. C. Harris, another printer. The complement of men was completed by Charles Weaver, the printer's "Devil." After considerable work by the "Devil" and others in blacking the faces of the new type, the first paper of Vol. I, No. i, of the Lena Star went to press. S. J. Dodds was editor. March 21, 1867, Mr. Dodds withdrew from the firm. May 3, same year, Mr. John M. Shannon secured control of the paper. February 12, 1869, Mr. James S. McCall, of Freeport, Illinois, purchased the Star outfit and secured James W. Newcomer, of Freeport, as manager and editor. 1878, April 5, W. W. Lowis purchased the paper. 1892, A. O. Rupp bought the plant. 1893, J u ty 2 4> Irving S. Crotzer, one of the "Devils" who had risen to be foreman, bought the plant. In 1900, T. Francis Gaffney, one of the Star's "Devils," assisted a stock company in start- ing a newspaper and a job office. It was called the "Lena Independent," and Gaffney became manager and editor. December 21, 1902, Miss Rosalie Taylor, of Lena, was employed as manager and editor. She was assisted by Charles Weaver, who had just returned from a twenty years' sojourn at Fort Scott, Kansas. Miss Taylor and Weaver conducted the paper till the equipment was bought by Charles O. Piper, De- cember 17, 1903. It was evident that one good newspaper would satisfy the crying demands for a weekly paper at Lena, and March 24, 1905, Mr. Piper bought the old Star office and moved the "Independent" plant to the Star office, thus combining the two in the name of the Lena Star Printing Company. 358 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY August 27, 1908, Professor Howard C. Auman purchased the Star and di- rected its destiny till October, 1909, when the Star passed into the hands of the present proprietor, D. W. Gahagan. Mr. Gahagan is a newspaper man of experience, having been in that business seven years at Seneca, Newton County, Missouri. Miss Rosalie Taylor is again employed on the Star as local editor. The Star is now a four-page, six column paper, typographically a model of excellence, full of news and advertising. Almost a complete file, both of the Star and the Independent, are kept in the Star office. This account is taken from the Lena Star, October 14, 1909: Mr. Gahagan is putting out an excellent paper, which in general appearance is a credit to Lena and the community. The large number of space ads shows that the ser- vices of the 'Star as an advertising medium are highly appreciated by the busi- ness interests of the county. LENA BANKS. The Lena Bank is a private bank, the firm being George L. Baldwin & Com- pany. The officials are: President, F. A. Latham; vice president, Peter Seise; cashier, George L. Baldwin. The bank was organized in 1867 by S. Rising, under the name of Rising, Smith & Company, and in 1870 changed to Foil, Corning & Company. In February 1878 the firm name again became S. Rising & Company. Later, the firm became Foil, Narramore & Company, and in 1906, became George L. Baldwin & Company. The Citizens Bank of Lena was organized in 1880 by Andrew Hinds and George L. Stevens. Later, the firm name was Charles Waite & Company. The present officers of the Citizens Bank are: President, Anthony Doll; vice president, Charles Leseman; cashier, J. C. Dunn. The directors are the above officials, and George Shick, A. J. Clarity and J. D. Hinds. Both banks do an extensive business in Stephenson and Jo Daviess Coun- ties and are sound and reliable institutions. The Lena Bank steered safely through the panic of 1873 and both banks have weathered the panics of 1893 and 1907 in a way that proves the stability of their organizations. Joseph Lampbert is president of the town board, and Captain J. M. Scher- merhorn, eighty-two years of age, is town clerk. The following are members of the board : J. D. Hinds, William Boeke, Jacob Lutz, George Boeke, Charles Berhenke, and H. R. Nelson. George Sloatman is City Marshal. The ladies of the G. A. R. have an excellent organization of which the following are officials : President, Mrs. W. H. Crotzer ; vice presidents, Mrs. Fred Harris and Mrs. Anna Kostenbader ; chaplain, Mrs. Kramer. The Lena schools are now under the efficient management of Professor L. M. Carpenter. The High school with Miss Wilson as assistant, maintains a good reputation, and is accredited by the University of Illinois. The first school was in the log house on Samuel F. Dodd's farm. In 1850 a log schoolhouse was built on Franklin street and served till 1854 when the old stone schoolhouse was built at the corner of Franklin and Lena streets. A two-story stone building- was built in 1859. The two districts were combined in 1866 and in 1868 a large adequate school building was erected. The board of school directors is made LEXA. ILLINOIS, IX 1SC4 LIBRARY OF THE Of ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 359 up of the following officers and members: President, Frank M. Halliday; clerk, George Baldwin; Dr. Stiver, Lewis Heidenreich, J. C. Lampbert and R. M. White, members. LENA SCHOOLS IQIO. The complete roster of teachers for the Lena schools for the coming year is as follows: Principal of High school, L. M. Carpenter; assistants in High school, Miss Sue E. Wilson and Miss Vera Trump; grammar department, Miss Lydia Vautsmeier; second intermediate, Miss Luella Buss; first intermediate, Miss Mary Perkins ; primary, Miss Selina Rutter. THE G. A. R. WILLIAM R. GODDARD POST. The William R. Goddard Post, G. A. R., of Lena, has always been an active and enthusiastic organization of the Civil War Veterans. The Post took its name from William R. Goddard, a citizen of Lena who served in the Mexican war, and who, at the outbreak of the Civil war, again entered the services of his country. As a soldier and a commander, he won distinction on the battle- field and won rapid promotion till he became Major of the Fourteenth Illinois. Major Goddard fell while leading his men at the Battle of Shiloh. The first commander of the Post was General Charles Waite. BENJAMIN R. GODDARD POST. At one time the Benjamin R. Goddard Post of Lena numbered about one hundred members. Some have moved to other parts of the county, but most of them have honored graves in the Lena Cemetery. The Post has not been less faithful as its membership has declined. The Post had charge of the dedica- tion of the Black Hawk War Monument at Kellog's Grove and each year con- ducts the Memorial Day services. Another patriotic and fraternal duty, that of conducting the burial services of the old soldiers who pass from this life, is faithfully performed. At the present time the Post has the following members: OFFICIAL. Commander of the Post C. F. Houser, Co. G, Ninety-second 111. Senior Vice Commander John Reeder, Fifteenth 111. Junior Vice Commander E. Kahel, Ninety-third 111. Quartermaster A. S. Crotzer, Ninety-second 111. Chaplain W. H. Crotzer, Ninety-second 111. Officer of the Day George Shoesmith, One hundred and Forty-sixth 111. Officer of the Guards Chas. Gassman, Co. A, Ninety-second 111. WADDAMS GROVE. Waddams Grove is a small village, having a store, a postoffice, a creamery, an elevator, the Illinois Central Station and a few dwellings. The school is located a mile or more beyond the village. The venerable J. H. Osborne, who 360 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY built the first store in Waddams, is now postmaster, a position he has held for 39 years. The elevator is run by L. F. Keeley. The feature of the village is the beautiful park maintained by Mr. George Schultz. The owner is a student of science and takes a special interest in flowers. The park is one of the prettiest places in the county. LOUISA. A pretty little cross roads settlement on the road from Lena to Waddams Grove is Louisa. It lies where the Galena Road intersects a cross roads, and contains a church, cemetery, school, and a group of houses. There is no gen- eral store nor is there any need for one, for the village is only about two miles northwest of Lena, and the farmers of Louisa are accustomed to do their trading at the larger town. The .settlement is of recent origin, and hardly promises to become a village of any great importance. It deserves mention however as one of the rural communities so numerous in Stephenson County, along with Waddams Center, Afolkey, Legal, and others of equal unimportance. KENT TOWNSHIP. Kent Township, located in the western tier of townships of Stephenson County, contains thirty-six square miles, or a total of about 22,700 acres, nearly all of which is under cultivation. It is bounded on the north by West Point Township, on the east by Erin, on the south by Jefferson and Loran, and on the west by Jo Daviess County. It was settled very early in the history of the county, at least six year be- fore most of the county was settled up. The first settlement was made in 1827 by O. W. Kellogg, a now famous pioneer, who staked out his claim in the virgin forest at Burrows' Grove. He cleared away the timber, built for himself and his wife and children a log shanty, and re-named the stretch of timber- and Kellogg's Grove. It has since been rechristened Timms' Grove, and stands near the site of the Black Hawk monument. But about the time of Kellogg's settlement, the Black Hawk War occurred, and the Kellogg family, after enduring the throes of the combat successfully, packed up their effects, and departed for other parts. For eight years, no permanent settler ventured into Kent Township. Then, in 1835, a man named Green, who hailed from Galena, came to settle, and he obtained possession of the Kellogg cabin. Not satisfied with the aspect of the country, he remained only a short time and disposed of his real estate to James Timms, who became the first permanent white settler in Kent Township, and one of the first of the whole county. In the fall of the same year, Jesse Willet made his appearance settling near the bridge afterward known as Willet's Bridge, near to the Timms settlement. About the same time Calvin Giddings and Jabez Giddings came and settled on the banks of Yellow Creek four miles north of the Timms cabin. For a long time after these migrations no new settlers ventured into the district, and Timms and his neighbors remained in sole possession. In the fall of 1836, Gilbert HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 361 Osborn came, and then again intervened a time of inaction, when no new set- tlers came to take up their new homes in the wilderness. For three years this condition of affairs prevailed. In 1839, J. Reber settled a mile and a half north- west of Timms' Grove, and in 1840 Frank Maginnis erected a cabin. Ben- jamin lllingsworth came the same year and settled near the Timms home- stead, remaining with the Timms family until he could get his house into shape such that it should protect him from the force of wind and tempest. With 1840 the township became more populated. In 1837 the first marriage took place. James Blair and Kate Marsh were united in holy bonds of matrimony at the house of James Timms. The old records do not state who performed the ceremony. The first birth was Harvey M. Timms, son of James Timms and wife, who was born May 26, 1837, and resided in this county all his life. The first death took place in the same memorable year. The unfortunate was Jesse Willet, Jr., who was buried in the old "Willet burying-ground" near the preesnt site of the Dunkard church. The first school was opened in 1837 by one William Ensign, who instructed the young idea in the house of James Timms, mag- nanimously loaned for the purpose. Among the families represented in his school were the Timms, Maginnis, Giddings, and Willets. About 1838 a mill was built on Yellow Creek by John and Frederick Reber. Its site was near the center of the township, and it was well patronized by the farmers round about. The coming of the mill was a great boon to the pioneers. Before its advent they had been obliged to have their grinding done at Craig's Mill, at Apple River, and at other places of uncomfortable and in- convenient distance. Still the question of supplies was a troublesome one. Meat and game were procurable, but many supplies had to be obtained from Galena in Jo Daviess County, from Dixon, in Lee County, and other points at a considerable distance. The new mill thus furnished an inducement for emigrants to settle in the Kent district, and they came, forthwith, in large numbers. By 1840 the tide of immigration was well begun, and in 1844, four years later, the land of Kent Township, was sold at a public sale in Dixon. This proceeding caused no end of trouble, for there were conflicts of title between the old settlers and the new purchasers, and in some cases the quarrels were violent and of long duration. In time they were settled, but for many years there was more or less feeling harbored by certain of the settlers against one another. Kent Township was only opened up to the commercial world when the Chicago and Great Western Railroad chose to lay their tracks across the south- western corner of the section. This brought an influx of speculators and purchasers, and the railroad company established a station, thereby founding the village of Kent. The village has never grown to surpassing dimensions, principally because the railroad which performs its service connects with the county seat only indirectly. It remains, however, a pleasant and habitable lit- tle settlement, with an enterprising and energetic population. The water supply of Kent Township is good. Yellow Creek, entering from Jo Daviess County, flows east and south through the whole central part of the township. Its tributaries are few, but sufficient to cover the surface of Kent 362 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY with a network of rills and brooklets, and prevent a dearth of the desirable moisture. The land is mostly prairie with a few large groves still standing. In general there is very little to differentiate Kent Township from the ordinary middle west rich farming lands. It is a square of highly desirable land, in- habited by a rich and prosperous class of scientific farmers whose premises present as attractive and orderly appearance as one could wish to see. KENT. When the Chicago Great Western Railroad laid its tracks through Stephen- son County in 1887, the village of Kent was surveyed and platted, and lots were sold. As it was the only village in the township, a phenomenal growth was anticipated a growth which, unfortunately, has never been realized. The vil- lage is located in the southwestern corner of the township, near the county line. It contains about one hundred and fifty inhabitants and supports several stores, two churches, and a creamery. Owing to the proximity of Kent to Pearl City, the people of Kent for the most part attend lodge in that village. Lutheran Church. The Lutheran church of Kent was built about 1880. It is on the same circuit with the Pearl City church, and is officiated over by the Rev. Alex MacLaughlin, who lives at the larger village. The Kent Lutheran church is an unusually well built and well equipped church, and is valued at about $3,000. The membership is quoted as sixty, with a Sunday school of practically the same proportions. Morning services are held every two weeks at the Kent church, with evening services on the alternate Sunday. M. E. Church. The early history of the Methodist church is completely lost. It is not a very old organization, having been founded not more than twenty years ago, about the time of the platting of the village itself. The Kent church is in the same charge with two other rural churches, all three of them being officiated over by Rev. Armitage. The parsonage of the pastor is located in the village of Kent, and the building is valued at $1,200. The Kent church is valued at $2,500. The circuit, which is a student charge, has an aggregate membership of ninety-seven souls, about forty of whom are connected with the Kent church. Kent Observer. The Kent Observer, a weekly newspaper, printed at Pearl City on Thursdays, is the official organ of the villagers at Kent. It forms a part of the sheet published by the Pearl City News, and comprises half of the edition of that paper, or space equivalent to a seven column quarto. While the paper is issued at Pearl City, it is devoted to the interests of the people at Kent, and contains news items, and other material of interest to the people of the town. The Observer was originated by Mr. Freas, a former editor of the Pearl City News, and has since appeared with unfailing regularity on Thursday of every week. The paper is a great boon to Kent people and is widely patronized both in the village itself and in the surrounding rural districts. Dr. M. W. Hooker is editor. Kent contains a creamery, operated by a farmers' stock company, and a grain elevator. The business section of the town is very lively for a place of the size, and the stores do considerable business with the farmers of the vicinity. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 363 The population of the village was listed at about one hundred inhabitants at the taking of the last census. There has been considerable increase since 1900, and the next census will probably bring the mark up to one hundred and fifty or more. DAKOTA TOWNSHIP. Dakota Township is the smallest in the county, comprising, like the town- ships of Erin and Jefferson, an area of only eighteen square miles. However, in that limited space, the township includes some of the best farming land in the county, some of the thriftiest and most prosperous appearing farm houses, and, withal, some of the prettiest and most picturesque stretches of landscape that the county can boast of. x There is no large stream. Cedar Creek, which has its source in Rock Grove Township, just across the town line, flows through the whole length of Dakota Township, from north to south, being fed on its way by a multitude of small rills and brooklets, most of them dry at certain seasons of the year, which flow down from the springs on the hillsides to join the larger current. One railroad enters the township, the C., M. & St. P. R. R., which cuts across the southeastern corner of the oblong, and touches Dakota village, the only village of Dakota Township. The early history of Dakota Township is closely identified with that of its western neighbor, Buckeye Township, of which it was formerly a part. In 1860, the division was made, and the eleven thousand, three hundred and sev- enty-eight acres of Dakota were set aside as they are today. Various causes have been assigned to account for the break. The probable and generally ac- cepted reason is that the continued petitions and complaints of a company of farmers living near the present site of Dakota, finally secured the desired di- vision. These gentlemen were all good citizens and desirous of exercising their right of franchise, but when a trip to the polling place entailed a drive across country of twelve or fifteen miles of bad road, they were put to great incon- venience. The polling place was then located at the old red schoolhouse near the present village of Buena Vista. It seems now that a more illogical and less central position could hardly have been selected, for not only were the farmers in the eastern part of Buckeye township quite isolated from the politics of the section, but the village of Cedarville and the settlement which marked the site of the future village of Dakota were altogether out of range. The town house of Buckeye has since been moved east and south to a more central location at Buckeye Center, but all this occurred later. At the time of which we have been speaking, Silas Yount, Robinson Baird, B. Dornblazer, and a few others carried on their campaign for a separate township throughout ten years of strenuous endeavor. In 1860 they were rewarded with success, and in Sep- tember of that year, the present township of Dakota was established. As the early history of Dakota is altogether coincident with that of Buck- eye, it has been treated elsewhere under that head. The first settlements in Dakota came about the year 1836. Among the early settlers of the portion of Buckeye which subsequently became Dakota were Benson McElhiney, who set- 364 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY tied near Hickory Grove, Henry Bordner, Jacob Bordner, John Brown, Robin McGee, James McKee, Samuel Templeton, John Price, Peter Fair, Daniel Zim- merman, Robert Pierce, John B. Angle, and others. Some of them, the great majority, established themselves along the banks of Cedar Creek, others ven- tured farther out into the township, and took up claims in the northern and eastern sections. In 1857, the Western Union Railroad came through the town- ship, and with this advent the early history of Dakota is closed. DAKOTA. Dakota, or Dakotah, as it is sometimes called, was founded in 1857, when the Western Union Railroad, now the C., M. & St. P. R. R. first laid its rails through Stephenson county. When the railroad decided to touch the southern portion of Dakota Township, several of the public spirited farmers decided to try to found a village in the southeastern corner, and obtain a post office there. The land on which Dakota village was built was then owned by Robinson Baird and Ludwig Stanton. Mr. Baird sold out his claim to Thomas J. Turner, who, in turn, disposed of his interest to S. J. Davis. To Messrs. Davis and Stanton belongs the credit of laying out and platting the village of Dakota. One hundred acres were appropriated for the town, and three farm houses were located at different points on the stretch when the platting was completed. These three houses were the only visible signs of life in the village, for the post- office had not yet come. The railroad company built their station, which they chose to mis-call "Dakotah" and "Dakotah" it has ever since remained. When the C., M. & St. P. R. R. came into possession of the Western Union lines, the title was not changed, although the post-office has always been "Dakota." The growth of the village during the earlier years of its existence was slow and unpromising. Soon after the coming of the railroad, a petition was pre- sented to the post-office department to locate a post-office at Dakota. Robinson Baird and Benjamin Dornblazer were the men instrumental in securing this improvement. Their petition was immediately granted and the present name of "Dakota" affixed to the settlement. The village did not appear promising, and very little inducements were offered to the prospective settler, until Ben- jamin Dornblazer built his mansion, the first substantial house of the village. In the next year, which was 1859, Messrs. Dornblazer and Brown built the first warehouse located in the village. Others were subsequently erected by Fisher and Schmeltzer, and one was moved into the village already built and needing only the foundations to complete it. By 1860 the village contained seven dwellings and three stores, the houses being owned by Benjamin Dorn- blazer, Samuel Lapp, D. W. C. Holsapple, Abner Hall, Robinson Baird, Daniel Keck, and Mrs. Dawson. The three stores were a blacksmith shop, conducted by Mr. Holsapple, a cabinet shop owned by one Robert Neil, and the general store of the village, the proprietor of which was Daniel Keck. 1860 was the golden year of Dakota's history. In that year a large number of new buildings were erected : Fisher and Schmeltzer's warehouse, the third which had been raised in the history of the village, the new Methodist church, the village hotel, after occupied by John Brown as a residence. Two new houses PEARL CITY STREET SCENE PUBLIC 1 SCHOOL. DAVIS MAIN STREET, DAKOTA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 365 were built and used as residences by one George Muffley and Mrs. Ingraham. Soon after Charles Muffley came to settle in Dakota, and opened the first tap- room of the village, which he ran in connection with a carpenter shop. The venture did not seem to prosper, for Mr. Muffley abandoned it and enlisted as a volunteer at the time of the war, and is reported as never having returned from the combat. The Civil War suddenly thwarted the growth of the village and everything was at a standstill for a number of years. Nothing in the way of progress was accomplished for four years, and then the town took a new start and erected four new residences. Then began Dakota's one and only "boom." Between 1866 and 1870 the main part of the village was built and only a limited number of additions have been made since that time. In 1869 the settlement was in- corporated as a village, by a special act of the Legislature, approved during the session of 1869, and the first election under the provisions thereof was held on Monday, April 5, of the same year. Silas Yount, W. R. Auman, and J. D Bennehoff acted as judges and F. B. Walker and A. T. Milliken as clerks. The. The following officers were elected at the first town election: Peter Yoder, president; John Brown, W. R. Auman, George Lambert, and R. M. Milliken, members of the board. From 1869 to 1873, the town grew amazingly the "boom" had not yet sub- sided. Then came a frost a killing frost in the shape of the panic of 1873, which withered up all trade, advancement and improvement. Everything was at a standstill, and Dakota's "boom" was over. The financial stringency which affected the whole country so disastrously was felt for five years, and Dakota never fully recovered from the effects. No market could be found for the crops, and the resources of the surrounding country, abundant though they were, were valueless for they could not be disposed of. When the panic loosed its clutch, the prospects for the growth of Dakota as a financial center, however vague they might have been, were effectually crushed. Within the years of recovering from war and panic, Dakota began to gradu- ally settle down into the customary type of country village which is familiar to everyone. There has never been anything in the least "dead" about Dakota. Business has never for a moment stagnated, but, on the contrary, has kept up a gratifying and prosperous increase, quite different from most of the villages of Stephenson and surrounding counties. But the history of the village has been a disappointment for it has never grown to the proportions fondly planned for it by its early founders. The population at present numbers about five hundred inhabitants. There are several stores, a large grain elevator owned by the H. A. Hillmer Company of Freeport, a high school known as the Dakota Interior Academy of northern Illinois, three churches, and a number of lodges and fraternal organizations. Interior Academy. The Interior Academy of Northern Illinois, formerly known as the Northern Illinois College, was founded in Dakota in 1881, under the leadership of the Rev. Frank C. Wetzel, pastor of the Reformed church of Dakota. Rev. Wetzel conducted the work for six years and then left it to devote his entire time to the ministry. The academy has since been presided 366 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY over by Professor W. W. Chandler, Rev. H. L. Beam, Rev. H. C. Blosser, Rev. H. L. Beam, Rev. P. C. Beyers, Rev. C. K. Staudt, Professor Nevin Wilson, Rev. W. D. Marburger, now of Orangeville, and Rev. G. W. Kerstetter, the present incumbent. The academy, though small, is really an institution of unusual excellence for so small a settlement, and many of its graduates have made names for them- selves. The list of alumni, published annually, show a large number of busi- ness men in Freeport and Chicago, and a number of boys and girls at college. The course of the school is remarkably complete, the musical department be- ing especially noteworthy. Seven instructors are employed on the faculty, the present roll being: Dean, Rev. G. W. Kerstetter; languages, Miss Alma B. Con- rad; mathematics and science, Mr. C. M. Finnell; commercial course, Mr. F. L. Bennehoff, Jr. ; instrumental music, Mr. Gail P. Echard ; vocal and piano, Miss Rosa E. Vollrath; violin, Mr. Edwin R. Rotzler. Within the past year a number of improvements have been made and the equipment of the school has been materially added to. The Academy buildings, which consist of a college building and boys' dormitory, are pleasantly located in a four acre plat of ground, shaded by a grove of maple trees. The original college building is a substantial frame structure, 40x70 feet, containing an au- ditorium and four recitation rooms. The trustees and faculty aim at constant improvement and raising of the school standard. A monthly journal, called the Interior Standard, is published by the faculty and students in the interest of the school. A special outfit of physical apparatus has been added this year enabling the students to perform all the experiments required in an ordinary high school course in physics. Athletics and all manly sports are encouraged, special emphasis is laid on public speaking and debate, and in every respect the standard of the institution is being raised. The course of study embraces five years of work, including a preparatory year and four years of the- regular course. Forty-one students were enrolled in the school last year, nearly half of them in the music department. Lodges. Dakota supports four large and flourishing fraternal organizations, and several smaller societies and lodges. The I. O. O. F. have had a lodge in Dakota for many years, and the Modern Woodmen of America, Mystic Workers of America, and Royal Neighbors have been established within the last twenty or thirty years. Dakota Lodge, No. 566, I. 0. 0. F. The Odd Fellows Lodge was estab- lished by Deputy Grand Master W.J. Fink on the 22nd of February, 1875, with eight charter members and the following officers: Noble Grand, Ezra Durling; vice grand, J. W. Gladfelter; treasurer, E. Yount; secretary, J. D. Schmeltzer. For a time after the founding of the lodge, meetings were held in Keek's Building. In 1876, a separate hall was built for the accomodation of the so- ciety. On the morning of October 27, 1877, this new building, which the lodge had occupied for only a short time, was totally destroyed by fire, and everything except the lodge books of the society were consumed in the conflagration. The loss occasioned was not very great, amounting to a pecuniary damage of only $380, but the havoc wrought and the inconvenience occasioned by the destruction of paraphernalia and appurtenances was tremendous. No attempt was made HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 367 to rebuild the structure, but quarters were taken in Artley's building, and a lodge temple was never again erected. The Dakota lodge is in a prosperous condition, with a large membership. The officers for the current year are : Noble Grand, Roy Blunt ; secretary, W. C. Smith; financial secretary, Ralph McElhiney; treasurer, J. W. Smith. Golden Rule Camp No. 137, M. W. A. The camp of the Modern Wood- men of America was established in Dakota October, 1884, and is today in flourish- ing condition. A. J. Foster is secretary of the organization. The Rebekahs, in connection with the I. O. O. F., the Royal Neighbors, and the Mystic Workers, are also large factors in the social life of the community. Churches. There are three churches in Dakota. There were formerly four, but one of them has discontinued services. Methodist Church. The Methodist worshipers of Dakota began to meet and hold services very soon after the village was founded, but no congregation was formally organized until the summer of 1860. At that time plans were made for the building of a church edifice, which was thereupon begun and duly finished in the fall of the same year. The original cost of the building, which is a frame structure, 49x36, was $2,000, but that amount was increased by vari- ous improvements and additions which were subsequently made. In 1878, a steeple was added, and a number of internal and external improvements and changes were made. This fall the fiftieth anniversary, of the building of the church will be observed by the congregation, and plans for a celebration are being made. Several years ago the church and parsonage were entirely re- modelled, the latter structure having been built in 1875. The Dakota Methodist church is in the same charge with the Cedarville church, the Rev. B. C. Holloway officiating as minister of the gospel in both places. The church property of the charge, all told, is valued at $8,000, in- cluding a $3,000 church at Dakota, one of similar value at Cedarville, and a $2,000 parsonage. The congregations are both very large, that at Dakota num- bering one hundred and twenty-five members, with a Sunday school of one hundred and fifteen, while the Cedarville church has a membership of one hun- dred and ten, and a Union Sunday school, conducted in connection with the other churches of the village. Reformed Church. The Reformed church is of recent organization, dating back to 1 88 1, when it was organized by the Rev. Frank C. Wetzel, as first pastor. Previous to last year, the congregation has had no permanent place of worship, but held their services in the Evangelical Lutheran church. Last year, 1909, the Lutheran church was purchased from that congregation for the sum of $1,500. The church was at the same time repaired inside and out at a cost of $300. The Dakota church, which is on the same circuit with the Rock Grove church, has a membership of forty and a Sunday school of forty-two, while the latter church has a membership of fourteen and a Sunday school of twenty. The Interior Academy of Northern Illinois is conducted by the pastors of the Re- formed church, Rev. G. W. Kerstetter being the present official. The academy property, including the parsonage, which is used as a boys' dormitory during the school year, is valued at $10,000. 368 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Rock Run Presbyterian Church. The Presbyterian church of Dakota, known as the Rock Run Presbyterian church, because it was first established in sec- tion 30 of that township, was organized in 1855. In 1856 the church edifice in Rock Run, long since abandoned, was built. In 1870, when the "boom" of Dakota was in progress, the Rock Run congregation decided to remove to Dakota, and built their church there in the same year. The church structure, which is the finest in the village, cost $3,000- is of frame 35x55, with a steeple eighty feet in height, affords a seating capacity for 300 worshippers, and is provided with an excellent organ. The congregation consist of about one hundred members, the Minister at Cedarville officiating as pastor. The Rev. John M. Linn was the first pastor of the Dakota church, and the pulpit has since been occupied by a large number of pastors, with their parsonage at Cedarville. RIDOTT TOWNSHIP. Ridott Township is the largest township of Stephenson County. It is ob- long in shape and contains an area of fifty-four square miles, just six more than Rock Run, which is second in size. Likewise the township contains more vil- lages than any other in the county. Several of these are no longer post-offices, since the coming of the rural free delivery system, and one of them, Nevada, :s practically deserted, with nothing except a group of houses to mark the place where a flourishing village once stood. The first settlement in Ridott Township was made in the year 1836. An- drew Jackson and Jefferson Niles arrived in this county on the 4th of March of that year, and built a little shanty on the south bank of the Pecatonica, near the present site of the village of Ridott. Just previous to that ime, either early in 1836 or in the latter part of 1835, Harvey P. Waters and Lyman Bennett had visited Stephenson County and pitched camp at the mouth of Yellow Creek in Silver Creek Township. The whole of the district, including Silver Creek and Ridott Township, was then known as Silver Creek Precinct, and so re- mained until the passage of the law providing for township organization, when the two were divided. Waters remained for several months in his first loca- tion, when he pulled up stakes and moved into Ridott, where he continued to live for many years. Before going to Ridott, however, he went to Kirk's Grove, where he put up a mill known as Waterman's Still. Then, about March, 1836, he came to Ridott. In the same spring, a large number of new settlers came, among them Sawyer Forbes ; Daniel Wooten, who settled about a mile east of the place where the village of Ridott stands today; Horace Colburn; a Mr. Wickham, who entered his claim where the village of Ridott rose later; John Reed and his brother, who took up claims on the south bank of the Pecatonica near the paint where Farwell's Bridge spans the rivet; Benjamin and Josiah Ostrander, who "squatted" near the mouth of Yellow Creek ; David Niles ; Asa Nichols ; and others. Nearly all of the pioneers chose to build their huts on or near the Pecatonica. As they subsequently found out, the site was not as healthy as could have been desired, but, after all, it was the logical place for a pioneer to take up his claim. The land was fertile, the water power was good, HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 369 and a large part of the transportation was by water. The rolling prairies away to the southward about the present village of German Valley were just as fer- tile and desirable if they had only taken the time to find out. Later settlers did discover the gold mines which lay in the rich loam of the German Valley district, and the result was the flourishing colony of Germans who established them- selves in that region. In 1837 a very large number of pioneers came to take up claims in Ridott, apparently attracted more by the advantages which the place seemed to offer than repelled by the numerous disadvantages which faced them at the outset. A list of the newcomers of that year cannot be given with any attempt at complet- ness, for many names are lost or forgotten. Some of the new settlers were Caleb Tompkins, who settled in a tract of timbered land near the river; G. A. Seth ; Isaac Farwell ; Eldredge Farwell, the two last named settling about four miles east of the present Ridott, near the present Farwell's Bridge; Garrett Lloyd; Norman Brace; Levi Brace; Isaac Brace; Orsemus Brace; Harvey Web- ster; Jeremiah Webster; Sybil Ann Price, who settled about a mile west of the Farwell farm; Stewart Reynolds; Sanford Niles, and others. In 1838, another delegation quite as large came to take up land in Ridott Township. Among the new men this year were Lewis Gitchell ; David Gitchell ; Philo Hammond; Ezekiel Forsythe; Jacob Forsythe; John Lloyd (a brother of Garrett Lloyd who came in 1837); Putnam Perley; Ezekiel Brown, who "squatted" on the river bank, near Holmes Mill ; John Brazee, who settled west of the present village; Christian Clay, and others. In 1839 Charles Babcock came, and later George H. Watson, who drove before him a flock of a thousand sheep, Willia B. Hawkins, Ross Babcock, An- son Babcock, John Karcher, Lewis Woodruff, and others. After 1840 the immigration was continuous, and the township became set- tled up. The northern part was settled first, however, and it was not until per- haps ten years later that the original German Valley-ites arrived bag and bag- gage in Stephenson County. In 1842, on the 28th of August, the famous col- ony of English agriculturists, whose descendants in many instances still reside in Stephenson County in the vicity of Ridott, came west. They settled in the timber lands in Ridott Township, near the river, having been directed to that portion of the county by their scouts who were sent out the year before and settled the lands near the river as suitable place for settlements. For several years the Englishmen lived together in peace and harmony in the Ridott woods. Then a dissension arose for some unknown reason, and part of the colony de- parted for the western wild, and have never since been heard of, except in- directly. Among the prominent members of the colony were Thomas Hunt, with his wife and mother, Robert Knight, Charles Foulkes, Robert Lankford and wife, Thomas Clay, Henry Layland Knight and wife. Charlotte Hurst, John Wooton, George Barnes, Joseph Gibson, Joseph Lester, and W. R. Fair- burn and wife. Between 1840 and 1850 the lands in Ridott Township increased greatly in value, and as a result settlers began to feel that the land was desirable. In 1850 the famous colony of Germans, whose descendants conduct the business of the village of German Valley, arrived in these parts. Among their numbers 370 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY were the familiar names of Uno Collman, Poppa Poppen, Wessel Wessels, Jurin Van Buckum, Christian Akermann, Folk Hayunga, Yelle Ruter, T. Jussen, John Heeren, Balster Jelderks, Fokke Rewerts, Michael Van Osterloo, and others, who were joined later by reinforcing colonies from their particular dis- tricts of Germany. The first birth in Ridott Township occurred in 1837, when Margaret Wooton, daughter of Daniel and Julia Wooton, was introduced to this plane of existence. In 1839 came the first marriage. The happy couple were A. J. Niles, and Nancy A. Farwell, daughter of Gustavus A. Farwell. The cere- mony was performed by the Hon. Thomas J. Turner, one of the early settlers of the county, who, in his capacity of justice of the peace, was vested with such authority. The first deaths are in doubt. Some assert that the drowning of Milburn and Reed in the Pecatonica, not far from the mouth of Yellow Creek, was the first instance of a visit of the Grim Reaper. Others assert that the drowning occurred in Silver Creek Township, just across the town line, and there is very good reason to believe that such was the case. At any rate, the drownings are on record as the first cases of death, and if they are not au- thentic, there is no story to the contrary which attempts to give the names of the unfortunates. After 1850 the growth of Ridott Township was rapid and somewhat unin- teresting. About the beginning of the decade the township suffered a relapse in the visit of the cholera plague which attacked Freeport and points along the Pecatonica and Yellow Creek. The blow struck hardest at Nevada, near Ridott, which never fully recovered. Unlike Mill Grove, in Loran Township, it was not erased from the map, but the number of deaths was appalling, and most dreadful to contemplate in so small a town. In 1852, the Chicago and Galena Union Railroad, afterward a part of the Chicago and Northwestern system, came through, and speculators and pur- chasers came to the township in large numbers. But not until about ten years ago did the Ridott farmers have their greatest impetus for development and improvement. This came in the shape of the Rockford and Freeport electric line of the Rockford and Interurban system, which touched the villages of Ridott and Nevada, running parallel with the Chicago and Northwestern tracks. This was especially a boon to the villagers of Ridott for it has enabled them to come to Freeport and do their shopping at any and every time of the day, af- fording quick, cheap, and comfortable transportation. In addition to the Interurban, three steam railroads enter Ridott Town- ship, making a total of four within the whole area. The Chicago and North- western cuts across the northern end of the township, running through Ridott village, and also Nevada, but not maintaining a station at the last named place. The Illinois Central runs through the central portion from northwest to south- east and through the stations at Everts and Legal. Lastly, the Chicago and Great Western cuts across the southwestern corner of Ridott Township, with its station at the village of German Valley. From German Valley it runs directly southeast to Ogle County, where its first station is located at Egan. From that point it runs to Chicago in an almost direct line. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 371 The farms of Ridott are in good condition and have a well kept, prosperous look. That is not particularly true of the farms in the northern part of the township, near the river. The farms in this section of the county are very old, and probably more dilapidated and forsaken farm buildings can be found in the region surrounding the State Road than in any other section of the country roundabout. Of course, these farm houses are not occupied and it is only a matter of time when they will be torn down. The new and occupied buildings are of course well kept and neat in appearance. There are also a number of old stone buildings, very ancient, and interesting to the lover of the antique. Among the very old buildings of Ridott Township, and of the county for that matter is the old Hunt place, on the State Road, south of Ridott, formerly used as a Tavern for the Chicago-Galena stages. The place is still occupied by the de- scendants of the original keeper. As a place for investments in farm lands both with a view to speculation, and permanent residence, Ridott Township is not surpassed. The lands about the Pecatonica River in the northern end of the section are well wooded, but aside from that the surface is most wide rolling prairie, containing lands which compare well in fertility with any part of the state. RIDOTT. The village of Ridott was founded in 1860. Nevada, a short distance west of the village site, and now known to the inhabitants of Ridott as the "old town," was the fore-runner of Ridott. When the Chicago and Galena Union Railroad was completed through the township, a station was established at Nevada and a town surveyed and platted. This remained in existence for three years, at the end of which time J. S. Cochran and brother of Freeport purchased sixty acres of land, upon a part of which the present village of Ridott stands. Through some previous transaction, the details of which were always shrouded in mystery, the Cochran Brothers had concluded a contract with the railroad company, agreeing to grade the side tracks, plat, and lay out the town, providing the railroad station was transferred from Nevada to the new place. On the loth day of July, 1860, the station was moved to "Cochranville" as the place was then christened, and soon after G. W. Loveland, the Nevada postmaster, in obedience to instructions from the department, moved the postoffice to Cochran- ville, and built the postoffice, the first building erected in the village. The first store was soon after built by the Cochran Brothers, and named the "Farmer's Store." About the same time, Oscar H. Osborn built a house near the track which he adapted to residence and saloon purposes. Ridott has never been a "dry town" since that date. In 1861, Samuel Irvin built his shoe shop on Adams street, James Clark his residence, on the same street, W. E. Moorhouse a house on Jefferson street, and these constituted the village until the close of the Civil war. A few buildings were erected in the vicinity, but the period was not distinguished by phenomenal growth or enterprise. In the fall of 1861, the name of the village was changed to "Ridott" through the agency of a petition prepared by the residents and addressed to the Depart- 372 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY ment at Washington. The name was taken from the township, and that, in turn, is said to have been named after a clerk in the postoffice department at Wash- ington. After the close of the war, the growth ot ividott was renewed, and the building of the village resumed. Ross Babcock erected a brick building which still stands on Adams Street, and contains "Ridott Hall," a spacious audience room, office rooms, and two stores. Isaac S. Shirey built a residence on Wash- ington street, J. A. Kerr soon built a house near to his, and later Josiah Deimer, Mrs. Lewis Getchell, Reuben Clark, and Hezekiah Poffenberger erected man- sions on the same street. Henry Gibler built himself a home on Adams street about the same time, and Dr. M. W. Walton moved a building into the village, reconstructed it, and used it for dwelling purposes. In 1867, the 'U. B. church was erected, the only one in the village for many years, in 1869 the new brick schoolhouse was built, and in 1875 the town was incorporated as a village. F. D. Coolidge was the first president of the village board, and the first members were H. P. Waters, Samuel Moyer, O. M. Doty, W. A. Kerr, and J. L. Robinson. W. A. Kerr acted as village clerk, and Samuel Moyer as- village treasurer. Among the archives of the village have been preserved the records of the first birth, the first marriage, and the first death. The first birth was a son to Oscar and Mary Osborn. The first death was that of Elizabeth Leech, and" the first marriage was contracted between Brock Mullen and Mrs. Mary Hill. For many years the village pursued the even tenor of its course, quite like the ordinary country village. But about ten years ago a change was effected, when the Rockford and Freeport line came through Ridott and erected its sta- tion there. The increased facilities for transportation have been taken advan- tage of by the people of Ridott to such an extent that they do practically all of their shopping at Freeport, and now consider themselves as suburban dwellers of the county seat. The village has grown a great deal since the advent of the electric line, and numbers a population of about four hundred inhabitants. United Brethren Church. The largest and most influential church of Ridott is that belonging to the United Brethren, Association. The congregation was organized about 1859, before the village of Ridott was laid out, and was com- posed principally of the residents of Nevada. Services were held) first in the schoolhouse on the Moyer farm, later in the schoolhouse on the Waters farm. In 1867, the present church, a frame edifice 28 x 48, valued at about $2,500, was built on a lot on Adams Street. Recently the whole building was rebuilt and remodelled. A parsonage valued at about $1,500 has also been built, next to the church building. The congregation numbers fifty-eight, with a Sunday school of one hundred and six. There have been a large number of pastors connected with the Ridott church since the coming of the first pastor, Rev. James Johnson. All of them have also performed the pastoral duties at the Winneshiek church in Lancaster township. The minister at present in charge is the Rev. J. E. Fry. Free Methodist Church. The Free Methodist church was organized in 1875, and numbers a congregation of about forty. For some years services were held in the schoolhouse, in Ridott Hall, and in various other locations. Then the present church edifice, a small and unpretentious structure on Adams Street, was HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 373 erected. Rev. Mr. Ferns was the minister under whose direction the charge was organized. The pastor at present officiating is the Rev. J. G. Plantz. Lodges. Ridott is not a great lodge town. Unlike the villages of the northern part of the county, which are very active in this direction and support a large number of secret societies, Ridott supports very few. The two now in existence are the camp of the Modern Woodmen of America, which was estab- lished about fifteen years ago, and the lodge of the Stars of Equity, which is a comparatively recent organization. Ridott Band. The Ridott Band was organized in June, 1910, by Professor L. M. Hiatt, of the University of Indiana, who came to the village at that time to reside with his relatives, the McCrackens. The band consists of twenty-six brass instruments, and furnishes music on all occasions where an organization of the kind is called upon to officiate. GERMAN VALLEY. Before the Chicago Great Western came through the county, there was a general store and one or two houses at the cross roads where German Valley, or Baalton, as it was then called, was located. With the advent of the rail- road, in August, 1887, the present village was platted, and the town re-christened German Valley. Probably the least attractive and interesting of all the Stephenson County villages, German Valley is nevertheless the home of a number of wealthy farm- ers, who are descendants of the famous German colony that came to Ridott over half a century ago. The country about German Valley is most attractive, the fields are fertile and productive, and the farm houses and barns are trim and well kept. The village itself is far from lively. There are half a dozen stores in operation, a creamery, a blacksmith shop, and a grain elevator owned by the H. A. Hillmer Co., of Freeport. M. E. Church. The Methodist church of German Valley is of recent ori- gin. The present church edifice was put up in 1903, the congregation having met about in various places before the building of the church. It is a frame structure, of a modern type of architecture, having cost about $2,500. The con- gregation also owns a new frame parsonage, located across the street from the church, which is worth about $1,500. The congregation numbers in the neigh- borhood of fifty communicants, with a Sunday school about as large. The Rev. Edward Breen is the pastor in charge. There are no other churches in German Valley, but there are a number lo- cated within a radius of a mile or two, which are attended by the German Val- ley citizens. The German Reformed church is located a mile west of the town, and the Christian Reformed church two miles northeast. Pleasant Prairie Academy. The German Valley high school, known as the Pleasant Prairie Academy, is located about a mile west of the village, at the settlement known as Pleasant Prairie. The academy is operated by the offi- cials of the German Reformed church, and has been in the past presided over by the ministers of the Pleasant Prairie Reformed church. 874 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Rev. Mr. Byers is at present principal of the Pleasant Prairie Academy. He is assisted by Rev. Schicker, pastor of the Pleasant Prairie church. The acad- emy offers an excellent course of instruction, covering three years of preparatory work, and four years of high school and academic instruction. A very full course is offered, including Latin, Greek, English, the modern languages, alge- bra, geometry, trigonometry, and the various studies included in the curriculum of an up-to-date high school. The faculty includes a corps of three or four instructors. German American State Bank. The State Bank of German Valley was or- ganized in December, 1906, and opened for business January, 1907. It is one of the prosperous village banks of the county, and was incorporated under the banking laws of the state of Illinois. The founder and original president of the institution was F. A. Briggs, of Madison, Wisconsin, who resigned after a short term of office, to be succeeded by H. W. Coffman. The bank is capitalized at $25,000. The officers are: President: H. W. Coffman. Vice-president: H. Heeren. Cashier: Louis Fosha. Assistant Cashier: L. Van Osterloo. The German American Bank occupies a substantial brick building built es- pecially for its occupation on the main street of the village. It enjoys a large patronage among the farmers of the vicinity. German Valley also supports a creamery, which is owned by capitalists at the village of Kent, twenty miles west of German Valley. The local superin- tendent in charge of the factory at German Valley is C. B. Ressler. Unlike most of the county villages, German Valley does not possess any lodges or secret and fraternal organizations. The want is filled by the various church societies, and by the lodges at Ridott, and the neighboring villages to the west and north. There are half a dozen stores, a large general store owned by N. H. Jansen, a post-office, blacksmith shop, and the usual residences. The population of the village is quoted as two hundred, with a slight increase since the taking of the last census. German Valley is about fourteen miles from Freeport, accessible by the Chicago Great Western from the South Freeport station. NEVADA. A visit to the site of Nevada is not necessary to convince the inquisitive historian that the village no longer exists, for the mere name is scarcely men- tioned in these parts today. Formerly it was a place of great importance and was settled very early in the history of the county. Before the propagators of Ridott had brought their village before the eyes of 'the world, the town of Ne- vada was platted out and promised to be, some day, a factor of importance in county politics. But fate had ordained differently. Nevada came into existence in 1852, when the Chicago and Galena Union Railroad came through the region. The railroad surveyors as well as the farm- ers of Ridott felt the need of a station somewhere along the route through Ri- HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 375 dott Township, and the services of a surveyor were secured to plat out a town and sell lots. A railroad station, long since disappeared, was built, and the town named "Nevada" after Nevada City, Colorado, where Daniel Wooton, who owned the land on which Nevada was platted, died in '49, en route to the gold fields in California. A post-office was also established, of which William Wright was postmaster, and a number of improvements were made, which seemed to show that Nevada was a coming city. This was all in 1852. Hardly had the town felt itself established, when the cholera plague came swooping down upon it from the west and with deadly results. So many of the inhabitants died within one short summer that the population was decreased nearly a half. In 1854, the cholera came again, and with results quite as horrible. The town was so depleted in population that it seemed unlikely that it would ever be able to tide over. However, it sur- vived the shock six years, and an agency other than the dreadful cholera, viz., commercial enterprise and a transaction on the part of a company of Freeport gentlemen, which would today be branded "graft," succeeded in forever ruin- ing Nevada's prospects. These men bought a large territory of land, where the village of Ridott stands today, having previously concluded arrangements with the railroad company that in the case of their platting out a town the rail- road should remove its station, side-tracks, and so forth, to the new site. This was done in 1860. On the loth of July of that year, the station was removed, and trains no longer stopped at ill-fated Nevada. A little later in the year, in obedience to the instructions of the department at Washington, G. W. Loveland, postmaster of Nevada, moved his postal station to the new town, and as the sun of Ridott rose, the orb of Nevada set. The villagers of Nevada were not loath to leave their old homes, with their memories of the cholera plague, and their proximity to the swamps and river bed lowlands, and a large majority of them moved to the new village. A few remained in the old home, and saw the deserted houses of their departed townsmen go to rack and ruin about them. Deserted villages are sometimes quite as interesting as inhabited settle- ments. Sometimes, at least, from a historical standpoint, they are even more so. A visit to the empty plat of the Nevada town site shows some interesting developments within the last few years. The city lots have long been parts of- a farm, and have been untilized as cornfields, but now a transformation is tak- ing place. The town is apparently reviving. A new house has been built on the main street within the last year, and an old mansion which stands back at some distance in aristocratic seclusion, has been re-painted and re-inhabited. It would be strange indeed if the logic of events should make Nevada a village again, with a wakeful community. It may be the case, for the village is easily accessible from Freeport by the interurban, and the lack of transportation fa- cilities, which ruined the town, has been filled by the coming of the new electric line. As yet, the steps which have been taken are too vague to be called hopeful, and the population is a mere baker's dozen, while back from the little handful of houses which border on the tracks stretch the furrowed fields of a thriving farm, and the site which the village of Nevada used to occupy is only marked by the waving blades of corn. 376 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY EVERTS. Everts Station, or Stevens Post-office, is the first station east of Freeport on the line of the Illinois Central Railroad. It is a tiny settlement, and of little or no importance since the post-office has been removed. The hamlet contains a few houses, a store, and a grain elevator owned by Freeport capital. Everts was founded when the Illinois Central line came through, although Stevens Post-office was of earlier origin. The village was at one time quite a thriving little community and promised, some day, to gain some importance. The rural free delivery system cut off the post-office patronage, caused the trade of the store to dwindle, and now Everts is a very lifeless spot without much prospect of future resuscitation. LEGAL. Legal, or Legal Post-office, as it is still familiarly called, contains a store, and a cross roads settlement of limited dimensions. It is located on the Illinois Central line about two and one-half miles east of Everts, and formerly con- tained a post-office with a large rural patronage. The post-office is now discon- tinued, and the settlement is no longer of any importance. It does not contain any church or school, although school and church facilities are offered in the near vicinity. No regular railroad station is maintained at Legal, and the settle- ment, as a village, is now practically abandoned. WADDAMS TOWNSHIP. Waddams township is six miles square, and contains twenty-three thousand and forty acres of rolling prairie. It is crossed by the Pecatonica River, which receives a large number of tributaries within the confines of the township. The most important is Waddams Creek, a small but swift current, which rises in the southwestern corner of the township and flows northeast into the Pecatonica. In addition, there are numerous other creeks and streamlets which cover the township with such a system of water courses that water power is never lack- ing. The township, it is believed, was surveyed by William Hamilton, son of the great secretary of the treasury in Washington's cabinet, who had settled in the lead mine regions at Hamilton's Diggings and who also was an Independent Ranger during the Black Hawk War. The first settlement was made by Levi Robey in 1835. His nearest neighbor was William Waddams, seven miles to the west. He built a log cabin on the Pecatonica, and began a "clearing," which was the first farm in Waddams town- ship. The same year Nelson Wait, Hubbard Graves, Charles Gappen, Alija Watson, John and Thomas Baker and William Willis joined the settlement. These earliest settlers got their mail and supplies at Galena and went on a two or three days' journey to mill on Wolf Creek. Indians and wild animals abounded ih the wilderness and the settlement of the township was accompanied by the usual frontier dangers and privations. The settlement was made strong in 1836 by the new arrivals, mostly from the east. That year came Thomas Hawkins, John Boyington, Lydia Wait and family, N. Phillips, Pells Manny, John Lobdell, Barney Stowell, Lewis HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 377 Griggsby, Nicholas Marcellus, John Dennison and a nam named Velie. The first birth in the township was William Robey, son of Levi Robey, September 21, 1836. Within recent years Waddams township has taken a place of great importance in the politics of Stephenson County. It is one of the few Democratic town- ships of the county outside of Freeport, and, as such, is an interesting factor in all county elections. McCONNELL. McConnell is a pleasant little village on the Pecatonica River and on the Dodgeville branch of the Illinois Central Railroad. Besides several stores, hotel, blacksmith shop, two churches, a school house and the postoffice, there is an ex- cellent creamery run by Peter Danielson, an expert butter-maker. The sur- rounding farmers find excellent market for milk. The creamery puts out from nine thousand to twelve thousand pounds of butter daily. West of McConnell, about one mile, is a cheese factory that does a good business. McConnell has a number of fine residences that are well kept. The old house, the oldest now standing in McConnell, was built by Robert McConnell and is yet in good repair. There is nothing left of the old mill but a remnant of the dam. Two old settlers, who have been citizens for more than fifty years and who know the history of the community, are Mr. A. C. Martin and Charles Graves. In 1836 John Dennison entered one thousand acres on the present site of McConnell. He had the town fever and his idea was to lay out and build up a town on the Pecatonica. He was joined by John Vanzant and built a saw mill north of the grove in 1836. The next year, Dennison and Vanzant, the latter being a surveyor, laid off the land in town lots and made such improvements as they could in order to attract settlers. In 1838 Robert McConnell arrived from Pennsylvania and purchased the land and improvements and called it "McConnell's Grove." He established a store at once and brought his stock from Galena. The town did not build up rapidly and the land was secured by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, which sold it to John Kennedy after the best timber had been removed. Kennedy sold lots and farms to settlers, including Charles Webster, George Buck, John Ault, Lewis G. Reed and other about 1855. In 1880 McConnell had a population of about one hundred and fifty, a hotel, two wagon and blacksmith shops, a harness shop, two stores and received mail three times a week. The school house was built in 1849. The first teachers in the vicinity were Fayette Goddard and Adeline Hulburt, with an average of seventy students for many years. The school district was divided, because of the increased number of settlers, in 1868 and 1871. The present school build- ing was erected in 1889. Talk of building a new three room school is persistent, but the majority of the taxpayers are not yet convinced that they want to build so large a school. McConnell Lutheran Church. The Lutheran Church was organized in 1850, October 19, with nineteen members. The first pastor was Rev. G". J. Donmeyer. 378 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Services were first held in the school house, and in 1869 the church building was erected. It was built of brick, 30 x 45, had a steeple and cost $2,200. In 1880 there were fifty members, and G. J. Donmeyer was still pastor. His connection with the church had not been continuous, however, and for a time Rev. J. Stoll and J. K. Bloom had served as pastors. Rev. Mr. Barr is the present pastor. Lutheran Church. Three miles to the west of McConnell is another Luth- eran Church, which was organized also by Rev. G. J. Donmeyer in 1851 with thirteen members. In 1871 the organization built a church building valued at $1,890. In 1880 Rev. J. W. Fritch was pastor. Rev. W. G. Metzker, of Orangeville, is pastor of the United Brethren Church. A small Methodist congregation, under the pastorate of Rev. Charles Briggs, is making excellent headway. DAMASCUS. The village of Damascus is one of the oldest of the county. It is not a large settlement, and has never been platted out as a village site, but all of the farmers within a radius of a mile or more call themselves residents of Damascus. The population gathered about the store and blacksmith shop, which form the nucleus of the village, numbers about one hundred and fifty. Damascus was founded and given its present name in 1837 by Norman Phillips, who became its first postmaster after a while. In three or four years the post-office was established and Damascus continued to have a post-office patronage of five hundred or more until the rural free delivery system came a few years ago, and Damascus post-office ceased to do business. Damascus is largely settled by members of the Phillips family, descendants of the man who founded the village, and for many years the post-office was con- ducted by members of the Phillips clan. The one break in the link was the post- mastership of W. K. Bechtold, who for a while ran the general store, and held the office of postmaster at the same time. The village contains a general store, owned by G. W. Phillips, a blacksmith shop, of which James Albright is proprietor, a school, a church, and a creamery. In years gone by, Damascus was a very important point. Being situated on the Pecatonica River, at one of the few points where the stream was crossed by a oridge, it drew a large number of transients to its population. These gradually departed upon the building of more bridges, and the establishment of ferries, and to-day the place is of very little commercial importance, except for its creamery. Tradition says that when the controversy concerning the establish- ment of the county seat was in progress, Damascus was an active factor in the struggle, and was finally defeated by the small majority of one vote. Freeport, Cedarville and Damascus were the candidates for the honor, and, as is well known, Freeport eventually won out. Nevertheless, both Cedarville and Damascus were lively competitors. They had the advantage of a more central location and at one time it seemed as if they were the logical candidates for the court house. But Freeport backed up its claims with a large sum of money, and the battle was to the strong. Oldest House in Buena Vista Log House at McCoimell Oldest House in McCoimell Built by Robert McCoimell Oldest House in Epleyanna Oldest House near Oneco The J. W. Addaius Home, Cedarville LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 379 Damascus Creamery. The creamery is operated by a farmer's stock com- pany, of which J. A. Phillips is president. It does a large business, and, outside of Freeport, is by far the most important creamery in the county. First Baptist Church. The Damascus Baptist Church has been in existence for about twenty years. It was founded in 1890 by the Rev. C. E. Wren, pastor of the Lena Church, and has since been attended by the pastors who do service for that congregation. The charge is a student charge, and the pastor at present in charge is the Rev. Hervey Gilbert, who resides at Lena. The membership of the church is about thirty. The church building was built very soon after the founding of the church society in Damascus. Damascus lies on the road between Lena and Cedarville, about an equal distance from both of these points. It is situated on the town line between Har- lem and Waddams townships, and the post-office has at various times been located in Harlem Township. At the time of the advent of the rural delivery, it was es- tablished on the Waddams side of the road, and the greater part of the village is on that side. The last census gave the village a population of about one hun- dred and fifty, and there has been hardly any increase since that time. WADDAMS CENTER. Waddams Center, as the name indicates, is the central spot of Waddams township. The site is not marked by a village of any consequence, and the main object of interest is the district school, known as the Waddams Center School. The settlement embraces a territory of three or four square miles, the inhabit- ants of which designate themselves as "Waddams Center people." Waddams Center does not support a church, but there is a church at McConnell, only a short distance away, which is attended by the farmers of the region. There is ERIN TOWNSHIP. no general store, nor has there ever been a post-office. The population of the whole settlement at Waddams Center is about fifty. Erin township originally comprised not only its present area but, in addi- tion, the township of Kent, to the west, which was subdivided from Erin on March 17, 1856. It was a strange freak of the logic of events that the blow which severed Kent from Erin and left the latter deprived of the superior wood and water advantages formerly enjoyed, should have fallen at a meeting of the board of supervisors which was convened on St. Patrick's day. For Erin town- ship, as its name implies, was settled largely by Irish farmers, and the village of Dublin in the western part of the township contains one of the two country Catholic churches of the county. About 1835 the first settlements were made in that part of the county which is at present Erin Township. The settlers were Hibernians from the "ould sod," by name Bartholomew Doyle and Michael Murphey. Both of them settled in the range at present known as "Dublin Settlement," the former on the site of St. Mary's Church of the Mound, and the latter about a mile away from that spot. Their nearest neighbors were the settlers in the western part of the town- 380 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY ship, which has since become Kent. Among these were the Timms family, the Willets and various others who are mentioned in the history of Kent township. For about two years the settlers were few and far between. In 1837 Valorus Thomas arrived and settled about four miles away from Dublin settlement, on the line between Harlem and Erin townships. In the same year came Ebenezer Mulnix, and a Mr. Helm, who settled near Thomas. Bartholomew Doyle re- mained on his farm long enough to improve the land and donate three acres for the erection of St. Mary's Church. Then he moved west about half a mile, into Kent township, sold his old farm to one Robert Franey, and began the opening and improvement of a new grange. Between 1837 and 1840, a goodly number of emigrants came to Erin town- ship, with a large preponderence of the Irish element among them. The large part of Dublin settlement did not come until about 1842, but some of the fore- runners came earlier. Among the newcomers, about 1839, were James Fowler, John Fiddler, John B. Kaufmann, Peter Van Sickle, George W. Babbitt, Jonas Pickard, Palmer Pickard, Lewis Grigsby, F. Rosenstiel, and their families. In 1840, there was another large inroad, including, among others, Reuben Tower, William Schermerhorn, John Lloyd, Frederick Gossmann, John Ham- mond, Nathan Ferry, E. H. Woodbridge and a number of people whose names are lost to us. Amos Davis, who had settled at Scioto Hills in 1837. moved west into Erin township about 1840 or a little later. In 1842, Dublin settlement began to grow very rapidly. Andrew and George Cavanaugh came in that year, also Andrew Farrell, Dennis Maher, who settled in section 29, John McNamara, Patrick Brown and many more. None of the newcomers were more warmly welcomed than the wife and family of a man named Burns. They had come by wagon train, and when crossing the Rock River at Dixon, the bridge collapsed, and all were hurled to the depths below. In the havoc which ensued, a number of the unfortunates were drowned, among them Mr. Burns and his son. Mrs. Burns and the rest of her family were fortu- nate enough to escape, and instead of remaining about the spot where the calam- ity had occurred and spending her time in vain lamentations, she pushed on to the destination at which her husband had been aiming. Here she arrived safely some time later and was warmly welcomed by the settlers. The first birth in the Irish settlement occurred in 1843, when a son was born to George Cavanaugh. In the next year, the first marriage was solemnized by the Catholic priest. Robert Cavanaugh and Bridget Maher were the happy couple. In December, 1845, the first known death is said to have taken place. One Mr. Gillis, who was taken sick in the autumn of that year, died, according to tradition, from lack of proper care and treatment. He was buried in the grove on Burns' Branch, the first recorded burial of the township. St. Mary's Church of the Mound, the first Catholic church built in the county, according to some, was put up by the Dublin settlers in 1836. This seems highly improbable, but such is the tradition. There has always been more or less of a controversy between the Catholic parishioners of Dublin and Irish Grove, each parish asserting that its church was the earliest of the county. It is quite impossible to decide the controversy, for records have been so meagerly preserved. The "Golden Jubilee" souvenir, issued by the congregation of St. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 381 Mary's of Freeport during the Golden Jubilee Celebration of 1896, does not at- tempt to take part in the dispute, but merely states the dates of the founding of the parishes with resident priests. According to this, Dublin settlement has the advantage of a few years. It was attended by priests from Galena until 1843, when Father Derwin, appointed by the bishop of St. Louis, became the first resident priest, also doing service at the Irish Grove settlement in Rock Run township. . The Irish Grove church was certainly erected in 1838, the Dublin church within a year of that time. Consequently we can approximate the time of build- ing and find that it was very early in the annals of Stephenson county. Once the church was built, there was something to draw Irish settlers to the vicinity, and to this day, Erin and Dublin settlements have maintained their full quota of Hibernians. Erin township is quite as fertile as any in the county, and contains quite as good land. It has an area of about eighteen square miles, being one of the three smallest townships of the county in company with Jefferson and Dakota. There is no large creek or stream of any importance nor are there any groves or timbered sections of appreciable extent. The township is crossed by the Illinois Central Railroad (main line) with its one station at the village of Eleroy. This line, formerly a part of the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad came through in 1852, and was later purchased by the Illinois Central, which now controls the line from Freeport to Galena. DUBLIN. Dublin, or New Dublin settlement as it is familiarly called, embraces four square miles of territory, partly in Kent and partly in Erin townships, from Willet's Grove to Callan's corners, and is largely settled by Irish farmers who came from the immediate vicinity of Dublin, on the Liffey. The first settlers were Bartholomew Doyle and Michael Murphey, who came about 1835 or 1836. New arrivals were not numerous until 1842, when a large number of emigrants, including Andrew Cavanaugh, George Cavanaugh, An- drew Farrell, Dennis Maher, a Mrs. Burns, John McNamara, Patrick Brown, etc. Soon after the coming of Doyle and Murphey, St. Mary's Church of the Mound, one of the two rural churches of Stephenson county which adhere to the Catholic faith, was established by a Galena priest. Recently a new and hand- some structure was erected, which does great credit to Dublin settlement, and is an unusually attractive church edifice for a country congregation. The present parish of Dublin comprises a territory about eight thousand acres in extent, and numbers fifty or more families. The settlement is unique in that it has clung together for a period of nearly eighty years without much change in its character except the natural improvements that have come to all the farm lands of the middle west. ROCK RUN TOWNSHIP. Rock Run township, next to Ridott, is the largest township of the county, having an area of forty-eight square miles, while the latter has fifty-four. It is 382 HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY one of the wealthiest townships of the county, and is composed of good and fertile farming land, interspersed with occasional stretches of forest. Rock Run has a most interesting history. It is probably the most cosmo- politan township of the county, and has numbered among its early settlers a most peculiar and unusual combination of Yankees, Germans, Dutch, Irish and Nor- wegians. Strangely enough, they lived side by side peaceably, and their de- scendants have intermarried so that the original races and their characteristics are no longer discernable. The first permanent settlement in Rock Run, of which there is any record, was that of a Mrs. Swanson, who came to these regions with her family and took up a large claim in section 10 or n, near the site of the future village of Davis. Mrs. Swanson was a widow, with a large family of children, who aided her in the care of the farm. This was in 1835. In the same year, a number of settlers, who has previously visited the towsnhip, en route to the lead mines at Galena, returned from the west, and settled permanently on lands adjoining the "Widow" Swanson's habitation. These pioneers who presently returned to take up claims included S. E. M. Carnefix, Alexander McKinn, Arthur Dawson and one or two others. Presently a new delegation arrived, in 1836, including Thomas Flynn, E. Mullarkey, Henry Hulse, M. Welsh, William Lee, Leonard Lee, Nathan Blackamore and Aaron Baker. The Irish section of the new im- migrants settled in the eastern part of the township, about four miles south of the present village of Davis, and there founded a settlement which later became known as Irish Grove. Once the precedent was established, the number of arrivals grew. In the next year, 1837, a large migration occurred. Among the newcomers of 1837 were Dr. F. S. Payne, Nathan Salsbury, D. W. C. Mallory, John Hoag, S. Seeley, T. Seeley, Peter Rowe and others. After this the new arrivals were continuous, and the township became quickly crowded with settlers. The Irish Grove settlement continued to grow, and the Hibernian "squatters" there were joined by a new delegation, including Pat Giblin, Miles O'Brien, a Mr. Corcoran, who afterward moved to Rockford, Thomas Foley, and some relatives of the Mullarkeys. In 1838 occurred the first birth in the township, also the first marriage. A son was born to Albert Flower, who managed the saw mill on Rock Run, and "Pony" Fletcher and Narcisse Swanson were united in holy bonds of matrimony, the latter event happening in the fall of 1838, the former earlier in the year. The streams of Rock Run township are very swift, and have in the past afforded water power for turning the wheels of a large number of mills. Only one of these is now standing, a substantial stone structure at Epleyanna, which still continues in operation. In 1837, a saw mill was built on Rock Run in section 27, and the same year Thomas J. Turner put up a grist mill in section 34, and sold it to Nelson Salsbury, who, in turn, sold it to James Epley. In 1838, H. G. Davis came to the township with his family and purchased the Rock Run saw mill, which had been put up the year previous by Stackhouse, Carrier and Flower. Here the first post-office ever located in the township was soon established, with H. G. Davis as postmaster. In the early part of 1839, the present Epleyanna mills were built by Josiah Blackamore and Leonard Lee, who later disposed of HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 383 their holding to Conrad Epley. A number of smaller mills were built farther south along Rock Run and its tributaries, but no trace is to be found of many of them. There was one, for instance, on the Carnefix farm, south of Davis, in section 28, the ruins of which are still to be seen. In 1839 a large number of arrivals were registered. Among them were Con- rad Epley, who purchased the Epleyanna mills, and from whom the village of Epleyanna takes its name, Edward Pratt, who afterward moved to Freeport, M. Flower, Edward Smith, who settled in section 13, Uriah Boyden, who took up a claim in section 30, Thomas Fox, who went to Wisconsin within a short time, and a large number of settlers who came to live at Irish Grove, among them Thomas Bree, Martin Mullen, Patrick Flynn, Michael Flynn, Patrick Flynn, Jr., Thomas Hawley and William Marlowe, as well as a number of others whose names have not been preserved in the traditions of the Celtic settlement. In October, 1839, occurred an event which is most memorable in the annals of Rock Run township. A delegation of Norwegians arrived at the settlement at Rock Run mills, and there formed what is said to have been the first Nor- wegian settlement in the United States. Whether or not this was the case, it was at least the first Norwegian settlement in this part of the country. The de- scendants of the early settlers are some of them living in Rock Run township to-day. Others have vanished from the pages of the Rock Run annals. Among the Norwegians who settled at Rock Run Mills were C. Stabeck, whose descend- ants afterward became identified with the history of the village of Davis, Ole Anderson, whose descendants are also farming in Rock Run township to-day, Canute Canuteson, who opened the first blacksmith shop in the township, Civert Oleson and Ole Civertson, who opened the first wagon-shop in the vicinity. They were thrifty and hard working citizens and became a credit to the community in which they had chosen to settle. In 1840, D. A. Baldwin arrived and took up a claim in section 40. In the year following, 1841, Captain Knese settled in section 13. Fresh arrivals were num- erous at the various settlements, especially at the Norwegian colony at Rock Run Mills and at Irish Grove. In 1841, the first post-office in the township, Rock Run Mills P. O., was established at H. G. Davis' mill on Rock Run, with Mr. Davis himself as postmaster. It remained at the mills until 1848, when it was removed to Jamestown, or Grab-all, near the present site of Rock City. When the West- ern Union Railroad came through, and Rock City became a point of importance, the post-office was again moved, and the Jamestown settlement went out of ex- istence. In the fall of 1840, a son of John R. Webb died, the first recorded death in Rock Run township. From 1840 on the township developed rapidly. In the summer of 1838, the Catholic Church at Irish Grove had been erected. In 1855, the First Presby- terian Church, known as the Rock Run Presbyterian Church, was organized, and services conducted by the Rev. Joseph Dickey. This church was subsequently removed to the village of Dakota, in Dakota township. In 1857, the Western Union Railroad, now the C., M & St. P. R. R. came through the township, and the village of Davis and Rock City became the points of importance in the township. Rock Run Mills and Jamestown, or Grab-all, 384 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY were fairly abandoned, and the only outlying settlement of the old days was Irish Grove. Rock Run is to-day one of the pleasantest places both for farming and resi- dence in these regions, and it is hard to realize what the pioneers who took up their claims in 1835 must have gone through before they could transform the wilds of the prairie into a place of habitation. Times were hard financially, to add to the burden. The early settlers were able to make their living very satis- factorily, for there was an abundance of game, and vegetables and fruits such as the region afforded, they were easily able to grow themselves. But there were other menaces. The Indians had not left the district, nor did they for many months after the fields of Rock Run began to assume the appearance of highly cultivated lands. Another enemy, even more subtle than the Indian, was the snake. At one period in the history of Rock Run township, the whole district is said to have been fairly overrun with snakes. And they were snakes such as are never seen in these parts to-day not the harmless garter snake, although that species flourished also, but rattlesnakes, and the deadly massasauga, whose bite nearly resulted in the death of more than one venturesome pioneer. Rock Run township is well provided with streams. Rock Run, a small but swift current, flows down from Rock Grove township at the north, and is joined, near Epleyanna Mills, by Rock Creek, a stream of equal size, which flows down from the northwest. Rock Run pursues a southward course, receiving the waters of a number of smaller streams, flows into a small lake near the new mill on the Hunt property, east of Ridott, and thence into the Pecatonica River, which it joins just above Farwell's Bridge. Brown's Creek, a small swift creek, rises in the northwestern part of the township, and flows southeast into Rock Run, tarrying for a while in a tiny lake, near its mouth. There is only one railroad, the C., M. & St. P., which crosses the township from east to west, touching the villages of Rock City and Davis, and running in the vicinity of Epleyanna. The township is well wooded. There are a number of large groves and timber lands left, but the majority of them are disappearing under the blows of the axe, and the larger part of the land is under cultivation. DAVIS. Davis is the largest village of Rock Run township, and one of the most important of the county. It is of recent growth, being one of those settlements which the coming of the railroad has "made," and not a town of natural growth, In 1857, when the Western Union Railroad had surveyed its route through the county, and was making all preparations for the building of the line, it became very evident that a station on its route through Rock Run township was most necessary for the farmers of that district. Accordingly, Samuel Davis, John A. Davis, Thomas J. Turner and Ludwig Stanton, who owned the land in the vicin- ity of the present village, donated a total of one hundred and sixty acres, which was surveyed and platted for a village site. This was in 1857, and the work of surveying and platting was not quite completed that year. In 1858 everything was finished and the sale of lots began. That year the railroad was finished HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 385 through the village, but the train that first sped over the rails was not run until the following year, on the occasion of the state fair, which was held in Freeport in 1859. The panic of 1857, occurring at a time when the village of Davis was in its earliest infancy, threatened for a time to blot out the venture altogether. Lots were sold very slowly, although the men interested in the enterprise made every effort to offer inducements to new settlers. Streets were laid out and made good with crushed stone, sidewalks were built, lots cleared, trees planted, and building sites were offered for sale at prices ranging from $40 to $125. A few of them were sold, but the work progressed slowly. In 1858, the first store in the village, known as "Davis's Store," was erected by Samuel J. Davis. In the summer of 1859 the Evangelical Church was put up, and other church edifices were soon after erected. The stone schoolhouse was put up in 1858, and the first brick house in the town was finished for occupation in 1866 by Ernest Wendt. From 1857 to 1863 there was almost no growth. War and panic succeeded in checking the progress of the growing village, and for a time it looked very dark for Davis. It seemed at one period as if the village must certainly be aban- doned, but a better time was coming. With the close of the war, business sud- denly revived, almost as if it had never suffered a relapse. From 1863 to 1869 a steady growth was visible, and residences, stores, and other buildings were erected in large numbers. By 1873, the settlement felt itself ready to assume the privileges and duties of a corporate community. On Thursday, May i, of that year, an election was held to decide whether or not the settlement should be incorporated under the provisions of the general law for incorporating villages, adopted April 10, 1872. S. J. Davis, Peter Mc- Hoes and John Gift acted as judges of the election, and the project was carried by a vote of thirty-three to thirty-one. Soon after an election was held, and th* first town officers duly installed in their positions. The first village officials, elected in the year of 1873, were: E. A. Benton, president; E. Clark, M. Meinzer, Thomas Cronemiller and M. W. Kurtz, members of the board; M. W. Kurtz, village clerk; village treas- urer, no record for 1873. Since the incorporation of Davis as a village, a development fully meeting the expectations of the most sanguine of its dwellers, has taken place. Short as the time of its development has been, Davis has attained to the rank of fourth or fifth in size among the numerous villages of Stephenson county, and is only exceeded in size by Freeport, Lena, Orangeville and possibly Pearl City. It is about equal in size to Winslow, Cedarville, Dakota and German Valley. Business has never been at all lively in Davis. There is a grain elevator owned by H. A. Hillmer, of Freeport, also a creamery ; and these two comprise practically the only reasons for Davis' commercial communication with the outside world. Farmers' Bank. The Farmers' Bank, of Davis, is a substantial institution founded fifteen years ago, and since maintained on a firm and solid basis. The officers and directors are all men of avowed business ability, and the affairs of the bank have been conducted with unimpeachable sagacity and clear-headedness. 