URBANA Movements the United States Interregional Flow Patterns and Transportation Requirements in 1985 D. Hill, Martin G. Patterson, i E. Vercimak, Stephen W. Fuller, ale G. Anderson Central Regional Research Bulletin 322 srn Cooperative Series Bulletin 339 sity of Illinois Bulletin 791 Itural Experiment Station - of Agriculture sity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign r Sorghum Movements in the United States Interregional Flow Patterns and Transportation Requirements in 1985 Lowell D. Hill, L.J. Norton Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. Martin G. Patterson, Research Assistant, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. Joseph Vercimak, Doane's Publishing, 11701 Borman Drive, St. Louis, Missouri. Stephen W. Fuller, Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Dale Anderson, Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska. North Central Regional Research Bulletin 322 Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 339 University of Illinois Bulletin 791 Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Agricultural Experiment Stations of Alabama, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin, and the United States Department of Agriculture cooperating. The participating agricultural experiment stations and government agencies provide equal opportunities in programs and employment. September, 1990 2.2M 75870 Softlink 9-90 Directors Participating agencies and state agricultural experiment stations of the North Central and Southern regions. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Texas Agricultural Experiment Station USDA-ERS Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station L.T. Frobish G.J. Musick D.F. Crossan C.W. Donoho, Jr. G.A. Lee D.A. Holt B.R. Baumgardt D.G. Topel W.R. Woods C.O. Little K.W. Tipton R.G. Cast C.E. Allen V.G. Hurt R.L. Mitchell D.W. Nelson H.R. Lund K.M. Kerr R.A. Moore D.O. Richardson N.P. Clarke J.E. Lee, Jr. L.M. Walsh Auburn University 36849 Fayetteville 72701 Newark 19717-1303 Athens 30602 Moscow 83843 Urbana 61801 West Lafayette 47907 Ames 500 11 Manhattan 66506 Lexington 40506-0091 Baton Rouge 70893-0905 East Lansing 48824- 1039 St. Paul 55208 Mississippi State 39762 Columbia 652 11 Lincoln 68583-0704 Fargo 58 105 Wooster 44691 Brookings 57006 Knoxville 37901-1071 College Station 77843 Washington, D.C. 20250 Madison 53706 North Central and Southern regional agricultural experiment stations provide equal opportunities for programs and employment Technical Committee NC-137 Administrative Advisor Donald E. Anderson North Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station Morrill Hall 315, Fargo, North Dakota 58105 S- 1 76 Administrative Advisor Thomas H. Klindt University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Agriculture Experiment Station P.O. Box 1071, Knoxville. Tennessee 37901-1071 Committee Members of NC-137 Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Texas Agricultural Experiment Station USDA-Economic Research Service N.L. Meyer R.J. Hauser L.F. Schrader C.P. Baumel L.O. Sorenson S.R. Thompson J.E. Fruin D.G. Anderson W.K. Koo D.W. Larson C.E. Lamberton S.W. Fuller T.Q. Hutchinson L.D. Hill Committee Members of S-176 Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station Economic Research Service, USD A Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station J.L. Stallings E.J. Wailes U.C. Toensmeyer T.Q. Hutchinson J.L. Jordan L.D. Hill M.R. Reed H.D. Traylor A.J. Allen E.D. Baldwin C.B. Sappington M.N. Leath S.L. Ott J.E. Vercimak W.L. Bateman Requests This bulletin is one in a series of North Central and Southern Cooperative bulletins. It represents a contribution to North Central Project NC-137, "Effect of Changes in Transportation on Performance of the U.S. Agricultural Transportation System," and to Southern Regional Project S-176, "Interregional Marketing Systems for Grains and Soybeans." The Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station is the publishing station. Requests for copies of this bulletin may be sent to Office of Agricultural Communications and Education, 67 Mumford Hall, 1301 West Gregory Drive, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801. Abstract Information about the origin, destination, and mode of transport in marketing grain is often useful in making policy and investment decisions related to grain. The data and analyses presented in this publication were developed to aid in making these policy and investment decisions. This bulletin contains the results of a nationwide study to obtain the volumes of grain sorghum moved by truck, rail, and water among destinations in 42 states during 1985. The study was designed to update a similar survey conducted In 1977. This bulletin contains a description of the findings of the 1985 survey and an analysis of the changes that have occurred between the 1977 survey and 1985. Ill Preface This bulletin contains the results of nationwide research to obtain the volumes of sorghum moved between U.S. origins and destinations using various transport modes in 1985. Other publications in this series provide similar information for corn, soybeans, wheat, and oats. It updates a similar survey conducted in 1977. During 1986, members of two university research committees located in 21 states conducted surveys to gather data about the origin and destination of wheat, corn, soybeans, sorghum, and oats in each of their states. In another 12 states, private consultants or university faculty at land grant institutions in the states administered the survey under contracts. Finally, data about grain and soybean movement in an additional nine states were gathered using a combi- nation of secondary data, neighboring state surveys, and interviews with managers of major firms and state agricultural officials. The resulting database contained information from 42 states for the year 1985. The industry surveys were coordinated in the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana. The data were summarized, verified, and recon- ciled under the supervision of Joseph E. Vercimak, University of Illinois, and Dr. Dean Baldwin, Ohio State University. The success of this research project is due to the cooperation of thou- sands of grain marketing firms and the efforts of researchers around the United States. The research was partially funded by the Federal Railroad Administration under contract No. DTFR 53-84-C-00036, the Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA; the Agricultural Cooperative Service, USDA; the Illinois Department of Agriculture and the Soo Line Railroad. Administration of the grant funds was coordinated by Joseph E. Vercimak. The research is a contribution to regional research projects S-176, "Effect of Changes in Marketing Systems for Grains and Soybeans" and NC-137, "Effect of Changes in Transportation on Performance of the U.S. Agricultural Transportation System." IV Contents Purpose of the Study 1 Methodology 1 Production and Utilization 3 Analysis of Shipments and Receipts 6 Comparisons with 1977 13 Bibliography 21 Appendix 23 Figures and Tables Figures 1 . United States Grain Sorghum Production, Domestic Consumption, and Exports, 1975/76-1987/88 (September/ August marketing year) 5 2. United States Grain Sorghum Production, 1985 5 3. 1985 State Shares of Grain Sorghum Shipments to Port Areas 15 4. Change in Volume of Grain Sorghum Shipments to Points of Export from Each Originating State, 1977 vs. 1985 20 Tables 1 . Grain Sorghum Supply and Distribution in the United States for Marketing Years from 1975/76 to 1987/88 (September /August Marketing Year) 4 2. Production and Production Shares of Grain Sorghum by State, 1977 vs. 1985 6 3. 1985 Intrastate Movements of Grain Sorghum for Each State by Mode of Transport 7 4. 1985 Interstate Receipts of Grain Sorghum for Each State by Mode of Transport 9 5. 1985 Interstate Shipments of Grain Sorghum for Each State by Mode of Transport 10 6. 1985 Interstate Domestic Shipments of Grain Sorghum for Each State by Mode of Transport 11 7. Export Regions, Port Areas, and the Ports included in Each Area 12 8. 1985 Receipts of Grain Sorghum at Port Areas by Each Mode of Transport 13 9. 1985 Movements of Grain Sorghum to Points of Export for Each Originating State by Mode of Transport 14 10. 1985 Total Shipments of Grain Sorghum to Points of Export by State of Origin and Mode of Transport 15 11. 1985 Exports of U.S. Grain Sorghum by Export Region and Destination 16 12. Total Volume of Interstate Shipments by Mode of Transport, 1977 vs. 1985 17 13. Interstate Shipments of Grain Sorghum for Each State and Mode of Transportation, 1977 and 1985 18 14. Inspections for Export and Total Receipts of Grain Sorghum at Port Areas. 1977 and 1985. . .. 19 Appendix Tables Receipts and Shipments of Grain Sorghum by State, 1985 15. Alabama 23 16. Arizona 23 17. Arkansas 24 18. California 24 19. Colorado 25 20. Delaware 25 21. Florida 26 22. Georgia 26 23. Illinois 27 24. Indiana 27 25. Iowa 28 26. Kansas 28 27. Kentucky 29 28. Louisiana 29 29. Minnesota 30 30. Mississippi 30 31. Missouri 31 32. Nebraska 31 33. Nevada 32 34. New Mexico 32 35. North Carolina 32 36. Ohio 33 37. Oklahoma 33 38. Oregon 34 39. South Carolina 34 40. Tennessee 35 41. Texas 35 42. Utah 36 43. Virginia 36 44. Washington 36 45. Wisconsin 37 46. Wyoming 37 47. California Ports 37 48. Eastern Gulf 37 49. Louisiana Gulf 38 50. Pacific Northwest 38 5 I.Texas Gulf .. ..38 VI Sorghum Movements in the United States Interregional Flow Patterns and Transportation Requirements in 1985 Purpose of the Study Introduction Information about the origins, destinations, and modes of transport in marketing grain is often useful in making policy and investment decisions related to grain. Information about changes in origins, destinations, and modes of transport over time can provide guidelines for decisions made by producers and marketing firms. Understanding the relationships among origin of the grains, export volume, and mode of transport is essential to formu- lating pricing strategies, transportation poli- cies, port investments, and expansion or con- traction plans in the transport industries. Changes in export volume and state of origin cause firms in grain deficit states to alter their purchasing, transport, and storage decisions. The data and analysis presented in this publi- cation will aid in making these policy and in- vestment decisions. This study of grain sorghum provides infor- mation about the volumes of grain moved be- tween several states and port areas by truck, rail, and water during 1985. A similar study covering 1977 provides a benchmark against which to compare changes over time. Pub- lished data on production and export volumes provided a basis for some explanations of changes included in this bulletin. Changes in transportation rates and rate structures have altered the pattern of shipments and receipts. Objectives of the Study The general objectives of this study were to: (1) Identify the quantity of grain sorghum shipped between various state, regional, and export locations. (2) Determine the extent to which various transportation modes were employed in the movement of grain sorghum in the United States. (3) Compare the 1977 and 1985 patterns of shipments and modes of transport. Methodology Grain flow data were collected for the 1985 calendar year primarily through personal in- terviews with representatives of grain han- dling, storage, and processing firms. These firms included country elevators, subterminal elevators, terminal elevators, feed manufac- turers, export elevators, commercial feedlots, poultry operations, processors, and millers. Representatives in each of the states surveyed were responsible for drawing a statewide sam- ple and conducting the interviews. All 33 major producing and consuming states were included in the survey. This was accom- plished by using members of two regional grain marketing and transportation commit- tees at land-grant institutions in the states and by contracting with individuals in those grain producing states that were not repre- sented on the regional committees. An addi- tional nine states considered to be significant grain producers were added using secondary data and selected interviews. In addition, information was obtained from the Interstate Commerce Commission about volumes shipped by rail and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) about volumes shipped by barge. Sampling Method In those categories where the firms were few in number (such as processors), all of the firms were included in the survey. In those categories where the number of firms was too large for complete enumeration with available resources, the researchers used a stratified sampling technique. The stratified sample data were then expanded using multipliers to yield estimates of totals for each state. For example, the stratified technique was used with inland grain elevators. The sam- pling of these elevators in each state was car- ried out by listing elevators in descending order of storage capacity. Then, starting with those having the largest capacity, firms with 1 successively smaller capacities were added to the sample until the total storage capacity of firms in the sample equalled 25 percent of the elevator storage in the state. A random sam- ple of the remaining firms was then obtained, with not less than 10 percent of all firms in each category included. Additional stratifica- tion was used in states with large numbers of firms. Some states derived samples using plants rather than firms. The research methodology allowed sampling by plant or firm provided that elevator capacity was adequately repre- sented in the sample and the samples could be expanded to represent total grain trans- ported. Some states used a complete enumer- ation of all firms. River elevators were sampled at a rate of not less than 50 percent. Feed firms were surveyed from the largest downward until 10 percent of the total capacity was surveyed. A random sample was taken from the remaining firms. Integrated firms such as feedlots and poultry operations were sampled at the rate of not less than 50 percent. For processing firms, the sampling rate was usually 100 per- cent since the number of firms in each state was relatively small. The data provided for 1985 were less com- plete than those provided for 1977 because some major processors and grain handlers re- fused to provide volume data by origin and destination. They gave a variety reasons for not providing the data. To compensate for the lack of usable data from small firms, volume statistics from a firm of similar size and geographic location selected at random were included when avail- able. For larger elevators or processors who did not supply data, volumes and flows were estimated from secondary sources or from the interviewers' prior knowledge of the firms. The estimates were then validated by the grain marketing specialist in each state based on his/her knowledge of grain movements and price relationships in the state. Procedure Each of the grain handlers and processors interviewed provided the same type of infor- mation: the volume, origin, and mode of transport for all grain received at and shipped from their facilities. Data were coded using a consistent format and sent to the University of Illinois for processing. Processing involved verifying the data and summarizing state to- tals that would be used in reconciling flows. The data were then sent to Ohio State Univer- sity where the estimates of quantities trans- ported between each origin and destination as reported by the shipping states were recon- ciled with the estimates reported by the re- ceiving states. Responsibility for integrating these data and generating the data tables for the five commodities was distributed among four universities: corn at the University of Minnesota, soybeans and oats at Ohio State University, wheat at the University of Ken- tucky, and sorghum at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Transport information was also obtained from the Interstate Commerce Commission about rail shipments (the Waybill sample), and from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers about barge shipments (the COE sample). After the survey data were compiled and tabulated, representatives from the major re- ceiving and shipping states met to reconcile differences among the three sources of volume information: (1) the survey data from the re- ceiving states, (2) the survey data from the shipping states, and (3) secondary data in- cluding the Waybill sample from the Interstate Commerce Commission and the complete enumeration of all barge movements recorded on the data tapes by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE). The low sampling rate for some types of shipments included in the Waybill sample gives rise to potential errors when the data are summarized on a state or sub-state basis. Records of total volume of barge shipments and receipts in the COE data tapes were quite accurate but the tapes did not always identify ultimate origins and destinations when barges were transhipped or destinations were changed in transit. Truck data were available only from the survey. Shipments from farms to elevators were identified only through records of eleva- tor receipts. Truck shipments across state lines were especially difficult to verify since neither truckers nor farmers were included in the survey. A final verification process was then under- taken using secondary data about movements into or out of each state, and the estimate of "exportable surplus" for each state. A grain marketing specialist from each state univer- sity in the regional committee calculated the surplus or deficit in his/her state in the fol- lowing way: the estimate of the total amount of grain consumed by livestock, used for seed, and used in processing during calendar year 1985 was subtracted from the estimate of the amount of grain produced during 1985. The remainder was then adjusted by the amount of increase or decrease in inventory during the year. The resulting figure was accepted as an estimate of the surplus available for export or the deficit to be filled by imports from other states. Because much of this information, es- pecially consumption by livestock, was based on estimates, the numbers were not expected to match reconciled flows exactly. However, these data provided additional information from which to judge the reasonableness of re- ceipt and shipment data from the various sources. Sorghum used for feed is especially difficult to estimate since it is readily substi- tuted for corn in many rations in response to small changes in relative prices. Estimates of production-utilization by state show geo- graphical and year-to-year variation {Wailes andVercimak, 1989). These comparisons among the various data sources increased the confidence in the accu- racy of estimates based on the less-than-com- plete samples obtained from the population of all grain-handling firms. Finally, the logic and consistency of each flow summary contained in these reports was checked by the representative who organized and conducted the survey in each state. Production and Utilization Production of sorghum reached 1 . 1 billion bushels in crop year 1985/86, exceeding pro- duction at the time of the 1977 survey by al- most 340 million bushels (Table 1). Sorghum is grown for a variety of uses in the U.S., but about 55 percent to 70 percent of all sorghum produced is used for livestock in the form of fodder, pasture, or grain. The quantity used for feed varies greatly from year-to-year in re- sponse to changes in the relative price and the supply of sorghum compared to other feed grains. It is a common substitute for corn in livestock rations in many states. In 1985/86, the quantity of sorghum used for feed reached 663.8 million bushels, a major increase from the 447.5 million bushels in 1977/78. The quantity exported in 1985/86 had declined to 178 million bushels from a high of 329.6 mil- lion bushels in 1979/80. The amount of sorghum used in industry and as food is a small percentage of the sor- ghum used, but has shown a rapid increase, especially during the period 1982/83 through 1985/86. The quantity used for seed has re- mained fairly stable at around 2 million bushels. During the two years since the 1985 survey of grain handlers was conducted, over- all production, utilization and exports of sorghum have declined (Table 1). The rapid increase in production between 1977/78 and 1985/86 has been accompanied by a relatively small increase in the amount of sorghum fed to livestock. The gap between production and consumption has widened by over 123 million bushels. When combined with the decline in exports, this increase in production has increased sorghum stocks from 1 17.3 million bushels in 1977/78 to 300.2 million in 1985/86, with a continued growth through 1987/88 to an esti- mated 743.3 million bushels (Figure 1). Sorghum production is concentrated in a relatively small geographical region (Figure 2). Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, and Missouri have consistently accounted for nearly three- fourths of U.S. production (Table 2). Although production has increased in these states, their share of total production in the United States has declined over time for every state except Missouri. The four -state share de- creased from 87 percent in 1977 to 72 percent in 1985. Production increased in states along the Mississippi River Valley (including Missouri) and in the Southeast, reducing the share of most of the traditional sorghum-pro- ducing states, Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska (Table 2). Changes in production regions and market demands have resulted in shifts in the desti- nations of sorghum shipments in domestic markets, accompanied by a reduction in the share moving to U.S. ports. The pattern of these changes in receipts and shipments pro- vides insights into transportation require- ments between surplus and deficit regions. Table 1. Grain Sorghum Supply and Distribution in the United States for Marketing Years from 1975/76 to 1987/88 (September/August marketing year). Marketing Year Supply Disappearance Beginning Stocks Production Total Supply Food, Ale., & Industrial Seed Feed& Resid. Exports Total millions of bushels 1975/76 65.2 754.4 819.7 8.8 2.3 494.1 232.2 737.4 1976/77 82.3 710.8 793.1 8.6 2.0 411.2 254.0 675.8 1977/78 117.3 780.9 898.2 9.4 2.0 447.5 222.9 681.8 1978/79 216.4 731.3 947.7 10.0 1.8 537.9 190.1 739.8 1979/80 207.9 807.4 1,015.3 10.4 2.0 495.4 329.6 837.4 1980/81 177.9 579.3 757.2 9.1 2.0 322.7 293.1 626.9 1981/82 130.3 875.8 1,006.1 8.8 2.0 417.0 259.7 687.8 1982/83 318.6 835.1 1,153.7 7.9 1.8 494.8 210.1 714.6 1983/84 439.1 487.5 926.7 7.7 2.3 384.7 244.6 639.3 1984/85 287.1 866.2 1,153.7 15.3 2.0 539.3 296.9 853.5 1985/86 300.2 1,120.3 1,420.5 26.0 1.7 663.8 178.0 869.5 1986/87 551.0 938.1 1,489.1 13.0 1.6 532.9 198.3 745.8 1987/88 743.3 740.9 1,484.2 12.6 1.4 576.1 231.4 821.5 Source: Feed. Situation and Outlook, Economic Research Service, U.S.D.A., (various issues) Figure 1 . United States Grain Sorghum Production, Domestic Consumption, and Exports, 1975/76 - 1987/88 (September/August marketing year). Thousands of bushels 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 Q Production | Exports H] Domestic Consumption Source: Feed, Situation and Outlook, ERS, USDA. Figure 2. United States Grain Sorghum Production, 1985. No production Under 10 mil. bu. 10 to 25 mil. bu. 26 to 100 mil. bu. Over 100 mil. bu. Table 2. Production and Production Shares of Grain Sorghum by State, 1977 vs. 1985. 1977 1985 Production Percent Share Production Percent Share Change (.000 bu.) (,000 bu.) Alabama 729 0.09 12,650 1.13 1635.25 Arizona 7,200 0.91 1,296 0.12 -82.00 Arkansas 13,104 1.65 66,240 5.91 405.49 California 9,636 1.22 2,988 0.27 -68.99 Colorado 8,153 1.03 11,200 1.00 37.37 Georgia 672 0.08 6,624 0.59 885.71 Illinois 4,096 0.52 36,190 3.23 783.54 Indiana 1,170 0.15 Iowa 2,368 0.30 Kansas 243,000 30.64 296,700 26.48 22.10 Kentucky 1,824 0.23 11,440 1.02 527.19 Louisiana 660 0.08 27,880 2.49 4124.24 Mississippi 768 0.10 39,680 3.54 5066.67 Missouri 67,890 8.56 117,030 10.45 72.38 Nebraska 146,970 18.53 154,400 13.78 5.06 New Mexico 11,760 1.48 13,920 1.24 18.37 North Carolina 2,664 0.34 3,224 0.29 21.02 Oklahoma 21,470 2.71 22,500 2.01 4.80 South Carolina 192 0.02 2,209 0.20 1050.52 South Dakota 16,807 2.12 15,000 1.34 -10.75 Tennessee 1,020 0.13 37,200 3.32 3547.06 Texas 230,400 29.05 241,900 21.59 4.99 Virginia 430 0.05 Total 792,983 100.00 1,120,271 100.00 41.27 Source: Feed, Situation and Outlook, Economic Research Service, U.S.D.A., (various issues) Analysis of Shipments and Receipts Intrastate Movements Intrastate movements of sorghum are ship- ments from one grain-handling firm to an- other within the same state. Country elevator receipts from farmers have not been included due to lack of complete data for several states. Also, some sorghum is fed on farms where grown and does not pass through commercial facilities from which data would be available. This is especially true for Colorado, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, Kentucky, New Mexico, North Carolina, Nebraska, and Missouri. Kansas and Texas, the two states with the largest volume of production, show large in- trastate rail as well as truck movements (Table 3). Water movements are relatively small and limited primarily to Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, Illinois, Mississippi, and Alabama, where the waterway system makes barge transport within the state feasible. Even then, these reported intrastate move- ments may be enroute to export with only an intermediate stop within the state. Short dis- tance shipment by barge is generally not eco- nomical. Interstate Receipts Receipts of sorghum from other states re- flect movements toward export points or into feed deficit regions. The largest volume of re- ceipts is found in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. Table 3. 1985 Intrastate Movements of Grain Sorghum for Each State by Mode of Transport." Mode State Truck b Rail Barge Total Production thousands of bushels Alabama 6,022 1,093 533 7,648 12,650 Arizona 1,725 2,190 3,915 1,296 Arkansas 47,329 212 47,541 66,240 California 914 914 2,988 Colorado b 248 631 11,200 Florida b 255 c Georgia 564 673 1,237 6,624 Illinois 7,584 5,295 1,726 14,605 36,190 Indiana b 286 290 c Kansas 46,122 67,113 113,235 296,700 Kentucky 362 362 11,440 Louisiana 2,165 1,272 118 3,555 27,880 Mississippi 11,647 990 52 12,689 39,680 Missouri 2,248 6,450 8,698 117,030 Nebraska 62,843 13,473 76,316 154,400 New Mexico 925 925 13,920 North Carolina 39 452 491 3,224 Oklahoma b 245 245 22,500 South Carolina b 2,209 South Dakota b 15,000 Tennessee 3,506 790 4,296 37,200 Texas 286,602 55,604 271 342,477 241,900 Utah 36 36 c Washington 248 248 c Total volume 481,275 156,422 2,912 640,609 1,120,271 Percent of total 75.13 24.42 0.45 100.00 a Shipments to port within a state are not included in intrastate totals. b Several states did not provide complete information on intrastate shipments so this column may understate total volume. c Production in these states was very small and was not reported in U.S D.A. statistics. Texas ranked second in grain sorghum pro- duction, but also ranked first in volume of grain sorghum received, as a result of its con- sumption of grain sorghum for feed, process- ing, and exports. Transportation of interstate receipts was primarily by rail. A total of 47.71 percent were transported by rail, 32.55 percent by truck, and 29.75 percent by barge (Table 4). Receipts at export ports (shown in the lower portion of Table 4) indicate that much of the sorghum moving by barge was destined for the Gulf ports. Interstate Shipments Interstate shipments must match interstate receipts in total. Whatever is shipped from one location must be received at another. Slight discrepancies in survey data occurred as a result of direct exports that were counted as shipments in the state surveyed but were not identified as receipts. Also, some of the states not included in the survey may have re- ceived or shipped small quantities. Any dis- crepancies between total receipts and ship- ments were eliminated during reconciliation. The states shipping the largest volumes were Kansas, Texas, Nebraska, and Missouri, all of which are large surplus producing states, moving their grain into deficit or ex- porting regions (Table 5). The destinations of shipments by state are presented in the Appendix of this report. Receipts by Port Area Ports in the United States were combined into port areas and port regions to simplify the analysis and comparisons (Table 7). The geographic concentration of production in the southwest states virtually eliminates the Great Lakes and Atlantic Coast as export ports for sorghum. Most exports of grain sorghum moved through the Gulf region, with the Louisiana Gulf receiving 48.59 percent (Table 8). The Texas Gulf ports accounted for another 32.67 percent and the Pacific region. 1 1.61 percent, with negligible amounts mov- ing through the Eastern Gulf. The remaining 6.93 percent moved from interior points di- rectly to foreign destinations. Shipments to Port Regions The majority of shipments to export areas are moved by barge, with 46.72 percent of total shipments by barge, 16.92 percent by truck, and 36.36 percent by rail (Tables 8 and 9). Texas and Missouri together accounted for over 46 percent of the total shipments to ex- port locations. In the case of Texas, half of this total was moved by truck (Table 10). Shipments from Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee to the Gulf were almost entirely by barge. Arkansas, a major receiver of sorghum by truck and rail, was also a major source of exports moving by barge to the Gulf. Missouri received over 22 million bushels of sorghum from other states by truck and rail (Table 4) and shipped nearly 42 million to Gulf ports by barge (Table 10). Kansas, Missouri, Texas, Nebraska and Arkansas generated 75. 1 percent of total ship- ments to port areas. Texas accounted for 30 percent, Missouri 16.7 percent, and Kansas 10.7 percent (Table 10). The concentration of shipments to ports is the result of production concentration and access to ports (Figure 3). Exports of grain sorghum from U.S. ports (primarily Gulf ports) were distributed among many countries throughout the world (Table 1 1). The largest recipient was Japan, followed closely by Mexico and Venezuela. These three countries together received 75 percent of all sorghum exported from the United States in 1985. The West Coast port areas are advanta- geous primarily for shipments to Japan be- cause of the rate advantage and favorable rail rates from western producing areas to the West Coast. However, Gulf ports still origi- nated 74.4 percent of the sorghum exported to Japan. Increased sorghum production across the Mississippi River Valley helped shift the export share to the Gulf region. 8 Table 4. 1985 Interstate Receipts of Grain Sorghum for Each State by Mode of Transport. 3 Mode Destination State Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 4,991 6,672 2,673 14,336 Arizona 793 23,022 23,815 Arkansas 7,472 21,514 110 29,096 California 25 48,797 48,822 Colorado 836 2,407 3,243 Delaware 64 64 Florida 4,290 1,944 387 6,621 Georgia 4,620 4,248 8,868 Illinois 4,059 5,504 1,191 10,754 Indiana 1,778 1,075 55 2,908 Iowa 4,820 4,820 Kansas 2,299 6,296 8,595 Kentucky 6,000 6,000 Louisiana 4,852 4,852 Minnesota 1,000 575 1,575 Mississippi 9,095 5,813 829 15,737 Missouri 3,467 18,788 22,255 Nebraska 13,611 3,741 17,352 Nevada 500 500 New Mexico 9,016 6,673 15,689 North Carolina 873 60 933 Ohio 220 220 Oklahoma 24,888 8,931 33,819 Oregon 1,500 1,500 South Carolina 505 505 Tennessee 3,981 766 50 4,797 Texas 46,193 32,163 282 78,638 Utah 21 3,799 3,820 Virginia 662 662 Washington 500 500 1,000 Wisconsin 594 594 Wyoming 140 140 California Ports 8,161 8,161 Eastern Gulf Ports 485 485 Louisiana Gulf Ports 4,722 1,469 1 16,283 122,474 Pacific Northwest Ports 21,099 21,099 Texas Gulf Ports 37,643 44,705 82,348 Direct Exports 286 16,207 985 17,478 Total volume 203,276 297,969 123,330 624,575 Percent of total receipt 32.55 47.71 19.75 100.00 a Does not include port area receipts. Table 5. 1985 Interstate Shipments of Grain Sorghum for Each State by Mode of Transport (in- cluding ports). 3 Mode Origin State Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 3,352 3,345 1,069 7,766 Arizona 311 3,942 4,253 Arkansas 24,614 772 18,231 43,617 California 500 500 Colorado 4,643 6,629 11,272 Florida 199 199 Georgia 3,671 500 4,171 Illinois 5,022 8,021 15,616 28,659 Indiana 1,145 451 1,596 Iowa 701 1,724 190 2,615 Kansas 27,929 104,656 1,022 133,607 Kentucky 4,252 1,025 4,781 10,058 Louisiana 7,844 9,576 17,420 Minnesota 594 660 1,254 Mississippi 3,645 2,169 8,979 14,793 Missouri 7,389 20,641 42,591 70,621 Nebraska 4,707 67,588 1,535 73,830 New Mexico 6,400 208 6,608 North Carolina 3,269 3,269 Ohio 51 51 Oklahoma 26,485 1,633 51 28,169 Oregon 500 500 South Carolina 1,000 263 1,263 South Dakota 8,891 795 9,686 Tennessee 5,900 5.156 17,483 28,539 Texas 55,321 62,556 985 1 18,862 Washington 1,338 1,338 Wisconsin 59 59 Total volume 203,276 297,969 123,330 624,575 Percent of total receipt 32.55 47.71 19.75 100.00 a Shipment data include port destinations. but not shipments from ports to foreign destinations. 10 Table 6. 1985 Interstate Shipments of Grain Sorghum for Each State by Mode of Transport (ex- cluding ports). 8 Mode Origin State Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 3,352 3,345 50 6,747 Arizona 25 25 Arkansas 21,391 772 265 22,428 California 500 500 Colorado 4,643 6,629 11,272 Florida 199 199 Georgia 3,671 500 4,171 Illinois 5,022 7,146 283 12,451 Indiana 1,145 451 1,596 Iowa 701 1,724 91 2,516 Kansas 27,929 78,646 106,575 Kentucky 4,252 1,025 575 5,852 Louisiana 6,345 480 6,825 Minnesota 594 594 Mississippi 3,645 2,169 176 5,990 Missouri 7,389 20,166 885 28,440 Nebraska 4,707 45,639 140 50,486 New Mexico 6,400 38 6,438 North Carolina 3,269 3,269 Ohio 51 51 Oklahoma 26,485 1,633 28,118 Oregon 500 500 South Carolina 1,000 263 1,263 South Dakota 8,891 795 9,686 Tennessee 5,900 5,156 2,130 13,186 Texas 17,678 25,674 43,352 Total volume 160,625 206,328 5,577 372,530 Percent of total receipt 43.12 55.39 1.50 100.00 a Shipment to U.S. ports are excluded from state totals. 11 Table 7. Export Regions, Port Areas, and the Ports Included in Each Area. Export Region Export Area Port City Great Lakes Region Duluth-Superior Duluth, MN Superior, WI Chicago Milwaukee, Wl Manitowoc, WI Racine, WI Chicago, IL Toledo Toledo, OH Huron, OH Erie, PA Buffalo, NY Saginaw Carrollton, MI Saginaw, MI Zilwaukee, MI Detroit, MI Atlantic Region North Atlantic Portland, ME Albany, NY Philadelphia, PA Gulf Region East Gulf Pascagoula, MS Mobile, AL Louisiana Gulf Mississippi River Lake Charles, LA North Texas Gulf Beaumont, TX Port Arthur, TX Houston, TX Galveston, TX South Texas Gulf Brownsville, TX Corpus Christ!, TX Pacific Region Columbia River Kalama, WA Longview, WA Vancouver, WA Portland, OR Astoria, OR Puget Sound Seattle, WA Tacoma, WA California Ports Sacramento, CA Stockton, CA Long Beach, CA San Francisco, CA San Diego, CA 12 Comparisons with 1977 Production and Utilization Changes in supplies and distribution dur- ing the period from 1977 to 1985 indicate long-term trends as well as changes in eco- nomic variables. With only two points in time identified, it is difficult to discern a true trend in the data over this time period, but one can identify shifts and hypothesize some of the economic factors that caused them. Production in the marketing year beginning September 1, 1985, and ending August 31, 1986, showed a marked increase over the 1977/78 marketing year. However, an exami- nation of the annual production data suggests that 1985/86 was abnormally high and does not represent a true trend (Table 1). In fact, production in 1987/88 was slightly below that of 1977/78. The large supply at harvest in 1985 must be kept in mind when reviewing changes in grain movements between calendar years 1977 and 1985. Because exports in 1977/78 were at a low for the period (Table 1), a comparison with ex- ports of recent time periods appears to show major increases. However, the long-term trend from 1975/76 through 1987/88 is fairly flat for exports. The same is true of total utiliza- tion (disappearance). The peak in export vol- ume in 1984/85 was another important phe- nomenon in the comparison of 1985 calendar year receipts and shipments with those of 1977 in this section of the report. Table 8. 1985 Receipts of Grain Sorghum at Port Areas by Each Mode of Transport. Export region and port area Mode of Transport Total Port share percent Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Great Lakes Region 0.00 Atlantic Region 0.00 Gulf Region Eastern Gulf 485 485 0.19 Louisiana Gulf 4,722 1,469 1 16,283 122,474 48.59 Texas Gulf Subtotal 37,643 44,705 82,348 32.67 42,365 46,174 1 16,768 205,307 81.46 Pacific Region Pacific Northwest 21,099 21,099 8.37 California Ports Subtotal 8,161 8,161 3.24 29,260 29,260 11.61 Interior Region Exports 286 16,207 985 17,478 6.93 Total receipts 42,651 91,641 1 17,753 252,045 100.00 Percentage of total receipts 16.92 36.36 46.72 100.00 13 Table 9. 1985 Shipments of Grain Sorghum to Points of Export for Each Originating State by Mode of Transport. 8 Originating State Export Region Mode of Transport Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama Eastern Gulf 485 485 Alabama Louisiana Gulf 534 534 Arizona Direct Exports 286 3,942 4,228 Arkansas Louisiana Gulf 3,223 17,966 21,189 Illinois Louisiana Gulf 875 15,333 16,208 Iowa Louisiana Gulf 99 99 Kansas Louisiana Gulf 594 1,022 1,616 Kansas Texas Gulf 15,238 15,238 Kansas Pacific Northwest 824 824 Kansas California Ports 2,104 2,104 Kansas Direct Exports 7,250 7,250 Kentucky Louisiana Gulf 4,206 4.206 Louisiana Louisiana Gulf 1,499 9,096 10,595 Minnesota Louisiana Gulf 660 660 Mississippi Louisiana Gulf 8,803 8,803 Missouri Louisiana Gulf 41,706 41,706 Missouri California Ports 475 475 Nebraska Louisiana Gulf 1,395 1,395 Nebraska Pacific Northwest 18,937 18.937 Nebraska California Ports 3,012 3,012 New Mexico California Ports 170 170 Oklahoma Louisiana Gulf 51 51 Tennessee Louisiana Gulf 15,353 15,353 Texas Texas Gulf 37.643 29.467 67,110 Texas California Ports 2,400 2,400 Texas Direct Exports 5,015 985 6,000 Washington Pacific Northwest 1,338 1,338 Wisconsin Louisiana Gulf 59 59 Total volume 42,651 91,641 117,753 252,045 Percentage of total volume 16.92 36.36 46.72 100.00 a For definition of export region, see Table 7. 14 Table 10. 1985 Total Shipments of Grain Sorghum to Points of Export by State of Origin and Mode of Transport. Originating State Mode of Transport Total Volume at Ports Percent of Receipts at Port Areas Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Alabama 1,019 1,019 0.40 Arizona 286 3,942 4,228 1.68 Arkansas 3,223 17,966 21,189 8.41 Illinois 875 15,333 16,208 6.43 Iowa 99 99 0.04 Kansas 26,010 1,022 27,032 10.73 Kentucky 4,206 4,206 1.67 Louisiana 1,499 9,096 10,595 4.20 Minnesota 660 660 0.26 Mississippi 8,803 8,803 3.49 Missouri 475 41,706 42,181 16.74 Nebraska 21,949 1,395 23,344 9.26 New Mexico 170 170 0.07 Oklahoma 51 51 0.02 Tennessee 15,353 15,353 6.09 Texas 37,643 36,882 985 75,510 29.96 Washington 1,338 1,338 0.53 Wisconsin 59 59 0.02 Total volume 42,651 91,641 1 17,753 252,045 100.00 Figure 3. 1985 State Shares of Grain Sorghum Shipments to Port Areas. No shipments to ports 0.01 - 1.0 percent 1.10 - 5.0 percent 5.1 - 15.0 percent 15.1 -30.0 percent 15 Table 11. 1985 Exports of U .5. Grain Sorghum by Export Region and Destination. Export region Destination Gulf Pacific Interior Total thousands of bushels Benin 1,089 1,089 Botswana 747 118 865 Burkina 753 753 Chad 1,022 1,022 China - T 3,637 1,653 5.290 Colombia 3,774 3,774 Cyprus 1,340 1,340 Ecuador 827 827 Egypt 12 12 Ethiopia 89 89 Israel 18,865 18,865 Japan 72,098 24,760 96,858 Mauritania 448 448 Mexico 32,619 2,480 18,249 53,348 Netherlands 12 12 Niger 2,877 2,877 Nigeria 394 394 Other W. Africa 133 133 Portugal 1,245 1,245 Senegal 553 553 Sudan 21,805 21,805 Togo 18 18 Trinidad 137 137 Venezuela 36,587 36,587 Total 201,081 28,893 18,367 248,341 Source: Grain and Feed Market News, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A., Vol. 34, No. 5 (January 31. 1986), pp. 15-19. Interstate Shipments Total interstate shipments of sorghum in calendar year 1985 increased by 137.88 per- cent over 1977 interstate shipments (Table 12). Increases occurred in all three transport modes, although rail's share of the total dropped from 82.77 percent in 1977 to 37. 1 1 percent in 1985. Barge and truck shipments accounted for the largest increase in volume; rail shipments increased, but less dramati- cally. The major interstate shippers in 1977 were Kansas and Nebraska, accounting for 69 percent of the total shipments. In 1985, Kansas and Nebraska were still major ship- pers but with only 33.2 percent of the total. Texas moved into second place in 1985 with 19 percent of the shipments. The states lo- cated adjacent to the Mississippi River gener- ally increased their shares as compared to 1977. While Kansas, Texas and Nebraska continued to be the three primary producing states, the overall shipment pattern involved significant volumes in a greater number of states in 1985 than in 1977. Major increases in production in south- eastern states resulted in large increases in surpluses and shipments in those states (Table 13). 16 Exports by Port The quantities of receipts reported at the ports do not match exactly the quantities re- ported as inspections for export because of in- ventory changes and small volume exports that are not always inspected. U.S. exports through Canadian ports also resulted in dif- ferences between reported receipts and re- ported exports (Table 14). Almost all of the sorghum received at ports in 1977 moved to the Gulf and Pacific ports, with the Gulf ports having by far the largest share. There was no significant change in this pattern in 1985. The Gulf region retained more than 80 percent of the total receipts at ports, although there were major shifts within the Gulf region. The volume in Louisiana Gulf ports increased dramatically from 11.1 million bushels received in 1977 to 122.5 million bushels in 1985. Receipts at Texas Gulf ports, on the other hand, declined from 227.7 million bushels in 1977 to only 82.3 million bushels in 1985 (Table 14). The change came primarily as a result of increased barge move- ments from Missouri to the Louisiana Gulf (Table 9). The growth in shipments out of Missouri from 4 million bushels in 1977 to 42.2 million bushels in 1985 had a major impact on port shares (Table 10). Most of the states border- ing the Mississippi River showed major in- creases in barge movements to the Gulf ports (Figure 4). Mode of Transport Shifts in interstate movements among rail, truck, and barge transportation modes were in response to changes in rates and supply of transport equipment as well as changes in rel- ative prices in the different geographic areas. With exports of all grains generally on a de- cline in 1985, supply of all modes of transport were in surplus. Therefore, those shifts that occurred must have been in response to transportation rates or the pull from particu- lar market areas that had advantages in one or another mode (such as barges to the Gulf). Interstate shipments between 1977 and 1985 showed a shift from rail to barge and truck (Table 13). The volume of rail ship- ments increased slightly from 217.3 million bushels in 1977 to 298 million in 1985. However, barge shipments increased from 8.7 Table 12. Total Volume of Interstate Shipments by Mode of Transport, 1977 vs. 1985. a 1977 b 1985 mi Mode Volume Percent share Volume Percent share change 6000 bu.) (.000 bu.) Truck 36,540 13 .92 203.276 32.55 456 31 Rail 217,318 82 .77 297.969 47.71 37 11 Barge 8,702 3 .31 123,330 19.75 1317 26 Total 262.560 100 .00 624 575 100 00 137.88 a Shipments to Port Areas are included. b Derived from Sorghum Movements in the United States. Interregional Flow Patterns and Transportation Requirements in 1977, by Mack N. Leath, Lowell D. Hill, and Stephen W. Fuller. p. 9. 17 Table 13. Interstate Shipments of Grain Sorghum for Each State and Mode of Transportation, 1977 and 1985. a Truck Rail Barge Origin State 1977 1985 1977 1985 1977 1985 thousands of bushels Alabama 3,352 3,345 1,069 Arizona 71 311 94 3,942 Arkansas 2,429 24,614 5,838 772 2,010 18,231 California 500 Colorado 927 4,643 5,761 6,629 Florida 199 246 Georgia 3,671 500 Illinois 284 5,022 1,938 8,021 1,089 15,616 Indiana 1,145 451 Iowa 258 701 2,054 1,724 190 Kansas 16,619 27,929 79,912 104,656 552 1,022 Kentucky 32 4,252 1,025 4,781 Louisiana 51 7,844 12 9,576 Minnesota 594 660 Mississippi 3,645 2,169 8,979 Missouri 3,080 7.389 20,580 20,641 3,990 42,591 Nebraska 5,770 4,707 78,994 67,588 1,535 New Mexico 3,724 6,400 484 208 North Carolina 3,269 Ohio 51 Oklahoma 1,535 26,485 4,263 1,633 51 Oregon 500 South Carolina 1,000 263 South Dakota 28 8,891 98 795 Tennessee 32 5,900 5,156 815 17,483 Texas 1,700 55,321 17,290 62,556 985 Washington 1,338 Wisconsin 59 Total volume 36,540 203.276 217,318 297.969 8,702 123,330 Percent of total volume 1 3.92 32.55 82.77 47.71 3.31 19.75 a Includes shipments to port areas. 18 million bushels to 123.3 million in response to increased exports from the Gulf. All the major producing states and those bordering the Mississippi River utilized barges either as an alternative to rail or in conjunction with rail to ship the excess supplies. The most dramatic shift in transportation mode was in movement of sorghum to export points. Barge transportation as a percent of total volume to all ports increased from 3.31 percent in 1977 to 19.75 percent in 1985 (Table 12). The share of transportation by rail decreased as a result of the major ship- ments to the Gulf by water from Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Illinois (Table 10). Those states with major increases in shipments to ports also had major increases in production between 1977 and 1985. For example, Illinois' 1977 production of 4. 1 million bushels increased to 36.2 million in 1985 (Table 2). Louisiana, with only 660 thousand bushels in 1977, produced 27.9 million in 1985. Missouri, with 67.9 million bushels in 1977, produced 1 17 million in 1985. These rapid production increases in states with access to water transportation shifted the balance of feed use versus exports and placed these states in a position of becoming major exporting regions. This is best illustrated in Figure 4 showing Table 14. Inspections for Export and Total Receipts of Grain Sorghum at Port Areas, 1977 and 1985. Export Region and Port Area 1977 1985 1977 1985 Inspections for Export 3 Total Receipts Total Receipts (,000 bu.) (.000 bu.) (.000 bu.) Percent (,000 bu.) Percent Great Lakes Region Atlantic Region Gulf Region Eastern Gulf Louisiana Gulf Texas Gulf Subtotal Pacific Region Pacific Northwest California Ports Subtotal Interior Reg. Exports 609 5,526 122,767 218,235 77,705 0.00 0.00 0.00 11,126 4.57 227,725 93.63 0.00 0.00 485 0.19 122,474 48.59 82,348 32.67 223,761 201,081 1,378 21,426 1,869 7,467 238,851 98.20 2,211 0.91 2,165 0.89 205,307 81.46 21,099 8.37 8,161 3.24 3,247 28,893 18,367 4,376 1.80 0.00 29,260 11.61 17.478 6.93 Total 227,008 248,341 243,227 100.00 252,045 100.00 a Source: Grain and Feed Market News, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A., Washington, D.C., various issues. 19 the change in percent of exports originating in each state between 1977 and 1985. The decline in shares of port shipments from Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas is the result of major increases in production in Missouri and Illinois. In general, those states experi- encing an increase in production also in- creased their percent of total volume shipped to ports (Figure 4). Figure 4. Change in Volume of Grain Sorghum Shipments to Points of Export from Each Originating State, 1977 vs. 1985. No shipments to ports Decrease of Oto 15 mil. bu. Over 15 mil. bu. Increase of to 10 mil. bu. Over 10 mil. bu. 20 Bibliography Wailes, Eric J., and Joseph E. Vercimak, Groin Production and Utilization in the United States, with Projections for 1990 and 2000, North Central Regional Publication 317, Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 333, University of Arkansas, January, 1989. Leath, Mack N., Lowell D. Hill, and Stephen W. Fuller, Sorghum Movements in the United States, 1977, North Central Regional Publication 272, Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 250, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, January, 1981. 21 22 Appendix Receipts and Shipments of Grain Sorghum by State, 1985. Table 15. Alabama Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 16. Arizona Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Total Mode of transportation Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Origin Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Arkansas 51 Florida 199 Georgia 2,243 Illinois 2,715 57 Indiana 705 396 Kentucky 157 467 575 Louisiana 61 Mississippi 1,000 1,189 Missouri 55 North Carolina 891 Ohio 51 Tennessee 1,392 705 1,427 51 199 2.243 2.772 1.101 1,199 61 2,189 55 891 51 3,524 thousands of bushels Colorado 250 Kansas 159 17,624 Nebraska 260 New Mexico 500 Oklahoma 743 Texas 134 4,145 250 17,783 260 500 743 4,279 Total interstate 793 23.022 23.815 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Total Total interstate 4,991 6,672 2,673 14.336 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Destination Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels California 25 Direct Exports 286 3.942 25 4,228 Mode of transportation Total Total interstate 311 3.942 Intrastate 1.725 2.190 4,253 3.915 Destination Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Florida 2,240 227 Georgia 1.112 1,929 Mississippi 1,189 Tennessee 50 Eastern Gulf 485 Louisiana Gulf 534 2.467 3.041 1.189 50 485 534 Total 2,036 6,132 8.168 Total interstate 3,352 3.345 1,069 Intrastate 6.022 1.093 533 7,766 7,648 Total 9,374 4.438 1.602 15,414 23 Table 17. Arkansas Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 18. California Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Total Mode of transportation Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Origin Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Illinois 143 662 57 Iowa 701 Kansas 1.686 2.098 Louisiana 53 Mississippi 572 Missouri 2,032 9,084 Nebraska 230 1,605 Oklahoma 1,033 South Dakota 220 Tennessee 548 Texas 1,647 6.725 862 701 3.784 53 572 11.116 1.835 1.033 220 548 8.372 thousands of bushels Arizona 25 Colorado 1.136 Kansas 22.382 Nebraska 12,955 Texas 12.324 25 1,136 22.382 12,955 12,324 Total interstate 25 48.797 48.822 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Total Total interstate 7,472 21,514 110 29,096 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Destination Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Nevada 500 500 Mode of transportation Total Total interstate 500 Intrastate 914 500 914 Destination Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Alabama 51 Illinois 112 Kentucky 2.000 Louisiana 3,852 Mississippi 3.899 46 Missouri 440 247 Oklahoma 6,000 Tennessee 2.200 Texas 3,000 525 56 Louisiana Gulf 3,223 17.966 51 112 2,000 3.852 3,945 687 6.000 2,200 3,581 21.189 Total 1,414 - 1,414 Total interstate 24.614 772 18.231 Intrastate 47,329 212 43.617 47.541 Total 71,943 772 18.443 91,158 24 Table 19. Colorado Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 20. Delaware Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Kansas 356 643 999 Nf>hraka 4RO 1 7fi4 O 9 944. thousands of bushels Tennessee 64 64 Total Interstate 64 64 Total interstate 836 2,407 3,243 Intrastate 0000 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Total 64 64 Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Arizona 250 250 California 1,136 1,136 New Mexico 400 4 Texas 4,499 1.975 6,474 Utah 3,268 3.268 Wisconsin 140 140 Total interstate 4,643 6.629 11,272 Intrastate 383 248 631 Total 5,026 6.877 11,903 25 Table 21. Florida Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 22. Georgia Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Mode of transportation Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Total Origin Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Alabama 2,240 227 2.467 Georgia 50 440 490 Kentucky 356 356 Louisiana 211 211 Mississippi 2,000 232 176 2,408 North Carolina 220 220 South Carolina 263 263 Tennessee 206 206 thousands of bushels Alabama 1,112 1.929 Illinois 854 Kentucky 202 North Carolina 835 South Carolina 1,000 Tennessee 2,508 428 3.041 854 202 835 1.000 2.936 Total Interstate 4,620 4,248 8,868 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Total interstate 4.290 1.944 387 6,621 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Total Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 2,243 Florida 50 440 North Carolina 873 60 South Carolina 505 2.243 490 933 505 thousands of bushels Alabama 199 199 Total interstate 199 199 Intrastate 000 Total interstate 3.671 500 Intrastate 564 673 4.171 1,237 Total 199 199 Total 4,235 1.173 5.408 26 Table 23. Illinois Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 24. Indiana Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Total Mode of transportation Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Origin Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Arkansas 112 Indiana 220 55 Kentucky 2,781 Louisiana 105 Missouri 1.278 378 216 Nebraska 4.906 Tennessee 703 112 275 2,781 105 1,872 4,906 703 thousands of bushels Illinois 1.600 1,075 55 Kentucky 178 2,730 178 Total interstate 1,778 1,075 55 2.908 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Total Total interstate 4.059 5.504 1,191 10.754 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Destination Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Alabama 705 396 Illinois 220 55 Ohio 220 1,101 275 220 Mode of transportation Total Destination Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Alabama 2.715 57 Arkansas 143 662 57 Georgia 854 Indiana 1.600 1.075 55 Kentucky 2,000 Mississippi 1,003 Missouri 1.279 Tennessee 590 Texas 247 114 Louisiana Gulf 875 15.333 2.772 862 854 2.730 2,000 1,003 1,279 590 361 16,208 Total Interstate 1.145 451 Intrastate 4 286 1.596 290 Total 4 1,431 451 1.886 Total interstate 5.022 8.021 15.616 Intrastate 7.584 5,295 1,726 28,659 14.605 Total 12,606 13,316 17,342 43.264 27 Table 25. Iowa Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 26. Kansas Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Missouri 3,966 3.966 Nebraska 56 56 South Dakota 798 798 thousands of bushels Missouri 113 547 660 Nebraska 2.186 5.085 7,271 Texas 664 664 Total interstate 4,820 4,820 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Total interstate 2.299 6.296 8,595 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Arkansas 701 701 Mississippi 91 91 Texas 1,724 1,724 Louisiana Gulf 99 99 thousands of bushels Arizona 159 17,624 17,783 Arkansas 1,686 2.098 3,784 California 22,382 22,382 Colorado 356 643 999 Missouri 514 IS 494 13 938 Total interstate 701 1.724 190 2.615 Intrastate 000 Nebraska 6.518 3,741 10.259 New Mexico 6.079 6,079 Oklahoma 12388 5 984 18379 Total 701 1,724 190 2.615 Texas 6.308 6.171 12.479 Washington 500 500 Louisiana Gulf 594 1,022 1.616 Texas Gulf 15.238 15.238 Pacific N.W. 824 824 California Ports 2,104 2.104 Direct Exports 7.250 7,250 Total interstate 27,929 104.656 1.022 133,607 Intrastate 46.122 67.113 113.235 Total 74.051 171.769 1.022 246.842 28 Table 27. Kentucky Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 28. Louisiana Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Arkansas 2,000 2,000 Illinois 2.000 2,000 Tpnnpsspp 2 OOO O 2 OOO thousands of bushels Arkansas 3,852 3,852 Texas 1,000 1,000 Total interstate 4 R59 O 4 859 Total interstate 6,000 6,000 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total Destination iruck Kail Barge lotal thousands of bushels Alabama 157 467 575 1,199 Florida 356 356 Georgia 202 202 Illinois 2.781 2,781 Indiana 178 178 Tennessee 1,136 1,136 Louisiana Gulf 04 206 4 206 Alabama 61 61 Arkansas 53 53 Florida 211 211 Illinois 105 105 Mississippi 5,196 50 5,246 Texas 1,149 1,149 Louisiana Gulf 1,499 9,096 10,595 Total intm-etatp 7 KdA fl Q ^7fi 1 7 4.9H Total interstate 4.252 1,025 4,781 10,058 Intrastate 362 362 Intrastate 2,165 1,272 118 3,555 Total 1OOOQ 1 979 Q RQ4 90 Q75 Total 4.614 1.025 4.781 10.420 29 Table 29. Minnesota Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 30. Mississippi Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels South Dakota 1,000 575 1,575 thousands of bushels Alabama 1.189 1,189 Arkansas 3 899 46 3 945 Total interstate 1,000 575 1,575 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Illinois 1,003 1,003 Iowa 91 91 Louisiana 5.196 50 5,246 Missouri 502 502 Mode of transportation Nebraska 140 140 North Carolina 661 661 Destination Truck Rail Barge Total Tennessee 2,960 2.960 thousands of bushels Wisconsin 594 594 Louisiana Gulf 660 660 Total interstate 9,095 5,813 829 15,737 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Total interstate 594 660 1.254 Intrastate 000 Mode of transportation . Total 594 660 1 254 Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 1,000 1.189 2.189 Arkansas 572 572 Florida 2.000 232 176 2,408 Tennessee 645 176 821 Louisiana Gulf 8,803 8.803 Total interstate 3.645 2,169 8,979 14,793 Intrastate 11.647 990 52 12.689 Total 15.292 3,159 9,031 27.482 30 Table 31. Missouri Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 32. Nebraska Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Total Mode of transportation Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Origin Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Arkansas 440 247 Illinois 1.279 Kansas 514 13,424 Nebraska 1,234 3,895 Texas 1.222 687 1.279 13.938 5.129 1.222 thousands of bushels Kansas 6.518 3.741 South Dakota 7,093 10,259 7,093 Total Interstate 13,611 3,741 17.352 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Total Interstate 3,467 18.788 22.255 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Total Destination Truck Rail Barge Mode of transportation Total thousands of bushels Arizona 260 Arkansas 230 1,605 California 12,955 Colorado 480 1,764 Illinois 4,906 Iowa 56 Kansas 2,186 5.085 Mississippi 140 Missouri 1.234 3,895 Oklahoma 500 2.212 Oregon 1.500 Texas 10.926 Utah 21 531 Louisiana Gulf 1.395 Pacific N.W. 18.937 California Ports 3.012 260 1,835 12,955 2,244 4.906 56 7.271 140 5,129 2,712 1,500 10,926 552 1,395 18.937 3,012 Destination Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Alabama 55 Arkansas 2,032 9.084 Illinois 1,278 378 216 Iowa 3,966 Kansas 113 547 Mississippi 502 Oklahoma 735 Texas 9.422 112 Louisiana Gulf 41.706 California Ports 475 55 11,116 1.872 3,966 660 502 735 9,534 41.706 475 Total interstate 7,389 20,641 42,591 Intrastate 2,248 6,450 70,621 8,698 Total 9.637 27.091 42.591 79,319 Total interstate 4.707 67.588 1,535 Intrastate 62,843 13,473 73,830 76,316 Total 67,550 81.061 1,535 150,146 31 Table 33. Nevada Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 35. North Carolina Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Total Mode of transportation Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Origin Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels California 500 500 thousands of bushels Georgia 873 60 933 Total interstate 500 Table 34. New Mexico Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins 500 Total interstate 873 60 933 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Total Destination Truck Rail Barge Mode of transportation Total thousands of bushels Alabama 891 Florida 220 Georgia 835 Mississippi 661 Virginia 662 891 220 835 661 662 Origin Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Colorado 400 Kansas 6,079 Oklahoma 115 Texas 8,897 594 4 6,079 115 9,491 Total interstate 3,269 Intrastate 39 452 3,269 491 Total interstate 9.016 6,673 15,689 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Total 39 3.721 3.760 Mode of transportation Total Destination Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Arizona 500 Texas 5,900 38 California Ports 170 500 5,938 170 Total interstate 6,400 208 Intrastate 925 6,608 925 Total 7.325 208 7.533 32 Table 36. Ohio Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 37. Oklahoma Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Indiana 220 220 thousands of bushels Arkansas 6,000 6,000 Kansas 1 9 ^88 5 QS4 1 8 ^79 Total interstate 220 220 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Missouri 735 735 Nebraska 500 2,212 2.712 Texas 6,000 6,000 Mode of transportation Total interstate 24,888 8,931 33,819 Destination Truck Rail Barge Total Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations thousands of bushels Alabama 51 51 Mode of transportation Total interstate O 51 51 Destination Truck Rail Barge Total Intrastate 000 thousands of bushels Arizona 743 743 Total 51 51 Arkansas 1.033 1.033 New Mexico 115 115 Texas 25.337 890 26.227 Louisiana Gulf 51 51 Total interstate 26,485 1,633 51 28.169 Intrastate 245 245 Total 26.485 1,878 51 28.414 33 Table 38. Oregon Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 39. South Carolina Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Mode of transportation Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Total Origin Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Nebraska 1.500 1.500 thousands of bushels Georgia 505 505 Total Interstate 1.500 1.500 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Total Interstate 505 505 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Mode of transportation Total Destination Truck Rail Barge Total Destination Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Washington 500 500 thousands of bushels Florida 263 Georgia 1.000 263 1.000 Total interstate 500 500 Intrastate 0000 Total Interstate 1.000 263 Intrastate 000 1.263 Total 500 500 Total 1.000 263 1.263 34 Table 40. Tennessee Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 41. Texas Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Total Mode of transportation Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Origin Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Alabama 50 Arkansas 2.200 Illinois 590 Kentucky 1.136 Mississippi 645 176 50 2.200 590 1,136 821 thousands of bushels Arkansas 3.000 525 56 Colorado 4.499 1.975 Illinois 247 114 Iowa 1.724 Kansas 6.308 6.171 Louisiana 1.149 Missouri 9,422 112 Nebraska 10.926 New Mexico 5,900 38 Oklahoma 25.337 890 Tennessee 245 3.581 6.474 361 1.724 12.479 1.149 9.534 10.926 5.938 26,227 245 Total interstate 3.981 766 50 4.797 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Total Destination Truck Rail Barge Total interstate 46. 193 32.163 282 78.638 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations thousands of bushels Alabama 1.392 705 1.427 Arkansas 548 Delaware 64 Florida 206 Georgia 2.508 428 Illinois 703 Kentucky 2.000 Mississippi 2,960 Texas 245 Louisiana Gulf 15.353 3.524 548 64 206 2.936 703 2.000 2.960 245 15,353 Mode of transportation Total Destination Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Arizona 134 4.145 Arkansas 1.647 6.725 California 12.324 Kansas 664 Louisiana 1,000 Missouri 1,222 New Mexico 8.897 594 Oklahoma 6,000 Texas Gulf 37,643 29,467 California Ports 2.400 Direct Exports 5.015 985 4,279 8.372 12.324 664 1,000 1.222 9.491 6.000 67.110 2.400 6.000 Total interstate 5.900 5.156 17.483 Intrastate 3.506 790 28.539 4.296 Total 9.406 5.946 17.483 32.835 Total Interstate 55.321 62.556 985 Intrastate 286.602 55,604 271 118.862 342.477 Total 341.923 118.160 1.256 461.339 35 Table 42. Utah Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 44. Washington Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Mode of transportation Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Total Origin Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Colorado 3.268 3.268 Nebraska 21 531 552 thousands of bushels Kansas 500 Oregon 500 500 500 Total Interstate 21 3,799 3.820 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Total interstate 500 500 1,000 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Mode of transportation Mode of transportation Total Destination Truck Rail Barge Total Destination Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Intrastate 36 36 thousands of bushels Pacific N.W. 1.338 1,338 Total 36 36 Table 43. Virginia Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Total interstate 1,338 Intrastate 248 1,338 248 Total 1,586 1,586 Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels North Carolina 662 662 Total interstate 662 662 36 Table 45. Wisconsin Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 47. California Ports Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Mode of transportation Total Origin Truck Rail Barge Total Origin Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Minnesota 594 594 thousands of bushels Kansas 2,104 Missouri 475 Nebraska 3.012 New Mexico 170 Texas 2,400 2.104 475 3,012 170 2,400 Total interstate 594 594 Sorghum Shipments to Various Destinations Total Interstate 8,161 Table 48. Eastern Gulf Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins 8.161 Mode of transportation Destination Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Louisiana Gulf 59 59 Total interstate 59 59 Intrastate 0000 Total 59 59 Table 46. Wyoming Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Total Origin Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Alabama 485 485 Total interstate 485 485 Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Colorado 140 140 Total interstate 140 140 37 Table 49. Louisiana Gulf Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Table 51. Texas Gulf Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins Mode of transportation Total Mode of transportation Origin Truck Rail Barge Origin Truck Rail Barge Total thousands of bushels Alabama 534 Arkansas 3.223 17,966 Illinois 875 15.333 Iowa 99 Kansas 594 1.022 Kentucky 4,206 Louisiana 1,499 9,096 Minnesota 660 Mississippi 8,803 Missouri 41,706 Nebraska 1.395 Oklahoma 51 Tennessee 15,353 Wisconsin 59 534 21,189 16.208 99 1.616 4.206 10.595 660 8.803 41.706 1.395 51 15.353 59 thousands of bushels Kansas 15,238 15,238 Texas 37,643 29.467 67,110 Total interstate 37,643 44,705 82,348 Total interstate 4.722 1.469 116.283 Table 50. Pacific Northwest Sorghum Receipts from Various Origins 122.474 Mode of transportation Total Origin Truck Rail Barge thousands of bushels Kansas 824 Nebraska 18.937 Washington 1,338 824 18.937 1.338 Total interstate 21,099 21,099 38 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA