ASPECTS OF CHILD LIFE IN EARLY CLASSICAL LITERATURE 
 
 BY 
 
 MARGARET MORRISON BRAYTON 
 Ph, B. University of Chicago, 1920 
 
 THESIS 
 
 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the 
 
 Degree of 
 
 MASTER OF ARTS 
 IN CLASSICS 
 
 IN 
 
 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 1921 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/aspectsofchildliOObray 
 
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TABLF OF CONTENT? 
 
 Introduction 
 
 Homer; The Iliad and The Oayssey 
 The Homeric Kymne and Homerica 
 Hesiod 
 
 Pindar and Bacchylides 
 
 Aeschylus 
 
 Sophocles 
 
 Euripides 
 
 Bibliography 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 - 4:2 
 
 50 
 
 59 
 
 68 
 
 «6 
 
 t 
 
1 
 
CHAPTT^P I 
 
 INTRODUCE I nyr 
 
 There seerrs to be a wi,;e-epread belief that 
 children in the period of classical antiquity were 
 not only apt to be neglected, but' often positively abused, 
 that this attitude r re vailed down to the introauc- 
 tion of Christianity with its conception oi the 
 Christ-child, anu. that it was not until the nine- 
 teenth century which has been called frequently^* 
 
 "The Century of the Child" that childhood began to 
 assume its prop'er importance in the social orcier. 
 
 T-Ve find that in such fielus as art, literature, soc- 
 iology, ethics, and philosophy, writers are prone 
 to believe that the origin end develoiirent of due 
 respect for childhood have .sen the outgrowth of 
 Christianity upon the world. 
 
 That early Creek 'art was not concerned with the 
 details necessary for a realistic delineation of chil- 
 dren is evident frerr. the monumeiats therr.selves, and 
 has often been observed by writers in that lield. 
 
 For example. Professor Percy Garuner says, '"In the 
 fifth century ihe forms of men and women are aa- 
 
 1. -Baldwin, F.C.: Wordsworth and Kermes Trism;agi s tUs . 
 
 Mou. Lang. Asa., 1918, XXklll, 3, S3 5. 
 
 Green, John A: Inter. Ctudy of Child Welfare. 
 
 The Child. Vol.l, Oct. 1910, p .T- • 
 
 Fngel, Camuel: Elements of Child Protection. 
 
 Tra.ns . from: the Cerrr.an by Br. Eden Paul, p.V. 
 S.-ISardner, Percy: Principles of Greek Art, p.l34. 
 

 
 
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 rr.iraoly given, but tiie 13001163 cl' children are rjcor- 
 ly rendered. They ayre?.r in lar too ueveloi ev.- I'orrr., 
 evS little men and women; ana although doubtless in 
 the climate of Greece, the bodily forms ri]fen ear- 
 lier, this is an exaggeration." Kekule vcn '-‘'trad- 
 cnitz states that same idea in the negative wnen ne 
 writes^" "Greek art arrived very late at special re- 
 presentation of children and at intimiats scenes in 
 whic'h children assumed an important and independent 
 r51e." Another writer on Greek art exp^resses the 
 
 ccmimon view upon the Greek attitude toward children 
 
 2 
 
 in this period when he says,* "The helplessness of 
 
 infancy, though it had always been unaer the special 
 
 protection of Hermiss' Kourotrophos, was the object of 
 
 pity rather than of interest or of love." 
 
 The theory tnat belief in the sacredness of 
 
 children came to ^Vordsworth not through the classics 
 
 but from: Hermetic literature, the books of which . ere 
 
 attributed to the legen .ary Hcrvrtian god 'i'hoth, finas 
 
 expression in the 3teten':ent of Professor h.G. Eald- 
 ti^the £-ffecf fha-t 
 
 w'in, "-fhe first Poman laws to safeguara children were 
 pa.ssed by Con.s tant ine, 315 P' .1) . at the instigation of 
 the rhetorician Lactant ius^ who was an adimirer and stu- 
 
 l.-Kekule vcn Gtradonitz; die Griechiscbe Skulptur, p.ESh. 
 P. -Smith, S.G. Kaines: Greek Art anu. Rational Life, p.LSS. 
 3. -Paid ' in, Faward Ghauncy: Wor^j-sworth anu. Kern:es 
 Trishffgistus,^. .2W12.. 
 
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dent of the Herrnetical books, judging from the t'.venty- 
 five references made to them in his Divine Institutes 
 which was the uecisive fa,ctor in influencing Constan- 
 tine to make these laws". 
 
 Those sociological workers who to-day are con- 
 cerned with child welfare are prone to believe them- 
 selves pioneers in this phase oi service to society. 
 Florence Davenport Hill writes "One of the m.ost strik- 
 ing ana significant contrasts between ancient ana moa- 
 ern thought is the difference of attituae toward the 
 
 past and. future which characterizes these periods 
 
 Nowhere is its effect more apparent than in the treat- 
 ment of children The work of faith is now no longer 
 
 to glorify the past; it is the m.ore laborious but cheer 
 ful task to benefit the present and take an enlightened 
 care oi the future. These nobler aspirations receivea 
 a fresh and lasting impulse when Christ took the little 
 ones under his sheltering care and began a new era for 
 child life. Christianity h-s inspired the recognition 
 of the rights of children which they them)selves are too 
 hopeless to enforce; it has quickened the sense of re- 
 sp'onsibili ty in parents while it m.akes all willing to 
 sacrifice time and thought for the young."'*" Efforts 
 to defend exposure oi infants to die on mountain-siaes 
 
 i.-Hill, Florence Davenport; Children of the State. 
 
 2nd ed by Fanny k'owke, pp.lf. 
 
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 bn econoiDic grounds aire made by such s \7riter as Aristotle 
 whose view was that ^i^here there were too many citizens, 
 
 for in his ideal state population was. limited, the babe 
 
 1 
 
 or unborn child was to be destroyed. But it is claimed 
 
 that Roman parents during the empire followed this prac- 
 
 2 
 
 tise to avoid responsibility, and that v/hen any abandoned 
 
 children were rescued the "purpose for which they were 
 
 rescued was purely selfish. Under the Roman Law, they 
 5 
 
 were slaves . . 
 
 The attitude of the Stoic philosophers was the 
 prevailing one of that period but theii position has 
 been severely criticized .Benner observes ,"To the Stoics 
 the true nature of the child was closed and it was reserved 
 for Christianity to.-recognize and appreciate the divine 
 in child nature The Ctoics saw the child as an un- 
 
 developed hum^an being and offered the child as an example 
 
 4 
 
 of negative attributes." But a more detailed exposition 
 of thif point of view was made by William Lechy when he 
 v/rote," To the Ragans even when condemning abortion snd 
 infanticide , these crimics appeared comparatively trivial 
 because the victims seemed very insignificant and their 
 suffering slight. The death of an adult man who is struck 
 down in the 
 
 1. - Aristotle: Jrolitics 11 6,10 ff. and IV fVll)l6,19 ff. 
 
 Uewmian; The Politics of Aristotle 1 186 f f . 
 
 2. - Bincyclopaedia Britannica: Infanticide ,V, 861 . 
 
 3. - riingerlsnd: Child-Placing in families, p. 28. 
 
 4. - Renner ,E; Las Kind: Kin Grleichnismitt el bei Spiktet, 
 
 p. 60 ff. 
 
 
5 
 
 rr.idst of his enterprise ana hop-ea,who is united by 
 ties of love or frienuship to the multituaes arounu 
 hirr. ana whose aei arture causes a perturbation and 
 pang to the society in which he h'.s nicved, excites 
 feelings very different froa any proauced by the 
 painless extinction of a newborn iniant, which hav- 
 ing scarcely touched the earth, has known none of its 
 cares and little of its love, i^ut to the theologian 
 this infant life possessed a fearful significance. 
 
 The moment, they te,ught, the foetus in the womb ac- 
 quired animation, it became an immortal bein<’-'\ ues- 
 tinea even if it died, to be raised again on the last 
 day, responsible for the sin of Aaam, and doomed if it 
 perished without baptismi, to be excluded forever from 
 heaven ana to be cas't, as the Greeks taught, into a 
 rainless and joyless limro or, as the Latins taught 
 into the abyss of hell. It is probably in a consid- 
 erable degree to this doctrine that we owe in the first 
 instance the healthy sense of vo.lue and sanctity of 
 infant life which so broadly dist ingi’i shea Christian 
 1 rom Pagan societies and which is now so thoroughly 
 incorporated with cur m;oral feelings to be independent 
 of all doctrinal changes."^* 
 
 Ok 
 
 Since there seen.s to be very general belief 
 l.-Lecky ■'’’’illiam: History of European I/'orals lI,p.S4f. 
 
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6 
 
 by writers in various fields that the civilization of 
 the classical world has had no share in arcusing in 
 us concern for one of the raramount interests of so- 
 ciety throughout the world to-day, it is the purpose 
 of this study by investigating the reirains of early 
 literature of Greece^ ^ to try to detern.ine to 
 
 what extent this view is well founded. 
 
 V 
 
7 
 
 CH.APTFP II 
 KOM^^R 
 
 The referencea to children made by Homer in the 
 Iliad and the Odyssey seem to f3.ll naturally into three 
 categories: those which deal with children in regard to 
 their place and relationships in fam-ily life; these 
 which suggest certain :^ualities of children; those which 
 indicate the mutual attitudes of adults ano. children, 
 particularly parents. 
 
 Those passages v;hich deal with children in regard 
 tc their lace and relationships in family life cover 
 the period of infancy, one or two aspects of life in the 
 home, and the parts childj.'’en played in merry-making. 
 
 The picture of the child in the mother's arms a.ppjearB 
 
 in the description cf the departure of Odysseus: "Verily 
 
 the 
 
 we left her a bride new wed when we went to. war, ana. a 
 child was at her breast"} 'or again when Hector takes leave 
 of Andromache, "So spake he_, and laid his son in his uear 
 wife's arms; and she took him. tc her fragrant bosom:, smil- 
 ing tearfully"^* Sometimes a nurse has charge of a child 
 as in this oam^e description when Androm.ache goes to the 
 city gates to mieet Hector, "So she met him: now^ ana with 
 her went her handmaid, bearing in her bosom the tenaer 
 
 1 .-0v.iy63ey?^I, v. 448-9. All quotations fromi the Odyssep'' 
 
 are from a translation by Butcher and La.ng, Lonacn, 19CC . 
 ?. .-IliadVI, V.4S3-4. All quotations .from the Iliaa are 
 
 from, a translation by Lead', Lang, and Myer, London, ISOC . 
 
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 boy, the little child, Hector's lovea son, like unto 
 
 heauiiful , 
 
 avatar," ‘or in regard to this same boy, "then in bed 
 in his nurse's arms he would slumber, soltly nestled, 
 having satisiied his heart with good things", ana 
 when he saw his father in arrr:s, "the child shrunk cry 
 ing to the bosom; of his fair-girdled nurse, dism.ayed 
 
 at his dear father's asyeot Odysseus' nurse 
 
 Eurycleia was important in his life and hcusehola, for 
 "of all the women of the household ehe loved him most, 
 and she had nursea him. when a little one, "4* while Pen- 
 elope recommends her as"a wom;an of understanding heart, 
 that diligently nursed that hapless man, my lord, and 
 cherished him and took him; in her aims, in the hour when 
 his mother bare him.; " again in the -story of the naiming 
 of Odysseus, Eurycleia gives the baby to the fond grand- 
 father, asking him. to nam.e the boy. Telemachus ap'pears 
 to have haa a man-servant to care for him., too, since in 
 the fight with .the wooers, he .says to Odysseus: "let us 
 save also the henchman .:fedon_,that ever had charge of me 
 in our house when I wae a child. Hcvi^ever, that the 
 
 nurse did not assume complete Cc^re of the child ia evi- 
 dent in the lines, "She turned it just o.side from, the 
 fle.sh, even a mother drive th .a fly from: her child 
 
 1. -Iliad VI, V. 397-400. 
 
 2. -Iliad XXII, V. 501- 503. 
 
 3. — Iliad VI , V . 407— 468 . 
 
 4. -0dy3seyI, v. 43-5-437. 
 
 5. -Odyssey XIX, v.349-352. 
 
 6. -Odyssey XIX, v. 399-404. 
 
 7. -Odyssey X7IT, v. 355-380. 
 

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 that .lieth in s eet slurr.ber"!* There are also sev- 
 eral glirrpses of hoime life in which children are in- 
 cluded. Odysseus speaks of finuing .'^eolus feasting 
 with his wife and children^ • and Circe warns Odysseus 
 that whoever hears the sound of the Siren's voice will 
 never see wife and babies waiting for his return o'r 
 rejoice at his ccming. ’ Athene reproaches Od^'^sseus 
 with, "Right gladly would any other man on his return 
 1 rom wandering, have hasted to behold his chilaren and 
 hivS wife in his haljs,'.'.^ ’ That children in the home were 
 thought of as a joy and adornment may be inferreci from 
 Odysseus' speech to the swineherd: "Such an one was I 
 
 in war, but the labour of the field I never loved, nor 
 home-keeping thrift, that o-reeus brave chilaren, " in 
 Vnhich the word translated "brave" denotes properly "bright, 
 shining, beautiful"?* The description also of the 
 vintage scene on Achilles' shiela, in which girls and 
 boys dance about a boy who plays on the viol, while 
 they sing and frolic, swinging baskets of fruit, inai- 
 cates that children a.lso had a part in harvest cele- 
 brations and merrymakings which took place at thOvt 
 time of the year?’ 
 
 l.-Iliau IV, V. 13C-131. 
 
 3 . -Ody eseyX, v.6C. 
 
 3 . -Odyssey XI T, v. 40-43. 
 
 4. -0ay8sey XII I, v. 333-334. 
 b. -Odyssey XIV, v. 331-335. 
 6.-Iliaa XVIl'I, v. 567-572. 
 

 
 
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Those references which suggest certain qualities 
 of chiluren leaa us to feel that children in antiquit^^ 
 were not at all different in many phases of their char- 
 acter from children of to-day. Their mischievousness 
 is indicated in the reference to the rally of the Greeks 
 around Patroklos like wasps "that hoys are ever wont to 
 vex, always tormenting them in their nests he side the 
 way in childish sx:ort and they, if ever some way- 
 
 faring man' passing by stir them unwittingly, fly forth 
 every one of them, with a heart of valor and each o.e- 
 fenas his children'.'^* There is a reference to the boy 
 who builds houses of sand and then tears them, down'^ * 
 which brings to mina a ]: icture of children playing in 
 the s....nd to-day. But the greater number of these pas- 
 sages suggest the weak ana tender siue of child nature, 
 characteristics resulting simply fromi imiiraturity. The 
 •simiile of the ass which gets away from the boys and 
 takes his fill of the crop debx;ite the blows and beat- 
 ings of his helpless drivers is an indication of 
 physical weakness, but I d. resay the administration of 
 the x>iJ-i^ishment was as enjoyable to these boys as it 
 would seem to be even yet, ’juaging from the treat- 
 m.ent of aumb anim*als by the chilu.ren of this generation. 
 
 1. -Iliad XVI, V. 258 - 233. 
 
 2. -Ili,..d XV , V. 36C - 364. 
 
 3. — Ili.^a XI, V. 563 — 566. 
 
2 
 
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 11 
 
 The quality cf timidity ccmeb out several times, u.s in 
 regard to laomeneus, "But fear took not hola uy on luom- 
 eneua, as though he hau. been some tender toy" and a- 
 gain in Hector 'e woras to i^chilles-, "Son of Peleus, 
 
 'a 
 
 •think not with v.or.^3 to c.ff right e as a chila"^' Weed- 
 ing children are frequently men^ionea as in the cc-yar- 
 ieon of Fatrcklcb to tne little f?irl who runs alcru-'’ be- 
 
 W> ^ 
 
 ■siae her irother till she ie tirea out ^n t. cries till -.er 
 ■mother 'takes her ur. and carries herf* ana also in Odyss- 
 eus' 3;. eeCxO to 'the assembly when he says, "For like 
 young cbij.aren or widow women do they wail each tS' zhe 
 ^ti:er of returning h-ur;3"1'‘ The , lack cf development . no t 
 only rhysically but mentally, whicn the Greeks seem to 
 have reg'araea os the essential characteristics of chila- 
 ren is suggested in such :cxssages as Fester's reply to 
 Odysseus when he says, "qut on it, in very truth y^u 
 hold assembly like silly l-oys th_t have no care for -ueeu-s 
 of War":^* cr when henelaus gives his ci inicn of Ftoneus 
 with, ' truly thou wert not a foci aforetime, but now for 
 this once, like a chila thou talkest felly. The ten- 
 derness cf rhoini.K toward Achilles who in his infwvncy 
 often "stainea the doublet cf my breast with srutterinc^ 
 
 * O 
 
 .-Tli d XITI , V. 470 - 471. 
 .-Iliad XX , v.lCfq -aOO. 
 Iliad XVI , V. 7 - 1.. 
 Ilixxd II , v.SJC. 
 
 Ilix^d IT , v. 3 id- 337 . 
 
 .- Oayssey iv v. 29 - 31. 
 

 
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 wine- ir scrr, helplesonesn, the f^ct th^t cut of Lis 
 
 A 
 
 love icr t.he ciii.ia, he /.as vviliin,^ to en.-aire rep eat ea- 
 ly this sen ewhat unpleasant e'-q.. erience is in aharj,„ cen- 
 
 tr^.,st tc the rra.nner in «;hica ^1: aisx_atches the 
 
 , matter with, "At first the inf_.nt, me..lin^ n.. ,..uLin- 
 in the nurse's arms"?* 
 
 There is an indic.stion of the intimacy -.na af- 
 fection of parents ana chiliren in the yassage, "for the 
 heart of '^ylens' son knoweth net- this, that he of a 
 surety is net long-lived that fightsth 'vith immortals, 
 nor eveT do. his children pre.ttle on his knees at his 
 returning from ;-,..r ana terri.jl:: fray"f‘ The wora "prat- 
 tle" is trai'islatea Itov. TX(A^a^ou(Ti <hich means liter.,Llly 
 "saying yar-a" ana therefore i; akes the yicture more vivia 
 th_n the tr^.n^latea wora cooila .To. Another instance of 
 this more intimate ter.'i.inolcgy is feun.^ in the case of 
 Lausicaa who also c.lis her lati/er "p.ya"?' 
 
 Those references which incJ.ca.te the mitual atti- 
 tudes of 3-aults an.-^ chilaren, paii’t icularlj/' parents, sho»v 
 gensr..illy a feeling of afiection ana respect uaia though 
 the lot 01 crpha.ns is on unhap i: y one, it a;p,eL..rs tiu.t 
 some , ro^T’i ion ■ sas la-.ae for their inten..nce, or tiiey 
 were i.aop tea into other f.^milies. Tn /n '.rcir.ache ' s plea.. 
 
 1. -Iliad I : , V. 49C - 492. 
 ^.-Shakespeare, As you Like It II, 
 h.-Ilia. V. 4C6 - 4C8. 
 4.-Oayss0v vp _ 53. 
 
 IS:--. 
 

13 
 
 with Hector to dtay out of the b.-ttle, ana a^-ain in 
 her larrient at hie aeath she deecrihse the .Borrow ancl. 
 misfortune, social oetracien' _.na hunuliating charity 
 which their son may suffer if Hector should not re- 
 turn^' On the other h nd Hector ins^ ires courage in 
 his men by reminding them that to ..:ie fighting is no 
 aisgrace an i that their wives and children will ce pro- 
 vided for.^‘ The treatirent of slaves ana a iOptea chil- 
 aren in a gentle and tender manner is eviaent in sev- 
 eral instL.ncee. In regard to ’-elantho a slave an.^ house- 
 eervant ’’Penelope reare d, and entre_.ted her tenderly as 
 she had been her own cliilc, end <?eve heT" vie ''-thiru'j's 
 to her heart's desire,"^* and ’.rheano nutursd carefully 
 ana reared as her own children Pedaios, the hastar.JL' 
 son of Antenorl"* The desire of the mothers to protect 
 their children is. brought out in the comparison of 
 Guys sevus ' tears to those of the v^oirian who , " throvv.s her- 
 self wailing aheut her iear lord, warding from, his 
 town and chilaren the pitiless day",^’ ana in the ref- 
 erence to the honest woma.'.n who labors at the loom to 
 win a living for her chil.lren^* and lin.'.liy in the aes- 
 
 c rip t ion of Teukros 
 
 ' rr;ethoo of 
 
 fighting 
 
 '■ behind 'Aias ' 
 
 snield, " ” a child 
 
 beneath his 
 
 n c ther , 
 
 so go-t he hi IV 
 
 1. -Iliad VI ^ V. 439 
 3. -Iliad XV^ V. 494 
 
 3, -0dys-.ey XVITT, v 
 
 4. ~riic.d V, V. 6S - 
 
 - 431. 
 
 - 5CC . 
 
 .3^1 - 333. 
 
 7C. 
 
 
 
 5 . -Ovgossey. VI v. 
 
 oS X “ O' O' • 
 
 
 
 o.- Iliad XII, va 431 - 435. 
 
>1 
 
14 
 
 to Aias, who hid h'i.n; with shining ■shield."'^' .Also the 
 father exhibits adrrirable qualities of parenthood in 
 the x^assages notea. Odysseus is refer reii to as a lord 
 of the people and "gentle as a father"'^* Frlarr shovvs 
 v^nxiet]^. 'and .-ffection when he forbids Polyaoros, his 
 youngest and favorite sen, to enter bat tie. ’ and ag.-in 
 chc.rity tevvara Ir:.:. rios^ the hu3'„and of his illegitiiTiate 
 'daughter who "dwelt with Priaa who honore.^ him like his 
 own chilaren" . ’ Phoinix. Achilie>3' teacher, is .. p a- 
 thetic fign.ire^as he laments the curse fulfilxed by the 
 gods which deprived him of chilarenT’ One of the most 
 characteristic pictures of fatherhood is that of Hector 
 when he takes off the helmet which frightened the baby 
 anu atmdling himi in his arm;s, laughs ana kis ses him, at 
 the same tin;e praying to the g_ds for the cnilu's Sexfety 
 and welfare.* On the other hand, that the love ana es- 
 teem of parents and children were mutual is suggestea 
 by the reference to Areta, motlier of Pausica of whom 
 it was sa.id, "Thus sne hath ana hath ever haa, all wor- 
 
 7 . 
 
 snip he^^rtily frcr-i her aear chilaren" ana also by the 
 lines, "even as when m.cst welcome to liis chilaren is the 
 sight of a father’s life 'who lies in sickness and strong 
 
 1. - Iliad VI 1 1, V. 273 - 2 74, 
 
 2. -0ayssey V, v.ll - 13. 
 
 3 .-Iliad 
 
 XX, V. 
 
 405 - 
 
 411. 
 
 4.-Tli-d 
 
 XIII, V 
 
 . 174 
 
 - 177. 
 
 5. -Iliad 
 
 I X, V . 
 
 452 - 
 
 457. 
 
 3 . - 1 1 i ad 
 
 '/I, V. 
 
 468 - 
 
 482. 
 
 7. -Odyssey v. 7C - 72 
 
 T 
 

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15 
 
 ], long waating away, aonie angry god assailing hir; 
 
 and to their .^elight the gode he'/'e loosed hir frorr; hie 
 troulle, so welcorre to d showed l^.na and wooa.”^ 
 
 Kc ever, arr.ong the Greeks a-, other nations of the 
 world the radnese of vvar has eyent itself uj^'On chilarei'i; 
 Just as where your tre.'-.sure is, there '"ill your heart be 
 also, 30 in the thick of the fight, these when; they treas- 
 ure most, their wives an. hahies, h ve ever been ui-;.er- 
 ircst in the theught.-i of the sol.liersl* Nestor rr.akeo the 
 incenti'iT'e to protect their families the hasis of his 
 appeal to the ""reeks when they are about to f lee*: ' Hec- 
 tor insists upon seeing his wife and boy before the b..t- 
 
 f 
 
 tie, for he fears never to return. figa.in his concern 
 for the innocent and helpless is revealed in a speech to 
 his men when he says ’ "Listen ye countless tribes of 
 allies that dwell round aj-'cut. It was net for mere 
 nuK.ters that I sought or longed when I gatherer each of 
 you from your cities, but that ye night zealously gucvi-a 
 the Trojans' wives o.na infant little ones from, tne war- 
 loving Achaians." Helenes the augitr shows the v^esirs t;o 
 
 4 
 
 propitiate Athene in sacrifice th..t ‘"she '.vill have mer- 
 cy on the city and the Trojans* wives ana little chil- 
 dren . " 
 
 1.- Odyssey V, 594-598. 
 
 .3, -Iliad VI, 335 - 6^ . 
 
 3. -Ili..,d XVII , 319 - 23. 
 
 4. -Iliaa VI, v. 93 - 95, 
 
16 
 
 ?c it hus a.lways been. Frcrr, Homer's tiir.e to the _;;re- 
 sent iay lead-ere ho.^J’e --fought for money, land, social 
 oaition, or political j.ower but the rank ana file of 
 the common rr.aeees which they le>b, follovved faithfully, 
 not 3 0 much for the sake of ’;octy or glory* ''-it to pre- 
 serve and defend their own families ana frienas. On 
 the ether hand, this deep concern for their wives and 
 children ho.s been Ju st if i ea at all times by the cruel- 
 ty of the invaders, '^riam descrihing- the horrors of 
 .war, spoke of'his sons perishing and his aaughters 
 carried away and his charr.hefs laid waste cjca infa,nt 
 children hurled to the ground in terrible war andhia 
 sens' wives dragged away by the ruinous hands oi the 
 Achc.ians . " ■ The treatm:snt of children in Priori's ac- 
 count i-:s not unliRe that described by the Fsalrrist when 
 he said, "uax-py shall he be that taksth ona ao-sheth thy 
 little ones ago.inst the stones"^^* or by King Renry tiie 
 Fifth who speaks of "your naked infants ittea upon 
 pikes."^* Tt ax-'i-oars therefore that the hreeks ho.ve not 
 been the only nation guilty of the murder of liotle 
 chilaren in a siege, but it seesms iustifiv..ble also to 
 conclude from; reading any page of history that war has 
 wrought ugron children havoc cf one kind or oncther ^.t 
 
 1. -Iliad XXII , V. 6C - 34. 
 
 £. -Psalm 137, v.c, 
 
 3 .-Henry V, II f, 3, ■ 38. 
 
all tir/.es and in all nati::ns. 
 
 It would seen from the conbiaeration of tiie 
 fcregoino; references that in the pericu of which Ho- 
 mer writes, the relations of the 'Greeks to their chil- 
 dren were intimate, kindly, affectionate, and such „3 
 
 0.11 human beings '■.ew.r towards then' to-day. r'hi Jies^- eare 
 is notable for the realistic way in vvhich he presents 
 •some of the nuisances of children, but although his own 
 attitude m.ay scarcely be distinguished, it seems that 
 his characters neither abuse nor favor them sur erl^^ti ve- 
 ly hut rather - hilosoy uicall y accey t children and their 
 shcrtccmings as necessary to the order of things. The 
 Old ■ Tes tangent writers came of a no.tion which hel... f^mdly 
 ties so sucred th' t the idea of bod as a father of the 
 human race becane the basis of their religion, but they 
 hesitated "to spare the rod and spoil the chila" . Duty 
 was the foundation of the rslciticnshiy oi parents ..nd 
 children in ancient Israel, a tounaation u>. on which was 
 built fearful resp'-ct and loyal tyt' On. the other hand, 
 b'crdsv\'or th presents the opposite siv..e of the ,^.icture in 
 his f:.mou 3 lines, 
 
 "rut trailing clouas of glory do we com.e 
 
 "From Ood who is our hom.e; 
 
 Heaven lies erc’in^ us in our infancy".*^’ 
 
 1. -The conclusirns regarding the attituae of Shakespeare 
 
 and nid Testan'.ent writers h:.ve been u.rawn after an ex.- 
 hauative investigation of the references they msake to 
 children. 
 
 2 . -Wordsworth ^ Intimations of Immortality. 
 
In other Vvorus, he believea that the child, ccrr.ee intc 
 the '.'vorld '. nape bted and ir.ore nearly divine than ia 
 pcsaible for hir; tc remain, after comiinj into contact 
 with the wickednesa of the world. On this account, he 
 maintains, the infant demianda greater reverence ^.nd 
 more careful rearing aince.it ia closer than any other 
 human life to its Maker. Diametrically oppoaea ia the 
 iaea of 8t. .H-igi'is t ine^ who held that children come in- 
 to the world already steeped in sin and that such vi- 
 cious habits as cruelty and abuse of helpless animals 
 ■are proofs of this view. However, none of these un- 
 p le.:i3ant . features of child life are auggeste-d by Hor er 
 ncr does he a3.sume the attitude of 'P'ordsworth in this 
 m.atter. It must not be forgotten that our isoet writes 
 of gentle folk, the class of society v'/hich enjoyed all 
 the careful education and rearing which were afforded 
 at that time. Hut the impression he leaves is that 
 asiae from the atrocities commiitted by war-crazea sol- 
 aiers, children were loved, respected and welcome in 
 the society of their eld';.;rs, precisely, the same feel- 
 ing vi/hich all civilized people have at thS present day. 
 
 l.-St. Augustine's Confessions, with an English trans- 
 lation oy William. I 63 i pjew York, Macm.ill:..n 191 
 
 (,Br, /,TX. 
 
CHAPTyP. Ill 
 
 THE HOMFPir KY¥NS AFE HOHEPJCA 
 
 iProjri the ccr;;u.s of ;;?oer.';s known ns the lioiLeric 
 Kyirns nrih the I-Icnieric;. , the references to chilaren 
 may be divir.eh for the s: ke of convenience, ■ into tv,o 
 i;arto: those which obviously inu.iCvxte the attitude 
 
 toward chilaren assumed by the Greeks of thc^t time, 
 and those which, in order to aetermine their signi- 
 ficance, demana a closer ccnsideration . 
 
 1'he 'vriters of this corjUJis, vvhether Hcrr;er hix;.- 
 self or those’ who are included in the list of "Hcm.eric 
 ■poets, present in the majority of cases a favorable 
 attitude on the part of Greek society in general 
 tO'ward the rising generation. The ve'ry epibhets which 
 apx-'e-r repeatedly throughout this corpus are convinc- 
 ing eviaence that m.ore than one writer had o'cservea 
 this feeiinp’. Such terms as "glorious children"^ 
 
 "dear son" " splen ,ia son" , lovely chil'^ren" , ' 
 
 1. -Delian Apollo, v.l3. All oiuctcticns from_ this cor- 
 
 pus' are from' the tran .laticn by H.G. Ev'elyn-'^Aai te, 
 Lonaon, 1£G4. 
 
 To the Eioscuri, v.S. 
 
 F;: igrrurs of Homier, I'V, v.0. 
 
 Hermes, v. IbC ; v.l*#B. 
 
 2. -Pa,n, V.35 
 
 The Gtory of Oedipus, v. 
 
 Hermes, v.245 
 
 Contest of Hom'.er anu Hesioa, v.^/¥. 
 
 3 . - D i ony s ius^JI, v.S. 
 
 4. -Helios, V. 6. 
 
 “^elene, v. 13 . - 
 
"sweet young boy",^’ are used, frequently^ casually, anu 
 as a matter of course. .Physical beauty is emx'hasi-ied 
 in such passages as the simple statement which follows 
 the account of the Demeter episoue at the palace of 
 lletaneira, "As for the child, he grew like an im- 
 mortal being", or when Aphrodite promises to shew 
 Ancliises his son, "a scion to delight the eyes — you 
 v;ill rejoice in beholding him, tor hesiiall be most 
 godlike" , ^ ' or finally, "Leto was gTaa because she nau 
 borne a strong son ana an archer". In the Story of 
 Oedepus there is a aescripticn oi Hajmon who was given 
 in forfeit to tne Pphinx ana who *^a-s characterised as 
 "the comeliest and loveliest of boys".^* The uelight 
 in their strength and beauty w^as no less prevalent 
 than the desire for children themselves. Den.ophcbn is 
 s}, oken of as "a chila of .many prayers and welcome",^* 
 and again as "this child whom the gods gave m:e in my 
 
 7 . 
 
 old age and beyond m.y hope, a son muich prayed for". 
 
 1. -'fhe Peturns, 2,v.l 
 
 2 . -Deme ter, V . 301 . 
 
 3 . -Aphroai t e, v .280-281 . 
 
 4. -Delian Apollo, v . 126 . 
 
 5. -'^tory of Oeaipus, 3, V. 4 . 
 
 6 . -Deme ter, V . 165. 
 
 7 . -Demeter, V . 219-221 . 
 
L 
 
 
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e cpreases joyful unticipuf ion of becoming 
 
 the wife of Anchises and of ’ e^iring him "goouly chil- 
 
 aren",^‘and the ceremony attending the hirth of Apollo 
 
 2 
 
 was an occasion of great glc^dness. On the other ho.na , 
 to be unable to bear children vvas considerevi a iris- 
 fortune and calamity. Thus when Cemeter was bevi/ailing 
 her .adughter's fate by the Maiden ''bell, she is com- 
 pared to an "ancient woman who is cut off from child- 
 bearing ana the gifts of garland-loving Aphrodite".^* 
 That the Greeks of this period were sincere in their 
 longing for families is supported by several references 
 in which children appear as a joy and .blessing'. The 
 passage concerning Apollo, "and queenly Letc rejoices 
 
 3 
 
 because she bare a mighty son and an archer", ’and also, 
 "the^T- call the boy Pan because he delighted all their 
 
 4 
 
 hearts", ‘besides these already alluded to in respect 
 to the desirab llity^* of chilaren, are indicative of 
 this fact. Mo less potent in supg/ort of this argu- 
 ment is the prom.ise of Aphrodite to Anchises "and you 
 
 1 . -Ap hrodi te , v . 1P9 . 
 f .-Demeter, v. 1C1-1C2 . 
 
 T. -Delian Apollo, v. 11-13. 
 
 4. -Pan, v.4_6-47., ‘ . 
 
 5 . -Aphredi te,v.S6G-281. 
 
 Delian ApoHo, v . 128 . 
 
 J'emeter, v. 165, V.21S-331. 
 
shall have a clear son who shall reiyjn airong the Tro- 
 jans, and children’s children e.fter hir, s], ringing 
 •» 1 
 
 up cont inually , ” or again, "Through you, 0 queen, 
 men are blessed in their children".^’ In both of 
 these passages the idea of blessedness rei- inds us of 
 the inheritance of the tribes of Israel, ’’for the 
 father of a multitude of nations have I rade thee. 
 j\nd I- will make thee exceedingly fruitful, ana I v;ill 
 make nations of thee, ana kings shall come out of thee 
 However it is the neat Homeric Hp-igrams which rr.ost a^.- 
 mirably and with greatest nicety expresse this con- 
 ception, ’’children are a man's crown, towers of a city 
 horses are the glory of the plain and so are ships of 
 
 the sea" . ' 
 
 A pa, the 
 
 tic touch 
 
 is auaed 
 
 in one 
 
 of the 
 
 epigran.s: " 
 
 To what a 
 
 fate did 
 
 Zeus the 
 
 Father 
 
 give me 
 
 a prey even 
 
 while he 
 
 made m.e 
 
 to grew, a 
 
 babe a 
 
 t my 
 
 mother's knees and again, "My dear lir-bs yearn 
 not to stay in the sacrea streets of Cyme, but rather 
 my great heart urges m;e to go unto another country, 
 small though I am."^* 
 
 1 . -Ap'hrcdi te, v. 195-198 . 
 S.-To Earth, v.5-6. 
 
 3. -Creneais XVII, 6. 
 
 Epigrams of 
 
 4. -Homer XIII. 
 
 5. -Homer IV, v.1-3. 
 
 6. -Homer IV, v. 15-18. 
 
< 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 j 
 
 -.3 
 
 - 41 ' 
 
 
23 
 
 Eviaently children app eared in public in comi. any vvitn 
 their parents, for the writer of the hyr.n to .Apollo 
 says, "yet in Delos do you most delight your heart; 
 for there the long-robed loniane gather in your hon- 
 or with their children ana shy wives". Nor was 
 less attention paid them within the precincts of their 
 own homes. The picture of Met..n«ra who "sat by a 
 pdllar of the close-fitted roof, holaing her son, a 
 tenner scion, in her bosom"‘^'and who later, because of 
 her anxiety for the child and her instinctive miaternal 
 suspicion gf the strenge nurse who seem.ed to work rrir- 
 acles in caring fcr the boy, "kept watch b’y night fromi 
 her . sweet-smelling cham.ber and spied. But she wailea 
 
 s.nd smcte her twro nips, because she feared for her son 
 
 3 • 
 
 anri was greatly distraught in her heart," ’presents 
 evidence, indeed, of bhe anrious mother heart which 
 knows no fetters of race or time. Then after the chilo. 
 is di-scarded bv the enroged goduess, the solllcitous 
 yet inexperienced sisters crowd around, trying in their 
 clumisy way to minister to the boy to the extent which 
 
 1. -Celio-n Apollo, v. 147-149. 
 
 2. -~enieter, v. 184-187. 
 
 3 . -Demeter, v .843-24? . 
 
' V ' . ; ♦«! c 7 
 
 • 
 
 ft j - ^ : 
 
 
 ii” 
 
 A' 
 
 
 
 [J> 
 
 K-.'54 >v*o W;' a 
 
 M, .' X» r' 4 f *,*■' ■ " .' 
 
 r. 
 
 ■fl'S-i: • i .’I i>) i IiiMi:,:*jlk’ft; *t<p\ * jK .->X«il 'srt/ii 
 
 ■'* B J ’ 
 
 -. . . t : J$3|^' s ::.-. ..iJtfl 
 
 Jwir.3iNl \*c» 
 
 
 * v4ic«' 1C- |kfT. -A-;.-, .uct t# . 
 
 « i • it ^ .Jn4» ' ^ ■* 9 4 *^1 •' / az , •vr 1 3« - •» » /rAjf 
 
 >7r" ■ 7*i«i '* :> . 
 ■ 
 
 'lO ^ 
 
 
 
 •.fv 
 
 Haw' ■ 
 
 ifiod. 
 
 ;.^j 
 
 \ '»*- 
 
 
 tW« ^ *«■ 
 
 Fj..iiB ‘".1^ ■ 
 
 ■■■^- st^- 
 
 ^A,<L*** . . jtu Mf 
 
 $* i\M , m^’tS >X^ 
 
 t 
 
 ^ _ 
 
 J 
 
 
 .<■ ., ‘:. , 
 
 »>A’ ,#|Bt ^- -> t>.iJL49{^ tpL» »- - •■- I^^Va■l'•^■•^V4i.^^^^'' 
 
 Ti«.;ff fi| ,*.4’ .ji_-. »•«♦*? l*leJl: * .i. -’^iXSi-t ^ 1 
 
 ac •A’’ o, ■»/. ys «#> -., lo^ 
 
 • • ’ • •• «1A y*— ♦' 1 'u 
 
only the "one child in the world" to its particular 
 far.ily ^rouf' can -demaind. Undoubtedly chilaren were 
 desired and welcorrad for dynastic reasons, and ster- 
 ility was regarded’ as ominous of divine disj-'leasure . 
 And yet from e mminett ion of the above references, it 
 seems reasonable to conclude that in adaition to be- 
 ing perpetrators of the race, chilaren were regaraed 
 as necessary to the pleasures of fam.ily life ana that 
 as such their well-being v/as a joy an^x priae ana their 
 deir.anas a matter of loving attention. 
 
 We come now to those references which deme.na, 
 inaividually and as a group, m;ore thoughtful contem;- 
 plation. The group referred to is that which deals 
 with the nurse s.nd her place in the chila's life. It 
 is perfectly evident that in the society of the Hoii.er- 
 ic Age, the nurse played an imiportant role in house- 
 hold affairs. Rut i-t must be borne in m.ina through- 
 -out this discussion, that Kom.eric vvriters always dealt 
 with the upper classes vvhere household servants were 
 a conspicuous feature. The fam;ous episode of Dem.eter 
 as a nurse of Dem.opho^n is foreshadowed by the lines 
 
1 
 
 ' - -, / ' ■ ' .«w: 
 
 <■ 
 
 ?i ' * 1 . 1 * o or*' . :: ' 
 
 ■ .‘^; ' ■ ^ ^ 
 
 •*■* ■ . • ' 5 i I . * 7-0 
 
 ’ ■• ■ -’ • '* i^:-s7 .' » :f- ; ,zx 
 
 lfc.t — * ♦ *• , t“ .'j 
 
 r<f 
 
 • ■ u 
 
 . 3 ilii 
 
 1 
 
25 
 
 which cLescrlbe her grief anci desolation o'rer the loes 
 of Phea, "/nd she, was like the nurses of king's chil- 
 aren who' deal justice". In other worde> her life 
 was as empty as that of the nurses of king's chil- 
 aren who possess responsibility without authority ana 
 so are left in c'hapjrih by their insubordinate charges 
 when discipline is necessary. Throughout the Dsmeter 
 story there are references to the nurse's* Care of the 
 chi la: how he was fed*^,’ bathed-; trunaled^ ’ and cares sea^.* 
 Aphrodite recalls her childhood with the words, "But I 
 kno'w your speech well beside my own, for a Trojan 
 nurse brought me up-' at home, she took me frorr- me dear 
 mother and reared me thenceforth when I was a little 
 child. The f.act that the child was taken from its 
 mother might be an indication of antipathy or dislike 
 ■on the part of the paren-t, hence a convenient disposal 
 of her responsibility in the m.attsr. However, there is 
 nothing to indica.te that the child suffered any hard- 
 ship by reason of the change or that the mother core 
 her any ill-will. Moreover the fact that foreign nurses 
 
 1. -De.meter, v. 1C2-1C4. 
 
 2 . -Beraeter, V . 139; v.l64. 
 
 3. -Demeter,v.2S9. 
 
 4 . -Demeter, v . 14C , 
 
 5. -Demeter, v. "8? . 
 
 6. -Aphrcdi te, v . 113-116 . 
 

 ' '^1 
 
 ■ o • 1 _ •• 
 
 t ,1 
 
 
 * •* r i 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 oei 
 
 m- * ' 
 
 Fwj 1 
 
 » 
 
 i 
 
 oi> i#r -6f; 
 
 "■ •, ■ ‘ 
 
 u 
 
 
 I, 
 
 /.r t 
 
 ».f| tc'1 
 
 -■ { 
 
 t^z 
 
were net unepmmori, ^ ’i: oints to the assumirticri that no 
 unfavorable implication ie involved in the statement. 
 One of the l^rigrams speaks of "Goadess-nurBe of the 
 young”*^ * thereby signifying the importance attached to' 
 the office.’ Kcvvsver the question may be raised, 
 
 "Does not the importance of the nurse reflect with 
 discredit upon the attitude of the mother toward her 
 child?” Tt is possible th;^.t there were in thcBe aays, 
 as there are now, women, v\/ho, having borne chilaren, 
 considered their mission in life corriplete and, un- 
 willing to aasum.e further responsibility, paid a nurse 
 to relieve them of it. ^n the ether hand, the wom.an 
 of the Kom.eric Age was the household administrator: 
 she directed the preparation of food such as pounding 
 ^na grinding grain, also the carding and spinning of 
 wool; weaving and embroiaery were tasks worthy of her. 
 Ao.d to these enaless labors, the enaless amount of 
 time and effort involved in caring for her chilaren 
 and we do not wonder that she resorted to employing 
 help from the plentiful sources which seem to have 
 
 l.-Dosaria, Sister Mary; The Nurse in Greek Life,p. 13-15 
 2 . -Npigrams of -Hcrr.er, XI I . 
 
27 
 
 existed. 'iherefore the importance cl' the nurse may 
 be regarded as eviu.ence net that the miother shirkea 
 her obligations or disliked her task, but that she 
 engaged a nurse for her chilu because there were 
 plenty of means, plenty of nurses, ana for the mis- 
 tress of the household- plenty of auties of which 
 rearing children, although the most important, was 
 only one of the most imm.ediate. 
 
 There are three references, however, which may 
 have a sinister significance for the attitude of the 
 Hom.eric Greeks toward children. In a fragm.ent of the 
 Cypria, Stasinus se.ys, ”Ke' is a fool who kills the 
 father and lets the children live."^’ At first sight , 
 this statement imp'rssses the reader with its brutality 
 but though it is unjustifiable at any event, there is 
 evidently scuna logic in it. have only to recall 
 
 the m.etho:^8 which cur own countrymen in the Blue Riage 
 Fountains ha.ve adopted for generations, in oraer to re- 
 alize how ignorant of feuds we would be to-day if the 
 "poor whites" in the first instance had followea the 
 aavice of Gtasinus. Again the details of the killing 
 
 l.-The Cypria, 2S. 
 
n 
 
 I 
 
 •5 
 
 
 
 ^ I 
 
 1 «• 
 
 cr 
 
 1 , 
 
 1 • • * 4 
 
 I • 
 
 . '\ ' '•'lU 
 
 .i 
 
 ^ :'-•? . 0 X ^ ' 
 
 •* ■ ■ lo: 
 
 • r 
 
 4 
 
28 
 
 of the babe As tyanax;^ • are vivid and complete. This 
 Vifas undoubtedly 'a heinous crime worthy of the indig- 
 nation of the author who, it seems, tried to arouse 
 
 i 
 
 the sympathy' :of hi's audience toward the child and 
 their anger against the culprit. Just as the sen- 
 sational headlines of the daily news are inten-aed to 
 sway public opinion, so, I think, by graphically re- 
 counting the awful details, the author must have pro- 
 duced a similar effect among these gentlefolk of the 
 period in .which he .wrote. Lastly the. infanticide by 
 Hera, who because her son was born "weakly among all 
 the blessed gods ana shrivelled of foof'^'cast him 
 out of heaven and threw him into the sea, is the 
 first instance of cruelty to the child on the part of 
 the parent so far as our investigation has gone. In 
 the present day_^ t.he .leaving of ~an .in.fs.nt on a do or step is 
 comparatively a rare event and an occasion for indig- 
 nant publicity. Several years ago public opinion ran 
 high against a doctor who allowed a child to aie be- 
 cause it was hopeles.sly aeformed, mentally ana physi- 
 
 l.-The Little Iliad, 14, v.1-6. 
 3.-Pythi^^n Apollo, v.317-318. 
 
Cu,lly. Exposure of infants and. doing away w/ith chil- 
 dren, it i's, general ly believed, was ir.uch iriore -frequent 
 then th_n novv.‘ Grant ed that for economic reasons ana 
 in order to get rid of, illegi tin .ate chilaren, the rac- 
 tise of e.xposure became acceptea, would this instance 
 have appealed to the Greeks as inexcusably brutal?- Or 
 grant that infanticide -and exposure v/ere not commonly 
 practised, how may such a crime by a goddess te ex- 
 plained? It must-be rem.'smoerea that the Greeks wor- 
 shipped beauti^ and also that they were unusually pro- 
 lific. They were not desirous of any but strong, beau- 
 tiful children -and regarded a crip'ple in the light of a 
 
 disgrace. With these i-oinrs in mind, it is net hard to 
 
 * 
 
 understand vi?hy, i rom the Greek point of view, a godaess 
 whose misfortune it was to bear a son with a shrivelled 
 foot m-ight easily 'lecom.s so demented with r?;.ge as to take 
 the e-asiest and quickest way out of such an emoarrassing 
 and humiliating' situation. It seemis fron the Greek 
 point of view th-at Hera's crime, though unusual and un- 
 fortunate, was not inexcusable. 
 
 In sharp' contrast to the hideous picture oi Hera's 
 wratn, are the references to 1:116 spirit of childhood. 
 

 4 
 
 
 
 • 0 / 
 
 -1 
 
 ■ t 
 
 V4aiil 
 
 
 .' 1 » ■ 
 
 
rest of which a,r$ found in the Fynvn to Kerrr;e 3 . The 
 .tsscrix: ticn of the feigned innocence of the god as he 
 lies in Bwaddling clothes in his cradle while Apollo, 
 in a rage , hunts for his stol'en cattle, ^ ’ ref lects the 
 gay, rollickscrce, niischievous aide of childhood which 
 Hermes typifies. In a later poem he is aescrihsd as 
 ''a noisy, merry-laughing chila"^*and again in.Arollo's 
 words, "for m.y part I have never seen one sc pert ei- 
 ther among the gods or all men that catch folk una- 
 wares throughout the world. All the aepenuence of 
 the child upon its mother, esp.ecially in an emergency, 
 becomes ir.anifest when the god him^sslf says, "This is 
 no ta.sk for me: rather I care Tor other things; I care 
 for sleep, and mulk of my mother's .reast, an^.^ vaarm 
 
 A 
 
 oaths." * The seat of authority, as in our homes to- 
 day, is also maae apparent when Kermes rails at his 
 -mother's reproaches.^* uux the suprem.e judge -oi the 
 household w.as the -father, for the incident of the sto- 
 len cattle, sim.ilar to one of cur well-known A.m:erican 
 anecdotes m:ikes this fact clear when Herm^es confesses, 
 
 1 .-Hermes, V. 335-342 , 
 
 2 . -Pan, V . 3b . 
 
 3 . -Hermes, v. 332-338 . 
 
 4 . Hermes . V .266-268 . 
 
 5. -Hermes, V. 162-165. 
 
tx-- 
 
 iwi 
 
"Zeus, rr:j^ father, indeed I will spea.k the truth to you; 
 for I aiT: truthful an.i I cannot tell a lie"f Chilaren, 
 however spiriteu, were taught to respect their eluers, ’ 
 but they lacked neither incentive or ability to ; lay 
 jokes on then., for instance the famous fish joke * which 
 the boys played on Homer. In the Hymn to I-arth, " their 
 sons e.^rult with ever-freah aelight_,ana their aaughtera 
 in llower-laaen banc.s play ana SKip merrily over the 
 3-oft flowers ci the lield.""^* Ana so tne eviaence is 
 strongly in favor of the characterization- of the spirit 
 of chiiahood then UvS it i-s now: gay, mischievous, full 
 of animation,- noisy, humorous, frowning on authority, 
 but alvso awed, by and ■ dependent upon it. 
 
 In conclusion it seems justifia.ble to say that the 
 a.ttitude of the Creeks toward chilaren as presented by 
 'wri-tex-3 01 the non.cric rj.ym;n3 anu 'Lixic: iioriicrica was very- 
 similar to that presented b"/ Homer nim.seli: that the 
 relationships between parents and children were close 
 etna mutually pleasant; that children 'were loved and 
 cared for because of intrinsic reasons; the.t in oraer 
 
 3. .-Hermies, v. 339-372 . 
 
 3 .-Hermes, V. 455-457 . 
 
 3. -Contest ol homer ana hesiod, v. 327-341 . 
 
 4. -To Earth, V . 13-15. 
 

to accord children the advantag-ea of constant care and 
 g^jidance they were put in charge of trustworthy nurses 
 instead of overworked mothers; that rare cases of bru- 
 tality to chiiaren vi/ere cause for public wrath and dis- 
 approval; but that the spirit of child-hood vT/as a nor- 
 mal, healthy, wholesome one-, such as children who live 
 well-ordered, carefully planned lives enjoy to-day. 
 
■'V-' /, « 
 
 -0‘f 
 
 f'. fii ^AW ii iw»? ■' it --* 
 
 s 
 
 
 i.«. *■ 
 
 
 «w . ^ 
 
 '-.-v.r 1-' ‘'i ^^aajIl» 'v* 
 
 
 -*§f- 
 
 
 
 
 
 "‘t 'S 
 
 
CHy\PT^R IV 
 
 HFSIOD 
 
 The vycrks ,ascxi'-ea t-e Hesiod hove aorrie noto-le 
 references to the attitude cf the Oreska regarding the 
 desirability of ■children ana of favorable auapicea for 
 then. Dynastic ..mbit ion rr.o..y have o een the j.rin.e motive 
 in the obvious e,c',gerne3 3 for chil:^ren, but certainly 
 personal enjoyment in the children themselves streng- 
 thened ana increased this desire. Thus Dchoenus spe-.k:3 
 of the marriage cf his daughter .Atlanta to Ripi.omenes: 
 "Hay the father of men and ‘of gO'j.-.^grant th;..t ax'lendid 
 children be born to him.}.""^’ This same ' att i tu-.e is i.m- 
 lieu in the o.escrip ticn cf distress and desolation 
 which results from evil. "Often even a whole city suf- 
 fers from a bad'ma.n who sins s.nd devises p resumip tucus 
 deeds_, and the son of Crones lays great trouble upon the 
 peo-p le, famine s^nd plag^ae together, so tho.t men x'Shish 
 iiwap’’, and their women do not ‘teor children, and their 
 houses becci. e few_, through, the contriving cf Olyng io..n 
 Zeus."'^’ I'Tom thi.s it dp'.pe-'.rs tho.t to be ae;. riveu of 
 children' was to trie Greek mind^cne cf the gre..,test c..vt^ 
 astrophee which could befall a man. Again the post 3..m/ 
 
 1. -Hesiod, C;.. t alogues cf Vcmen ana Eoiae 14, v.D4-r25, 
 
 . from a t ran,slo.t ion by H."^. Evelyn l¥hite. 
 
 3.-Vorks and Days, v. 239-245. 
 
34 
 
 ’’Peace, the nurse of children, is abroad in their 
 land.” In other \vcrl 3 , ]:erhari the idea is that not 
 the least as'.cng the other blessings •■vhicL peoxe brings 
 is the blessing cf children. It is clear that the 
 Greeks were very parti collar about ccnuitions attending 
 childbirth and -the early years. "Co not beo-et children 
 when you or’s corr.e back frcir. ill-oiiened burial, but after 
 a festival cf the gods."'^’ In this reference vve see 
 traces of that idea which is w'ide-32;read even tc-d^y; 
 narr.ely, that before a chil^^ is born, the prospective 
 Eruther should be steeped in an environroent conuucive to 
 mental „.na sp iritual, as '.-.ell o.s physical s trength . and 
 vvell-being . ' The aavice in this passage is supp le.aented 
 later by a detailed list of days"^’in the month which 
 will be fa.vcrable cr unfavorable for the births cf boys 
 o,na girls, the c. -e may be, and vvhich vvill influence 
 the character of the children born on these viays. In 
 o.ncther instance feo.r cf divine displeasure and its con- 
 seouences upon the offenders is indicated in the rule 
 vvhich forbde chilaren to sit on "things w'hich may not be 
 moved" such as tombs or 3 .II things it vvould be sacrilege 
 
 fl 
 
 to ai Sturt, "for that is bad_^and makes a man umaanly" . 
 Therefore, we n.a’y conclude that the Greeks about whom 
 
 1 
 
 .-Forks 
 
 and 
 
 Cays, 
 
 V . 
 
 '"28 . 
 
 2 
 
 . -Forks 
 
 and 
 
 Cays, 
 
 V. 
 
 734-738. 
 
 3 
 
 . - Fo rk s 
 
 a.nd 
 
 Cays, 
 
 V . 
 
 783-78S, 7SC-794. 
 
 4 
 
 , _ ]r*y e 
 
 and 
 
 Cays, 
 
 V . 
 
 7 5C-7 63. 
 
Hesiod wrote wished not only to yer^ etupte thei.- 
 selves as a ]3orle tut also to avoid so far as they 
 were able^ any h.ndic-:^ which supernatural pbenon.ena 
 v*nd power r;:ight lay upon their children. 
 
 . In Hesiod's works, as in those of Homer and 
 the cyclic poets, there are passa-ges which shovv that 
 children were objects of priae ana vigili^nce. Here 
 a.lso the nurse figures _ rcn.inently in the child's life. 
 Thus we find, "But Chiron was tenaing the son of Feleus, 
 swift-foosea Achilles, pre-eminent among men, on wocay 
 Fericn; for he was still a boy," and ago.in, "I bid 
 you put your bonu.man out of acors and look cut u ser- 
 Vv^.nt-g’irl with no chilaren;— f or a servant with a child 
 to nurse is t rcut-leso’ e . " ’ In the latter c:,..se it is 
 not clear whether the servant-girl was desired as a 
 nurse-maid, cut in any event it was not iesirable to 
 have a servant -^'art of whose tim.e necessarily belonged 
 to her own child. Ccmetimes a chill was brought up un- 
 der the immediate attention of his mother: "A child 
 
 was ■; rcught up. at his good n.cth-r's side an hundred 
 ye..rs, an utter simpleton, flaying childishly in hie 
 own home."'^* Here it ia implied that the immature r;.en- 
 tality of a' child, natural enough in early years, be- 
 comes unnatur.-l to the ]-cint of foolishness after a 
 
 1 .-Catalogaies of Fomien an... ’f^oiae, 68:1, v.lCC-lCB. 
 2.-’''orks and Days, V.SC1-6C4. 
 
 Works and Days, v. 15C-133. 
 

 ! 
 
 a i : Ji^. ‘ . i « t ■ ^.|U 
 
 _ ti 
 
 6*;^ ►/ :;»l 5/^ 'i 
 
 <1 
 
 •jl^ 
 
 
 hi- 
 
 -r. 
 
 Cfv Ok.: ' 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 
 V . 
 
 .* *. nu- .,n .iP 
 
 . ■ ilk'! *» «• i' 
 
 ■■ 4 .-^ 'i , 
 
 “_r-'^ . ■’i.A 
 
 
 T> 
 
36 
 
 century ...nl it is- u child ci this kin-,. ,-.-hich the ,:cet 
 te.k-3 as a personification of the silver a--e. The value 
 oi the rei -‘rence for this d.isc‘.rs.:iion is that it loerely 
 cals :obtention to the fact that wo/nen sons tildes took 
 the resp onsikilitp^ of re.riny their children, unaided. 
 Among the fragi^ents of the Prsceats of hhircn .n-iich, 
 aespite Aristophanes' opinion, ^p,pe.,.r ivith Hesioa's 
 poems, there is the obssrvaticn, "^ome consider that 
 chil.^ren un-..ier the sge oi seven should not receive a 
 literary education)'^' which in Hesiod's time rr.e;-..nt nc- 
 thing r.:Ore p.-robo.bly ths.n "le-.irn to re:..a" . Howevex* the 
 age CI the chila aiifers but one ye r frcii. -school age 
 prescribed, for the beginners of our aay . Care and an.v- 
 iety lor the child is evident from, other viewpoints al- 
 so. "But at that time he knew not as yet the intent oi 
 his lathei's mind_^r.nd now rr.en aelight in x-'^c'tect ing tiieir 
 chil-dren from' doom."^* This passage is supp:ort, indeed, 
 for the p-revalent notion that parents always n.ctke their 
 cnildren the x rimary consiaeraticn in ’cime of distress. 
 
 Likewise, in the piassage "with him who infatuately 
 
 offends against fatherless children, truly Zeus is angry 
 and at last lays on him a heavy repuittal" , * there is 
 
 proieso ageins'G rne abuse ei v.-akness ana innocence whicn 
 
 1 inas expression in the annals of the Hebrews'^* on aown 
 
 . -■'^recep' ts of Chiron, 4. 
 
 2 . -Cat alogues of ''^’■'orr.en and Eoiae 66:11, v. 23-25. 
 
 3. -V/orks ana iJe.ys, v. 327-3 
 
 4 . -}!'xo^..ais "Ye shall