386 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The Fanners' Bank was organized in 1895 by T. Stabeck, a descendant of the C. Stabeck, who immigrated to Stephenson county with the original Nor- wegian colony and settled at Rock Run Mills P. O. in 1839. The institution was capitalized at $25,000, which capital has never been raised. The bank occupies a brick structure, the most substantial on the main street of Davis, a few doors from the hotel. The officers of the Farmers' Bank at present are : President, Fred Alberstett; vice-president, Niles Pattison; cashier, C. O. R. Stabeck; directors, Fred Alberstett, Niles Pattison, C. O. R. Stabeck, H.- N. Stabeck, and O. H. Anderson. The Davis Creamery, operated by J. F. Beardsley, was established about fif- teen years ago, and continues to do a flourishing business. Newspapers of Davis. Davis has, at certain periods of its history, supported weekly newspapers. The projects have all been discontinued for the very ex- cellent reason that the village of Davis is altogether too small to support a news- paper, and there is not the slightest probability that they will ever be resuscitated. The Davis Budget, started in May, 1873, by K. T. and K. C. Stabeck, was a quarto sheet, independent as to politics, which was published in connection with the Freeport Budget. For five years, the Davis Budget was published by Stabeck Brothers, until they removed to Freeport in September, 1878, and decided to devote their whole time to the publication of the Freeport sheet. They disposed of their Davis interests to S. W. Tallman, who changed the name of the paper to the Davis Review and the politics from independent to republican. Mr. Tallman spent a good deal of labor upon his paper, and succeeded in raising the weekly circulation from a mere handful to three hundred and fifty. But he soon dis- covered that a newspaper in a country village was not a paying proposition. The Davis Review was abandoned, and the unsavory experiment has never been tried since. Churches. Davis contains four churches, but services are held in only three of them at present. First Methodist Church. The First Methodist Episcopal church is the lead- ing church of Davis in activity and in respect to the size of its congregation and Sunday school. Likewise it is one of the oldest. It was organized in 1 June, 1859, under the auspices of the Rev. James McLane, with twelve charter mem- bers. For three years services were held in the Davis schoolhouse, when the church leased the Evangelical Chapel, and held services there when the church was not in use by the other congregation. In 1866, four years later, the struc- ture at present in use was built at a cost of $i,Soo. Subsequent repairs, im- provement, and additions have raised the value of the building several hundred dollars. For a time the Davis church formed a part of the Durand (Winnebago County) charge, and services were held only on Sunday afternoons. In the fall of 1878 it became an independent charge, with the Rev. F. W. Nazarene as pas- tor. For a good many years after this, the Davis charge was a student charge, but wtihin the last three years it has had a regularly ordained minister. The Rock City church has become a part of the Davis charge also. The congregation at Davis numbers fifty-two members, but a much larger number attend the services in fact, practically all the English speaking portion HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 387 of the community. The Sunday school numbers a few more about sixty-two. The church building, together with the lot upon which it stands are valued at about $3,000. The parsonage which is a comfortable building, built some time ago, is valued at $1,200. The various church societies are very active. The Epworth League and the Ladies' Aid Society form a large part of the women's and young people's social life in Davis. The church is in a very prosperous condition at present. Two years ago, the church was entirely rebuilt, inside and out, at a cost of $450, $150 being expended upon the exterior repairs, and $300 upon the interior frescoing and re-decoration. New Methodist hymnals were purchased recently by the congregation to take the place of the old ones, which were deemed out of date and inappropriate. The pastor in charge is the Rev. J. A. H. McLean, an Eng- lishman, who came to the Davis charge from Canada in January, 1910. Evangelical Association. The Evangelical church of Davis is the old- est church of the village. It was organized in 1857, with the following mem- bers : Thomas Bond and family, Jacob Bond and family, Jacob Weaver, Michael Meinzer, William Kramer, T. Jenuine, and their families, and M. Abbersted. Services were conducted in various private residences and in the schoolhouse until 1862, when the present church was built at an expense of $2,500. It is a frame structure, solid and substantial, without attempt at much ornamentation without or within. Recent improvements have somewhat raised the value of the property. When the break occurred in the Illinois Conference and the Dubs faction withdrew, the latter built another church in Davis, and the Evangelical Associa- tion continued in possession of its first church. Some changes were occasioned, however, notably in the circuit, which no longer embraced Rock City, but took in instead Davis, Afolkey and Ridott. The minister in charge of the Davis church resides in Afolkey. The Davis church numbers about fifty communi- cants, with a Sunday school of about the same size. The church property is valued at $2,750. Evangelical Lutheran Church. The Lutheran church of Davis is probably a thing of the past. Services have not been held in it for some time and al- though the congregation still possesses a handsome church structure the church is disorganized and broken up. The Lutheran church was one of the newer churches in Davis, having been organized as late as 1870 by the Rev. William Shock, of Forreston, with eighteen members, of whom Joseph Keller was elder, and Levi Ungst deacon. For two years services were held in the Methodist church. In 1872, the present struc- ture was built, of frame 34 x 50, with a steeple seventy-five feet high, at a total cost of $3,100. It was then occupied for many years, but lately, as heretofore stated, services have been discontinued, and there is every reason to believe that they will never be resumed. United Evangelical Church. One of the smaller churches, as well as the newest, is the United Evangelical church. It came into existence at the time of the quarrel in the Illinois Conference, and the Dubs adherents of Davis withdrew to complete its organization. Services were held in various places until a few years ago, when the new church building, a frame structure, was put up. The 388 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY new church is an inconsiderable and unpretentious edifice, built in the most old- fashioned of styles. The congregation numbers about fifty. The Davis church is on a circuit with the Rock City church. The pastor is the Rev. J. Johnson, who came here from Ashton, Illinois, on April i, 1910. Lodges. The village of Davis supports a large number of lodges, of which it is possible to give only brief mention. Evening Star Lodge, No. 414 ,A. F. & A. M. The Davis lodge of Masons is one of the oldest in the county. It was organized on March 11, 1864, under a dispensation of the Grand Lodge of Illinois. It obtained a charter October 5 of the same year. The following were the first officers : James Zuver, W. M. ; George Osterhaus, S. W. ; Edward R. Lord, J. W. ; Dr. J. R. Hammill, secre- tary; Charles Wright, treasurer. The lodge has always been the most prosper- ous and progressive of the commuity. It occupies a handsome lodge hall, and has now a membership of fifty-two members. The officers are W. M., C. O. R. Stabeck; secretary, T. H. Briggs. Eastern Star. The Eastern Star lodge was established in Davis seven years ago. It has always had a large membership, the present roll amounting to about thirty-three members. The officers are: W. M., Mrs. William Kanne; secre- tary, T. H. Briggs. Davis Lodge, No. 376, I. 0. O. F. The Odd Fellows lodge of Davis was organized September 19, 1880, with the following members: Martin H. Davis, Isaac Denner, John Nagle, Thomas Hays, Alvin Gestenberger, and J. W. Caldwell. The officers were: Noble Grand, John Nagle; Vice Grand, Martin H. Davis; treasurer, Thomas Hays. The I. O. O. F. occupies today a lodge hall just off from the main street, which is one of the largest and best appointed in the country towns of the vicin- ity. The membership is thirty-four, and the officers : Noble Grand, Arthur Wise; secretary, A. A. Rheingans. Rebekah Degree, I. O. 0. F., Faithful Lodge, No. 187. The Rebekahs have been in existence in Davis for fifteen years. The membership has been fluc- tuating, at times higher than it is now. The lodge now claims a membership of twenty-eight, with the following officers: Noble Grand, Miss Ella Degun- ther ; Secretary, A. Rheingans. R. N. A. The Royal Neighbors have been in existence for the past four years, have a membership of twenty-three, and the following officers : Oracle, Mrs. A. Bliss; Secretary, Miss Ella Degunther. Modern Woodmen of America, Davis Camp, No. 25. The Davis Camp of the Modern Woodmen is one of the oldest in existence, having been founded about twenty-five years ago, when the organization was very young. The mem- bership is large, approximating fifty-two. A. Helmts is Counsel, and M. M. Kurtz, Secretary. Mystic Workers, Davis Royal Lodge, No. 143. The Mystic Workers first came into existence in Davis in 1902, and have since pursued a prosperous and upward path. The membership is far larger than that of any other organization in Davis, embracing as many as seventy-two members. The officers for the year are : Prefect, E. Jenewien ; Secretary, Edward Degunther. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 389 The village of Davis supports a number of stores and shops, a reasonably satisfactory hostelry, known as the Davis Hotel, two livery barns, etc. Among the mercantile establishments, the barber shop of Edward Degunther is espe- cially to be noted. It has been kept by the Degunther family for nearly the last half century, having been kept by the grandfather of the present proprietor for many years, then by his father, P. J. Degunther, and now by himself. The village is said to have a population of about five hundred or more in- habitants. It is reached from Freeport by the C, M. & St. P. R. R., being about thirteen miles distant by railroad, and twenty miles by carriage road. The vil- lage supports very good schools, the district school building being one of the best for miles around. It is a two-story structure, 30 x 20, which was built in 1863, at a cost of $2,000. ROCK CITY. Rock City, located about two and one-half miles west of Davis on the line of the C., M. & St. P. R. R., is a city only in name. It is doubtful if a spot more completely devoid of life is existent in the county. The site is not an un- pleasant one, for all that, and the village contains a central square, in the middle of which is a tall windmill, which pumps water for the village pump and water- ing trough. The village was projected and platted early in 1859, upon the completion of the Western Union Railroad through the place. In reality the history of Rock City reaches farther back than 1859, for the village is a logical outgrowth of the old Rock Run Mills Post-office, founded by H. G. Davis as early as 1841. In 1848, the Rock Run Mills Post-office was moved to a town called Jamestown, or Grab-all, very near the site of Rock City. Here it remained for eleven years, until the building of the Western Union Railroad through Rock City made Grab-all a lost town and the very site is now almost forgotten. On January 10, 1859, George Raymer executed a contract with T. S. Wil- coxin and William Peterson for the transfer of a certain section of land for vil- lage purposes. In the same year the village was surveyed and platted, and lots were sold at prices ranging from $10 to $50. Upon the completion of the railroad, the town began to build up somewhat, but the settlement never suffered the throes of a "boom." No considerable inducements were ever offered to settlers in Rock City, and settlers never came there in considerable numbers. Rock City boasts of two churches and a school, both churches being sup- plied by ministers from Davis. United Evangelical Church. This church somewhat dominates the religious element of the village. It was originally a church of the Evangelical Associa- tion, having been founded in 1868. The present edifice was completed and dedicated in 1869, under the pastorate of the Rev. H. Rohland at a cost of $2,200. The pulpit is now occupied by the Rev. J. Johnson, of Davis. The number of communicants approximates thirty-five, with a Sunday school of about the same proportions. Methodist Church. In the fall of 1878 a number of Methodist believers of Rock City connected themselves with the Davis circuit, holding services in the 390 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY schoolhouse and the Evangelical Church until the summer of 1879, when the present church building was completed and occupied. Its cost, including a bell, was $1,500. The congregation at Rock City has always been small; the pres- ent membership is about a dozen. No Sunday school is maintained. It is alto- gether probable that Methodist services will be discontinued at Rock City, the size of the Methodist community being too small to warrant their further con- tinuance. Rock City presents a commonplace appearance, quite like that of any other unprogressive country village of the present day and age. There are a few very handsome residences, one or two stores, a railroad station, together with the buildings connected therewith, and there the catalogue ends. There has never been any large influx of population, and probably never will be. The fact that the village is hemmed in between Davis and Dakota, and is, withal, only about eleven miles from Freeport by railroad, and seventeen by road precludes the possibility of growth. The population is not over one hundred. EPLEYANNA. Epleyanna is a small settlement on the road between Rock City and Davis. It scarcely deserves the title of village, f6r there is no general store, and there never has been a post-office. There is a mill which was built in 1837, and, with many improvements and changes, is still standing. It is a stone structure, three stories in height, and is turned by the current of Rock Run. Among the features of the settlement are the German Evangelical Church, Rev. Mr. Beerbohm, pastor, and the Epleyanna School. The settlement com- prises a few less than a dozen houses and a population of about thirty inhabi- tants. The settlement takes its name from Conrad Epley, who early in the history of the township purchased the Epleyanna Mills and the land surrounding the regions. His descendants have moved to other parts of the county since his death. IRISH GROVE. Irish Grove was one of the earliest settlements of the county. It was gath- ered about 1836 by a company of Irish immigrants, whose descendants still re- side in the vicinity. There were the Mullarkeys, the Foleys, the O'Briens, and many others. Here, at Irish Grove, one of the five Catholic churches of Ste- phenson County was established in 1838. Father Petiot, a Galena priest, as- sisted in the raising of the first structure, and he is said to have walked on foot from the western town to preach the Word of God to the early settlers. The old church did service until 1862, when the second structure was built. The old church had been a ramshackle affair with only two pews, and the 1862 edifice was not much better. Finally, in 1895, under the leadership of Father Sullivan, the Irish Grove people built the present handsome frame structure. Irish Grove has no store or post-office, and only about twenty settlers, but the vicinity is replete with Celts and adherents of Catholicity. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 391 SILVER CREEK TOWNSHIP. Silver Creek township is adjacent to the city of Freeport, and is consequently a section of considerable importance from every standpoint. It is bounded on the north by the Pecatonica River, on the east by Ridott township, on the west by Florence township, and on the south by Ogle county. The township is some- what larger than the surveyors' customary thirty-six square miles, owing to the extensive curves of the Pecatonica River. All told the township embraces twenty-two thousand and sixty-nine acres of land, or about thirty-seven and a half square miles. The township is well supplied with water. Yellow Creek courses across the northwestern corner of Silver Creek and flows into the Pecatonica two or three miles east of Freeport. Yellow Creek is joined on its way by three smaller creeks, all of which rise within Silver Creek township, and the Pecatonica is joined by one inconsiderable stream which rises in the southern part of Ridott township, flows into Silver Creek, and thence north through the eastern part of the township to the river. Three railroads cross Silver Creek township: the Illinois Central, with two branches, the main line crossing the extreme northern portion from west to east, and the south branch traversing the town from north to south, from Freeport to Baileyville; the Chicago and Great Western which crosses the central part of the township from east to west ; and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, which crosses the northwestern corner and then proceeds into Florence township. The roads are good and the school and church facilities of Silver Creek are particularly excellent. The proximity of the township to Freeport has made the growth of any large town an impossibility, and the section is devoid of settle- ments except for a tiny one at South Freeport, a station at Dunbar, and the out- lying sections of Baileyville, whose post-office is in Ogle county. The first permanent settlement in Silver Creek township was made in August, Z 835, by Thomas Craine, who took up a claim in the southwest corner of the township, built a log cabin, and made a home for his family, which consisted of a wife and three children. In the fall of the same year, Augustus Bonner settled on section 34, near the mouth of Yellow Creek. However the land did not be- long to him, and, during the winter of 1836, he relinquished the claim and the cabin which he built upon it to the rightful owner, Thomas Covel. He himself went on farther west. In the spring of 1836, a large number of new settlers arrived, Charles Walker, F. D. Bulkeley, a Mr. Hammand, and, in the fall of the same year, Sidney Steb- bins, Joel Baker, Loran Snow and a Mrs. Brown. Of these, Charles Walker was a notorious character, and his subsequent history was particularly interest- ing. It seems that he was employed by Thomas Craine, the pioneer settler, to tutor his children, at the salary of $75 a quarter. It was a mere pittance, of course, and evidently Walker did not think that it was enough to meet his needs, for he began to employ his spare moments in the profitable enterprise of horse stealing. Unfortunately, his career was short lived. He was soon caught, and sent to the penitentiary at Alton. 392 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The next year was a fallow period in Silver Creek's development. Settlers came in large numbers to other portions of Stephenson County, but very few to Silver Creek. In 1837 Seth Scott settled here, near Craine's Grove, Hiram Hill, at a point on Yellow Creek, Major John Howe, west of Craine's Grove, I. Forbes, in the extreme eastern portion, on the old Stage Road near the Ridott town line. Two deaths occurred in 1837, those of Thomas Milburn and a man named Reed, who were drowned while attempting to cross the Pecatonica River. These were the first recorded deaths in Silver Creek Township. Reed, accord- ing to tradition, had only arrived in the township a few months previous. John Milburn arrived in 1837, and in 1838 John Walsh, John and Thomas Warren, the latter of whom settled northeast of Craine's Grove, Isaac Scott, Samuel Liebshitz, Christian Strockey, Christian Strockey, Jr. Frederick Strockey, Chauncey Stebbins, and others, all of whom made their claims in the extreme eastern part of the township. And so it continued for about five years more. ' No one ventured into the western part of the township, whether from ignorance of the fertility of the land or from some other motive will probably never be known. In 1839 another delegation arrived. The '39-ers included Jacob Hoebel, A. Gund, Valentine Stoskopf, Ja- cob Shoup, Jacob Bartell, D. E. Pattee, "Jock" Pattee, and others, among them a man named Judkins. Shortly after the arrival of this delegation, Mrs. "Jock" Pattee committed suicide by hanging herself to a tree in the eastern part of the township on Gallows Hill. In the summer of 1838 the first birth in the township occurred. The dis- tinguished infant was Jacob Thompson, the son of William and Lucinda Thomp- son. Nearly three years later the first marriage in Silver Creek was solemnized, that of Frederick Baker and Miss A. Craine. Miss Craine was a daughter of Thomas Craine, and the wedding ceremony was performed at her father's resi- dence by Squire Thomas. The date is said to have been February n, 1841. From that time forward the township began to settle up. Two years later, in 1843, a large number of settlements were made in the western part of Silver Creek, that hitherto neglected portion of Stephenson County. Ever since, Sil- ver Creek has been one of the wealthiest and most populous townships of the county. Many of the early settlers were Germans, a thritfy and desirable class of citizens, who have ever since predominated in the annals of Silver Creek. SOUTH FREEPORT. South Freeport, formerly known as Dunbar, is the Freeport station of the Chicago & Great Western Railroad. It is located at the point where the rail- road approaches nearest to Freeport, and consists merely of railroad buildings the passenger and freight offices, with their atached buildings. A few houses have sprung up in the vicinity, formerly a tiny settlement, but there is no store or post-office, and the population of the whole village, if it can be called a village, does not exceed twenty or twenty-five inhabitants. When the Great Western originally surveyed its line through Stephenson County, much dissatisfaction was felt because the railroad did not intend to enter Freeport. The directors of the line received a great many petitions from Free- HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 393 port people, but nothing served to alter their course. When the line was fin- ished, however, they did condescend to build the old "Dunbar" station near the point where their tracks crossed the south branch of the Illinois Central. The name was subsequently changed to "South Freeport." The station is connected with Freeport by a stage line. Stages leave the Rest Room, at the corner of Van Buren and Exchange Streets, in time to connect with the various Great Western trains. A short time ago automobiles were substituted for the stages, but they are now doing service elsewhere, and the South Freeport traffic is again via stage line. DUNBAR. Dunbar is no longer a village. At one time there were prospects for the establishment and building of a prosperous country village, but the proximity of the place to Freeport, and the unsatisfactory nature of the site precluded any such possibility. There is now only a railway platform along the side of the tracks and a sign-board to denote the place where Dunbar might have been. A declining spur connects the Illinois Central tracks with those of the Great West- ern. A few hundred feet south of Dunbar is the Oakdale Campmeeting Ground of the Evangelical Association. BAILEYVILLE. Baileyville proper is not in Stephenson County, but is located for the greater part in Ogle County. A northern addition, however, known as Knapp's Addi- tion, extends into Silver Creek Township. It is said that plans were once made to remove the Baileyville post-office from Ogle to Stephenson County, and trans- fer the business section of the town thither. Extensive plans were immediately made for the establishment of a village, but for some reason none of them ever materialized. Obviously it was altogether impossible to try to found a village where there was no natural reason for its existence, and where no settlers wished to take up their abode. Thus the experiment was a gloomy failure, and Ste- phenson County suffered the loss of a possible additional village to its already large quota of settlements. The village of Baileyville today embraces about one hundred inhabitants, a dozen or more of whom live in Silver Creek Town- ship. LANCASTER TOWNSHIP. Next to Freeport, Lancaster is probably the most important township of the county from a political standpoint. It comprises a territory of about thirty-three square miles, or about 17,000 acres of improved land. The township is irreg- ular in shape, being bounded on the south by the Pecatonica River, whose ir- regular and meandering curves make .the surveying of the township and the cal- culation of its area a matter of approximation, and difficult in the extreme. The soil is rich and the township contains some of the best farming land in the county. The extreme southern portion is not so valuable, owing to the fact 394 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY that the river is apt to overflow its banks and render a great part of the adjoin- ing fields useless and swampy. The history of Lancaster Township begins in 1835, with the migration of Benjamin Goddard, his wife, John Goddard, and John Jewell, who came to this county in 1835, and settled in Central Precinct, afterward Lancaster Town- ship. It was in the winter of the year, in the month of December, when the immigrants arrived, and the prospect of the snow-covered fields and the deso- late woods must have been far from heartening. To Benjamin Goddard belongs the credit of making the first permanent settlement in the township, although ha was only one of a company which came in 1835. Most of his associates, how- ever, became identified with Freeport Township, which was afterward cut off from the southwestern corner of Lancaster and he alone remained in the out- lying country. For several years the settlers neglected Lancaster, or, if they settled there at all, did not remain permanently. For several months the newcomers had no neighbors at all except William Baker and Levi Robey, who had "squatted" in Buckeye and Harlem Townships. As far as neighbors in Lancaster were con- cerned, there were none. In 1836, Levi Lucas, Robert Jones, and John Hoag visited Lancaster, but apparently were not pleased with the prospects, for they stayed a brief time only, and then removed to Buckeye and Rock Run Town- ships. In the same year David Neidigh settled for a short time and then packed up his goods and moved into Buckeye. In 1837 a few permanent settlers arrived. George Hathaway and Robert Hathaway came in and entered their claims in Sections n and 32. In 1838 Elias Macomber settled in Lancaster, and in the same year a Mr. Sedam built his log hut in the far northern part of the town- ship on the town line of Buckeye and Lancaster. In 1839, L. O. Crocker, who has previously resided in Freeport, moved into Lancaster, and later Joseph F. McKibben and Dr. John Charlton settled in Section 16, Andrew Sproule in Sec- tion 12, very near to the present site of the village of Winneshiek, John Stotzer in Section 24, Samuel Smith, Jr., in Section 24, and later, in 1840, W. B. Mitchell and Jacob and Mycene Mitchell, who took up extensive claims in the northern part of the township. On March 31, 1836, occurred the first birth in the township, that of Lucy In the same year the first marriage occurred, Thatcher Blake being united with Goddard. In the winter of 1837 occurred the first death, that of Reagan Lewis. Jane Goodhue. From 1840 on, the history of Lancaster Township possesses no distinctive features. It was quite the same of Lancaster as of the rest of the county. Settlers began to pour in in large numbers and the land was all quickly taken up. With the completion of the railroad to Freeport, the rural portions of Lan- caster suffered a relapse, as many of the farmers went to settle in the city. Later on this loss was hardly noticed, so quickly were the vacant places filled, and today it is one of the most populous townships of the county. Lancaster Township has always been the scene of considerable political ac- tivity. It is strongly republican in politics, and many of the Lancastrian farmers HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 395 have filled offices in the county and state. Next to Freeport itself, Lancaster is always looked upon as the principal political hot-bed of the county. There are no important streams in Lancaster Township, if we except the Pecatonica River, which forms the southern boundary, and is hence not within the township. A small and unimportant stream known as Lancaster Creek rises in Dakota Township to the north, flows south through the eastern part of Lancaster Township and through the village of Winneshiek thence into Ridott Township, where it joins the Pecatonica River. Three railroads enter Lan- caster Township, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. R., which traverses the entire township diagonally from northeast to southwest, the Chicago & North- western R. R., which crosses the extreme southern part of the township from west to east, just north of the Pecatonica River, and the Rockford & Interurban Electric Railway, which runs parallel with the Chicago & Northwestern tracks. Owing to the proximity of Lancaster Township to the city of Freeport, there are several institutions properly to be connected with the life of the city, which deserve mention within a history of the township. There is, for instance, the Freeport Country Club. The Freeport Country Club was founded in the summer of 1909 by a com- pany of ladies and gentlemen of Freeport who were desirous of easily and com- fortably enjoying the pleasures to be derived from sojourning in the rural dis- tricts. These adherents of the simple life leased a large territory of land be- longing to the Maynard farm, and thereon erected a small and unpretentious but comfortable and well appointed country club house. The site is most beau- tiful, occupying a considerable extent of hilly lands completely covered with a dense growth of forest. The club house, a rustic one-story structure, is located at the edge of the woods, on the very crest of the hill, from which the distant spires of Freeport are visible five miles away. The institution is so new that very little has yet been done in the way of im- proving the land. The site offers great opportunities, however, to the landscape gardener. The woods are most beautiful, covering the sloping sides of two hills with a thick woody ravine between them, where the timber is so thick that the sunlight barely filters in between the boughs, and where it is cool and so dark that the matted leaves and grass scarcely dry from one shower to another. Part of the timber has been cleared away, and up on the hilltop a tennis court has been laid out. Swings, garden chairs, etc., have been placed about the clu5 house grounds, and golf links are projected for the coming year. Forest Park. Forest Park's career begins with the building of the Rock- ford-Freeport electric line. Previous to the building of that railroad there were no pleasant picnic grounds within easy reach of the city. The managers of the interurban conceived the scheme of establishing a pleasure park some- where along their line, and entered into negotiations for the securing of a suita- ble spot. They found a ready co-operator in the person of F. B. Stoessiger, who owns a farm on the River Road about three miles east of Freeport. The farm of Mr. Stoessiger is well known as one of the most picturesque spots in the county. It lies cramped between the river and the Ridott Road, and is covered in part by a thick grove of trees. The old farm house is an early stone structure, built over half a century ago. It is built close to the high- 396 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY way and clinging to the side of a steep hill. Down behind the farm house is the old spring house, a most interesting landmark and one of the few spring houses left in this part of the country. The water which gushes up from the sand bottom is clear and deliciously cool, and the spring house has become of late years a Mecca for picnickers. In the grove across the tracks from the spring house Forest Park was built. The buildings consist of a few small sheds and outbuildings for shelter in case of rain, a lemonade and pop corn stand, which is occupied only on picnic days, a speaker's stand, and a number of tables and benches for picnickers. The grove winds along the banks of the river, and affords a most delightful spot for picnics. It has become the custom of late ears for a number of Freeport fraternal organizations to hold their annual picnics at Forest Park, and many Sunday school and private picnics are held there as well. There are also a number of private parks and picnic grounds along the river near the electric line, but none are especially deserving of mention. WINNESHIEK. Winneshiek, a village of recent growth, is the only settlement of Lancaster Township. It is located in the extreme eastern part of the township, about three miles south of the village of Dakota, and eight miles from Freeport. Formerly Winneshiek supported a postoffice and many of the farmers of the surround- ing country came here for their mail. With the advent of the rural free de- livery system, Winneshiek post-office was discontinued, but the general store continues to do a prosperous business among the farmers of the vicinity. The town site is attractive, the group of houses being located at the foot of a rather steep hill, and surrounded by a small grove of trees. Lancaster Creek courses through the village on its way southward to the Pecatonica. Since the removal of the post-office, Winneshiek is deprived of all its former impor- tance as a business centre, but it still has a population of fifty or more, and a store which is doing a steady paying business. The village supports a church and school. There are also two other churches in the immediate neighborhood of Winneshiek, as well as three or four schools within a radius of three or four miles. The village is best reached from Free- port by train to Dakota, and thence by carriage, or by carriage direct from Free- port, driving through eight miles of the most attractive cultivated land of Ste- phenson County. HARLEM TOWNSHIP. Harlem is one of the central townships of the county and one of the most important in every respect. It was settled fourth in point of date in the county, and has always been an important factor in the social and political life of Ste- phenson County. As far as can be learned, the first settler who came into Harlem Township there to remain permanently was Miller Preston, who hailed from Gallipolis, Ohio. Mr. Miller first came to the county in 1833, en route from Dixon to HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 397 Gallipolis, by a roundabout route prospecting. The land in Harlem Township looked promising, and he determined to settle down there. But it took some time to arrange his business affairs, at home in Gallipolis in such shape that he could make the move. He was engaged in the tanning business in the Ohio town, and he found it necessary to complete tanning a quantity of hides! for which he had made a contract before going on his prospecting tour. So long did it take him to thoroughly straighten out affairs before leaving for the west, that it was 1835, fully two years later, before he set out for his future home. At a point on the Galena stage road he built his cabin and set up his claim. The township where his land lay was then a part of Lancaster Township, and had, only a short time before, been part of the old Central Precinct. Soon the east- ern section of the township was portioned off into Lancaster Township and the western half took its present name of Harlem. Harlem Township has always been noted for the particular attractiveness of its natural scenery. At the time when Miller Preston built his log cabin, for which he was obliged to hew the heavy logs from the adjacent forests, the coun- try is said to have been surpassingly beautiful. The region from the earliest times was noted for its picturesqueness, and it was this, perhaps, which drew to its confines a large band of Indians. As late as 1840 the Indians were in full sway in the region, and they held a large camp Winnebagoes and Pottawatto- mies at the confluence of Richland Creek and the Pecatonica River. In the fall, after Miller Preston's arrival, came William Baker, who settled in the southeastern corner of the township, and the party with Benjamin God- dard, all of whom settled in the part of the township which afterward became Lancaster. In 1836 Elias Macomber arrived, but he, too, settled in the Lancaster portion. A year later, in 1837, a large number of immigrants came to Harlem Township: John Edwards, Rezin, Levi, and Thompson Wilcoxin, Levi and John Lewis, and others. Levi Wilcoxin soon after built a mill on the banks of Richland Creek on the site of the present Scioto Mills. John Lewis put in the water wheel of the new mill, and among the other newcomers who assisted in the labor of building were: John Edwards, George Cockrell, William Goddard, Alpheus Goddard, Peter Smith, Wesley Bradford, Homer Graves, and John Anscomb. In the month of August of the same year the mill was finished and commenced to run. P. L. Wright was a newcomer of the year 1838. He settled on a claim pur- chased of William Robey, who had come a short time previous with E. H. D. Sanborn. Mr. Sanborn owned a farm a half mile in area which he subse- quently sold to George Furst for $2,800. In the same year came William Pres- ton, who located his claim on the banks of the Pecatonica, Mathew Bridenhall, and a number of others. Lewis Preston established his farm in Section 10, and had not been in Stephenson County very long when a little daughter was born to him, the first recorded birth in Harlem Township. In 1839 Robert Young arrived in Harlem, near the mouth of Cedar Creek in the northeast portion of the township. In the same year Benjamin Bennett came. In February, 1839, occurred the death of Mrs. William Preston, who was buried on the farm of her husband, William Preston, in Section 15. This was the first death in Harlem Township. 398 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY In 1839 Thomas Cockrell came to Stephenson County, and settled on the east side of the Pecatonica in Harlem Township, near the present site of Scioto Mills, which was for a time known as Cockrell Post-office, from the fact that Thomp- son Cockrell and his relatives held extensive farms in the immediate neighbor- hood. Thompson Cockrell, or "Tom" Cockrell, as he was familiarly known to the people of the vicinity, died only recently, at the ripe age of eighty-six. He was a familiar character in Freeport, and could be seen almost any pleasant day sitting about the court-house clad in his red flannel shirt, for which he was famous. "Tom" Cockrell was proprietor for many years of the Scioto Flouring Mills at Scioto Mills Post-office. From the settlement of "Tom" Cockrell in Harlem Township the immigrants began to be numerous, and the "modern history" of the township begins. After 1845 there is very little distinguishing about the history of Harlem Township. Soon the railroad came through, the old Chicago & Galena Union Railroad, af- terward sold to and made a part of the Illinois Central Railroad, and immediately land prices in Harlem Township took an upward jump. Nor have they ever gone down. Land in Harlem continues to be most valuable, and in respect of prices cannot be matched anywhere else in the county, although Lancaster, Rock Grove and Buckeye contain farm lands which are the equal of Harlem in every respect. Harlem Township is fairly covered with a network of streams, large and small. The Pecatonica River flows through the township diagonally from south- east to northwest. It is joined by a mutlitude of smaller streams, such as Rich- land Creek, which is probably the swiftest stream in the county, and has in the past afforded water power for turning numerous mills, Cedar Creek, which flows into Richland and thence to the Pecatonica, Preston's Creek, a small stream which makes its way into the river from the west, and a large number of smaller rills, which join the Pecatonica and its tributaries, mostly from the east- ern side. Only one railroad traverses Harlem Township, but that railroad possesses two branches. The main line of the Illinois Central runs through Harlem from east to west, and the northern branches, which run to Madison and Dodgeville, leave the main line at West Junction and thence run side by side for about four miles into Buckeye Township, where they divide at Red Oak and go their several ways. There is but one village of importance in Harlem Township, Scioto Mills. Damascus, a settlement on the road from Cedarville to Lena is partly in Har- lem, but the post-office, now discontinued, was in Waddams Township. Har- lem is one of the most populous of the townships, as it is one of the most im- portant. It contains an area of about thirty-four square miles, and a population of over two thousand inhabitants. SCIOTO MILLS. Scioto Mills, formerly known as Cockrell Post-office, an inconsiderable vil- lage of something less than an hundred inhabitants, is the only village which Harlem Township boasts. It is located on the banks of Richland Creek, on the Madison-Dodgeville branch of the Illinois Central Railroad. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 399 Richland Creek, with its swift current and many rapids, furnishes admirable water power, and a number of mills have always been located along its banks. Scioto has always been a favorite spot for mills, although the present mill has not been running for some time. Levi Wilcoxin built the first mill ever located at this particular spot on Richland Creek, and later Scioto Flouring Mills, with Thompson Cockrell as proprietor, were located on the site of the first mill. Mill- ing has long since been discontinued. The village itself contains two or three stores, the railway station, a black- smith shop, and a number of residences. There is only one street, but the town is very beautifully situated on a hill sloping down to the creek, in the midst of a grove of high trees. The main business of the Meyers Brothers Lumber Company is located at Scioto Mills, with sub-stations at Buena Vista, and else- where. The last census gave Scioto Mills a population of over one hundred inhabitants, but the number has dwindled somewhat since that time, and com- prises about ninety at the present time. ONECO TOWNSHIP. Oneco township, in the north central portion of Stephenson county, next to the Wisconsin state line, comprises an oblong section of land containing about twenty-seven square miles. The land is fertile and contains not only a large area of farm lands, but a very considerable acreage of timbered lands. Richland Creek, coursing through the central portion of the township from north to south, affords water power for a mill at Orangeville, and Honey Creek, which flows through the village of Oneco, in the north central part of the township, formerly turned the wheels of a mill at that settlement. Oneco township was settled very early at least two years before most of the townships of Stephenson county. The first settler, according to tradition, was one Simon Davis, who arrived in 1833, and settled in this portion of the section known as "Brewster Precinct." He took up Ms claim very near to the site of the future village of Oneco, and was soon followed by Andrew Clarno, who es- tablished himself on the banks of Honey Creek. John M. Curtis was another comer of the same year, and he, too, settled in the vicinity of Oneco. Both Davis and Clamo had passed through the region sometime before, and had gone on their respective routes north and west to the lead mines in Galena and Southern Wisconsin. Then, for some unknown reason, whether it was because they were unsuccessful in their ventures, or tired of the mining life and desired to follow the pursuit of agriculture, both of them returned and staked out their claims in Stephenson county. No settlers came after them for two years as far as can be ascertained at the present time. In 1835, the first representatives of the Van Matre family, who subsequently settled in the vicinity of Winslow, arrived in the persons of Lewis and Jefferson Van Matre. Lewis Van Matre had also passed through the county some time previous on his way to the lead mines, and he too had developed a distaste for mining, and returned to take up farming. His brother, Jefferson Van Matre, came from Ohio the same year. Three other brothers followed them within the next four years : Morgan Van Matre, in 1836, and William and Joseph Van Matre, in 1839. 400 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY In 1836, the population of Oneco township was considerably augumented. A large migration to different parts of the county occurred in that year, and Oneco did not fail to receive her full quota of new settlers. Nearly all of them settled round about Oneco village: Duke Chilton, Lorin Remay, Fred Remay, Ralph Hildebrand, M. Lott, Jonas Strohm, and a number of others whose names are now forgotten. The years 1837-1838 witnessed an even larger immigration. A great num- ber of new settlers, whose children are, in many cases, still identified with the ' township, arrived. There were James Young, Philip Wells, Warner Wells, all of whom established their farms at the head of the region known as Long Hol- low, James Howe, Henry Howe, George Howe, Henry Johnson, who settled in the northeast corner of the township, near the state line, Oliver Brewster, John R. Brewster, Ezra Gillett, who afterward erected the Buena Vista Whitehall Mills, Joab Mortion, who settled in the eastern part of the township, Isaac Klecker, whose claim was just east of the village of Oneco, James Turnbull, who later moved to Winslow Township, "Father" Ballinger, whose son Asa was famous as one of the earliest circuit preachers of the Illinois conference, and others. In 1838, a tragedy occurred, one of the few recorded in the annals of Oneco Township. Mr. Lott, who had come to the region with his family in 1836, com- mitted suicide. This was the first death known to have taken place in the town- ship, but he was not buried near the place where the deed was committed. As his final resting place is unknown and forgotten, there are some old settlers who discredit the story. As none of them were contemporaries of the traditional Mr. Lott, it is quite impossible to render any decision as to the merits of the tale. Certain it is that the oldest grave in the township is that of William Van Matre's daughter, in Mount Pleasant cemetery, which bears the date 1840. In 1839 the roll of newcomers included Lewis Gibler, who came from Ohio to .Oneco Township, and settled in section 18, the two Van Matre brothers before mentioned, Jacob Stroder, and others. William Van Matre settled in the west- ern portion of the township, near Winslow. Later he moved to Rock Grove, and from there to Mineral Point, Wisconsin. In 1840 a number of old settlers who have left numerous descendents came to Oneco, among them Michael Bolender, Isaac Miller, Lyman Hulburt, William Hulburt, Nelson Hulburt, John Clarno, Joseph Norns and Seth Shockley. The first marriage is said to have taken place in Oneco in this year. The contracting parties were Henry Rybolt and Lizzie McNear, and the ceremony was per- formed at the residence of Joseph Van Matre, by Squire Gibler. In the same year occurred the death of William Van Matre's daughter, who, as before men- tioned, was the first to die and he burned within the confines of Oneco Township. Of the births in the township, there is no record, nor is there any way of finding out who was the first white child to be born in this section. There were many drawbacks to the joys of living for the early settlers of Oneco Township. Indians were numerous, and snakes were even more so. We, of the present day and generation, who hardly ever think of either of these pests, can scarcely realize how great and manifest was the danger from both to the pioneer settlers in Stephenson county. The Indians did not make their pres- ence known by war whoops or demoniacal yells at this stage of history. They HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 401 were past that, but they made themselves quite as obnoxious to the settlers in a more subtle manner. For instance, they did not "appreciate the difference between thine and mine," and, what was worse, they did their stealing in the small hours of the night, when there was no opportunity of redress for the white man. But whenever a stray Indian was discovered in the act of helping himself to what was not his own, his punishment was swift and terrible. The occa- sional sights of their unfortunate comrades dangling from the burdened limbs of trees along the road served to dampen the ardor of the poor Winnebagoes and Pottawattomies, and the struggle with them was short lived. With the snakes it was a different matter. Even more subtle than the Indians, they were doubly venomous, and a dozen or more deaths are on record which were caused by the bite of the rattlesnake, or "racer," the massasauga, or the deadly moccasin. They lurked in the tall grass by the side of the roads and rivers, and in among the grain, and more than one unfortunate stepped upon their shining scales and straightway felt their sharp fangs buried in his flesh. A story is told of a lad who was fishing with his father, on the banks of one of the small creeks. The country was totally virgin thereabout, and the tall weeds and underbrush round about the river banks furnished most excellent hid- ing places for the rattlers. As the boy, who had been sitting on the bank with his pole, got up to go to his father, who sat a short distance away he suddenly, as he supposed, stubbed his toe on a stone and uttered a sharp cry of pain. His father hurried to his assistance and immediately discovered that he had been bitten by a "racer." The poor man, frantic and cold with fear, had not the slightest idea what remedies to apply, and carried the boy home for the appli- cation of restoratives. But he was too late. The poison had all the while been coursing through his system and he died at sunset. In spite of the dangers from Indians, snakes, and horse thieves, Oneco Town- ship enjoyed a rapid growth and prosperity after the year 1840. After the filling up of the land, Oneco village was settled, and later Orangeville, first known as Bowersville. In 1888 the railroad came through, and since that time the township has been quite accessible to Freeport and the outside world. Orangeville, the third settlement in size in Stephenson County, is located in the southern part of Oneco Township, on the banks of Richland Creek, whose current turns its one and only mill. It is situated on the Madison branch of the Illinois Central Railroad, about fifteen miles north of Freeport by rail- road and fourteen by road. The first settler on the site of Orangeville was John M. Curtis, who took up a claim on the spot where Orangeville now stands, and there located his farm. In 1845 Jhn Bowers, to whom is due the credit of founding the village of Orangeville, came to Stephenson County. He first settled at Walnut Grove, in Rock Grove Township, where he remained for about a year. Then, seeking a more desirable place of habitation, he came a few miles west, and possessed himself of three hundred and twenty acres of land in Oneco Township, on the banks of Richland Creek. On this three hundred and twenty acres of ground a log cabin, and saw and grist mills had already been built and Mr. Bowers began to operate the mills soon after his arrival. A year's residence on his new farm firmly convinced Mr. Bowers that the site was suitable for the found- 402 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY ing of a village. Although it was as late as 1845, the land about Orangeville had not been improved in the least, and the section was almost as wild as the region about Oneco had been, before its fastnesses resounded to the blows of the pioneer's axe. But, with the help of Marcus Montelius, who surveyed and platted fifteen acres of the village site, Mr. Bowers pushed boldly forth upon his venture. In 1849 tne fi rst brick house, a structure on High street, long occupied by the post-office, was built. In the same year Charles Moore built a residence, George Hoffman a store, John Bowers a blacksmith shop, which was afterward occupied by Benjamin Hallman, and a number of farmers their residences. The old mills which had been built by John M. Curtis were still standing, but John Bowers began to improve the mill buildings in that year. The work of improvement and reconstruction was most arduous, and the greater part of the mianual labor was done by Mr. Bowers himself. It was impossible to get suit- able shingles and lumber in the regions about Orangeville, and Mr. Bowers, acting as driver, hauled the material from Chicago in his own wagon. By the next year, 1850, the mill was completed at a total cost of $8,000. The appearance of Orangeville, or Bowersville, as it was then known, was very promising, and speculators and purchasers thronged to the place where they bought up large quantities of land. The first lot in the village is said to have been sold to Daniel Duck, who paid ten dollars for it. Another early settler was William Herbert. The village offered numerous advantages to settlers. It was about the right distance from Freeport, the lots were exceed- ingly cheap, the water facilities were good, and the village seemed to be on the point of a flourishing growth. A large number of settlers came within the first ten or fifteen years, and business has never since been at a complete standstill. The war in 1861, instead of disastrously affecting the growth of the little community, only served to increase the business done by the merchants. It was truly surprising how little effect the great national conflict seemed to have on Orangeville business, when the other villages of the county, such as Davis and Dakota, were nearly prostrated, and never fully recovered from the effects. During the progress of the war, no surprising developments took place, and business suffered somewhat of a setback: Scarcely had the peace of Appomattox Courthouse been concluded, when the development of Orangeville began again with renewed vigor. In 1867, the settlement was incorporated as a village. That year the first village elections were held with the following results: President of board, Charles Moore ; associates, William Wagenhals, George Erb, W. A. St. John, Jacob Kurtz; village clerk, W. A. St. John; village treas- urer, W. Wagenhals. In the year 1888 the Madison branch of the Illinois Central Railroad built its tracks through Orangeville and the village at once became a place of great importance. Numerous brick stores and office buildings were built on the main street, known as High street, and the community became a prosperous, thrifty little town. And so it remains. There will never be any great additional de- velopment in Orangeville, for the time for that is past. If Orangeville was ever to be a city, it must have become one long ago, and it never reached that status. However, its existence as a thriving village is quite assured. Orange- HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 403 ville has always contained a decided preponderance of the German element among its citizens, and the thrift and financial prowess of a German community is well known throughout the United States. Orangeville contains two banks, four churches, a large number of lodges and fraternal organizations, one newspaper, and a number of commercial enter- prises, including the Orangeville mills. The People's State Bank. This is the oldest bank in the village. It is housed in the finest and newest building on High street, a brick structure, two stories in height, with provisions for office suits on the second story, and the offices of the bank on the first floor. The institution is capitalized at $25,000, and the following are officers: President, D. A. Schoch; vice president, C. A. Bolender; cashier, George S. Wagner; directors, D. A. Schoch, C. A. Bolender, George S. Wagner. Orangeville State Bank. The offices of the new state bank are located on High street at the lower end of the thoroughfare near the railway station. The building in which the bank is housed is a new one and the offices are most ele- gantly appointed in every respect. The Orangeville State Bank was founded February i, 1909, by a stock com- pany of farmers living in Orangeville and the surrounding country. It is cap- italized at $25,000, and has deposits amounting to over $60,000. The officers are : President, B. D. Yarger ; vice president, Christ Wohlf ord ; cashier, E. M. Reeser; directors, B. D. Yarger, Christ Wohlf ord, C. L. Seidel, Ivan E. Rote, A. H. Hale, Samuel Boals, William F. Neuschwander, M. G. Wirsing, and W. M. Hartman. Churches. There are five churches in Orangeville, two of which, namely the Lutheran and Reformed churches, occupy the same church edifice. Reformed Church. The Reformed church of Orangeville is very old in point of time, having been organized May 3, 1851, by Henry Halliston, with twenty- four members, of whom Henry Ault was elder, and John Bowers and Michael Bolender deacons. For a short time meetings were held about in the private residence of the members. Then, at a meeting held the same year, it was decided to join forces with the Lutherans in the erection of a church edifice. Daniel Rean, John Bowers, and John Wohlford were appointed to serve on the build- ing committee. Plans were immediately formulated for the church building, and in September, 1852, the cornerstone was laid by the Revs. G. J. Donmeyer, Daniel Kroh, and George Weber. On September 23, 1855, as much as three years later, the church was finished and dedicated. The church cost $1,900, is a brick structure, with a wooden spire, and has a seating capacity of two hun- dred. A year ago it was redecorated at a considerable cost and now presents a highly creditable appearance. A number of ministers were present at the dedi- cation services, including the Revs. G. J. Donmeyer, Daniel Kroh, F. C. Bow- man, Arastus Kent, J. P. Decker, and the Rev. John Hoyman, the first pastor of the church. The present membership is eighty-five, with a Sunday school of seventy-five. The value of the church building is about $2,000, and that of the parsonage, which was bought some time ago, $1,800. The Rev. W. D. Marburger is in charge, hav- ing come to Orangeville from Dakota about a year ago. 404 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The Orangeville church numbers among its communicants Mrs. A. J. Beam, a member of the Ebel family, who has been the first missionary from these dis- tricts to China. She departed for the east about seven years ago, and has only recently returned to Orangeville. Lutheran Church. The Lutheran congregation was organized in 1847 under the auspices of the Rev. G. J. Donmeyer, with a very small membership. Services were at first held in a log schoolhouse in the Ault farm in Buckeye Township. Rev. G. J. Donmeyer took charge for a number of years, working in company with the Rev. Ephraim Miller, of Cedarville. The services were occasionally held in the schoolhouse, sometimes in the mill, but more often in private resi- dences. In 1851 the Lutheran congregation combined with the Reformed church in an effort to build a church, a brick structure, costing $1,900, the same which is mentioned above in connection with the Reformed church. Since the pastor- ship of Rev. G. J. Donmeyer, a large number of ministers have occupied the pulpit of the church, which has since come to be known as "Salem Congrega- tion of the United Evangelical Lutheran Church." The present incumbent is the Rev. M. Colber, who has been here four years. He came to Stephenson County from Middletown, Indiana, in November, 1906, and is a Pennsylvanian by birth. The Orangeville church is on a circuit with the Bellevue church near Buckeye Center. The membership is sixty, with a Sunday school of seventy-five, while the Bellevue church has a membership of forty-five, and a Sunday school of seventy. The Lutheran congregation of Orangeville possesses a parsonage which was built fifteen years ago, and is valued at $2,000. United Brethren Association. The United Brethren church is the oldest in Oneco. It was established as early as 1844. At first services were held in schoolhouses, private residences, etc. In 1856 the present Orangeville circuit was organized, and in 1857 the Orangeville church was built. It is a brick structure which cost $2,000. Other churches have since been built in the cir- cuit which is very large, and includes McConnell, Winslow, Oneco, St. James and Orangeville. Rev. W. G. Metzker is the minister in charge. He has been in Orangeville about a year, having come from Good Hope, Illinois (MacDonough County) in October, 1909. The Orangeville congregation numbers fifty-five members, with a Sunday school approximating fifty. The church is valued at $2,590 and the parsonage, which is a handsome residence, is valued at $3,000. Methodist Church. Three churches are included in the Orangeville charge of the M. E. church, vix., the Orangeville church, the Red Oak church, and the Pleasant Hill church. The Methodists have held services in Oneco Township for over half a century, but it was not until October 15, 1875, that the sect first saw fit to organize into a congregation and hold worship at stated times. On that mem- orable date, Benjamin and Mrs. Bowers, Mrs. Susan Bennett, Mrs. Sarah Heckman, Mrs. B. J. Parriott, Mrs. J. H. Cook, Mr. and Mrs. William Fred- erick, and Mr. and Mrs. William Holloway decided to form the congregation and thus became the charter members of the church. Rev. F. B. Hardin be- HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY 405 came the first pastor, and services were held in the Reformed church. After a while the Masonic hall was secured as a place of worship and services were held there for a long time. The church building now in use was built about twenty-five years ago. It is valued at $2,000, and the parsonage, a rather old structure, at $1,200. The church contemplates building a new church edifice, and it is probable that this step will be taken some time soon. Recently the church was refitted inside and out at a cost of $700, but there is great need for an entirely new building. The Rev. W. M. Kaufmann is in charge of the Orangeville church. He came to Orangeville a year ago in November, 1909, and preaches also in the Red Oak and Pleasant Hill churches. The membership at Orangeville is sixty, with a Sunday school of about equal proportions, while that at Pleasant Hill is forty, with a Sunday school of sixty. United Evangelical Church. Hope church, of the United Evangelical So- ciety, is a part of the charge which includes Orangeville, Stavers, and Fair- field. It was formerly a church of the Evangelical Association, and was built about thirty years ago, to be purchased from that society when the break in the Illinois Conference occurred. Services of the Evangelical faith were long held in Orangeville, but not until 1870 was Orangeville circuit made a separate charge. In 1880 the pres- ent church edifice was built and dedicated on January 18, of that year. It is a very commodious and well appointed frame church, thirty-six by fifty- two, with a steeple eighty-seven feet high, and an auditorium which will hold two hundred persons. The interior decorations and particularly have been frequently renewed and improved. Among the appurtenances is an organ, one of the finest in the rural sections of the county. The church originally cost the congregation $2,500 and was repurchased from the Evangelical Association in 1894 for $2,000. The parsonage was put up a number of years ago and is valued at $3,000. Two years ago a fine new barn was added to the parsonage, and the house itself was remodelled and redecorated. Rev. A. W. Smith occupies the pulpit of the three churches at the present time. He came from Manhattan, Illinois, April, 1909, and has been in Orange- ville nearly two years. The Orangeville congregation numbers seventy-five, while the Stavers' membership is about one hundred and fifty and the Fairfield again about seventy-five. The Sunday schools of the three churches are large in proportion to the membership. Lodges. There are a number of lodges in Orangeville, few of which de- serve special mention. The most important are the Masons, the Odd Fellows, the Mystic Workers, the American Stars of Equity, the Yeomen of America, and the two Ladies' Auxiliaries of the Mason and Odd Fellow organizations; viz., the Easter Star and Rebekah. Orangeville Lodge, No. 687, A. F. & A. M. The Orangeville lodge of the Masons was chartered October i, 1872, although the lodge had been working under a dispensation for a long time previous to that date. The pioneer Masons whose names appeared on the charter of the Orangeville lodge were: B. H. Bradshaw, David Jones, James Musser, Benjamin Musser, Charles Musser, I. 406 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY G. Ermhold, J. K. Bloom, H. W. Bolender, P. Sheckler, William Potts, and D. A. Schoch. The original; officers at the time of the securing of the charter were. B. H. Bradshaw, W. M., David Jones, S. W., and James Musser, J. W. In 1876 the Masonic lodge erected a handsome hall on High street for the lodge home. It is a two-story structure, with a basement also in use. The latter contains a banquet room, with kitchen and stoves. The first floor is a hall for entertainments, lectures, and social gatherings. The second story contains the lodge room of the various societies which meet in the hall. Nearly all of the Orangeville secret organizations use this hall, and it is in great demand by church societies, etc., on festive occasions. The present condition of the lodge is most satisfactory. The membership is large, with every prospect for increase. The officers in charge are : W. M., M. W. Gouse, secretary, J. I. Cadwell. J. R. Scroggs Lodge No. 133, I. 0. O. F. The Odd Fellows lodge is the the oldest organization of the kind in Orangeville. It was organized October 13, 1868, a charter issued to A. A. Krape, Thomas Spriggs, Henry Dinges, J. K. Bloom, J. J. Moore, and William Sandoe. The officers were : Noble Grand, A. A. Krape; vice grand, J. K. Bloom, and secretary, William Sandoe. The lodge has always been most prosperous. Meetings are held weekly in the Masonic hall, on High street, where the lodge has always met. The society has a present membership of eighty persons, with the following officers now in charge : Noble Grand, J. C. Schadle ; secretary, Cyrus Snyder. American Stars of Equity. The Stars of Equity were organized in Orange- ville five or six years ago. The membership is large, and the officers are : George S. Wagner, president; H. U. Hartzell, secretary. The Yeomen of America. The Yeomen were organized at the same time. The officers are : James Chilton, president ; George S. Wagner, secretary. Meet- ings are held in the Masonic hall. Eastern Star. The Eastern Star was founded six years ago. The officers are: W. M., Mrs. W. G. Snyder; secretary, Miss Carrie Cadwell. Rebekahs. The Rebekahs also have had a lodge in Orangeville for about ten years. The membership is somewhat fluctuating, with a present roll of about fifty. Mrs. Harry Snyder is noble grand. Schools. Orangeville has always had very excellent schools, but it has re- cently placed itself in the front rank of the villages of the county outside of Freeport by the founding of its new high school. The first village school- house was built before 1850, and stood on the site now occupied by the Lutheran and Reformed church. In 1860, the school was first graded. In 1874 the new building was completed at a cost of $6,000. It has since continued to be in commission, but the prospects just at present are extremely bright for the build- ing of a new school. The quarters are very cramped for the high school, and more room is imperatively required. The Orangeville High school was founded in 1909, by the Rev. W. D. Mar- burger, of the Reformed church. It offered a one year's course last year, will offer a two years' course next year, etc., until the full four years' course is filled out. The enrollment of the Orangeville school for the past year, including grades and high school, was one hundred and fifteen. Rev. W. D. Marburger HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 407 is principal, and he, together with Miss Rutter, of Freeport conduct the high school department. Orangeville Mills. The first mills ever built in Orangeville were put up by John M. Curtis the pioneer settler at Orangeville. He built a very primitive dam on Richland Creek in the year 1838, and erected a mill which remained in commission until his death between 1840 and 1850. At that time John Bowers purchased the property and conducted the mills for a while. In 1850, when Orangeville had been platted and had begun to be a village of some consequence, Mr. Bowers tore down the Curtis Mills, and built a new building, at a cost of $8,000. The present building is a frame structure, 40x60, three and a half stories high, with a capacity of two hundred bushels of wheat daily. In 1857 operation at the Mills was suspended for two years. In 1859 tnev came into the hands of Hefty, Legner, & Company, who ran them for seven years. In 1865, they were sold to E. T. Moore & Company. The Moore family transacted the business of the mill for many years, and finally shut down some time in the eighties. For intervals thereafter the mill was idle, and continues to be so for short periods. It is at present conducted by C. W. Bennett. The grist-mill alone is utilized, and corn, barley, and rye flour are ground. Recently a new mill has been erected in the east end of town by E. Timm. It is run by steam power, and is used as a grist-mill, saw-mill, and planing-mill. Orangeville Creamery. The Creamery is very old, but has of late diminished in importance, owing to the monopoly of the creamery business by the trusts. The building, which was, in its day, one of the largest and most complete estab- lishments in the west, was put up in January 13, 1879 by D. A. Schoch and H. W. Bolender. The capacity of the plant was about one thousand four hundred pounds of butter daily, thus using six thousand pounds of cream every twenty- four hours. The original proprietors have long since given up the business and it is carried on by a Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association. Improvements and changes have been made in the buildings, increasing the daily output of the factory. OrangeiMe Band. The Orangeville Band, a very creditable institution for a village of the size of Orangeville, was organized in March, 1909, by Stuart Bolender. It is a brass band, of eighteen instruments. The band has played about at various county fairs in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin, an3 in Freeport. They expect to play this fall at the County Fair of Green County, at Monroe. Orangeinlle Orchestra. Stuart Bolender is also responsible for the organiza- tion and existence of the Orangeville Orchestra, which consists of five musicians, all of them relatives of the founder, and bearing his name. It discourses sweet strains at dances in Orangeville, and upon all occasions where the services of such a musical organization are desirable. The Orangeville Courier. The Orangeville Courier was established in 1882 by William H. McCall, who later removed to Freeport, where he is now con- nected with the Journal Printing Company. Mr. McCall conducted the busi- ness for a number of years, and succeeded in working up a large and growing subscription. But he felt that the business of running a country newspaper was 408 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY not altogether a path of roses, and left the village to accept a more lucrative posi- tion in the city. On leaving Orangeville, he disposed of his business to L. I. Hutchins, a brother of Dr. I. N. Hutchins, who is at present practising medicine in Orange- ville. Mr. Hutchins ran the "Courier" for two years and. then sold it to Joseph Upp. Mr. Hutchins is now engaged in the printing business in Monmouth, Illinois. Joseph Upp remained proprietor for only six months and then disposed of the business to H. U. Hartzell, who was employed at the office at that time. This was in 1890, and on August 16 of that year, the transfer of the business was made, Mr. Hartzell becoming sole owner. He has conducted the business ever since with unbroken success. While the career of a country newspaper in a village of the size of Orange- ville is apt to be beset with all sorts of trials and tribulations, the lot of the Orangeville Courier has been more successful than the majority. While Editor Hartzell has not made a mint of money, he has conducted a paying business as is very evident from the fact that he has remained in it for these twenty years. The Courier has a large subscription, something less than a thousand, among the farmers of the country surrounding Orangeville in northern Illinois and south- ern Wisconsin. The paper is a six column quarto published every Saturday. 5. D. Confer Medical Company. The Confer Medical Company was or- ganized in 1893 by S. D. Confer. It is doing a good business, and handles liniments, cough syrups, patent medicines, tablets, extracts, spices, toilet articles, stock remedies, etc. The officers are: President, W. S. Confer; secretary, W. D. Confer. The business section of Orangeville presents a trim and lively appearance these days. A number of new buildings have lately gone up, and the street is now lined with a row of substantial and well appointed brick edifices. There are a large number of stores doing all sorts of businesses, and catering to various trades. The condition of the village is most gratifying. It is about third in size in the county, and has a steady population of about one thousand inhabitants. ONECO. The oldest village in Oneco Township, and one of the oldest in the county, is Oneco, settled as early as 1840. It is situated in the north central portion of the township, northwest of the village of Orangeville, and consists of a church, a school, and a store, surrounded by a handful of houses. Oneco was located on the old stage road to Galena and the lead mines of southern Wisconsin, and when it was laid out and platted, there were lively hopes on the part of its promulgators that it might become the most important city of the county. Henry Corwith, acting on behalf of J. K. Brewster, took a claim of a quarter section of land, surveyed it and platted it for a town. Later all but fifteen acres of the town site was bought and occupied as a farm. These fifteen acres were twice added to by Alonzo Denio, and the original fifteen acre plat with the two additions of Denio constitute the present village of Oneco4 HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY 409 In 1843, the first school house was built near Oneco village. In 1851 the first schoolhouse within the village was built a brick structure on Denio's addi- tion, just east of the postoffice. In 1876 the structure which is still in use was built on the Orangeville Road at a cost of $2,000. U. B. Church. The church of the United Brethren Association, which is the only church building within the village of Oneco, was established ten years ago. The structure itself was erected in the summer of 1880 by the Methodist con- gregation of Oneco. It was occupied by them for twenty years, until the small size of the congregation and the shortness of the distance to Orangeville, which was only two miles away, made them decide to join forces with the larger church. At the time above mentioned the transfer of property was made and the United Brethren Association took possession of the church. The Oneco church is on a circuit with Orangeville, McConnell, St. James, and Winslow, pastoral duties being performed by the Rev. W. G. Metsker, of Orangeville. The church property is valued at $1,200, and the membership numbers forty-three communi- cants, with a Sunday school of fifty. The men who planned the village of Oneco entertained a vain hope that the settlement might some time attain prominence. Four things have thwarted the growth of the village. The first was the lack of the water power which the settlers had hoped to obtain. Honey Creek flows close to the village, and while, at stated seasons of the year, it is swollen with floods, and afford some water power, nevertheless it is of no value for the greater part of the year. Thus the mill venture was a failure. The second relapse which Oneco suffered was in the platting of Orangeville which was established on a more favorable site. Two villages of equal prominence could hardly exist in those days within two miles of each other, and when one of them offered greater inducements for habitation than the other the battle was sure to be to the strong. When the railroad came through in 1888, and decided to locate its station at Orangeville and pass by Oneco, the third misfortune befell the ill-fated village. A.11 the traffic was turned aside to Orangeville, and Oneco was no longer a commercial center. But with the coming of the Rural Free Delivery, the fourth and final blow was administered and the village passed out of existence. Oneco lost its postoffice, like so many other small villages, and the population, which had once been in the neighborhood of one hundred, dwindled to less than half that number. The more aspiring inhabitants of the village transferred their place of habitation to Orangeville, Rock Grove, or elsewhere, and Oneco became a tradition. The site of the village is pleasant, though not surpassingly, beautiful. The town presents an appearance of thrift, if not liveliness, and, in spite of the lack of commercial advantages, the village of Oneco still remains a very pleasant place for residence. JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. Jefferson Township occupies the southwestern corner of Stephenson County, and comprises an area of eighteen square miles. Although one of the three 410 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY smallest townships in the county, it contains some very desirable land, and is most attractive as a place of residence. The ground is rolling, and the hills rise to considerable height. Jefferson's only village, Loran, is picturesquely situated, lying among and between the green hills, near the source of the Plum River. Jefferson Township was originally included in Loran Township. As late as September, 1859, this condition of affairs prevailed, and then, obeying the numerous petitions of the citizens of the western section of Loran, that portion was subdivided off, and Jefferson became a separate and independent township. The settlers did not come into either Loran or Jefferson very early, and the land was strangely neglected. The first settler who came into the part of the township which afterward became Jefferson was Hector C. Haight, who made his appearance with his wife and family in 1837. He entered his claim and established his farm about four miles from the present village of Loran, on the Freeport road. Very soon after Haight's settlement, M. Pennington came in and opened a claim in the eastern part of the township. The immigration to the southwestern corner of the county was for some unknown reasons not very large, but the section which afterward became Jefferson received the biggest quota of settlers. George Lashell settled where the village of Loran is today. Thompson Smith, Henry Aurand, and Jacob Gable, who later went to Kent, all settled in Jefferson, also Charles Fleckinger, who built his cabin and planted his corn patch on a hill near Loran. After the coming of the railroad to Freeport, the section quickly filled up with settlers. The names of the early settlers are for the most part lost, but it is certain that they came in large numbers. Ministers of the gospel, and teachers began to be in large demand ; and a number of them are listed among the early settlers of Jefferson Township. Two teachers who are known to have migrated to this section of the country were a Mr. Bonnemann and George Truckenmiller. The first schoolhouse in the township was a log cabin, built near the village of Loran, and the children for miles around attended it, as the only institution which their portion of the country possessed. Two ministers who are on record as pioneer preachers of the gospel were Revs. Kiefer and Chester, who came soon after the advent of the school and teachers and preached to the people (so says tradition) in th barn of one Samuel Hays. In 1844 occurred the first death of the township. Louis Kleckner, a laborer in the employ of Samuel Hays, was taken ill with a sort of malarial fever, which seems to have been prevalent in the early days of the county. He re- ceived the best of care and attention, but notwithstanding, he died, and was buried in the cemetery in the wilderness west of Loran. The records seem to in- dicate that the death of Kleckner was greatly mourned in the county side round about and was considered a deplorable tragedy. We have stated that Kleckner's death was the first to occur in Jefferson Township. His burial was however preceded by that of a man named Tiffany, living in Jo Daviess County, who died at his home across the county line and was buried in the Loran cemetery. His headstone bears a date earlier than that of Kleckner's. The first marriage took place in the fall of 1845, tne contracting parties being Henry Doherty and Catherine Fleckinger. The ceremony was performed HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 411 by the Rev. Mr. Kiefer at the home of the bride's father. Tradition says that the celebration of the event was meagre, for the times of prosperity had not yet come in the vicinity of Jefferson, and the settlers lived in the meagrest and closest manner possible. But after 1845 the township began to fill up. It con- tinued to be part of Loran until 1859, when, as before stated, the division was made, and Jefferson went on its way rejoicing. The township does not contain any railroad, but the line of the Chicago and Great Western passes less than a quarter of a mile from the northwestern corner of the township. The land is well supplied with streams, and contains the source of the Plum River, which flows down into Carroll County. Though small in size, Jefferson Township, has always played an important part into county politics. It is always largely democratic, which distinguishing feature has perhaps served to differentiate it from the other townships of the county. LORAN. Loran is one of the most picturesque villages of the county, being situated between and among the hills. It is a very old settlement, and, in spite of the lack of railroad facilities, has continued to hold its own with the towns of the county which are more favorably situated. In 1854, George Lashell, who owned a farm near the Jo Daviess County line, conceived the idea of laying out a town and selling lots at a very rea- sonable price. The county surveyor was called into service, and laid out the plat of the present town, which has never been increased or added to because of a too rapid influx of population. The village occupies only one street, and orig- inally contained five blocks of twelve lots each. The sale of lots was so slow that part of the original town plat was then vacated for village purposes, and only as much reserved, as equalled the limited demand made. The town contains a store, blacksmith shop, two churches, a schoolhouse, and a number of private residences. The First M. E. Church was built in 1875, and is valued at about $1,500. It is a frame edifice 30x40, with a seating capacity of one hundred and fifty worshipers. The congregation numbers about seventy-five members, who live in Loran and the surrounding country. There is no resident minister. Evangelical Church. The Evangelical church is also a frame structure, 30x44 in dimensions, and was built about forty years ago. The membership of the church is about fifty, and the pastoral duties are performed by the pastor of the church at Shannon, Carroll County. The schoolhouse is a stone building located on High street, the main and only street of Loran. It has always been considered an unusual good district school, and serves the country round about Loran for some miles. Loran has not grown appreciably within the last fifty years, and hardly any development is to be expected of the village, as it is inaccessible, without trans- portation facilities, and offers no inducements in the way of business oppor- tunities to the prospective settler. Its pleasant location distinguishes it from most of the villages of the county, but in all other respects the place is the or- dinary country village. The population is supposed to be about one hundred or thereabouts. 412 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY FLORENCE TOWNSHIP. Florence Township forms one of the southern tier of the county. It has an area of exactly six square miles, and is bounded on the north by Harlem and Freeport, on the east by Silver Creek, on the west by Loran, and on the south by Ogle and Carroll Counties. The township is well wooded, but there is also a large acreage of fertile and valuable farm lands. The water supply is good, and the streams are numerous. Yellow Creek flows through the north central portion of the township from west to east, and is joined by one or two smaller creeks of greater or less importance, which flow down from the south. The rills and brooklets cover the township with a network of small water- courses, and at certain seasons of the year become flooded with the heavy rains. Two railroads enter Florence Township. The Chicago, Milwaukee, & St. Paul cuts across the southeastern corner of the township, and has a station at the village of Florence Station. The Chicago & Great Western cuts across the cen- tral part of the township in a straight line from east to west, with its only station at Bolton. The lands about Yellow Creek are heavily timbered. Especially on the north side of the creek are there woods of considerable extent. Near the vil- lage of Bolton, formerly Van Brocklin, the County Woods, a stretch of al- most virgin wilderness, are situated. Farther toward Freeport are Beebe's Woods, and, adjoining them, the forests and hollows of Krape Park, formerly Globe Park, where the Freeport Chautauqua is held each year. Oakland Cem- etery, Freeport's new cemetery, a beautiful stretch of wooded land, is located in Florence Township, on the Pearl City road, about three miles west of Free- port. The first claim taken up in Florence Township was entered upon by Con- rad Van Brocklin, who settled on Section 17, near the site of the future village of Van Brocklin. He had come to this county from western New York in the fall of 1835, a d after a long, hard winter's journey he arrived at his new home in March, 1836. His first log cabin was built but a short distance from the farm house which he afterward built and which his descendants have con- tinued to occupy for many years. For most of the first year he had no neigh- bors nearer than Thomas Craine, at Craine's Grove, and at Freeport. In Au- gust of the same year, Mason Dimmick, of Ohio, emigrated to Stephen son County, and took up his claim northeast of the cabin of Mr. Van Brocklin. Otis Love and his family soon followed, and these three conclude the list of settlers of 1836. In 1837, Lorenzo Lee arrived, as did James Hart, who settled a mile and a half north of Van Brocklin's. A few more came in this year, whose names are now lost, but the influx of settlers was not very great as yet. In 1838 the emigrants began to arrive in large numbers. A few of them settled at Liberty Mills on Yellow Creek. They were followed by one Mr. Wickham, William Smith, known to the farmers roundabout as "Saw-Log" Smith, a Mr. Strong, who came in 1839, Sheldon Scoville, Russell Scoville, and C. K. Ellis, who came the same year, and others. In 1839 Anson Babcock HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 413 came to Florence Township, but the prospects were not encouraging enough, and he returned to New York state with his family. Strangely enough, many of the early comers to Florence did not remain and improve their claims. The Van Brocklins were permanent fixtures, as the lapse of time has proved, but the others came more or less as a matter of experiment, and many of them departed sooner or later for other parts. Mr. Strong, who had come in 1839, stayed several years, but at the end of a period of reasonable prosperity he departed for Lebanon, Ohio, where he became a member of the sect of Shakers. Several of the other early settlers are said to have become Mormons, and a few of them moved to Freeport. After 1840, the number of settlers suddenly increased surprisingly, and the claims began to be improved. Eli Ellis, P. T. Ellis, Mr. Sheets, William Boyer, John Turreaure, and a few others came in 1840. Improvements began to be made everywhere, and the condition of the township was greatly bettered. Mills were built along Yellow Creek, some of which are still standing, such as Liberty mills and Hess' mills. All of them have long been silent. 1 The growth of Freeport offered an impetus to settlements in Florence Township. Formerly farmers had sought the more distant parts of the county, such as Rock Grove Township, and Winslow and West Point, owing to the fact that agricultural prospects in those portions of the country were brighter. Now they began to discover that Florence Township contained a goodly extent of tillable land, and the nearness of a base of supplies at the county seat quickly boosted the price of land. Also the proximity of Kirkpatrick's mills at Mill Grove, in Loran Township, and the comparative insignificance of the distance to the old Van Valzah mills at Cedarville. By 1850 the claims were taken up, and the township was about filled up. In that year, and within the next four years, the country in the northern part of the township, along the banks of Yellow Creek, suffered greatly from the plague of Asiatic Cholera which fell upon Stephenson County at that time, and a large number of deaths were reported. Gradually the plague wasted itself, and, since 1854, it has never visited these regions. By 1840 there was a demand for schools in Florence Township, and, in response, the first school was opened, in James Hart's log cabin, with Miss Fla- villa Forbes as teacher. By 1850 the school census of the township showed such an increase that other schools were imperative necessities. In 1857 tne nrst railroad, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, then known as the Western Union Railroad, surveyed its line across the southeastern corner of Florence Town- ship. In 1859 their line was built, and with the coming of the Iron Horse the pioneer history of Florence Township is past. Later the Great Western sur- veyed its line through the county, and immediately the village of Van Brock- lin, at Liberty Mills, then rechristened Bolton, sprang into prominence as a settlement of importance. The farm lands of Florence Township today present a neat and orderly ap- pearance. It is a well known fact that when the Freeporters have friends 01 out-of-town guests to whom they wish to show the fine farming lands of the county, they invariably take them out on the Pearl City road, and down south through Florence Township. And this is not wholly on account of the ac- 414 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY cessibility of Florence, but because the region justly deserves its name of the most fertile and prosperous of the regions round about. There are a number of Freeport enterprises, connected with the growth and development of Florence Township, which deserve mention in connection with the history here presented. Krape Park. Globe Park, in the possession of the Order of the Knights of the Globe, was established about ten years ago, and named from the organ- ization of which W. W. Krape was founder and supreme captain general. It is a portion of the wooded land lying on the banks of Yellow Creek about a mile west and two miles south of town. Just adjoining the tract are Beebe's Woods, noted for their popularity as a picnic ground for Freeporters. When the Cosmopolitan Life Insurance Company went out of existence, and the Order of the Knights of the Globe suffered in consequence, Globe Park passed from the hands of the fraternity into Mr. Krape's own hands, and the park was rechristened Krape Park. For several years it has been the seat of the Freeport Chautauqua, of which Mr. and Mrs. Krape were the instigators and advisory committee. A number of improvements have been made, which improve the park as a camping and chautauqua ground, but somewhat mar the natural wilderness. The necessary park buildings, including a very attractive and commodious little lodge for the keeper of the park, have been built, a windmill on the banks of the creek supplies the place with drinking water, and a large iron bridge spans the creek near the park lodge. Formerly a bridge was built across the dam, farther down stream, but four years ago, it was deemed unsafe and removed, and the present structure forthwith built. Across stream are lo- cated the Chautauqua buildings. No large auditorium has been built as yet, but one is contemplated. Several cottages have been built on the cliffs, and swings and park benches add to the comfort and convenience. Nature had done her best to render the site of Krape Park attractive. Yellow Creek, at other points a very ordinary muddy prairie streamlet, is here transformed into a sylvan river of exquisite beauty. On the south side of the creek the limestone cliffs tower to a height of two hundred feet, indented with numberless caves and tiny indentures. A natural bridge of considerable proportions spans the dry bed of a stream, which formerly made its way down the cliff side in the form of a tiny waterfall, and which, at times, becomes gorged with the spring rains. Two large caves in the rock are accessible from the river and by pathway from overhead. One of these is known as Krape's Cave, while a smaller but more picturesque opening, far above, half covered with trailing vines and shrubbery, is known as Bear Cave. A huge cliff, ris- ing above Krape's Cave, and surmounted with a growth of evergreen, has be- come known as Cedar Cliff, and the point of land on the heights overhead, from which an extended and lovely prospect of the park and surrounding country is visible, is christened Lookout Mountain. Until recently animals have been kept in the park, but not long ago the deer were taken away. Krape Park is about two miles from the heart of the city, and is accessible by an automobile transfer line from the courthouse. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 415 Oakland Cemetery. The new cemetery, four miles from Freeport, covers about one hundred and fifty acres of wooded land, extending southward about a mile from the Pearl City road. The landscape gardener has done his most to beautify the locality, and a large part of it is now laid out with winding drives and carriage paths. A large stone gateway half hidden by vines and trees forms the entrance to the cemetery and from the entrance, the drive leads down into the hollow and up on the hill where most of the lots now sold are located. Several stone buildings have been erected on the premises. There is a stone receiving vault, built into the hillside, down in the southern end of the ceme- tery, a stone chapel where services can be held, and one marble mausoleum erected by Jacob Schaetzel. Many of the lots of the city cemetery have been transferred to Oakland Cemetery, and the place is now regarded as one of the most beautiful spots in the neighborhood of Freeport. BOLTON. Bolton comprises two villages: the original village, known as Van Brocklin, which contains a church and originally contained the store and post-office, and the new village, called Bolton, which is built about the Chicago Great Western station, nearly a mile south of Van Brocklin. The old village is of early foun- dation, and marks the site of the first permanent settlement in Florence Town- ship. The new village dates from 1887, when the railroad station was erected and the plat of the town laid out south of the station. There is nothing of interest at Bolton. The town contains a grain elevator, a creamery owned by a farmers' stock company, and a distillery, which caters to a local trade. The population of the town is about fifty, with small signs of an appreciable future increase. Yellow Creek winds through the old vil- lage of Van Brocklin, now almost deserted, but for the country church. The site is very picturesque, lying a short distance southwest of the limestone cliffs and caves of Krape Park. The old village is interesting as the site of an early settlement in the county's history, but the new village is practically without life or interest. LORAN TOWNSHIP. Loran Township is one of the western townships of the southern tier. It is bounded on the west by Jefferson Township, on the north by Kent and Erin, on the east by Florence, and on the south by Carroll County. Until 1859 it was of much larger extent than at present, comprising also the township of Jefferson, with its eighteen square miles extent. In 1859, owing to a petition of the dwellers in the western part of Loran, that section was divided off, and became a separate township. As Jefferson Township has been treated else- where, we now propose to treat of the settlers who took up their claims and established themselves in that part of the country which is now Loran Town- ship. 416 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The first settlement in the township was made in 1836 by William Kirk- patrick, who subsequently built Kirkpatrick's mills and became a figure of great prominence in the county history. He established himself in Section 14, on the banks of Yellow Creek, at the settlement which was later known by the name of Mill Grove. Here he soon erected his mill just at what time we can- not say. Some of the old settlers assert that he put it up in 1836 or 1837 > as soon as he had got his household settled. Others are quite as vehement in their declarations that the event did not take place until 1838. Whatever the time was, it is of small importance to know the exact date. It is altogether probable that Mr. Kirkpatrick built his mills as early as 1837 at least, for the traditions of the village of Winneshiek, which became Freeport, affirm that some of the houses of that settlement were constructed of boards brought from Kirkpatrick's mills on Yellow Creek. Mr. Kirkpatrick built his mill as soon as he did his house, and the traditions say that he was subjected to all sorts of hardships while the building was going on, being forced to sleep in his wagon, in an improvised tent, and so forth. Loran Township was settled very slowly, and later than almost any other section of the county. As late as 1838 the settlers were few and scattered, and confined almost entirely to the Kirkpatricks and the few people about the mill in the Mill Grove settlement. In the next year Smith Giddings came, with John Shoemaker, who settled in Section 19, Albert Curry, and Sylvester Lang- don, who established himself in Section 15. There were others, but their names are now forgotten. In 1840 a considerable delegation of new settlers arrived: the Babb fam- ily, including Samuel Babb, Solomon Babb, Reuben Babb, and Isaac Babb; Mathias Ditzler, and Christian Ditzler. In 1841, George House arrived and soon after him John Lamb. Warren Andrews and Anson Andrews came about this time, but just when it is impossible to say. They settled in Section 3, and there erected a mill on the banks of the creek. In 1842 Horace Post came, and located near the Andrews brothers' mill. Among the other settlers who came in this year were Truman Lowell, Moses Grigsby, William Barklow, Thomas Foster (both of these men settled in Section 17) ; Joseph Rush, in the south- western corner of the township; Samuel Shively, near Yellow Creek; John Apgar, also on the creek bank near Kirkpatrick's mill; Henry Layer, and two men by the name of Slocum and Pointer. Until 1848 settlers came slowly and in small numbers. While the rest of the county began to crowd up with emigrants about 1840, Loran Township did not receive its full quota for fully eight years. With 1848, the process of change began and soon Loran became as populous as any township in Stephen- son County. The first marriage said to have occurred in Loran was that of Thomas French and Polly Kirkpatrick, who were married in the fall of 1840. A certain Mrs. James who died about the same time and was buried in the township was the first death. The first school in the township was founded in 1840 at Kirkpatrick's Mills, where it remained for about a year. Then the pedagogue removed his parlors of learning to a new schoolhouse built especially for the purpose in Section 2, near Babb's church. The men instrumental HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 417 in securing the new building were Reuben Babb, William Kirkpatrick, and An- son Andrews, the first school trustees of Loran. Until late years Loran Township has always been behind the other town- ships of the county in point of development. One reason for the neglect which the township suffered was the comparative unhealthfulness of the township, especially along the banks of Yellow Creek. It is said that all sorts of fevers and agues prevailed along the banks of that stream, while even the inhabi- tants farther inland were subject to fevers of the severest sort. Now-a-days this condition of affairs has been entirely dissipated, and it is very hard to realize what must have been the dangers to which the early Loranites were subjected. In 1850, when the cholera plague made its presence known in the county, Loran suffered excruciatingly. Mill Grove, about Kirkpatrick's Mills, was nearly wiped out of existence. All the farms in the vicinity felt the ef- fects of the plague, which was in every instance of so sudden and violent a character, that many a sufferer who had not realized that the poison was work- ing in his system in the morning was seized with the sickness and died before sunset. In 1852, when the cholera appeared the second time, the horrible story of two years previous was repeated with even greater calamities. In 1854, on the occasion of the third and last visit, Kirkpatrick's Mills suffered again. Since that time, the improvement of the farms, and the drainage of the land has brought about so great a change "that Loran Township has no longer a reputation for unhealthfulness as a place of abode. Mill Grove has disappeared, but Pearl City is very much alive and is as thrifty and thriving a little set- tlement as can be found in the rural districts of Illinois. In addition to the unhealthfulness of the land there were the various other plagues to which the early settlers of Stephenson County were subject: snakes, the unfriendly red man, and the ordinary terrors of the wilderness, of which we can have not the slightest conception today. But the farmers were sturdy and survived the perils of the years and their descendants are engaged in the cultivation of farms which are as productive and well conducted as any that can be found in the county. The township is well supplied with streams. Yellow Creek, entering from Kent Township at the north, flows south and east through Loran and is joined by a large number of sluggish creeks and brooklets. The Chicago & Great Western Railroad crosses the township from east to northwest, following some- what the course of Yellow Creek, with its one station at Pearl City. The area is the regulation thirty-six square miles, since the division with Jefferson Township. MILL GROVE. There is little to tell concerning the history of Mill Grove, but what there is is of a profoundly pathetic nature. The settlement marked the site of the first permanent settlement in Loran Township. It is located in Section 14, on the banks of Yellow Creek, where that stream makes a wide curve and loop to the northward, and William Kirkpatrick was the man whose efforts brought it into life. 418 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY He settled here with his household effects in 1836, and straightway pro- ceeded to build a mill which was christened Kirkpatrick's Mill. For a long time, it remained the mill of greatest importance in the county, its nearest competitor being the Van Valzah Mills at Cedarville, established by Dr. Van Valzah. When new emigrants came to Loran Township, Kirkpatrick's Mill was the logical place for them to take up their abode. Not only was it the only settlement of consequence, but the rest of the township was almost an untrodden wilderness, and the courageous pioneer was never desirous of hew- ing himself a home in the wilderness when there was already one hewn out for him on the outskirts of the virgin forest. So Mill Grove continued to thrive and became quite a settlement in spite of the unhealth fulness of the site. But the settlers had founded their expectations upon vain hopes if they ever thought Mill Grove would become a settlement of considerable size. In 1850 the cholera visited Kirkpatrick's Mills with disastrous results. In 1852 the dread disease appeared again, and almost the whole population was which to operate. The population was gone, the town dead, and the wheels of the mill silent. Never again did Mill Grove attain importance as a settle- ment. When the schoolhouse was moved away in 1841, no second institution of learning was ever built. With the advent of the cholera and its attendant calamities, the town was abandoned, and its name is almost forgotten. PEARL CITY. Pearl City is one of the most wide awake and progressive villages of Stephen- son County. It has a population of about five hundred inhabitants, and ranks about fourth in size in the list of Stephenson County towns. While it is a vil- lage in point of organization, and number of inhabitants, Pearl City, as its name rightly indicates, has many of the qualities of a miniature city. It is not far from Freeport, but the fact that it is not connected with the county seat by railroad has permitted it to devleop independently, and has kept many of its citizens from transferring their place of residence to the larger city. Pearl City is in reality made up of two separate and distinct villages : Pearl City, the main village, the business section of which is located south of the Chicago Great Western tracks, and Yellow Creek, the old original Pearl City, which is located north of the railroad tracks, and has completely separate business and residential sections of its own. Yellow Creek is now known as the "north side" to the people of Pearl City, and contains the few scattered buildings which are remnants of the old village. Concerning the history of Pearl City there is not a great deal to tell. The village is of comparatively recent growth, having been almost entirely built up within the last twenty years. Before the Chicago Great Western Railroad came through the county there existed a tiny settlement known as Yellow Creek, which contained a blacksmith shop, general store and post-office, and three or four houses. The location of the village was not especially pleasant, and it did not seem at all likely that a village of consequence was to be erected at that point. But the advent of the railroad changed matters. A station was established at Yellow Creek, and a grain elevator built, after which the town A Pearl City Church Old Evangelical Olmrch. Buckeye Center Church at Bleroy C'lmrch west of McDonnell LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSE OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 419 immediately began to feel its own importance. The Yellow Creek settlement, . which was about a quarter of a mile north of the point at which the station had been erected, was enhanced by the addition of a few houses, and one or two stores were also put up. But the distance of the station from the village, and the inconvenience at- tached thereto soon caused a revolution in the village. The more progressive merchants moved about half a mile south of their old locations and erected new buildings close to the Great Western tracks. Three grain elevators were put up, also south of the tracks. With the building of two brick buildings in the new business section, the growth of the new village seemed assured. The rail- road had caused the whole site to be platted out when it came through, and the officials of that company were interested in bringing the village farther toward the station. Still the name of the settlement remained "Yellow Creek" and the sign painted upon the Great Western station announced the fact to travelers. Finally a number of public spirited citizens, feeling that it was inappropriate that their growing town should be hampered by the public proclamation of its proximity to Yellow Creek, petitioned for a change of name and the village became "Pearl City" about fifteen years ago. Since that time the name of the railroad station has also been changed, and now the metropolitan character of the settlement is assured in name if not in fact. The churches of Pearl City are three in number, the First Methodist church, St. John's English Evangelical Lutheran church, and the Dunkard church. First Methodist Church. The Methodist church is the leading church of Pearl City, both in size and activity. The early history of the church is ex- tremely difficult to trace. In the beginning it was a part of the Kent circuit, and was ministered to by a student pastor. About fifteen years ago, the Pearl. City congregation, having increased greatly in size, felt hampered by the lack of church facilities offered, and decided to petition for the establishment of a separate church, and a pastor who should be able to devote his entire time to Pearl City. The petition was carried through, and the Pearl City congrega- tion became a separate organization. Soon after this event, the church previously occupied by the congregation was sold to the Dunkard congregation, and the erection of a new structure commenced. Previous to the occupation of their first church the Methodists had been in the old town hall which stands just south of the present commo- dious edifice. The new church, probably the handsomest country church in the county, was built in 1901 at a cost of $5,000, L. W. Herbruck being espe- cially instrumental in the work of building. The latest work of the congregation has been the building of a new par- sonage for the minister, next to the church. This parsonage, which cost about $3,000, was completed the latter part of July, 1910. The church is in a flour- ishing and satisfactory condition in every way. The congregation numbers sev- enty, with a Sunday school of approximately one hundred and fifty. The Rev. J. V. Bennett is the minister at present in charge. 420 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY St. John's English Evangelical Lutheran Church. The Lutheran church of Pearl City, which is located on the south side of the town, and occupies a hand- some brown frame structure, was organized September i, 1888, with a charter membership of thirteen earnest members. Rev. Klock was the first pastor. Soon after organization the congregation deciding upon the erection of a church building, the present edifice was built, and has been occupied for about twenty years. The Pearl City church is on the same circuit with the Kent church, both of the churches receiving the services of the Rev. Alex. MacLaughlin as pastor. The Pearl City church has a membership of thirty-nine, with a Sunday school of about fifty-five members. " The church property is valued at $2,500, with a parsonage worth $2,000. Dunkard Church. The Dunkards' stronghold in Stephenson County has al- ways been in the western part of the county in the vicinity of Pearl City and Kent. There had always been a number of the sect in the village itself, but they never occupied a church edifice of their own until about fifteen years ago, when they purchased the church of the Methodist congregation. They have no pastor, but every member of the congregation officiates as pastor in turn. The membership of the church is somewhat fluctuating, but remains in the neigh- borhood of fifty. Lodges. Pearl City, like every other country village in this section of the country, supports a number of lodges. Most of these have been founded within the last ten years, and deserve only passing mention. The Masonic lodge is the oldest of the aggregation, and holds an important place in village activities. Pearl Lodge, No. 823, A. F. & A. M. The Pearl Lodge of the Masonic order was founded in the winter of 1893. It is the most important fraternal organization of Pearl City, and has a membership of about sixty-five. Meetings are held on the first and third Tuesdays of the month. Dr. M. W. Hooker is worshipful master, and C. G. Robinson is secretary. Fox Camp. No. 711, M. W. A. The Woodmen founded their Pearl City lodge about fifteen years ago, and have maintained a prosperous and lively or- ganization ever since. The camp meets every Thursday evening. The officers are: J. F. Mishler, V. C., and John Seebold, clerk. Eleroy Lodge, No. 247, I. O. 0. F. The Eleroy lodge was organized at Eleroy, in Erin Township, on the i8th of December, 1857, but was transferred to Pearl City a few years ago. It is now attended by the inhabitants of both villages, and by the farmers of the country lying between. Although the lodge itself is by far the oldest in the list, the time of its existence in Pearl City has been comparatively short, and hence it ranks among the newer Pearl City lodges. Meetings are held every Monday. P. H. Schnell is noble grand, and J. V. Ben- nett secretary. The other lodges have all been founded since 1900, and occupy somewhat secondary position in the fraternal life of the community. They are: Rose Leaf Camp, No. no, R. N. A. The Royal Neighbors meet on the sec- ond and fourth Fridays of every month. The officers are: Oracle, Sarah Heine; recorder, Lucy Hooker. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 421 Orpha Chapter, No. 304, Eastern Star. The Eastern Star meets on the first and third Friday evenings of the month. Emma Sheffy is worthy matron, and Julia E. Snow performs the duties of secretary of the organization. Pearl City Banking Company. The banking facilities of Pearl City are un- excelled for a village of the size. The Pearl City Bank, a' private corporation, was organized about twenty years ago, by Simon Tollmeier, who became the' first president, and has since continued to hold the office. The firm represents a capital of $25,000, and a personal responsibility of $250,000. The officers are: President, Simon Tollmeier; vice president, Dr. S. H. Aurand; cashier, A. L. Kurd ; directors, Simon Tollmeier, Dr. S. H. Aurand, Frank R. Erwin, Fred Tollmeier, Frederick Althof, Henry Althof, August Althof, Charles Althof, Al- bert Althof, Otto Althof. The bank occupies a frame structure on Main street which is well fitted out for its banking offices. Pearl City News. One of the best country newspapers of the state is the Pearl City News, edited and managed by Dr. M. W. Hooker, who purchased the paper last March. It was founded in 1889 by William H. McCall, who also started the Orangeville Courier on its career. Mr. McCall resigned after fill- ing the editor's chair for a brief time, and Ed Barklow took charge of the venture. Subsequently the paper fell into many hands. It passed under the management of Messrs. Beadell, Perkins, Freas, and Buckley, and on March i, 1910, was sold to Dr. Hooker. Dr. Hooker occupies the position of editor, with his brother, O. G. Hooker, as associate editor. The paper has a large circulation among the farmers of the vicinity. It is a seven column weekly octavo, and is an attractive up-to- date sheet in every respect. The management of the Pearl City News also publishes the Kent Observer, a weekly newspaper devoted to the interests of the village of Kent. This por- tion of the paper was founded by Mr. Freas during his management of the con- cern. The Kent Observer occupies the last four pages of the News, the two papers being printed together, and containing items of interest for both of the villages. The News also maintains correspondents in the various country towns about Pearl City, and publishes items of interest to the subscribers in those localities. Pearl Hotel. The hotel of Pearl City, known as the Pearl Hotel, occupies a frame structure near the railroad station. It is a neat, well kept, and inviting hostelry, far superio'r to the ordinary country village tavern. L. J. Krell was proprietor for some time, but disposed of his interests to Mrs. Dodge who is the present owner. The hotel offers excellent accommodations at somewhat reasonable prices. The table is especially good. The business districts of Pearl City and Yellow Creek contain two or three dozen stores, including general stores, hardware establishments, millineries, dry goods, drug stores, a blacksmith shop, livery stable, etc. The business outlook of the town is most satisfactory, and the prosperity of its inhabitants may be judged from the statement that there are sixteen automobiles owned at present within the corporate limits of the village. Many of the farmers about Pearl 422 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY City are also owners of the horseless carriages, and the whole of the rural dis- tricts thereabout present an appearance of thrift, careful attention, and scien- tific farming. Pearl City is thirteen miles from Freeport, and is accessible from the county seat either by carriage, or by the Chicago Great Western from the South Freeport station. FREEPORT. RELIGIOUS. FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The First Presbyterian church of Freeport enjoys the distinction of being the oldest Protestant church, not only in Freeport, but in the county. It was organized in 1842, with Rev. Calvin Waterbury as pastor, November 24th be- ing the traditional date of its founding. At the meeting said to have been held on that date Rev. Mr. Waterbury presided as moderator, Samuel Spencer acted as derk, and a resolution was adopted setting forth the confession of faith in the form and government of the Presbyterian church of the United States. Of the fifteen men and women who assembled on that memorable day, not one is today alive. They included, besides the pastor, the following persons, all of them names of importance in the early history of the county : Philip Reitzell, Mrs. Mary Reitzell, Orestes H. Wright, Mrs. Emmaretta Henderson, Mrs. Elizabeth Lucas, Mr. and Mrs. A. W. Lucas, Mrs. Sarah Young, Asa W. Rice, Mrs. Nancy Rice, Orrin B. Munn, Mrs. Jane L. Wright, Samuel Spencer, and Mrs. Elizabeth Spencer. The Rev. Calvin Waterbury was formally installed as minister by his congregation of fourteen, and the records state that his annual salary was fixed at $400, probably an extraordinary sum for the year 1842. For some time worship was held in the courthouse, but as the congregation grew, the trustees felt the need of a regular place of worship, and accordingly two lots were secured on the southeast corner of Walnut and Stephenson streets, where the Y. M. C. A. building stands today. One of these was purchased for the sum of $40, the other was donated by Kirkpatrick and Baker. Plans were immediately drawn up for a church edifice of brick and stone, to occupy a space 40 by 65, and to cost $460. A subscription was undertaken and before long the directors felt safe in proceeding with the work of building. The stone for the foundation was quarried across the river and hauled to the place of building by an ox team driven by L. L. Munn. The wood timbers were also cut in the neighborhood, and the workers started out with zeal to finish their labor in a short space of time. They never finished it, however, for sufficient funds were not forthcoming, and when only half completed, the church was deserted, the pastor resigned, and with him fifteen members of the congregation left the church. It was a critical period in the history of the church, but the church survived. In December, 1847, shortly after the resignation of Rev. Mr. Waterbury, Rev. J. C. Downer was called to take charge. During the years 1847-1853 when Rev. Mr. Downer was with the church, a phenomenal growth was experienced. Work was re-commenced on the deserted church, and it was finished for occupancy in 1851. To years later, the pastor received another call FIHST 1'UKSr.YTEKlAX 1'IH'KCII ST. MARY'S CATHOLIC CHURCH ENGLISH l.rTIIEKAX CHl'RCII ST. JOSKI'II'S CATHOLIC CHfHCII LIBRARY OF IHE Of ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 423 and left Freeport, to be succeeded by the Rev. Isaac E. Carey. Mr. Carey re- mained in charge for three years, and was followed by the Rev. C. B. Van Zandt who left two years later, in 1860. Rev. Mr. Waterbury, the first pastor of the church returned again for the space of one year, and at the close of that time, resigned, leaving the church without a pastor for a whole year. In 1862, Mr. Carey was again called to the charge. By this time the congregation had outgrown its quarters again and a move- ment was started for the erection of a new edifice across the street on the spot where the present building stands. In 1866 the comer stone was laid with ap- propriate ceremonies, and October 31, 1867 it was completed and dedicated by Professor F. W. Fiske, of Chicago, who preached the sermon, and Rev. J. W. Cunningham, who offered the dedicatory prayer. On the evening of the same day, Rev. Carey was installed as pastor, the sermon being preached by Rev. C. A. Williams of Rockford, and the charge to the pastor being given by the Rev. A. Kent, of Galena, and that to the people by the Rev. C. Marsh, of Mount Carroll. The church building cost $50,000 and on the day of dedication $17,000 was raised by subscription to pay the building debt. This same building, erected in 1866, is still standing, and is still one of the most beautiful structures of the city, a credit to the community and especially to the brave band of followers whose labors helped to raise the pile. The First Presbyterian church is today in a flourishing condition, having a membership of nearly five hundred persons. The Sunday school, founded in 1844, by John Rice as superintendent, with only eleven pupils, is today one of the largest in the city. The church property is valued at $60,000. Since the final departure of Rev. Isaac E. Carey in 1872, the following pastors have officiated : Rev. H. D. Jenkins, D. D., January, i873-September, 1889;. Rev. Edgar P. Hill, D. D., February, i8ox>-September, 1895 ; Rev. Charles E. Dunn, January, i896-September, 1904; Rev. Hugh Lowry Moore, February, 1905- June, 1910. The church is for the present without a pastor, Rev. Mr. Moore having left to answer a call at Beloit, Wisconsin. ST. MARY'S CHURCH. In October, 1827, before the first white settlers had permanently located in Stephenson County before that historical event known as the Black Hawk War, the first mass was offered up to God by Father Stephen Vincent Baden. This event, so notable in the history of Catholicity in the county, occurred at the cabin of a man named Simon Brady who was then living in the vicinity of Kellogg's Grove. Father Baden did not stay long in the county, as he was on his way to visit Galena and Prairie du Chien to administer the spiritual needs of the miners who were beginning to throng to those regions. The next six years are a blank. It was not until 1843 that further develop- ments took place. At that time, the Bishop of St. Louis, who had under his jurisdiction all the western part of Illinois, sent Father John McMahan to locate his dwelling in Galena and care for the spiritual welfare of the settlers who were beginning to appear in large numbers in that section of the country. At 424 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY first Father McMahan went to Dubuque, Iowa, where he remained for a short time only, presently departing to fulfil his mission in Galena and the surrounding counties. Stephenson County was included in his charge and for the next ten years had no resident priest of its own. Father McMahan found the labors of his position excessive. In less than a year he had completely worn himself out and in the ninth month of his stay he died and was succeeded by Father Fitz Morris. Father Fitz Morris' labors were even more brief, for in three months he also went to his everlasting rest. Father Shanahan the third priest at Galena also died soon after coming to these parts and was buried beside his predecessors. In 1843, tne connection of Stephenson County Catholics with the Galena congregation ceased, and they received their first resident priest, Farther Derwin, whom the Bishop of St. Louis appointed to the. parish of New Dublin. His parish was extended over the counties of Stephenson, Lee, Ogle, and Winne- bago, with his residence at New Dublin. The welcome pastor made his home with a family named Murphy and offered the holy mass in a log church "16x24 feet and seven logs high," which had been erected in 1836. In 1844 the Bishop of Chicago was given jurisdiction over all Illinois and in 1846 he appointed the Rev. James Cavanaugh to the charge of New Dublin' and the Missions in its vicinity. This clergyman was succeeded by Rev. F. Kalvelage, who erected, in 1855, the church now in use at New Dublin. In 1854, Father Cavanaugh came to Freeport to reside permanently, but the history of St. Mary's Parish dates back farther than that. Four years before, the priest had succeeded in organizing the present parish, but no church was built, and instead mass was offered up at the home of one of the members of the parish. It was in the little parlor of the home of Thomas Egan, at a time when there were but few houses in the city of Freeport, that a number of Catholics met one afternoon to form a congregation. It was in that same little parlor, thanks to the generosity of Mr. and Mrs. Egan, that services were held by Mrs. Egan's brother, Father Cavanaugh. Mrs. Egan passed away only a short time ago and was for a long time the only surviving member of the first parish. Among those who attended the first meeting in her home were Father Cavanaugh, Richard and Thomas Barren, Robert Balow, Mr. Tuhey, Ed- ward Cavanaugh, James Manion, George Cavanaugh, Thomas and John O'Con- nor, Thomas Egan, Mr. Nagle, William Barren, and Mrs. Catherine Egan. One of the first steps taken was a proposal to build a church, and the congregation all put down their names for contributions in accordance with their means. A few hundred dollars were raised but the sum was inadequate for the building of a church. In the meantime the brave little congregation was granted the use of a hall belonging to J. K. Brewster. The hall proved large enough for the Catholic citizens to assemble there to assist at the holy sacrifice on Sundays, and there they worshiped, until the little frame church, begun nine months later, was completed. Various materials were voluntarily furnished, and thus the expense was materially lessened. Robert and Thomas McGee furnished the sills, others gave shingles, glass, nails, putty, etc., and so, after much labor and self denial, the little structure was completed, and who shall express the happiness of a 5 s LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 425 devout people, such as these, when they knelt once more in a real church, how- ever poor and plain ? During Father Cavanaugh's pastorate in Freeport there were no railroads. Early in the fifties, the Illinois Central was not completed, and he had to travel almost incessantly with horse and buggy. The cholera made his work yet more laborious, because of the great number of sick people he was called upon to see. He met with many ludicrous, and some very dangerous experiences in his travels over the wild country. Everywhere he found opportunities open for earnest work, and it is no wonder that he was greatly beloved by the members of his flock, for he was untiring in his efforts in their behalf. Father Ferdinand Kalvelage, who succeeded Father Cavanaugh, remained in charge of St. Mary's Parish until 1859. It was during his pastorate at St. Mary's that the second church, a brick structure, was built. The new edifice was a decided improvement on the old one, and was considered a very excellent building at the time of its erection. The cornerstone was laid in July, 1855, and in it was placed a tin box containing copies of the weekly papers of the city, some manuscript, 3, 5, and 10 cent pieces, and a copy ol the New York Catholic Zeitung. The lumber used in the building was brought down the Mis- sissippi to Savanna and was hauled from there by oxen. The material was hewn out with the ax. The structure was 40x80 feet and was severely plain and unadorned. It continued to meet the needs of the congregation somewhat inadequately for thirty-five years until the present edifice was built in 1890. Father Thomas O'Gara was Father Kalvelage's successor. He came to St. Mary's in August, 1859, and during the seven years of his pastorate he showed himself an indefatigable worker and a most zealous pastor. Not being acquainted with the German language he engaged from time to time the services of a German priest, for the benefit of the German half of the congregation, who did not leave St. Mary's until 1862. This event occurred in Father O'Gara's pas- torate, the German's building St. Joseph's church and the Irish retaining the use of St. Mary's after having given a certain sum to aid in the building of St. Joseph's. It was also at this time that the first parochial residence was fitted for use, the old frame church being used for the purpose. Father O'Gara likewise secured property for St. Mary's Cemetery west of town, and succeeded in rais- ing funds sufficient for the purchase of a pipe organ which has ever since re- mained in use. Following Father O'Gara, two priests, Father Kennedy and Father Rigby filled the charge for brief and uneventful periods, and in 1867 Father Michael J. Hanley came. He stayed for only two years, but accomplished a great deal in that short time. The old frame church having become unfit for the parochial residence, it was moved away, and on a newly purchased lot was erected a two- story brick building, which remained in use until vacated by Father Stack for the use of the Sisters. In 1868 the first school was organized, later to be im- proved and enlarged. Father P. L. Hendriek succeeded in 1870 and remained a short time only, to be succeeded by Father Murtaugh, who bought the brick building converted into St. Mary's school, and also painted the interior of the church building. In June, 1871, Father Stack came, and turned his attention to the school which he 426 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY immediately began to improve and re-organize. Money was raised, with which the building was repaired and duly furnished. Application was made to the Dominican mother house at Sinsinawa Mound for instructors who were sup- plied and immediately took charge of the school. Father Stack vacated his own house that the Sisters might have a home, and then began to build them the present convent, which at that time was considered one of the most com- fortably furnished structures of its kind in the northwest. In 1877, Father Thomas F. Mangan came to take charge. He was a very diligent worker and effected a number of desirable changes and improvements. He repaired and remodelled the church and added a considerable piece of land to the church cemetery, now in very respectable condition. Father Mangan re- mained in Freeport for ten years, to be succeeded by Father Michael Welby. Father Welby was a man of great learning and was warmly welcomed by St. Mary's Parish. It was during his time that the matter of building a new church was considered, and a fair was held to create a fund for that purpose. The new priest was not, however, a man of robust strength and in 1890 he took a trip to the City of Mexico for the purpose of regaining his health. His quest was unsuccessful and he died while in Mexico. Father W. A. Horan succeeded Father Welby. He was a most able and energetic worker, and much beloved by all the members of the parish. During his occupancy many changes were brought about. Most important of these was the building of the new church. There had been talk of building a new church during Father Welby's stay, and even earlier but nothing definite had been done. Father Koran's perseverance and courage led to the raising of sufficient funds and in April, 1890, a sum had been raised large enough to warrant im- mediate progress on the work. On August 3, 1890, the corner stone was laid, with appropriate exercises, Father McLaughlin of Rockford and Father Horan conducting the simple but eloquent exercises before an audience of three thou- sand people. The church is 53x137 and is built of native stone, with trimming of terra cotta. On Wednesday, October 28, 1891, the solemn opening of the church occurred, the dedication not being accomplished until somewhat later. In 1896 occurred the Golden Jubilee Festival commemorating the introduc- tion of the Catholic religion into Siephenson County. High festival was held, a triumphal arch was erected on State street spanning the thoroughfare from the school to the church, and many Catholics from out of town were present. In 1903, the school building and hall were completely repaired, remodeled, and rebuilt, making of the structure a thoroughly up-to-date school and audi- torium. Shortly after the accomplishment of these labors, a great sorrow came to the parish in the death of Father Horan, who had been for some time in poor health. His decease was mourned not only by his own church people but by the com- munity at large, for Father Horan, like few of his predecessors, had been a most active influence for good in the various departments of social and charitable work in the city. Father Horan was succeeded by Father Daniel Croke, who remained in Freeport until October, 1907, when he was succeeded by Father Thomas J. ST. MARY'S SCHOOL LIBRARY OF I HE 01- ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 427 Leydon, who still holds the charge. The church is at present in a most pros- perous condition and numbers over six hundred members. FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH. In December, 1845, twenty-six men and women, at that time the whole of the Baptist population of the city, met in the kitchen of the Rev. James Schofield, who had been commissioned by the American Baptist Home Missionary Society to found a church in Freeport. In Rev. Schofield's kitchen, which was the only living room of the house, the organization of the First Baptist church of Free- port was effected. The twenty-six who were instrumental in establishing the church were: Rev. James Schofield and his wife Caroline, his son, John M. Schofield, and his daughter Miss Caroline Schofield (now Mrs. H. H. Wise), Mr. and Mrs. Robert Schofield, Mrs. Catherine Jones, Miss Elizabeth Jones, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Stacks and their son and daughter, Mr. and Mrs. John Stout, Mr. and Mrs. Timothy Stout, Mr. and Mrs. James Craft, Mr. and Mrs. William Perkins, Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Plainer, Dexter A. Knowlton, and Royal Durfee. Rev. James Schofield was subsequently elected first pastor of the church, the following year a lot was secured on Williams street, where St. Joseph's church stands today, and the work of building a place of worship was begun. The early history of the Baptist church in Freeport, especially that portion which deals with the building of the first church, is full of interest. Perhaps there is not a church in the city which fought harder for its existence in the days of its in- fancy than did the First Baptist church. It so happened that those who made up the congregation were poor men and could not aid financially in the building of the church. Instead they did manual labor, and led by their pastor, they went to work upon the edifice and built it with their own hands. Rev. James Schofield was one of the most remarkable men in the early history of the com- munity. An unusual personality, combined with unflinching courage, a resolute will, and a devout faith made him an inspiring and energetic leader. Had it not been for his unceasing labor, the little flock would have experienced an in- surmountable difficulty in surpassing the labors and trials which beset them. Fortunately for himself and for the church, Mr. Schofield had made a sufficient fortune to support himself and his family before entering the ministry for- tunately, we may say, for his salary was only $300, half of it paid by the Amer- ican Baptist Home Missionary Society, and half by the local church. After a great deal of labor, Mr. Schofield succeeded in raising enough money to buy the lumber and shingles for the church. These were purchased in Chicago and brought to Freeport by wagon. As the roads were bad, and the distance a tremendous one to haul lumber, many of the planks and bunches of shingles were scattered along the road. Rev. Schofield had, however, carefully marked each separate plank and bunch of shingles "FOR THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH AT FREEPORT" and ultimately every lost piece found its way to its destina- tion. The church building was forthwith completed and dedicated on Christmas day, 1850, with a board of trustees consisting James Schofield, Alfred Dan, Joshua Springer, Job Arnold, and John Montelius. 428 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The excessive exertions of the pastor had brought on an attack of ill health and he was forced to resign his charge at the close of the year 1851. At the close of his pastorate the original twenty-six had swelled to one hundred and the outlook was becoming prosperous. Before the building of the church the Baptists met in the old courthouse which had furnished a first place of wor- ship for so many of Freeport's churches. Later they moved temporarily to a brick schoolhouse in Knowlton town where they remained until the completion of their new edifice. After Rev. Mr. Schofield came Rev. T. L. Breckenbridge during whose occupancy the congregation was nearly doubled. He was succeeded by the Rev. Thomas Reese who stayed two years. It was at the close of these two years that another misfortune befell the church. The cholera plague which was then raging in Freeport seemed to attack the Baptist church with unwonted ferocity. Many of the members died and the doors of the church were closed. It was two years before meetings were again resumed and during that time the Sunday school had been discontinued, prayer meetings had been given up, and the congregation was scattered far and wide. To the Rev. Ichabod Clark, who visited Freeport in June, 1855, belongs the credit of the re-organization. Rev. O. D. Taylor came to fill the pastorate and was succeeded by Revs. A. G. Thomas in 1858, N. F. Ravlin in 1859, and William Crowell in 1861. While Mr. Crowell was pastor of the church plans were made for the erection of a new church building. The old church was sold to the German Catholic organization, and the Stephenson street lot which the Baptist church still occupies was pur- chased. In February, 1863, a chapel was completed and dedicated on this ground just west of Cherry street. Four efficient pastors succeeded Mr. Crowell: A. W. Tousey, C. W. Palmer, S. B. Gilbert, and W. H. Dorward. Then another calamity appeared in the shape of a conflagration which destroyed the almost new chapel on the day after Christmas, 1875. The members of the church were beside themselves at this new misfortune, but bravely resolved to build again. On the very day of the fire, a meeting was held at the home of Judge J. M. Bailey, at which it was decided to immediately rebuild. Plans for a somewhat more elaborate structure were formulated, and after four years of building, during which time the congregation worshipped in the lecture room of the First Presbyterian church, the present building was finished and dedicated June 29, 1879, the dedicatory sermons being preached by the Rev. Galusha Anderson, president of the University of Chicago, and the Rev. G. W. Northrup, president of the Morgan Park Union Theological Seminary. In 1878 Rev. D. H. Cooley was called and became pastor of the church. In 1882 he resigned and has been succeeded by the Rev. E. P. Savage, R. L. Halsey, W. H. Parker, A. W. Fuller, William C. Spencer, Orlo J. Price, William H. Beynon, and F. E. Webb, the present pastor. The First Baptist church edifice of red pressed brick, valued, together with the small lot on which it stands, at about $20,000. The auditorium is located on the second floor of the building, the first floor being given over to the lecture and Sunday school rooms. The Sunday school is in a flourishing condition hav- ing a roll of about two hundred. The congregation numbers nearly three hun- dred. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 429 ST. JOSEPH S CHURCH. As we have elsewhere stated, in the early history of St. Joseph's Parish, the congregation was merged with that of St. Mary's. The Germans and Irish were members of the same congregation, but many cf the former being ignorant of the English language, it was deemed advisable to form two parishes. Father John Westkamp at once set about selecting a suitable place of worship for the Germans and on June 4, 1862, purchased the old Baptist church, which stood on the present site of St. Joseph's church. The price given was $2,000, and the congregation which paid for it numbered about one hundred and twenty-five families. The old church was repaired and fitted up as well as possible, but, in 1868, finding that it was too small to hold the rapidly growing congregation, a large gallery was built in it, and in the fall of 1871 it was decided to erect a new building. Father John Westkamp who had been the first pastor of the church had remained only one year, after which he was succeeded by Father Ignatius Baluff. It was under Father Baluff's direction that the work of building the church now went forward. During the winter before the church was built, the members of the church living in the city quarried the stone for building purposes, and those who lived in the country hauled it to the site of the new edifice in their farm wagons. Early in the spring the old building was moved back to Pleasant street and used for church purposes until the new structure was completed, after which it was torn down, and the lumber sold. Early in June the corner- stone of the new church was laid by Bishop Foley of Chicago, before a large audience of Freeporters and Catholics from other parishes. In December, 1872, it was completed, and dedicated on the fourth Sunday of advent, by Bishop Foley in the presence of a great many priests from all parts of the diocese. St. Joseph's church is modern Gothic in style, its dimensions 50x140 and its cost $35,000. The church is built of brick and faces northeast, being located on the old Baptist church lot on Williams and Pleasant streets near Walnut. The seating capacity of the auditorium, including the gallery, is eight hundred and fifty. The stained glass in the windows of St. Joseph's is particularly beautiful, and the building from basement to spire is one of which Freeport's German population may justly be proud. In 1874, the charge was taken by Father Clement Kalvelage who has re- mained up to the present day and is deeply loved and revered by his congrega- tion. He has made numerous improvements and changes during his occupancy. In 1881 the appearance of the church was greatly enhanced by the erection of the new steeple, one hundred and seventy-five feet in height and containing a set of four chimes which cost $1,000. Since that time numerous improvements and new constructions have been made in the church. Scarcely had the new church been completed and paid for when efforts were made to improve the educational advantages. At first a small frame building which had been purchased of St. Mary's congregation and which stood on the present site, was used, but this became too small and was unsuited for the purpose. In 1883 the present schoolhouse was built at a cost of $5,500. Father 430 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Kalvelage has taken a very great interest in the school and has brought it to a high standard of excellence. The school has an enrollment of about three hun- dred pupils and is taught by Franciscan Sisters from Joliet. Within the last few years two other notable improvements have been made. In 1895 a new parochial residence was built next to the church at a cost of about $8,500. Behind this, facing on Pleasant street a convent of similar design has been constructed at a like cost. Both buildings are of brick with white marble facings and trimmings and marble steps. The Franciscan Sisters are also in charge of St. Francis' Hospital, which was erected in 1889 and dedicated on February 12, 1890. It has since been increased and enlarged by the addition of a southern wing. The Sisters have also charge of St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, which was founded and blessed on May 25, 1896. The orphan asylum at first occupied a small cottage on South Walnut street but has since moved to the former residence of August Bergman on Jefferson street. St. Joseph's congregation numbers about two hundred families at present. The total valuation of the church property including the church and attached buildings, is about $75,000. SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. On October 30, 1847, the Second Presbyterian church was organized by twenty-seven persons who installed and ordained three elders : A. H. Kerr, Samuel Dickey, and James W. Barber. Earlier in the year a petition had been presented to the Presbytery of Rock River, Old School, praying for the organ- ization of a Second Presbyterian church, and signed by fifty-three persons. A public meeting was held in the old courthouse building, and a commissioner was appointed to carry the petition to the meeting of the Presbytery at Princeton. For some time after the date of organization, no services were held. The fol- lowing spring a few meetings were held and eight new members received into the church. The membership at this time included the following names : A. H. Kerr, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Dickey, Mr. and Mrs. James W. Barber, Mr. and Mrs. J. T. Smith, Mr. and Mrs. J. F. McKibben, Mr. and Mrs. John Van Dyke, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Badger, Mr. and Mrs. William Lamb, Mr. and Mrs. Sam- uel Lamb, Mr.- and Mrs. Samuel Millikan, Mr. and Mrs. James Brown, Mrs. Janes McKibben, Mrs. Jane D. Lamb, and the Misses Phoebe and Martha Dickey. In July, 1848, the Rev. John Ustick accepted a call as stated supply for the church and thus became the first pastor. Rev. Mr. Ustick remained in Freeport for twenty-two months. He was succeeded by the Rev. John Carroll during whose occupancy the first church edifice was erected. In 1850 the con- gregation had increased to such an extent that quarters became crowded. A building committee composed of David Nesbit, James Barfoot, and J. W. Bar- ber was instructed to call for subscriptions. The church members responded generously, and by 1851 a $6,000 church had been completed and in September the first sermon was preached in it. ST. JOSEI'II'S CATHOLIC CIIfRCII. FHEEPORT LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 431 For forty-four years the congregation continued to occupy this little church. In 1850 a Sunday school had been organized and its growth was proportionate to that of the church. Rev. Mr. Carroll was succeeded in turn by A. H. Lackey, P. B. Marr, D. M. Barber, Robert Proctor, W. J. Johnstone, B. Roberts, George Elliott, John Giffen, S. M. Crissman, and W. B. Irwin. In 1890 Rev. J. D. McCaughtry, of Staunton, Illinois, was called to the Freeport charge, where he remained for ten years. Under his guidance the new church edifice was built on the site of the old church, and formally dedicated on February 9, 1896. This church was one of the finest in the city and met the needs of a growing congre- gation very satisfactorily. The pulpit was occupied by Rev. J. D. McCaughtry until 1900, when he resigned and Rev. Frank A. Hosmer took his place. Mr. Hosmer was in Freeport from the spring of 1900 to the fall of 1907, and his place has been taken by the Rev. H. M. Markley, who came to Freeport in the early part of 1908. On January 9, 1910, a great calamity befell the Second Presbyterian church. The comparatively new church edifice was totally destroyed by a disastrous fire of unknown origin. So complete was the ruin that the walls and towers fell in and the prospect of rebuilding was hopeless. The fragments of the building were accordingly torn down and a new building was immediately commenced upon the ashes of its predecessor. The cornerstone of the new church has been laid and the progress upon the pile has been admirable. When the building is completed the Second Presbyterian congregation, which numbers about two hun- dred and fifty at present, will have not only the newest but one of the finest churches in the city. The value of the church property will be about $35,000. FIRST M. E. CHURCH. The history of the First Methodist church of Freeport is practically coin- cident with that of civilization in Stephenson County. In 1834, shortly after the first white settlers appeared in these confines, the Rev. James McKean, a traveling missionary with a five hundred mile circuit, stopped in the western part of Stephenson County and gathering about him ten families, held services and preached a sermon. These formed the first Methodist services ever held in the county. Rev. McKean reported Stephenson County as a needy field, and two years later, in 1836, the Rev. Thomas W. Pope was sent as missionary. For some unknown reason he never succeeded in holding services. The next year, Rev. McKean returned again, and remained in the vicinity of Freeport for about two years, organizing classes and holding religious services. It was no easy task which Mr. McKean had undertaken. Had he not been a man possessed of more than ordinary perseverance, and filled with great re- ligious enthusiasm, the cause might never have prospered as it did eventually. In 1839 the Rev. Samuel Pillsbury came to take his place, and with the assistance of E. P. Wood and Rollin Brown, he traveled over an extensive circuit, making Freeport his headquarters. With 1850 begins the history proper of the First M. E. church of. Freeport. In that year Freeport was organized into a separate charge under the pastorate of the Rev. J. F. Devore. No church building was at first obtainable, but ser- vices were held about in the homes of the members and later in the little red 432 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY schoolhouse, a structure which has today become famous. Occasionally it is said meetings were held in the old courthouse building. Mr. Devore's labors were unceasing and very effective. He conducted a spirited series of revival meetings and so increased the membership of his charge that a permanent house of worship became an imperative necessity. The lot, which is still owned by the church, was bought for the purpose, and preparations for the building be- gan. The details of the early history of the church are lost in tradition. Cer- tain it is that they would be very interesting today could they be ascertained. The limited means of the congregation made it impossible for them to con- tribute a great deal in money, and in lieu of this they gave their services in the actual work of building. Only about $500 in money was obtainable, some of it being given by the Methodists of Freeport and the rest by the farmers throughout the county irrespective of denomination. From first to last, Rev. Devore was the leader and his own personal enthusiasm inspired and encour- aged his followers. Not only should the credit of obtaining the subscription be given to him, but much of the manual labor as well. He succeeded in borrow- ing an ox team from a farmer who had shown himself willing to help and hauled much of the material to the place of building. The work could not help but progress rapidly. By the next summer (1851) the basement had been com- pleted and the frame of the church itself constructed. In the same year the church was completed and dedicated. The reports concerning this portion of the church's history are confused and far from authentic. Some of them as- sert that the dedicatory sermon was preached by Presiding Elder Haney, while others credit the Rev. D. W. Pinckney with having officiated. The church was "finished" that year and when we say finished, we mean the mere shell of the church, for the interior decorations and adornments could not be obtained. The cost of building was about $2,000, most of which was supplied by donations of labor and materials, and nothing was left to complete the interior. There were no pews, among other things, and the records state that this lack was supplied by "the contributions of individuals." We may interpret this vague phrase in several ways. Certainly no money was given, and for the time being rough benches were used and services were conducted in the basement of the church, the upper auditorium being still incomplete. Rev. Devore left in 1852 and his place was filled by the Rev. C. C. Best later by the Rev. H. Whipple, under whose ministry the church was finished. In 1855 the completed edifice was dedicated by the Rev. Silas Boales, who preached the dedicatory sermon. The Rev. Dr. Henman had accepted an in- vitation to preach the sermon, but his death occurred before the appointed day of dedication. The next decade was a period of the most remarkable growth and increase, under the pastorates of the Rev. C. M. Woodruff (1855-1856), Rev. Miles L. Reed (1856-1857), Rev. Thomas North (1857), and following him the Revs. J. C. Stoughton, David Teed, W. F. Stewart, and J. L. Olmsted, the dates of whose occupancy are lost. In 1863 occurred the withdrawal of the congrega- tion which founded the Embury church. This took away about sixty of the members of the First church, but the gap was quickly filled by new converts who were won in the stirring revivals held. GKAOK EPISCOPAL CHURCH SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CIU'RC'H, BURNED, 1909. FIRST METHODIST CHURCH LIBRARY OF THE UNIVEKSITY Of ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 433 In 1864 the Rev. W. C. Willing became pastor of the First M. E. church, and during his pastorate the church was enlarged at a cost of something like $13,000. During the repairing the services of the congregation were held in the old Plymouth Hall. In 1867 the Rev. F. P. Cleveland came to take the charge and under his ministry a parsonage was built at a cost of $3,500. The war does not seem to have affected seriously the growth of the First M. E. church as it did so many of the other religious organizations of the city. In fact, it was during the heat of the struggle that the Embury church was founded un- der most flourishing circumstances. In 1870, $800 was expended in repairing and refrescoing the church, and the Rev. W. A. Smith occupied the pulpit, remaining until 1873 when Rev. Cleveland returned. He continued his labors for three more years being followed in turn by the Revs. S. A. W. Jewett and C. E. Mandeville. The pastors who followed the Rev. Mandeville were Lewis Meredith, Deloss M. Tompkins, O. F. Matteson, D. M. Tompkins (who re- turned for a second pastorate of two years), C. A. Bunker and N. O. Freeman. During all this period the church remained in a healthy and prosperous condi- tion. The Rev. J. W. Richards, who came to Freeport in 1896, was at one time conference secretary, and a distinguished man in church affairs. He remained until 1899 and was followed by N. H. Axtell (1900-1903), James K. Shields (1903-1906), C. W. McCaskill (1906-1909), and E. C. Lumsden (1909-) the present occupant of the pulpit. The beautiful new temple of worship was erected in 1904 under the ministry of the Rev. James K. Shields. In 1904 plans for a church building were dis- cussed and a building committee was appointed to look into the matter. This committee was composed of the Rev. James K. Shields, A. K. Stibgen (chair- man), C. E. Brubaker (secretary), H. H. Antrim, A. M. Hoover, George L. Parks, George W. Frey, W. A. Hart, Frank L. Furry, D. Y. McMullen, Gustav Hornberg, William Smallwood, and Paul Bickenbach. The building committee went to work immediately and secured plans for a $35,000 edifice, the building of which was immediately commenced. The cornerstone was laid with appro- priate ceremonies on the 7th of August in the same year. An address was de- livered by the Rev. J. K. Shields, introducing the Rev. Willis Hoover, formerly of Freeport, now of Valparaiso, Chile, who gave the principal address of the day. Rev. Shields was assisted by the Revs. J. M. Phelps, pastor of the Em- bury church, and Orlo J. Price, pastor of the First Baptist church. In Febru- ary, 1905, the church was finished and dedicated, Bishop MacDowell officiat- ing. It was occupied the first time for services on the first Sunday of March of that year. The new church is a beautiful building of colonial brick sur- mounted by two square towers, built in the modern style of church architecture. The auditorium is on the second floor, the first floor being given over to Sunday school, lecture, and league rooms. Among the other possessions of the church is a sweet-toned organ which was bought at the time of the building of the new church. The organ is surpassed by none in the city at the present time. The parsonage, located in the rear of the church on the corner of Cherry and Exchange streets, was built during the ministry of the Rev. N. H. Axtell. It is a comfortable building modern in every respect and was built at a cost of $5,000. The value of the church property has risen somewhat of late years 434 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY and the whole is now appraised at $50,000, of which the church is worth $45,000 and the parsonage $5,000. The present pastor, Rev. E. C. Lumsden, reports a present membership of five hundred and twenty-nine with a Sunday school enrollment of nearly five hundred. FIRST ENGLISH LUTHERAN CHURCH. The First English Lutheran is one of the younger churches of Freeport, and has only been in active existence for about thirty years. Previous to the time of its founding many attempts had been made to establish an Evan- gelical Lutheran mission in Freeport, but for one reason or another all of them were failures. It was not, however, that the founders failed to begin their work soon enough, for as early as 1852 the first attempt was made. Rev. Ephraim Miller, in his report as president of the Northern Illinois Synod at Chicago, spoke of the project of sending a missionary to establish a church in Freeport in November of that year, but for some unknown reason the plan was never carried into execution. In 1860 the matter was again brought to light but no very great enthusiasm was manifested and again Freeport was without its mission. It was not strange that no developments took place. The Civil War was occupying the minds and attention of everybody, and, aside from that, there were only a few Lutherans in the city at the time. Rev. Solomon Ritz, who visited Freeport in 1862 in his capacity of superintendent of missions of the synod, does not seem to have had much patience with the Lutherans of this city and their incessant cry "about war and the hard times." He stated in his report that it was his intention to "leave that place alone till after the war," but as a matter of fact he never re- turned. The following year, 1864, Rev. T. F. Easterday, who later became con- nected with the Lake Superior Presbytery, was sent to explore the field at Freeport, and reported that he "saw nothing sufficiently promising to warrant the putting forth of further efforts in that direction." In 1865 an apparently definite step was taken. Freeport was designated as a field for missionary en- deavors, and the sum of $200 was voted for the cause. Rev. Lingle was placed in charge of the mission and after a single unsatisfactory year he resigned in discouragement. Subsequently Rev. Weiser visited Freeport to inspect the field but met with no inducements. Rev. S. W. Harkey, who had once before tried to develop the Freeport field by sending the Rev. T. F. Easterday, again put forth his efforts, and through his advice the synod pledged $600 to support a missionary at Freeport. The synodical superintendent being unable to secure the services of a suitable mis- sionary for Freeport, nothing was done that year. This investigation of 1868 resulted in the sending of a report to the synod signed by the Revs. G. J. Donmeyer and John Stoll, two clergymen residing in Freeport. However, no definite action was taken at that time. In 1869 the synod sent to Freeport Rev. S. N. St. John, who had had little experience, and was quickly discouraged by the conditions which faced him in Freeport. After a year he departed, and not until 1879 was the name of Freeport again mentioned in the synod. At that time a congregation of twenty members elected HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 435 the Rev. J. W. Goodlin pastor. Rev. Goodlin promptly declined as did the second pastor called, and in the face of such persistent discouragement interest waned and for two years nothing was done. In 1881 the Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society settled upon Freeport as a place for a mission, and Rev. Thomas F. Reeser, of Williamsport, Pennsylvania, came to Freeport June i of that year. On the last Sabbath in August the first services were held, and a formal organization effected September 19, 1881. From this time actually dates the real beginnings of the First English Lutheran church of Freeport. The organization was effected with but fourteen bona fide members, and the congregation worshiped in Temperance Hall, corner of Chicago and Exchange streets from the time it was organized until the new church was completed. In this hall a Sunday school was held which at times had a very encouraging attendance. In the year 1882 steps were taken to secure a suitable building lot. After considering various locations, the lot on the corner of South Galena avenue and Jackson street, where the church now stands, was purchased. Plans were soon formulated for building a church which was finally completed and dedicated De- cember 21, 1884. The cornerstone had been laid October 16, of the year previ- ous. Rev. Reeser proved an enrgetic and able pastor and under his direction the church thrived. However, on the ist of September, 1885, he resigned, accepting a call to the Lutheran church at Polo, Illinois. The first day of January of the fol- lowing year, Rev. A. M. Barrett took charge of the struggling little mission. These were dark and discouraging times, the financial troubles being among the most critical of the church's history. The congregation was, however, held together by Rev. Barrett, and on his resignation on October i, 1888, there was harmony among the people. On November i, 1888, Rev. H. A. Ott, of Brookville, Ohio, assumed the duties of pastor of the mission. He entered into his work with untiring zeal, and soon had the sympathy, confidence, and help of every member. The Sunday school began to grow, and in a few months had doubled its attendance, then trebled, and even quadrupled that of former years. He re- mained for seven years, and eight months, during which time the church flour- ished under his leadership. The crowning event of this period was, no doubt, Easter Sunday, April 2, 1893, when the congregation declared itself no longed a mission from hence- forth, but a self sustaining church. There now followed several short pastorates, as follows: Rev. W. S. Dysinger, November, 1896 to April, 1898; Rev. H. W. Tope, June, 1898 to October, 1899; Rev. G. C. Cromer, December, 1899 to October, 1902. During the pastorate of Rev. G. C. Cromer the interior of the church was redecorated and other minor improvements were made. Then followed the second longest pastorate in the history of the church, that of Rev. W. Gardner Thrall, from June, 1903 to August, 1907. During that period the church was steadily moving forward, and it is today thriving under the guidance of the Rev. Philip H. R. Mullen, who has done a great deal to 436 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY advance the cause in Freeport. The church edifice on South Galena avenue together with the lot upon which it stands is valued at about $20,000. The present membership of the church is about two hundred and twenty-five, with a Sunday school of about two hundred. EMBURY M. E. CHURCH. The Embury M. E. church was the result of a growth beginning with the founding of a Sunday school in the year 1863. This Sunday school held meet- ings in a hall on Stephenson street and the result was that Rev. Joseph Wardle was sent as missionary to Freeport later in the year. About two years later, the following people who had previously belonged to the First Methodist church, met and permanently organized the new church : Rev. F. C. Winslow, Rev. Mr. McCutcheon and wife, Mr. and Mrs. Hollis Jewell, Mr. and Mrs. John Barnes, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Carey, the Rev. Joseph Best and wife, Mr. and Mrs. Abraham German, Mrs.' Sechrist, William Sells, Mrs. J. H. Staver, Mrs. Naylor, Cornelius Furst, and George Swentzell. It was decided to build a church edifice as soon as possible. To this end ten of the congregation subscribed $1,000 a piece. A lot was bought on South Galena avenue, then known as Exchange street, and on Thursday, June 30, in the following year, 1866, the cornerstone of the present building was laid. A large audience witnessed the ceremony and the records have a great deal to say about the manner in which the stone was put in place. To quote : "An ap- propriate hymn was sung by the congregation, after which prayer was offered by the Rev. R. A. Blanchard, who also read the ritual ; the scripture lesson was read by the Rev. W. C. Willing,- followed by the Rev. J. F. Yates. of Galena, in an address, when the usual mementoes were placed, including a copy of the Bible, Methodist Hymn book, Discipline of the M. E. church, Minutes of the Rock River conference, statement of the organization and history of the church, list of builders of the edifice, Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the United States, and several states, copies of the local and state newspapers, specimens of national coin, etc., after which the stone was placed in position, and the audience dismissed with the benediction." The building was pushed rapidly and soon finished. The cost was $23,000 and the funds were practically all provided for before the dedication day which was in the fall of 1867. At the formation of the church, the members decided to call it the "Embury Methodist Episcopal church" in honor of Philip Embury, the first Methodist preacher in America. Rev. Joseph Wardle became the first pastor, and was in a few years succeeded by the Rev. John H. Reaves, who early resigned on account of failing health. The Rev. R. McCutcheon, a resident minister, and one of the founders of the church, filled out his unexpired term assisted by F. C. Winslow and Joseph Best, who were local elders. In 1866, F. A. Read be- came pastor and filled his term of three years, a period marked by steady pros- perity. Rev. F. A. Read was followed by the Rev. F. A. Hardin, a man of great energy and personal enthusiasm, Rev. Hooper Crews, Rev. S. G. Lathrop, Rev. I. E. Springer, and then again by the Rev. F. A. Hardin, who returned to take charge of his former pastorate again. Rev. G. S. Young, Rev. Sanford HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 437 Washburn, and Rev. H. L. Martin occupied the pulpit in turn, and then the Rev. Joseph Wardle, the first minister, returned to the church he had helped to found after an absence of twenty years. The pastors who have filled the charge since the second occupation of the Rev. Joseph Wardle, have been: Rev. J. A. Matlack, 1886-1889; Rev. N. J. Harkness, 1889-1893; Rev. T. V. E. Sweet, 1893-1895; Rev. W. H. Haight, 1895-1897; Rev. A. R. Cronce, 1897-1898; Rev. L. C. Burling, 1898-1902; Rev. J. M. Phelps, 1902-1905; Rev. E. E. McKay, 1905-1908. Rev. McKay was succeeded in 1908 by the Rev. Ray C. Harker, the present incumbent. Rev. Harker is a man of highly intellectual accomplishments. He is a graduate of Northwestern University, and is especially effective as a pulpit orator, having taught for two years in the Cumnock School of Oratory at North- western. Under his guidance the church has grown and prospered steadily. The congregation numbers about six hundred and fifty. The Sunday school, of which O. T. Smith is superintendent, numbers about five hundred. The church property is valued at $28,000 of which the parsonage, valued at $7,000 forms a part. Paul Haight is president of the brotherhood and George Green is presi- dent of the Epworth league. A new church building is at present contemplated to take the place of the old one, which the congregation has outgrown. The building will be commenced next spring, and a costly and beautiful structure, surpassed by none in the city will be erected on the site of the present church. GRACE EPISCOPAL CHURCH. In 1848 or 1849 the movement was started which culminated in the estab- lishment of Grace Parish. A little band of believers in the Protestant Episcopal faith had been for some time holding meetings in a little room on Galena street under the leadership of Rev. James Bentley, who afterward became the first pastor of the church. The meetings were not regularly held, but the interest in them was maintained, and the following year, the association determined to formally organize a church. On June 17, 1850, the men who had met foi for the purpose of organizing drew up the following resolution which is pre- served on the church records: "We, whose names are hereunto affixed, deeply sensible of the Christian religion and earnestly desiring to promote its holy influence in our own hearts, and in those of our families and neighbors, do hereby associate ourselves under the name of Zion Parish, Freeport, in communion with the Protestant Episcopal church of the United States of America, and diocese of Illinois, the authority of whose constitution and canons we do hereby recognize, and to whose liturgy and mode of worship we promise to conformed. Witness our hands (signed), Tames Bentley, Charles Powell, Andrew F. Hollenbach, George F. Johnson, William Bacon (clerk). On July 12, 1850 the first vestry of the church was elected, consisting of Andrew F. Hollenbach, senior warden ; Daniel Brewster, junior warden ; G. F. Johnson, treasurer; Charles Powell, George Puriton; William Bacon (clerk). One of the first steps taken was the plan for erection of a church. While the process of building was in progress the church continued to hold its services in the Galena street room rented for its uses. A portion of land (the same 438 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY which is at present owned by the church) was secured at the corner of Stephen- son and Cherry streets and the building was begun in 1851. In !853 it was finished and Bishop Whitehouse consecrated the edifice, being assisted by the Revs. McKeown, of Elgin, Benedict, of Galena, and James Bentley, the Freeport rector. The frame building, thus consecrated on the 1 6th of February, 1853, remained in use for only nine years, when it was liter- ally brown to pieces in a violent windstorm which occurred in that year. Owing to the war times and afflicted condition of the congregation, the loss seemed a very serious one, and nothing was done at once to replace the structure. Meet- ings were again held in a rented hall, and for a time no effort was made to re- build. In a short time, however, it became necessary again to have a church building, and the fragments of the old one were rebuilt with an added central section, thus increasing the size of the building. A period of great prosperity ensued and the treasury of the church was enhanced to such a degree that a new church building was deemed advisable. In 1887 it was finished and dedi- cated by Dean John Wilkinson, of Dixon, assisted by clergymen from Chicago, Galena, Sycamore, and Amboy. The church is one of the handsomest in the city, being built of native white limestone, left with bold rock face. The rectory is connected with the church at the rear, and the architect, Henry E. Starbuck, of Chicago, accomplished the somewhat remarkable feat of placing both church and rectory on a lot 60x120 feet. The building is modern and up-to-date in every respect. The latest acquisition is a new church organ, unquestionably one of the finest, as well as the newest, in Freeport. Recently, the rectory was closed temporarily for various reasons and a new rectory was purchased until the old one could be improved and modernized. The church has at present a congregation of between two and three hun- dred, with a Sunday school somewhat smaller. The present rector is the Rev. Frederick J. Bate, who has been in charge since February, 1905. The rectors who have officiated since the foundation of the parish by the Rev. James Bentley, have been: Rev. James Bentley, 1849-1853; Rev. A. J. Warner, 1853-1855; Rev. Adams, 1856-1857; Rev. I. L. Grover, 1857-1858; Rev. R. L. Crittenden, 1858- 1859; Rev. S. R. Weldon, 1860-1866; Rev. J. N. Clark, 1866-1868; Rev. W. I. Johnson, 1868-1871 ; Rev. G. W. Dean, 1872-1875; Rev. R. F. Sweet, 1876-1884; Rev. J. B. Draper, 1884-1886; Rev. W. C. De Witt, 1886-1889; Rev. Marcus Lane, 1889-1895; Rev. Frederick W. Keator, 1896-1900; Rev. William White, 1900-1904; Rev. Frederick J. Bate, 1905 . TRINITY CHURCH. The early history of Trinity church is the same as that of the Salem Evan- gelical church, which only recently disbanded. In April, 1867, the movement was started which resulted in the establishment of Salem Mission at Freeport. At the annual session of the Illinois Conference, held in Naperville, Rev. Henry Rohland offered a motion which was seconded by the Rev. S. Dickover that the Salem Mission of Freeport be established. The motion was carried but not acted upon and for a whole year nothing was done. Two years later the spring conference appointed a pastor and the Rev. Henry Messner was delegated to be- FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH TRINITY CHURCH AND PAKSOXAOK LIBRARY OF THE UNIVEKSI1Y OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 439 come the first guide of Salem Mission. The Rev. D. B. Byers was elected presiding elder of the district. Fifty-four members made up the first congrega- tion, most of them coming by letter from the Oak street Emanuel Evangelical church, which held services only in German. A petition had been presented to the conference to permit preaching in English on alternate Sundays, but this was refused. As a result, many of the congregation withdrew, most of them going over to the Salem church. The records of the church state that the first quarterly conference leaders were as follows: Class leaders, Paul W. Rockey, Rev. D. W. Crissinger; exhorters, H. W. Pease, John Miller; trustees, John Barshinger, Paul W. Rockey, D. W. Grissinger, John Woodside, Simon Anstine ; stewards, T. Y. Fiss, John Wolfinger, Elias Bamberger. For six months after its founding, Salem Mission worshiped in "Commercial Hall" on Stephenson street, but negotiations for the erection of a suitable church edifice were immediately started. In the meantime a Sunday school was organized and the various departments of church work were begun. A house and lot on Pleasant street was secured and a building, which still stands, was immediately constructed, the total cost of lot and building being nearly $8,000. In 1888 an eleven hundred dollar parsonage was built next to the church. The temporal affairs of the church prospered and the pulpit was successively occupied by Rev. H. Messner (1869-70), E. C. Condo (1871-73), D. B. Byers (1873-76), C. Schmucker (1876-79), W. H. Bucks (1879-80), D. B. Byers (1880-82), W. H. Fouke (1882-84), S. A. Miller (1884), W. Caton (1885- 88), W. H. Fouke (1888-91), J. H. Keagle (1891-94). In 1893 came a break The Dubs faction withdrew from the Illinois conference, and with it went Salem congregation all except two members who . remained outside. These leaders together with some others became the founders of the present Trinity church. The old Salem church was left to the faithful two and the members of Trinity sought a new place. A house and lot were bought on the corner of Union and Pleasant streets, where the present building stands, and a frame edifice was erected, the house being made over into a parsonage. Following J. H. Keagle, who will always be remembered by the congregation of Trinity for his untiring labor and enthusiasm, the pulpit was occupied by : S. P. Entorf, 1894-1898; B. R. Schultze, 1898-1900; John Divan, 1900-1903; F. W. Landwer, 1903-1906; L. C. Schmidt, 1906-1910. The period of Rev. L. C. Schmidt's occupancy was a time of rapid growth and increase and at this time the present church building was built. The project was talked over in 1906, and the following year it was definitely decided to build a new church. The old parsonage and frame church were removed, and a large, handsome structure of colonial brick was erected on the old site. The new church which cost about $25,000 is a credit to the congregation whose labors helped to build it. It is surmounted by a tower, not crowned with a spire, but of unusual height, and is built throughout in the modern style of church architecture. The cornerstone was laid in 1907, Bishop Heil presiding, assisted the presiding elder C. G. Unangst, and the church was soon finished. In April, 1910, a parsonage, at 40 Broadway was bought to take the place of the old one which was removed when the new church was built. The price of the new parsonage was $4,200, the building being an up to date one with all 440 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY modern conveniences. The total valuation of the church property, including the parsonage, is about $25,000. Trinity church is in a prosperous condition at present under the leadership of Rev. J. G. Eller, who succeeded Rev. L. C. Schmidt in January, 1910. The congregation number three hundred and four, and the Sunday school two hundred and eighty-two. FIRST GERMAN REFORMED CHURCH. The early history of the First German Reformed church has not been preserved with any great accuracy. It is only known that at some time during the year 1862 a little band of adherents began holding meetings in a hall over the drug store of F. Weise on the corner of Galena street and South Galena avenue (then Exchange street). The Rev. Mr. Seaman was the first pastor and the congregation embraced a small number of names, most of whom have been lost to us, among those ascertainable being Henry Schulte, Henry H. Frank, Conrad Rodeke, Peter Belger, H. Billiker, and Mr. Ode. Mr. Seaman stayed only a short time and during his residence the church did not thrive very greatly, owing to dissensions among the congregation. Rev. O. Accola who succeeded, was able to unite the warring factions and all joined in the common cause of of securing a church building, which was put up on a lot at the corner of Union and Williams streets. After a short time Rev. Accola resigned and for some time the church was without a pastor. During this time it became disorganized 1 and scattered and it seemed at one time as if the members had completely dis- banded. Several years after in 1869 it was again united by the Rev. A. Schrader who came to take charge of the pastorate. Rev. Schrader remained in Freeport five years and built up the cause in a most gratifying manner, after which the Rev. John Wernly came to fill the pulpit. Rev. Wernly remained here for a long time and under his direction the present church edifice was built in 1879 on the site of the old one. It is a simple and unpretentious structure of brick, with a spire one hundred feet high and cost about $3,000. In 1873 a parsonage was built on the land ad- joining the church, at a cost of about $2,000. Rev. John Wernly was followed by J. J. Jannett, E. Brunochler, and William Rech. Under Rev. Mr. Rech's occupancy the church was entirely remodeled and repaired throughout at a cost of a thousand dollars. Rev. Rech remained from 1898 until 1904, the parsonage being repaired in 1903. He was succeeded by Rev. Ernst Traeger, who still fills the charge. In 1909, the church building was also repaired and remodelled, also at a cost of $1,000. The structure was painted and otherwise improved and today presents a most satisfactory appear- ance. The German Reformed church is in a fairly flourishing condition, but has lost much of its membership through the establishment of the English Re- formed church which occurred recently. The membership embraces about one hundred and fifty voting members. The Sunday school has a roll of one hun- dred with an average attendance only a trifle smaller. The church property has risen in value since paving on both sides has been accomplished and with the parsonage is worth today about $10,000. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 441 GERMAN IMMANUEL. The German Evangelical Lutheran Immanuel church was founded in 1877 by the Rev. T. J. Grosse of the Lutheran Seminary at Addison, Du Page . County, Illinois. For some time after the founding of the Freeport church, Rev. Grosse continued to be identified with the Addison Seminary, but on Feb- ruary 23, 1877, took charge as first pastor. During the first year of its existence the church increased in membership until it reached the mark of thirty-seven. In the same year, a lot was purchased on the corner of Union and Pleasant streets. On it a small church was erected, which still meets the needs of its congregation, which has more than trebled during the thirty-three years since 1877. At the time of the founding of the church a parochial school was established in connection. This school embraced about fifty pupils under the instruction of Professor F. Case. Instruction was given both in German and English in the elementary and advanced branches. The school is still maintained and has an attendance about as large as when it was organized. Rev. T. J. Grosse, who founded the church, remained with it only a very . short time. In October, 1877, in the same year that he came, he departed after an occupancy of only eight months. The congregation immediately ex- tended a call to the Rev. F. Behrens who accepted and came to take the charge, which had increased in numbers to fifty-five. Since the time of Rev. Behrens there have been few changes in pastors, the Immanuel church being distinguished for this particular fact. The pastors who have occupied the pulpit since the foundation are Rev. T. J. Grosse, 1877; Rev. F. Behrens, 1877-1880; Rev. H. D. Schmidt, 1880-1899; Rev. A. C. Landeck, 1899 . Rev. A. C. Landeck still holds the pastorate with a congregation about one hundred and thirty. The Sunday school is also maintained with an average attendance of about one hundred. ST. JOHN'S EVANGELICAL CHURCH. St. John's German Evangelical church is one of the oldest in the city. It was founded in 1847 by the following men and their families: H. Kochsmeier, P. Tewes, A. Mengedohd, A. Boedeker, B. Boedeker, B. Huenkemeier, F. Hanke, W. Mundhenke, C. Riesenberger, C. Lesemann, C. Beine, C. Altenberg, F. Bod- mann, H. Burkhard, and E. Bine, elder. Meetings were held by the Rev. E. Beine in a schoolhouse in the western part of the city, then known as "Knowlton Town." These meetings were continued for several years and no church was formally organized until 1850. In that year the organization was duly effected in accordance with the laws of the Ger- man Evangelical Association of the West, and in 1850 a lot at the corner of Union street and South Galena avenue (then known as State street) was pur- chased and a church building 33 x 40 commenced. In 1852 the old church was finished and dedicated, the records naming as trustees Adolph Boedeker, William Mundhenke, Henry Burkhard, and August 442 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Mengedohd. A year later the Rev. J. Zimmerman was called as pastor, and in 1854 the congregation became a part of the German Synod of the West. In 1856 a parsonage and schoolhouse was erected on the church lot and a parochial school, afterward abandoned, was begun. In 1855, Rev. Zimmerman was succeeded by the Rev. W. Kamptneier who remained for ten years. During the ministry the old church was abandoned and a new stone edifice erected on the site. This edifice is standing today and has undergone a number of alterations except for which it presents practically the same appearance as when built in 1856. The building, which cost $5,000, most of which was immediately subscribed for by the congregation, was in size 44 x 75 and held an audience room capable of seating six hundred persons. The building, while substantial, was plain and unostentatious, being entirely without adornments save for a spire one hundred feet high. In 1866 the Rev. P. H. Hoefer became pastor and remained in charge for four years, when he was succeeded by the Rev. D. M. Fotch. He has since been followed by the Rev. C. Hoffmeister, the Rev. Martin Otto, a pastor who will long be remembered for the loving and efficient service which he rendered the church, the Rev. N. Severing, who died May 20, 1896, and finally the Rev. F. Holke, the present incumbent. Rev. Holke has filled his post most ably and has proven one of the most popular and beloved pastors of St. John's church. Various improvements have been made upon the church building which today presents a far different appearance from the original stone structure. In 1887 it was thoroughly repaired and remodelled and again ten years later in 1897. At the latter time extensive alterations were made in" the structure and all the modern conveniences were added. The steeple was rebuilt, the height was in- creased and a new front entrance to the church was built. The size of the audi- torium has also been increased. But the most noteworthy improvement was the addition of a set of sweet toned chimes, the finest in the city. The interior was completely redecorated and changed, and the resulting edifice is practically a new church, having that appearance both inside and out. The congregation is large and steadily increasing in numbers. A Sunday school is also maintained. The church property including a parsonage located back of the church on Union street is valued at about $25,000. THIRD PRESBYTERIAN. The Third Presbyterian church, while no longer in existence, is still of suf- ficient importance to claim a place in this history. It disbanded only a short time ago for various reasons, and the property on South Galena avenue for- merly occupied by the church is now for sale. It was in 1867 that a little congregation of Germans who embraced the Presbyterian faith decided to unite and hold services in their native tongue. This little band, fifteen strong, under the Rev. John Vanderlass, met first in the old courthouse building, which had so often afforded a shelter for struggling little churches in their infancy. But the Third Presbyterian congregation did not occupy the old courthouse long. In the following year, they decided to erect a house of worship of their own. Their plans were carried into effect and CKKMAX M. K. CHURCH LIBRARY OF THE UMVLK6IIY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 443 the present church edifice on South Galena avenue near Dexter street (then Exchange and Prospect streets) was erected and dedicated. It is a small white frame building with a steeple, like so many of the early churches of the city and county. It occupies land 34 x 56, has a seating capacity of two hundred and fifty, and cost, with the adjoining parsonage, $4,500. After three years of effective labor, Mr. Vanderlass was succeeded by the Rev. E. A. Elfeld, who retired in September, 1879. For almost a year after that the church was without a pastor, but on the ist of July, 1880, Rev. C. Buettle accepted the charge and remained for two years. The remaining history of the Third Presbyterian church is one of succes- sive periods of quiescence and revival. For several periods the pulpit was un- occupied, and at several times a revival in interest took place. Among the pastors who followed were the Revs. F. W. Witte, William Diekhoff, etc. Fol- lowing a period of declining interest, the congregation decided to disband. It was, doubtless, a wise move, although one much regretted by the older members of the congregation. The reason is evident. There was no longer a need for a German Presbyterian church. The younger members of the Third church were all acquainted with English, most of them better than with German, and preferred to hear sermons in that tongue. As a result, the Third Presbyterian church has gone out of existence. There may be a resuscitation, but it is doubtful if the church will attempt another reorganization. GERMAN M. E. CHURCH. To the Rev. Mr. Vosholl must be assigned the credit for the establishment of the German Methodist Episcopal church. In the early days of the county's history there were a large number of Germans who adhered to the faith of John Wesley, and many of them could speak English only with very great difficulty. To overcome this inconvenience, Rev. Vosholl was appointed missionary to Freeport where he arrived October 3, 1854. Soon after reaching the field of his future labors, Rev. Vosholl collected a congregation and held services in the basement of the First Methodist church while raising funds and complet- ing arrangements for the erection of a permanent house of worship. In the year 1858 a church edifice was erected on the corner of Chicago and Spring streets, at a cost of $1,500 and occupied until 1872, when it was razed to give place to the present one. In 1887 the present house of worship was removed to the corner of South Galena avenue and Jackson street, where it still stands. In 1880 the congregation numbered about fifty members, but from that year owing to continual drafts made thereon by reason of removals, the number diminished until the membership numbered but twenty-two. Since that time the church has taken on new life and the membership has increased to the pres- ent number of seventy. A large and flourishing Sabbath school of fifty-five is also maintained. About seventy of the younger people of the church have joined the Epworth League, and are actively promoting the interest of that body and of the church itself. Since the establishment of the church the following pastors have of- ficiated: Revs. H. Vosholl, H. Richter, F. Fiegenbaum, R. Tillman, C. Holl, 444 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Charles Schueler, George Haas, E. R. Irmsher, B. Becker, E. J. Funk, F. Schmidt, A. Brenner, G. E. Hiller, E. Uhl, H. Wellemeyer, W. V. Schlung, E. Christ, C. Hess, Stetter, and J. H. Klaus, who left in 1896. In the same year he was succeeded by the Rev. J. F. Hartke, under whose occupancy the church and parsonage were remodelled. The rear portion of the church was removed and placed as an addition to the parsonage. It was then replaced by a larger and more commodious addition to the church itself. Rev. Hartke stayed until 1899 and was followed by Rev. A. F. Hilmer who stayed only one year. In 1900 the Rev. F. O. Barz came to Freeport and under his pastorate a new furnace was placed in the church and the roof raised and re- paired. Under Rev. W. C. Bergmann's occupancy, which followed the five years of Rev. F. O. Barz, a large expense was caused by the paving which was done on both South Galena avenue and Jackson street. This caused a debt of about $1,200. The church is now in charge of the Rev. H. J. Loemker, who came here in 1909 from Garner, Ohio. The property, including church and parsonage is worth at least $6,000, of which the church is worth $3,500 and the parsonage $2,500. SALEM CHURCH. The early history of Salem Evangelical church is identical with that of Trin- ity church which is treated elsewhere. In April, 1867, the movement which re- sulted in the establishment of Salem Mission was started. Nothing was done, however, until two years later. On the twenty-seventh day of April, 1869, the organizing meeting was held, presided over by the Rev. D. B. Byers, presid- ing elder of the Freeport District. Rev. H. Messner, the pastor, was present, and P. W. Rockey officiated as secretary. Articles of incorporation were adopted, and a board of trustees, consisting of Rev. D. W. Grissinger, John Woodside, P. W. Rockey, John Barshinger, and Simon Anstine, was appointed. The charter members of the church included Mr. and Mrs. John Woodside, Mr. and Mrs. John Barshinger, Mr. and Mrs. John Miller, Mr. and Mrs. John Wolfinger, Mr. and Mrs. John Dickover, Mr. and Mrs. Simon Anstine, Mr. and Mrs. H. W. Pease, Mr. and Mrs. T. Y. Fiss, Mr. and Mrs. Elias Bamberger, Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Clark, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Spitler, Mr. and Mrs. J. Fox, Mr. and Mrs. John Howard, Mr. and Mrs. Amos Hime, Rev. D. W. Grissinger and Mrs. Grissinger, Samuel Clair, Mr. and Mrs. J. Baymiller, Miss Susan Baymiller, Aaron H. Barshinger, Mrs. H. Dengler, Miss E. Dengler, Mr. and Mrs. John Fritz, Miss C. Fritz, Mr. and Mrs. Elias Koonz, Mrs. Carrie Klock, Mrs. Mary Kaufmann, Mrs. Sarah Kyle, Mr. and Mrs. Peter Penticoff, Mrs. E. Neuman, Mr. and Mrs. P. W. Rockey, Miss P. H. Reinhuber, Miss Re- becca Rohland, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Shaffer, Mrs. Anna Stibgen, Aaron H. and Thomas H. Woodside, Mrs. Sarah Woodside, Misses Mary and Lizzie Wood- side, the Revs. D. B. Byers and Henry Messner, Mesdames Byers and Messner, and Mr. and Mrs. Elias J. Duth. For a short time services were held in "Commercial Hall" on Stephenson street, where a Sunday school was also organized and all the requisite machinery set in motion. Meanwhile a committee was appointed to procure a suitable HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 445 site for a church building, and to secure funds for the erection of the same. A lot was soon purchased of David Sunderland, on Pleasant street for $2,500 and a Gothic frame building 40 x 60 feet and two stories in height was erected. The building was accomplished for the most part by the members of the congregation themselves with the pastor acting as foreman, and so effectu- ally was the work pushed that the lecture room was finished and occupied in November of the same year. In the following year the church was finished and dedicated. The following pastors have officiated: H. Messner, 1869-1870; E. C. Condo, 1871-1873; D. B. Byers, 1873-1876; C. Schmucker, 1876-1879; W. H. Bucks, 1879-1880; D. B. Byers, 1880-1882; W. H. Fouke, 1882-1884; S. A. Miller, 1884; W. Caton, 1885-1888; W. H. Fouke, 1888-1891. In 1890 a break came and the Dubs faction of the Illinois Conference with- drew, taking with it all the members of Salem congregation except two. This faction in Freeport remained in control of Salem church until April, 1893, when the supreme court of Illinois decided that all property belonged to the Evangelical Association, and must be turned over to it. The Dubs adherents of Freeport then withdrew and founded the present Trinity church. The faithful two to- gether with some others remained the congregation of Salem church. Following the Rev. W. H. Fouke, the Rev. H. A. Kramer was sent by the Illinois Conference to rebuild the society. In 1894 he was succeeded by the Rev. W. B. Rilling, who put in four years of faithful labor, being followed by the Rev. H. A. Kramer again from 1898 to 1900. Rev. J. A. Giese came in 1900, going away in 1904, and then the Rev. F. C. Neitz, who stayed two years, leav- ing in 1906. The Rev. W. H. Heinmiller, who followed, stayed until the dis- banding of the congregation in 1908. The causes which led to the disorganiza- tion of Salem church were deep seated. In the first place, the members of Salem Mission had originally been members of the Emanuel Evangelical church, and the congregation was for the most part made up of people who had come over from that church because they were dissatified that the conference had not allowed English preaching in the church on alternate Sundays. This obstacle be- ing removed, and the conference permitting English preaching in the Emanuel church on Sunday evenings, there was no longer any reason for the separation of the two congregations. Futhermore, the two churches felt that in union was strength, and that the merging of Salem and Emanuel would be a wise move. It has so resulted, and although the Emanuel church lost nearly half of Salem congregation to other churches when the transfer was made, the church is pros- pering today and there is every indication that the decision was well timed. EMANUEL EVANGELICAL CHURCH. The Emanuel Evangelical or Oak Street Evangelical church has Always been described and one of Freeport's "most substantial" churches. It is also one of the oldest, having been founded as early as 1851. At that time the following membership made up the first congregation : John Krinbill, Fred Asche, Joseph Miess, John Marter, Jacob Heim, H. Thomas, G. Thomas, G. Mainzer, A. Brenner, L. Metzger, M. Metzger, John Mayer, Christian Mainzer, B. Mainzer, 446 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Mr. Lemberger, Catherine Stoskopf, William Ellebrecht, J. Wolf, J. Frey, and H. Fahringer. The original membership was very soon increased by the stirring revivals which took place and before long a church building was being discussed. Joseph Miess, a member of the congregation donated eighty acres of land, which was sold for $450, and the proceeds used, together with other contributions, for the erection of a small brick church on Oak street midway between South Galena avenue (then State street) and Empire street. In 1868 it became necessary to occupy a new church, and plans were formulated for building the present struc- ture. These were, however, not immediately carried into effect and it was 1874, six year later, before the building was finally finished and dedicated. The present church, which is located at 18 and 20 Oak street is of brick, painted white, with an ornate tower, and affords a seating capacity for three hundred and fifty persons. It was completed under the pastorate of Rev. A. Fuessle, F. Mayer, E. Viergge, F. Heim, and F. Asche constituting the building com- mittee. A large number of pastors have served in the Emanuel church since its organization. Most of them have remained only for a year or two, but for the last twenty years the term of occupancy has been somewhat longer. The pastors who officiated have been the Revs. H. Rohland, C. Augenstein, J. G. Escher, L. H. Eiterman, J. Reigel, C. Kopp, E. Musselman, D. B. Byers, D. Kraemer, J. Schneider, H. Messner, A. Stahley, W. J. Walker, M. Stamm, A. Fuessle, Wil- liam Schrims, A. Huelster, E. R. Troyer, Theodore Alberding, Carl Hauser, N. Wunderlich, William F. Klingbeil, and J. C. Schaefer, the present minister. In 1908 the congregation of Salem church united with the Emanuel church, since when preaching has been held in English at the evening service and in Ger- man in the morning. The congregation numbers about one hundred and ninety- two, with a Sunday school of one hundred and seventy-two. Most of the societies of the church, and particularly all the young people's societies conduct their meetings in English. Most of the Sunday school classes are in English, but a few are taught in German. The present pastor, Rev. J. C. Schaefer, has been in charge but a short time, having come here from Washington, Illinois. The financial affairs of Emanuel church are in good condition. The church itself is valued at $13,000 together with the lot upon which it stands, while the parsonage, which is next to the church at 14 Oak street, represents a valuation of $(".500 making a total of nearly $20,000. The value of the Oak street property has risen of late years owing to the improvements in the way of paving that have been made in the vicinity. FIRST FREE METHODIST CHURCH. The history of the First Free Methodist church of Freeport is one of alter- nating periods of activity and quiescence. There was an early church previous to 1865, but absolutely nothing can be learned of its origin or activity. From 1865 to 1877 there was no church at all, but in 1877 the church was re-organized and consisted of the following members : Ferry Crowden and wife, Jacob Mease and wife, and David Moon. The Rev. J. Buss was called to the charge, and HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 447 aided by these faithful few, he succeeding in reviving the church. Services were held at first in covenient halls and elsewhere, until the latter part of 1877, when the churchi building now in use was completed. This stood at first on South Galena avenue but was later removed to a location on Broadway. The cost of the structure was estimated at $1,000. In 1878 a revival was' experienced in the circuit in which the congregation is included, conducted by the Revs. W. F. Manly and A. F. Ferris, through whose labors ninety-one were converted and additions made to the congregation. The history of the church since that time has been marked by continual changes in pastors, an unusually large number having occupied the pulpit. The congregation has not increased very extensively in size, but remains about the same, having a membership of between thirty and forty. The church property, including a frame edifice, 28x40 capable of seating two hundred and fifty per- sons, is valued at a little less than a thousand dollars. The present pastor in charge is the Rev. D. W. Finch, who has been in Freeport since last year. The parsonage is located at 92 American street. FIRST ENGLISH REFORMED CHURCH. Freeport is the center of a group of Reformed churches in Stephenson and the adjoining counties, and being a growing city there is a natural field for the organization of an English Reformed church. It was not until 1906, however, that the present church was conceived. There had been a German Reformed church in the city for many years, but there were also many English adherents of that religion which dates it origin to the Reformation and stands for the principles of that great historic movement. Some of these attended the German church ; others were scattered in other congregations. In the summer of 1906, Mr. Chalmer Beaver, a student from the Heidel- berg Theological Seminary, under the auspices of the Sunday school board of the Reformed church, opened a Sunday school which had for its meeting place the old Third Presbyterian church on South Galena avenue near Pleasant street. In the fall of the same year, the Rev. R. F. Schultz, of Dayton, Ohio, or- ganized a congregation of twelve members, heads of families : Mr. and Mrs. George Scoeney, Mr. and Mrs. John Brown, Mr. and Mrs. Simon Brown, Mr. and Mrs. John Richard, Mrs. Potter, Mrs. Frank Shelley, Mrs. Rebecca Ditzler, Mrs. George Springman. These constituted the charter members. Rev. Schultz remained through the year, and in November was succeeded by the present pastor, the Rev. C. M. Rohrbaugh, who took charge of the pastorate on December ist, having come to Freeport from Germantown, Ohio. For two years services were held in the old Third Presbyterian church, during all of which time the building of a permanent church home was talked over and discussed. In 1908 the first decisive step was taken. In the early part of that year a lot was purchased on the corner of Carroll street and South Galena avenue, on a portion of the Barnes property. In the summer of that year the present edifice was erected. The cornerstone was laid on the fourteenth day of June, the speakers on the occasion being Hon. L. H. Burrell of Freeport, and the Rev. W. D. Marburger, of Dakota. The church 448 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY was immediately finished and the dedication conducted on the twenty-ninth day of November. Rev. Charles E. Miller, D. D., president of the Board of Home Missions, was the principal speaker of the day. The church has now been oc- cupied for nearly two years. The building is a handsome structure of glazed brick, trimmed with Bed- ford sand-stone. The interior is finished in oak and is modern in every respect, with an auditorium having a seating capacity of four hundred and fifty, on the main floor. There is also a splendid basement designed for Sunday school rooms and social purposes. The equipment represents an investment of ap- proximately $15,000. $5,000 of this sum was donated by the local church and its friends in this community, and $10,000 was provided by the Board of Home Missions. Although so recently founded the church is in a flourishing condition at present, and is rapidly increasing in membership. The original twelve families concerned in the organization have now increased to over fifty. The Sunday school enrolls one hundred and forty members, with an average attendance not so large. The church property is valued at $15,000 the cost of the present structure. FIRST CHURCH OF CHRIST, SCIENTIST. First Church of Christ, Scientist, was organized in 1899, Mrs. Elizabeth Fry Burchard being especially instrumental in its organization. For a few years previous to that time, a society composed of Christian Scientists had held meet- ings, but nothing had been done in the way of effecting a church corporation. At that time a charter was secured from the First Church of Boston, Massa- chusetts, of which Mother Church the Freeport society is a branch church. For a year or more after organization the church held meetings in a hall in Fry's block. The names of about fifteen men and women appeared on the original charter of the church, and as the organization grew and quarters be- came crowded a larger room was secured in the Wilcoxin building. Sunday services and Wednesday evening meetings continued to be held in the Wilcoxin building. A reading room was established in connection with the church and also a Sunday school. Later an adjoining room in the building was rented and united with the original room in order to accomodate the needs of the read- ding room and Sunday school. In the fall of 1908 the property belonging to Mrs. H. E. Bogar at 229 Ste- phenson street was bought at a price of $6,000, most of the amount being im- mediately raised by subscriptions entirely within the church. A recent bequest of $2,000 by an interested outsider more than leaves the church free of debt. Services are at present being held in the house which was purchased, the interior having been redecorated and remodelled for church purposes. A church edifice is contemplated for the future on the same lot. The church reading room is now maintained in the church building at 229 Stephenson street. The affairs of the church are at present in a prosperous condition and gratify- ing developments are expected. The services of this church are not conducted by a pastor, but by two readers who read selections from the Bible and the Chris- TRINITY CliriU'II. FRKKI'ORT KXCIJSH REFORM CHURCH LIBRARY OF THE UNIVEKSITY Of ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 449 tian Science text book. The readers are elected for terms of three years, those in office at present being Miss Silena Gransden, and Mrs. S. C. Porter. The church property is valued at about $7,000. UNITED BRETHREN CHURCH. The United Brethren church of Freeport was organized in 1892, and is con- sequently of comparatively recent origin. Previous to 1892 a number of ad- herents of the sect had lived in the city, but not in sufficient number to warrant the formation of a church. A number of attempts to establish a church were made, but nothing permanent was accomplished and the project had been repeat- edly abandoned. In the early spring of 1892, on the i3th day of March, nineteen members of the brotherhood met together and adopted resolutions organizing the United Brethren church of Freeport. These nineteen members, some of whom are still with the church, were: Rev. N. G. Whitney, Mrs. M. L. Whitney, Dr. L. B. Peck, Ira Long, Eva Long, Sarah Whitehead, George R. Ringer, Anna M. Ringer, A. E. Peck, Lizzie De Jongh, Anna M. Myers, Ezra Burling, George Brown, M. C. Brown, O. P. Spielman, Noah Peck, Mrs. E. A. Peck, M. Adleman and Mrs. M. Adleman. The succeeding years were marked by prosperity and rapid growth. No sooner had the congregation organized than they began to look about and find a suitable spot for erecting their church edifice. A lot on the corner of Galena and Locust streets, at the western extremity of the former was found procurable, and the present building was erected and dedicated the following spring. It is a handsome structure, unassuming in appearance, but substantially built of brick, and quite competent to fill the needs of the congregation. The style of architecture is Gothic and a beautiful tower and spire crowns the pile. On the second story is the auditorium which will hold about one hundred and fifty per- sons. The first floor is given over to lecture rooms, Sunday school rooms, etc. About four years ago, a parsonage was built on Galena street, next to the church. This parsonage, the cost of which was about $4,000 is one of the finest in the city, and a great credit to the church. At the present time the membership of the church has risen to one hundred and ninety and a Sunday school is maintained, the roll of which numbers one hundred and sixty, with a regular attendance somewhat smaller. Since the founding of the church in Freeport, the pulpit has been occupied by a large number of pastors, all of whom have remained in the city for a very brief term. The present incumbent, the Rev. D. E. Bear, has been in Freeport for about a year, having come here from the southern part of the state. FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. For a long time East Freeport had been designated by the mission workers as a "neglected field." It was repeatedly brought to the notice of missionaries, and as often forgotten owing to the pressing needs of other localities equally neglected. On May 24, 1908, the Rev. B. M. Southgate came to investigate the field with the result that an organization known as the East Freeport Sunday school was started in one of the buildings in Taylor's Park. Much interest was taken in the project by the Second Congregational church of Rockford, 450 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY whose members had long been desirous of establishing a church in Freeport. The success of the Sunday school which was begun with only six or eight mem- bers led to the discussion of plans for a church. Mostly through the instrumentality of the Second church of Rockford, the First church. of Freeport was established less than a year after the founding of the East Freeport Sunday school. On the twenty-fifth day of January, 1908, a band of interested workers met and organized formally the First Congre- gational church. A rented house on Taylor avenue was at first used for church purposes. The Sunday school was moved here from the Taylor Park location and all the machinery of the organization was set in motion. It was at once decided to erect a church building and a suitable lot was bought across the street from the rented house on the corner of Taylor avenue and Sheridan street. The cornerstone of the edifice was laid in August, 1908, the officials of the day being the Rev. H. L. Moore, of the First Presbyterian church, the Rev. Mr. Puddefoot, superintendent of missions of the state of In- diana, and the Rev. J. G. Brooks, the local pastor who had succeeded the Rev. B. M. Southgate earlier in the year. The work of building was continued through the winter and the next year, and by May, 1910, it was ready for use. On May 9, 1910 the church was dedi- cated. The building cost $7,700, which sum was raised partly by the local church and partly by outside subscription. A number of extensive additions and improvements have since been completed raising the total cost to about $8,000. The old church building on Taylor avenue is still rented and is at present utilized as a parsonage. In January, 1910, the Rev. J. G. Brooks was succeeded by the Rev. W. G. Jones, the present incumbent. The membership of the church has risen to about fifty-six, the original number of organizing members being twenty-three. The Sunday school is somewhat larger. It was started with an enrollment of about six members and now consists of over one hundred and twenty regular attendants. The new church building is a modest structure of frame construction, cov- ered with pebble-dash. A small tower and spire crowns the pile, and a hand- some stained-glass window in the front, as well as smaller ones on the sides add to the beauty of the whole. At the present time the First Congregational church is the newest building built exclusively for church purposes in the city of Freeport. The Second Presbyterian church, which is about completed, will presently be the newest building. The outlook for the church is very bright at the present time. The con- gregation is not only a growing one, but it is composed of members who are sincere and indefatigable workers. Owing to the fact that the Congregational church has come to supply a long felt want in Freeport, the growth should be rapid and gives every indication of being so. CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Four years ago, in 1906, the First Christian church of Freeport was estab- lished by the Rev. Jordan, of Rockford, who came to Freeport as a missionary HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 451 of the state association. A meeting was held at the county courthouse, to which all representatives of the denomination, as well as others interested in the faith, were invited. A church organization was there effected, about forty me and women becoming members of the church. In the same year, the Rev. J. A. Barnett was called as pastor, and the place of worship was transferred from the courthouse, where a number of meetings had been held, to the audience room of the Masonic Temple. Rev. J. A. Bar- nett stayed only one year, and then left to accept a call from Galesburg, Illinois. His place was taken by the Rev. F. W. Emerson, under whose pastorate the little band of workers prospered wonderfully and became greatly increased in numbers. Rev. Emerson remained only two years, but the impress of his work is still felt. There has been talk of building a church edifice at various times, but the church has never felt itself strong enough to attempt this. The member- ship has increased to fifty, and a Sunday school of about twenty members is maintained under the superintendency of Mr. Johnson. After the departure of Mr. Emerson the church was for some time without a pastor. Last year his place was taken by the Rev. C. O. Livingstone, who has recently accepted a call elsewhere, and the pulpit is again unoccupied. Although with one exception the youngest religious organization of the city, the Christian church is in a thriving condition and gives promise of steady and continued growth. Without doubt, a church will be built in the near future. At the present time, various plans have been adopted, but nothing definite has been accomplished. THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. The Freeport Theosophical Society was organized in Freeporf in the year 1898 by C. H. Little, who became its first president. William Brinsmaid be- came the first secretary. Meetings were at first held at the home of Mr. Little on West Stephenson street and in his parlor the fourteen original members gathered to hold their regular meetings. Afterwards it became inconvenient to hold meetings at Mr. Little's resi- dence, and a room was rented in the Rice building, now the Mackay block. A few years later the society procured a suite of rooms in the Wilcoxin Block, which they used for some time. For the past few years the lodge has met at the home of F. J. Kunz on West street. From the original number of fourteen the society has increased to twenty-five. The officers of the Theosophical Society for the current year are: President, T. D. Wilcoxin; vice president, F. J. Kunz; secretary, Miss Alma Kunz. PEOPLE'S INSTITUTE. The People's Institute grew out of the People's Independent church, which was organized in February, 1909, by the Rev. William H. Beynon, formerly minister of the First Baptist church. The People's Independent church sought to teach and preach a universal Christian religion, without creed or restrictions as to individual convictions. 452 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY During the year the People's Independent church was merged into a larger in- stitution called the People's Institute. The institute had three departments ; viz., religious, educational, and fraternal. It has no creed, but only a "Bond of Union," which members are expected to sign. The "Bond of Union" is a line of action, not a creed, and consistency of action therewith is expected. The "Bond of Union" reads as follows: "We join ourselves together in service to God and man through serving man, as supremely exemplified by Jesus and the teachers of humanity, endeav- oring thereby to acquire power to bear one another's burdens, wisdom to pro- mote justice, truth and righteousness, and spirit to establish peace, purity, and love in the world." Under the auspices of the three departments the following organizations are established : Public religious Sunday service, at which sermons and lectures touching on modern day problems, religious, moral, economic, and political are delivered. The Sunday school, where the Bible and religion are presented under most modern instruction. The Sunday school is graded according to the public school grades. The Sociological Club, which deals with social problems. The Labor Forum, which devotes itself to the study of industrial problems as related to the working classes. The Municipal Club, which studies municipal problems, and exerts its influ- ence for municipal reform. The Political Forum, which is open to all political types of faith and parties to present their claims publicly. The Ladies' Institute League, composed of the ladies of the institute, whose object is to further the interests of the institute socially and educationally. The Young People's League, which is devoted to the development of the youth morally, socially, and educationally. The People's Institute was founded by Mr. Beynon for the purpose of meet- ing the greater needs of the masses in a religious, moral, social, educational, economic, and political manner. "Believing that man is larger than any creed or any human restriction or formality imposed upon him by religious denomina- tions or sects, and that man cannot rise to the height of the Jesus ideal, nor attain to the real brotherhood of man while hampered by factional creeds and religious restrictions, which are oftentimes the cause of dwarfing rather than developing man," Mr. Benyon conceived that an organization such as he founded would more readily help man to attain the highest ideal individually and so- cially, and therefore struck out to reach such a goal. Services were for a time held in the Masonic Temple, but have since been transferred to the old Salem church on Pleasant street. SCHOOLS AFTER 1860. September i, 1859, the school directors of Freeport, Heald, Buckley and Smith called an election and the people voted a tax to build the River school. The ground was purchased and the building completed in the spring of 1860. First Ward School Lincoln School East Freeport School River School Third Ward School Center Street School Union Street School SCHOOLS OF FREEI'OKT LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 453 In August, 1865, another special election was held and it was voted to build a new school in the third ward at the corners of Liberty and Williams streets. This building cost $17,000.00 and was completed in 1866. It was known as the Wright school. The site for the Lincoln avenue school was brought for $1,200,00, January i, 1868. The building was completed at a cost of $12,465.77 in the fall of 1868. The directors at that time were C. J. Fry, H. M. Barnum, F. W. S. Brawley, Ezrom Mayer, treasurer ; and L. W. Guiteau, alternate. The school directors for 1877 were J. M. Bailey, Jacob Krohn and Frederick Bartlett. July 7, 1877, they decided to erect a new building for the High school. This building was built at the corner of Cherry and Exchange (then called Bridge street) at a cost of over $14,000.00. The High school was maintained in this building till - , when the present High school (the old part) was erected. SCHOOLS OF FREEPORT. In 1867, F. W. S. Brawley, C. J. Fry and H. M. Barnum were the school directors. Formerly the principal of the High school had been given the general supervision of the city schools. But September 2, the board of directors decided that such an arrangement was not adequate to meet the demands of a rapidly growing school system, and created the office of superintendent of city schools. The board then elected Mr. G. G. Alvord, superintendent. From 1867 to 1910, Freeport has had seven superintendents, Professor C. C. Snyder serving eighteen years. Professor Snyder was a graduate of Northwestern University, and came to Freeport after teaching in Belvidere and Lyons, Iowa. The best evidence of the worth of this educator is the fact that he held the position of superin- tendent for eighteen years. His son, Dr. K. F. Snyder, is one of the prominent physicians of Freeport. City superintendent R. W. Burton was elected county superintendent in 1893. Superintendent F. T. Oldt came to Freeport in 1893, after fifteen years experience in Lanark, and left here in 1895 to take position of superintendent of the city schools of Dubuque, which position he held till February, 1910. Su- perintendent R. S. Page, an educator of considerable experience, having been a teacher for years in Ohio and Indiana, came to Freeport in 1895 and served as superintendent till his death, January, 1904. On the death of Superintendent Page, Professor S. E. Raines, who had been principal of the High school since 1897, was elected superintendent and is now in his seventh year in that position. Mr. Raines is a graduate of the Indiana State Normal School and of the University of Indiana. Before coming to Free- port, he was superintendent of the Sullivan, Indiana, Schools. He is a mem- ber of the National Educational Association, has been president of the Northern Illinois Teachers Association, and his mastery of the detail and his successful experience have given him a high rank among the city superintendents of the United States. Under his supervision, the schools of Freeport have made re- markable progress. 454 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Summary of Superintendents: G. G. Alvord, 1867-1872; C. C. Snyder, 1872- 1890; A. O. Deubelt, 1890-1891; R. W. Burton, 1891-1893; F. T. Oldt, 1893- 1895; R. S. Page, 1895- January, 1904; S. E. Raines, January, 1904. To go back to the beginning it may be said that Nelson Martin, who taught the first school in Freeport in the little log store-room on the river bank in 1837, was the first principal. The place of High school was filled by private schools, subscription schools, academies and seminaries till the Union school was built in 1852. Among the Select school principals were George Scoville, Messrs, Coon & Dickey, Mr. Bentley, A. B. Campbell, Geo. W. Lutz and Louise Burchard. Mary A. Potter. Mr. A. B. Campbell was principal in 1850. When the Union school was established in 1852, Mr. William J. Johnson was principal. Hon. H. C. Burchard was principal in 1854-5 ; Henry M. Free- man, A. M., 1855-1858; A. N. Marriman, 1859; George L. Montague, 1860- 1861; M. W. Tewksbury, 1862-1863; H. V. Barnum, 1863; W. H. V. Raymond; 1864; David Parsons, 1865-1866; G. G. Alvord, 1867-1869; S. C. Cotton, 1870; Miss E. R. Beckwith, 1871; C. C. Snyder, 1872-1874; Miss F. E. Weed, 1874- 1875; Miss S. L. Stocking, 1875-1876; A. W. Green, 1876-1884; J. H. Hutcheson, 1884-1889; F. A. Rosebrugh, 1889-1893; R. E. Loveland, 1893; W. D. Hawk, 1893-1895; J. E. McGilvrey, 1895-1896; J. W. Bray, 1896-1897; S. E. Raines, 1897- January, 1904; H. E. Adams, January, 1904- June, 1904 acting principal; L. A. Fulwider, 1904. TABLE OF GROWTH OF FREEPORT HIGH SCHOOL. YEAR. ENROLLMENT. GRADUATES. 1879 130 16 1880 78 26 1881 '. ... 81 24 1882 125 9 1883 121 8 1884 50 4 1885 130 14 1886 148 n 1887 145 18 1888 146 12 1889 61 20 1890 115 15 1891 132 10 1892 125 14 1893 125 13 1894 154 23 1895 171 18 1896 185 20 1897 212 22. Year. Graduates. 1898 216 23 1899 236 27 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 455 1900 246 32 1901 260 36 1902 265 44 1903 305 S 2 1904 308 46 1905 323 55 1906 334 5i 1907 354 52 1908 357 53 1909 '398 49 1910 430 66 The graduates of the Freeport high school have now high places in the world's work, and have reflected much credit and honor on the school and the county. In 1882 a four-year high school course was established, a three-year having been maintained up to that date. ALUMNI. Almost one thousand students have been graduated from the Freeport high school since 1863. There were four in the class of 1863 ; fifteen in the class of 1870; sixteen in the class of 1880; fifteen in the class of 1890; thirty-two in the class of 1900; and sixty-six in the class of 1910. Among those who have won more than average success are the following r Dr. Charles R. Sheetz, Algonia, Iowa; Hon. Homer Aspinwall, Freeport; Rev. Niles W. Neermans, De Kalb, Illinois; Thomas W. Woodside, Takanjimba, Africa; Flora Guiteau, teacher, Freeport; Clara S. Hawes, librarian, Pittsfield, Massachusetts ; Mrs. Elida J. Pattison Bently, Freeport ; Addison Bidwell, Free- port; Dr. Eugene Rockey, Portland, Oregon; Mrs. Lizzie E. McCoy Flanagan, Freeport; Oscar E. Heard, circuit judge, Freeport; Eliza L. Murphy, Freeport; John S. Collman, Freeport ; Rev. Dr. Joseph E. Burrell, Brooklyn, New York ; Mrs. Alice Serf ass Towslee, Freeport; Mrs. Alice Sanborn Brown, Freeport; Mrs. Kittie Buckman Mitchell, Freeport; Professor Thomas Hunt, Dean of the Agricultural Department, State College, Pennsylvania; Mrs. Carrie Gund Tag- gart, Freeport; Thomas Rockey, Freeport; Mathias Hettinger, Freeport; Ida Galloway, teacher, New York City ; Henry M. Hyde, editor of Technical World, Chicago; Hazen S. Capron, banker, Champaign, Illinois; Harvey Zartman, Freeport; Mary Hosmer, Freeport; James Hyde, lawyer, Chicago; Marion Pot- ter, librarian, Minneapolis ; Rev. James Benson, Peoria, Illinois ; Mrs. Edith DeVore Tiffany, Freeport; Alpheus J. Goddard, Freeport; Douglas Pattison, Freeport; Rev. Paul Jenkins, Milwaukee; Dr. Fred H. Bowers, Freeport; Ed- win H. Smythe, Chicago; Fred M. Gund, insurance, Freeport; Rev. VVm. E. Ruston, Fairly, Iowa; Wm. H. Staver, Mexico; Chas. F. Stocking, Chicago; Bertha C. Bidwell, Freeport; Frank C. Fuerst, Freeport; Charles Green, at- torney, Freeport; Ida I. Voight, Freeport; Charles Bentley, judge of police court, Freeport ; Oscar Dorman, Freeport ; Joseph Johnson, Freeport ; Dr. Karl F. Snyder, Freeport; Clara Dorman, Freeport; Dr. Louis Voight, Freeport; Philip Moogk, Sparks, Nevada; Dr. R. O. Brown, Forreston, Illinois; Rev. Wm B. 456 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Stoskopf, Chicago; Leroy Laird, Cleveland, Ohio; Mr. Reeve Burton, Free- port; Dr. Mary Rosenstiel, Freeport; Olive Runner, Abbott Academy, Mas- sachusetts; Russell Wiles, attorney, Chicago; Roy Bennethum, Ziegler-Schryer Co., Freeport; Rev. Edward Brown, Los Angeles; Burton Figely, Freeport; Chas Runner, Charles City, Iowa; Lancaster Burling, Buffalo, New York; Fred Hanke, Detroit; Chester A. Hoefer, Freeport; Walter Pfender, Freeport; Charles B. Courtney, attorney, Freeport; Professor Edwin Hoefer, State Uni- versity, Laramie, Wyoming ; Will Stratton, New York City ; John Daniels, city engineer, Freeport; Al. G. Fleck, Rockford; Alfred Hoefer, Chicago; Karl Knechr, Evansville, Indiana; Boyd Lawver, Greenfield, Massachusetts; Profes- sor Herbert Bonebright, State Agricultural University, Colorado; Frank Dippell, draftsman, Chicago; Dr. Stewart Litch, Chicago; Homer Sheetz, Knowlton Bank, Freeport ; James Taggart, Leadville, Colorado ; Fred Becker, St. Louis, Missouri; Harry Bickenbach, State Bank, Freeport; Paul Fair, taxidermist, Raton, New Mexico; Professor George Daniels, Minnesota State Normal; Nel- lie Hanley, Washington City ; Iva Swingley, Freeport ; Florence Brubaker, Free- port; Clarence Chapman, Moline Plow Company, Freeport; Oscar Hively, en- gineer, Kansas City; Frank Markel, Portland, Oregon; Chas. McCool, drafts- man, Freeport; Walter Vautsmeier, graduate of West Point, 1910; Harvey An- gle, manufacturer, Freeport; Karl Wagner, mechanical engineer, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania; Geo. W. Schoeffel, University of Illinois; Harvey Hartman, Freeport; Warren Madden, Freeport; Harry McCullough, Freeport; Edward Luebbing, Freeport ; Walter Nolting, Freeport ; Frances Watson, Tacoma, Wash- ington ; Henry Zanoni, First National Bank ; Earl Andres, Savannah. In 1905 a special election was held to vote on a proposition to build a ward school on Center street and to build an annex to the high school. It was es- timated that the two buildings would cost about $60,000. The building propo- sition was carried by a large majority, indicating that an excellent school spirit prevailed in Freeport. Early ^in the year of 1906, both buildings were com- pleted and opened for school purposes. The Center Street school has eight rooms and is one of the best school buildings in the city. It cost about $30,000. The high school annex contains an assembly with a seating capacity of four hundred, physics, chemistry and biology laboratories, a music room, three reci- tation rooms, a large manual training room and a gymnasium. The cost of the annex was about $45,000. At this time Hon. August Bergman was president of the board of education, and the following were members : D. F. Graham, D. B. Breed, J. N. Fleck, A. E. Hanke, B. P. Hill, C. F. Hildreth, C. A. McNamara, Otto Wagner, and J. H. Gibler. The building committee consisted of B. P. Hill, chairman, and A. E. Hanke, D. F. Graham, and the finance committee, D. F. Graham, chair- man, D. B. Breed and J. H. Gibler. During the summer of 1910, extensive improvements were made at the East Freeport school. This building had not been used to its full capacity since its erection because that part of the city had not been thickly settled up with homes. Recently, however, largely owing to factory extensions, this part of the city is building up rapidly and it was necessary to provide more room at the East Freeport school. The improvements will cost about $10,000. H *3 O O B cc Q K O O LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 457 In recent years the high school has expanded to meet the demands of the times. The board of education, supported by a wholesome public sentiment, has been progressive without being radical. In 1904 manual training was es- tablished in a small room in the high school. The manual training movement in Freeport had its origin with Miss Florence Knowlton who donated a con- siderable equipment to the high school in 190;.. Today the manual training room is sixty by forty feet, and is one of the best equipped departments in the state. Professor John A. Seefelder, a recognized authority on manual train- ing, is in charge of the work. In 1906, domestic science and domestic art were introduced. This department has grown till it occupies three rooms and the work in cooking and sewing is unsurpassed. One of the rooms is a model dining room, fully equipped with linen, china and mission furniture. In 1909 the board of education established a commercial department in the high school, consisting of a four years' course in English, arithmetic, commercial geography, spelling, penmanship, bookkeeping, commercial law, typewriting and stenog- raphy. In 1909, being urged by the Citizens' Commercial Association, the co- operative school and shop course was put into practice, sixteen boys taking the course, going to school and working in the factories, alternate weeks, learning the machinists' and pattern-making trades. The high school has been on the accredited list of the North Central Asso- ciation of Colleges and Secondary Schools since 1906. More than sixty gradu- ates are in higher institutes of learning. In public speaking the high school has won an enviable reputation. Be- ginning in 1905, the F. H. S. debating teams have defeated Elgin (three times), Rockford (three times), Dubuque (twice), Janesville, Beloit, and Rock Is- land and has lost but once (to Dubuque in 1907). In 1909 and 1910 the team won the silver cup offered by Beloit College, after winning out in a debating league of six high schools. In 1905, 1909 and 1910, the high school was represented in the State Oratorical Contest at the University of Illinois, Donald Burrell win- ning third place in 1909, and Wright Burrell in 1910. In 1910, the school repre- sented by Wright Burrell, won the Beloit College Contest in Declamation. Estimated value of school property in the city of Freeport : NAME OF SCHOOL ESTIMATED VALUE High School $85,000.00 Lincoln Avenue 43,000.00 First Ward 25,000.00 Third Ward 32,000.00 Union Street 35,000.00 Center Street 40,000.00 River School 20,000.00 East Freeport 1 5.000.00 Total $295,000.00 458 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY School census in Freeport, 1902-1910: (1902) (1904) (1906) (1908) (1910) Males, between 6 and 21 .... 1872 1985 1952 1980 Females, between 6 and 21 . . 2017 2091 2059 2066 Total 3877 3889 4076 401 1 4046 It will be noticed that the increase in the number of children of school age has not kept pace at all with the increase in the population of the city. The records of the county superintendent's office date back to 1843, when Jared Sheetz was school commissioner for the county. The first item is dated November 18, 1843, and is as follows : "Rec'd of John Rice, former school com- missioner of Stephenson county, from the funds of 1841 and 1842, in specie $315.06. In Illinois State Bank certificates, $133.46, which certificates I sold to John A. Clark March 15, 1844, a * SOG on the dollar." The commissioner following Mr. Sheetz was L. W. Guiteau. September 8, 1879, the title was changed to county superintendent of schools. The highest monthly wages in 1861 in the various townships for male teachers ran $25, $32, $33, $38, $40, $40, $40, $28, $33, $50, $40, $30, $100, $35, $35. $33. $40, $40, $35- For female teachers, $30, $15, $15, $16, $18, $16, $18, $24, $25, $25, $16, $16, $20, $22, $20, $23, $18, $15, $15, $32, $12, $29, $20, $2O. In 1869-70, Superintendent Crary conducted a three-day institute, with the following instructors: Richard Edwards, Normal. Illinois; Lewis Goodrich, Sa- vanna, Illinois ; J. N. Blodgell, Rockford ; E. D. Leland and G. G. Alvord, Free- port. Mr. Alvord was president; S. R. Worrick, secretary, and N. Ford and J. Hay, assistants. The instructors received $30.00. In 1871 the institute was held at Lena, October 20. Prof. E. C. Hewitt was instructor. Rev. F. Boon and Rev. Geo. Elliott, of Freeport, lectured. The institute lasted four days and Dr. Hewitt received $34.00. In 1871, December 5, a four day institute was held at Davis. The instruc- tor was Dr. J. A. Sewall, Normal, and lectures were given by L. W. Guiteau, Mr. Aug. Smith and Dr. Sewall. Eighty teachers attended and Dr. Sewall re- ceived $34.00. That year three of the county teachers were graduates of the State Normal University. In 1873-4, there was no county institute. In 1861, the longest time any teacher had taught the same school was three years. Number in State Normal School, three. TOWNSHIP TREASURERS. The township treasurers in 1861 were Jacob Archer, Loran ; Samuel Tyrrell, Plum River; F. M. Rogers, Howardsville ; Thomas H. Hicks, Nora P. O. ; J. D. DeVore, Yellow Creek; John Kennedy, Freeport; Phil Sweeley, Winslow; Con- rad Van Brocklyn, Freeport ; James Flansberg, Freeport ; James Benson, Cedar- ville; Simon Bartlett, Oneco; Frederick D. Bulkley, Freeport; Jas. B. Childs, Freeport; Abner B. Clingman, Cedarville; Solomon Fisher, Rock Grove; D. S. McKibben, Nevada P. O. ; W. L. Funks, Rock Run; Henry Springer, Davis; Charles Kleckner, Davis. CITY HALL, FREEPOKT mm OF THE UNIVEKSI1Y OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 459 Lowest monthly wages paid in 1862 in the several townships: Males, $20, $26, $25, $23, $18, $25, $20, $25, $16, $20, $20, $14, $25, $29, $20, $18, $25, $18, $16; females, $12, $10, $12, $15, $12, $12, $8, $10, $12, $14, $15, $12, $8, $14, $15, $13, $12, $13, $11, $14. In Mr. A. A. Crary's annual report for 1864-5, ne sa y s "Owing to the fact that most of our male teachers were in the army it was thought best not to call an institute during the school year ending September 30, 1865." No institute was held in 1866-67. In 1867-8, two institutes, 14 days, were held, eighty-nine teachers out of two hundred eighty-two attending. In 1869-70, Superintendent Crary received $986.24 for his compensation. In 1870-71, the superintendent received $1,297.14; 1872, $1,422.06; 1873, $ I >456-72; 1876, $1,950.90. In 1872-3, the county superintendent's report shows number of frame school houses, eighty-six ; brick, thirty ; stone, twenty-nine ; log, one ; total, one hun- dred and forty-six. The log school was in township 27, range 7. The average monthly wages paid men teachers in 1875 was $43.51; women, $30.80. In 1878, the superintendent at Freeport received $160.00 for ten months; at Lena, $95.00 for nine months. In 1882, J. Lawson Wright, of Cedarville, was the holder of a state certifi- cate, and Cora Carpenter, of Lena, in 1883 > 1885, Emma Biggs, Lena. Professor David Parsons got out a sixty-six page, i6mo book, a kind of report, July, 1866. The book contained problems in arithmetic, chemistry, etc. Price, 25c. In 1866 Professor Parsons taught the children in the high school to exercise their arms and hands in gesturing. His system comprised one thousand two hundred gestures or distinct motions. A number of these were given in concert by the students and the audience seemed to be delighted. TEACHERS. Cyrus Howe taught the first school in the Block School in Oneco Township in 1847-8. Dr. F. W. Byers, now of Monroe, Wisconsin, taught the Block School from 1857 to 1863 and has left a record as a kind-hearted man, but a strict disciplinarian. Mr. Adam A. Krape, now of Lena, Illinois, was many years a teacher in Stephenson County. He was principal of the Orangeville schools and of Wins- low schools, and became county superintendent in 1877 and continued in office till 1886. Miss Elta F. Miner taught a number of years at, or near, Orangeville, and later married Rev. F. W. Stump. Dr. A. C. Schadel was educated at the Block School, Freeport High School of 1866, and the University of Wisconsin. He served as principal of the Rock Grove and Orangeville schools. In 1870, he quit teaching and became a dentist at Warren, Illinois. Harrison W. Bolender was one of the early teachers in the northern part of the county. He built and taught the Eldorado School. He became county clerk in 1896, and died in 1900. 460 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Miss Mary E. Cadwell (Mrs. Dr. M. E. Bradshaw) was the first lady to teach a winter term at Eldorado. She attended the Freeport High School. Dr. W. W. Krape, of Freeport, was teacher in the county for several years, quitting that profession for dentistry in 1873. In 1866, he attended the Free- port High School and then entered the University of Wisconsin. Susan B. Fisher (Mrs. Geo. W. Shippy) was a teacher for eighteen years. She was educated at Eldorado and at the Teachers' Training School at Oregon, Illinois. At McConnell, she was a member of the school board. She organized the domestic science branch of the Farmers' Institute. Dr. M. M. Baumgartner taught one year in the county. Geo. Moyer is one of the old teachers of the county. For two years he was principal of the Orangeville schools. C. A. Bolender attended school at the Block School and at Leander College, Toledo, Iowa. He is one of the old teachers of the county. John W. Kiester, of Orangeville, taught fifteen years and entered the R. F. D. service of the United States. Dr. Anna M. Hinds, of Berlin, Illinois, was born near Orangeville. She was educated in Knox College and taught in Eldorado and Freeport. Later she graduated from Rush Medical College and is practicing at Berlin, Illinois. Henry Swarts, of Orangeville, was a teacher forty years ago. In 1869-70 he taught the Sylvan School in Rock Grove. He was educated at the Block School and at the University of Wisconsin and the State Normal at Normal. He taught till 1884. Charles A. Cadwell taught several county schools and was two years, 1871 and 1872, principal of the Orangeville schools. He received his education at the Block School and at the University of Wisconsin. He is now a United States mail cleric W. W. Elzler, of Eldorado, was educated at the Block School and at West- ern College, Toledo, Iowa. He taught successfully many years. Edwin C. Belknap, educated at the Block School and at the Whitewater Normal, taught several years and then became a train dispatcher. Addie F. Cadwell (Mrs. Addie F. Pugh) received her education at Eldorado and at Monroe, Wisconsin, High School. She taught several years and married Rev. B. F. Pugh in 1878. EARLY TEACHERS. J. F. Kleckner was a teacher in the '6os and was elected county superin- tendent in 1869, holding the position four years. In 1849-50, Levi L. Munn, Sr., taught a school in the northern part of the county. In 1849, George Wolf was a teacher in the county. E. R. Mulnix was an early pedagogue. John W. Stocks taught from 1865 to 1866, went to college at Mt. Morris in 1866-67 an d taught 1868-1874. Ira Lowry, of Loran Township, was a teacher from 1846 to 1869 in this county and in Iowa. J. C. Dorn, of Oneco, taught in Oneco Township about 1845 to 1860. Israel G. Wise began teaching in Orangeville in 1873. Hon. Andrew Hinds was a teacher in Oneco Township in 1848. Joseph H. Jackson was a teacher in Buckeye about 1850. Mr. R. K. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 461 Madden came to this county in 1875 and began teaching, which he continued for years. A. B. Crandall began the Commercial School at the corner of Stephenson and Adams streets in 1879. COUNTY INSTITUTES. In 1884, Superintendent A. A. Krape had S. Y. Gillan and O. P. Bostwick in institute work; in 1885, A. R. Sabin, Geo. E. Knepper; in 1887, E^C. Hewitt, Henry Sabin, Geo. E. Knepper, F. H. McBride, J. H. Hutchinson, M. O. Nar- ramore, C. C. Snyder and Frances Rosebrugh. in 1888, Superintendent P. O. Stiver secured Samuel Phelps Leland, Frank H. Hall, P. R. Walker, J. H. Hutchinson, Sara Brooks, G. E. Little, Lottie E. Jones; in 1889, J. Piper, C. J. Kinnie, F. F. Oldt, O. F. Barbour and C. C. Snyder; in 1890, Geo. Howland, Geo. E. Knepper, A. O. Reubelt; in 1891, C. F. Philbrook, Mary E. Holder, E. F. Smith ; in 1892, John W. Cook, M. Quaeken- bush, Miss Bonnie Snow, J. Piper, B. P. Colton, R. W. Burton; in 1893, J. Piper, F. H. Hall, F. F. Oldt, R. W. Burton, Flora Guiteau; in 1894, Prof. Chas. Zeublin, F. H. Hall, D. W. Hawk, Flora Guiteau, F. F. Oldt, S. A. Karker. Superintendent R. W. Burton secured C. A. McMurry and S. Y. Gillan in 1895; in 1896, J. G. Needham, R. S. Page, J. E. McGilvrey, H. F. Polton; in 1897, John W. Cook, H. H. Howland, A. C. Bothe, Miss E. M. Phillips, J. E. McGilvrey, W. F. Skinner; in 1898, Jessie Dillon, S. E. Raines, E. A. Fritter, H. N. Howland, Jas. G. Needham, Olive A. Benn; in 1899, Helen Hill, H. N. Howland, E. A. Fritter; in 1900, E. A. Fritter, W. W. White, E. A. Scrogin, Marie Byrnes, W. H. Dudley; in 1901, C. A. McMurry, W. W. Stair, Maude H. Chamberlain, W. H. Dudley; in 1902, E. A. Fritter, M. J. Holmes, Jessica Eades. In 1903, County Superintendent Cyrus Grove secured S. Y. Gillan, F. H. Hall, R. S. Page, H. H. Hewitt; in 1904, F. H. Hall, Geo. E. Knepper; in 1905, Dr. A. E. Winship, L. C. Lord, H. H. Hewitt; in 1906, W. W. Stetson and Preston W. Search ; in 1907, S. D. Fess and Philander P. Claxton ; in 1908, M. V. O'Shea, Jonathan Rigdon, O. T. Corson, Minnie May Davis ; in 1909, S. C. Schmucker, A. J. Kinnerman, and C. C. Ellis ; 1910, T. S. Lowden, Fred Mutchler, O. L. Warren and G. D. Nielson. THE COUNTY COMMENCEMENT. The greater interest in education in the rural schools is shown by the in- crease in the number of students which passed the final examinations: In 1894, fifty; 1895, forty-six; 1896, forty-six; 1897, eighty-five; 1899, forty-five; 1900, twenty-three; 1901, thirty- four; 1907, seventy-two; 1908, eighty-seven; 1909, one hundred and thirty; 1910, one hundred and thirty-two. The annual County Commencement is a big day in Stephenson County, since its inauguration by the County Superintendent, P. O. Stiver in 1887. The ex- ercises are held in the assembly room of the Freeport High School, and over 462 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 1,000 students, teachers and parents from all corners of the county crowd the room to its capacity. Superintendent Grove always secures a prominent speaker to address the graduates, this year the speaker being State Superintendent Blair. The stage was extended and it was an encouraging sight to see the one hundred and thirty-four graduates on the platform. Every district in the county now bends every effort to have a large representation on the graduating list. Mr. Cyrus Stover Grove, the present county superintendent, was educated in a township high school, academy and state normal in Pennsylvania and in the University of Wisconsin. Before becoming county superintendent, he had been principal of the Orangeville schools for several years and came into the office with years of practical experience as a successful school man back of him. He has added largely to the equipment of the office, established a reading room and library for teachers, and an additional room is being fixed up for his use. During his term Mr. Grove has accomplished the physical and academic stand- ardization of rural schools, brought about county uniformity of text books, has established for the county the reputation for having the best county institutes in the state, and brought about in the county a splendid spirit of co-operation and high ideals of professional service among the teachers. Mr. Grove in 1909 was president of the Northern Illinois Teachers' Association, and was on the pro- gram of the State Teachers' Association. Forty years ago some teachers were serving for eight, ten and twelve dol- lars a month. While wages of teachers have advanced in a small way, yet a few communities persist in paying wages that would seem to be a disgrace to any district. Average monthly wages paid teachers: YEAR. MALE. FEMALE. 1895 $4449 $37-43 1896 40.00 38.07 1897 44-00 38.00 1898 43-00 37-00 1899 45-00 k , . 36.00 1904 52,25 40.75 1906 87.00 40.00 1908 51.68 43.00 1909 72.51 44.30 1910 69.98 46-84 In 1908 there were three townships paying some male teachers $30.00 or less, and five paying some female teachers $25.00 or less. In 1910 seventeen townships were paying female teachers $30.00 or less, and fourteen paying males $40.00 or less. Davis had a three year high school beginning in 1881 with sixteen students. The enrollment was thirty in 1890 and forty-one in 1899, but has declined of later years. The principals have been : David Brown, J. Potter, F. P. Fisher, J. J. Lins, J. F. Thompson and O. A. Fackler. Cedarville has made a few spasmodic attempts to do high school work. The situation is decidedly favorable for a good four year high school if public sentiment desires it. Some excellent work has been done in times past ; some HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 463 excellent students turned out, and the present principal, Mr. Fletcher McDonald, is doing satisfactory work in a two year course. The Lena High School had sixty-five students in 1879; one hundred and seven in 1880; ninety-one in 1881 ; fifty in 1884; sixty-four in 1886; seventy- six in 1887; seventy- four in 1891; thirty-nine in 1894; sixty in 1896; seventy- six in 1898; forty-seven in 1900; forty-six in 1909; and fifty in 1910. The number of graduates from 1897 to 1910 range from one and three up to nine in 1880; thirteen in 1891 ; seven in 1910. The principals have been O. P. Bost- wick, Charles Fardyce, Geo. Howell, George M. Herrick, M. M. Warner, C. F. Philbrook, S. A. Harker, G. N. Snapp, and M. O. Narramore, J. R. Insman and W. R. Bowlin. In 1862 there were five hundred and eighty-five students in private schools in the county; in 1870, three hundred and seventy-five; in 1891, seven hundred and thirty-two ; in 1897, nine hundred ; in 1909, eight hundred and eight. The total expense for public schools in 1896 was about $102,000; in $134,000; in 1900, $144,000; in 1908, $148,000 and in 1909-10, $165,000. Year 1861 Co. Supt. A A. Crary . No. Schools . . 141 Atten- dance 8,208 Enumera- tioni Hale Feachers 126 Female Teachers 177 1862 A A Crary . ..14-? 8,677 10,600 IOI 170 186^ A. A. Crary . ..124 98 147 1864 A A. Crary . ..137 7,8 1 1 10,552 76 198 1865 A A Crary . ..171 8647 0,057 QI 169 1866 A A. Crary ..172 9,307 IO.OI2 103 165 1867 A A Crary . . .177 0,767 IO,622 1 02 180 186970 176 9261 TT /I/I C IAC IOO ift'Trj n\ 1 S J 146 9/17,1 II O2O 178 20 ? I87I-2 1872-3 1873-4 1874-5 i 87 5-6 I. F. Kleckner I. F. Kleckner I. F. Kleckner I. F. Kleckner J. Potter 148 149 156 149 ..154 J^t-OT- 8,793 8,989 8,452 8,141 8,123 11,229 11,175 10,812 ",255 II,O32 *o u 153 146 146 139 174 ^"3 194 1 88 184 186 211 1876-7 J. Potter . .147 8,461 11,457 126 184 1877-8 A A Krape . 161 8,805 II,78l 170 166 1878-0 A A Krape . . .15'? 8,692 11,157 125 166 1879-80 A A Krape 0,201 1 20 160 1881 A. A Krape . . .148 O.T/M 10,479 127 167 1882 A A. Krape . . . 141 Q,48O 10,487 III 175 1881 A A Krape . . 1V7 7,884 IO,6Q4 97 177 1884 A. A. Krape . , . I7Q 7,582 IO47O 98 181 1885 A A. Krape . . .170 7,467 IO,877 91 179 1886 A A Krape . ..178 7,164 IO.I47 87 169 1887 P O. Stiver . ..1-3,8 7,187 IO.I77 02 IQI 1888 P O Stiver . . . 177 6,QI7 IO,O7O 85 177 1889 P O Stiver 177 6827 IOO54 80 184 1890 P O Stiver . ..176 7,72=; 9,867 72 182 1801 P. O. Stiver . . .177 7.706 0.805 76 182 464 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 1892 P.O. Stiver .- 139 7,024 9,890 79 168 1893 P.O. Stiver 144 6,845 9,307 79 170 1894 P. O. Stiver 144 7,066 9,674 79 174 1895 R. W. Burton 145 7,352 9,567 86 176 1896 R. W. Burton 147 6,895 9,550 75 163 1897 R. W. Burton 148 6,986 9,759 75 170 1898 R. W. Burton 147 7,196 10,193 84 153 1899 R. W. Burton 147 7,135 10,544 78 166 1900 R. W. Burton 147 7,026 9,978 67 149 1901 R. W. Burton 147 6,871 9,920 76 165 1903 C. Grove 147 6,894 9,782 58 179 1904 C. Grove 147 6,978 9,829 54 186 1905 C. Grove 146 7,109 9,690 67 187 1906 C. Grove 148 7,189 9,358 50 196 1907 C. Grove 148 6,941 9,010 45 197 1908 C. Grove 149 6,920 8,862 40 ' 210 1909 C. Grove 151 7,039 9,199 34 210 1910 C. Grove 151 7,038 9,039 33 212 The above table of statistics makes an interesting study and shows the trend of affairs educational. The officials of the Freeport public schools and the standing committees for the year 1910-11 are: Wm. H. Wagner, president; Evelyn M. Graham, secre- tary; and S. E. Raines, superintendent. Teachers and Salaries R. K. Farwell, B. P. Hill, H. F. Dorman. Building and Grounds C. F. Hildreth, F. O. Keene, Dr. E. H. Place. High School Dr. W. J. Rideout, Dr. E. H. Allen, J. W. Henney. Text Books and Course of Study Dr. E. H. Place, C. F. Hildreth, B. P. Hill. Finance B. P. Hill, H. F. Dorman, R. K. Farwell. Printing and Supplies J. W. Henney, Dr. W. J. Rideout, C. F. Hildreth. Rules, Tuition, and Discipline F. O. Keene, Dr. E. H. Place, Dr. E. H. Allen. Auditing H. F. Dorman, R. K. Farwell, F. O. Keene. Commencement and School Entertainments Dr. E. H. Allen, J. W. Hen- ney, Dr. W. J. Rideout. GLOBE PARK AND CHAUTAUQUA. Globe Park, or Krape Park, situated just beyond the southwest corner of the city limits, is one of the most beautiful spots in Illinois. It is situated in the valley of Yellow Creek and is covered with grove and forest trees. Here Yel- low Creek cuts through the Cincinnati Shales, the gorge and craggy bluffs add- ing to the beauty of the landscape. Dr. W. W. Krape, who has done many good things for Stephenson County, early recognized the beauty and the value of the land. He bought the tract several years ago and has spent a considerable sum in beautifying the grounds. SCENE IN GLOBE PARK LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSI1Y Of ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 465 THE CHAUTAUQUA. For five years Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Krape have maintained a ten-day Chau- tauqua in the month of June. Considering the difficulties of transportation, the Chautauqua has been fairly successful. Some of the greatest stars of the Chautauqua platform have appeared here. Among these are: Hon. William Jennings Bryan, ex-Governor Richard Yates, Mrs. Lake, "Billy" Sunday, Hon. James E. Watson, Governor Hoch of Kansas, ex-Governor J. Frank Hanley of Indiana, Kryl's Band, etc. The park affords one of the best sites for a big Chautauqua in Illinois, and some day, no doubt, such a Chautauqua, drawing 10,000 to 20,000 people daily with 5,000 campers, will be found there. FREEPORT NEWSPAPERS. FREEPORT JOURNAL. The first edition of the Freeport Journal appeared on November 22, 1848, in the shape of a six column weekly folio. The promulgators of the enterprise which fostered the Journal were H. G. Grattan and A. McFadden. Mr. Grattan came to Freeport in 1848 from Janesville, Wisconsin, where he had started the Janesville Gazette, and having profited well from his business ventures in the newspaper line once before, he was induced to enter the field again in Free- port. The original edition, of which very few copies to-day survive, presented a very strange appearance. It was a small four page sheet, the first page being* devoted to literary selections, the second to telegraphic and editorial news, the third to local news and poetry, and the fourth to personal notes and advertising. Advertisements were also scattered through the other pages. A small notice at the head of the editorial column informed subscribers that the price of sub- scription was $2, if paid within six months, $2.50 if paid within a year, and $3 if deferred longer than twelve months. Taken as a whole, the make up of the paper was attractive and satisfied the public taste. The first office was a tumble-down brick structure which occupied a lot on what is now the corner of Broadway and Beaver streets, northwest of the home of Judge Ormsbee. The second story of this ramshackle edifice was for a while occupied by the infant newspaper, which lived and thrived there for nearly a year and continued to advance the interests of the Whig party. After leaving this building, which threatened to collapse at any moment, the office was in- stalled in a frame building on Galena street between Walnut street and South Galena avenue, the ground floor of which was occupied by the cabinet shop of A. W. Rice. One issue was dropped owing to the "bother" necessitated by the operation of moving and, once in its new quarters, the Journal re-commenced its aggressive career with renewed vigor and life. In 1849, Mr. Grattan re- tired from active partnership and Mr. McFadden remained the sole proprietor for two whole years. In 1851, he took in with him Hiram M. Sheetz. Just before this event, the quarters were again changed. The base of operations 466 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY was removed to a site north of the old court house in a dilapidated old wooden building, which has long since ceased to exist. Part of this ancient structure was occupied by the Journal until stern necessity forced the Journal to move OF perish in the general havoc incidental to the falling of the building. In 1855, the paper moved to the third story of Martin's Block on Stephenson street, between Van Buren and Chicago, where it was located for the next nine years. In September, 1852, owing to the prosperity of the little sheet, and the in- creased demand for interesting and readable news, the paper became a seven column folio, being increased by the addition of. one column per page. New fonts of type were also purchased and the whole establishment revived and renovated. In comparing the Journal of 1852 with the paper of to-day, we are forced to admit that the former was not "newsy," to use an overworked ad- jective, but at the same time took a far greater and more energetic interest in the politics of the day. Its policy was always Whig, and its editorial columns were full of comments, invective and exhortations on the political situation of the times. After the decisive Whig defeat and the triumph of the Democratic party in 1852, the Journal had very little to say, and contented itself with occa- sional admonitions designed to prevent a repetition of the calamity in the future. Mr. McFadden left the business next year, disposing of his interest to Mr. Sheetz on April 15, 1853. Mr. Sheetz thus became sole owner and remained in possession until April 25, 1856. At that time the business was sold to C. K. Judson and C. W. McClure, who, under the firm name of Judson & McClure, continued to issue the paper for ten years. On May 6, 1858, William T. Tins- ley, who had recently been editor of the Lyons, New York, Republican, came to Freeport, and purchased an interest in the Journal. He remained here less than a year, however, and on March 17, 1859, sold out his interest and returned to Lyons, New York. The Republican party, as an institution, was first formulated in 1856 and from that time the Journal embraced its policies. It cried out again and again through its columns against the advance of negro slavery, repeatedly took its stand for the principles of freedom and democracy as exemplified in emanci- pation and union and uttered bitter words against the advocates of secession and slavery. When the news of the surrender of Fort Sumter was flashed over the wires, the Journal took up the cause of the North and maintained its stead- fast and aggressive stand from that time until the wires at last brought the long awaited news of Appomattox Court House and peace. It was unflinching in the position it had taken against slavery, and maintained its position throughout the long struggle with never a trace of inconsistency or indecision. In spite of war times, the paper seemed to thrive, and there was certainly a great demand for the news. On April 9, 1864, the quarto was increased to a folio, and con- tinued to be published by Judson and McClure until the beginning of the year 1866. At that time, after Judson and McClure had effectively "held the fort" throughout the dark struggle, they decided to dispose of their business. This was carried into effect, and Bailey and Ankeny became the new proprietors. They remained in charge until May 9, of the same year, when General Ankeny retired. The interests of the Journal were then merged with those of the North-West, another newspaper being published in the city at that time, by General S. D. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 467 Atkins. General Atkins retired from the North-West, which then turned over its property to the Journal, and General Ankeny sold out his interest in the paper to J. S. McCall and M. B. Mills. This partnership continued in effect until November of the same year, when J. S. McCall became the sole proprietor. Mr. McCall made the second effort to establish a daily paper in addition to the weekly. The first effort had been made by Judson and McClure, soon after they took possession of the paper. But the financial panic of 1857 and the non-support of the townspeople, brought it to a sudden and ignominious close. The daily, which Mr. McCall started, suffered a like fate. It was an excellent paper, and thoroughly deserved support, but the Freeporters were slow to ac- cept innovations and disliked anything that savored of a change, even though it might be for the better. After a somewhat disheartening experience in the newspaper business, Mr. McCall decided to quit that field of labor, and sold out to General Atkins, who was then postmaster of Freeport and still holds that position of honor. In 1869, he took charge and remained in possession until June n, 1873, when he disposed of his paper to William B. Thomas, Dwight B. Breed and Charles R. Haws. Thomas, Breed and Haws remained as editors and managers until May 26, 1875, when Haws sold out his interest to General Atkins, and the firm be- came Smith D. Atkins & Company. On the 2nd of September following, Gen- eral Atkins sold out his interest to Captain A. V. Richards, of Galena, and the firm became A. V. Richards and Company. This concern was also short-lived, although it began the publication of a daily newspaper in 1882, with rather more success than its predecessors had attained. In April, 1883, Captain Richards sold out his three-fourths interest to Smith Atkins, who again came into posses- sion of the paper and has since remained the controlling partner. In 1887, the paper was re-organized, and James R. Cowley, city editor, purchased an inter- est, becoming a partner with Atkins and Breed. At that time the office occu- pied the building on the corner of Chicago and Exchange (then Bridge) streets which had been built for the purpose by Jacob Kline. In the fall of 1892, the office moved to the building at 97 Chicago street, which it had purchased. It still occupies these quarters, which are, however, rather too crowded. The present management comprises the following gentlemen: General Atkins, presi- dent; James R. Cowley, vice president; Dwight B. Breed, secretary and treas- urer. A daily and also a weekly edition is published. The circulation is large and the Journal is one of the most popular, as well as the oldest paper in exist- ence in the county. DEUTSCHER ANZEIGER. The history of the Deutscher Anzeiger differs from that of all the other Free- port newspapers, in that the periodical has never changed hands since its original inception. In 1853, it was founded by William Wagner, Sr., assisted by his son, William H. Wagner, Jr. Today the business is conducted by William H. Wag- ner, assisted by his own sons, and thus the ownership of the paper has never been changed. i 468 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The founder of the Anzeiger, William Wagner, was an evangelical clergy- man, who had been forced to emigrate to America on account of the political upheavals in the fatherland. He hailed America as the land of freedom in which one could say what he pleased and speak the truth without fear of con- sequences. His subsequent experiences taught him, alas, that in America as elsewhere the man who acquits himself conscientiously is in frequent danger. Mr. Wagner founded the Anzeiger under the most adverse conditions. Not only were the public to whom he was catering adverse to the starting of any new project, whatever it might be, but he was absolutely without funds, and had no previous knowledge of the art of printing. His ceaseless energy and courage were responsible for the meager success which he presently attained. As a starter, he purchased the presses and type fonts of a Galena newspaper which had previously suspended publication, and had them brought by freight to Freeport. Then began the publication of the Deutscher Anzeiger. The first edition consisted of four five-column pages weekly apparently a very limited sheet yet even at that it was frequently difficult to secure the necessary com- position for the regular edition. At that time it was impossible to obtain printed inside or plate matter, and practically the whole of the paper had to be set up at the home office, whose office forces at first consisted of four apprentices. It was impossible to think for a moment of engaging a practical compositor, as the expense was altogether too great, and the four novices, Wilhelm Wagner, Sr., his son, William H. Wagner, the German instructor, Air. Knecht, and his son Philip, burned the midnight oil many a time in their efforts to restore the order of a printed page out of the chaos of a case of type. At that time the printing part of the establishment was located in the office of the Freeport Bulletin, on the third story of the Wright Building, on the northeast corner of Stephenson and Adams Streets. Early in 1854, the pro- prietor decided to rent separate quarters, which should also contain the edi- torial rooms, and a location at No. 8 South Galena Avenue (then Exchange Street) was secured. At that time a hand press of the most primitive sort, which is still on exhibition at the Anzeiger office, was secured and the proud and happy publisher was able to accomplish the printing of his own newspaper. Shortly after this the circulation of the paper had so increased that the finances of the company permitted the employment of a professional compositor. Mr. Louis Crusius was engaged, and from that time on, the Anzeiger never missed an issue. In spite of increased facilities, the publication of the German weekly was still attended by many difficulties. Mr. Wagner, in addition to his editorial duties, was also the pastor of a rural church, and found it necessary to devote much of his time to his pastoral calls. At the same time he was burdened with pov- erty, and the Anzeiger was barely able to endure the strain. It is said that in order to save freight charges on paper, Mr. Wagner used frequently to go into Chicago (free transportation being furnished him) and bring out great bundles of paper far too heavy for a man to carry. These he brought with him as baggage and thus saved unnecessary expense. In spite of his incessant labors it was not until his two sons became old enough to be associated with him in the business that prosperity began to smile on the venture. HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY 469 In the early part of 1855, having found the quarters too small, the business was transferred to the third story of the Rosenstiel Building, now 93 Stephen- son Street, in which location it remained until November, 1857. Occupying only the rear half of the story, and finding that space too contracted, the office was removed to the third story of the Child's Building, opposite the Brewster House. In February, 1859, however, Mr. Wagner was able to secure the en- tire floor of his former location, and so returned to his old quarters. In that year, W. H. Wagner, son of the editor, who now conducts the busi- ness himself, became proficient enough in the art to be entrusted with the whole of the technical part of the business. Five years later he and Oscar Ziegler, Sr., brother-in-law of the senior Wagner, became associated with the paper as Wagner & Company, but Mr. Ziegler remained with the firm only two years. The list of subscribers increased daily and another move became imperative. The company transferred its business to the Krohn Building, and purchased a new cylinder press, but the situation there was inconvenient, and soon after an- other change of location was made to the John Hoebel Building. This made the sixth move in the thirteen years of the paper's existence. On New Year's Day, 1868, the Anzeiger was doubled in size, and the work- ing force enlarged. Five years later, a new building site 20 x 60 feet, on Chicago Street, was purchased, and the Anzeiger proceeded to fulfil its long cherished hope of erecting an office of its own. The joy of the proprietors at moving into their own establishment was indeed somewhat dampened that year by a suit for libel brought against the firm by a certain Mr. Broad, of Freeport. That Mr. Broad may have been justified in his suit is possible, for the court brought a verdict against the firm of Wagner & Company for the sum of $263. It was not much in the face of the $25,000 which Mr. Broad had asked, but it was a great sum to the struggling firm of Wagner & Company. Through the generosity of Mr. Wagner's parishioners in the town of Silver Creek and a benefit concert given by the German citizens of the city, a sufficient sum was realized to cover the debt. In January, 1876, the size of the paper was again increased and this time assumed its present proportions^ On November 26, 1877, the members of the firm experienced a great sorrow in death of Wilhelm Wagner, senior partner and founder of the paper. Early in 1878 a new cylinder press was purchased, and Wagner & Company suddenly found the building they had built ten years before too small for them. A site on the corner of Chicago and Galena Streets was bought and a three story structure built in 1884. This was occupied until October, 1902, when the company removed to its commodious new quarters on the corner of Chicago and Spring Streets. The present firm name is W. H. Wagner & Sons, the business being conducted by William H. Wagner and his sons Albert and Oscar. The new printing establishment is by far the finest and most up-to-date in the city. The company now makes a specialty of fine job work and binding, and its weekly newspaper, the Deutscher Anzeiger, is now the only German newspaper in the city. Some time ago a small weekly sheet called the Sonntags Gast was instituted, but has since been discontinued. The subscription list of the Anzeiger has not grown of late years to any great extent, for the use of the German tongue in Freeport is becoming less each year. 470 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The high standard of the paper, however, is maintained, and, even in the face of existing conditions the periodical has a long lease of life before it. THE NATIONAL SWINE MAGAZINE. The National Swine Magazine was launched about seven years ago. It is devoted exclusively to swine raising. A year and a half ago it was bought by the W. H. Wagner & Sons Company of Freeport, under whose control the paper has improved in quality and circulation. The editor is Mr. Amos Burhenz, a practical farmer, of Waterville, Minnesota. The writers for the magazine are all practical farmers or professors in agricultural colleges. The circulation now is about 17,000, having increased 100 per cent since acquired by the W. H. Wag- ner Company. FREEPORT BULLETIN. 1 The Freeport Bulletin, under its present name, dates back to July, 1853, but in reality it had its birth six years earlier in the shape of a tiny pioneer sheet, known as the Prairie Democrat, which was the first newspaper to make its ap- pearance in Freeport. In 1847 Freeport was a growing settlement of about the same proportions as the Lena of today. In a town of that size there was a natural demand for a newspaper, and this growing need was one reason for the founding of the Prairie Democrat. The other, and more vital cause, was found in the fact that Hon. Thomas J. Turner, who represented this district in Congress, wished to gain control of a periodical through whose editorial col- umns he could speak, and express his opinions upon the various subjects then agitating the body politic. With this end in view, he founded the Prairie Dem- ocrat, and secured the services of S. D. Carpenter to direct the business end of the venture. In November, 1847, the first issue of the paper was published. When the Prairie Democrat was first launched forth upon its mission, the number of store and office buildings in Freeport was few. At first a room was secured in the old court house building, and the business of the paper conducted there. But the stay of the Democrat in the court house building was of short duration. It subsequently removed to a frame building on the corner of Ga- lena and Chicago Streets, where it remained during Mr. Carpenter's adminis- tration of affairs. For three years, Mr. Carpenter continued to fill his dual role of editor and manager, and then apparently became wearied of so thankless a position. He left the business, and turned over his interest to J. O. P. Burnside, who there- upon took charge. Mr. Burnside's introduction into the affairs of the paper does not seem to have caused any material change in its political attitude or even its make-up and general appearance. He moved the place of publication from the old stand to the corner of Stephenson and Chicago Streets. Here he pub- lished the paper for two years, and under his efficient administration it contin- ued to thrive, in spite of the appearance of a new rival in the field in the shape of the Freeport Journal. In 1852 he disposed of the Prairie Democrat to George P. Ordway, who ran it for a year and then re-sold it to Mr. Burnside. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 471 When Mr. Burnside took possession of the paper for a second time he real- ized that a complete reorganization was necessary. The appurtenances of the office were "decrepit with age," and the type and cases were utterly unfit for use. They were accordingly replaced with new materials, and in July, 1853, the Prairie Democrat, re-christened the Freeport Bulletin, commenced publica- tion, after a short interval, as a weekly paper. The Bulletin catered to Demo- cratic readers, of which there has always been a preponderance in Freeport, and steadily grew in strength. Mr. Burnside was in time succeeded by Bagg & Brawley, who remained in charge for a brief period and sold out to Giles & Scroggs in 1861. In 1864 Mr. Giles sold out his interest in the business to Mr. Scroggs and that gentleman con- tinued as sole proprietor for five years. In 1869, Mr. Giles bought the whole business and continued to publish the Bulletin himself for seven years. During Mr. Giles' editorship the paper increased in subscription and authority through this section of the country, and came ultimately to be regarded as the true index of Jeffersonian democracy in northern Illinois. On the second day of January, 1873, Mr. Giles relinquished his hold, and announced that the office had been disposed of to Taylor & Aspinwall, who would henceforth conduct the business. The alleged buyers never gained possession, but instead the business was turned over to C. C. Schuler, of Freeport, and J. W. Potter, formerly editor of the Bolivar (Missouri) Herald. These gentle- men took charge of the enterprise on January 16, 1873, but not until June 19 of that year did the paper appear in its "new dress." New type fonts were pur- chased and the appliances of the establishment were renewed and repaired. The partnership of Schuler & Potter continued for over a year, and then, in Octo- ber, 1874, Mr. Schuler sold out his interest to Mr. Potter, bade farewell to the patrons of the Bulletin and departed to engage in the banking business in Iowa. Iowa. On September 18, 1877, the first issue of the Freeport Daily Bulletin appeared, with the editorial departments in charge of F. Chas. Donohue and O. F. Potter. For some time the Bulletin and the Daily Herald, a publication which has long since been discontinued, continued to be the only daily papers in Freeport. Very soon the Journal became a daily publication and subsequently other rivals entered the field. The Bulletin, however, still retains the honor of being the oldest Free- port daily newspaper still in existence. On the 23d day of May, 1885, Mr. J. W. Potter's very busy life was closed, and his son, O. F. Potter succeeded to the management of the business. Mr. Potter, Jr., continued in charge for ten years, and sold out his interest, afterward returning to take charge of the editorial department of the paper. In 1895 "Messrs. H. Poffenberger, P. O. Stiver and H. F. Rockey came into possession and conducted the paper for a number of years. Mr. Rockey soon retired from the business and the firm became Poffenberger & Stiver, which it still remains. The office of the printing establishment is located at No. 99 Chicago Street. Both a daily and a weekly edition are printed. The subscription of the daily is held to be the largest of any paper in the city at present, and it is doubtless the case, for the Freeport Bulletin is the only democratic newspaper in the city 472 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY which is printed in the English tongue. The Deutscher Anzeiger adheres to the Democratic party, but is printed almost entirely in German, the editorial department of course printing its editorials in that language. In view of this fact the Bulletin is to all practical intents and purposes the only Democratic newspaper in the city today. It has always steadfastly adhered to the prin- ciples of Democracy, and from the establishment of the Prairie Democrat in 1847 nas constantly taken a forceful and aggressive stand in every election, whether national, state, or municipal. It is enjoying a deservedly wide popu- larity and is one of the leading newspapers in this section of the state. FREEPORT STANDARD. The Freeport Standard is Freeport's youngest newspaper, and concerning its life history there is not much to be said. It was the direct outgrowth of the Freeport Democrat, which dissolved and passed into the hands of W. W. Krape. Mr. Krape was a man of influence in the community and had long wished that he might be able to express his personal and political views through the editorial columns of a newspaper. When the Freeport Democrat was offered to him, he immediately seized the opportunity to possess himself of the long de- sired medium. In addition to this, he wanted a job office where he might print the numerous publications and pamphlets of the Knights of the Globe, and the Cosmopolitan Insurance Company, of both of which organizations he was head. Having had no previous experience in the newspaper business, Mr. Krape was at a loss as to what course he should pursue and was glad to entrust thef technical end of the business to competent and able workmen who had been associated with the Freeport Democrat under Mr. Donohue's management. The first place of publication was in the old Democrat office, but quarters were cramped there, and a move was soon made to the old post-office building, on the corner of Van Buren and Exchange streets. But these quarters were also uncomfortable and unsatisfactory, and Mr. Krape decided to move his newspaper to its present location on Stephenson street, across from the court house. In December, 1909, Mr. Krape, having tired of his experiment, disposed of the business to Mayor W. T. Rawleigh, who is now sole editor and manager. The office is still maintained on Stephenson street, between Van Buren street and South Gelena avenue. There is a job office in connection which does a limited business. The Freeport Standard is Republican in its politics and has always main- tained an unusually aggressive stand on all questions of municipal and state politics. There is a large circulation, many of the subscribers of the Democrat, as well as many Republican citizens having enlisted as subscribers for the Standard. DEAD NEWSPAPERS. There have been, in the annals of Freeport, a number of newspapers, whose careers have terminated either in financial failure, or by combination with other organs. The number of these is surprisingly large, especially the number of COSMOPOLITAN KI'ILDIXG OF THE UNIVEKiilTY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 473 German newspapers, and while they have lost all significance as far as the Free- port press of to-day is concerned, still some brief mention is due these unhappy periodicals who found themselves swallowed up in the maelstrom of business competition, or otherwise unable to withstand the stress of circumstances. Freeport Tribun. The Tribun was a German weekly founded in the middle of March, 1859. The editor was William Massenberg, and the paper sought to advance the interests of the Republican party among the German citizens. But the number of German Republicans has always been few in Freeport and Stephenson county, and after a year of unsatisfactory labor, the Tribun retired from the field of activity. All files or record of its existence are entirely lost and nothing remains to tell the tale of its demise. The North-West. The publication of the ill-fated North-West was begun on August 17, 1865. It was a paper purely literary in character, and took no stand in politics. As the original promulgators, W. O. Wright and T. Ormsby, observed, in stating their aim, the North-West desired to become "a publication observed, in stating their aim, the North-West desired to become "a publication, the columns of which, comparatively free from politics, entirely free from per- sonalities, scandals, disgusting, obscene, and immoral advertisements, would offer inducements to writers of merit for contributions that could be read in the family circle by parents and children." For six months Messrs. Wright and Ormsby, under the firm name of Wright & Co., conducted the North-West. They then disposed of it to Atkins and Mc- Call. The office and job rooms of the North-West were located at 104, 106 and 108 Stephenson street, where the business was conducted by Atkins and McCall until April 5, 1886. M. B. Mills then became a partner in the firm and its re- sponsible head. This arrangement lasted scarcely a month and the paper was then combined with the Journal. The title was changed to the "North-West, a Weekly Journal of Western Literature." The paper was materially improved and enlarged, but did not meet with approval. The Freeporters of that day and generation looked with disapproval, if not absolute scorn, on such an undertak- ing as the North-West was struggling to promote. No one would subscribe, and the editors regretfully stopped the publication and tried to forget the incident. When the North-West was abandoned, it had been in existence for less than two years. The job office was consolidated with that of the Freeport Journal, and the various printing appurtenances were sold to that paper. The North-West was a project that had deserved better success, but there was no demand for it, and the very founding had been ill-advised. The files of the paper have not been preserved in entirety, and the whole affair is now a matter of the dim past. The Freie Presse, establishd nine years after the Tribun, was in a certain sense an attempt at a resuscitation of that paper. It was fostered by different individuals, but its whole purpose was to promote the interests of the Republi- can party. William Caspar Schultz, and Christian Mueller, who were editors of the publication, continued their work for nearly a year. But they saw the utter hopelessness of their task and resigned to fate. All records of the Freie Presse have been long since lost. 474 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The Freeport Budget was a Republican newspaper, founded in May, 1873, under the direction of Dr. K. T. Stabeck, of Davis. It commenced publication as a weekly seven column folio with a subscription of only one hundred and fifty. In fact, the outlook was not encouraging and the editor of the Budget was working against heavy odds. Dr. Stabeck had cherished a fond hope that he might continue to practice medicine and conduct the affairs of the Budget at the same time, but a very brief experience taught him that such a thing was impossible. For a while he continued to have his editorial office at Davis and the paper was known as the Budget of Freeport and Davis, two editions being printed. The printing and typesetting was done in Freeport until the fall of 1874, when Dr. Stabeck purchased the necessary appliances, moved them to Davis, and there set up in buisness as publisher as well as editor. The Budget became, of course, more closely a Davis publication, although not so intended. In the spring of 1875, K. C. Stabeck, a brother of Dr. Stabeck, became associated with him in the business and the doctor went to Europe for a vacation of two years. On his return in 1877, the Budget was removed to Freeport, where Dr. Stabeck took charge, and his brother continued to issue the Davis Budget as a separate publication. Dr. Stabeck purchased the Monitor, a Freeport weekly, and A. Keeler became associated with him in the business for a short time. This partnership was brief. In 1878, Mr. Keeler was sue ceeded by Charles R. Haws. In the following fall, he too left, and Dr. Stabeck assumed sole control and responsibility. At the same time his brother, K. C. Stabeck, discontinued the Davis Budget, and took up the practice of law. In the following spring, Dr. Stabeck sold out to General Atkins, but retained his editorial connection with the paper, and took charge of the local columns. A relative, Thurston Stabeck, of Winnebago County, acted as his assistant. This triumvirate remained in charge for nearly two years, when Dr. Stabeck dissolved his connection with the paper, and it became the Freeport Republican, under the sole control of General Atkins. In 1882, it was merged with the Freeport Journal, and the career of the two newspapers was at an end. The Monitor was a weekly record of current events, local, state and national, established January, 1874, by W. T. Giles. Democratic as to politics, and of temperance proclivities, the Monitor was a bright, newsy, little sheet, and was well received by the community. The office of the publication was at first in the Hettinger block, but was later removed to the Grange building. The Moni- tor flourished for nearly four years, and finally disappeared from view, swal- lowed up in the Freeport Budget. The Nord Westliche Post was born in 1875 and died within a year. It was founded by one F. Krumme, who cherished the conviction that a German news- paper of independent politics would flourish on Freeport soil. A very brief ex- perience convinced him of the utter impossibility of any such venture, and he re- moved to Lake City, and later La Crosse. Meeting with no success at any place, he abandoned the project in disgust. The experiment is now almost forgotten. The Daily Herald did not mark the first attempt at establishing a daily news- paper in Freeport, for the Journal had entered the field, as early as 1857. It did, HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY 475 however, mark the first effective attempt, and while, short-lived itself, it led to better things. It came to life on April 30, 1877, under the management of Ernest Seitz and A. H. S. Perkins. Mr. Perkins occupancy of the editorial position was short, however, and after only a few weeks of management, he resigned. He was succeeded by F. Charles Donohue, who took the paper in hand and made of it a success. He became local editor of the sheet, and succeeded in developing it wonderfully, both financially and in a literary sense. At the end of two pros- perous years, he resigned his position to William F. Gore, a Chicago journalist, and went to accept a more lucrative position with the Freeport Bulletin. Mr. Gore's experience in Freeport was brief, and another Chicago newspaper man, by name Charles Vickenstaff Hine, came to fill his place. Soon after James C. McGrath became interested in the venture and the firm became Hine, Seitz and McGrath. The Daily Herald was of independent political proclivities until 1880, when it espoused the cause of Republicanism. In doing so, it sounded its death knell. Too weak to compete with the other papers, it had nevertheless served a good cause, and when it discontinued publication a short time later, a daily paper had become a matter-of-fact necessity in Freeport. Freeport Banner. The Banner was the last German newspaper to be estab- lished in Freeport, and only later has it been dropped. It made its first appear- ance in July, 1879, edited by H. W. Frick. Mr. Frick soon removed to Janesville, Wisconsin, and was succeeded in the work by his brother, Charles W. Frick, who continued to edit the paper up to the time of its demise. The printing office was first housed in a two story brick building on Chicago street, was later removed to Stephenson street, then to the second and third stories of the T. K. Best building, and finally to the location on the corner of Chicago and Exchange streets, which is still occupied by Prick's printery. The Banner was a seven column weekly folio of German proclivities. A weekly sheet was also published known as the "Sonntags-Blatt." The pub- lication of both of these was discontinued in 1906, four years ago, and Mr. Frick has since maintained exclusively a job work establishment. The Freeport Democrat. W. T. Giles, who had been sponsor of so many Freeport papers, became also the founder of the Freeport Daily Democrat. For five years he conducted the business, and then, in 1887, sold it to F. Charles Donohue, who was for many years one of Freeport's most prominent journal- ists. Mr. Donohue continued to run the Democrat for nearly twenty years in the building on East Stephenson street, now occupied by the King's Daughters Set- tlement Home. In 1905, the business was discontinued, and sold to W. W. Krape & Co., becoming merged into the Freeport Standard. Mr. Donohue then accepted a position with the Freeport Bulletin, but his health failed and he died shortly after. The Democrat was one of the brightest and best newspapers in the city, when it was founded, and the discontinuance of the paper was deeply regretted by the large list of subscribers. Although only in existence for a short time, it will long be remembered as one of the most up-to-date newspapers which Freeport has ever entertained. 476 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The Freeport Wide Awake was a four page campaign paper, published every Saturday during the campaign of 1860, "in advocacy of the election of Lin- coln and Hamlin," by Hulburt & Ingersoll. The Wide Awakes had a torch-light procession September 29, 1860, three hundred and fifteen carrying torches. CITY EDITORS. At the head of Freeport's three daily and weekly newspapers are three very competent city editors. The oldest in the service and one of the ablest writers of Northern Illinois is Mr. O. F. Potter, of the Freeport Bulletin. Mr. Thomas Lawless, of the Standard, is a newspaper man of rare ability and is an adept at finding out the news, and in preparing and arranging it in an attractive manner for the public. Mr. N. T. Cobb, who came here from North Carolina a few years ago, is city editor of the Journal. In a short time he has become familiar with both the business and editorial departments of the Journal. He is a man of brilliant ability, a tireless worker and possesses the talents of a natural newspaper man. Hon. Stephen Rigney, representative from this county in the last state legis- lature, is one of the well to do farmers of the county. He is an intelligent and upright citizen, and made a record for himself in the legislature that is gratify- ing to his friends and to the entire county. By unquestionable integrity and fidelity to his trust, he has won the title of "Honest Steve Rigney/' at a time when the corruption of the legislature has dragged into the mire of disgrace. For thirty-one years Fire Chief Rodemeyer has been connjected with the Freeport fire department. From the bottom to the top, he has worked his way up by merit and has always been a brave and competent fire fighter. The effici- ency of the fire department has never been questioned. Chief Rodemeyer was first appointed chief in 1883. FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS. G. A. R. Although the order of the Grand Army of the Republic was organized in the state of Illinois, and as early as 1866, yet Freeport did not have its post until twenty-nine years ago in 1881. To Dr. B. F. Stephenson, of Springfield, Illi- nois, belongs the honor of suggesting the formation of this union of veteran soldiers and of launching the organization into existence. The first objects of the association were to afford assistance to disabled and unemployed veterans of the war. Dr. Stephenson, who had been a surgeon in a volunteer regiment during the war, was firmly convinced that an organization of the returned sol- diers, for mutual benefit, was imperatively needed. A ritual was drafted under his supervision and the first post of the order was established at Decatur, Illi- nois. Other posts were soon mustered throughout Illinois and other states, and the first department convention was held at Springfield, Illinois, July 12, 1866. General John M. Palmer was there elected department commander. The first national convention was held at Indianapolis on November 20 following, and STEI'HENSON COUNTY COURTHOUSE Dec-orated for G. A. R. Encampment G. A. II. LODGE KOOMS IN CITY HALL Taken During the State Encampment. 1!UO LIBRARY OF THE UF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 477 representatives from eleven states were present. During the year 1867 the or- der spread rapidly and has grown since until now every city, town, village and hamlet has its G. A. R. Post. The second national convention was held at Philadelphia in 1868, only two years after the founding of the G. A. R., and even in that brief space of time, the order had grown to national proportions and was in a very nourishing con- dition. In that year the first observation of May 3Oth as a Memorial Day by the Grand Army was ordered, and on May II, 1870, May 3Oth was fixed upon for the annual observance by an article adopted as part of the rules and regula- tions of the order. In 1868 came an unfortunate decline which nearly resulted in the abandon- ment of the order. An idea that the G. A. R. was a political organization gained currency in some inexplicable manner, and a decrease in membership im- mediately took place. Many of the men who had been most enthusiastic sup- porters and members became disgusted and left the organization. This was particularly notable in the west, where an almost complete disruption of the order occurred. In May, 1869, an effort was made to introduce measures mak- ing the G. A. R. more like a lodge in organization. Three degrees of member- ship were instituted, but this move met with instant and widespread disapproval, and two years later, in 1871, all sections providing for degrees or ranks among members were stricken from the rules. At the same time a rule was adopted prohibiting the use of the organization for any partisan purpose whatsoever, a rule which has since been strictly followed. John A. Davis Post of Freeport was organized in Freeport on July 5, 1881, taking its name from Colonel John A. Davis, the gallant commander of the Forty-sixth. The naming of the post after the brave soldier who lost his life in the early part of the war was in every sense appropriate, for John A. Davis was not only one of the bravest hearts that ever donned a blue uniform, but he was also one of the oldest settlers of Stephenson County, and his father and brother were intimately connected with the early history of Rock Run Township. He and his brother founded the present village of Davis, establishing a small general store which came to be called "The Davis Store" and formed the nucleus for the present group of stores and houses. While engaged in this business the war broke out and John Davis was one of the first to volunteer. He was chosen captain of Company B and later colonel of the Forty-sixth Regiment, in which there were five companies from Stephenson County. After leaving for the war he did not return to his home until after the battle of Shiloh, in which he was seriously wounded. He returned to the war a second time, against the advice and persuasion of friends and family, and especially the members of his politi- cal party, who wished to send' him to Congress. Hardly had he set foot upon the battlefield when he fell a victim at the battle of Hatchie, on October 5th, 1862. He died soon after at Bolivar, Tennessee, calm, brave, and self-possessed to the last. His remains were brought to Freeport and the funeral held in the First Presbyterian church under the direction of Chaplain Teed. Forty-six men were mustered into the organization which takes his name. Colonel Sherburne of Chicago and Assistant Adjutant General Bennett were 478 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY present at this organization, which was effected in accordance with the objects of the G. A. R., which are: . 1. To preserve and strengthen those kind and fraternal feelings which bind together the soldiers, sailors and marines, who united to suppress the late rebel- lion. 2. To assist such former comrades in arms as need help and protection ; and to extend needful aid to the widows and orphans of those who have fallen. 3. To maintain true allegiance to the United States of America, based upon a paramount respect for, and fidelity to the National Constitution and the laws, to discountenance whatever tends to weaken loyalty, incite insurrection, treason or rebellion, or in any manner impairs the efficiency and permanency of our free institutions; to promote the spread of universal liberty, equal rights, and justice to all men, and to encourage honor and purity in public affairs. After being mustered in, John A. Davis Post No. 98 elected the following officers : Commander John Hart. S. Vice Commander Charles F. Taggart. J. Vice Commander Levi M. Devore. Quartermaster Charles G. Sanborn. Chaplain William Swanzey. Officer of the Day Philip Arno. Officer of the Guard Newton Linsley. The commanders since then have been: 1882 James I. Neff. 18831. F. Kleckner. 1884 Smith D. Atkins. !885 W. W. Moore. 1886 Henry Burrell. 1887 J. Brown Taylor. 1888-1889 John R. Harding. 1890 Charles T. Green. 1891 F. C. Held. 1892 Smith D. Atkins. 1893 George H. Tandy. 1894-1895 L. A. Underwood. 1896-1897 Wm. B. Mayer. 18987. T. F. Runner. 1899 Israel Solt. 1900-1910 F. C. Held. The Roster of the Post includes: Andre, John J., Rockford. Angle, Luther. Asten, Charles. Atkins, Smith D. Armbrust, James, 132 Walnut St. Aspinwall. J. E., R. F. D. 4, Freeport. Adelman, Milton, 146 Mechanic St. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 479 Barnes, Oliver, West Freeport, died Dec. 7, 1909. Bertsch, John A., died Dec. 24, 1909. Brandt, Abram, Rock City. Byers, F. W., Monroe, Wis. Bokhof, Herman, Rock City, 111. Bouray, Albert, Ridott, 111. Burrell, Henry, 102 Lincoln Ave. Blosser, Wm. H., 80 Cherry St. Benson, David, 210-212 S. i6th St., Omaha, died Dec. 10, 1908. Bamberger, Ephraim, 273 Union St. Brady, Wm. I., 18 Harlem Ave. Bowman, Wm. H., Nora, 111. Burrell, Daniel, 45 Lincoln Ave. Barr, William, Walnut St. Best, Hiram C., 350 Walnut St. Burton, R. W., 209 Pleasant St. Beal, Jacob S., R. F. D. 2, Ridott. Baker, E. D., Scioto Mills. Boop, W. H., Iroquois, S. D. Becker, Jacob, Durand, 111. Brown, Edward S., 255 Stephenson St., died May 18, 1910. Bongye, Daniel, 22 West St. Bongye, F. D., Freeport, died March 16, 1909. Burkhart, John, Russell, Minn., died March 16, 1909. Baker, Wm. H., Scioto Mills. Brownlee, Harrison, 278 Clark Ave. Bear, Francis, 387 Oak St. Christler, W. J., 196 Carroll St. Corman, George, R. F. D. 4, Freeport. Clingman, Jason, Dakota, 111. Clingman, John T., Davis, 111. Cooper, B. G., Freeport. Cornelius, Samuel, Davis, 111., dead. Clingman, Wm. H., Cedarville, 111. Clark, Benjamin, 138 State St. Cummings, James R., 132 Walnut St. Drener, Fred, 34 Douglas Ave. Diecher, John, 20 Powell St., dead. Dryer, E. W. R., 40 Railroad St. Daughenbaugh, Christ, Orangeville, fll. Dommel, Henry, Soldiers' Home. Dennison, N. W., Chicago, 111. Dean, Joseph, 197 Locust St. Durling, Ezra, 7 Fifth Ave. Engleman, Jacob, Red Oak, 111. Ellis, Eli, 115 N. Galena Ave., dead. Eisenbise, P. W., 77 Orin St., transferred. 480 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Fossolman, Phillip, 103 West St. Fox, Joshua, 185 Jefferson St. Ferrel, Jacob, 429 Empire St. Fawner, Phillip M., 337 Fifth Av. Fry, Josiah, 225 Pleasant St. Fry, Jacob, 231 Pleasant St. Figely, Wm. F., 18 Ordway St. Ford, Walter G., in N. Galena Ave. Freitag, Phillip, 153 Union St. Graber, John, 22 Oak Place. Gunn, James, 12 Chestnut St. Goethe, Robert, 71 Jefferson St. Grimm, Geo. W., 134 Float St. Carman, Henry C, Cedarville, 111. Gale, John A., 4 Cottonwood St Getty, Royal Q., 214 Benton St. Graham, G. W., 23 Grove St. Halen, James F. Hayes, Thomas, Davis, 111. Hawn, Isaac, 21 John St. Held, F. C. Hayes, John R., 517 62d St., Chicago. Hockman, Henry, Lebanon, Mo. Hoyman, Henry, 264 Walnut St. Hennick, Wm. H., Louis Ave., East Freeport. Hart, Albert W., 15 Addison St. Kaste, Wm., Sr. Keller, Henry, 307 Adams St. Klefer, George, Ridott, 111. Knecht, Phillip, 81 Carroll St. Kamerer, Carl, 258 S. Galena Ave. Kyle, Urias. Knoeller, George, 141 Jackson St. Keeler, N. F., 132 Van Buren St. Krape, W. W., 780 Stephenson St. Kohl, George, 115 Foley St. Kailey, Wm., Lena, 111. Keyes, Edward, City. Kauffman, T. M.. 27 Park Ave. Kencke, Rudolph, 161 Taylor Ave. Keck, H. S., 38 Locust. Kleckner, G. S., 573 Stephenson St. Kryder, Wm. H., Cedarville, 111. Kauffman, Alex., 275 Carroll St. Kautenberger, Peter G., 180 Chicago St. Kundinger, Theo., no Clark Ave. Keith, B. B., 45 Jefferson St., dead. G. A. U. KXCAilL'JIKXT VIEWS. FHEKI'OUT, 1!)10 LIBRARY OF THE UMiVLKbllt OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 481 Keeling, G. F. Roller, Frederick City. Kern, Richard, Davis, 111. Koym, Fred, 158 Oak St. Kellogg, A. S., 292 N. Galena Ave. Lang, Robert, Rock City, 111. Lied, Edwin, 68 High St. Lininger, J. F., 52 Wilbur St. Leigh, Jesse R., 673 Stephenson St. Lattig, Aaron, P., 404 West St. Lathrop, John S., transferred. Long, George, 87 Walnut. Lawver, George, 246 Elk St. Luedeke, Henry, 77 Winneshiek St. Law, John S., Cedarville, 111. Marie, George E. Miller, Ambrose, Rock City, 111. Morrison, Hugh, 392 Stephenson St. McLees, Robert C., 15 Dexter St. Mallory, Isaac N., 128 American St. McLain, Isaac, Ridott, 111. Moersch, John, 50 Hardin St. Madden, Wm. J., 36 West St. Myers, Louis, Sheldon, la. Mogle, Samuel, 108 Exchange St. McGurk, James, Lena, 111. Mitchell, N. L., Davis, 111. Newcomer, B. F., 231 Douglas Ave. Newcomer, Abraham, Red Oak, 111. Ott, Andrew, 36 American St. Pietrek, Paul, 16 Ordway St. Potter, Johnson, Davis, 111. Prince, Jacob, 25 Vine St. Penticoff, Daniel, 305 Union St. Palmer, Levy H., 26 Chicago St. Rotzler, John, 161 Elk St. Rodearmel, Arthur, 460 Stephenson St. Rodemeyer, Joseph, 83 Chestnut St. Runner, Z. T. F., 39 Lincoln Ave. Romine, Homer, 73 Galena St. Rodenbaugh, J. M., 26 Walnut St. Rawk, David, Davis, 111. Reitzell, W. J., 22 Harlem Ave. Roberts, Albert, McKinley Ave. Ropps, Wm., 305 Liberty St. Schlegel, Julius, 523 S. Galena Ave. Stewart, Wm., 203 N. Galena Ave. 482 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Solt, Israel, 55 Cherry St. Stouffer, B. F., 37 S. Galena Ave. Spitler, W. H., 34 Nursery St. Sieferman, Lawrence, 29 Chestnut St. Smith, Iriah, Orangeville, 111. Schock, Enos, Rock City, 111. Smith, Wm. Smith, John G., dead. Snyder, John W., R. F. D. 3, Freeport. Stober, Wm., 151 Delaware St., dead. Sprague, Irwin, 222 Van Buren St. Sechrist, A. G., 209 West St. Shaughnessy, Samuel, 26 Park Ave. Smith, J. H., 199 Stephenson St., dead. Taft, Ira B., Soldiers' Home. Thompson, P. R., 328 Stephenson St., died Jan. 6, 1910. Thayer, Wm. H., 127 S. Galena Ave. Turneaure, G. B., 23 Green St. Vore, John, 51 Illinois St. Van Reed, M. A., 47 Brick St. Vore, Wm., Cedarville, 111. Weinhold, W. S., 146 Washington St. Williams, Hugh. Wentz, Phillip W., Park Heights. Waddell, John R., 399 Walnut St. Webb, Oliver, 165 Locust St. Winters, William, Dakota, 111. Wardlow, Robert, Rock City, 111. Williams, Henry, 241 Spring St., died Dec. 12, 1909. Work, James M., 153 Jackson St. Washburn, Crip. Young, Thomas B., Rock City. The Grand Army of the Republic, as a national organization, has always stood for all that was best in civic affairs, for advancement in all business rela- tions, and as a result, has accomplished a great deal of good and has gained an enviable reputation. What has been true of the national order has been equally true of the local branch. Together with its auxiliaries, the Ladies of the G. A. R., the Woman's Relief Corps, and the Sons of Veterans, John A. Davis Post has maintained the high standard of the national society and has been an active influence for good in the community. The most active days of the Grand Army of the Republic are now over. An interesting report from Washington, D. C., states that about ninety names per day are being dropped from the pension rolls. This means an average of about two thousand seven hundred deaths per month or thirty-two thousand annually among the federal survivors of the Civil war carried on the pension lists. It is too evident that the old soldiers of both armies are vanishing rapidly. The generally accepted estimate of the number of individuals serving in the Union HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 483 army and navy during the Civil war was two million two hundred and thirteen thousand three hundred and sixty- five. On June 20, 1909, the actual number of survivors of the Civil war on the pension rolls was five hundred and ninety-three thousand three hundred and sixty-five. On June 30, 1909, the actual number of will be a matter of history. But the brave men who fought for the Union of their country will never be forgotten, nor the effective work which they ac- complished through the medium of the G. A. R. For some time after its organization the John A. Davis Post met in the hall formerly known as Old Temperance Hall, in the building on the southeast corner of Chicago and Exchange streets. Recently the place of meeting was moved to the G. A. R. Hall in the City Hall building. This room is also used by the auxiliary associations as a meeting place and the city donates to the order the free use of the rooms. On the days May 23, 24 and 25 there occurred a noteworthy event in the history of the John A. Davis Post, and the national order as well. The 44th annual encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic was held, and Freeport, was selected as the meeting place. For three days the city was turned over to the distinguished visitors, who flocked to Freeport in immense numbers from all parts of the United States. Mayor Rawleigh delivered an opening address of welcome, and presented the principal speakers of the day. The men of distinc- tion who were present and spoke during the three days of the encampment were General Fred Grant, Governor Van Sant, of Minnesota, Governor Deneen, of Illinois, as well as many others of less national reputation. The Grand Opera House, the First Presbyterian Church, and the First Methodist Church were utilized as places of meeting, and were all crowded to the doors on every occa- sion. It was during one of the encampment meetings that Jasper T. Darling made his now famous speech against the placing of a Lee monument in the Hall of Fame. The incident created quite a breeze at the time it occurred and vio- lent demonstrations of protest were made by the audience. Even now the oc- currence is not forgotten, and is regarded by many as the one blot on the record of the Freeport encampment. In all other respects the event was a most brilliant success. Certainly the Freeporters and the John A. Davis Post acquitted them- selves in most hospitable fashion, and the out-of-town guests were loud in their praise. The decorations on the occasion of the encampment were particularly at- tractive. Stephenson street was spanned with flags and triumphal arches and every building was royally draped with the Stars and Stripes. The encampment was doubtless a big "boom" for Freeport, and the credit for the success of the affair should be given to the Freeport business men and the John A. Davis Post for their untiring efforts to secure the encampment for Freeport. It was a pronounced success and will go down on record as one of the big events of Free- port's history. One of the most promising organizations of the city of Freeport is the Sons of Veterans, Smith D. Atkins Camp No. 400, Division of Illinois. The society, which has had a rapid growth during the past few years, nationally as well as locally, is composed of the direct male descendants of those men who served as Union soldiers in the Civil War. The Freeport camp was instituted about 484 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY ten years ago with fifteen charter members, and named in honor of Smith D. Atkins, Freeport's veteran postmaster, and former commander of the Grand Army of the Republic. M. G. Kleckner became the first commander. Since the time of founding the Sons of Veterans have increased in member- ship until at present their number is eighty-four. The officers of the organiza- tion for the current year are: Commander, George F. Korf ; senior vice com- mander, Frank Hawn; junior vice commander, Frank Hand; chaplain, F. M. Carl; secretary, E. Ray Williams; treasurer, F. M. Miller. During the recent G. A. R. encampment in Freeport, the national convention of the Sons of Veterans was also held. At this convention resolutions to change the name of the society was introduced but nothing was done on the matter. It was proposed to change the name from the "Sons of Veterans" to the "Sons of the Grand Army of the Republic." It was argued that such a name was more consistent with the original aim and purpose of the society, but others felt, on the contrary, that the name "Sons of the G. A. R." would imply that the members were sons of members of the older organization, rather than of any or all of the old soldiers of the Civil War. The project was not looked upon with favor by the Freeport camp, but nothing was done, and the motion was laid on the table to await further developments. The activity of the Sons of Veterans has also been conducted along social and fraternal lines. Each year there is a social gathering at the time of initia- tion, at which the auxiliary ladies' organization assists. The prospects for growth are bright, and the Sons of Veterans number in their camp some of the leading business men of the city. The Freeport Post of the Ladies of the G. A. R., which is not an auxiliary, but an allied organization of the Grand Army of the Republic, was founded by Mrs. Helen Underwood in September, 1900. The membership of this national society is made up solely of the wives and immediate families of the soldiers of the Union army, as opposed to the Woman's Relief Corps, which admits to membership any loyal woman. The society was inaugurated with thirty-five active members and nineteen comrades. Mrs. Underwood, who was instru- strumental in the organization became the first president, and afterwards be- came the society's chaplain, which office she has occupied for the past four years. At present there are sixty members and about thirty comrades. The officers recently elected are: President, Mrs. T. M. Kaufmann; secretary, Mrs. J. A. Gale; chaplain, Mrs. Helen Underwood. The Ladies of the G. A. R. find their work in assisting sick and enfeebled comrades and sisters, sending them fruit, etc. On each Decoration Day, the society makes it its duty to provide a means of transportation for the aged and infirm comrades to go to the cemetery. The ladies also attend the funerals of G. A. R. members in a body, and are present at all memorial services. The history of the progress of the Ladies of the G. A. R. for the past ten years has been unusually bright, and the society has lost only four of its mem- bers through death. At the time of the recent encampment the national conven- tion of the Ladies of the G. A. R. was held in Freeport and the affairs of the society were found to be in most prosperous condition. G. A. R. ENCAMPMENT VIEWS, FREKI'ORT. 110. LIBRARY OF THE UNIVEKSI1Y Of ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 485 WOMAN'S RELIEF CORPS. The Woman's Relief Corps, which admits to membership all loyal ladies of the Union, is the only recognized auxiliary to the Grand Army of the Re- public. It has been in existence in Freeport for many years, having been founded in 1888, by twenty interested ladies. These ladies became the charter members of the Freeport organization and elected Mrs. L. M. Devore president. At present there are sixty-two active members in good standing, who meet on the first and third Tuesdays of each month to carry out the offices for which the society was founded. The object is to do charitable work and care for the orphans and widows of the soldiers of the G. A. R. Each Decoration Day, the Relief Corps serves lunch to the old soldiers in the G. A. R. rooms at the City Hall. During the G. A. R. the Woman's Relief Corps was particularly active. They gave a reception at the Freeport Club to the visiting posts, and afterward another reception in the G. A. R. rooms in honor of Commander F. C. Held, who was honored by election to the post of senior vice commander of the state. Like the other auxiliary ladies' organiza- tions of the various lodges, the Relief Corps aims to care for the sick and af- flicted of the comrades, and render them all possible service. The officers at present are: President, Mrs. Therese Otto; secretary, Mrs. Bowers ; treasurer, Mrs. Molter. i D. A. R. The elder William Brewster Chapter No. 519, of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution was founded in 1900, by Mrs. Charles D. Knowlton, who is at present honorary regent of the chapter. For some years previous to the time of founding there had been chapters in the va- rious cities about Freeport, but no effort had been made to establish a so- ciety in Stephenson County. In 1900 Mrs. William Talcott of Rockford was state regent, and being desirous that Freeport should have a chapter, she con- ferred with Mrs. Knowlton on the subject. The result was that Mrs. Knowl- ton succeeded in getting the 'members together, and although it took some time to secure the necessary papers and establish the claims of the various mem- bers it was less than a year when the Elder William Brewster Chapter became an established fact, and Mrs. Knowlton, who had done so much to promote its existence, was elected regent. She retained this office for nine years and was only supplanted this year by Mrs. Matthew B. Marvin who takes office next fall. Ten ladies were instrumental in founding the chapter: Miss Gertrude Converse, Miss Esther Dana, Mrs. Walter Diffenbaugh, Miss Jesta Judson, Mrs. Charles D. Knowlton, Mrs. J. L. Robinson, Mrs. F. A. Read, Mrs. J. L. Rosebrugh, Mrs. Emma S. Wise, and Mrs. Charles C. Wolf. Since the time of founding the membership has swelled to thirty-seven names. An honored daugh- ter was Mrs. Eleanora Zimmermann, who died November 5, 1909, aged eighty- eight years. She was the only real daughter in the chapter, being a daughter of Major Nicholas Ickes, of Chester County, Pennsylvania, who served under Gen- eral George Washington. Major Ickes was a figure of some prominence in the HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY army and gained promotion and title for brave conduct, although he was only sixteen years of age when he entered the army. He married Miss Susan Barn- hisel and became the father of twenty-one children, of whom Mrs. Eleanora Zimmermann was the nineteenth. The chapter holds meetings every two weeks at the homes of the members. Readings, discussions, and papers usually form the order of the program. In addition to this a number of activities have been fostered by the D. A. R., among them the annual colonial ball which is held yearly at the Masonic Tem- ple. The function is held on Washington's Birthday and is usually a costume affair. In past years, the ladies have arranged a colonial minuet, maypole dances, etc. While the colonial ball is the most notable event of the D. A. R. year, the chapter has put the most work and time upon the Relic Room of the County Historical Society which is located on the second floor of the Library building, and it is of this that the members are most proud. The historical col- lection of relics suggestive of and dealing with the early history of state and county is most complete and interesting. A number of the exhibits were loaned to the society for a short time, and the rest are its permanent property. The historical collection is intended as the nucleus of a historical museum which shall have its rooms in the Library building, and contain relics of interest in con- nection with the history of the state and county. The original purpose of the D. A. R. was to find and mark the graves of all Revolutionary soldiers throughout the country. A number of these have been discovered within the confines of Stephenson County and all have been appro- priately marked. A short time ago the Freeport chapter helped the Rockford chapter to officiate at a meeting at Polo at which memorial services were held for two old Revolutionary soldiers. A monument was erected and a boulder, and these were dedicated on June 20, 1910, with appropriate exercises. The D. A. R. have maintained a very flourishing society in Freeport, and further developments are awaited with interest. The organization is one of the most wide-awake in the city and has accomplished a great deal of valuable work during the short period of its existence. WOMAN'S CLUB. The object of the Freeport Woman's Club, as stated in its constitution, is "the self-improvement of its members, and united effort for the advancement of social conditions in the home and the community." The club has been in existence since 1895 and during this time has been instrumental in effecting improvements and innovations in every direction. Mrs. Robert Hall Wiles, now of Chicago, was the prime mover in its organization and to her efforts may be attributed the successful career of the Woman's Club for the past fifteen years. In the fall of '95 a meeting was held in the circuit courtroom of the courthouse to which all ladies interested in the formation of a woman's club were invited. A large attendance resulted, and the club was formally instituted then and there, Mrs. Wiles being elected president. Mrs. Wiles served for several years and has since been succeeded by Mrs. C. F. Hildreth, Miss Flora Guiteau, Mrs. Charles D. Knowlton, Mrs. H. D. Bentley, Mrs. F. H. Towslee, Mrs. J. C. Gregory, and Mrs. George I. Brown. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 487 Perhaps the most notable thing done by the Woman's Club was the placing of a granite boulder to mark the spot where the Lincoln-Douglas debate was held. The boulder, which is a huge red sandstone slab of exceptional beauty, was selected by a committee of the ladies of the club who went to Devil's Lake, Wisconsin, for the purpose of choosing a suitable stone. It was placed in its present position in 1902, and in June, 1903, it was formally unveiled and dedi- cated by President Roosevelt. The work, however, of which the club has been the most proud has been the work in connection with the juvenile court. A committee consisting of three of the members of the club has been active in juvenile court work for a num- ber of years. The work was undertaken soon after the founding of the club, and while it has not been noised abroad, but has, on the contrary, been kept very quiet, nevertheless a great amount of telling work has been accomplished. In addition to these activities, the club has done charitable work in the com- munity for the past fourteen years. Thirteen years ago, in 1897, it was voted to furnish a Christmas tree for the inmates of the county farm every Christmas eve. The tree was a great success the first year, and the custom has been con- tinued ever since. In the beautification of the city, the Woman's Club has not been idle. Four years ago, in 1906, they presented the City cemetery with one hundred white cut birch trees which have made a material improvement in its looks. The City cemetery had been for some time somewhat ragged and run down in ap- pearance but through the efforts of the clubwomen the city has been induced to turn over a new leaf and the cemetery is today in much better condition than it might have been, had not the club seen fit to bend its efforts in this direction. One of the first charities undertaken, was the care of the hospitals. For the past nine years the members have been sending fruit and jelly to both St. Francis and the Globe Hospital. Each individual is asked to bring a jar of fruit and a glass of jelly on an appointed day in the fall and the offerings are evenly distributed between the two hospitals. In the winter of 1902-3 the ladies took it upon themselves to furnish throughout a children's room at the Globe Hospital. They have also assisted financially in settlement and charitable work in the city. Some years ago they pledged themselves to give a stated amount each year to the King's Daughters' Settlement Home, and the results accom- plished in this line have been, to say the least, gratifying. Four years ago, an agitation was started for the establishment of a domestic science department in the Freeport high school. The Woman's Club was anxious that this movement should successfully culminate, and immediately agreed to furnish the department throughout should the course be ultimately adopted as a part of the school curriculum. The domestic science department was, in fact, established the following fall, and has just completed the fourth year of its existence. The Woman's Club purchased the necessary supplies and made an arrangement with the manual training department to make the tables, and the furniture of the dining room. The domestic science rooms are one of the features of the high school building today, and the Woman's club is in a large measure responsible for the steady advancement of the department since its founding. 488 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY. Last year the Citizen's Commercial Association began to set afoot a move- ment for the establishing and maintaining of a rest room for out of town vis- itors. It was thought that this would materially aid in Freeport's growth, or that it would at least show the enterprise and ambition of the Freeport popula- tion. The Woman's Club, when consulted by the secretary of the association, agreed to furnish and equip the room with the necessary furniture and appur- tenances. This work has just been completed and the club has still another public service upon which to congratulate itself. There have been other services, but they have been less public than the ones above mentioned. The club has also assisted in the intellectual growth and uplift of the community by means of the lectures which it has secured for several years past. Undeniably the club has met with success and has ably ful- filled that part of its motto relating to "united effort for the advancement of social conditions in the home and in the community." As far as the "self im- provement" clause is concerned, it may be said that this has by no means been neglected. The policy has not been to take up any one definite line of study and pursue it for an entire year. On the contrary, the programs have been varied so varied in fact, that, in looking over a recent year book of the club, we find one Saturday devoted to a discussion of "South Africa and Her Po- litical Relations," while the next is occupied with a talk on "Music as a Factor in Education." The club members have certainly neglected their opportunities if they have failed to acquire that broad general culture which it was the aim of its founders to diffuse. The meetings of the club are at present held in the audience room of the Masonic Temple. After the foundation of the society meetings were held for a short time in the courthouse. They were soon transferred to the auditorium of the Y. M. C. A., where they continued to be held until the remodelling of the Y. M. C. A. building made it necessary for them to seek new quarters. For a short time they were housed in the First Presbyterian church, but they soon moved to the Masonic Temple, which they have now occupied for some years. There is at present a movement on foot to purchase a permanent home for the club. Several schemes have been advanced, one to the effect that the Woman's Club and Shakespeare Society shall buy the club house of the Freeport Club and occupy it jointly. Other plans have been proposed, but the outlook for a club house is not wery hopeful at present. During the short period of its lifetime the Freeport Woman's Club has ac- complished untold good in every branch of activities into which it has ventured. This has been entirely due to the energy and tireless work of its members. In view of its achievements in the past, Freeport has reason to look forward with confidence to still greater developments in the future. FREEPORT SHAKESPEARE SOCIETY. Among the literary clubs of Freeport, none has been more active than the Freeport Shakespeare Society. The club was first formed in 1887 under the name of the "Wantahno" (Want to Know) Club, and the charter members pledged themselves to carry out a course of reading and study outlined by the HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 489 / \ Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle. This course was completed within a year, but the "Wantahno's" had found their year's work; so enjoyable and profitable that they decided to make their club a permanent organization. It was then, in 1888, that the present Shakespeare Society had its inception, Mrs. Carl Nelson Moller, formerly Miss Vennette Grain being especially instrumental in the work of reorganizing. Mrs. Moller, who was a recent graduate of Wellesley College, proposed that the Wantahno Club make plans for a Shake- speare Society which should follow the same lines as the Shakespeare Society of Wellesley College. A number of new members were asked to join, and all en- tered into the work with zeal and enthusiasm. Mrs. Moller was elected president of the club for three consecutive years. The organization at first went under the name of the "Wantahno Shakespeare Society," but two years later in 1890, the name was changed to "Freeport Shakespeare Society" which name it has retained up to the present day. It was the first design of the club that the membership should consist solely of unmarried ladies, but when several of the sisters forsook their vows and ex- hibited a preference for the married state instead of single blessedness and membership in the Shakespeare Society, it became necessary to forge a new rule. It was finally settled that the statute must stand unchanged as far as the election of new members was concerned, but that "once a member, always a member" should be the rule in other cases. While the original intention was to study the life and works of the Bard of Avon, the Shakespeare Society had strayed somewhat from this purpose, and History, Economics, Art, and Literature have formed subjects for discussion for the greater part of the time. It has been the custom to present one or more plays each year, and this rule has been pretty regularly observed. The first dramatic effort of the society was a sylvan performance of "As You Like It," which was given in the pine grove at the residence of Oscar Taylor on South Carroll street. The play was a memorable success, and those who have wit- nessed it and later productions of the club as well, say that it has never been surpassed for daintiness and idyllic beauty. The cast on this occasion comprised : The Banished Duke Miss Mary Staver Duke Frederick, the usurper Miss Nellie Moore Amiens ) J Miss Carolyn Harding Jaques ( ' ' 1 " ' " ". ' ' ' ' ,' ',' ' W ' '' i ", ' T,", I Miss Charissa Taylor Lords attending on the Banished Duke l Charles, wrestler to Frederick Miss Frances Goddard Oliver I f Miss Margaret Bidwell Orlando ( ' ' '. " ' " ', " ' ." ' " ' 1 Miss Laura Malburn Sons to Sir Rowland de Boys Adam, servant to Oliver Miss Margaret Stearns Touchstone, a clown Miss Anna Sanborn Corin ) ( Miss Emma Krohn Silvius | ' 1 Miss Emily Smythe Shepherds William, a country fellow Miss Emily Smythe Rosalind, daughter to the Banished Duke Miss Mabel Wright 490 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Celia, daughter to Frederick Miss Helen Hill Phebe, shepherdess Miss Helen Staver Audrey, a country lass Miss Margaret Rhody In succeeding years other histrionic attempts have seen light, but while the first performances given by the club were either public, or at least witnessed by large audiences, the society has become exclusive of later years, and their productions have been privately staged at the homes of the members and before audiences consisting of the club members themselves and their immediate fam- ilies. Among the plays which have been given are "Twelfth Night," "The Tam- ing of the Shrew," "The Comedy of Errors," "The Merchant of Venice," and a number of non-Shakespearian plays, as well as short scenes or cuttings from the Shakespearian comedies. Outside professional companies have also been secured, among them the Ben Greet Players, who gave "As You Like It" and "A Midsummer Night's Dream" in Bailey's Park. The most notable outside per- formance was that of "Antony and Cleopatra" by the Charles B. Hanford Com- pany, the part of Cleopatra being taken by Miss Alice Wilson, now Mrs. Cecil Magnus, of Fort Hamilton, New York, a former member of the Shakespeare Society. Among the outside activities undertaken by the society has been the securing of lecturers who have appeared not only before the club but before public au- diences, on subjects connected with the current topics of the year's program. In this way the society has served not only to widen the interests and broaden the intellectual horizon of its members, but of the community as well. The Shakespeare Society has recently completed the twenty-second year of its existence. There are at present but three active members whose names were on the original roll of the Wantahno Circle. The organization has increased in numbers and has extended its labors into every field of cultural activity. Dur- ing this period, sixteen of its members have occupied the president's chairs, only two or three of them having served for more than one term. The presidents of the society since its founding have been : WANTAHNO CIRCLE. Miss Anna M. Smythe, 1887-88. FREEPORT SHAKESPEARE SOCIETY. Miss Vennette S. Crain, 1888-1891 ; Miss Margaret Bidwell, 1891-1892; Miss Laura Malburn, 1892-1893 and 1904-1905; Mrs. Mabel T. Hettinger, 1893-1894; Miss Anna Barton, 1894-1895; Mrs. R. B. Mitchell, 1895-1896 and 1899-1900; Miss Helen Hill, 1896-1897; Miss Bessie Gund, 1897-1898; Miss Jennie Huenke- meier, 1898-1899; Miss Bertha Trembor, 1900-1901; Miss Harriet Lane, 1901- 1902; Miss Bertha Bidwell, 1902-1903 and 1905-1906; Miss Mary Stoskopf, 1903-1904; Miss Alice Bidwell, 1906-1907; Miss Eva Hettinger, 1907-1908. EUTERPEAN. "Love the best things ; do the wisest things ; think the purest things ; aspire to the noblest things !" When the Euterpean Musical-Literary Society organized HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 491 in 1902, it chose the above motto to guide its steps. The club was organized through the efforts of Wilber M. Derthick, founder and director of the Euter- pean Fraternity, who went about the country establishing clubs in every city or prominence. The Euterpean Fraternity of America was founded in imitation of the Euterpe, a Norwegian musical society of which the composer, Edward Grieg, was the chief. Mr. Derthick and his wife, Mrs. May M. Derthick, suc- ceeded in establishing the Freeport chapter in 1902 and provided the members with a program for the winter of 1902-3. The Euterpean was not the first society which Mr. Derthick had fostered in Freeport. About ten years ago, he came to this city and assisted in founding a club which became known as the "Musical-Literary Club." While this club had really no connection with the Euterpean Society, still those who had been mem- bers of the Musical-Literary Club became members of the Euterpean for the most part, and in addition to this, the aim and general purposes of the two clubs were very much alike. There was this exception; the "Musical-Literary Club" aimed to carry out programs which should cover the fields of Music and Literature. The Euterpean took up this work and added the province of Art. Painting was discussed and the works of the great masters were studied, while the literary and musical work was continued as well. The "Musical-Literary Club" had disbanded after three years of work. The Euterpean too. in spite of an interesting and helpful year, broke up at the end of one season. It was not until three years later that the old members began to make some move toward reorganizing. Then, remembering the pleasures of their one year together, they decided to meet and continue the musical-literary programs. Mr. Derthick had given up his work and the Euterpean Fraternity as a national organization was no longer in existence. But the ideas which he had instilled into the minds of his former pupils were still fresh, and the men and women who had studied with him were anxious to recommence their work. The result was a complete reorganization in 1905, under the name of this "Euterpean Musical-Literary Club." Miss Julia Molter was elected president and retained her office for one year. In 1906, Mrs. Edna Baker Oylet was made president, and she remained in office for three terms. She was succeeded in 1909 by Miss Isabel Fry, the present leader of the society. After two years of this work, the Euterpean began to feel that it had undertaken too heavy a proposi- tion. It was very enjoyable to study art, music, and literature, but it took time and continued effort. The programs were long, and it seemed that undue ef- forts were expended upon them. Moreover, the club was composed almost en- tirely of persons interested chiefly in music. Accordingly, the nature of the club was again changed and in 1907 the society became the "Euterpean Musical Club." The Euterpean Musical Club filled a long felt want inasmuch as it was the only exclusively musical club of the city. The Woman's Club has maintained a music department and had given public musicales at various times, but the chief interests of that organization lay elsewhere. The Euterpean, however, has given itself entirely over to music, and the development and education of a musical taste in the community. To this end, they have given at least two artist recitals a year ever since 1907. They have secured a number of eminent 492 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY musicians, among them Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Butler, of Chicago, who are hon- orary members of the Euterpean, and have given several Euterpean recitals both privately and publicly. It has been the custom for the past three years to close the work of the year with a picnic or social gathering of some sort, on the evening of the final recital. This recital has usually been one of the two artist recitals of the year, but on one occasion the program was made up exclusively of home talent. Last year, the picnic and closing recital was held at the club house of the Lakota Club in West Freeport. The Lakota Club gave its house over to the Euterpean So- ciety for the occasion and the Euterpean entertained the Lakota men as their guests. This year the picnic was held at the home of Mrs. Frank Bass, on South Carroll street. The artist on this occasion was Mr. Harold Henry, of Chicago, pianist. The Euterpean Society plans to continue its work next year, with Miss Isabel Fry, as president, and it is to be hoped that it will remain a permanent institution. It is one of the few clubs of the city which have been organized with a definite purpose in sight, and is second to none in importance as it is the only musical society of the city. The Euterpean has only been active for a short time, but during that brief period it has accomplished a great deal in the way of further- ing musical interests in Freeport. CULTURE CLUB. One of the literary clubs of Freeport which has not appeared in the lime- light at any time, but has always continued to do its work quietly and unas- sumingly is the organization which is known as "The Culture Club." As its name indicates, the aim of its members is the acquisition of a broad range of knowledge and experience productive of general culture. The club is somewhat smaller than any of the other organizations of the city, the membership being limited to eighteen. At the present time there are sixteen members. The Culture Club had its beginnings in a small and exclusive circle known as the "Home Reading Circle," which was founded nearly seventeen years ago. The three members who may be styled as charter members of the club, inasmuch as they first gathered together at one another's homes to pursue a course of read- ing, are still active members. These three found the association so pleasant and the work so enjoyable that they decided to increase the membership and widen the circle of activities. This was done in a few years and the club soon took its present name of "The Culture Club." The three charter members were all teach- ers and most of the present membership is made up of teachers in the Free- port schools. However, this is by no means considered as a necessary qualifica- tion for membership. The Culture Club meets once a week, on Monday evenings, at the homes of its several members, and carries out a literary program consisting of papers and discussions. A program of work is outlined each year and adhered to through- out. It has been the custom of the club of late years to select as a general topic for the year's work a nation and its people. In connection with the study of the land and people, some of the literature of the nation is read. Two years ago, Russia was the topic, last year France was the general subject, and next year Germany will be studied. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 493 The roll of members is as follows: Miss Emma Voss, Miss Alice Reitzell, Miss Eva Milner, Mrs. Edward Bengston, Miss Clara Swanzey, Miss Mabel Goddard, Mrs. Linnie Scofield, Mrs. Kettle, Miss Vida Graham, Mrs. A. C. Knorr, Miss Vorta Walker, Mrs. William H. Thoren, Mrs. A. Billerbeck, Miss Ida Bastian, Miss Susan Brown, and Miss Irene Place. The officers for the cur- rent year are: Preseident, Miss Emma Voss; vice president, Mrs. L. E. Scofield; secretary and treasurer, Miss Mabel Goddard. HUMANE SOCIETY. The work of the Freeport Humane Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, was inaugurated by the Freeport Woman's Club. On the meeting of April 15, of that date the subject was first brought up by Mrs. J. G. Oyler, who has since continued to be very active in the work. The principal cities about Free- port all had humane societies which were doing good work, and the more enter- prising Freeport people, particularly the ladies of the Woman's Club, felt that the lack was a serious detriment to Freeport's good name. Accordingly, Mrs. Oyler who had investigated the subject moved that the Woman's Club take action to found a Humane Society, and appoint a committee to carry out the project. Her motion was carried and a committee was appointed by Mrs. Hildreth, then president of the Club, consisting of Mesdames Zipf, Oyler, Dunn, and Truesdell. The work was soon under way, and a few weeks later an organization was perfected. The organizing meeting was held in the parlors of the Y. M. C. A., and after transacting preliminary business, the society elected the following mem- bers to serve as first officers of the association : President, Henry Dorman ; vice president, Mrs. John G. Oyler ; secretary, Miss Marion Clark ; treasurer, Joseph Emmert ; humane officer, Charles Hall. Thirty-eight charter members enrolled in the first humane society, and the club started out with the laudable intention of preventing cruelty toward chil- dren as well as dumb beasts. But at first the humane society did not thrive. There had been other humane societies in previous years, which flickered and died out after a short and uncertain existence, and it seemed at first that the new organization was to follow in the beaten path. It is due to the unfailing energy of the members, and especially the officers that the humane society survived and became so potent a factor in the welfare of the community. Charles Hall, humane officer, was chief of police at the time, and his time was occupied with his duties in other directions. Consequently his career as humane officer was not marked by any great activity, and he did not accomplish any marked success. Some of the more active members, feeling that it was a disgrace that the humane society should not be properly supported, called the members together at another meeting two years after the first one, in 1903. A reorganization took place and new officers were elected. At this time the following were placed in office : President, Henry Dorman ; vice president, T. H. Hollister ; secretary, Mrs. J. G. Oyler ; treasurer, Joseph Emmert ; humane officer, B. F. Brubaker. From the time of this reorganization dates the present activity of the Free- port S. P. C. A. B. F. Brubaker proved himself a willing and capable humane 494 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY officer, and to him is due a great part of the credit for the excellent reputation which the humane society has of late achieved. Although engaged in other busi- ness he has devoted time and energies to his duties as humane officer, and has more than creditably filled his position. A short time ago occurred the death of President Dorman. T. H. Hollister thereupon took his place. The other officers of the association have remained unchanged. From an original thirty-eight the membership has swelled to over one hundred and fifty, and constant additions are being made from time to time. JUVENILE COURT. The juvenile court work has been an outgrowth of the humane society, and, like that organization, was fostered by the Freeport Woman's Club. Three names have been very intimately connected with its career in Freeport, those of Miss Bertha Bidwell, Miss Alice Hettinger, and Mrs. John G. Oyler, who have devoted much of their time and efforts to the maintenance of the institution. Mrs. Oyler has been the first and only probation officer, and Judge Clarity has been the only judge of the juvenile court. During the comparatively short time of the court's activity, no less than one hundred children have been cared for. Some of these have been sent to institutions of correction, some have been sent to schools for dependent children, and others have been placed in good homes. A large number have been legally adopted. The juvenile court succeeded in sending to the penitentiary a woman who had been the author of a notorious case of child abuse, one Mrs. Mary Jane Sked, who is at present incarcerated in Joliet. The ladies interested in the juvenile court have also taken up the matter of impure and immoral productions at the theatres of the city. A profound agitation was aroused only one or two years ago by the appearance of a certain company at the Grand Opera House, whose performance was styled indecent. The company had intended to return and repeat its performance, but the prompt action of the juvenile court com- mittee blocked any such procedure. The people connected with the court have done a great deal of good in the past, and give every indication of keeping up the good work. TRUANT AND HOME MATRON. Until last year the board of education employed the services of the chief of police as truant officer of the public schools. The arrangement was never satisfactory, for the chief of police always found himself too burdened with his regular duties to properly attend to cases of truancy. Following the lead of other schools in Chicago and the east, the board decided to engage the ser- vices of a truant officer who should devote her entire time to the work. Mrs. Edna Baker Oyler was engaged at a regular salary, and since September, 1909, has continued to fill the office most ably. Her proper title is truant officer and home matron of the Freeport public schools, and in addition to her duties in cases of truancy, she is expected to direct her efforts toward bettering the condition of the children of the city schools in a moral, religious, and sanitary way. Mrs. Oyler deserves a great deal of credit HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 495 for the unflinching stand she has taken and for the surprising and gratifying re- sults she has been able to accomplish. She has unearthed a great many surpris- ing and startling situations, and has been the cause of a large number of ar- rests and fines. The selling of tobacco and liquor to minors, and gambling on the part of boys under age have been the marked objects of her campaign, and in this connection she has been able to institute reforms in a number of in- stances. Mrs. Oyler's crusade has only begun but the board of education feels eminently satisfied with the proceedings so far, and hopes for a continuance of the work. In the employing of a special truant officer and home matron, the board of education is placing the Freeport public schools in the front ranks as the most progressive in the northern part of Illinois. w. c. T. u. Of the various temperance organizations which once flourished in Freeport, only one remains, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and that has not only survived the shocks of a troublous career, but it has steadily increased in strength, and now holds a post of honor and importance. The I. O. Good Templars, which was for a long time the leading temperance order of the city, as well as the Sons of Temperance, and several lesser societies, like the Free- port Reform Club, have lived and passed away after comparatively brief careers. This does not mean that the temperance movement has suffered a relapse in Freeport. Quite the contrary. The temperance wave which recently swept over the land arid caused so many of the states of the Union to "go dry," was as strongly felt in Freeport as elsewhere. The death of the above mentioned or- ganizations merely means, if interpreted aright, that no reform movement which does not "mean business" can long endure, and certain of Freeport's temperance organizations, before their demise, were doing very little active work. The W. C. T. U., on the other hand, has always been most active, and has always carried the greater burden of the good work on its own shoulders. It was founded on the roth of April, 1874, when a meeting of the ladies of Freeport who were interested in the cause of temperance, was held in the First Methodist church, with a view to ascertaining what means could be best em- ployed in the undertaking on which they were engaged. Mrs. E. M. Marsh (deceased), who afterward became identified with the W. C. T. U. for many years acted as chairman, and Mrs. J. R. Lemon was the secretary. At this meeting the W. C. T. U. was organized and there were present Mrs. F. O. Mil- ler, Mrs. Isaac F. Kleckner, Mrs. E. Hemenway, Mrs. A. W. Ford, Mrs. J. S. Best, Mrs. L. Fisher and others. Mrs. Lemon was elected the first president, Mrs. Kleckner secretary, and Miss A. Jenks treasurer. Among the ladies still resid- ing in Freeport who have since headed the local W. C. T. U., are Mrs. A. K. Stibgen, Mrs. Robert Bell, Mrs. W. O. Wright, and Mrs. L. B. Sanborn. On the twenty-fifth anniversary of the organization of the society, in 1889, appropriate exercises were held in the Y. M. C. A. auditorium. Papers were read by Mrs. A. W. Ford and Mrs. Emily V. Keever and Mrs. Louise Rounds, at that time state president also addressed the gathering. The papers and dis- cussion which formed the program of the occasion recalled the work which had 493 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY been accomplished in the lifetime of the Freeport W. C. T. U., the mass meet- ings which had been held, the various crusades which had been conducted against drink, and the number of persons reclaimed from the evil effects of the habit. The work within the last ten years has been particularly gratifying. However, it has been conducted in a quiet and unpretentious manner, and very little publicity has been given to it. The society now in existence numbers about - members. The offi- cers for the year are: President, Mrs. W. H. Manchester; vice president, Mrs. J. J. Nagle; secretary, Mrs. Anna Alexander; corresponding secretary, Mrs. Nellie Effinger; treasurer, Miss Jeannette Engle. FREEPORT AUDUBON SOCIETY. Within the last few years a growing sentiment for the preservation of our songsters has manifested itself throughout the entire country. The Freeport Audubon Society, perhaps more commonly known as the Bird Club, has been a direct outgrowth of this sentiment. Miss Edna Porter was the founder of the society. It was established four years ago, by ten ladies interested in the study and preservation of birds, and has been very active since that time in carrying out its purpose. The members, whose number is limited to twenty- five, meet every two weeks at one other's homes and carry out programs con- sisting of papers and informal discussions. The club is very enthusiastic about its work, and is one of the most wide-awake organizations of the city. It aims to teach its members and -the community as well of the nature, appearance, and habits of the feathered tribe, and is taking all the steps in its power to prevent the possible extermination or thinning out of the song-birds of this region, many species of which are rapidly becoming depleted. Each member makes it a personal matter to do all she can in this direction. An illustrative incident occurred very recently. A small boy vho evidently didn't know any better, was seen to enter a yard, pick up a baby robin, which had apparently fallen out of the nest before able to fly, play with it, and then throw it away after having handled it pretty roughly and broken both of its wings, The matter was reported to one of the members of the Audubon Society. After having ascertained the name of the small offender, she made it her business to see him personally and talk with him on the subject of birds. So success- fully did she accomplish her purpose that the boy was much affected and prom- ised never to torture any robins in the future. During the past winter, the Audubon Society held a public illustrated lec- ture on the subject of birds. The lecture was one sent out by the State Audubon Society. The colored slides were also provided and the lecture was read by one of the members. This practice will probably be continued in future years, but no definite plans have been made to that effect. The Audubon Society has become very popular during the past year. A large number of names are on the waiting list, but the membership is limited to twenty-five, and all are active and enthusiastic members. The ten ladies who organized the club are still on the roll of active members. For the first two years AUDITOKirM AT OAKDALE PARK LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEFHENSON COUNTY 497 of the club's existence, Miss Louise Morgan served as president. She was suc- ceeded by Miss Marion Clark, who has also served for two terms. The names of the charter members who founded the society four years ago are : Mrs. J. Clark, Mrs. E. Morgan, Miss Louise Morgan, Miss Flora Morgan, Miss Marion Clark, Miss Laura Clark, Miss Edna Porter, Mrs. L. G. Young- love, Miss Mae Stewart, and Miss Belle Gransden. STEPHENSON COUNTY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The original Stephenson County Medical Society was organized in 1865, with Dr. L. A. Mease as its first president. For some few years affairs were con- ducted regularly, and meetings held on stated occasions. But the attendance became small, duties were neglected, and the interest waned. For a short time, there was no county medical society. In June, 1878, the society was reorganized under the name of the Stephenson County Society of Physicians and Surgeons, and the following officers were elected: President, F. W. Hance; vice president, L. A. Mease; secretary and treasurer, Charles Brundage. The new society consisted of nine members : L. G. Voigt, L. A. Mease, C. M. Hillebrand, F. W. Hance, C. B. Wright, E. A. Carpenter, Charles Brundage, Louis Stoskopf, and B. T. Buckley. The society soon took in the following additional members: I. P. Fishburn, and S. K. Martin, Dakota, and T. L. Carey, Lena. For some years the society was neither active nor well patronized. One cause or another, usually professional jealousy, kept the membership list from growing, and the Stephenson County Society of Physicians and Surgeons was not known as an active and energetic organization. But within the last few years a remarkable growth has taken place. About all the physicians in good stand- ing in the 'county are members of the association, both in Freeport and in the villages of the county. A few years ago the name was again changed to the "Stephenson County Medical Association," by which it has since continued to be designated. There are thirty-eight active members in good standing and four honorary members. The membership list follows. In all cases, except where otherwise specified, the members are Freeporters. The list includes B. A. Arnold, E. H. Best, Paul Burrell (Winslow), E. E. Burwell, R. J. Burns, C. L. Best, J. S. Clark, J. N. Daly (Orangeville), F. A. Dietrich, B. Erp-Brockhausen, J. F. Fair, T. J. Holke, W. A. Hutchins (Orangeville), Linda Hutchins, N. R. Har- lan, Sara Hewitson, W. Karcher, A. F. Kober (McConnell), C. P. Leitzell (Da- kota), F. J. Lins (Durand), D. C. L. Mease, H. E. Morrison, W. B. Peck, N. C. Phillips, W. J. Rideout, Mary L. Rosenstiel, A. Salter, M. Saucerman (Rock Grove), J. H. Stealy, W. B. Stiver, R. J. Stiver (Lena), A. E. Smith, K. F. Snyder, E. J. Torey, S. C. Thompson (Cedarville), E. A. Carpenter (Baileyville), L. G. Voigt, A. A. Wilson (Davis), J. G. Woker (Pearl City). The honorary members are: R. F. Hayes, C. M. Hillebrand, D. B. Bobb (Da- kota), and J. W. Saucerman (Winslow). 498 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The officers of the present association are: President, A. E. Smith, vice president, B. Erp-Brockhausen ; secretary, J. Sheldon Clark; treasurer, D. C. L. Mease. Meetings are held quarterly subject to call by the president of the society. FREEPORT CLUB. The Freeport Club is an organization of which the business men of Free- port are justly proud. It possesses a club house which for convenience and elegance of appointments is hardly surpassed by any similar building in a city of this size. For twenty years it has been in existence during which time it has maintained the high standard of excellence set by its founders. On October 21, 1890, the organization was completed by twenty-nine of Free- port's business men and the present Freeport Club was founded. Previous to that time a club had been maintained by ten of the men who now went into the Freeport Club. This club maintained a club room in the Wilcoxin building, then known as the Opera House Block. When the Freeport Club was formally in- stituted the club rooms were moved from the Opera House Block across the street to a room which is now occupied by the C. E. Wilkins photograph gallery. The twenty-nine men whose names are to be found on the original document of the Freeport Club are: Wallace Collins, Boyd P. Hill, W. Ensign Boyington, F. A. Read, James W. Hyde, W. A. Stevens, Alfred Brown, John S. Harp- ster, Dwight B. Breed, Edward Winslow, C. C. Hanford, W. E. Fry, Henry J. Porter, Charles A. McNamara, John A. Martin, Mathias Hettinger, Jr., Charles D. Knowlton, Arthur Rodearmel, Lalon Z. Farwell, W. H. Taggart, Michael Stoskopf, Charles E. Scott, W. S. Benson, Horace Webster, Addison Bidwell, Dr. E. H. Allen, William J. Hall, Frederick Bartlett and Robert Hall Wiles. Soon after organization a large number of new members were accepted into the club, which then entered upon a season of rapid and promising growth. Charles D. Knowlton was elected president, and retained his office for a num- ber of years. His successors have been Boyd P. Hill, Michael Stoskopf, and L. Z. Farwell, the present officer. Mr. Farwell has occupied the chair for the past nine years and has proved himself an able and efficient president. Three years after the organization of the club it was found advisable to change quarters. The room on Stephenson street had become too small to suit the needs of the growing society and the officers began to look about for a site for a club house. At this time they made a very fortunate "find." The present club property on Stephenson street was then owned by ex-mayor Ja- cob Krohn, who had become a member of the club. Circumstances made it necessary for Mr. Krohn to move, and he offered to sell his home to the Free- port Club for use as a club house at a very small figure. The club found the Krohn property admirably suited to its needs and closed the bargain at once. The house was secured for the sum of $5,500, which now seems ridiculously small, as the house and lot are at present valued at a much larger sum. On July 8, 1893, the club moved from its cramped quarters down town and six days later, on the I4th, the house warming was held, an occasion which will long be remembered by the older members of the organization. The HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 499 building has been occupied during the seventeen years which have passed since that date, and numerous improvements have been made upon the property, rais- ing its present value to something over $10,000. Among the additions made have been the bowling alley, ball room, billiard room and tennis court. The bowling alley was built in at the rear of the build- ing, a special structure being erected for the purpose about ten years ago. At the time the club members took a great interest in the sport. Various teams known by the names of Rough Rollers, Smooth Rollers, Smith P. I.'s, etc., were organized and captained by enthusiastic members, and two silver cups on the mantel over the fireplace of the reading room give evidence of the one time interest in the game. The club house ball room has been the scene of many a brilliant function since its equipment not a decade ago. The floor is one of the best dance floors in the city and the room itself while somewhat small is quite adequate to the needs of the club and has been used and enjoyed continuously by the members and their families. The billiard room and tenis court have also been in constant use, and the club men and their families have derived a great deal of pleasure and enjoyment from the use of them. Among the customs instituted by the club have been the annual New Year's ball on New Year's eve for the purpose of watching the old year out and the new year in, and the annual Fourth of July fete on the club lawn. A large amount of money has been expended at these fetes in securing displays of fire- works, and the results have always been highly satisfactory, the spectators al- ways enthusiastically reporting a most enjoyable time. The club is now established on a firm basis as one of Freeport's oldest so- cial organizations, and, in fact, the only one of its especial kind. It is the only club affording a means of entertainment to both members and their families and out of town friends. As such it is assured of a continued prosperity. The present officers of the club are : president, L. Z. Farwell ; vice president, T. H. Hollister; secretary, Norman Tuckett; treasurer, J. Manly Clark. The present membership is eighty-six active members. There are also a number of honorary members. LAKOTA CLUB. The Lakota Club is a club made up of the younger business men of Free- port. It is exclusively a social organization, and possesses a handsome (if some- what diminutive) club house in West Freeport on the Schofield property. The Lakota Club had its inception two years ago in June, 1908. when seven young men who found themselves congenial and united by the common bond of bachelordom, met and formulated plans for the organization of a social club. These seven young men, who are still, with one single exception, members of the club today were : Raymond S. Wise, Dr. J. Sheldon Clark, Jos. Sibley, George Creighton, F. A. McNess, F. H. Bowers, and Mentor Wheat. A committee was immediately appointed to look over the various properties in and around Free- port which would afford a suitable location for a club house. After some deliberation the committee selected as a site the land north of Stephenson street owned by Ira Schofield, which was then known as Schofield's 500 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Park. The park contained a miniature lake which afforded excellent facilities for bathing in summer and skating in winter. In addition to this the situation was quite ideal in all other respects for the location of a country club. It is a somewhat retired glen, sloping somewhat from the road and invisible through a grove of tall spreading trees. The land leased by the Lakota Club surrounds the lake and extends south nearly to trie street. It was not until the work of equipping the club house was under way that the subject of a name for the club was broached. It was then decided to call the club by the Indian name of "Lakota" which means "Our Allies" or "Our Friends." The club house has been well fitted out. It contains an excellent dance floor as well as all the other attachments of an up-to-date club house. Last year the Lakota Club instituted the custom of giving monthly Sunday receptions to their friends and their wives. The club house and grounds were admirably suited to giving receptions of this sort and the townspeople who en- joyed the out-of-door afternoons feel deeply indebted to the Lakota men for their kindness in entertaining them. The practice has not been continued this spring but will probably be begun again this summer. The latest project of the Lakotas is to secure the Ben Greet Players to give a performance on the Lakota grounds which are very well adapted to this sort of sylvan produc- tion. While the Lakota Club is one of the newest circles of the city in respect to years, none is more firmly established and none enjoys a greater social prestige. The membership of the club has now increased to ten. The officers of the club which have remained the same since the founding are : President, Raymond S. Wise; vice president, Mentor Wheat; secretary, Dr. Clark; treasurer (ist year), George Creighton, (2nd year), F. W. McNess. GERMANIA SOCIETY. The Germania Society, as a separate organization, dates back only as far as 1877, but in reality it existed for many years before that in the shape of two distinct societies ; The Freeport Saengerbund, and the Freeport Turn-Verein. Of the two, the history of the Saengerbund has been preserved with more fidelity, but the early records of both are entirely lost, and the charter members of both organizations have long been dead. In 1855, ^e Saengerbund was organized and in 1865 the Turn-Verein. The membership lists of both clubs immediately grew to large proportions and before long nearly every influential German citizen of Freeport belonged to one society or the other. At that time the German population of Freeport was for the most part made up of people who had been born and bred in Germany, and the customs of the Fatherland were fresh in their minds. Of late years, the activity of the Germania Society has somewhat decreased, and for a very obvious reason. The younger generation have little or no interest in the preservation of German customs and traditions. They are to be American citizens and their whole in- terest is centered on the new country. For this reason, if for no other, the Ger- mania Society is an object of marked interest to the historian because in another HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 501 generation or two it will be a thing of the past. During its existence it has been one of the most active organizations of the city, but many of the old members are gone, and the activity is waning. It is useless to hope for a very vigorous re- suscitation, for the interest is dying a natural death, and the members of the Germania are directing the bulk of their efforts elsewhere. The Turn-Verein and the Saengerbund were long regarded as the most pop- ular and important organizations of their kind in nothern Illinois. The Turn- Verein was established in August, 1856, and sought excellence among its mem- bers not only in music, but also in athletic sports. It erected the structure formerly known as Turner hall, now Germania hall, on Galena street between Adams and Mechanic streets, in 1869, at a cost of $18,000. Germania hall is still in use, and for a long time was the only opera house of the city. The hall contains the rooms of the Germania Society on the ground floor and a spacious auditorium with a stage on the second floor, where the meetings of the Saenger- bund are held and their entertainments given. The Saengerbund was organized less than a year earlier than the Turn- Verein, in December, 1855, and had as its object the formation of a musical society, vocal and instrumental, among the German section of the population. On Saturday evening, December 15, in response to an appeal from the "Deut- scher Anzeiger," twenty men, both old and young, assembled in the hall on the third floor of the Hoebel building, at present 79 Stephenson street, for the pur- pose of organizing the Saengerbund. The first president was Mr. Carl Strohacker, and Mr. John Geiger long held the office of secretary. The following were among the charter members : William Bergholte, Philip Fleischmann, John Geiger, George Held, John, Philip, and Peter Hoebel, Louis Jungkunz, Joseph Lampert, Carl Schoen, H. Schrenkler, John M. and Henry Spratler, Carl Strohacker, and William Wagner, Sr. Philip Knecht, a German teacher, who had but a few years pervious come to Freeport from Rhenish Bavaria, was unanimously chosen director, a position which he continued to fill for eight years in a very creditable manner. The first rehearsal of the Saengerbund took place on Friday evening, Decem- ber 2ist, of the same year, in the same hall in which the organization of the Bund was perfected, and for the following fifty-five years from that time to the present rehearsals have been held every Friday evening except in unusual cases. The first social entertainment was held on January 27, 1856, and bi-weekly so- cial gatherings continued to be held for many years, at first in the afternoons, later in the evening. The first public event fostered by the Saengerbund was a public concert held in Phoenix hall, on Easter Monday, March 24, 1856, followed by a dance. The reports of the affair are meagre but those which exist in the "Anzeiger" seem to proclaim the attempt as a decided success. In 1856, the Turn-Verein was organized, and it also started a singing so- ciety. The two societies worked hand in hand for a long time. Many of the German citizens were members of both Saengerbund and Turn-Verein, and everyone of consequence thought it necessary to be a member of at least one of them. Mr. Knecht. leader of the Saengerbund, became also the leader of the Turn-Verein. and, while there was always a certain rivalry, friendly but very 502 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY much in earnest, existing between the two societies, still on many occasions the two joined forces and forgot all their differences. On November 10, 1859, at the celebration held in commemoration of Schiller's birth, the two choruses sang together and each rendered two selections independently. About the same time, the Saengerbund took an active interest in a National Saengerfest held in Chi- cago by the North American Saengerbund, but the details of this event are en- tirely lacking. In 1863, the society had increased in membership to a large extent and larger quarters were necessary. Accordingly, in February, of the next year, they moved to the rooms in the building at 100-102 Stephenson street, which had formerly been occupied by the Masonic lodges. In the same year, Mr. Knecht resigned as director and William H. Wagner was chose.n by the Bund to fill his place. Mr. Wagner was young in years and experience, but he was not lacking in cour- age or enthusiasm, and so it came about that he filled the position, with oc- casional temporary intervals of rest, for a period of thirty-three years. At that time, the director received no stipulated salary, but from time to time benefit concerts were given for him, and considerable sums were occasionally realized. About the beginning of 1866 the Saengerbund again moved its base of oper- ations to the Hettinger building. In the meantime the singing of the society was constantly improving, and at a concert given by the Bund at Mineral Point, Wis- consin, the singers, and especially the young director, received an ovation for the manner in which they acquitted themselves. The Saengerbound of the northwest held a fest in Galena from the i7th to the I9th of June, 1869, and, although the Freeport society was not a member of that organization at the time, the Galena people extended them an invitation to attend, which invitation was gladly accepted. For some reason the Freeport singers arrived at Galena in advance of any of the other societies, and on the occasion of the first concert the Freeport and Galena associations were the only ones present. Tradition says that the Galena Fest-President in his address com- mended the Freeport Saengerbund upon this fact, and called them "a model so- ciety." In 1870 arrangements for a private Saengerfest were perfected and an invi- tation was extended to all German singing societies within a radius of one hundred miles. The fest was held from the I4th to the i6th of June, and was participated in by singers from Davenport and Dubuque, Iowa, Mineral Point, Janesville, and Burlington, Wisconsin, Galena, Sterling, Rockford, Mendota, Lena, and Davis, Illinois. The Dixon and Amboy societies did not send singers, but were represented by delegates, and the people from Davenport, Dubuque, and Mineral Point were accompanied by bands. The grand chorus comprised about two hundred voices, and was assisted by the visiting bands and the local Union Cornet Band. Addresses were delivered on the occasion of the gather- ing by Mr. Caspar Butz, of Chicago, who spoke in German, and Hon. Thomas J. Turner, of Freeport, who spoke in English. The event aroused great enthusi- asm and was pronounced a decided success. In 1875, the Turn-Verein presented the whole of Carl Maria von Weber's opera "Der Freischuetz," under the direction of Professor E. Bischoff. On this HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 503 occasion, some members of the Saengerbund also assisted and aided in making the affair a great success. In 1877, it was decided that the Saengerfest of the Northwest Saengerbund should be held in Freeport. On this occasion Mr. W. H. Wagner, director of the Saengerbund, did not feel competent to conduct the concerts of the organiza- tion and temporarily turned over his baton to Mr. Bischoff, leader of the Turn- Verein. Under Mr. Bischoffs direction, the fest was held. The attendance was not much greater than that at the private Saengerfest of seven years previous, and only about one hundred and seventy visiting singers were present. This was due to the fact that only one society from Milwaukee appeared in a body and two of the other societies merely sent delegates. It was a great disappointment to the local fest committee, who had expected the Milwaukee singers to turn out en masse; but from a musical standpoint, the fest could not have achieved a greater success. Bach's Ochestra from Milwaukee furnished the instrumental music and all of the grand choruses were rendered with orchestral accom- paniment. One of the immediate results of the Saengerfest of 1877 was the union of the Saengerbund and Turn-Verein who combined in the hope of becoming a more influential factor in the German life of the city. The organization took on the new name of the Germania society, and Turner hall was rechristened Germania hall. In 1882, the hall was entirely rebuilt and remodelled and as a dedication, a grand concert was arranged, at which part of Flotow's "Stradella" was pro- duced. The several roles on this occasion were sung by local talent, Miss Anna Meyer (now Mrs. Louis Biersach), Mr. H. W. Schroeder, Mr. Ben Stoneman, and Mr. R. Hefti taking the leading parts. A chorus of forty voices accom- panied their efforts, and all the records of the occasion unite in declaring that the event was unquestionably one of the best ever given under the auspices of the Germania Society. In 1887, the official body of the Saengerbund of the northwest solicited the local society to undertake another Saengerfest. This was accordingly done. At both of the previous fests, Wilcoxin's Opera House had been utilized as a con- cert hall, but directors feared that the size of the new audience would prohibit that. They made arrangements for the use of Taylor's Park and had a great singing platform built in front of the grand stand for the accomodation of the choruses. The events justified their expectations, for over four hundred visiting singers were in attendance, and the platform was crowded. Concerts were given afternoon and evening, and large audiences heard all of them. The fest was a great success, and even the weather man was kind until the last day when he sent down a pour of rain. The rain somewhat dampened the ardor of the audiences, and the treasury of the society suffered in consequence. However, owing to the generosity of J. B. Taylor, owner of the park, who gave almost the free use of the grounds for the occasion, the deficit was avoided. In 1896, a split occurred within the ranks of the Germania Society. The Turn-Verein and Saengerbund had supposedly worked side by side through the years in perfect harmony, but in reality there had been an undercurrent of dis- satisfaction. This was brought to the surface in February, 1896, in the with- drawal of the Saengerbund division of the Germania Society, which for a while 504 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY continued to hold its meetings in Blust hall. Scarcely a year later, they decided that "in union there is strength" and, having overcome their old differences, and healed their old wounds, they again allied themselves with the Turn-Verein and continued to hold their meetings in Germania hall. From that time the society has been united and no differences have occurred. On July 3rd and 4th, 1905, occurred the Fiftieth Anniversary of the found- ing of the Saengerbund, and, in commemoration of the event high festival was held. Many singing societies from out of town attended, and Professor Theodore H. Trost, director of the local society, wielded the baton. July 4th was observed by appropriate Independence Day exercises, and July 3rd was marked by the holding of two concerts. In addition to the out of town Saengerbunds, several soloists of national reputation were secured, and the Germania Society received their guests royally. Since that time, the Germania Society has done nothing in a public way, but has continued to conduct the business of its organization without interruption. The president of the society for the current year is Charles G. Steffen, with F. P. Ohden acting as secretary. The club meets on the first Wednesday of the month in the club rooms in Germania hall. COUNTY CLUB. The County Club, which represents the interests of the Republican party in Freeport and the county, was founded in 1899 and has been in existence for about eleven years. Before its organization a need for a club of the kind had long been felt, and several abortive attempts had been made to establish one. On August 30, 1899, the present County Club was organized and incorporated under the Illinois state laws with a membership of forty-one Republicans of Freeport and the surrounding country. On October 5th of the same year the first meeting was held and Robert P. Eckert was elected president of the or- ganization. The object of the County Club as stated in its charter was "to advance the science of political Economy ; to promote friendly and social re- lations between its members ; to levy and collect dues ; to exert such influence and render such service as it can in behalf of good government, and to promote the growth and spread of the principles of the Republican party. The forty- one members whose names were affixed to the original document were: James E. Taggart, Robert P. Eckert, William H. Foil, J. R. Young, Louis H. Burrell, Homer F. Aspinwall, Oscar E. Heard, B. H. Brundage, J. L. Mey- ers, W. A. Stevens, R. W. Burton, A. Grier, F. C. Held. H. W. Bolender, James B. McCool, C. L. Snyder, J. H. Firestone, G. A. Huenkemeier, J. F. Fair, E. L. Stewart, Horatio C. Burchard, C. P. Leitzell. James Rezner, W. A. Schwarze, L. M. De Vore, James R. Cowley, G. S. Kleckner, Dwight B. Breed, Louis McGovern, J. E. Adatnson, Henry Gilbert. W. B. Peck, R. M. White, F. P. Waite, W. H. Crotzer, J. M. Fox, Charles F. Rieger, Charles Hall, L. W. Lyon, C. J. Wells, A. W. Hershey. The first step taken by the club was the securing of suitable club rooms for the use of the members. A suite of room on the second and third floors of the building over Barrett and Emerick's Jewelry Store was engaged and has Dexter A. Knowlton, Sr Dexter A. Knowltmi. Jr August Bergman Loyal L. Muiui PROMINENT BUSINESS MEN OF FBEEPORT LIBRARY OF THE UNIVtKSllY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 505 been in use ever since. The membership of the club is somewhat larger than at the beginning, but has remained throughout an exclusive organization. The officers of the County Club for the current year are : President, C. W. Harden ; first vice president, James E. Taggart; second vice president, W. W. Krape; third vice president, J. R. Young; secretary, T. M. Kaufman; treasurer, Boyd P. Hill. DEMOCRATIC CLUB. The Stephenson County Democratic Club, which is analogous to the County Club, and represents the interests of Democracy in Freeport and the county as the former does the interests of Republicanism, was founded in April, 1903. On the twelfth day of that month, the leading democrats of Freeport and the county gathered together and elected F. Goodwin president of an organization, the object of which should be to promote the best interests of the Democratic party in this section of the state. Twenty-four names were affixed to the orig- inal charter, among them all the prominent democrats of Freeport. Rooms were secured in the T. K. Best building on the corner of Chicago and Stephenson streets, and fitted up as club rooms. These rooms have ever since been maintained and form a rendezvous for the good democrats of the city to meet each other in a social and fraternal way. They contain billiard and pool tables and card tables, and are in charge of Thomas Beeler, who acts as custodian. The membership of the club comprises now between three and four hundred democrats. Regular meetings of the club are held previous to all elections and during campaigns. The present officers of the club are as follows: President, H. B. Witte; vice president, Oscar E. Stine; secretary, Charles Straub; finan- cial secretary, Al Emerick ; treasurer, Ed. Seeker ; directors, H. Poffenberger, Douglas Pattison, Robert Bruce Mitchell, William Milner, and Christopher J. Dittmar. CITIZEN'S COMMERCIAL ASSOCIATION. While the Citizen's Commercial Association, as such, has only been in ex- istence a short time, its precursor, the Freeport Business Men's Association, dates back as far as 1901. On June 7 of that year, a meeting was held, at- tended by the leading business men of the city, at which steps were taken to form and incorporate an organization to be known as the Business Men's Association of Freeport. A short time later, an election of officers was held and the following were given posts of honor: C. W. Harden, president; D. C. Stover, vice president; F. M. Gund, secretary; R. D. Kuehner, treasurer. This organization was for a time a very lively one. An inducement was made to get new factories and business firms to locate in Freeport, and some very gratifying results were accomplished along this line. In the main, how- ever, nothing of importance was done, and the Business Men's Association gradually but surely declined in activity and importance. On October i, 1907, a revival was accomplished at the regular meeting held on that date. It was decided to employ a regular paid secretary to give his services to the association, with the understanding that he should transact all 506 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY the business formerly entrusted to the directors. Wilbur Coons was chosen for the position, at a salary of $100 per month, with the agreement that he was to be employed for six months, and, at the end of that time, if his services had proven satisfactory to the officers and directors, he was to be retained as sec- retary at such salary as should be arranged for by the association. From that time dates the activity of the Citizen's Commercial Association, although the name was not changed until over a year after that date. The activities undertaken by the association have been many and varied, and the two secretaries who have been in charge since the establishment of the custom, have succeeded in doing a great deal for the welfare of Freeport. Their work has been carried on rather quietly and without much publicity ; hence it is somewhat difficult to enumerate the various public services which the associa- tion has succeeded in rendering Freeport. They have really done much more to promote the growth of the city than would seem apparent from a mere statistical report. Among the various achievements and activities of the past two years have been the securing of several new manufacturing establishments for Freeport, and a large amount of improvement and change within the city itself. The latest acquisition to the roll of factories and manufacturing plants has been the Freeport Casket Co. The Commercial Association aided the gentle- men interested in the organization of this concern to obtain a factory site on Jackson street in East Freeport. The plant will be immediately erected, and will soon be one of the most prosperous of Freeport's mercantile establish- ments. The association also bought the property of the Freeport Novelty Company, on Hancock avenue, and in the buildings formerly occupied by that company, they found quarters for the new manure spreader factory. This property as well as some of the adjoining territory was purchased from Miss Millie Baumgarten, and will be immediately laid out in factory sites. The section of the city south of Taylor avenue was platted out and organized en- tirely through the efforts of the Commercial Association, and it is probable that before many years this will become the principal manufacturing section of the city. The Moline Plow Company, also, whose Freeport branches are among the largest and most important factories owned by that mammoth concern came to Freeport invited by the Commercial Association. Through their agency, the Moline Company bought the defunct Robinson Mfg. Company, and turned it into the Freeport Carriage Company, a branch of the Moline Plow Company. An immense new addition to the old factory testifies to the present prosperity of that institution. The Moline Plow Company was also induced to buy the Henney Buggy Company, and has since made improvements and additions so extensive that the Henney factories now occupy the whole of the block bounded by Chicaga, Spring, Van Buren, and Jackson streets. The building of the Jackson street switch, from the Illinois Central tracks along Jackson street to the Henney plant, was fostered by the Commercial Association, and has since proved an invaluable asset to the factory. Besides the larger factories, a number of smaller concerns have been induced to locate in the city, such as the Freeport Quilting Company, now located on HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 507 Van Buren street. Negotiations are at present under way which will doubt- less result in the securing of more of these concerns, which, though compara- tively unimportant when compared with the Stover and Moline Plow Company factories, still give employment to a large number of individuals. The Citizen's Commercial Association has also been active in other direc- tions. One of their achievements was the inauguration of the rest room, now located in the old post office rooms of the Wilcoxin block. The rest room is intended for the accommodation of out-of-town visitors, and especially the farmers who come to Freeport for the day. It is well patronized, and contains, in addition to the rest room itself and the woman's rest room, a restaurant, conducted by F. H. Bear, and the offices of the Commercial Association. The Freeport Woman's Club has also extended its aid to the rest room project. The ladies of that organization have always been interested in the civic wel- fare of the city, and at the solicitation of the association they agreed to raise the money to furnish the room. The cooperative shop course now in effect at the Freeport high school, in accordance with which the boys of the city may gain an education, and at the same time work in the shops and acquire the practical experience necessary for the pursuit of their chosen trade, was originated by the Commercial As- sociation in consultation with Professors Fulwider and Raines. The plan fol- lowed enables the boys to go to school one week and work in the factory the next. They work in pairs, one section going to school and the other to the shops for one week, while the next week the order is reversed. The system has been eminently successful in Freeport and has since been adopted in other high schools, being known as the "Freeport Idea." Recently the Commercial Association has been successful in having a sub- postal station established. The new station is in the Third Ward at Iroquois Square, at the junction of Iroquois, Adams and Williams streets, and is in charge of A. J. Robson. A step has also been taken in a social way. Last winter the society min- strels were held in the Grand Opera House, under the direction of Mrs. Flor- ence Magill Wallace, of Moline. The object of the entertainment was to pro- vide funds for the maintenance of the rest room, and a large amount was raised. The society minstrels were so well attended and so heartily applauded that it is planned to make the winter festival an annual event. The program consisted of a minstrel entertainment and songs, dances and choruses exclu- sively given by home talent. The cafe scene, which formed the basis of the minstrel show, brought together on the stage several dozen of Freeport's popu- lar society people, all of whom manifested the greatest interest in the project, and were present in a body either appearing in the performance itself or in the audience. Mr. Coons, the first paid secretary of the association remained in the city for over a year and left in December, 1908. Just before he left the name of the organization was changed from the Freeport Business Men's Association to the Citizen's Commercial Association, which name it has retained up to the present time. Mr. Coons was succeeded by Herbert Shearer who remained in Freeport for only a year. During Mr. Shearer's administration rapid prog- 508 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY ress was made and today the Citizen's Commercial Association is an estab- lished fact, and is regarded by all as the cause of Freeport's rapid growth during the past few years. The latest and one of the most important achievements of the Commercial Association has been the securing of Colonel Roosevelt to speak in this city on September 8, 1910. The event has not come off yet, but the Citizen's Com- mercial Association is almost entirely responsible for the enthusiasm which has been aroused over the coming of our ex-president. Rockford was very anxious to secure him for speaker on the same day, and it took a great deal of strenuous correspondence, and a good deal of hard work to persuade Colonel Roosevelt to come to Freeport instead of the larger city. It is quite certain that if the Citizens' Commercial Association had not directed its efforts toward bringing the colonel to Freeport, we should not have the pleasure of antici- pating his visit on September 8th. At present Mr. C. H. Wright is secretary. The membership of the organ- ization includes about one hundred and sixty individuals and corporations, all of the prominent business firms of Freeport being represented. Mr. Jacob Weiss is president and a very able and efficient head of the organization. BUSINESS ENTERPRISES. STOVER MANUFACTURING COMPANY. Probably the concern which is doing the largest business of any in Freeport is the Stover Manufacturing Company, makers of the Samson Wind Mill and the Ideal Feed Mill. Their plant is located in East Freeport on Henderson street, near Fairview avenue, near the city limits. It is a mammoth factory, and the various additions and enlargements which have been completed dur- ing the past few years make it more certain of its title than ever before. The Stover Manufacturing Company celebrates its fiftieth anniversary this year. It was founded in 1860 by Daniel C. Stover, Freeport's late financier and inventive genius, who began his business in a small way on the corner of Stephenson and Cherry streets, where the Y. M. C. A. building stands today. The original name of the firm was the "D. C. Stover Experiment Works," and by 1880 the business had become so large that it was deemed advisable to in- corporate the company under the laws of the state of Illinois. This was forth- with done, and the plant was moved to the corner of Spring and Mechanic streets. Soon after the old carriage shop of F. S. Taggart was purchased, but the growing concern rapidly became too large for the new buildings. The site of the present Stover Engine Works were bought, on East Stephenson street and the river, and the present shops were erected. These have stood almost unchanged until this year. A large new addition to the west wing has just been finished, and this constitutes the first large addition to the engine plant. In 1890 the tract of forty-five acres on Henderson street, where the main shops are located today, was purchased, and the buildings erected. They per- formed the service required of them until 1908, when the foundry was found LIL. OFTHE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 509 to be of insufficient size to turn out the proper number of castings. Additional buildings were then constructed, and the original foundry was turned into a machine shop. Shortly before that a power plant had been built with a ca- pacity sufficient for generating a supply of electricity for both wind mill fac- tory and gas engine works. So greatly has the business of the Stover Company increased that the day is evidently not distant when entirely new factories will be built. The high quality of the goods turned out accounts for the popularity of the article among farmers. Nearly all of the farms about Freeport are equipped with Samson windmills, and even in the remote parts of the United States the Stover product is to be found doing duty. Not only has the domestic business increased ap- preciably, but the foreign business is very large. The foreign trade of the Stover Manufacturing Company, although it is of recent growth, has already assumed such proportions as make it necessary for the plant to occupy larger quarters. The greatest care is given to every detail of the manufacturing. The plant is equipped with a chemical laboratory, and all mixtures are made by analyses, all of the metals, steel, wire, etc., that enter the goods are care- fully analyzed, and a high standard of excellence is thereby secured. The company is constantly on the look out for new and improved machinery, it em- ploys a number of mechanical geniuses on its force, and the business done is steadily increasing. The windmill output averages forty thousand of the machines annually, while a force of about four hundred workmen are em- ployed. The Stover Manufacturing Company was formerly connected with the Stover Motor Car Company, an institution which was organized to manufac- ture gasoline engines for automobiles. The business was continued for about a year, and about thirteen months ago it was discontinued. The Motor Car Company plant, a large and modern building, in East Freeport, near the Stover Engine Works, has since been utilized by the latter concern for the manufacture of gas engines. STOVER ENGINE WORKS. Forty years ago, in 1870, the Stover Engine Works was established. It was an outgrowth of the Stover Manufacturing Company, inasmuch as the same men were connected with both companies, but as far as the organization was concerned, the two companies were entirely separate concerns and have always so remained. The Stover Engine Works manufacture a variety of engines, including stationary, portable, and pumping varieties of the horizontal engine, and in addition to the gas and gasoline engines a make which is run by alcohol is in- cluded in their manufactures. Like the windmill factory, the market of the Stover Engine Works is the whole civilized world. The foreign output has so increased of late years that an addition to the East Freeport plant has be- come an absolute necessity. The result has been the commodious west wing, a handsome building of red pressed brick, which is to contain also the offices of the company. The Stover Works employ about two hundred and fifty hands 510 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY on the average. The output of engines is very large, and is increasing annu- ally. The time is evidently not far away when an entirely new plant will be the inevitable outcome. The officers are: President, P. S. Stover; secretary, J. Fred Smith; superintendent, William F. Freidag. ARCADE MANUFACTURING COMPANY. The forerunner of the Arcade Manufacturing Company was a small concern known as the Novelty Iron Works, which was founded as early as 1868. The men interested in the organization of the Novelty Iron Works were E. H. and Charles Morgan, composing the firm of "Morgan Brothers," and the first fac- tory of the company was built on the corner of Chicago and Jackson streets. Here they continued to do business for nearly twenty years. The company first occupied two small brick buildings and a total of ten hands were employed. In 1874 the old buildings were torn down and more commodious quarters, con- sisting of a machine shop, foundry, engine room, and offices were erected on the same site, at a cost of about $25,000. In 1877 J. P. Easter became a part- ner in the concern but retired in about a year and the old firm name was re- stored. During Mr. Easter's stay, the company began the manufacture of plows on a large scale. Pumps, windmills, iron pavements, store fronts, and a variety of castings were manufactured by the Novelty Iron Works. The company went out of business in 1885, and the Arcade Manufacturing Company was then and there organized with E. H. and Charles Morgan and Albert Baumgarten as the original promoters. The buildings of the Novelty Iron Works were utilized for a brief time only. They quickly became too crowded, and a move was soon made to a new factory erected especially for the purpose in East Freeport. From there the company moved, in September, 1891, to another site, and took possession of a building which had beep recently vacated by the Emory and Williams Can- ning Company. This building was fitted up with suitable machinery, and a prosperous business start had just been made, when, on July 24, 1892, the factories were burned to the ground and all the new equipments lost. It was suspected at the time that the plant had been fired by an incendiary. How- ever that might have been, the entire factory with all its appurtenances was a total loss, and the Arcade Manufacturing Company, which had of late enjoyed such pleasant prospects, gloomily faced a deficit of over $20,000. Not only this, but about 40,000 coffee mills, finished and in the process of manufacture, were burned, and the new company was unable to fill its first orders. The fire was a severe blow, and any but the most zealous of men would have been profoundly discouraged. Not so the new Arcade Manufacturing Company. Hardly were the ashes of the fire cold when negotiations were un- der way for the purchase of a new factory site in East Freeport. A large square of land, formerly belonging to the Keller- Wittbecker farm was bought, and part of it was divided up into lots. The newly platted section of East Freeport was known as the Arcade Addition, and on part of the land, the com- pany erected its new offices and foundries. In February, 1893, the new factory William Walton lion. I). C. Stover '/.. Harwell I'UOMINENT BUSINESS MEN OF FKEEl'OUT OF THE UNIVEKSI1Y OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 511 had been completed, and the Arcade Manufacturing Company was ready to begin over again. This time success crowned their efforts. The buildings which were constructed then are in use today, with a number of alterations and additions. The main building is a large brick structure, 200 x 40, while the foundry is 100 x 70. Besides the two lager factories are a number of smaller buildings, occupied by foundries, machine shops, drying houses, warehouses, general offices, etc. The plant is up-to-date in every respect, employs a large force of men, and turns out a variety of products. In 1893 L. L. Munn became a partner in the firm. In December of that year, he invested heavily in the company, and thenceforth became the principal stockholder. For many years he filled the office of president, and, on his death, his interest in the concern was taken up by his son, L. L. Munn, Jr. Albert Baumgarten subsequently retired from the firm to found a factory of his own, the Freeport Novelty Works. This factory, the offices of which were located on Hancock avenue, in East Freeport, ceased to do business at Mr. Baumgar- ten's death, and its buildings are now occupied by the Freeport Manure Spreader Company. The Arcade Company has always made a specialty of coffee mills, but it turns out a variety of goods. Besides the dozens of coffee mills of different designs the Arcade plant turns out hinges, screen door hinges, stove pipe dampers, lid lifters, cork extracters, corkscrews, and numerous small notions and novelties. A large number of children's toys have also been manufactured, such as toy coffee mills, miniature trains, swings, doll carriages, etc. In whatever new department of manufacture the Arcade Manufacturing Company chooses to venture, its results are sure to be attended with success and its products are invariably the very best. Everything is made from the finest material obtainable, and by skilled workmen. The road agents and trav- eling salesmen of the Arcade Manufacturing Company are to be found in every state of the Union, and wherever their articles are introduced, they are sure to find a popular market. The affairs of the company are in the best of con- dition at home, financially and otherwise. The concern has been forced by circumstances to pass through a number of exceedingly trying situations, not the least of which was a prolonged strike which aroused a great deal of agi- tation about a year ago, but it has come through them all successfully, and would seem to be enjoying at present a well earned season of prosperity. The officers of the institution are : President, Edward H. Morgan ; vice president, Charles Morgan ; secretary, Loyal L. Munn, Jr. ; treasurer, E. H. Morgan ; su- perintendent, Chas. Morgan. MOLINE PLOW COMPANY. The Moline Plow Company owns and operates two large plants in Freeport: the Henney Buggy Company, and the, Freeport Carriage Company. The former is a very old concern, which has done business in Freeport for nearly half a cen- tury, and has but recently passed into the hands of the Moline concern. The Freeport Carriage Company, under the name of the Robinson Manufacturing Company, did business in a small way for many years before it was absorbed 512 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY by the new company. Its founder and president, J. L. Robinson, began the manufacture of carriages in a wagon shop on Exchange street. As his business increased, he found it necessary to secure larger quarters. The ultimate out- come of the need was the building of the factories west of Stephenson street and bordering on the Illinois Central Railroad tracks, and there the concern did an apparently thriving business for many years. About four years ago the concern became insolvent and the factory was purchased by the Moline Plow Company, who have since made extensive additions nearly twice the size of the original factories. The Moline Plow Company, as an institution, was organized in 1868, and is incorporated. The present officers are : President, G. A. Stephens ; vice presi- dent, F. G. Allen; secretary and superintendent, C. R. Stephens. All of these gentlemen reside in Moline. The local manager of the business is M. A. Steele, who has been here for many years, and is a thoroughly competent and able official. Since taking hold of the Freeport factories, the Moline Plow Company has almost doubled their size, and is now contemplating more extensive additions. The Henney Buggy Company is located on the block bounded by Chicago, Spring, Jackson, and Van Buren streets. It originally occupied only about half of the block, while the rear of the premises were filled by warehouses and lumber sheds. Within the past few years, buildings have been added to such an extent that now the concern's factories cover the whole of the block. The output of the Henney Buggy Company branch is enormous, being about thirty thousand carriages of various sorts per annum. That of the Freeport Carriage Com- panies branch is nearly as large, being about two-thirds as much or twenty- thousand vehicles. The total output of the Moline Plow Company's buggy factories in Freeport is thus on an average fifty thousand. The factories give employment to a large number of men, and are a great boon to the city of Free- port in every way. Recently the Henney branch began to feel the need of better transportation facilities. The Freeport Carriage Company is located on the Illinois Central lines and is thus easily accessible to the Northwestern and C., M. and St. P. roads, but the Henney plant is several blocks from the nearest railroad. The need was formerly met by a side-track which ran through the alley between Spring and Jackson streets, but this single switch presently became too small to meet the demand. Then, through the efforts of the Citizen's Commercial As- sociation of Freeport, who were also instrumental in persuading the Moline Plow Company to locate its branches here, permission was secured for laying a branch switch along Jackson street from the Illinois Central tracks to Van Buren street. This switch was built early this year, and has proven itself indispensable to the crowded Henney plant. THE HOEFER MANUFACTURING COMPANY. The Hoefer Manufacturing Company had its origin in a small buggy fac- tory at Centennial, a few miles west of Freeport. The Hoefers were men of an inventive turn of mind, and F. W. Hoefer moved to Freeport and began work- HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 513 ing out some inventions in a room in the old Courthouse building. Later, he set up a shop in what is now the Kinne Hotel, which was then a manufacturing building. In the summer of 1892, Mr. F. W. Hoefer and D. C. Stover formed a co- partnership and started the Stover Novelty Works, in the building now used by the Armour Packing Company. Mr. F. W. Hoefer was the active head of the concern. The company's first product was power metal saws, and only a few men were employed. During the second year, 1893, the panic struck the county but the firm came through and increased the output. The firm supplied the government with saws and drilling machinery at this time. In 1896, Mr. Stover sold his interest and A. G. Hoefer bought an interest in the company. The business developed rapidly and various sizes of drilling machines were put on the market. A full line of bed-spring machinery was manufactured. The company held the basic patents on this machinery and was enabled to control the market in this country and abroad. Many attempts were made to infringe on these patents but the company invariably won out. In September, 1899, the old name was abandoned and the Hoefer Manufac- turing Company was incorporated, and E. A. Hoefer joined his brothers in the concern. The officials were: President and treasurer, F. W. Hoefer; vice president, E. A. Hoefer; secretary, A. G. Hoefer. The business of the company prospered and the factory was removed to the Tuckett building in 1901. The demand for the Hoefer products was so great that the company decided to build a building at the corner of Chicago and Jackson streets. The building is 60x120, three-stories, with a wing 60x40 one story. The new building gave the company room for expansion which it needed and new lines of goods were put on the market. In 1905, A. G. Hoefer withdrew from the company on account of illness, and Chester A. Hoefer, son of Fred W. Hoefer, bought an interest in the company and was elected secretary. In July, 1908, E. A. Hoefer withdrew from the company, C. A. Hoefer purchasing the additional interest. In 1908, exclusive agencies were established in the important cities of the United States and Canada and in many foreign countries including England, Sweden, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Spain, France, India, China, Japan, Russia and some of the South American countries. Through these agencies, Hoefer products go into all corners of the world. Since 1908, the company has added to its equipment, has proceeded with the standardization of its products and the manufacturing methods have been thor- oughly revised and brought up to date. The company has increased its line and broadened its market. The product at present consists of metal saws, upright drills, horizontal drills, horizontal and vertical boring machinery. When running at full capacity, the company employs about sixty-five men. The present officials of the company are : President and treasurer, Fred W. Hoefer ; vice president, P. E. Hoefer ; secretary, C. A. Hoefer. THE ZIEGLER-SCHRYER MANUFACTURING COMPANY One of Freeport's newest manufacturing establishments is the Ziegler-Schryer Manufacturing Company, in East Freeport. No new company ever began undei 514 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY favorable auspices. Owing to the successful experience of the men back of it, the new company was successful from the beginning. The Ziegler-Schryer Company was incorporated in June, 1909. The officials of the company are: President, Mr. Oscar J. Ziegler; vice president, P. L. Schryer; treasurer, Roy M. Bennethum; secretary, Lewis Hughes. The present output of the company consists of gas, gasoline and distillate engines. The Z-S Engines are of the horizontal type. In addition to the engine business the company does a general machine shop work and makes high grade gray iron castings. The company puts out an attractive line of goods and is meeting with such success that it has already become necessary to enlarge the plant and increase the output. Eighty men are employed at present and the number is constantly increased. Mr. Oscar Ziegler was connected with one of the largest manufacturing companies of the west for over twenty years, as designer and superintendent of construction of a line of feed grinders and wind mills. Mr. Paul Schryer is an expert gas-engine man, having served for years as designer and superintendent of construction, in a large engine works of Freeport. Mr. Hughes and Mr. Bennethum have had years of experience in the business and in some of the largest concerns in the west. DIRKSEN & TOWSLEE. The Dirksen and Towslee Planing Mill is one of the newest institutions of Freeport. It was founded in 1902 by R. D. Dirksen and F. H. Towslee, and first began doing business in a small way in a factory on State street near South Galena avenue. When these lodgings became too small to house the growing concern, as they eventually did, the proprietors bought the factory formerly used by the Burrell Brothers Vinegar Works, and there established their new plant. The factory is a three-story brick structure 40x100 feet, with adjoining lumber sheds which have a capacity of three hundred thousand feet of lumber, and two large moulding sheds, each 20x60 feet in floor area. The yards and mill cover two acres of ground, and the tracks of the Illinois Central pass the mill making excellent transportation facilities. The Dirksen and Towslee property is situated in the northern end of the town, near the river, just west of the Freeport Water Company buildings, and a short distance east of the D. E. Swan Organ Factory. Fifteen hands are employed steadily. The business done by the Dirksen and Towslee mill is mostly local although considerable shipping is done to the smalt towns within a radius of fifteen or twenty miles. The outside business is con- stantly increasing, and while the concern is still young, it has a most promising future and has already done much to gain the confidence of the buying world. W. T. RAWLEIGH MEDICAL COMPANY. The Rawleigh Medical Company, although only a little over twenty years old, has, in the short time of its existence, built up a business which extends over the whole of the United States, and has made its president and incorporator a THE W. T. RAWLEIGH CO. fc ARCADE MANUFACTURING CO. LiSRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 515 millionaire. Mr. Rawleigh's clearheaded business ability is responsible for the firm's progress during the last twenty years of its existence. It was he who be- gan the process of manufacturing medical preparations it is said by preparing them on the cook stove of his own kitchen. As he succeeded in a small way, he began to think of branching out, and founding a bigger concern. He es- tablished a system of wagons which cover the whole of the surrounding coun- try with a network of routes, and thus sold his products chiefly to the farmers. In 1895, he formed the Rawleigh Medical Company, and incorporated the concern of which he has since been president. The first factory was located on the corner of Douglas avenue and Powell street. A large business was done in this place, and it was here that Mr. Rawleigh got his start and made sufficient capital to enable him to build his new factory. The disadvantage of the Douglas avenue site lay in its distance from the railroad and its consequent lack of transportation facilities. Accordingly a strip of land bordering on the Illinois Central tracks near the foot of Galena street was purchased and the present modern and up-to-date factory erected. The plant has a large capacity, and the yearly output is enormous. The company deals in the various branches of goods which are usually handled by such medical companies : Salves, ointments, liniments, toilet preparations, patent medicines, stock dips and remedies, spices, extracts, baking powders, etc. In addition to the large local business done in Freeport and the surrounding country, the Rawleigh Medical Company has a large foreign trade, all of which has been developed within the past three of four years. The company now maintains at its establishment a private printing plant where all the literature and labels of the company are printed. The pile of buildings also includes a power house, where the company's own four hundred and fifty horse power generator furnishes power for turning all the machinery of the factory. Two hundred hands are employed in and about the factory, and over a thousand salesmen are on the road distributing Rawleigh's remedies and extracts. A southern ware-house at Memphis, Tennessee, was added to the company's real estate in 1907, and the concern is doing a business unequalled by any other con- cern in Freeport. The officers are : President, W. T. Rawleigh ; vice president, W. J. Trevillian; secretary, J. R. Jackson. NATURAL CARBON PAINT COMPANY. The Natural Carbon Paint Company was organized a few years ago by the late Albert Baumgarten and F. W. Siecke, who is still connected with the con- cern. The cause of the founding was the discovery, made by the gentlemen in- terested in the project, of a natural carbon substance, which was superior to lampblack in the manufacture of paint. This substance was found in large quantities in the vicinity of Eleroy, in Erin Township, also in Mt. Carroll in Carroll county. The carbon substance, which was named "mindura" from its enduring qualities, when mixed with a quantity of linseed oil, made as desirable a pigment as can be imagined, and was especially valuable for painting surfaces which are ordinarily subjected to great wear and tear, such as railrod rolling stock, and articles subjected to great heat, such as steam pipes, boiler heads, steel chimneys, etc., which are painted not only for protection's sake, but for 516 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY appearances, metals which are subjected to the action of acid fumes, generated in train sheds, under viaducts, in chemical works, creameries, tanneries, etc., are rendered impervious to the action of the destructive elements when coated over with an application of the "Mindura" paints. The Natural Carbon Paint Company has a retorting capacity of about six- teen tons of Mindura pigment per day of twenty-four hours, and a grinding capacity of oil of eighteen barrels of semi-paste, or ten barrels of semi-paste, and ten barrels of liquid goods per day of ten hours. The company caters primarily to large consumers of paint, such as railroads, manufacturers of structural steel and iron, and builders of steel cars. The process by which the paint is manufactured is exceedingly interesting. The raw material is shipped from Eleroy and Mt. Carroll to the Freeport fac- tory, where it is washed, crushed, refined, and roasted at a temperature of about nine hundred and fifty degrees Fahrenheit in specially constructed and patented retort ovens. Then it is hydrated, and finally pulverized and air-separated to a fineness of two hundred mesh. When metal surfaces are perfectly clean, a proper application of "Mindura" mixed with pure linseed oil will preserve them at a moderate cost better than any paint before the public. The officers of the Natural Carbon Paint Company, which is an Illinois cor- poration, are: President, M. Schauer; vice president, Rudolph Stadermann; secretary and treasurer, F. W. Siecke. FREEPORT WATER COMPANY. The business of furnishing so large a community as Freeport with water is one of huge magnitude, and, since 1882, the Freeport Water Company has given the city of Freeport an excellent water supply, pure and wholesome for domestic purposes, and of ample quantity. When the company was first organized in 1886, eight miles of mains, from four to sixteen inches in diameter were laid, while now there are thirty-four miles of mains covering the city and its sub- urbs, so that scarcely a house within the limits is not within reach of an adequate supply of city water. In 1902 and 1903 a complete new pumping equipment, also a filter plant was put in, so that for the last eight years, the city water supply has been filtered, this providing for as fine a supply of water as can be found in this vicinity. "Freeport water" has been even more famous than Free- port beer, and for many years, the Illinois Central Railroad Company has used Freeport artesian well water in the reservoirs of its passenger cars and in all the dining cars used by the company. The latest report of the health officer on city water states that the city water is pure and wholesome for drink- ing and cooking purposes, and recommends the extension of the city mains and the use of city water wherever possible instead of well water, as the latter is apt to become infected with germs from cesspools, sewers, etc. The officers of the Freeport Water Company are: President, Michael Stos- kopf; vice president, J. H. Snyder; treasurer, Addison Bidwell; secretary and superintendent, Owen T. Smith. The pumping station and wells are located near the Cedarville bridge on the river banks. The standpipe is located on Whistler street, near Stephenson, in West Freeport. WATER COMPANY'S PUMPING STATION LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 517 STEPHENSON COUNTY TELEPHONE COMPANY. While it ha5 only been in operation for eight years, the Stephenson County Telephone Company already has a list of subscribers quite as large as that of the Freeport Telephone Company, and lines extending throughout Stephenson County, and into the neighboring counties of Winnebago, Carroll, Ogle, Jo Daviess, Whiteside, etc. By an arrangement recently completed by the directors of the Stephenson Telephone Company, the Freeport subscribers are able to get telephone connection with Chicago. The wires pretty thoroughly cover the country within a radius of fifty miles of Freeport. The subscribers number about two thousand five hundred, and the company employs twenty-three lady operators in its office on the third floor of the Rice building. Exchanges are maintained at all the village of Stephenson County. The company was organized in 1902, by a company of Freeport financiers, who elected Charles D. Knowlton president of the corporation. He served for a number of years and was succeeded by Dr. D. C. L. Mease, the present official. The other officers of the company are : Vice president, W. A. Hance ; treasurer, Ezra T. Morse; secretary, L. A. Herrick; directors, T. K. Best, Charles D. Knowlton, William O. Wright, F. A. Read, and Douglas Pattison. The company is now capitalized at $150,000, all of which is Freeport capital, and is doing a business which is rapidly increasing. The service is excellent, and the instruments in use of the most modern type. FREEPORT TELEPHONE COMPANY. On the first of April of the present year, the Freeport Telephone Company observed the thirtieth anniversary of its birth. It was established on the first day of April, 1880, by E. T. Keim of Dubuque, acting on behalf of the National Telephone Company, with a capital of $10,000, and the following officers : Presi- dent, L. Z. Farwell, vice president, W. G. Barnes ; treasurer, F. Gund ; secretary, C. H. Little; directors, O. B. Sanford, James I. Neff, L. Z. Farwell, E. B Winger, F. Gund, and C. H. Little. On the loth of June of the same year work was commenced, poles erected, lines placed, etc., and the line went into operation the first of July. For some years the list of subscribers grew slowly. The conservative Freeporters did not take readily to the telephone idea. As late as fifteen years ago, the telephone di- rectories consisted of a single folded sheet of cardboard, with the names of the subscribers finding ample space on the two inside pages. But progress has come, and the subscription list of the Freeport Telephone Company has increased accordingly. The subscribers now number about two thousand two hundred, with telephone exchanges in the villages of Rock Grove, Orangeville, Pearl City, Lena, etc. In 1880, and for some time thereafter one telephone operator was sufficient to attend to all the business, but at the present time the force number nearer two dozen. The officers of the present year are: President, L. Z. Farwell; vice president, ; secretary, ; treasurer, ; superintendent, George H. Green ; directors, L. Z. Farwell, Roy K. Farwell. 518 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY THE FUERST-M'NESS COMPANY. The Fuerst-McNess Company was organized February i, 1908, by Mr. Frank E. Fuerst and Mr. F. W. McNess. Mr. Fuerst is president and treasurer; Mr. F. G. Thomas, vice president; Mr. F. W. McNess, chemist and secretary. Mr. Fuerst is a graduate of the Freeport High School and of the University of Mich- igan School of Law. Mr. McNess is a doctor of pharmacy, a graduate of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, graduating with honors. He came to Free- port several years ago from Cleveland, Ohio. The offices and ware-rooms of the company are in the large three-story build- ing at the corner of Spring and Liberty streets. The company manufactures and sells proprietary medicines, flavoring extracts, spices, perfumes and stock and poultry remedies. The company was organized February i, 1908, began work in March and started the first wagon on the road, April loth. At the end of the first year the company had twenty-five wagons out and now have over one hundred wagons operating in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Ken- tucky. Missouri, North and South Dakota, Nebraska and Pennsylvania. The company is the originator of the free sanitary trial bottle system. For a new company, the Fuerst-McNess organization is making remarkable progress and the general public has confidence in Mr. Fuerst as business manager and in Mr. McNess as chemist. BAIER & OHLENDORF. The Baier and Ohlendorf brewing establishment is the oldest in the city. It was established sixty-one years ago, in 1849, as a supply depot for malt liquors by Calvin McGee, and had a capacity of about two hundred barrels per annum. Mr. McGee did not find the business either pleasant or profitable according to the tradition, and sold it a year later to a Mr. Wade, who ran it until 1852. In that year the brewery buildings were rebuilt and sold to E. Hetrich, who carried on a prosperous business until his death, which occurred about twelve years later. His widow married William Beck, who took charge of the business, made some valuable improvements, and conducted the business until his death four years later. Mrs. Beck attempted to act as proprietor for a short time, but did not succeed in the undertaking very well, and sold out to Baier and Seyfarth in 1869. These gentlemen took charge of the Beck Brewery, and continued the manu- facture of beers for a while with the amount of machinery possessed by the old brewery. Then they laid foundations for one of the finest plants in the coun- try, and soon completed the building which is still standing on the corner of Adams and Jackson streets. In 1891, Mr. Ohlendorf succeeded Mr. Seyfarth, deceased, and the business has since been conducted under the firm name of Baier and Ohlendorf. The concern takes great pride in the quality of its product, and spares no effort to make it perfect. The main brand of beer manufactured at the Freeport Brew- ery is "Pilsener," which is put up both in kegs and in bottles. The capacity of the plant is about thirty thousand barrels of the liquid substance annually. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY . 519 SCHMICH BROTHERS. The Schmich Brothers Brewing Company is the brewery of latest growth in Freeport. It occupies a large and up-to-date plant in East Freeport, on East Stephenson street and the Pecatonica River, and employs a large force of work- men in its various departments. The history of Schmich Brothers plant may be traced back to 1880, although the present concern was organized much later. In 1880, Matthias Schmich purchased an interest in the old Western Brewery, now occupied by Franz Brothers Brewing Company. For seven years the business was conducted by Messrs. Schmich and Huber and in 1887 George Schmich, a brother of Matthias, purchased the interest of Mr. Huber, and the firm became Schmich Brothers, which it has remained to this day. The members of the firm were young and enterprising men, and they soon found that, in order to compete with the other breweries of Freeport as well as their rivals of Milwaukee, their plant must necessarily undergo an enlargement. For a while, the remodelling of the old Western Brewery was contemplated, but finally the firm secured a building site in East Freeport, and erected their present commodious and well appointed quarters. The plant was begun in 1896, and finished during the early part of 1897, at a cost of $75,000. Various necessary improvements and additions have been made in the last decade which raise the efficiency of the plant to a high figure. The capacity is about twenty thousand barrels of beer per annum. The factories contain two splendid engines, one eighty horse power and the other thirty. The company also conducts its own artificial ice plant, and uses nothing else. A specialty is made of the celebrated Schmich Brothers Rochester and Export bottled beer, and the product is shipped to all parts of the United States. The company is capitalized at $100,000 under the Illinois state laws. The officers are: Presi- dent, Matthias Schmich ; secretary, W. N. Cronkrite ; treasurer, George Schmich. WESTERN BREWERY. The Western Brewery is very old, having been in existence since the year 1864. During that year Michael and Mathias Steffen erected two large stone buildings, each 100 x 40 and two stories high, which they proposed to devote exclusively to the manufacture of a superior quality of lager beer. Their plant, which was located on the Lena Road, was then far outside of the city limits, but is now inside of the line. In 1879 Michael Huber bought the plant, and in 1880 Matthias Schmich became a partner in the venture. Huber and Schmich remained the proprietors of the Western Brewery until 1887, when George Schmich, a brother of Matthias, bought out Mr. Huber's interest and the firm became Schmich Brothers. About ten years later, in 1897, the Schmich plant was transferred to its present site in East Freeport, and the Western Brewery passed into the hands of the Franz Brothers, who have made a great success of the venture. An entirely new and up-to-date plant has been erected, with a capacity of about fifteen thousand barrels of beer per annum. A new addition to the brew- 520 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY ery has been an artificial ice plant which was built about two years ago. The artificial ice plant is conducted by A. F. Balles, who utilizes the product in his wagon trade, and supports the plant in connection with Franz Brothers. The Western Brewery manufactures a high quality of beer, and is doing a lively and encouraging business. The trade is mostly local but has become larger of late years, and includes a large outside circuit. Splendid transportation facil- ities are offered, as the tracks of the Illinois Central Railroad pass only a few hundred feet distant from the buildings of the brewery, and it is altogether prob- able that advantage of this fact will be taken to build up an extensive outside trade. Franz Brothers have been in business but a short time, but already their business is established on a sound basis, and their product is known far and wide. YELLOW CREEK BREWERY. The Yellow Creek Brewery deserves mention, as it is the oldest brewing estab- lishment of the city of Freeport. It was founded in 1845 by Mathias Hettinger, who, with John Hettinger, began in a small way, and laid the foundation for a business which afterward assumed large proportions. In 1852 Mr. Kachelhoffer became a partner in the business but sold out in 1856, and retired from the firm. Adam Aiker bought Mr. Kachelhoffer's in- terest and took part in the business for four years, his death occurring in 1860. Under the firm of Hettinger & Aiker large beer cellars were built, and the equipment of the plant much improved. The Aiker interest was purchased by Jacob Haegle for $4,000, and the firm became Hettinger & Haegle. In 1869 Michael Roth purchased the Hettinger interest for $7,500, and the firm be- came Haegle & Roth. Mr. Haegle withdrew from the business after many years of connection, and Michael Roth was succeeded by his son, L. J. Roth, who still conducts the business. The buildings of the Yellow Creek brewery are situated on the State Road, about a mile and a half east of town. These comprise the brew house, ice house, warehouse, and the attached buildings, and are commodious and thrifty in appearance. The capacity of the brewery is about two thousand bar- rels of beer annually. The business done by the Yellow Creek brewery is al- most altogether local. Mr. Roth has built up a reputation for himself among the German citizens of Freeport, and the Yellow Creek brewery beer is well known as lager beer of a high quality. WOODMANSE MANUFACTURING COMPANY. The city of Freeport has always been noted for its large output of windmills and pumps. Not only does it possess the large plant of the Stover Manufac- turing Company, but the Woodmanse plant, which manufactures a grade of windmill surpassed by none on the market. The factory, which is a large brick structure, on the corner of Galena and Liberty streets, has been built and added to within the past fifteen years, and is today as modern and complete an insti- tution in every respect as Freeport can boast of. The business of the Woodmanse Manufacturing Company has always been largely controlled by the founder and present manager, Mr. H. Woodmanse. Be- HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 521 ginning business in a small way, Mr. Woodmanse has worked up and enlarged his market until now the Woodmanse product is known throughout the country as superior and up to date in every particular. The great advance is due largely to the energy and ability of Mr. Woodmanse himself, who has exercised a per- sonal supervision over the details of the work at all times. He has had faith in the excellence of his windmill, and has never allowed himself to be discour- aged by any obstacle in his path. Mr. Woodmanse is exceedingly jealous of the reputation of his windmill, and takes every precaution to turn out a product which will surpass any other in existence. The factory was established by Mr. Woodmanse in 1872 near the site where it now stands, on the corner of Stephenson and Liberty (then Dock) streets. Here he opened a depot for the sale of agricultural implements, devoting him- self particularly to the sale of the Marsh harvester, one thousand seven hun- dred of which he disposed of in six years. In 1878, he opened his factory on its present site on the corner of Galena and Liberty streets. He first com- menced the manufacture of windmills and farm pumps, but of late years has confined himself solely to the Woodmanse windmill, and has placed large num- bers of his machines on the farms of the surrounding country. Mr. Wood- manse is owner of the controlling interest of his plant, by a large amount. George L. Steenrod is superintendent of the factory. The output of the fac- tory is about twenty-five thousand of the windmills annually, and a force of over two hundred workmen are employed. The foreign trade in windmills has grown of late years. Excellent freight facilities are offered by the Illinois Central and Northwestern Railroads, whose tracks pass the Woodmanse fac- tory, and connection is also afforded by means of the Transfer Bridge, with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. FREEPORT GAS, LIGHT & COKE COMPANY. The Freeport Gas, Light & Coke Company, formerly known as the Freeport Light & Fuel Company, was organized as early as 1855. Before that time the only methods of illumination in Freeport were the kerosene lamp, and the ancient tallow candle. In the early part of the year 1855, Thomas J. Turner and a number of other public spirited citizens met and formed the first gas company of Freeport's history. They obtained a charter from the state legislature, per- mitting the incorporation of the company, and bearing the date February 15, 1855. On October i6th of the same year the organization was perfected by the election of the following officers: Thomas J. Turner, president; E. H. Hyde, treasurer ; Homer N. Hibbard, secretary. The capital stock was fixed at $50,000. During the same year grounds for the buildings of the gas works were pur- chased, contracts were let, and the work of construction was begun. Early in 1856 they were completed. The spot where they were first built is still oc- cupied by the gas company buildings, the original structures having been re- placed by the modern and up-to-date edifices. The company continued to operate the works for a number of years, but did not make a success of the business end of the venture, and sold out to Thompson Dean, a Cincinnati capitalist. About September i, 1863, Mr. Dean 522 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY also withdrew from the business and sold out to S. S. Ashcraft and Thomas Butterworth. These officers remained in charge until May 14, 1867, when the gas works were purchased by L. K. Scofield and C. S. Hill, of Freeport, at a cost of $23,626. On the 26th of July, 1871, Mr. Hill sold his interest to L. L. Munn, who operated the works in conjunction with Mr. Scofield, until Feb- ruary 26, 1879. On that date Mr. Scofield withdrew from the business, and went to engage in business in Fort Scott, Kansas. His interests in the gas works was purchased by L. Z. Farwell, and Farwell and Munn remained in charge until 1890. Then Mr. Munn disposed of his interest to Mr. Farwell, who conducted the business alone until 1895. In 1895 the works were bought out by a stock company, which now controls the plants. The new company numbers among its members some of the leading citizens of Freeport, and was incorporated under the laws of the state of Illinois as "The Freeport Light & Fuel Company," with a capital stock of $100,000. Three years ago a business deal was concluded by Charles D. Knowlton, president of the gas company, by which the holdings of the stock company were to be transferred to Charles W. Morse, a New York capitalist. On the failure of that gentleman to complete his part of the deal, the bargain was declared off, and the stock company is again for the present in charge. The secretary and manager of the company is Z. T. F. Runner, who has held the position for many years. He has been associated with the plant since 1868, with the exception of a few years spent on the road as a traveling salesman, owing to failing health. Mr. Runner has made the manufacture of gas an intensive study, and is considered one of the most thorough gas men in the business. FREEPORT RAILWAY, LIGHT & POWER COMPANY. The existence of an electric light company in Freport dates from 1882, in which year the first company, known as the Freeport Van De Poele Electric Light and Power Company was established. Previous to 1882, the streets of the city had been shrouded in darkness by night. The gas company, in accordance with its contracts with the city, had put up a number of gas lamps, but for one reason or another, they were unsatisfactory and were discontinued. Dur- ing the summer of 1882, the Van De Poele Company, of Chicago, gave several exhibitions with the light in this city, and succeeded in interesting Freeport capitalists in the project of organizing a company. In the fall of that year the above mentioned company was organized with a capital stock of $25,000, and a contract to light the city for a period of twenty-five years. On December 26, 1882, the plant, which was located near the Illinois Central tracks on Galena street, was put into operation. By the close of 1883, the company had forty lights in operation in the city hotels and stores, but no move had been made to light the streets. In July, 1885, the matter was brought before the city coun- cil, who granted the company a five year's contract, the city to pay $4,500 an- nually for the light. The plant was then owned by a stock company, in which D. C. Stover, Charles Nieman, Fred Gund, and R. H. Wiles were the principal holders. A difficulty arose between the gas and electric companies, which was immediately forestalled by the purchase of the electric light plant by Farwell OPERA HOrSK. FREEPORT LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 523 and Munn, owners of the gas works. In 1886 a new power station was erected close to the gas works, and three years later a large Westinghouse incandescent dynamo was added to the equipment of the plant. On the 22& of February, 1890, a disastrous fire completely destroyed the electric light plant, and L. Z. Farwell, who had recently purchased the interest of Mr. Munn was left to bear the loss alone. He immediately rebuilt the plant, and in August, 1893, he removed the plant to Liberty street where he erected a brick building, 50 x 150, and established a system of power and lighting, repre- senting an outlay of $75,000, furnishing the city and private consumers with ninety arc lamps. Mr. Farwell remained sole owner until the summer of 1894, when the plant was purchased by the Freeport General Electric Company. The origin of the Freeport General Electric was in 1886, when Messrs. F. C. Platt and G. D. Clinger, of Waterloo, Iowa, introduced the subject of a street railway system to the citizens of Freeport, and succeeded in interesting several capitalists in the project. A company was organized on October 16, of that year, with a capital stock of $45,000, and incorporated by F. C. Platt, G. D. Clinger, Jacob Krohn, J. B. Taylor and W. G. Barnes. Large stables were erected on Taylor avenue, and a horse car system operating four miles of track was installed. The lines were on Carroll, Williams and Chicago streets, Oak Place, and North Galena avenue, with a west and east line on Stephenson street and Taylor ovenue, intersecting the north and south line at the corner of Ste- phenson and Chicago streets. On November 4, 1886, the company elected the following officers : Jacob Krohn, president ; F. C. Platt, vice president ; J. B. Taylor, secretary; W. G. Barnes, treasurer; G. D. Clinger, general manager. The cars began to operate on Thanksgiving Day, 1886. In January, 1887, G. D. Clinger sold his interest in the enterprise to J. B. Taylor, and F. C. Platt disposed of most of his stock to the same gentleman. Hiram Warner, of Morris, Illinois, became general manager. In the winter of 1892-3, Congressman Mutchler, of Pennsylvania, visited Freeport, purchased the horse car lines, and in company with some other gentlemen, proceeded to convert it into an electric railway. On August n, 1894, the work of putting down new rails was commenced, and the trolley cars arrived the following No- vember. On the first of December, of that year, the Freeport Electric Light and Power plant was purchased, and the light and power systems consolidated into one under the title of the Freeport General Electric Company. The Freeport General Electric Company continued to do business for about seven years, and gave the citizens of Freeport excellent service. The terminals of the various lines were extended, and the rolling stock of the company kept in excellent condition. About ten years ago, the business was purchased by A. P. and A. J. Goddard, who moved the electric light plant from its location on Liberty street to the old Goddard's Mill site, Clark avenue and the river. A new power house was built, and the water power afforded by the Pecatonica river dam, familiarly known as Goddard's dam, was utilized. The old structure, formerly occupied by the mills of Goddard and Clark, was also used. This, however, burned down about two years ago, and the brick power house, with additions and changes, was used alone. 524 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY A. P. and A. J. Goddard made a number of extensions to the street railway system, when they took possession of the lines, building the extension in the southeastern portion of the city, which is known to Freeporters as "the loop." The Loop Line runs east from the old Carroll street terminal at Empire street to Bauscher street, north of Bauscher street to Adams street, northwest on Adams street to Chippewa street, north on Chippewa street to Shawnee street, east on Shawnee street to Gund avenue, north and west on Gund avenue to Hancock avenue, north on Hancock avenue to Taylor avenue, connecting with the East Stephenson street line of the company. The building of this line helped to open up the Arcade addition, and other parts of the city, which were formerly altogether without transportation facilities. It is no longer in opera- tion, except in parts, having been discontinued on account of difficulties with the railroad companies whose tracks it crosses several times. About six years ago a competing company was organized under the title of the Freeport Light & Power Company, Charles E. Gregory, of Chicago, being the chief instigator. When A. P. Goddard died, the firm of "A. P. and A. J. Goddard" became the Freeport Railway, Light and Power Company, and Al- pheus J. Goddard continued to fill the position of general superintendent. For several years the two rival light and power companies ran side by side. In July, 1910, the two companies consolidated, Charles E. Gregory being elected president, and Alpheus J. Goddard vice president. It is planned to thoroughly renovate and renew the rolling stock of the company, and effect a much needed improvement in the street railway system. A new extension to connect the western terminals of the Stephenson street and North Galena avenue lines is planned. It is said that the company has bought a large tract of land west of North Globe avenue and plans to run its line through, plat the addition, and open it up to buyers. The scheme is a good one, and as the country is particularly beautiful and well adapted to residence lots, and is, moreover, in that section of suburban Freeport in which the natural growth of the city is trending, the addition of transportation facilities should make the lots sell like hot cakes. J. W. MILLER COMPANY. The J. W. Miller Incubator Company, a private concern owned by J. W. Miller, has its factory and offices at the south end of Oak Place, between the Illinois Central tracks and the river. It had its origin in the J. W. Miller Poul- try farm, which was located on the owner's farm south of town. The poultry business was begun by Mr. Miller about twenty years ago, and continued until 1901, when the present work of manufacturing incubators and brooders was commenced. While the concern is one of the smaller factories of Freeport, yet Mr. Miller does a large business, both in Stephenson county and in the adjoining states. He began the work of making incubators and brooders on his farm on the Dunbar road, and continued there for two years. He then moved into the Stover building, which he occupied for two years more. From the Stover building, Mr. Miller moved to his present factory, where he has been located for about five years. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 525 About fifty men are employed by the Miller Company during the busy season. The average yearly output of incubators and brooders is in the neighborhood of fifteen thousand. The tracks of the Illinois Central, which pass the factory, offer good shipping facilities. FREEPORT ARTIFICIAL ICE AND COLD STORAGE COMPANY. The Freeport Artificial Ice and Cold Storage Company, makers of pure dis- tilled water artificial ice, organized their company in January, 1907, and elected the following officers : President, W. E. Fry ; vice-president, W. H. Flachte- meier; secretary, W. H. Foil; treasurer, W. N. Tice. Immediately after the work of organization was accomplished, the ice fac- tory now in use was built. The plant is located south of the Illinois Central tracks at the corner of Adams street and Clark avenue. Although built with a view to supplying every demand in case of a large increase in business, the plant is already too small to satisfy the wants of the growing business. A new addi- tion is contemplated by the directors of the company, but no definite action has been taken as yet. The machinery used is of the most up-to-date variety, and was purchased from the Henry Vogt Machine Company, of Louisville, Kentucky. The absorp- tion system is employed, and the ice is frozen in cans. Pure distilled well water is used throughout, and the precautions taken to insure perfect purity in the fin- ished product are in evidence at every stage of the manufacture. The water used is obtained from the company's own wells. It is converted into steam, forced into the condenser at the top of the building, then conveyed through a number of skimmers and filters, charcoal and sponge, into a boiler, where it is re-boiled at a temperature of 212 degrees. The water thus purified is poured into the freezing cans and lowered into tanks of calcium chloride brine. Pipes carrying ammonia gas suround the freezing can, and the action of the ammonia gas on the calcium chloride brine produces a temperature low enough to freeze the contents of the can. The cans contain three hundred pound cakes of ice, and, at a temperature of fourteen degrees above zero, forty-eight hours are con- sumed in the process of freezing. About sixteen hands are employed by the company during the busy season, which is, of course, every season except midwinter. Four wagons are constantly employed to distribute the product, and the plant turns out on an average twenty- eight tons of ice every twenty-four hours. Large ice-houses adjoin the ice fac- tory, but the capacity of both factory and ice-houses is now taxed to the ut- most. In addition to the local business, the company does some shipping. A spur track of the Illinois Central enters the company's grounds, and thus fur- nishes good transportation facilities. FREEPORT SHOE MANUFACTURING COMPANY. The Freeport Shoe Manufacturing Company was organized in September, 1900, by a company of Freeport gentlemen, of whom Fred Dorman was elected president, Henry Baier vice-president, Will H. Foil secretary and treasurer, and 526 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY B. Goldman superintendent. The idle and deserted factory of the H. Meyer Boot and Shoe Company was purchased, the original firm having failed after a short and satisfactory career, and the manufacture of boots and shoes was imme- diately commenced. The manner in which the Freeport Shoe Company has built up a trade has been nothing short of miraculous. The market was at ftVst restricted to almost nothing, but within ten years the output has grown so enormously that today one thousand pairs of boots and shoes are made daily. The whole of the product is at present sold to the Selz, Schwab & Company, of Chicago. The factory is located in West Freeport, south of Lincoln Boulevard, in the addition known as the Shoe Factory Addition. The plant is well equipped in every respect, and employs the most up-to-date machinery. A force of one hun- dred and twenty-five hands is employed throughout the year. A number of changes have occurred in the ownership of the company since its comparatively recent organization, but the list of officers is, with one excep- tion, unchanged. The present officials are: President, Fred Dorman; vice presi- dent, Henry Baier; secretary, H. H. Antrim; treasurer and superintendent, B. Goldman. KEENE CANNING COMPANY. The Keene Canning Company was started under the firm of Emory & Keene in the year 1887. The first factory was located across the river in East Free- port, but the company remained there only a year. Mr. Emory then left the business, and F. O. Keene has since been sole proprietor and manager. In 1888 the business was moved to its present location at the foot of Monterey street, close to the Illinois Central tracks. Hardly had the new factory been erected when a disastrous fire destroyed the whole property, entailing an enormous loss. Mr. Keene was in the east when the fire occurred, and as soon as he returned commenced the erection of a new factory. Hard times ensued for the Keene Canning Company, and it is due to the pluck and persistency of Mr. Keene that the company has reached its present prosperous condition. Last winter, 1909, the new factory, a fine three-story brick building, was built to replace the old frame structure. The company cans three articles of food : corn, peas, and pumpkin. The first vegetable canned was corn.; then, a few years ago, Mr. Keene began the work of canning sugar peas, and, finally, pumpkin. The new factory is up-to- date and contains entirely modern machinery. Formerly some of the work, such as the husking of corn, was done by hand, but for some years all of the work has been done by machinery. Now the product is not touched from the time it leaves the farmer's wagon until the can is opened by the consumer. Machin- ery conveys the unhusked corn from the bins, where it is unloaded, to the third story of the building, where it is husked, shelled, cooked, and canned. The cans are then automatically sealed, and put through a machine which decorates them with wrappers indicating the brand. Formerly the peas were all shelled at the factory, but now much of this work is done at the farms, and the peas are brought to town already shelled. Mr. mSTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 527 Keene owns a large number of farms himself, nearly 1,000 acres in all, where he grows all of his peas and a small quantity of corn. The balance is purchased from the farmers of the vicinity. The different farms belonging to the Keene Canning Company are located in every portion of the county. There are large tracts south of town, and also in Lancaster Township. The largest pea produc- ing farm is located in Lancaster, a short distance northeast of town, and is known as Pea Ridge. Here an auxiliary plant has been erected, and the work of shelling the peas is practically all done here. When the peas are brought to the Freeport plant they are ready to be cleaned, cooked, and canned immediately. The pumpkin industry is of recent 'growth. The product is canned both in the ordinary sized cans, in quart tins, in, gallon tins, and in other receptacles of varying sizes. About 1,400 tons of pumpkin were canned last year. The capacity of the cannery, since the addition of the new machinery, is very large. About 120,000 cans of goods are manufactured daily, which makes a total of nearly 4,000,000 cans of goods for the entire season. Of the 4,000,000, about 2,250,000 cans are of corn, 1,000,000 of peas, and less than 1,000,000 of pumpkin. The equipment of the factory is such that 240 tons of corn can be handled daily. As regards machinery and equipment, the factory is thoroughly up-to-date. They possess a 340 H. P. boiler, a 150 H. P. engine, and a 30 H. P. engine. Among the farm equipment is a gasoline plow, fifty horses and mules, between thirty and forty wagons, reapers, and seeding machines, etc. From one hundred and fifty to two hundred hands are employed at the factory during the busy sea- son, which, however, does not last throughout the entire year. A visit to the establishment is well worth one's time, and the process of cooking and canning is extremely interesting. F. O. Keene is in direct control of the concern, and acts as manager and superintendent. D. E. SWAN COMPANY. The D. E. Swan Organ Company, manufacturers of high grade cabinet or- gans, is a concern of recent growth, although its predecessors have been in ope- ration for a number of years. The Burdett Organ Company, which preceded it, was organized by the Burdett Brothers, and bought the factory formerly oc- cupied by the Johnson Wheel Company in North Freeport. The Burdett Com- pany was in existence for a number of years, and then sold out to the Cable Company, manufacturers of pianos and organs. When the Cable Company de- cided to remove its plant from Freeport two years ago, the Freeport property was purchased by D. E. Swan, general superintendent of the plant, and the organ business was continued. The Swan factory occupies a large lot north of the addition in North Free- port known as the Wheel Factory addition. It is a large structure, meeting sat- isfactorily the insistent demands of the growing company for additional floor space. The Illinois Central Railroad, whose Wallace yards are situated just west of the organ factory, offers facilities for transportation of the manu- factured product, and in this respect the Swan Organ Factory's location sur- passes that of any manufacturing concern in the city. 528 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The company manufactures a high grade instrument, and has a large yearly output. Over one hundred hands are employed in the various departments, and the prospects for the future of the D. E. Swan Organ Company are ex- tremely bright. HENNEY BUGGY COMPANY. The name "Henney" has been one around which much of Freeport's indus- trial progress has been built up. John W. Henney, Sr., came to this county in 1848 and in 1868 he began the manufacture of buggies and carriages in a small shop at Cedarville. The business grew to such proportions that he moved his business to Freeport and established the celebrated Henney Buggy Company. The business developed rapidly and soon became one of the leading industries of its kind in America. The name plate "Henney" on a buggy or carriage meant a guarantee of honest material and workmanship, and did much to give Freeport a nation-wide reputation as a manufacting center. While the business has passed into the hands of the Motive Plow Company, Mr. Henney is still connected with Freeport enterprises, is a member of the Board of Education and is one of the county's most honored and distinguished citizens. THE CHARLES E. MEYER COMPANY. In 1858, over 50 years ago, the Meyer Company began the manufacture of vinegar in Freeport. The business has enjoyed a remarkable progress, and large shipments are made all over the middle west. The company suffered a heavy loss by fire a few year ago, but have gone on increasing the output. In July, 1910, the company bought the buildings of the Bear Brening Company, at 60 Oak place, and will now have a plant adequate to meet the demands of the trade. Mr. Stahl, at the head of this company, is one of the Freeport's most capable young business men and that insures the future success of the organiza- tion. THE WALLACE SEVERANCE GAS MACHINE COMPANY. This company is the originator and manufacturer of the Wallace Severance Gas Machines, for lighting and cooking purposes. The company has been in business eight years, operating in the old Shrinkler building at first and then moving to present quarters at 43 South Galena avenue. This invention has made it possible for a man to have his own gas plant in his home or in his place of business. The company is doing an increasing business over the western states through traveling salesmen and local agents. THE FREEPORT GAS MACHINE COMPANY. The Freeport Gas Machine Company is located on Stephenson street, and manufactures and sells the Freeport Gas Machine, an automatic gas plant pro- ducing a gas suitable for cooking and illuminating purposes. The officials of the company are : President, Dr. D. C. L. Mease ; Vice President, H. J. Johnson ; Manager, S. P. Wallace; Secretary and Treasurer, A. Stoller. The "Freeport" Gas Machine is sold in large numbers throughout the western states. The gas machine is in great demand in the rural communities and in small towns where J. W. HKXXKY'S FIRST FACTORY AT CEDAHVILLE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY ( HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 529 there are no large gas plants. Many farmers light both house and barn. This company is doing a good business and has excellent prospects. THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL SHOPS. One of Freeport's best industrial establishments is the Illinois Central Shops. The plant is a large one covering several acres of ground and employs about 300 men. It does an immense business in repairing and rebuilding Illinois Central rolling stock. The machine shops and the round house are equipped with the best and latest improved machinery. The officials of the Illinois Central Shops are all practical men of the highest order of ability : Master Mechanic, Victor Powell ; Train Master, Martin Flannigan ; General Foreman, Edward Lawless ; Floor Boss, Mr. Dick ; Black- smith Foreman, Jack Sweeney. FREEPORT FACTORIES. The last five years have seen the most rapid growth of the manufacturing interests of Freeport that the city has ever known. The Henney Buggy Com- pany, now the Moline Plow Company, has more than doubled its buildings, its numbers of employees and its output. Besides large additions to the old plant two large new buildings have been on the site of the old Robinson plant. The Stover Engine Works, the Stover Manufacturing Company and Woodmansees, have made steady advances. The Organ factory, the Illinois Central Shops, the Shoe factory, Hoefer's and the Arcade are all doing an increasing business. The new Ziegler-Schryer Company is forging ahead with strides that warrant the belief that it will soon be one of Freeport's largest concerns. Quality has always been the standard with Freeport manufacturers. Free- port goods have been shipped to all civilized countries of the world, and "Made in Freeport" is a stamp that sells. Besides encouraging established factories, Freeport offers excellent inducements to new concerns. Good factory sites are to be had and the Citizens Commercial Association is always ready to give sup- port to legitimate concerns. The railroad facilities are first class and no bet- ter banking houses are to be found in any city in the country. In fact, there is nothing wanting to make the city a big manufacturing center. J. W. MILLER COMPANY. The Freeport Journal of January n, 1909, gives the following as the annual output of the J. W. Miller Company: Annual business of the poultry farm $40,000; annual output of incubators and brooder, 30,000; fireless cookers, 7,000. The company employs about 100 people. \ STORES. The oldest business in Freeport run by one family is that of William O. Wright on Stephenson Street at the corner of Stehpenson and Chicago. This store occupies two rooms for the clothing and shoe departments. The business was founded by Orestus H. Wright, who came to Freeport in December, 1836. Early in 1737 he opened a store in a log building near the river. The same year he built a frame store and later built the first three-story building in Freeport, 530 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY the building now occupied by the Cascade Laundry. He was largely instru- mental in building the first bridge across the river and exerted great influence in bringing the railroad to Freeport. He held the offices of Probate Judge and County Clerk. He died in 1851. His son, William O. Wright, who now con- ducts the business, was born in Freeport in 1841, four years after the county was organized. It has fallen to the lot of but few men now living, to have lived in Freeport sixty-nine years ago. He has seen Freeport grow from a shack, frontier village of a few settlers, to a city of over twenty thousand people. He was educated at Beloit College. Learning the printer's trade in the office of the old Prairie Democrat, he started the "Northwest," a weekly newspaper. In the Civil War Mr. Wright served in the Adjutant General's office under General Hurlburt, in Colonel Putnam's regiment. He is a Mason, a member of the Freeport Club, was several years a member of the Board of Education, a direc- tor in the Gas Company and the First National Bank. For over twenty years Mr. Wright was a member of the Democratic State Central Committee. His life, almost contemporaneous with the history of Freeport, has been and is now one of wide influence in northern Illinois. Mr. L. Z. Farwell, one of the most prominent of Freeport's older business men, has been a resident of Stephenson County since coming here with his pa- rents in 1852. In 1860 he came to Freeport and in 1861 formed a partnership with Mr. O. B. Bidwell. The firm of Bidwell & Farwell conducted a wholesale notion business over Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa. In 1871 Mr. Farwell bought Mr. Bidwell's interest and conducted the bsuiness alone from 1871 to 1885, doing at times a half million dollar business annually. In 1877 Mr. Farwell bought a half interest in the Gas Company and bought Mr. Munn's interest in 1890 and conducted that alone till 1895 when he sold to a stock company. In 1879 ne organized a telephone company in which he still holds a large interest and of which he is president. Besides other interests he is a director of the Second National Bank in which he is a heavy stockholder. For fifty years Mr. Farwell has been recognized as one of Freeport's most successful business men. He has always taken a great interest in the Freeport Club, of which he has been president for years. His son, Mr. Roy K. Farwell, is secretary of the Freeport Telephone Exchange Company, and chairman of the Board of Edu- cation, and is prominent among the younger business men of Freeport. William Koenig came to Freeport in 1856. He was an apprentice at the cabinet trade with Darius Kuehner. He then worked five years for J. B. Sny- der and entering business for himself, formed a partnership with David Hunt. In 1880 Mr. Koenig bought Mr. Hunt's interest and has since conducted the business alone. In 1895 he built the large four-story building now occupied by his furniture store at the corner of Stephenson and Mechanic streets. He has operated one of the most complete furniture stores in northern Illinois. He was a large stockholder in, and secretary of, the Robinson Manufacturing Com- pany. He is now assisted in the business by his son, Robert, a recent graduate of the University of Wisconsin. Mr. Loyal L. Munn, Sr., came to Freeport from New York State in 1846, at the age of seventeen. He taught school one year and in 1850 went into the insurance business. In 1853 he organized the Stephenson Insurance Company M* -IK ILLINOIS CENTRAL UAILHOAI) SHOPS LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 531 and was secretary till 1865. He was in the dry goods business from 1866 to 1869, and in the Gas Company from 1871 to 1889. In 1862 he built the Munn Building. In 1893 he bought a large interest in the Arcade Manufacturing Company and was president of that concern. Mr. Munn died in 1908. He was a man of remarkable resources and energy. He was a thirty-third degree Mason. Hon. August Bergman was one of Stephenson County's leading business men of the second generation. He came here in 1852. He was born in the village of Meinberg, Germany, in 1835. His first work in Freeport was in a brickyard, where he labored eight years. In 1864 he entered the livery business and began the agricultural implement business in 1867. The firm of Bergman & Dorman expanded rapidly till it was one of the largest in northern Illinois. The partnership being dissolved he conducted the implement business till his death early in 1910. Mr. Bergman had held the following offices : Street commissioner, alderman, mayor three terms, president of the Board of Education, director of the Ger- man Insurance Company, etc. He was one of the most popular of Freeport's successful business men. No one stands higher among the older business men and citizens of Free- port than Mr. William Wagner, the venerable editor and publisher of the An- zeiger. He came to Freeport with his father in 1852. From 1853 he was identified with his father in the publishing business. On the death of his father, Mr. W. H. Wagner took up the managing of the business for which he had ex- cellent training. The business prospered under his able management and in 1886 he built the Anzeiger Building, a large three-story brick structure at the corner of Chicago and Galena Streets, which houses one of the most complete and up- to-date printing plants in the state. Several of Mr. Wagner's sons have been associated with him in the business. Mr. Otto Wagner withdrew from the firm in 1905, and began a bindery and office supply business on Galena Street. Mr. A. F. Wagner withdrew in 1910. Messrs. Oscar and Frederick Wagner are now connected with the business. Mr. W. H. Wagner is a man of wide influence in Freeport, and is now president of the Board of Education. The dry goods establishment of William Walton Nephews is one of the pioneer stores of the city, and is justly renowned throught this section of the state. So excellent a line of goods does it carry that it is patronized extensively by purchasers from neighboring cities, and the Rockfordites, whose city is nearly twice the size of Freeport, say that no Rockford store carries the same quality of dry goods. The store was established by William Walton in 1858. Mr. Walton was a native of England, having been born in County Dunn, and raised in Birmingham. In England he took up the dry goods business and was a clerk for many years. In 1855 he came to the United States. He was located for a brief season in New York, then in Chicago, where he was connected with the dry goods house of J. B. Shay, and finally in Amboy, Illinois, where he embarked in business for himself. After a short stay in Amboy he became satisfied that the town was not large' enough to support the store he was anxious to establish, and accord- ingly he pulled up stakes and came to Freeport. Since his removal to this city, 532 , HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY the business has steadily prospered. Mr. Walton soon gained the confidence of the public and built up a reputation for honesty and fair dealing which has survived unblemished up to the present time. Mr. Walton also invested heavily in real estate in and about the city of Freeport, and, as his cares began to grow numerous and arduous, he looked about him for help. This he found in the persons of his three nephews, Wil- liam, Joseph and Edwin Hall, who came over from England at his request and took charge of his business. At his death in 1898 they assumed control under the firm name of William Walton Nephews. William Hall took charge of the clothing and men's furnishing department, while Edwin Hall became manager of the dry goods department. Thus the business is still conducted. At first the store at 104 Stephenson Street was the one occupied. Later the next store building west was rented and occupied for the clothing store, and finally the next store building east was secured and added to the dry goods department. The upper floors of the buildings are also occupied at present by the carpet and curtain departments, and the establishment as a whole is one of the most progressive and up-to-date of the city. The dry goods establishment of F. A. Read, which occupies the first and second floors of the Weishar Block, is one of the substantial and well estab- lished business firms of the city. It was established in the spring of 1877 by C. H. Seeley, who opened a small store on upper Stephenson Street, and thus formed the nucleus about which the present business has grown up. In the fall of the same year F. A. Read became associated with Mr. Seeley and the firm name became Seeley & Read. The place of business was transferred and the new firm opened in the store now occupied by Huss & Kinley in the Wilcoxin Block. It was not long before these quarters became far too crowded, and a new building was erected for the store by C. H. Rosenstiel, on the opposite side of Stephenson Street from their present location. These quarters were also far too small, and presently it became imperative that a change be made if the extensive trade which the founders had built up was to be retained. Henry Weishar, seizing the opportunity as a good business venture, built the Weishar Block especially for Seeley & Read, and fitted up the first and second floors of the building with the necessary appurtenances for the stores. A large increase in business followed and the firm began to handle a more extensive class of goods. A millinery department was added, and opened to the public, with an exceptionally fine line of goods. In time a carpet department was also added. In 1893 the concern met with a great disaster. The place was visited by a ravaging fire which consumed the entire interior of the Weishar Block and left only the walls standing. The whole stock was lost, and hardly a vestige of the once elegantly modelled store was discernible. The three men most con- cerned in the loss were not discouraged, however, and the building was imme- diately reconstructed. Another fire has occurred since that time, but with no such serious results. In February, 1899, Mr. Seeley withdrew from the firm to engage in the mining business, and the firm has since been F. A. Read alone. The store carries a line of dry goods, millinery and carpets which is unexcelled by any in the northern part of the state. Recently the store front was remodelled and new entrances built. It is one of the handsomest stores in the city at pres- BREWSTEB HOUSE. FKEEPORT W. II. WA<;.\KK AM) SONS' IMS I NTI X(J AND ITHMSIIINC; PLANT. FREEI'ORT LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 533 ent. Mr. Joseph Johnson, Mr. Read's son-in-law, is now connected with the business. At the sign of the only plated tower in existence in the world, the crockery establishment of C. H. Little & Co. has continued to do a flourishing business for over half a century. It is one of the oldest business firms of the city, and 1 has always held an unequalled reputation throughout the city and surrounding country. In 1859, Mr. Little established the business which bears his name, at 71 Stephenson street, across the street from its present location. Here it remained for eight years, and then, in 1867, Mr. Little moved across the street to 74 Ste- phenson street, which place the firm still occupies. At that time, he took in with as partners Mr. F. J. Kunz, and Mr. C. H. Becker. A new building was built for the accommodation of the firm, which, with certain alterations and addition has been in the possession of C. H. Little & Co. ever since its erection. Some time ago the business had so thoroughly outgrown its original quarters that additional floor space became an imperative necessity. A store in the next building was secured and made a part of the original store. This arrangement has continued in effect for a number of years. The original building of the C. H. Little & Co. is one of the finest in the city, and the plated tower which scales its front is one of the most unique ad- vertisements in the world. All three floors of the buildings are occupied by the store, together with the basement, which is used as store room. The line of goods carried by C. H. Little & Co. is not surpassed in nothern Illinois. In addition to the crockery department, a line of beautiful and choice cut glass is carried. The toy department is par excellence. As a whole, the firm enjoys exclusive patronage to a degree unknown by most of the business houses of the city, and retains its ancient reputation as the leading crockery establishment of Freeport. The Burrell grocery business was established by L. F. Burrell in 1854. Henry. Daniel and John Burrell came to Freeport from Pennsylvania in 1850. Mr. John Burrell was associated with Mr. Emmert in the drug business until ? . They are all men distinguished for a high order of business ability and integrity and are numbered among Freeport's most substantial citizens. In his seventy-ninth year Joseph Emmert is yet one of the active business men of Freeport. He has been in the drug business since arriving in Freeport in 1855. fifty-five years. The business was established by John S. Emmert in 1846. Mr. Emmert has occupied the same premises for the fifty-five years. He is one of the pioneer druggists of northern Illinois, and the oldest merchant in Free- port. Mr. Emmert takes great pride in the fact that he has trained a num- ber of boys in business and they have been remarkably successful. The B. P. Hill Grain Company began business in 1882. The company does a big business in grain, coal, salt, coke and wood. Besides the elevator in Free- port with a capacity of 40,000 bushels, the company has elevators at Evarts, Lena, McConnell, Baileyville, Steward, Red Oak, Woosung and Haldane. Mr. B. P. Hill is president and treasurer of the company. The H. A. Hillner Company does an extensive business in coal, wood, feed and grain. Besides a big new elevator in Freeport, Mr. Hillner has elevators 534 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY at Ridott, German Valley, Dakota, Davis, Waddams and Florence. The company was organized in 1903, but Mr. Hillner had been in the business as an employe of H. J. Porter since 1884. The Armour Packing Company has a branch office in Freeport that does a large business in this section. The Standard Oil Co. maintains a large local plant. Besides supplying the Freeport trade the company makes large shipments by; means of two wagons and the railroads to points in northwestern Illinois. The company's local man- ager, Mr. A. H. Stephenson, has been with the company for 18 years and is one of the most competent and reliable business men of the county. The business of Kuehner Brothers was established at the present location on the site of the Howe Hotel by Darius Kuehner in 1857. He was a successful business man and built the business block in 1869. The business is carried on by his sons, Fred and Robert, who are among the county's most progressive business men. The store was remodelled and extended in 1906, and is one of the finest and most elaborate furniture stores in Illinois. Mr. Frederick Dorman came to Freeport in 1874 and for thirty-five years was identified with many of Freeport's large business interests. He was president of the Shoe Manufacturing Co. ; president of the Howe Gas Machine Co. ; vice presi- dent of Guyer & Calkins; a director in Woodmansees Mfg. Co., one of the principal stockholders of Dorman & Co., dealers in agricultural implements, and president of the State Bank. Ezrom Mayer, the secretary of the Union Building and Loan Association, has been a resident of Freeport since 1847. He entered Oscar Taylor's Bank in 1855; held a position in the bank of De Forest & Co. several years and was the first cashier of First National Bank. For many years he was in the bank of Het- tinger, Collman Brothers & Co. Besides his active management of the Union Loan Company's business he has many other financial holdings. At the age of 73 he is an active business man with a wonderfully cheerful disposition. One of the prominent attorney's of the early days was A. T. Green who came to Freeport in 1839, walking from Rockford. He was a native of New York. He was a postmaster from 1843 to 1849. Besides being a prominent attorney he was one of the men who stood with L. W. Guiteau in the agitation for free public schools. His son, Charles T. Green, was also a lawyer and served in the Civil war. His grandson, Charles H. Green, is now one of the county's suc- cessful attorneys. Mr. J. M. Galloway has been in business in Freeport since 1858. With Mr. W. H. Snooks he conducted a bottling works for years in the old "Mansion House," the hotel built by Benjamin Goddard in 1837. It stood diagonally across the present Y. M. C. A. tennis courts on Walnut street. They now conduct the business on Galena street. C. O. Collmann came from Hanover, Germany, in 1850. He farmed in. Ridott township till 1866 when he entered the mercantile business in Freeport. In 1876 he was one of the organizers of the bank of Hettinger, Collmann Brothers & Co., now the German Bank. He was a high official in the German Insurance Company. At the age of 78 he is still president of the German Bank. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 535 Hon. E. P. Barton was one of the talented members -of the Stephenson County bar after 1855. He was a graduate of Hamilton College, New York, and was admitted to the bar in Brooklyn in 1852, where he practiced law till 1855. He was associated with the following firms ; Turner, Burchard & Barton ; Burchard & Barton ; Burchard, Barton & Barnum and Barton & Barnum, leading law firms of the county. He was elected County Judge of Stephensonl County, a position he filled with distinction. Henry Baier, of Baier & Ohlandorf, is one of the oldest citizens and busi- ness men of Freeport. He came to this county from Bavaria in 1843. His business ability has made him one of Freeport's wealthy men, and at the age of 74 he is still a leader in some of the city's largest enterprises. Mr. Orlando B. Bidwell was born in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, July 28, 1829. He came to Freeport in 1856, and was one of Stephenson County's most prominent citizens till his death January 14, 1909. In 1861 he formed a partnership with Mr. L. Z. Farwell in the wholesale notion business. He was a stockholder and director in the Freeport Gas Light & Coke Co. and a heavy stockholder and treasurer of the Freeport Water Company. In religious, edu- cational and philanthropic work Mr. Bidwell was a leader. He was a stanch supporter of the First Presbyterian church, a Trustee of Beloit College and gave time and money to Y. M. C. A. Mr. Bidwell was President of the First National Bank from 1870 to 1909. For fifty-five years A. W. Ford has conducted a jewelry store in Freeport, on Stephenson street. He is one of the oldest, best known and reliable merchants of the city. He was one of the founders of the Y. M. C. A., and has been a leader in church affairs. Hon. John H. Adams was one of the early settlers whosd character made a deep and lasting impress upon the history of this county. Born in Pennsylvania in 1822 and educated in an academy at Trappe, Pennsylvania, he learned the milling business as an apprentice and came to Stephenson County in 1844. He located in the north end of Cedarville and bought the mill. In 1844 he planted Norway pine seeds on the hill across the creek and those pine trees may be seen there today as a monument to the memory of one of the county's greatest men. He was foremost in the campaign to secure the first railroad into the county and was always a champion of the church and of free public schools. With his money and by public addresses he encouraged enlistments for the war in 1861. In 1864 he was one of the organizers of the Second National Bank of Freeport of which he was president. Aside from being a business man of more than ordinary ability and political leader, he was a man of wide reading, in sympathetic touch with the great world struggles of his time, a gentleman of profound sincerity and of marked culture. Such a man was the father of America's greatest woman, Jane Adams of Hull House, Chicago. Judge Mathew Marvin for almost forty years has been a prominent figure in Freeport. Before coming here he lived in Warren and Galena. He was appointed postmaster at Warren and later was elected Judge in Jo Daviess County. He has twice served as city attorney here and has been Justice of the Peace since 1895. His son, Mathew Marvin, is one of the prominent real estate and insurance men of Freeport. 536 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY General Smith D. Atkins was state's attorney for this district at the breaking out of the Civil war in 1861. He was born June 9, 1835, in New York, and came to Stephenson County with his father's family in 1848. He lived on the farm for two years, and then came to Freeport and entered the office of the Prairie Democrat. He was educated in the Mount Morris College where he was foreman on the Mount Morris Gazette while a college student. In 1853 he was associated with the Savannah Register. He studied law in the office of Hiram Bright in Freeport and was admitted to the bar and began practice in 1850, after further study of law in Chicago. In 1860 he stumped northern Illinois urging the election of Lincoln. At Lincoln's first call for troops, Mr. Atkins was the first man to enlist in this county and organized the first company and went to the front as captain of Company A, Eleventh Illinois. For gallant service at Fort Donelson he was promoted to the rank of major in the Eleventh Illinois. At the battle of Pittsburg Landing he won special mention for bravery and conspicuous service, as Acting Assistant Adjutant General on General Hulburt's staff. In the summer of 1862 he recruited the Ninety-Second Illinois and went to the front as its Colonel. He commanded the First Brigade, Granger's Corps, till July ist, 1863, when the Ninety-Second was attached to Wilder's Bri- gade. The Ninety-Second was now a calvary regiment and with it General Atkins served in the campaign against Chattanooga; entered Chattanooga Sep- tember pth, 1863, driving out Bragg's Cavalry at 10:00 a. m. and at 3:00 p. m. was on the battlefield of Chickamauga. He served with Wilder's Brigade till April 4, 1864, when his regiment was attached to Kilpatrick's Cavalry. In Kilpatrick's division he commanded the Second Brigade, marched with Sherman to Savannah, Georgia, where on January 12, 1865, he was promoted Brevet Brigadier Gen- eral, and commanded that Brigade of Cavalry through the Carolinas to the close of the war. He was under fire in more than 100 minor battles and skir- mishes, was twice wounded, and had one horse shot under him. He was ap- pointed Major General of Volunteers, March 13, 1865, for gallant and meri- torious service. Major E. A. Duncan, formely of Sherman's Staff, says of General Smith D. Atkins: "The battle of Macon, or what is called Walnut Creek, was a cavalry engagement, fought by one of Kirkpatrick's Brigades under the com- mand of Colonel S. D. Atkins, of the 92d Illinois Mounted Infantry. This gallant officer with his little brigade fought the whole of Crew's division, and not only fought them, but whipped them capturing nine pieces of artillery. The rout of the enemy was complete. For gallantry and soldierly bearing on this occasion, General Sherman recommended Colonel Atkins to the Secretary of the War for promotion. The promotion was made and no setting, however rich, ever became the jewel it contained more worthily than did his broad shoulders become the stars that gemmed them." In 1865 General Atkins was appointed postmaster and has served in that capacity to the present day with the exception of the eight years of democratic rule by Grover Cleveland. During most of that time he has been editor and chief proprietor of the Freeport Journal. In county, state and national politics he has been a leader for fifty years. His editorials are more widely quoted than any other in Illinois. He is author of the iHstory of the Ninety-Second Illi- O. II. Wright William O. Wright James Mitchell John H. Addiiiiis PROMINENT BUSINESS MEN OF FREEPORT LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 537 nois Regiment. He was a member of the Chickamauga National Commission. He has always been a man of decided opinions, of unquestioned integrity and fidelity in fifty years of public service. He is the most widely known citizen of Stephenson County, and has enjoyed the personal acquaintance of most of the great men of the United States from Lincoln to Roosevelt the only resi- dent of Stephenson County whose name is in "Who's who in America." Begin- ning as a farmer's boy he has been successful as lawyer, soldier, editor, author, in politics and in business. At the age of 75 he is still in active life, a grand old man whose happiest moments are in his home with his grandchildren upon his knees. Mayor W. T. Rawleigh is one of the best known city officials in Illinois. He is giving Freeport one of the very best business administrations it has ever en- joyed. Mr. Rawleigh is a business man of unusual ability. Twenty years ago he began here without capital and today conducts probably the largest business in the county, with large four and six story buildings covering over half a block with over three acres of floor space. He employs over two hundred people in his plant and has over one thousand two hundred retail wagons carrying the trade over established routes in almost all the states of the Union. Besides being presi- dent and treasurer of this large business, Mr. Rawleigh is a director in the German Bank, mayor of Freeport, proprietor and editor of the Freeport Stand- ard. He has been honored by being elected president of the Citizens' Commer- cial Association and commander of the Sons of Veterans. Because of his suc- cessful and aggressive leadership, he is in demand as an official and speaker at meetings of the mayors of Illinois, and is now a candidate for the position of representative in the Illinois State Legislature. No man is readier than he to aid with time, influence and money in building up the city of Freeport. He is a demon for that work and by being methodical, he is able to deal successfully with all his vast interests successfully. WHOLESALE HOUSES. Guyer & Calkins. One of the most important commercial firms of Freeport is the wholesale grocery establishment of Guyer & Calkins. Since the establish- ment of the company in 1901, the business has been steadily and appreciably in- creasing, until at the present time the company has both a reputation and a prof- itable trade, extending over a wide territory. Before the founding of the Guyer & Calkins Company, the wholesale grocery business was for a short time carried on by Clement & Calkins. The firm was dissolved in 1901, and the present company formed, Mr. Clement going into the real estate and land business. The large warehouses of the company are located at 23, 25 and 27 Liberty street, near Galena. They are supplemented by three other buildings and ware- houses, which are utilized for carrying on the business. The tracks of the Illi- nois Central and Chicago & Northwestern Railroads lead directly to the factory, thus facilitating the loading and unloading of goods. Many of the goods handled, especially the brands of canned goods, are put up under the direct supervision of the house, and thereby attain a degree of ex- 588 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY cellence unapproached by most varieties of tinned goods on the market. Nine traveling salesmen are employed constantly by the company, who cover a large territory in Northern Illinois and Southern Wisconsin. The officers of the com- pany are: President, H. L. Guyer; vice-president, Fred Dorman; secretary and treasurer, W. L. Calkins. Bowler & Jones. The Bowler & Jones firm is of recent origin, but the com- panies which preceded it, date back many years. The business now carried on by Bowler & Jones was established in 1852, by the late J. B. Taylor, who con- ducted it until 1888. He then sold out to Brigham, Bowler & Co., who remained proprietors for eleven years. In 1899, this company was succeeded by the pres- ent firm, Bowler & Jones, consisting of Colonel H. S. Bowler and L. W. Jones, who have since conducted the business. The firm, which deals with the wholesale saddlery and leather goods busi- ness, maintains offices and a warehouse in a three story brick building at 41 and 43 Stephenson street. Floor space equivalent to 120x360 feet is used, and the company manufactures custom-made harness, strap work and collars. They are also jobbers of saddlery hardware, shoe findings and leather. Bowler & Jones carry a very large stock, and are the largest saddlery house west of Chicago. Two traveling salesmen are employed, who cover Iowa, Wisconsin and part of Illinois. FREEPORT REAL ESTATE BUSINESS. The first house in Freeport was built by William Baker in 1835 on the Peca- tonica River. The first undertaking in the town was a real estate business. In 1835 a real estate company known as Baker, Kirkpatrick, Galbraith & Com- pany was organized and laid claim to a large part of the territory now occu- pied by the city. Early in 1836 a town was laid out by the company in the north part of the southeast portion of section 31. The Indian half-breeds had been granted the right to select land in any part of the unoccupied territory they might choose. One of these, Mary Myott, selected a claim on section 31 as soon as it was known that the company had laid out the town. Baker, Kirkpatrick, Galbraith & Company then moved the town stakes farther west. This early real estate company was enterprising and besides putting up several buildings and selling lots in 1836, secured in 1837 the location of the county seat by donating the courthouse lot and giving a bonus of $6,500. About this time a map was gotten up boosting Freeport. The map was in colors and showed a prosperous village along a beautiful river, the Pecatonica, on which there was shown a large steamboat. Unlike many of the "paper" towns laid out at this time, Freeport made good, settlers came in large numbers and various forms of business began in a substantial way. Although the hopes of the promoters of making a "port" of importance here were never realized, yet in other ways the town prospered. This development of the town and city was largely due to the quality of the settlers. The progressive nature of the men of the older eastern states, was sup- plemented by the industry, economy and thrift of the German element. Many of the first settlers were men of small means, but were wise enough" to place their savings in real estate. These holdings became additions to Freeport, and HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 539 as the town grew in population and real estate values rose, several family for- tunes were made. One of the first, if not the first, was the O. H. Wright holdings in the 3rd ward. This was extended and has since been known as the William O. Wright additions. John A. Clark laid out the Winneshiek addition. Judge Purinton was owner of a valuable addition in the third ward that still bears his name. Probably the largest holder of real estate was Dexter A. Knowlton, Sr. in that part of Free- port now known as Knowlton's first, second and third additions. Seven degrees to the south lay Pattison's addition, and Colonel T. J. Turner owned the addition on what is now Addison street, Martin P. Sweet's addition was west of Turners and was valuable property. North of Turner's was Ordway's addition. Burch- ard's addition is on Lincoln avenue. The early real estate men did for their day what the present real estate men are doing for theirs they laid out their prop- erty in town lots, made improvements and aided materially in building up the town. Among the later additions that have been laid out, improved and partly built up are the following: The Arcade addition about the Arcade Manufacturing plant; Taylor's Park and Lichtenberger's addition in East Freeport; the Shoe Factory addition, Zartman's, Burchard's, Wise and the Organ Factory ad- dition in West Freeport; Saxby Heights addition and ? . The city has grown along the lines laid out by these real estate leaders. The various additions have afforded a means of expansion for a growing city and in connection with the excellent building and loan associations, has made Free- port a city of homes. Today, no phase of the city's activity is better prepared for that advancement all look forward to in the next ten years than the real estate holdings. There is ample room for expansion south, west and east, with an abundance of splendid additions, with good drainage facilities and a beautiful outlook. The rapid de- velopment of Freeport industries is sure to bring an increasing population and the demand for lots will find an ample supply. The only thing lacking, which now seems assured, is the extension of the street railway system. With normal financial and industrial conditions and the extension of the street railway, Freeport should reach the 30,000 mark in 1920. The Citizens Commercial Asso- ciation is well organized and ably officered and is already making great strides in this direction. The Building and Loan Associations are playing an important part in this progressive movement. THE UNION BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATION. The name of this old and established organization was recently changed to the Union Loan and Savings Association. It was incorporated in June, 1883, and has been doing a satisfactory business for 27 years. The first officials were: President, L. Z. Farwell; Vice President, J. W. Henney; Treasurer, C. O. Coil- man ; Secretary, Urias M. Mayer. The authorized capital of the association is five million dollars. The com- pany loans on first mortgage real estate only. The object of the association is to create and foster habits of economy, to provide homes for each of its members 540 HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY at the least possible cost and invest their savings where they are best secured and are most productive. The present officials are : President, J. N. Galloway ; Vice President, F. E. Schaeffer; Treasurer, S. H. Webster; Secretary, Esrom Mayer. The company has one of the finest offices in the city in the Frueh building, Stephenson street, and is doing a large business. THE FREEPORT BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATION. One of the most substantial organizations in Freeport is the Freeport Build- ing and Loan Association. This association has just issued its sixty-seventh quarterly statement showing that during the last quarter 748 shares of install- ment stock were sold. The company is in its seventeenth year and is doing an excellent business to the entire satisfaction of its many patrons. The association was organized November i, 1892, with the following officials : President, A. Bergman; Vice President, L. M. De Vore; Treasurer, D. C. Stover; Secretary, Louis Dickes. Mr. Dickes served as secretary for thirteen years. The present officials are : President, Louis Dickes ; Vice President, Jacob Klein; Treasurer, H. H. Antrim; Attorney, W. N. Cronkrite; Secretary, C. F. Hildreth. Mr. Hildreth has been secretary for five years. He is a business man of extraordinary ability and energy, and under his management the company is doing a rapidly increasing business. THE GERMAN BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATION OF FREEPORT. Though only two years old the German building and Loan Association of Freeport is enjoying a healthy growth, and promises to be one of the successful associations doing business in Freeport. The object is the accumulation of funds to be loaned among its members. Its capital stock shall be one million dollars, divided into shares of $100 each. The association was organized and incorporated August 4, 1908, and began business in August that year. The officials then elected still hold office as follows : President, M. Hettinger ; Vice President, T. K. Best ; Secretary, T. A. Secher ; Treasurer, L. R. Jungkunz ; Toorney, Douglas Pattison. THE GERMAN INSURANCE COMPANY. The old German Insurance Company of Freeport has passed into the history and with its passing went one of the great business enterprises organized and developed in the county of Stephenson. It alone gave Freeport a national reputation. It paid large dividends to capitalists who held its stock and fur- nished an abundance of work for the publishing houses, increased our postoffice business and afforded employment to a large number of citizens. Freeport has been a well known insurance town for sixty years. The Ste- phenson County Insurance Co. was organized in 1853, the Farmers' in 1857. Columbia of 1861 lasted two years. The Continental closed up after reinsuring in Chicago. The State and several others were chartered but did not open for HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 541 business. The United States ran from 1865 to 1869. The Winneshiek chartered in 1861, issued no less than 50,000 policies. Among its stockholders were: U. S. Grant, Benjamin F. Butler, Simon Cameran, John A. Logan and others. The law of 1869 put it out of business. The Protection Life had an auspicious beginning but after two years came to ruin. The German was organized February 16, 1865, under title as the Freeport Insurance Company, by A. H. Stone, W. J. McKinna, A. M. Lawver and George P. Kingsley. The franchise was purchased by D. Kuehner, L. Ashendorf, Richard Meyer and William Wassenberg in 1866. July, 1866, Mathias Het- tinger was elected president; December, 1867, Fred Gund, Sr., was elected secretary, in which capacity he served for years. The company prospered and in 1897 built the large building at the corner of Exchange and Galena avenue, now the Old Colony Building. By 1900 the German was doing a nation wide business and was universally conceded to be one of the soundest companies doing business in America. Connected with the German for years were such men as C. O. Collman, William Trembor, Henry Baier, D. S. Schulte. For the last few years of its existence Mr. Fred Gund was secretary. He was rec- ognized as one of the most competent insurance men in the country, and the German was riding a high wave of prosperity when in a day it was shaken to its foundations and forced into the hands of a receiver by the San Francisco earthquake and fire. The "Insurance Trust" that had been fighting the German aided in its speedy ruin. In spite of all efforts to save the company, it closed out the Royal and went out of business in 1907. Mr. Fred Gund, now at the head of the Williamsburg's western department, is building up a large business in the Old Colony building. BANKS OF FREEPORT. FIRST NATIONAL BANK. The First National Bank of Freeport was organized on February 24, 1864, with a capital stock of $50,000. At that time the following officers were elected : President, George F. DeForest; cashier, Esrom Mayer; directors, W. P. Mai- burn, L. L. Munn, O. B. Bidwell, C. J. Fry, Esrom Mayer, G. F. DeForest and L. F. Burrell. A little more than a year later, on the loth of March, 1865, the capital stock was increased to $100,000, with a surplus of $25,000. The same officers remained in charge of the institution until 1870. At that time, O. B. Bidwell became president. He remained in charge until the time of his death, which occurred January, 1909, and has since been succeeded by his son, Addi- son Bidwell. Upon Mr. Bidwell's election to the presidency, Geo. F. DeForest, the first president, became cashier, and retained that position until his death in 1883. He was succeeded by Aaron H. Barshinger, who died in 1891, and was suc- ceeded by Addison Bidwell. Mr. Bidwell filled the position until he became president last year, and was succeeded by J. Manly Clark, with John T. Hin- derks as assistant cashier. In 1883, the first charter of the bank, which had been taken out for twenty years, expired, and the house was re-chartered for a like period, under the 542 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY name of the Freeport National Bank, and with the following officers : O. B. Bidwell, president ; O. B. Sanf ord, vice president ; A. H. Barshinger, cashier ; John Burrell, O. B. Bidwell, C. H. Little, W. O. Wright and O. B. Sanf ord, directors. The capital and surplus then amounted to $166,000, and the affairs of the bank were in a most prosperous condition. Four years after the taking out of the second charter, by consent of the comptroller of currency, the bank was permitted to take its first name, and again became the First National Bank, of Freeport. The First National Bank is one of the leading, as it is the oldest banking house of the city. The firm is capitalized at $150,000. The surplus and profits amount to $120,000, with an additional stockholders' liability of $150,000, mak- ing a total responsibility of $420,000. The officers are: President, Addison Bidwell ; vice president, W. O. Wright ; cashier, J. Manly Clark ; assistant cash- ier, John T. Hinderks; directors, C. H. Little, W. O. Wright, Boyd P. Hill, Joseph Emmert, John Burrell, Addison Bidwell. SECOND NATIONAL BANK. The Second National Bank of Freeport opened its doors for business less than three months after the First National Bank had set out on its career. The former commenced business in May, 1864, and its rival institution had then been in existence since February of the same year. Like the First National Bank, it was capitalized at $50,000, and in less than a year it was raised, first to $75,000, then, within a year, to $100,000. In 1883, the original charter expired, and the bank was immediately re-chartered. On the expiration of that charter in 1903, another charter was taken out. John H. Addams, of Cedarville, was the first president of the Second Na- tional Bank. He was one of the founders of the establishment, and retained his office as head of the concern as 'long as he lived. His death occurred on August 17, 1881, and A. H. Wise was immediately chosen to succeed him. Mr. Wise's health was poor, and he found the duties of his position too arduous for him. After a brief season in office, he resigned, and his place was filled by M. Lawver. After a short term of service, he too resigned, and Dr. F. W. Hance was called upon to become president. Dr. Hance tried the experiment for a short time, but he very soon found that his duties as president of a bank interefered seriously with his professional labors. As a result, the office fell vacant again. Jacob Krohn was thereupon persuaded to assume the office, and he satisfactorily filled it until his death, which occurred in 1902. At that time, M. V. B. Elson was the logical candidate for successor, and thus the position fell to him. Alexander Stone was the first cashier of the Second National Bank. In a single year he retired, and was succeeded by L. W. Guiteau. Mr. Guiteau re- tained the position for a number of years, and upon his death in 1880, J. Brown Taylor took the office. He was followed by Horace Webster. Upon his death, D. F. Graham, of the German Bank, became a stockholder in the Second Na- tional, and assumed the duties of cashier. He still occupies the position. A short time ago the affairs of the Second National were re-organized. Coincident with this, an improvement and rehabilitation of the banking offices HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 543 took place. The interior was remodelled and re-decorated and the old bank on the corner of Stephenson and Van Buren streets was made to look like a new institution. New furniture was installed, new offices and private rooms par- titioned off, and the whole given an appearance of shiny newness. The Second National is one of the most popular of Freeport's banks. The bank is now capitalized at $100,000, with a surplus of $20,000. The officers are : President, M. V. B. Elson ; vice president, L. Z. Farwell ; cashier, David F. Graham; directors, M. V. B. Elson, L. Z. Farwell, D. F. Graham, Reuben Sieg- fried, J. L. Meyers, J. H. Graham, E. A. Blust, Geo. Ennenga. GERMAN BANK. The German Bank was originally a private banking institution under the name of Hettinger, Collman Brothers and Company, and was founded by five of Freeport's prominent German citizens: M. Hettinger; Sr., C. O. Collman, A. Collman, D. B. Schulte and Fred Gund. In May, 1876, the project was first started, and on the twentieth of that month formally organized with a nominal capital of $20,000. The business was conducted in a conservative, but success- ful mariner, and before long the institution was prospering wonderfully. Within a few years, the bank was christened the "German Bank," but the firm remained Hettinger, Collman Brothers & Company. On the first day of January, 1894, the German Bank was incorporated as a state bank under the laws of the state of Illinois, with a capital of $150,000 and the following officers : President, C. O. Collman ; vice president, M. Hettinger, Jr. ; cashier, D. F. Graham; assistant cashier, Louis R. Jungkunz; directors, C. O. Collman, D. B. Schulte, J. W. Henney, John Fosha, John Sullivan, M. Hettinger, Jr., and J. S. Collman. On the first of January, 1895, M. Hettinger, Jr., retired from the business, and C. E. Meyer became director. A few years ago, D. F. Gra- ham, who had long acted as cashier, resigned to accept a like position with the Second National Bank. His place was thereupon filled by Louis R. Jungkunz, who had for some time acted as assistant cashier. The present officers are : President, C. O. Collman ; vice president, John S. Collman ; cashier, Louis R. Jungkunz ; directors, C. O. CoHman, J. S. Collman, D. B. Schulte, Wm. Trembor, W. N. Cronkrite, W. T. Rawleigh. The German is one of the most prosperous banking houses of Freeport. The offices are located on the corner of Chicago and Stephenson streets, where they have been for many years. A short time ago they were refurnished and re- modelled and now present an attractive and modern appearance. The capital of the German Bank is $150,000, with undivided profits amounting to over $100,000. STATE BANK. The State Bank is Freeport's youngest banking house, and although of comparatively recent organization, has attained a degree of prosperity and sub- stantial growth, not at all commensurate with the short period of its existence. The bank was, however, organized under most auspicious circumstances, and by a circle of the ablest financiers that Freeport can name among its citizens. It 544 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY has always enjoyed a reputation for security, and careful management, and was for a long time presided over by the late D. C. Stover, who was at the head of three of the largest manufacturing concerns of the city. In August, 1891, the State Bank, was first chartered under the banking laws of the state of Illinois, with the following officers: D. C. Stover, president;. R. G. Shumway and Henry Baier, vice presidents; H. H. Antrim, cashier; Henry Dorman, assistant cashier; D. C. Stover, Dr. W. S. Caldwell, Wm. H. Wagner, L. M. Devore, Henry Baier, Fred Dorman, Jacab Schaetzel, R. G. Shumway and Louis Fosha, directors. For many years the list of officers and board of directors remained un- changed. Then some vacancies were caused by death, and today the list stands as follows: President, Fred Dorman; vice president, Henry Baier; cashier, H. H. Antrim; directors, A. S. Held; J. F. Smith, F. W. Hoefer, J. H. Stealy, H. H. Antrim, Fred Dorman, W. H. Wagner, Henry Baier, Homer F. Aspinwall, Walter D. Mack. When the State Bank was organized, the establishment was capitalized at $125,000. The present capital is the same with a surplus of $133,000. The bank does business on the corner of Stephenson and Van Buren streets where they have been ever since the founding of the firm. The State Bank is managed by an efficient and cautious board of directors, and enjoys a well earned repu- tation in the community. KNOWLTON'S BANK. Knowlton's Bank, the present firm name of which is Charles D. Knowlton, Banker, is an outgrowth of two other banking institutions which have also borne the popular name of "Knowlton's Bank." The first of these was estab- lished in 1869 by D. A. Knowlton, Sr., who had amassed a large fortune, and, in company with his sons, Dexter, Charles and Homer, established the banking business now conducted in this city, and in the neighboring village of Peca- tonica, under the name of D. A. Knowlton and Sons. Upon his death, the Freeport business was taken in hand by Dexter A. and Charles D. Knowlton, who conducted the affairs of the bank under the firm rne of Knowlton Brothers, until the death of the former, which occurred in 1903. The firm then became Charles D. Knowlton, Banker, which it has since remained. The bank has always been known as one of the soundest and most pros- perous of the city. All of the gentlemen connected with it have been known as cautious and clear-headed financiers, who have preferred to do a small, safe, and honorable business, than a very large one. They have given their attention principally to first class investment securities and give particular attention to first mortgage loans upon real estate. They have themselves ben largely inter- ested in real estate within the city of Freeport. Homer W. Knowlton, a brother ^ ^"there is even an example of failure among the list. The life history of some i r of C. D. Knowlton, has long been the cashier of the Pecatonica Bank. Ezra Morse is cashier of the Freeport Bank. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 545 NON-EXISTENT BANKS. There have been a surprisingly large number of banks which have lived for a short time and then, suddenly and sometimes unexpectedly, passed away. Some of them have been merged in others, some have been discontinued, and of these banks has been very interesting, but it is not our purpose to discuss them at any great length. Most of them nourished for a short time, and then went out of existence, leaving no impress or trace of their work in Freeport financial circles. The first bank of Freeport was established twelve years before the National Bank was inaugurated. In the summer of 1851, when Freeport was scarcely the size of Lena at the present day, Taylor and Bronson opened their bank, which they called an "exchange office," on Stephenson street, near Chicago street, in the store now occupied by H. A. Huenkemeier's grocery. One year later, in 1852, James Mitchell, Freeport's pioneer banker, opened a bank on the site now occupied by Jungkunz' drug store. Four years later, Everett, Clark & Co. began to conduct a similar business on the western portion of the site now occupied by the Hotel Brewster. For a brief space, these three institutions represented the banking interests of the growing city. Then, in 1856, De Forest, Hyde & Co.'s banking office opened where the Second National Bank is housed today. Taylor, Bronson & Co. had undergone certain changes in the meantime. Mr. Bronson removed to Rockford, and A. W. Rice continued the partnership with Mr. Taylor under the firm name of the Freeport Bank. In October, 1857, both the Freeport Bank and Everett, Clark & Co. succumbed to the wave of financial depression, known as the panic of 1857, which swept over the whole country with disastrous results. After the banking circles of Freeport had somewhat recovered from the ill-fated crash of '57, James Mitchell became associated with Alexander Neely, of Belvidere, Illinois, and later with Holden Putnam, R. Richardson, of Boston, and A. Page, of Rutland, Vermont. For many years they did a prosperous business under the firm name of James Mitchell and Company. Their institu- tion was known as the Stephenson County Bank, and was located on the corner of Stephenson and Chicago streets. When, at the beginning of the Civil War, a call was issued for volunteers, Holden Putnam entered the service and was killed at the battle of Mission Ridge. From that time, Mr. Mitchell remained sole owner of the firm until January i, 1874, when J. W. Neff became a partner. The death of Mr. Mitchell occurred in August of the same year, and his son, W. H. Mitchell took charge of the family interests in the bank, and became a partner with J. W. Neff. The business was continued under the firm name of James Mitchell & Co. until 1884, when, by mutual agreement, the partnership was dissolved, and the business discontinued. De Forest, Hyde & Company remained in business under that firm name only a few weeks. At the end of that time, Mr. Hyde left the business, but Mr. De Forest and the other members of the firm continued until 1864, when their interests merged into the First National Bank. 546 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The Farmers' and Merchants' Bank was organized in May, 1892, by Esrom Mayer, who had been former cashier of the German Bank. At first the offices were located on Chicago street, but were subsequently removed to the corner of Stephenson and Chicago streets in the rooms now occupied by the clothing store of William O. Wright. The bank was capitalized at $100,000, and the first officers elected were: Ersom Mayer, president; J. H. Snyder, vice presi- dent; J. H. Brockmeier, cashier. After a very brief existence, lasting only a few years, the Farmers' and Merchants' Bank was discontinued. This completes the list of Freeport's banks. Those which are now doing business are placed on" the firmest sort of financial basis. The men in charge are possessed of both wealth and experience, and the banking facilities of the city are not surpassed by any other city of the same size in the state. STEPHENSON COUNTY COURT AND BAR IN 1910. Attorney J. A. Crane, the Nestor of the Stephenson county bar, holds the unique position of being in active practice to-day and of having been an attorney in the time of Turner, Sweet and Burchard. He has lived to see an entire change in the men about the court. In a reminiscent mood he spoke of the change of men and methods in a life-time of over fifty years at the bar. According to the venerable attorney, there has been a big change in method. In the early days there were only five or six reports ; now the number runs into hundreds. Long lists of citations were impossible. Naturally, the issue depended then, in the ab- sence of citations, on the appeal of the attorney before judge and jury. This made the early attorneys great students of men. In the absence of tons of law books, the lawyers studied human nature. In selecting juries and in address- ing them, this knowledge of human nature was brought into play. These con- ditions afforded opportunity to men of great natural ability. It was a time when individuality and intuition played a strong part. Instead of spending days and weeks accumulating a mass of statistics, citations and authorities, the lawyers spent much less time and spent it in meditation, in outlining an appeal to the jury. As Mr. Crane says, "Then we knew the law and knew men ; now, we are book- worms." Mr. Crane was bom in Southern Illinois. He was fortunate in having a remarkable teacher, a man who had come into the state as a civil engineer at the time when Illinois was building paper railroads all over the state. When the "bottom fell out," the civil engineer, having no railroads to build and a family to support, began teaching school, and young Crane was one of his students. Mr. Crane was reared on a farm. On occasional trips to the city, he had observed the courts in session and the life of the lawyer appealed to him with a force that caused him to abandon farming. He graduated from Harvard Law School and took a post graduate course. His rise to prominence at the bar in Northwestern Illinois was rapid. He became the most successful criminal lawyer of his time. His clients considered themselves fortunate in securing his services. To-day Mr. Crane has his office in the Wilcoxen block and is actively en- gaged in his practice. He is at his office early in the morning, while many pro- fessional men are yet in bed. He combines, more than any other man, the per- sonality of the early attorney with the wide reading of the later day lawyer. JUDGE A. J. Cr.AKITY LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY 547 Judge James H. Stearns, one of the oldest attorneys of Stephenson county, was born in New Hampshire in 1841. In 1862, he was graduated from Harvard College and located in Freeport in 1871. In 1876 he entered the law office of Judge J. M. Bailey and was admitted to the bar in 1878, and began practice as a member of the firm of Neff & Stearns. In 1880, he was city attorney. From 1889 to 1894, he was corporation counsel. In 1894, he was elected county judge. As a corporation lawyer and legal adviser, he has no superior. Associated with him at present is Hon. Oscar R. Zipf, with offices in the Old Colony building, formerly the German Insurance building. Judge Henry C. Hyde was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1836, spent his boyhood on a farm in Winnebago County, Illinois, and was graduated from Beloit College in 1856. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar and began practice in Freeport. In 1860 he was elected city attorney, and in 1883 county judge. During his practice, Judge Hyde was ranked as an attorney of unusual judg- ment and legal learning. One son, James Hyde, is a lawyer in Chicago, and another, Henry M. Hyde, is editor of the Technical World and li M. Bailey Edward P. Barton PROMINENT ATTORNEYS OF FUKKPORT UB8ARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 549 INSTITUTIONS OF FREEPORT. THE Y. M. C. A.; THE PUBLIC LIBRARY; THE SETTLEMENT HOME; HOSPITALS; THE CEMETERY. Y. M. C. A The history of the local branch of the Young Men's Christian Association is in reality the history of three distinct organizations. No less than three serious attempts, inaugurated and fostered by different individuals, were made to found a Y. M. C. A. before success was finally attained. As early as 1868 an associa- tion was organized, but it lasted only four unsatisfactory years. Again in 1876 another movement was begun, and a society formed which lasted for five years. In 1882 the Y. M. C. A. was again reorganized and the present strong and effi- cient association dates from that time. The first association was the outcome of a convention of Stephenson County Sunday schools which met in Freeport in 1868 to discuss plans for the founda- tion of an organization for the young men of the city. The famous evangelist, D. L. Moody, was present at this memorable meeting, and the action taken by the convention was in the main adopted at his suggestion. He proposed' that a young man's society be formed with the avowed object of "extending a home, en- tertainment, education, and Christian fellowship to every young man in the city, regardless of race, color, or pecuniary circumstances." The work was at once taken up with great enthusiasm, and it seemed that the organization would prosper. At first a suite of rooms over the room then occupied by Maynard's Dry Goods Store was secured, and the work was immediately begun, for the most part along religious lines. The first president of the local society was R. B. Currier, and for a time no local secretary was employed. In the winter of 1869 a secretary was secured, in the person of a city missionary, who pointed his labors altogether in the direction of religious betterment. Perhaps due to the lack of a general secretary, perhaps because of the lack of a definite aim or system, the first Y. M. C. A. never flourished. The original organizers were enthusiastic and energetic enough, but they were inexperienced and could neither effect the thoroughness nor completeness of organization that later endeavors succeeded in accomplishing. The association was not very well supported by the townspeople, and the ardor of the founders began to cool. After leading a precarious and shaky existence for four years, the machinery collapsed and the Young Men's Christian Association of Freeport became a mat- ter of history. No sooner had the association ceased to exist than a crying need for it began to be felt. In less than two years after the first failure, in 1876, to be exact, a second association was formed and the name of the Y. M. C. A. again resusci- tated. The organizers on this occasion were largely the influential German citizens of Freeport, and C. R. Bickenbach was by them elected president. New club rooms were rented on the southeast corner of Stephenson and Van Buren streets over the rooms now occupied by the State Bank. Here again the asso- 550 HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY ciation pursued a somewhat uncertain career, although in the main more suc- cessful than the first society. But it also was doomed to failure. In January, 1881, occurred a disastrous fire which totally destroyed the contents of the Y. M. C. A. rooms, including their furniture and valuable documents. Under the cir- cumstances it was thought impossible to continue and so the second Y. M. C. A. passed out of existence after only five years of history. In the next year, 1882, the citizens began to reflect on what had occurred, and a third attempt was decided upon. On the 2Qth of May of that year a small but enthusiastic circle of workers met in the parlors of the First Presbyterian church and effected a reorganization. So thoroughly was their work accom- plished, and so satisfactorily did the events which followed tend to build up the Y. M. C. A. that it has since that time continued to live without ever a thought of abandonment. About fifty men were instrumental in the organization of the present society, each of whom signed the approved constitution and paid the membership fee of $1.00. They elected as officers: President, Professor C. C. Snyder; vice-presi- dent, I. F. Kleckner ; second vice-president, C. R. Bickenbach ; corresponding secretary, E. B. Winger ; recording secretary, W. A. Merifield ; treasurer, A. H. Barshinger; directors at large, Jacob Williams, E. B. Winger, and F. A. Jayne. The new officers showed that they had the situation in their grasp and knew what was needed when they made it one of their first acts to engage a local gen- eral secretary. The first man to fill this position was F. G. Perkins, who stayed a little less than a year and resigned in 1883 to be succeeded by W. W. Smith. During the seven years of Mr. Smith's residence the association was wonder- fully increased in numbers and activity. It was Mr. Smith who first effected a broadening of the society's work and introduced the department of physical ed- ucation. The original purpose had been supposedly fourfold : "To extend a home, entertainment, education and Christian fellowship" to the young men of the city. But the first three aims had been entirely neglected. Mr. Smith now pro- posed to revive them, and to this end he succeeded in raising enough money to remodel the rooms and add a gymnasium. Mr. Smith was a man of pleasing personality and great enthusiasm, and made a very large number of friends during his stay in Freeport. In November, 1889, he left to go to another as- sociation, and was followed by three temporary secretaries : C. R. Bradley, J. A. Schaad and W. L. Cahoon. A permanent local secretary was then secured in the person of J. P. Bailey, who came to the local society in June, 1891. During Mr. Smith's stay the new Y. M. C. A. building was built a great credit not only to the association itself and the men connected with it, but to the city at large and especially the membership of the churches who contributed so liberally toward the erection. After the reorganization in 1882 the Y. M. C. A. had occupied rooms over Emmert and Burrell's (now Emmert's) drug store, where it remained until the completion of its own building. Several individ- uals had at various times suggested the purchase or erection of a Y. M. C. A. building, but none had been seriously considered. The first moment of serious consideration came in April, 1885, when E. E. Brown, at that time assistant state secretary, presented the local officers with a ten dollar bill which he said was to be the foundation of the building fund. Even then it took two years for p a a | a LiURARY OF THE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 551 a final determination to be made, although the ladies' auxiliary worked faithfully in the meantime and succeeded in raising nearly $1,000. At that time the city council voted to furnish the stone for the basement and first story of the build- ing in case it should furnish quarters for the city library. The German Insur- ance Company also presented the sum of $1,000. The lot on the corner of Walnut and Stephenson streets, which had been occupied many years before by the First Presbyterian Church before it moved to its present site, was pur- chased from Isaac Zartman, and on October 19, 1888, the cornerstone was laid. During the following year the building was completed at a cost of $26,000 and opened on October 6, 1889, by a meeting conducted by the evangelist E. W. Bliss, preparatory to a series of revival services conducted by D. L. Moody, who had at that time returned to the city. The cost of .the building had been much more than the builders had contemplated and for several years after the com- pletion it was burdened by a heavy debt. Then, through the services of the Ministers' Association, principally due to the efforts of the Rev. Edgar P. Hill, a sufficient sum was secured to cover the entire indebtedness. A month after the completion of the structure, Secretary Smith left the city, and no permanent secretary filled his place until the coming of J. P. Bailey in 1891. Mr. Bailey was succeeded by J. P. Burdge, who stayed until 1896, then resigned and was followed by H. L. Sawyer. When Mr. Sawyer accepted a call elsewhere, the Rev. J. H. Keagle, formerly pastor of Trinity Church, and now located at Cedarville, accepted the position of secretary. He was an able and energetic worker and under his direction a great deal of good was accom- plished. In 1900 Mr. Keagle was succeeded by J. E. Heilman, under whose direction the association remained until 1904. In that year J. L. Rogers came to take charge. He remained only a short time. During his .stay the building was somewhat remodelled, and a swimming pool was added. He was succeeded by R. C. Smedley, who departed last year to be followed for a short term by Will Anderson and then by A. L. Mayer, who is at present acting as general secre- tary. A. R. Buffin has for some years officiated as boys' secretary, and C. E. Smith is at present physical director of the institution. A number of changes have been made in the building since it was built. The structure is three stories in height, the basement and first story being built of native white limestone, and the upper stories of red brick with white stone trimmings. The basement originally contained dressing rooms and a gymnasium together with the public library rooms, the first floor, the auditorium, general offices and reading and association rooms. Since the moving of the public library, a swimming pool has been installed in the basement and the gymnasium moved to the first floor in the space formerly occupied by the auditorium. The association is in a flourishing condition at the present time and has a large membership. The building is one of the ornaments of Freeport, and is now entirely free from debt. The whole property is valued at about $40,000. Y. M. C. A. The annual reports of the Young Men's Christian Association give some idea of the extensive part played by this organization in the life of Freeport. 552 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY The report, April 30, 1910, follows: Men Boys Total Number of paid-up bona-fide members 236 180 416 Number of different paid-up or bona-fide members, entire year 260 185 545 Active members (members of Evangelical churches) 168 40 208 Members engaged in industrial occupations. . 70 25 95 Average daily attendance at rooms or building. 163 75 238 Number of socials, dinners, teas, banquets. 5 8 13 Total attendance at above social events 600 490 1,090 Paid entertainments 3 Dormitory rooms 7 Dormitory capacity 12 Dormitory occupants 12 Directed to rooms outside building 10 Number of boy members in High School 57 Number of boy members in Grammar School 102 Number of boy members at work 21 THE PHYSICAL DEPARTMENT. Men Boys Total Number of different members using physical department 127 177 304 Number enrolled in class work 127 177 304 Number of sessions held 255 284 539 Total attendance all gynasium classes 3.671 5,208 8,879 Total attendance of all physical privileges. 14,173 12,160 26,279 Work for different groups: Young men, 59; business men, 23; high school boys, 52; basket ball teams, 17; volley ball teams, 4. The Hiker's Club took seven hikes. BOYS' SUMMER CAMP. Mr. A. R. Buffin conducted fifty-six boys in a ten day camp on Rock River, near Beloit. These camps have been remarkably successful and have been main- tained by Mr. Buffin several years without accident or anything to mar the pleasure and benefit of the outing. The physical department of the Y. M. C. A. has been remarkably fortunate in recent years in having at its head such men as Leroy Rogers and Frank Rogers and the present very efficient director, Mr. Chas. E. Smith. EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT. The reading room contains forty-five magazines for men and five for boys and the Chicago, St. Louis and the Freeport newspapers. At intervals the Y. M. C. A. has attempted night school work but has never met with very grati- fying success. The reading rooms are well occupied and the library of the boys' department is put to good use. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 553 RELIGIOUS WORK. Mr. Chester Hoefer is chairman of the religious work committee. During the year 1909-10, thirty men were enrolled in Bible study classes, and eighty- seven boys, making a total of one hundred and seventeen. Fifteen of the boys are high school students. The total number of religious meetings for the year was one hundred and four. The average attendance of the boys' meeting was sixty-five; the men twenty-five. Ten meetings for men and one for boys were held outside of the building. Y. M. C. A. PROPERTY. The association owns the building, the value of which is $40,000. The lot is valued at $10,000; the general furniture, $500; dormitory equipment, $300; gymnasium equipment, $400. The association pays tax on rooms rented for business and carries $16,000 insurance. BOYS' DEPARTMENT. The boys' department of the Y. M. C. A. probably makes the best showing of any of the departments, the membership being one hundred and eighty- seven, with an average attendance at the Sunday afternoon meetings of sixty- five. This department is under the management of Mr. A. R. Buffin, to whom is due the credit for building up the department. His life among the boys in Freeport, in and out of the association, is an ex- ample of the highest type; the unselfish and noble-minded spirit. It goes with- out saying, that he exerts more influence of a permanent character for good among the boys and young men than any other influences combined. The new secretary has just begun his work, but he has made a good impres- sion and the future of the Y. M. C. A. looks brighter than at any time in its history. It has back of it the encouragement of the best business men of the city. LADIES' AUXILIARY Y. M. c. A. Of the small handful of earnest workers who banded together to form the Ladies' Auxiliary of the Y. M. C. A. in 1882, not one is today alive. The work which they did has lasted, however, and the organization is now in a prosperous and healthy condition. All the early records of the auxiliary have been either lost or destroyed, and to find anything concerning the conditions under which it was formed, or the early activities has been not only a difficult but a fruit- less task. The aim of the Ladies' Auxiliary has always been to cooperate with the of- ficers of the Young Men's Christian Association, and aid, in whatever ways have been possible, in making their work easier, better directed, or more pro- ductive. They have, for instance, taken up themselves the labor of caring for the dormitories in the Y. M. C. A. building, and have shouldered the care of the various banquets which are given by the association. At various times when the association has been hard pressed for funds, the Ladies' Auxiliary has been very active in raising money. At the dedication of the Y. M. C. A. building, which was presided over by the famous Evangelist 554 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Moody, a very dramatic scene is said to have occurred. One of the members of the Y. M. C. A. who had been very active in the work, announced to the au- dience the fact that the treasury was bare, and the building was still oppressed with a heavy debt. He called for voluntary subscriptions, but there was only a feeble and half-hearted response. Again and again he called, but there was apparently no enthusiasm. Finally, disheartened by the lack of willingness and generosity, he burst into tears, to the immediate and general consternation of the audience. In an instant one of the members of the Ladies' Auxiliary was on her feet. "We will help you," she cried, "the ladies will help you!" Her enthusiasm was infectious, and the rest of the society immediately caught some- thing of her energy and earnestness. Then and there they subscribed a large sum of money, which they duly paid. At various times since they have aided the Y. M. C. A. by subscribing sums of money. When "Billy" Sunday held his famous revival meetings in Freeport in 1906, he was instrumental in starting an agitation to pay off the entire indebtedness of the association. About eleven thousand dollars was raised, of which the Ladies' Auxiliary promised to pay one thousand. This voluntary subscription has now been entirely paid, a fact which gives some idea of the energy and enthusiasm of that body, in spite of the fewness of its numbers. From a mere handful, the membership of the Ladies' Auxiliary has swelled to thirty-five active members in good standing. The officers for the present year are: President, Mrs. Dexter A. Knowlton; vice president, Mrs. Z. T. F. Runner; secretary, Miss Harriet Carnefix ; treasurer, Miss Mary Swanzey. FREEPORT PUBLIC LIBRARY. The early history of the Freeport public library is of extreme interest. The institution now known as the Freeport public library had its origin in the "Young Men's Library Association," the origin of which was due to a religious revival held in the city of Freeport during the winter of 1874-75. The original members of the association were the members of a Sunday school class in the First Presbyterian church, the teacher of which was Miss Winnie L. Taylor. The names of the members were: George M. Sheetz, Jacob Stine, D. W. C. Miller, H. A. Swanzey, W. A. Stine, E. H. Becker, Albert Chamberlain, C. C. Wolf, George W. Brown, W. H. Diffenbaugh, R. J. Hazlett. As these young men complained that they had no place to spend their even- ings, Miss Taylor conceived the idea of starting a reading room where they should have an opportunity of meeting evenings, and passing the time pleasantly and profitably. Each of the members of the class subscribed $10, and several lectures and benefit entertainments were held for the benefit of the new library. Rev. Robert Collyer delivered his lecture on "Clear Grit." Hon. W. B. Fair- field, and Rev. E. E. Hall gave readings for the benefit of the venture, and $73 in voluntary contributions from public spirited citizens of Freeport was secured. The first contribution of which there is any record was that of Mrs. John R. Walsh, of Chicago, who gave $50. Mrs. Walsh was a friend of the Taylors of Freeport, and while visiting at their home, Miss Winnie Taylor, the originator of CARXEOIE PUBLIC LIBHAUY LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 555 the library project, succeeding in interesting her in the enterprise. The first contribution of a Freeport citizen was that of Pells Manny, who gave, entirely unsolicited, the sum of $500. In all a total of about $700 was realized, which was invested in substantially bound copies of the standard authors. Rooms were secured for the Young Men's Library Association in Fry's block, which were fitted up in the nature of club rooms, and for a while patron^ ized only by the young men who had started the library. Presently the gen- eral public became so interested that it was deemed advisable to open the li- brary one afternoon each week to the public at large. Saturday afternoons were ever after reserved for outsiders, and the library was presided over by Miss Winnie Taylor, as librarian. The association occupied different rooms. Besides the one above mentioned, which was in Fry's block, rooms were fitted up in McNamara's building, on Stephenson street, and for one year, the asso- ciation was given the use of quarters in the residence of Oscar Taylor, rent free. Such was the history of the Young Men's Library Association. Not until fourteen years after its organization was the first Freeport public library for- mally instituted. In 1889, the first library board was appointed by Mayor Charles Nieman, and on March 30 of that year they held their first meting in the council room of the city hall. The first board consisted of Miss Winnie Tay- lor, P. H. Murphy, E. P. Barton, Henry Lichtenberger, Will R. Malburn, S. D. Atkins, Miss Mary E. Holder, B. T. Buckley, and D. C. Stover. S. D. Atkins was elected president, and Miss Mary E. Holder was made secretary. Shortly after the organization, Will R. Malburn resigned, and his position was filled by G. W. Warner. On January 27, 1890, the present by-laws of the association were drawn up, providing for the appointment of a librarian. Up to that time there had been no regular librarian. The library had been conducted under the old regu- lations of the Young Men's Library Association, it had been open on Saturday afternoons only, and Miss Winnie Taylor had officiated as unpaid librarian. When the Y. M. C. A. building was built, the city offered to furnish the building stone for the first story and basement of the structure, providing the association would furnish quarters for housing the Freeport public library. This the Y. M. C. A. agreed to do, and as soon as they were finished the public library moved in, opened on May 2, 1890, and continued to occupy the rooms for about ten years. The rooms were located on the first floor, with an en- trance on the Walnut street side of the building, which has since been done away with. These quarters were never large enough for the library, from the very beginning, and they steadily became more unsatisfactory. The library grew very rapidly. Miss Harriet Lane, who had been first appointed sole librarian, soon found the duties of her position too arduous to assume alone, and the services of an assistant librarian was required. Miss Minna Kunz filled the position for a short time, and later Miss Eva Milner was engaged as substitute librarian. All the while that the library occupied the Y. M. C. A. rooms, the Y. M. C. A. itself was growing, and found the quarters which it occupied too cramped. By mutual consent, the association and library decided to separate as soon as 556 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY a way could be conveniently found. When the new city hall was built, it seemed that the time had come. The city agreed to fit up the second floor for library purposes, and did so, but the result was so highly unsatisfactory that the library board decided to give up the use of the room without delay. The place was not only small, but it was entirely unsuited for library purposes. It has always been regretted by the Freeport people that such a step was ever contemplated, for the city hall is at present marred by a cycle of literary names, which are inscribed in the red sandstone under the eaves. The idea is pre- sumably to give evidence of the fact that a library is housed in the city hall building, but as the library never took possession of those quarters the inscrip- tions are manifestly inappropriate and out of place. About 1900 the building of a new building for the exclusive occupancy of the Freport public library was contemplated, and it was decided to build one. But nothing was done for some months, until the crowded condition of the quarters in the Y. M. C. A. building made it imperative that relief should be found at once. It was about the time that Andrew Carnegie instituted the practice of donating money for the building of libraries, and the great philan- thropist was solicited for a contribution for the Freeport public library. He magnanimously presented the library board with the sum of $30,000, which, however, was insufficient for the building. When completed, the present library building cost in the neighborhood of $40,000. The additional $10,000 was do- nated in part by Dr. W. S. Caldwell, who left a legacy of $2,500 to the library, and in part by subscriptions at large among the philanthropic citizens of Free- port. The board of education leased a suite of rooms on the second story of the building for a period of ten years, at a rental of $12 per month. This helped to pay something toward the library expenses also. The new library building was opened September 4, 1902. It is unques- tionably the handsomest of the public buildings of Freeport. The building is built of red colonial brick with stone trimmings. Vines which were planted when the building was built, eight years ago, have completely overrun the sides and rear of the structure, giving the whole an attractive and picturesque appearance. The first floor and basement of the building are given over to the Freport public library, and contain the reading rooms, storerooms and stack rooms of the circulating and reference departments. The second floor is occupied in part by the board of education rooms. The east room is given up to the His- torical Museum of Stephenson County. Plans are being made to move the children's room to the second story of the library, install the reading room in the apartment now occupied by the chil- dren's room, and turn the present reading room into a reference room. When the contemplated improvements are accomplished, the library will be more conveniently arranged. The equipment, as concerns shelving, etc., is modern in every particular. The shelves of the main stack room are metallic, and were made by the Fenton Metallic Company, of Jamestown, New York. The Free- port public library is also a government depository, and receives all public doc- uments and congressional records from Washington. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 557 The late Robert R. Hitt, congressman from this district, always took a deep interest in the welfare of the Freeport public library, and it is largely due to his efforts that the collection of public documents is so complete as it is today. His successor, Frank O. Lowden, has also been of great assistance in filling out the collection of government pamphlets and congressional records. These various documents are stored in the basement of the library and occupy about half of that department. The library is in charge of six able and experienced librarians. Miss Har- ton, Lane, who is head librarian, has been connected with the institution ever since its organization as the Freeport public library. She is assisted by Miss Eva Milner, reference librarian; Miss Ruth Hughes, children's librarian; and Miss Marguerite Davenport, Mrs. Harvey Hartman, and Miss Emma Bur- ton, substitute librarians. The library today contains about twenty-eight thousand volumes in its various departments, not including the government document division. The records of the past year show that over sixty-six thousand volumes were drawn from the library. Sixty or more periodicals are taken by the Freeport library, and can be consulted in the reading room. Files are kept of all the Freeport daily papers. The library has at various times received large legacies of libraries from Freeport citizens. Among the largest collections have been the libraries of Horatio C. Burchard and E. P. Barton. The library board consists of nine members, appointed by the mayor of the city. The board at present in charge consists of O. P. Wright, president; Fred Wagner, secretary; L. L. Munn, treasurer; L. Z. Farwell, Miss Winnie Taylor, Addison Bidwell, Joseph Barron, Harry Hineline, and Robert D. Kuehner, members. LIBRARY. The Freeport public library has had a rapid growth since its establishment in 1890. The annual report of the librarian for June, 1891, shows that the library then contained four thousand, six hundred and seventy-three volumes. A systematic method of increasing the number of volumes followed and the annual report of 1910 shows that the library now contains twenty-eight thou- sand, one hundred and twelve volumes. Miss Lane, the efficient librarian, keeps thoroughly posted on new books and the library will be found at all times to be abreast of the times. The needs of organizations, such as churches, schools, the Shakespeare Society, Culture Club, Woman's Club, D. A. R., etc., are given considerable atten- tion and books and magazines are added to supply the wants of these and other organizations. A comparison of the reports of 1891 and 1910 affords some interesting con- trasts: In 1891, thirty thousand, three hundred and fifty-one volumes were loaned; in 1910, sixty- four thousand, two hundred and sixty-nine. Itemized lists follow: (1891) (1910) Philosophy 446 Fiction 16,602 4O.99 1 558 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Juvenile 10,400 12,246 Travel 958 1,069 Poetry 265 .... History 864 1 ,066 Science 284 826 Biography 334 866 German 194 .... Religion 106 619 Essays 152 .... Language 57 Art and music 135 .... Literature I ,5O5 Useful arts 579 Fun arts 450 Philology 3 Foreign literature .... 1,646 Current periodicals 807 Sociology 1,150 THE HOSPITALS OF FREEPORT. The hospitals of Freport are three in number: St Francis, the Globe Hos- pital, and the White Sanitorium. All are elegant in their appointments, and for comfort and general completeness of equipment are hardly surpassed by any similar institutions in a town of the size of Freeport. The oldest of the three, St. Francis Hospital, is maintained by the Catholic sisters of St. Francis, and supported by the congregation of St. Joseph's German Catholic church. St. Francis Hospital is located on that beautiful natural eminence known as Walnut Hill in the southern portion of the city, on Walnut, near Empire street. The site is most beautiful, being high and dry, and commanding a superb view of the city and its suburbs. Of late years the neighborhood has been built up, but when the institution was founded it was practically bare of houses. A con- temporary account describes the hospital as a "large, four story brick edifice, occupying a beautiful site just on the southern boundary of the city, and sur- rounded on the west and south by broad fields and green meadows, bounded by groves of pine and rugged oaks." The "broad fields and green meadows" have given place to pleasant stretches of green lawn and shaded park, and there has been a mushroom growth of beautiful and substantial residences. The "groves of pine and oak" remain, however, and in the midst of one of them St. Francis Hospital stands, the pioneer structure of Walnut Hill, and still one of those numerous public buildings in which the people of Freeport take well- grounded pride. The building was erected in 1889, at a cost of $20.000, and was dedicated on the I2th of February, 1890. Two days after the dedication the first patient was admitted, and the hospital has since continued to receive the patronage of the sick and afflicted of all classes, nationalities, and religious sects. The hos- pital is a charitable institution, and although conducted by a Catholic organiza- - OB B o oc OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 559 tion and cared for by Catholic Franciscan nuns, its inmates are not chosen with regard to race, color, religion, sect, or nationality. During the first year of its career the hospital cared for sixty-eight patients. The second year one hundred and forty-six were cared for, showing that the institution had increased in reputation and popularity. Since that time the increase has been consistent with the growth of the city. All the leading physicians of Freeport have availed themselves of the privi- leges of St. Francis Hospital. The institution has no regularly appointed staff of physicians, and each patient is at liberty to choose his or her attendant. In addition to the work carried on in the hospital itself, the sisters of St. Francis nurse patients in private families, and carry on much charitable and remu- nerative work outside as an extended department of the institution. The ex- penses of the hospital are met in part by the contributions of patients, who pay as much as they are able, and in part by the charitable and benevolent societies of St. Joseph's church. A large sum was recently left to St. Francis Hospital by J. B. Taylor, one of Freeport's oldest citizens, whose death occurred within the past year. Mr. Taylor was not a Catholic himself, but was a generous and philanthropic man by nature, and had always taken an active interest in the affairs of St. Francis Hospital and St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum. The hospital building is a model of convenience and utility. It is spacious, and well ventilated, finished in oak throughout and supplied with every con- venience known to architect and sanitary engineer. It is of brick, four stories high, with stone basement and a handsome tower. It is heated with steam, and lighted with gas and electricity. In 1903 a large addition was built on the south end of the hospital, the needs of the institution having outgrown the old build- ing. The new addition is of pressed brick, four stories in height, and contains, besides some of the most modern and elegantly furnished apartments of the hospital, a large chapel in which mass is read by the priests of St. Joseph's parish. All the rooms of both buildings are supplied with hot and cold water. In the basement are located the kitchen, dining room and laundry, and also a room for paupers. The first floor contains the parlors, reception room, operat- ing room, physicians' offices, sisters' apartments, bath rooms, etc. The other floors are devoted to wards. The total value of the property, together with the new addition, is about $35,000. The White Sanitarium on the corner of North Galena avenue and Clark avenue, is a model institution of its kind. It differs from the other hospitals of Freeport in having a regular corps of physicians and surgeons of its own* These are Dr. J. T. White, Dr. R. M. White, Dr. R. H. Shaw, and Dr. W. C. Leeper. Dr. Littlejohn, of Chicago, and Dr. C. C. Kost, of Dixon, were also at one time connected with the White institution The first White Sanitarium was established in 1898-9 by Dr. J. T. White, who came here from Missouri. He was a graduate of the Missouri Medical College, and a post-graduate of Johns Hopkins University, and has had con- siderable experience in his chosen field. He first established his office and lo- cated his rooms at his own residence on Douglas avenue, near Cherry street. His practice grew and he presently saw fit to establish a sanitarium at the same place. In 1901 he was joined by his brother, Dr. Rooert M. White, who became 560 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY a partner in the business. Dr. R. M. White was a graduate of the Still College of Osteopathy of Des Moines, and of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago. The Drs. White remained at the Douglas Avenue Sanitarium for only one year, at the end of which time the Younger property on the corner of Clark and North Galena avenues was purchased. An extensive addition was made before the sanitarium moved to its new home, and the grounds and attached buildings were considerably improved. For two years Dr. David Little John, of Chicago, was on the staff of physi- cians of the White Sanitarium. Soon after his departure his place was filled by Dr. C. C. Kost, of Dixon. Dr. Kost stayed in Freeport about a year. He has been since succeeded by Dr. R. H. Shaw and Dr. W. C. Leeper. Dr. Shaw is a graduate of Iowa State University, and of the College of Physicians and Surgeon of Chicago. Dr. Leeper graduated from Vanderbilt University, at Nashville, Tennessee, and finished his medical training at the Illinois Medical School, and at Columbia University, New York. Under the management of these skilled and competent physicians the career of the institution has been one of marked success. The latest addition to the group of buildings forming the White Sanitarium was the commodious west wing known as the Hospital Annex, which was erected in 1907, at a cost of $21,000. Another edifice to the west of this is now contemplated, and when the whole is finished the sanitorium property will comprise the greater part of the land bounded by North Galena avenue, Walnut street and Clark avenue. The land west of the sanitorium is already in the hands of the sanitorium directors and plans for building have been made. The White Sanitorium also conducts a nurses' training school known as the Christian Training School, which was established by Miss Winifred Tay- lor and Dr. J. T. White in 1905. Miss Taylor has always taken a deep inter- est in the affairs of the training school, and is now its president. Fifteen nurses of the training school are in the service of the sanitorium all the year round. The management of this corporation is unique and unlike that of any other hospital doing business in this section of the state in that its physicians are en- tirely in its employ, receiving only a salary for their services with an idea that no patient's financial condition will influence their diagnosis or treatment. In this way it is all the same to the physicians whether the patient pays much or nothing as he is wholly dependent upon the corporation and the patient receives an entirely independent opinion. The institution is up to date in every respect, in equipment, methods, and all the appurtenances thereto. The buildings are at present one of the boasts of the city, and when the new addition is completed, the White Sanitorium will be a permanent monument to the indefatigable zeal and energy of its founder. The institution has facilities for caring for forty-five patients. The property assets of the corporation have grown until they almost reach the $100.000 valuation. Globe Hospital. The newest of the Freeport hospitals is Globe Hospital. The hospital is an incorporated association, under the act of February 22, 1900, the incorporators being the first directors. The hospital was opened July i, GLOKi: HOSPITAL LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 561 1902, on West Stephenson street, and occupies the building formerly owned by the late Horatio Burchard, who sold it to the Globe Hospital about seven years before his death. He had occupied it himself for fifteen years, and previous to that time, it had been the residence of Colonel Shaffer, who was afterward appointed governor of Utah. As the original building was somewhat small, it was enlarged, and fitted up with the latest and best modern hospital equipments, including fine operating rooms, an X-ray room, elevator, heating plant, electric lights, etc. There are forty-two beds in the hospital, and on an average twenty patients are being cared for at the hospital at all seasons. The hospital was originally a part of the Knights of the Globe Home, and it was intended that the hospital should supplement the larger institution. The hospital has, however, become the most important part of the home, and has taken an important place among the hospitals, not only of Freeport, but of northern Illinois. Dr. W. W. Krape was the founder of the hospital, as he was of the Order of the Knights of the Globe, and has since continued to be identified with the directing staff. There is no regularly appointed medical staff. The physicians of Freeport and of the county have all been considered as members of the staff, and every physician within a radius of fifty miles is considered as a member of the med- ical advisory staff. The work of the hospital is strictly charitable. No person suffering or needing care, whose disease is not a prohibited contagious one, has ever been turned away from Globe Hospital because of inability to pay. The institution was founded with charitable work in view, and has since done yearly charitable work to the extent of about $500 per annum. The nurses of Globe Hospital are at the command of rich and poor alike outside of the hospital whenever needed. There is a great demand for an old people's home and orphanage in con- nection with Globe Hospital, and in the near future the management expects to erect a cottage for old people on the hospital grounds. A number of rooms have been set aside at the hospital for the accommodation of old people, but arrangements are not yet entirely satisfactory. It would indeed be a public ser- vice if some philanthropic citizen were to give money for the erection of a home and orpahanage, There is also a nurses' training school, founded in 1903, which is conducted in connection with the hospital. Nineteen nurses have graduated from the school since its foundation. Miss Anna R. Pengilly, superintendent of the hos- pital, is in charge of the school, assisted by Miss Emma Bluhm, head nurse. A nurses' cottage of eight rooms has been erected on the grounds adjoining the hospital. No hospital has a greater patronage than Globe Hospital. The delightful situation of the hospital, the careful and painstaking treatment which patients receive, and the excellent equipment of the institution have given Globe Hos- pital a name and reputation among every class of citizen in Freeport. The hos- pital is, of course, entirely non-sectarian, and aims to serve every one of its patients without discrimination as to religious belief, or any other consideration of the sort. A large number of patients are cared for annually, and the ca- pacities of the hospital building are taxed to the utmost. An addition to the 562 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY building is contemplated in the near future, if sufficient funds can be secured for its completion. The hospital is in every way an ideally conducted insti- tution, and all who have enjoyed its privileges have testified as to the excellent manner in which the patients are cared for. KING'S DAUGHTERS SETTLEMENT HOME. There have been numberless charitable organizations in the city of Freeport, and some of them have put in some really effective work. But, until the found- ing of the King's Daughters Settlement Home, there was a lack of system, an ab- sence of unified and continuous effort, which rendered a great part of the ear- nest and conscientious labor as good as worthless. Since that organization has taken upon itself the bulk of charitable work among the poor of the city, the results have not only been gratifying, but in many cases astonishing. Much of the labor carried on by the settlement home is of the sort that cannot be written about. There is no publicity attached to it, and the vast majority of the towns- people know very little about the deal of good which is being done daily in the little rooms of East Stephenson street. Too much credit cannot be given to the earnest and unceasing labors of the noble women who have given their lives to the work of reclaiming lost souls and bettering the condition of Free- port's poor, socially, morally, religiously, and materially. There has been no "spread eagle" about the settlement work and, in fact, the ladies connected with the project have been so modest concerning their undertaking that the public in general is uniformed as to the achievements of the past six years. A historical sketch cannot pretend to give any idea of the amount of good which has been done by the settlement home, but it may perhaps convey something of the scope of the work, and the branches of activity which have been taken up by the ladies in charge. The King's Daughters Settlement Home was organized in 1904, but not in- corporated until September 13, 1909. It was an outgrowth of the Deaconess Home, which was carried on under the supervision of the two Methodist churches of the city. The deaconesses aimed to carry on the same sort of work that is at present undertaken by the workers of the settlement home, but the field of their activity was necessarily more limited. The Deaconess' Home was located for a time on the corner of North Galena avenue and West street, and later on the corner of Van Buren street and Oak place. For many years the deaconesses had done a good work in Freeport. At length, when, owing to various complications at the time of building the First M. E. Church, that congregation did not feel equal to the task of providing for the maintenance of the work, the deaconesses withdrew from their support al- together, and this wise step enabled them to have the support of all the churches and their congregations, rather than only two of them. A store building was rented on East Stephenson street, in the poorest district of the city, and there under the auspices of the Comforting Circle of King's Daughters, the Settlement Home was established. The three deaconesses who were instrumental in the work were Miss Ollie G. Webster, who has since left the city, Miss Margaret Niblo, and Mrs. Eva M. Bailey. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 563 The home, which was at first known as the Deaconess' Coffee House and Set- tlement Home, became afterwards known as the King's Daughters Mission and Settlement Home. Nearly two hundred names appeared on the list of subscribers who promised to help provide for the maintenance of the institution among them many business firms of the city, and the several charitable organizations of the churches, such as the Amity Society, Comforting Circle King's Daughters, Min- istering Circle King's Daughters, Women Workers of the First Presbyterian church, etc. Various departments of instruction, entertainment and education are pro- vided by the settlement workers for the poor of the city. An innovation of the past year has been a class in manual training for the boys, which met with great favor among the boys so great, indeed, that they clamored for instruc- tion every night in the week instead of one, as was originally offered. Mr. Lebkicher acted as instructor for a while, and was succeeded by Mr. Barrett, who will teach the class next year. There has been also a "Bird Club" for the boys, under the patronage and tutelage of Miss Marion Clark. The aim of the Bird Club was to awake and stimulate humanitarian ideas in the minds of the boys, and to instill a love for the beautiful feathered creatures which are so beneficial to man. The regular departments of work included the cooking class, the industrial school, the employment bureau, the Sunday school, the mothers' club, as well as the above mentioned organizations. The cooking class is composed of an enthusiastic club of girls under the direction of Miss Laura Clark. Much good must come from this work, as the girls are taught to prepare nutritious foods from inexpensive materials. The industrial school under the supervision of Mrs. Bailey is one of the most important branches of the work. There are two divisions: the primary depart- ment, and the girls' sewing department. Mrs. Bailey has been ably assisted by a corps of eight excellent workers. The primary department has been in charge of the Misses Katharine and Jeannette Porter, Mrs. Osmer, Mrs. Wickler, Miss Marion Clark, and Miss Riefsnyder. The advanced department has been taught by Mrs. Wm. H. Foil, and Mrs. Henry W. Hamilton. The employment bureau is an important phase of the work. The bureau finds that the supply of workers does not equal the demand for them. If any one in Freeport is without legitimate employment, it must be because that individual has not sought assistance from the King's Daughters Settlement Home Employment Bureau. An effort is made to provide the employer with reliable help, and to secure for an employee a just employer. The Sunday school meets every Sunday afternoon at three o'clock. The adults' Bible class has been well attended and has been a great boon to mothers and fathers with little ones, who would otherwise be deprived of the privilege of the study of God's word. The young ladies' class holds its session in the parlors upstairs, and is doing much toward inculcating principles of purity in the hearts of these girls. The intermediate class is by far the largest, numbering sometimes thirty-five or forty, and is doing much good. The primary division is flourishing. The attendance is large, and the lesson hour of the class is the happy hour of the week for the little ones. The truths impressed upon their 564 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY minds and hearts in story and song will fill a large place in the development of their future lives. The mothers' club continues to be one of the most successful of the clubs at the home. The membership has increased, as well as the attendance at the meetings, which are held the second and fourth Thursday afternoons of each month. Many outside friends of the club contribute to the interest and enjoy- ment of the programs. Instrumental and vocal music, readings, and recitations, besides talks and papers have all helped to make the meetings a success. An ef- fort is being made to induce the members to subscribe for the "Mothers' Maga- zine," and under the able and enthusiastic direction of the vice president, Mrs. Simmons, the work committee has accomplished much during the year. The annual budget of the King's Daughters Settlement Home is defrayed by rummage sales, tag day, shower parties, and the subscriptions which must be met through the generosity of the public. Aboard of lady managers is in charge of the work. The officers for the year are: President, Miss Gertrude Converse; vice president, Mrs. J. A. Clark; secretary, Mrs. P. O. Stiver; treasurer, Miss Myrtelle Hoover; workers, Mrs. Eva M. Bailey; Miss Margaret Niblo. OAKLAND CEMETERY ASSOCIATION. The Oakland Cemetery Association was organized August, 1901, by a com- pany of Freeport gentlemen, nearly all of whom are still connected with the enterprise today. Of the large number of public spirited citizens who united to provide the city of Freeport with more suitable cemetery facilities, the following were elected officers : President, William Trembor ; vice president, C. W. Harden ; secretary, C. F. Hildreth; treasurer, Joseph Emmert; superintendent, Owen T. Smith. In less than a year, the offices of secretary and superintendent were com- bined, and Mr. Hildreth resigned from his position. The post of secretary- superintendent has since been filled by Mr. Smith. Oakland Cemetery embraces a large tract of wooded land in Florence Town- ship, on the Pearl City road. One hundred and eight acres in all are owned by the association, thirty acres of which are used for cemetery purposes. The original plans of the cemetery were drawn up by O. C. Simonds, a landscape gardener of Chicago, and provide for the further development of thirty ad- ditional acres as fast as they are needed. Further than that no plans for the development of the land have been made. The cemetery sells lots in accordance with the long plan, which provides for the perpetual care of the grounds, A board of trustees is appointed to care for the permanent fund set aside from the income from the sale of lots to in- sure the perpetual care of the grounds and lots. The cemetery itself is most beautiful. A description of the growth will be found elsewhere. The place has been in use since August, 1902, when the first burial, that of Mrs. Homer F. Aspimvall, was made. The old soldiers have a lot decorated with cannons from Fort Delaware which were given them by the government. A large number of burials have been made at Oakland Ceme- tery since the institution was organized, and many lots are at present being moved EXTItAXCK TO OAKLAND CEMETERY VIEW OF OAKLAND CEMETEKY LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 565 from the old city cemetery on Lincoln avenue to the new grounds west of the town. The present officers of the association are : President, Joseph Emmert ; vice president, C. W. Harden; treasurer, A. S. Held; secretary-superintendent, O. T. Smith. THE OLD SETTLERS' ASSOCIATION. The Stephenson County Old Settlers' Association has held annual meetings every year beginning in 1870. The meetings are held at Cedarville. The annual meetings have been held in three beautiful groves; first, in Montelius' Grove, then in Addams' Grove, near the schoolhouse, and finally in the present grove north of the village. In the fall of 1869 the idea of holding annual Old Settlers' Reunions began to take form. December 16, 1879, a public meeting was held in the courthouse at Freeport, to take steps toward an organization. Mr. D. A. Knowlton, Sr., was elected chairman and L. W. Guiteau, secretary. The following commit- tee was appointed to report the following Saturday : James Turnbull and Samuel Gunsaul, Winslow ; Levi Robey and Samuel K. Fisher, Waddams ; Luman Montague and Thomas French, West Point; Williard P. Naramore and Jacob Gable, Kent; Andrew Hinds and Bissell P. Belknap, Oneco; John H. Addams and James M. Smith, Buckeye; Robert Bell and William B. Mitchell, Lan- caster; Calvin Preston and Samuel Chambers, Rock Grove; S. E. M. Carnefix and Stephen Seeley, Rock Run; John Brown and Harrison Diemer, Dakota; A. J. Niles and D. W. C. Mallory, Ridott; Charles H. Rosenstiel and Fred Baker, Silver Creek ; Conrad Van Brocklin and Anson A. Babcock, Florence ; Ralph Sabin and John Lamb, Loran ; Samuel Hayes, Jefferson ; Pascal L. Wright and Perez A. Tisdel, Harlem ; Thomas Kaufman and Alanson Bacon, Erin ; E. Ord- way, William Smith, W. G. Waddell, Thomas C. Gatliff, Benjamin Goddard, O. W. Brewster, Jere Pattison, George Purinton and Isaac C. Stoneman, Free- port. At the meeting on Saturday the following committee was appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws, to provide a permanent organization and to arrange for future meetings : Geo. Purinton, L. W. Guiteau, M. Hettinger, D. A. Knowl- ton and W. S. Gray. The next meeting was held January i, 1870, and the follow- ing were elected officers : President, Levi Robey ; secretaries, George Purinton and D. H. Sutherland ; treasurer, L. W. Guiteau ; vice presidents, W. H. Eels, B. P. Belknap, Charles T. Kleckner, John Brown, William B. Mitchell, A. W. Lucas, H. P. Waters, F. Baker, Benjamin Goddard, Pascal Wright, C. Van Brocklin, Luman Montague, Hubbard Graves, Jacob Gable, Samuel Hayes and Alanson Bacon. The first meeting was held in Cedarville, September 6, 1870. President Levi Robey was in the chair. The secretary being absent, on motion, Jackson Richert was elected secretary. On motion of John H. Addams, article three of the constitution was amended to read as follows : "Any person may become a mem- ber of this society who is a citizen of Stephenson County, by signing the con- stitution and paying the sum of twenty-five cents." A call was made for all old settlers from 1834 to 1840 to stand. Quite a number of ladies and gentlemen stood up. Short speeches and responses were 566 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY made by President Levi Robey, Luman Montague, Henry Eels, I. W. Guiteau, Levi Lucas, Rev. B. H. Cartright and others. It was voted to hold the next meet- ing August 30, 1871, at Cedarville. The second meeting held August 30, 1871, in Montelius' Grove. Cedarville was well attended, Levi Robey, president, and Jackson Richart, secretary. Music well, Oneco; J. Radebaugh, Winslow; Luman Montague, West Point; Hubbard was furnished by the Cedarville Glee Club. The vice presidents were : L. Cald- Graves, Waddams; F. Bolender, Buckeye; John Brown, Dakota; W. C. Lunks, Rock Run ; R. Farburn, Ridott ; R. Bell, Lancaster ; T. L. Wright, Harlem ; B. Goddard, Freeport ; E. Bacon, Erin ; J. B. Timms, Kent ; S. Hayes, Loran ; Conrad Van Brocklin, Florence; F. Baker, Silver Creek; Dr. W. P. Narramore, Lena. Levi Robey and wife stood up at the call for 1834; L. Montague, S. Cham- bers, Mr. Berry and J. B. Timms for 1835; L. Goodrich, 1836; T. Wilcoxen, J. Richert, G. H. Barber, Josiah Clingman, 1837; B. Belknapp, C. Caldwell, M. Bolender, J. Murdock and S. Rotrough, 1838. Speeches were made by Levi Robey, Luman Montague, S. Chambers, J. B. Timms, T. Wilcoxen, Mr. Belk- napp, Mr. Rotrough and Rev. B. H. Cartwright. The main theme of the speeches was the conditions of the early days, with special reference to the friendship and sociability of the people. At the meeting of 1872, August 28, at Montelius' Grove, President Robey presided and Rev. Donmeyer offered prayer. On motion of J. H. Addams, a committee was appointed to draft a new constitution, the old one having been lost. The chairman appointed the following: J. H. Addams, Judge Hines, Hon. James Taggart, Fred Bolender and Michael Gift. The meeting in 1873 was held in Montelius' Grove, Levi Robey president. Rev. John Lynn offered prayer. Music was furnished by the Dakota Brass Band. L. W. Guiteau, Fred Bolender and William Wright were appointed to secure some one to make an historical address in 1874. A committee of one from each township was appointed to secure statistics of the early settlements. The annual meeting of 1874 was held in Addams' Grove near the Union school, Cedarville. At this meeting William Wright read a sketch of Harlem Township's early settlers. At the 1875 meeting, Addams' Grove, August 25, speeches were made by Hon. H. C. Burchard, J. H. Addams, Rev. B. H. Cartwright, L. W. Guiteau, S. D. Atkins and Jared Sheetz. Dr. W. P. Narramore was elected president; Jackson Richert, secretary, and William Wright, treasurer. In 1876 Levi Robey was elected president. U. D. Meacham addressed the meeting on the early settlers and progress of the county. Hon. Andrew Hinds addressed the meeting of 1877, August 29, Mr. Robey being president. In 1878, August 28, J. H. Addams, chairman of the obituary committee, reported the deaths of Conrad Van Brocklin, E. Ordway, James Brown, Johnathan Reitzell, John B. Johnson, Martin Brubaker. Samuel Lapp. Solomon Rutheroff, Charles Smallwood, W. Pundlett, Mrs. Gross, P. T. Ellis and Mrs, E. S. Caldwell. THOMAS COCKHKLL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 567 In 1879 tne officials were: President, Levi Robey; secretary, Jackson Richert; treasurer, William Wright. August 25, 1880, was a rainy day but the attendance was fair. Vice presi- dent, John H. Addams, presided. The following deaths were reported: George Reitzell, L. W. Guiteau, John Wilson, James Hart, Samuel Bechtold, George Lamb, Mrs. Aaron Chamberlain, Mrs. Isaac Stoneman, Mrs. Andrew St. John, Reuben Laver, John Gregory, John Seidler, Henry Smith, Joseph Baumgartner and Adam Hutmacher. In 1881, General Smith D. Atkins addressed the meeting, August 31. Rev. James Schofield and D. A. Knowlton, Dr. Fred Byers, of Monroe, Rev. Kroh, Hon. R. R. Hitt, Hon. H. C. Burchard and D. S. Brewster also spoke. Bissell P. Belknapp was elected president. In 1882 addresses were made by General S. D. Atkins, Levi Robey, Judge Coates and L. L. Munn. Belknapp was president again in 1883. In 1884 Dr. W. P. Narramore was president; John Wright, secretary; and Henry Richert, treasurer. Speeches were made by Major N. C. Warner of Rock- ford, by Thomas French, S. D. Atkins, O. B. Munn, Hiram Clingman and Dr. Narramore. August 26, 1885, Hon. Isaac Rice of Ogle County made the address of the day. At the 1886, General Atkins, Giles Turneaure and W. P. Narramore were made obituary committee. Hon. J. S. Cochran, Hon. E. L. Taylor, Judge Din- widdie, Isaac Kleckner and Levi Robey spoke. In 1887 Dr. Fred Byers, General Smith D. Atkins and Hon. Michael Stoskopf addressed the meeting. In 1888 Rev. John Lynn, Professor C. C. Snyder, Hon. R. H. Wiles, James McNamara, Levi Robey and General Smith D. Atkins were the speakers. In 1889, August 28, the music was by the Henney Band. The speakers were Rev. H. A. Ott, Freeport, H. M. Timms, R. R. Hitt, Levi Robey and H. C. Burchard. In 1890 the officials were Dr. W. P. Narramore, president ; J. W. Adams, sec- retary; and Henry Richert, treasurer. The speaker of the day was Governor J. W. Fifer. John K. Brewster and S. J. Dodds also addressed the meeting. In 1908, Dr. Narramore resigned the office of president. He had served twenty-five years, with the exception of one year when David Brewster was president. In 1908 General Smith D. Atkins was elected president, a posi- tion he still holds. Frank W. Clingman has been secretary since 1897. In 1909 about one thousand eight hundred people attended the Old Settlers' Annual Meeting. Hon. Charles B. Selby was the orator of the day. Speeches were also made by Hon. Stephen Rigney and Hon. Martin Dillon. President Smith D. Atkins has arranged for the 1910 meeting to be held August 31, at Cedarville. Good music and an orator of reputation will be secured. The program has been completed for the forty-first annual meeting of the old settlers of Stephenson county, which will be held in the Old Settlers' grove, one-quarter of a mile northeast of Cedarville, Wednesday, August 31. A feature of the day's outing will be the old-fashioned basket picnic at noon. The chief speaker of the day will be Honorable Benson Wood, of Effingham. Mr. Wood 568 . HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY is one of the best known orators in the state. He is an ex-member of congress and is also prominent in G. A. R. circles, having been commander of the G. A. R. department of Illinois. The program complete is as follows : Call to order. Music by Cedar Cliff band. Prayer by chaplain, Rev. J. H. Keagle, Cedarville. Welcome address, Earl J. Smith, Cedarville. Response, Rev. W. D. Marburger, Bunker Hill, 111., Military Academy. Reading of minutes. Treasurer's report. Election of officers. Music, Cedar Cliff band. Adjournment for dinner. Band concert i to 2 p. m. Annual address, Honorable Benson Wood. Short addresses by old settlers and others. Music by Cedar Cliff band. Warm meals will be served by the ladies of the United Evangelical Church at Cedarville for 25 cents. The officers of the association are: Smith D. Atkins, president; Henry Rich- art, treasurer ; F. W. Clingman, secretary ; Clinton Fink, obituary secretary ; exec- utive committee, M. B. Humphrey, Wm. Clingman, S. B. Barber, Jr., J. F. Kryder, S. W. Frank and Luther Angle. It is expected that the gathering this year will be fully up to the record set last year when between two and three thousand were present. Honorable Charles E. Selby, of Springfield, was the speaker a year ago. The old settlers have always been addressed by able men of the state, such leading citizens of Illinois as Cullom, Lowden and Oglesby having been on previous programs. The first meeting was held in Freeport, forty-one years ago and there are some living to- day who attended that initial gathering. It is expected that Freeport will send a large delegation to Cedarville the last day of this month. The Journal. THE GREAT STORM OF JUNE, 1869. On June 19, 1869, Freeport was the victim of a most violent storm. The wind was terrific and for hours the rain poured in torrents. The branch south of Galena street over-flowed, cellars were filled, the south part of town was cut off and people could not get to their homes. The sidewalk at Chicago street was washed away some distance. Damage was extensive at Kuehners, Pattison's Machine Shop, Hoebels and the Gas Works. John B. Taylor's Tannery, on Jackson street, suffered a loss of over $3,000, the dam being washed out, the vats swept away, and eighty cords of bark and forty sides of leather washed away. All over town large trees were blown down. The barber shop at the corner of Van Buren and Stephenson streets, under Pelton & Company's Jewelry store was flooded. The cellars of John Hoebel's saloon and of the middle ditch, Potter & Company, wholesale liquor house were also flooded. The total damage to Freeport was estimated at $50,000. STEPHEN SOX COUNTY COURTHOUSE LIBRARY OF THE OF ILUNOIS ! i HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 569 THE COURTHOUSE. The present courthouse was begun in 1870 and finished in 1873. To make way for the new structure the old building was hauled away to the lower end of Douglas avenue and used as a machine shop. The first courthouse was built by Thomas J. Turner who took the contract from the county commissioners in 1837. Julius Smith directed the work of getting out the timbers in the winter of 1837-8. It was a two-story frame structure, and in its earliest day was considered a marvel of architecture. A writer of an early history says it was considered to surpass in size and elegance all other buildings west of Detroit and north of St. Louis. It stood as Stephenson County's Temple of Justice from 1838 to 1870. During that time many notable men did duty within its walls as judges or as attorneys at the bar. Among those were Martin P. Sweet, Seth B. Farwell, Thomas J. Turner, Thompson Campbell, Thomas Drummond, Joseph L. Hoge, James L. Loop, Joseph Knox, Jason Marsh, Benjamin R. Sheldon, E. D. Baker, E. B. Washburne, Burnap, Charles Betts, John A. Clark, U. D. Meacham, H. C. Burchard, J. M. Bailey, F. W. S. Brawley, John Coates, J. C. Kean, Hiram Bright, Charles F. Bagg, Thomas F. Goodhue and others. During the early days the old courthouse served as a meeting place for new congregations before they could build churches. It was there too that mass meet- ings were held, conventions and railroad meetings, but as early as 1850 citizens and the newspapers began to complain that the old courthouse was not in keep- ing with the progress of the county. It was argued that a community would be known by its public buildings, and Freeport should have a more modern struc- ture as a means of attracting settlers and building up the town. But there was always opposition, and no definite steps were taken toward the erection of a new building till 1869. The board of supervisors in 1869 consisted of the following: Charles H. Rosenstiel, John Burrell, J. A. Grimes, George Osterhort, C. F. Mayer, H. H. Becker, Francis Boeke, James McFatrick, S. K. Fisher, Peter Marlin, James A. Templeton, H. O. Frankeberger, Andrew Hinds, Samuel Wilber, John H. Wil- liams, Ralph Sabin and A. A. Babcock. A committee was instituted to secure plans for a new courthouse, to cost not exceeding $80,000. This was April 22, 1869. On. February 22, 1870, the plans of E. E. Myers of Springfield were accepted. The contract to build the new house was let to A. Walbaum & Com- pany. A building committee consisting of S. K. Fisher, Ralph Sabin, George Osterhort, A. P. Goddard, Andrew Hinds and Peter Marlin, was appointed April 23. During the summer the corner stone was laid. The new court- house was dedicated February 22, 1873. The total cost of building and equip- ment was $130,413.56. The building is of stone, 99 x 80, four stories high including basement and mansard roof. The clock was placed in the tower by A. W. Ford, who is still in business as a jeweler in Freeport near the City Hall. The clock weighed two thousand pounds. The pendulum is eight and a half feet long, and the weights necessary to run the clock weigh nine hundred and fifty pounds. The clock was built by the Seth Thomas & Sons, of Con- necticut. The bell weighs one thousand eight hundred and fifty pounds and was cast at the foundry of E. A. & G. Meneley of Troy, New York. 570 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY On the first floor, following around to the right, are the following offices in order : County clerk, county treasurer, county court, county supervisors, county sheriff, and clerk of the circuit court. On the second floor, in the northwest corner, is the office of the county superintendent. Until the winter of 1909-10, the state's attorney had his office in the southeast corner of the building. At that time Hon. Louis H. Burrell, state's attorney, moved the office to a suite of rooms over the Knowlton Bank. The room vacated is now used by the state's at- torney only during the time that court is in session. The county superintendent uses the two rooms on the top floor, one as an examination room and one as a library and reading room for teachers. This was established by County Superintendent Cyrus Grove in the fall of 1909. At present, the circuit room is being remodeled. It has always possessed poor accoustic qualities. The court room is to be smaller. Jury rooms, a wit- ness room and a room to be added to the county superintendent's office are to be cut off the old court room. ,THE COUNTY JAIL. The first county jail was built of logs, probably by Thomas J. Turner, in'i It was located on the corner of Cherry and Exchange, now the site of the First Ward school. Before the jail was completed, prisoners were guarded, it is said, by armed citizens. The old log jail did a big business in its day. The presence of outlaws, counterfeiters, horsethieves and claim-jumpers in the community made frequent demands for jail space. Breaking out of jail was not uncommon, for the class of criminals of that day was desperate in the extreme. The "night watch," patrolling the premises was necessary to establish reasonable security. Before the log jail was completed, a few law breakers were imprisoned in William Baker's root house. The criminal business soon outgrew the log jail, partly for lack of room and partly, too, for greater security. The "Little Stone Jug" was adopted as a county jail. This stone bastile was located north of the present jail. The citizens now believed that jail deliveries would cease. In this belief they were disappointed, for the passion for freedom was strong. It is one of the anomalies of history that a progressive civilization demands jail facilities that are both secure and commodious. In the fall of 1875, the county supervisors, under the inspiration of a large jail delivery, decided to build a new bastile. This action was taken November 4, and a committee appointed to secure specifications for a jail to cost not exceeding $35,000. The committee consisted of John Erfert, A. H. Hinds, J. H. Pierce and F. A. Darling. The committee visited Rockford, Joliet, Dixon and Monroe and inspected" the jails of those cities. The contract was finally let to W. H. Myers, of Fort Wayne, Indiana, who completed the present jail at the corner of Exchange and North Galena. The plans were furnished by T. J. Tolan & Sons, Fort Wayne, Indiana. The building is made of brick and stone, contains the home for the sheriff besides the county jail. The total cost of the building and lot completed, was $40,553.00. UNITED STATES COUHTHOfSE AND POST OFFICE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 571 THE FREEPORT POSTOFFICE. The Freeport Postoffice has kept pace with the growth and development of the county. The spring of 1836 the mail was delivered by Thomas Grain, founder of Grain's Grove. There was no established office till 1837 when B. R. Wilmot became postmaster in a small room on Galena street. In 1842 L. W. Guiteau was postmaster with an office at the corner of South Galena ave. and Galena streets. The mail was received daily by the stage. Hon. Thomas J. Turner was next in position and kept the office in his residence in Galena street between Van Buren and Chicago streets. From 1843 to ^49 Attorney A. T. Green was the town postmaster. The office was at the corner of Van Buren and Galena streets and later at the corner of Chicago and Stephenson. George Reitzell conducted the office at the corner of Van Buren and Stephenson streets from May, 1849, to 1853, when F. W. S. Brawley took charge at the corner of North Galena ave. and Exchange streets. From 1858 to 1861 Mr. Charles S. Bagg conducted the office at the corner of Chicago and Exchange streets and was succeeded by Mr. C. K. Judson who served till 1865 when General Smith D. Atkins was appointed by President Lincoln. An attempt to have Mr. Atkins removed because he was not a follower of the Andrew Johnson faction failed. The General continued to hold the office under General Grant's Presidency, and it was said that he was the only postmaster who remained under Grant that had served during Johnson's term. General Atkins continued to hold the office un- der Hayes, Garfield and Arthur. The election of Qeveland in 1884 and again in 1892, caused the appointment of Democrat and Mr. John F. Smith served from 1885 to 1889, and F. Charles Donohue from 1893 to 1897. From 1889 to 1893, during Harrison's term, General Atkins was again postmaster and in 1897, after the election of McKinkley he was again appointed and has since held the position by appointment under President Roosevelt and President Taft. During these 45 years of service as postmaster, under Presidents Lincoln, Johnson, Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Harrison, McKinley, Roosevelt and Taft, the business of the office has had a remarkable growth, the rural delivery and city delivery systems have been established and the present government building erected. Today Freeport has a more efficient service and a better building than most cities of her population. COUNTY OFFICIALS igiO. The county officials now holding office are: County Judge, A. J. Clarity, of Lena; County Clerk, Fred C. Held; Circuit Clerk, C. D. Cramer; State's At- torney, Louis H. Burrell ; Sheriff, William C. Milner ; County Treasurer, Barton G. Cooper; County Superintendent of Schools, Cyrus Grove; County Surveyor, W. H. Butterfield; Coroner, Dr. M. M. Baumgartner. The Board of Review consists of : James Rezner, chairman; H. N. Hartzell, secretary, and Al. Freuh. The Board of Supervisors for 1910-11 is made up of the following: Town. Supervisor. Postoffice. Jefferson Fred Byers, Loran. Loran . D. L. Mitchell, Pearl City. 572 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Florence John Bruce, Freeport, R. R. i. Silver Creek Fred Bangasser, Freeport, R. R. 5. Ridott William T. Lamb, Ridott. Rock Run Fred Alberstett, Davis. Lancaster James Rezner, Freeport. Freeport John Bauscher, Jr., Freeport. Freeport Frank Lohr, Freeport. Freeport Phillip Molter, Freeport. Freeport J. H. Bamberger, Freeport. Freeport O. E. Stine, Freeport. Harlem Thomas Pigney, Sciota Mills. Erin W. H. Kauffman Lena, R. R. 2. Kent R. R. Thompson, Kent. West Point M. F. Halladay, Lena. Waddams Wm. J. Wachlin, McConnell. Buckeye F. W. Clingman, Cedarville. Dakota George Nesemeier, Dakota. Rock Grove D. I. Felts, Davis. Oneco Alfred C. Ebel, Orangeville. Winslow Hazel Thompson, Winslcw. STANDING COMMITTEES IQIO-II. Finance Lamb, Halladay, Alberstett, Bruce and Lohr. County Accounts Kauffman, Molter, Mitchell, Bamburger, Hazel, Thompson. Poor and County Homes Felts, Ebel, Nesemeier, Baucher, R. R. Thompson. State's Attorney Nesemeier, Molter, Bauscher. Roads and Bridges-^-Molter, Clingman, Felts, Bangasser, Wachlin. Coroner Pigney, Bamberger, R. R. Thompson. Purchasing Agent's Accounts Mitchell, Stine and Bruce. Sheriff Halladay, Lamb, Wachlin. Public Buildings Alberstett, Pigney, Bangasser. Assessment and Taxes Clingman, Beyer, Stine. County Superintendent Accounts Ebel, Felts, Lohr. Blind Kauffman, Beyer, Hazel, Thompson. The Chairman of the Board of Commissioners is James Rezner and F. C. Held is Clerk. CITY IMPROVEMENTS. During the last ten years of progress in all lines, extensive city improve- ments have been made in Freeport. A broader public spirit has been manifested in support of various civic enterprises. The electric street-lighting system has doubled. Miles of macadam and brick streets have been built till Freeport from a city having the poorest streets in the state, has won a reputation for hav- ing the best. The work of building good streets so well maintained by Mayor Oilman's administration, is being kept up under Mayor Rawleigh. The exten- sion of water mains and the increase in the number of hydrants, with the additions to the equipment and force of the fire department, make Freeport Judge Oscar E. Heard Hon. Louis H. Rurrell G. D. Cooper, County Treasurer Cyrus Stover Grove, County Superintendent of Schools Conrad D. Cramer, Circuit Clerk LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 573 one of the safest cities in Illinois. Charles Hall, as Chief of Police, has proved to be eminently satisfactory, and has a corps of good officers working under him. It is sufficient to say, that no city has a more competent body of fire- fighters than Freeport. LOCAL OPTION CAMPAIGNS. Freeport has witnessed two Local Option Campaigns, one in 1908, and one in 1910. In the 1908 campaign Mr. J. R.' Jackson was chairman of the local Anti-Saloon League, or Civic League, and Edward L. Burchard, was sec- retary and chairman of the publicity committee. Mr. D. F. Graham, was vice president and Mr. Fred Hoefer treasurer. Mr. Edward Bushelle was presi- dent of the Local Liquor Dealers Association during both campaigns. This campaign of 1908 was hotly contested from start to finish, both sides mak- ing extensive use of the daily press and the opera house. The bitterness aroused during the campaign was not less than that experienced during Civil war times. When one of the most strenuous election days in the history of Freeport was over and the votes counted, the Civic League had lost by 714 votes. In the cam- paign of 1908 Mr. J. R. Jackson was again president of the Civic League, with J. R. Leckley, secretary. This was a more quiet campaign and the Civic League lost by a much larger vote. TRUSTEES OF THE TOWN OF FREEPORT FROM ITS ORGANIZATION IN 1850 TO THE YEAR 1855. 1850-51. Thomas J. Turner, president; Julius Smith, John K. Brewster, John Rice, Joseph B. Smith. 1851-52. Edward S. Hanchett, president; Silas D. Clark, Thomas Egan, Isaiah G. Bedee, John H. Schlott. 1852-53. Silas D. Clark, president; John Black, Walter P. Hunt, Jeduthan G. Fuller, Asahel W. Rice. -.53-54. Peter B. Foster, president; Frederick Baker, William D. Oyler, Henry Smith, Julius Smith, Jacob Mayer, William W. Smith, Isaac Stoneman. 1854-55. Asahel W. Rice, president; John K. Brewster, Warren C. Clark, Edward S. Hanchett, Isaac C. Stoneman. CITY OFFICERS FROM ITS ORGANIZATION IN 1855 TO igiO. Mayors. Thomas J. Turner, 1855; A. Cameron Hunt, 1856; A. Cameron Hunt, 1857; John W. D. Heald, 1858; Denard Shockley, 1859; Hiram Bright, 1860; Francis W. Hance, 1861 ; Urban D. Meacham, 1862; Charles Butler, 1863; John F. Smith, 1864; John F. Smith, 1865; David H. Sunderland, 1867; C. J. Fry, 1869; E. L. Cronkrite, 1871; Jacob Krohn, 1873; A. P. Goddard, 1875; Jacob Krohn, 1877; E. L. Cronkrite, 1879; James McNamara, 1881 ; James Mc- Namara, 1883; August Bergman, 1885; August Bergman, 1887; Chas. Nieman, 1889; Chas. Nieman, 1891; August Bergman, 1893; J. P. Younger, 1895; J. P. Younger, 1897; Albert Baumgarten, 1899; G. A. Huenkemeier, 1901; C. J. Dittmar, 1903; C. J. Dittmar, 1905; C. J. Dittmar, 1907; W. T. Rawleigh, 1909. 574 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Aldermen First Ward. Wm. G. Waddell, 1855; John A. Clark, 1855; John H. Schlott, 1856; Hoi- den Putnam, 1856; John A. Clark, 1857; John C. Kean, 1858; Warren C. Clark, 1859; Thomas Coltman, 1860; Elias C. DePuy, 1860; Isaac H. Miller, 1861; Jacob B. Kenegy, 1862; Isaac H. Miller, 1863; Wm. G. Waddell, 1864; E. L. Cronkrite, 1865; Wm. G. Waddell, 1866; August Bergman, 1867; A. P. Goddard, 1868; B. T. Buckley, 1869; Wm. O. Wright, 1870; J. W. Grain, 1871 ; Elias Perkins, 1871; Elias Perkins, 1872; O. S. Ferris, 1873; George Wolf, 1874; Chas. F. Goodhue, 1874; August Bergman, 1875; Chas. F. Goodhue, 1876; August Bergman, 1877; J. H. Crane, 1878; A. T. Irwin, 1879; T. L. Waddell, 1880; Jacob Hartman, 1881 ; Daniel Adamson, 1882. Aldermen Under Minority Plan First District. Patrick Lahey, 1883; B. T. Buckley, 1883; Daniel Adamson, 1883; W. H. Holland, 1885; B. T. Buckley, 1885; J. J. Piersol, 1885; S. W. Reigard, 1887; J. J. Piersol, 1887; B. T. Buckley, 1887; B. T. Buckley, 1889; S. W. Reigard, 1889; W. H. Holland, 1889; Geo. Milner, 1891; B. T. Buckley, 1891; Wm. Harris, 1891 ; D. B. Breed, 1893 ; H. H. Hineline, 1893 ; H. F. Hanke, 1893 ; Geo. E. White, 1895; S. W. Reigard, 1895; D. B. Breed, 1895; Frank Harris, 1897; D. B. Breed, 1897; C. D. Cramer, 1897; George E. White, 1899; C. D. Cramer, 1899; Charles L. Snyder, 1899; C. D. Cramer, 1901; W. E. Fry, 1901; F. O. Keene, 1901 ; C. D. Cramer, 1903 ; C. W. Harden, 1903 ; W. T. Rawleigh, I 93 ; J- H. Gibler, 1905 ; C. W. Harden, 1905 ; J. E. Harrington, 1905 ; J. H. Gib- ler, 1907; C. W. Harden, 1907; J. E. Harrington, 1907; Chas. I. Grant, 1909; August E. Hanke, 1909; L. G. Younglove, 1909. Second Ward. Joseph B. Smith, 1855; John Barfoot, 1855; Asahel W. Rice, 1856; Samuel B. Harris, 1857; Irvin H. Sunderland, 1858; Thomas Robinson, 1859; Chan- cellor Martin, 1860; James H. Bartlett, 1860; Nathan E. Prentice, 1861 ; John H. Beaumont, 1862; E. McLaughlin, 1863; Jacob Rodearmel, 1864; Charles L. Currier, 1865; J. H. Snyder, 1866; Chas. L. Currier, 1867; B. Hunkemeier, 1868; Jacob Rodearmel, 1869; H. H. Upp, 1870; T. C. Catliff, 1871; Geo. W. Oyler, 1872; M. Hettinger, 1873 '> Geo. W. Oyler, 1874; S. Zartman, 1877; Geo. W. Oyler, 1876; I. S. Zartman, 1877; Darius Kuehner, 1878; I. S. Zartman, 1879; J. Brown Taylor, 1880; Louis Stoskopf, 1881 ; D. C. Stover, 1882. Second District. R. M. Race, 1883; Wm. Ascher, 1883; L. M. DeVore, 1883; George Bruehler, 1885; L. M. DeVore, 1885; J. N. Galloway, 1885; G. W. Oyler, 1886; J. Law- son Wright, 1887; J. N. Galloway, 1887; J. R. Cowley, 1887; J. N. Galloway, 1889; J. R. Cowley, 1889; L. W. Brunn, 1889; J. F. Fair, 1891 ; Wallace Collins, 1891 ; J. R. Waddell, 1891 ; Henry Keller, 1893 ; W. S. Best, 1893 ; L. M. De- Vore, 1893; G. A. Huenkemeier, 1895; W. S. Best, 1895; F. C. Kruse, 1895; G. A. Huenkemeier, 1897; W. S. Best, 1897; F. C. Kruse, 1897; E. O. Dana, 1899; W. H. Flachtemeier, 1899; John R. Rosebrugh, 1899; W. H. Flachtemeier, HISTORY OF STEFHENSON COUNTY 575 1901 ; W. A. Merrifield, 1901 ; Steve Steffen, 1901 ; Oscar Hill, 1903 ; W. A. Merrifield, 1903; Steve Steffen, 1903; H. F. Dorman, 1905; Geo. Brockhausen, 1905; Steve Steffen, 1905; H. F. Dorman, 1907; Geo. Brockhausen, 1907; Steve Steffen, 1907; F. A. Schulz, 1909; A. H. Wieman, 1909; John S. Schadle, 1909. Third Ward. A. Cameron Hunt, 1855; John P. Byerly, 1855; J onn W. Heald, 1856; John Hoebel, 1857; Warren C. Clark, 1858; James M. Smith, 1858; John Hoebel, 1859; Moses B. Thompson, 1860; Jacob Hime, 1861 ; John O'Connell, 1862; John Hoebel, 1862; P. E. Fowler, 1863; Jacob Krohn, 1864; J. S. Rogers, 1865; Jacob Krohn, 1866; Fred Bartlett, 1867; Henry Baier, 1868; A. J. McCoy, 1869; Henry Lichtenberger, 1870; A. J. McCoy, 1871; Henry Lichtenberger, 1872; A. J. McCoy, 1873; Henry Lichtenberger, 1874; A. J. McCoy, 1875; Charles G. Steffen, 1876; Peter Muldoon, 1877; Henry J. Porter, 1878; J. R. Wagner, 1879; Henry J. Porter, 1880; W. H. Wagner, 1881 ; A. J. McCoy, 1882. Third District. A. J. McCoy, 1883; John Erfert, 1883; O. P. Wright, 1883; Charles Nieman, 1885; J. E. Frisbie, 1885; O. P. Wright, 1885; A. J. McCoy, 1887; T. J. Foley, 1887; H. P. Kochsmeier, 1887; A. J. McCoy, 1889; H. Leemhuis, 1889; Fred Flachtemeier, 1889; C. F. Franz, 1891; J. F. Burns, 1891; N. B. Loos, 1891; C. F. Franz, 1893; J. E. Frisbie, 1893; O. P. Wright, 1893; G. M. Holbrook, 1895; W. T. Rockey, 1895; C. F. Franz, 1895; J. F. Burns, 1897; W. M. Brown, 1897; Louis McGovern, 1897; J. F. Burns, 1899; Louis Bauscher, 1899; Louis McGovern, 1899; P. J. Lonergan, 1901 ; Louis McGovern, 1901 ; Julius Wagner, 1901; C. G. McCarty, 1903; Louis McGovern, 1903; Julius Wagner, 1903; Louis Bauscher, 1905 ; Louis McGovern, 1905 ; P. J. Lonergan, 1905 ; Louis Bauscher, 1907; Louis McGovern, 1907; P. J. Lonergan, 1907; John W. Daniels, 1909; G. Benj. Winter, 1909; P. J. Lonergan, 1909. City Attorneys. John A. Jameson, 1855; H. N. Hibbard, 1856; H. N. Hibbard, 1857; J. Bright Smith, 1858; J. Bright Smith, 1859; Henry C. Hyde, 1860 ; Jas. S. Cochran, 1861 ; John C. Kean, 1862; John C. Kean, 1863; John C. Kean, 1864; F. W. S. Brawley, 1865; John Coates, 1866; H. M. Barnum, 1867; Thos. F. Goodhue, 1868; Thos. F. Goodhue, 1869; Thos. F. Goodhue, 1870; Thos. F. Goodhue, 1871: T. T. Abrams, 1872; John C. Kean, 1873; J ohn c - Kean, 1874; John C. Kean. 1875; John C. Kean, 1876; O. C. Lathrop, 1877; John C. Kean, 1878; John C. Kean, 1879; J. H. Stearns, 1880; John C. Kean, 1881 ; John C. Kean, 1882; P. J. Geib, 1883 ; John C. Kean, 1885 ; John C. Kean, 1887 ; John C. Kean, 1889 ; M. Marvin, 1891; M. Marvin, 1893; P. J. Geib, 1895; R. B. Mitchell, 1897; R. B. Mitchell, 1899 ; Bruce Mitchell, 1901 ; Bruce Mitchell, 1903 ; Bruce Mitchell, 1905; Bruce Mitchell, 1907; Bruce Mitchell, 1909. City Clerks. H. N. Hibbard, 1855; H. N. Hibbard, 1856; H. N. Hibbard, 1857; J. Bright Smith, 1858; J. Bright Smith, 1859; L. F. Burrell, 1860; L. F. Burrell, 1861 ; L. 576 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY F. Burrell, 1862; Frank Corbin, 1863; J. E. Brown, 1864; Joseph B. Smith, 1865; Joseph B. Smith, 1866; U. M. Mayer, 1867; Joseph B. Smith, 1868; James Durst, 1869; F. B. Malburn, 1870; F. B. Malburn, 1871; F. B. Malburn, 1872; Wm. Trembor, 1873; Wm. Trembor, 1874; Wm. Trembor, 1875; Wm. Trembor, 1876; Wm. Trembor, 1877; Wm. Trembor, 1878; Wm. Trembor, 1879; H. C. Hutchinson, 1880; W. C. Clark, 1881 ; W. C. Clark, 1882; W. C. Clark, 1883; W. C. Clark, 1885; W. C. Clark, 1887; T. D. Osborne, 1889; T. D. Osborne, 1891 ; G. H. Tandy, 1893; G. H. Tandy, 1895; G. H. Tandy, 1897; G. H. Tandy, 1899; G. H. Tandy, 1901; G. H. Tandy, 1903; .Wm. Waterstradt, 1905; Wm. Waterstradt, 1907; Chas. W. Peight, 1909. City Treasurers. E. W. Salisbury, 1855; Oscar Taylor, 1856; Oscar Taylor, 1857; Geo. J. Brewer, 1858; Silas D. Clark, 1858; Fred Bartlett, 1859; B. F. Black, 1860; W. W. Smith, 1861; M. D. Chamberlin, 1862; C. L. Currier, 1863; Thomas Web- ster, 1864; John Hoebel, 1865; Geo. Lichtenberger, 1866; C. W. Rosebrugh, 1867; Philip Arno, 1868; C. W. Rosebrugh, 1869; C. W. Rosebrugh, 1870; W. H. Wagner, 1871; C. Trepus, 1872; C. Trepus, 1873; D. B. Schulte, 1874; Horace Meigs, 1875; Horace Meigs, 1876; Jacob Molter, 1877; Jacob Molter, 1878; Henry Ratz, 1879 ; D. B. Breed, 1880 ; D. B. Breed, 1881 ; F. C. Held, 1882 ; F. C. Held, 1883; George M. Lowis, 1885; Richard R. Hughes, 1887; Frank Het- tinger, 1889; Geo. W. Graham, 1891; John Tappe, 1893; Henry Ratz, 1895; G. G. Hoffman, 1897; Jerry Riordan, 1899; John Dejongh, 1901 ; Harry C. Knauff, 1903; James O'Rourke, 1905; James O'Rourke, 1907; Edward Wagner, 1909. City Marshals. W. W. Smith, 1855; W. W. Smith, 1856; W. W. Smtih, 1857; John R. Edick, 1858; Henry Settley, 1859; David C. Laird, 1860; John H. Mease, 1861 ; Isaiah G. Bedee, 1862; Jacob C. Gilbert, 1863; Jacob C. Gilbert, 1864; Chas. Baumgarten, 1865; F. R. McLaughlin, 1866; F. R. McLaughlin, 1867; Charles Rohkar, 1868; J. B. Shirk, 1869; J. B. Shirk, 1870; Geo. J. Lamb, 1871; E. W. R. Dreyer, 1872; E. W. R. Dreyer, 1873; E. W. R. Dreyer, 1874; E. W. R. Dreyer, 1875; E. W. R. Dreyer, 1876; E. W. R. Dreyer, 1877; E. W. R. Dreyer, 1878; Eli S. Chamberlin, 1879; Eli S. Chamberlin, 1880; Eli S. Chamberlin, 1881 ; Eli S. Chamberlin, 1882. City Mcerslwls Appointed. J. W. Sanderson, 1883; J. W. Sanderson, 1884; Eli S. Chamberlin, 1885-87; Eli S. Chamberlin, 1887; C. J. Dittmar, 1889; C. J. Dittmar, 1891; B. F. Bru- baker, 1895; Wm. Root, 1895; Wm. Root, 1897; Wm. Root, 1899; Charles W. Hall, 1901; John J. Sweeney, 1903; John J. Sweeney, 1905; Henry Silk, 1907; Chas. W. Hall, 1909. City Surveyors. No surveyor elected, 1855 > no surveyor elected, 1856; Ludwick Stanton, 1857; Marcus Carter, 1858; Marcus Carter, 1859; Wm. O. Saxton, 1860; Wm. O. Saxton, 1861 ; Marcus Carter, 1862; Chas. Baumgarten, 1863; Chas. Baumgar- FUKI) C. HELD LibRARY OF THE Of ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 577 ten, 1864; Marcus Carter, 1865; Marcus Carter, 1866; Ludwick Stanton, 1867; Marcus Carter, 1868; Chas. Baumgarten, 1869; C. T. Dunham, 1870; Chas. Baum- garten, 1871; Chas. Baumgarten, 1872; Chas. Baumgarten, 1873; Chas. Baum- garten, 1874; F. E. Josel, 1875; F. E. Josel, 1876; Ludwick Stanton, 1877; F. E. Josel, 1878; F. E. Josel, 1879; F. E. Josel, 1880; F. E. Josel, 1881 ; F. E. Josel, 1882. City Engineers Appointed. F. E. Josel, 1883; F. E. Josel, 1884; F. E. Josel, 1885-87; F. E. Josel, 1887; F. E. Josel, 1889; Arthur Lagron, 1891; Arthur Lagron, 1893; Arthur Lagron, 1895; F. E. Josel, 1897; George Graham, 1899; George Graham, 1901; George Graham, 1903 ; George Graham, 1905 ; George Graham, 1907 ; John A. R. Daniels, 1909. Street Commissioners. W. W. Smith, 1855; W. W. Smith, for ist Ward, 1856; R. McMasters, for 2d Ward, 1856; Edwin R. Ross, for 3d Ward, 1856; John P. Byerly, 1857; Henry Settley, 1858; Henry Settley, 1859; B. Wasserzieher, 1860; B. Wasser- zieher, 1861 ; B. Kuenkemeier, 1862; B. Wasserzieher, 1863; August Bergman, 1864; P. E. Fowler, 1865; Henry D. Rodearmel, 1865; Henry D. Rodearmel, 1866; Henry D. Rodearmel, 1867; Edwin McLaughlin, 1868; Edwin McLaughlin, 1869; Edwin McLaughlin, 1870; James Darrah, 1871; James Darrah, 1872; James Darrah, 1873; James Darrah, 1874; James Darrah, 1875; William Ascher, 1876; Adolph Boedeker, 1877; J. S. Rogers, 1878; J. S. Rogers, 1879; B - Huen- kemeier, 1880; Wm. A. Knipschild, 1881 ; B. Huenkemeier, 1882. Superintendent of Streets Appointed. A. H. Altemeier, 1883; A. H. Altemeier, 1884; H. F. Hanke, 1885-87; H. F. Hanke, 1887; Wm. Ascher, 1889; M. T. Steffen, 1891; Conrad Toelle, 1893; A. H. Altemeier, 1895; M. Scanlan, 1897; A. H. Altemeier, 1899; John H. Place, 1909. Police Magistrate. Luther W. Guiteau, 1855; Horatio C. Burchard, 1857; David Seem, 1859; A. T. Green, 1863; Abraham Braisted, 1866; George Wolf, 1867; Abraham Brais- ted, 1870; E. P. Hodges, 1871; Leonard Stoskopf, 1874; J. R. Wagner, 1878; J. R. Wagner, 1882; A. R. Dubs, 1886; S. R. Dubs, 1889; S. R. Dubs, 1891 ; S. R. Dubs, 1893; S. R. Dubs, 1895; Marcus Lane, 1897; Marcus Lane, 1899; Mar- cus Lane, 1901 ; Charles J. Bentley, 1903 ; Charles J. Bentley, 1905 ; Charles J. Bentley, 1907; Charles J. Bentley, 1909. GENERAL LODGE DIRECTORY. There are at present in Freeport as many as seventy-six different social, fraternal, and secret organizations, a list of which is hereby appended. Twelve of these are Masonic, and six are of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Three are connected with the Grand Army of the Republic, and a number of them are church societies. The following constitute the list, the names of of- ficers together with the place and time of meeting being in each case given : 578 . HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY A. F. & A. M., Excelsior Lodge No. 97. Officers: Roy Burkhart, W. M.; C. C. Wolf, secretary. Meeting, first and third Fridays. Place, Masonic Temple. A. F. & A. M., Evergreen Lodge No. i7o. Officers: Timothy Stultz, W. M. ; W. N. Cronkrite, secretary. Meeting, first and third Mondays. Place, Masonic Temple. A. O. U. W., Wilhelm Wagner Lodge No. 250. Meeting, Thursdays. Place, 103 Stephenson street. American Order of Owls., Freeport Nest No. 78. Officers: A. F. Dittman, president ; J. E. Stewart, secretary. Place of meeting, Seitz hall. Anchors. Officers: John Bauscher, Jr., president; Charles Meyer, secretary. B. P. O. E., Freeport Lodge No. 617. Officers : W. G. Krappe, E. R. ; J. W. Clark, secretary. Meeting, first and third Thursday. Place, 133 Stephenson street. Consistory, Freeport Lodge of Perfection. Officers : L. L. Munn, Jr., T. P. G. M.; W. B. Erfert, secretary. Meeting, second Wednesday. Place, Masonic Temple. Consistory, Freeport Council Princes of Jerusalem. Officers : L. H. Burrell, M. E. S. P. G. M. ; W. B. Erfert, secretary. Meeting, subject to call. Place, Masonic Temple. Consistory, Freeport Chapter Rose Croix. Officers: W. C. Jencks, P. M.; W. B. Erfert, secretary. Meeting, subject to call. Place, Masonic Temple. Consistory, Freeport Consistory S. P. R. S. Officers: R. D. Kuehner, com- mander in chief ; W. B. Erfert, secretary. Meeting place, Masonic Temple. Court of Honor, Freeport Court No. 71. Meeting, second and fourth Thurs- day. Place, K. of P. hall. Catholic Knights of Illinois. Officers : Fred Rodemeyer, president ; E. A. Blust, secretary. Meeting, first Sunday. Place, St. Pius hall. Democratic Club. President, H. B. Witte; secretary, Herman Straub. Meet- ing place in Best building, Stephenson and Chicago streets. Dramatic Order Knights of Khoraissan, Husn Temple No. 108. Officers: E. I. Rubendall, R. V. ; J. C. James, secretary. Meeting, first Thursday. Place, K. of P. hall. Equitable Fraternal Union. Officers: President, H. J. Keith; secretary, John A. Meyer. Meets second and fourth Wednesdays. Place, K. of P. hall. Encampment, Western Star No. 25, I. 0. 0. F. Officers : Al. Linder, C. P. ; E. S. Auman, scribe. Meeting, second and fourth Tuesday. Place, Odd Fel- lows' hall. Fraternal Tribunes, Lodge No. op. Officers': F. H. Randall, C. tribune; M. E. Tenney, secretary. Meeting, first and third Thursdays. Place, Odd Fellows' hall. Freeport Saengerbund. Meeting, Fridays. Place, Germania hall. Freeport Club. Officers: L. Z. Farwell, president; W. G. Krape .secretary. Place of meeting, 268 Stephenson street. The Freeport Shakespeare Society. Meeting every Monday night. Officers : Miss Louise Morgan, president; Miss Margaret Gund, secretary. G. A. R., John A. Davis Post No. 98. Officers: Fred. C. Held, commander; John Rotzler, secretary. Meeting, first and third Tuesdays. Place, city hall. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 579 I. 0. M. A., Free port Lodge No. 50. Meeting, Friday. Place, 107 Stephen- son street. /. 0. 0. F., Freeport Lodge No. 239, I. O. O. F. Geo. Foss, N. G. ; Al. Dittman, secretary. Meetings, every Monday. Place, Odd Fellows' hall. I. 0. O. F., Wiwneshiek Lodge No. 30. Officers: Noble grand, W. F. Al- temeier ; V. grand, E. L. Yoder ; secretary, Henry Brinkman ; financial secretary, Frank B. Koenig. Meetings, Wednesday. Pkce, Odd Fellows' hall. /. 0. 0. F., Stephen A. Douglas Encampment No. 100. Officers : C. P. Al- len Janssen; Chas. Meyer, high priest; A. F. Dittman, secretary. Meeting, sec- ond and fourth Friday. Place, Odd Fellows' hall. /. 0. 0. F., Illinois Lodge No. 259, Rebekah Degree. Officers: Anna Jack- son, N. grand; A. Roberts, recording secretary. Meeting, first and third Satur- days. Place, Odd Fellows' hall. /. O. 0. F., Stephenson Lodge No. 61. Meeting, Mondays. Place, 107 Stephenson street. /. 0. O. F., Canton Unity. Officers : Captain, E. L. Yoder ; lieutenant, John Bricker; secretary, John Sharpies. The Homesteaders, No. 257. Officers : President, Alvin Ulrich ; secretary, J. P. Scanlon. Place of meeting, K. of P. hall first and third Friday. G. A. R., John A. Davis, W. R. C. No. 44. Officers: Therese Otto, president. Meeting, first and third Tuesday afternoons. Place, city hall. G. A. R., Ladies of the G. A. R., John Brown Taylor Circle. Officers: Mrs. T. M. Kaufman, president; Mrs. J. A. Gale, secretary. Meeting, first and third Wednesday afternoons. Place, city hall. Germania Society. Officers: Chas. G. Steffen, president; E. P. Ohden, sec- retary. Meeting, first Wednesday. Place, Germania hall. German Benevolent Society. Meeting, second Wednesday. Place, Germania hall. German Lutheran Benevolent Society. Meeting, second Sunday. Place, Ger- man Lutheran church. Home Fraternal League. Officers: A. J. Robson, president; Maud L. Bow- ers, secretary. Meeting, second and fourth Thursday. Place, K. of P. hall. Home Guardians of America, No 28. Meeting, second and fourth Thurs- day. Place, 109 Stephenson street. /. 0. F., Court Mohawk, No. 3/07. Officers: W. C. Rubendall, chief ranger; Al. Luebbing, recording secretary. Meeting, first and third Tuesday. Place, K. of P. hall. /. O. M. A., Brueder Lodge No. 149. Meeting, Tuesday. Place, 107 Stephen- son street. Improved Order of Redmen, IVinneshiek Wigivam No. 345. Officers : R. D. Kuehner, sachem ; F. J. O'Rourk, C. of R. Place of meeting, Odd Fellows' hall. Immanuel Ladies' Society. Meeting, fourth Wednesday. Place, German Lutheran church. /. 0. 0. F., Busy Bee Lodge No. 138, Rebekah Degree. Officerss Mrs. A. B. Haney, N. G. ; Mrs. Ida Howell, secretary. Meets second and fourth Saturday. Place, Odd Fellows' hall. 580 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Knights of Pythias, Freeport Lodge No. 452. Officers: A. O. Hart, C. C. ; Frank J. Becker, K. of R. and S. Meeting, every Monday, 8 P. M., 125 Stephen- son street. Knights and Ladies of Honor, Germania Lodge No. 1544. Officers : Fred. Rosemeier, Cf . Proc. ; F. P. Ohden, secretary. Meeting, second fourth Tues- days. Place, 98 Stephenson street. K. T., Freeport Commandery No. 7. Officers : Fred S. Albright, E. C. ; C. C. Wolf, recorder. Meeting, first and third Wednesdays. Place, Masonic Temple. Knights and Ladies of Security. Meeting, first and third Thursday. Place, in Stephenson street. K. 0. T. M. Meeting, first and third Saturday. Place, in Stephenson street. Knights of Columbus, Freeport Council No. 653. Officers: John Manion, Gr. Kt. ; John Peck, recording secretary. Meeting, first and third Tuesday. Place, 75 Chicago street. Loyal'Order Moose. Officers: J. Bauscher, Diet.; J. H. Stewart, secretary. Meets first and third Friday. Place, Odd Fellows' hall. M. E. O. A. C., Royal Palace No. 2, Most Excellent Chaldean. Officers: F. F. Rogers, king; C. C. Wolf, secretary. Meeting, subject to call. Place, Masonic Temple. Modern Woodmen of America, Cherry Camp No. 64. Officers : Tory John- son, V. C. ; John De Jongh, clerk. Meeting, first and third Wednesday. Place, Seitz hall. Mutual Order Protection, Stephenson Lodge No. 192. Officers : John Bauscher, Jr., president; Fred. Schumayer, secretary. Meeting, first and third Thursday. Place, Fry building. Mystic Workers, Freeport Lodge No. 51, M. W. O. Officers: J. H. Bam- berger, prefect; Charles Peight, secretary. Meeting, first and third Wednesday. Place, 152 Stephenson street. National Protective Legion, Geo. Washington Legion No. 2,038. Officers : President, R. G. Weir; secretary, H. O. Price. Meets second and fourth Tues- days. Place, K. of P. hall. O. E. S., Freeport Chapter No. 303. Officers : Amelia Miller, W. M. ; Mrs. Rebecca Stiver, secretary. Meeting, first and third Thursdays. Place, Masonic Temple. Order of Eagles, Aerie No. 679. Officers: Henry Kirchhaefer, president; J. D. Lilly, secretary. Meeting, first and third Thursday. Place, Seitz hall. Red Devils. Officers : Charles Schmelzle, president ; Emil Molter, secretary- treasurer. Meets Monday evenings at Germania hall. R. A. M., Freeport Chapter No. 23. Officers: J. M. Munn, H. P.; C. C. Wolf, secretary. Meeting, first and third Tuesdays. Place, Masonic Temple. R & S. M., Freeport Council No. 39. Officers : Chas. F. Knecht, T. I. M. ; C. C. Wolf, recorder. Meeting, second and fourth Tuesday. Place, Masonic Temple. R. N. A., Cherry Blossom Camp No. 260. Officers are: Mrs. Frances Ohlen- dorf, oracle; Mrs. Alvina Taylor, recorder. Meeting, second and fourth Wednesdays. Place, Seitz hall. HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 581 Royal Arcanum, Stephenson Court No. 1986. Officers : Jesse H. Patterson, regent; B. A. Bookman, secretary. Place, 152 Stephenson street. R. N. A., Freeport Camp. Officers: Mrs. Ida Mernitz, oracle; Louisa Cam- erer, recorder. Sons of Veterans Auxiliary, Smith D. Atkins' Camp, Lodge No. 27. Officers : Maud L. Bowers, president ; Nellie Altenbern, secretary. Meeting, first and third Friday. Place, G. A. R. hall. Stars of Equity, Freeport Assembly No. i. LeRoy Lattig, president ; J. N. Wagner, secretary. Meeting, first and third Tuesday. Place, 127 Stephenson street. St. Joseph Society. John Eberly, president. Meeting, last Sunday. Place, St. Pius hall. St. Pius Society. Officers: E. A. Blust, president; Louis Balles, secretary. Meeting, third Sunday. Place, St. Pius hall. Spanish- American War Veterans. Officers: William Shouer, commander; Emerson Cross, adjutant. Sons of Veterans, Smith D. Atkins Camp No. 400. Officers: G. F. Korff, c. ; Ray Williams, secretary. Meets second and fourth Tuesdays. Place, G. A. R. hall. Tribe of Ben Hur, Stephenson Court No. 412. Officers : Albert E. Drews, chief ; Mrs. A. Rieger, scribe. U. C. T., Freeport Council No. 157. Officers : E. L. Hoile, Sen. C. ; J. W. Benston, secretary. Meeting, first and third Saturday. Volksverein. Meeting, second Sunday. Place, St. Pius hall. IV. S. of J., Capernaum Shrine No. 4.. Officers: Miss Alena Hall, W. H. P.; Mrs. Loveall, secretary. Meeting, fourth Thursday each month. Place, Ma- sonic Temple. W. C. 0. F., St. Mary's Court. Officers : Mrs. A. F. Lichtenberger, C. R. ; Mrs. M. G. Kleckner, secretary. Meeting, second and fourth Thursdays. Place, St. Mary's hall. Western Catholic Union. Officers : Jacob Schadle, president ; Joseph Schramm, secretary. Meeting, second Sunday. Place, St. Pius hall. Women's Club. Officers: Mrs. George I. Brown, president; Mrs. H. W. Rowley, secretary. Meeting, Saturdays 3 P. M. Place, Masonic Temple. White Cross. Officers : Fred Albright, commander ; Lillian Albright, secre- tary. Meeting, second and fourth Thursday. Place, Globe hall. Yeomen of America. Officers: W. J. Burdick, president; Mrs. A. J. O'Neill, secretary. Meeting, second and fourth Tuesday. Place, Seitz hall. The city of Freeport is known throughout the land in Masonic circles as the home of some of the most progressive and prosperous of the lodges of that fraternity. It is one of the three cities in the state which possess chapters of the Consistory, S. P. R. S., the others being Chicago and Peoria. The first Masonic lodge was organized in Freeport less than fifteen years after the city itself was founded, less than fifteen years after a single log cabin marked the site where a flourishing town was soon to arise, and thus the history of Masonry in Free- port has been coincident with and parallel to the history of the city's growth and progress. 582 HISTORY OF STEPHEN SON COUNTY A feature of Masonry in Freeport which has served to exalt the local chap- ters above those of the surrounding cities has been the number of distinguished names connected with the Freeport organizations. A large number of Free- port Masons have been actively connected with the work of the grand bodies in the state and districts. Among them have been many of Freeport's most prom- inent citizens, such as Thomas J. Turner, N. F. Prentice, Loyal L. Munn, Jacob Krphn, and M. D. Chamberlain. The leaders in the local work have also been Freeport's most distinguished men, such as R. D. Kuehner, O. E. Heard, J. F. Fair, W. S. Best, C. C. Wolf, Michael Stoskopf, and W. N. Cronkrite. Sixty years ago the first lodge was organized in Freeport. At first meetings were held in Fisher's building on the corner of Galena street and South Galena avenue (then Exchange 'street). There they remained for some time and then removed to rooms over, the Stephenson County Bank, which was then doing business on the corner of Stephenson and Chicago streets. From there they made a third move to rooms in the next building over Cronkrite's store. After a brief sojourn here they transferred their place of meeting to Munn's building and thence to the Fry's Block Hall, where they remained for many years. As early as 1896 there was serious talk of building a Masonic temple. The Masons of Freeport had long felt that their importance in the city and state war- ranted building a temple where they could suitably accommodate their societies. Plans were even drawn up and estimates of the probable cost made, but these were all dropped and the structure which was finally built eight years later was very different from the one originally contemplated. In 1904 it was thought best to take some definite action on the subject, and accordingly the consistory voted to take action preparatory to building a temple. They organized themselves into a separate corporation, four hundred strong, and four hundred $100 bonds were issued, each member buying one. These bonds called for interest at three per cent and were made payable at the death of the owner. This ingenious arrangement provided for the payment of the annual dues of the members of the consistory for their lifetime. Ultimately more than four hundred bonds were issued, and the membership of the consistory swelled appreciably. After taking the prelimi- nary steps, a building committee had been appointed, consisting of W. N. Cronkrite, L. H. Burrell, J. F. Fair, O. E. Heard, and R. D. Kuehner, and these five began their work with a will. The Masonic Temple was started in the sum- mer of 1904, completed by the end of the next year, 1905, and formally opened to the public on Thursday the 25th of January, 1906. On that day a public re- ception was held and the friends of the lodge members were cordially invited to enter and inspect the spacious halls of the temple. The building when com- pleted, had cost nearly $60,000. On Friday, January 26th, 1906, the next day after the reception, the first lodge meeting was held in the new temple of Excelsior Lodge. On that occasion a past master's night was held, and all past masters of the lodge were present and assisted in the ceremonies of initiation to the third degree. The active officers on that memorable occasion were: C. C. Wolf, master; Charles Green, senior warden; W. H. Irwin, junior warden. The temple has been in use since that date, and has been occupied by the twelve Masonic lodges at present existent in Freeport. COMPANY L, ILLINOIS NATIONAL GUARD. FREEI'ORT KIOTI'KN OF SOLDIERS FROM SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR LIBRARY OF THE UN..UU.UY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 583 Excelsior Lodge, No. 97. This was the first Masonic lodge organized in Freeport. It was established in 1850, and the first meeting held on February 22nd of that year. No charter was granted at that time by the Grand Lodge of the state, the work being carried on through a dispensation of the grand master of the state. The following Freeporters, Erastus Torry, Julius Smith, Thomas J. Turner, Gershom Rice, and Oscar Taylor, were present at the first meet- ing, together with S. B. Farwell, John Jackson, and S. H. Fitger, visiting masons. On November 6, 1851, a charter was granted by the Grand Lodge of the state, and the society ceased to work under special dispensation. On January 8, 1852, the first officers were installed under the charter, as follows: Julius Smith, W. M.; T. J. Turner, S. W.; Oscar Taylor, J. W. ; J. A. W. Donahoo, treasurer; A. W. Rawson, secretary ; William Scott, S. D. ; Reuben Ruble, J. D. ; James Wright, steward and Giles Taylor, tiler. Immediately upon its organization, Excelsior Lodge made rapid strides, and to its success must be attributed the subsequent organization of two other lodges, Evergreen, and the Moses R. Thompson Lodge. At the present time, there are only two lodges in existence, the Moses R. Thompson Lodge having consolidated with Excelsior Lodge in January, 1890. Excelsior Lodge numbers three hun- dred and sixty-two members at present. The officials for the current years are: Roy Burkhary, W. M., and C. C. Wolf, secretary. The lodge meets the first and third Fridays of the month in its room in the Masonic Temple. Evergreen Lodge No. 170. Evergreen Lodge was organized in April, 1855, under a dispensation granted by the M. W. Grand Master of Illinois to the following Masons : A. T. Green, H. R. Wheeler, Charles Butler, Erastus Torry, James F. Kingsley, William Swanzey, J. F. Ankeney, E. W. Schumway, and G. G. Norton. The first meeting was convened in the Masonic Hall on the corner of Stephenson and Chicago streets on the evening of August 16, 1855. During the fifty-five years since that date, meetings have continued to be held on the first and third Mondays of the month. The charter officers elected after the granting of the charter a short time later were J. A. W. Donahoo, W. M., A. T. Green, S. W. ; J. F. Kingsley, J. W.; H. R. Wheeler, treasurer ;. Charles Butler, secretary, J. Crow, S. D. ; J. Thomas, J. D. ; and J. C. Walton, tiler. Evergreen Lodge now has a membership of one hundred and eighty. The officers at present are Timothy Stultz, W. M., and W. N. Cronkrite, secretary. Moses R. Thompson Lodge, No. 381. The first meeting of Moses R. Thompson Lodge, under dispensation, was convened at Masonic Hall December 31, 1862, with the following charter members, appointed by the Grand Master of the state : Nathan F. Prentice, Charles L. Currier, L. L. Munn, H. H. Taylor, G. W. Tandy, Robert Little, E. Moffatt, J. G. Knapp, W. D. V. Johnson, B. F. Burnside, S. Lumbard, Elijah Northy, and W. B. Chatfield. The first officers were N. F. Prentice, W. M.; L. L. Munn and Charles L. Currier, senior and junior wardens. After twenty-eight years of existence, Moses R. Thompson Lodge decided to consolidate with Excelsior Lodge. While the membership was large enough to warrant the existence of two strong lodges, it could not support three lodges of uniform strength. As a result, Moses R. Thompson Lodge decided to dis- band, and has been a part of Excelsior since 1890. 584 HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY Freeport Chapter, No. 23, of the R. A. M., was chartered September 29, 1854, to a limited number of members with A. W. Rawson, high priest, Erastus Torry, king, arid Julius Smith, scribe. The present officers are J. B. Munn, high priest, and C. C. Wolf, scribe. The chapter has a membership of about two hundred and forty and meets the first and third Tuesdays of the month in the temple. Freeport Council No. jp, of the R. & S. M., was organized and chartered , with a membership of , and the following as first officers : It meets at present on the second and fourth Tuesdays of the month. The officers are : Charles F. Knecht, T. I. M. ; C. C. Wolf, recorder. The mem- bership at the present time is one hundred and ten. Freeport Commandery No. 1, K. T., was organized under a dispensation from the Grand Encampment of the United States on August 19, 1857, A. O., 739, and chartered by the Grand Encampment two years later at its triennial conclave held in Chicago, on October 26, 1859, A. O. 741. On that date a perpetual charter was granted with the following members : Sirs Moses R. Thompson, Homer N. Hibbard, Loyal L. Munn, Henry H. Taylor, N. F. Prentice, Galon G. Norton, James F. Kingsley, H. Richardson, and John M. Way. Sir Moses R. Thompson was elected the first eminent commander. The commandery meets the first and third Wednesdays of the month in the temple. The present officers are Ralph T. Ryan, eminent commander, and C. C. Wolf, recorder. The membership is two hundred and thirty-four. Freeport Consistory. The Freeport Consistory, Ancient and Accepted Scot- tish Rite, was established at Princeton, Illinois, and was removed to Freeport on May 14, 1869. It has been the most active Masonic body of Freeport, and con- sists of the four following lodges : Grand Lodge of Perfection, which meets on the second Wednesday of the month, has a membership of over six hundred, and is presided over by L. L. Munn, Jr., as T. P. G. M. Freeport Council Princes of Jerusalem, which meets at call of the M. E. S. P. G. M., Walter C. Jencks. Freeport Chapter Rose Croix, who M. W. M. is W. M. Palmer, and which meets at the call of the officers. Freeport Consistory, of which L. H. Burrell is commander-in-chief. The membership of the consistory is 604, and meetings are held subject to the call of the officers. The Freeport Consistory is one of the three chapters of that body located in the state, the others being at Chicago and Peoria. Order of the Eastern Star, Freeport Chapter No. 505, was established in the city July 8, 1895, and has a present membership of over three hundred. The officers are Miss Amelia Miller, worthy matron; J. M. Fox, worthy patron; and Mrs. Rebecca M. Stiver, secretary. Meetings are held the first and third Thurs- days of the month. White Shrine of Jerusalem, Capernaum Shrine No. 4, was established in the summer of 1904, by Mrs. Pauline K. Dickes, who became its first worthy high priestees. The present membership of Capernaum Shrine is three hundred, about coincident with that of the Eastern Star. The present officers are Miss Alena HISTORY OF STEPHENSON COUNTY 585 Hall, W. H. P., and Mrs. Etta Loveall, secretary. The Shrine meets on the fourth Thursday of the month at the Masonic Temple. Most Excellent Order of Ancient Chaldeans, Royal Palace No. 2, was in- stituted in July, 1907, by the Imperial Lodge No. I of Chicago, who were the founders of the order. The charter members at the time of founding numbered eighty-seven. This number has since increased to one hundred and two. The officers of the Freeport Royal Palace are: T. F. Rogers, king; C. C. Wolf, scribe. Meetings are subject to call by the king. This completes the list of Masonic Lodges in Freeport. The Masonic frater- nity has always taken a front rank stand in the social and fraternal circles of the city, partly because of its long standing in Freeport, partly because it has numbered about its members nearly all of the most prominent and influential citizens of the city. Also because of the Masonic Temple, one of the most beau- tiful buildings of the city today, architecturally and from a utilitarian standpoint. The mere fact that the 1 Masonic Lodges were instrumental in the erection of this pile places their brothers among the foremost of Freeport's energetic and patriotic citizens. The property owned by the Masons includes the temple and lot and their appurtenances on Stephenson street between Walnut and Cherry. These are valued at about $75,000. ODD FELLOWS. There are eight lodges in Freeport connected with the Independent Order of Od!p"HlTia 300 Irish Grove 390 Silver Creek Township ."91 Sontb Freeport 392 Dunbar 393 Bailey ville 393 Lancaster Township 393 Winneshiek 396 Harlem Township 396 Scioto Mills 398 Oueco Township 399 Oneco 408 Jefferson Township 409 Loran 411 Florence Township 412 Boltore 415 Loran Township 415 Mill Grove 417 Pearl City 418 Freeport .422 Religious 422 First Presbyterian Church 422 St. Mary's Church 423 First Baptist Church 427 St. Joseph's Church 429 Second Presbyterian Church 430 First M. E. Church 431 First English Lutheran Church 434 Embury M. E. Church 436 Grace Episcopal Church 437 Trinity Cnurch 438 First German Reformed Church 440 German Immanuel Church 441 St. John's Evangelical Church 441 Third Presbyterian Church 442 German M. E. Church 443 Salem Church 444 Emanuel Evangelical Church 445 First Free Methodist Church 446 First English Reformed Church 447 First Church of Christ, Scientist 448 United Brethren Church 449 First Congregational Church 449 Christian Church 450 Theosophical Society 451 People's Institute 451 Schools after 1860 452 Schools of Freeport 453 Township Treasurers 458 Teachers 459 Early Teachers 460 County Institutes : 461 The County Commencement 461 Globe Park and Chautauqua 464 Freeport Newspapers 465 Freeport Journal 465 Deutscher Anzeiger 467 The National Swine Magazine 470 Freeport Bulletin 470 Freeport Standard 472 Dead Newspapers 472 City Editors 476 Fraternal Organizations 476 Grand Army of the Republic 476 Woman's Relief Corps 485 Daughters of the American Revolution .485 Woman's Club 486 Freoport Shakespeare Society 488 Euterpenn 490 Culture Club 492 Humane Society 493 Juvenile Court 494 Truant and Home Matron 494 Women's Christian Temperance Union .495 Freenort Audubon Society 496 Stephenson County Medical Association 497 592 INDEX Freejiort Club 498 Lakota Club 499 Germania Society 500 County Club 504 Democratic Club 505 Citizen's Commercial Association 505 Business Enterprises 508 Stover Manufacturing Company 508 Stover Engine Works 509 Arcade Manufacturing Company 510 Moline Plow Company 511 The Hoefer Manufacturing Company ..512 The Ziegler-Schryer Manufacturing Com- pany 513 Dirksen & Towslee 514 W. T. Kawleigh Medical Company 514 Natural Carbon Paint Company 515 Freeport Water Company 516 Slephenson County Telephone Company. 517 Freeport Telephone Company 517 The Fuerst-McNess Company 518 Baler & Ohlendorf 518 Schmich Brothers 519 Western Brewery 519 Yellow Creek Brewery 520 Woodmanse Manufacturing Company ..520 Freeport Gas, Light & Coke Company . .521 Freeport Railway, Light & Power Com- pany 522 J. W. Miller Company 524 Freeport Artificial Ice and Cold Storage Company 525 Freeport Shoe Manufacturing Company. 525 Keene Canning Company 526 D. E. Swan Company 527 Henney Buggy Company 528 The Charles E. Meyer Company 528 The Wallace Severance Gas Machine Company 528 The Freeport Gas Machine Company . . .528 The Illinois Central Shops 529 Freeport Factories 529 J. W. Miller Company 529 Stores 529 Wholesale Houses 537 Freeport Real Estate Business 538 The Union Building and Loan Associa- tion 539 The Freeport Building and Loan Asso- ciation 540 The German Building and Loan Asso- ciation of Freeport 540 The German Insurance Company 540 Banks of Freeport 541 First National Bank 541 Second National Bank 542 German Bank 543 State Bank 543 Knowlton's Bank 544 Non-Existent Banks 545 Stephenson County Court and Bar in 1910 546 Institutions of Freeport 549 Young Men's Christian Association 549 Freeport Public Library 554 The Hospitals of Freeport 558 King's Daughters Settlement Home ....562 Oakland Cemetery Association 564 The Old Settlers' Association 565 The Great Storm of June, 1869 568 The Courthouse 569 The County Jail 570 The Freeport Postoffice 571 County Officials 1910 571 City Improvements 572 Local Option Campaigns ..573 Trustees of the Town of Freeport from its Organization in 1850 to the Year 1855 573 City Officers from its Organization in 1855 to 1910 573 , General Lodge Directory 577 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA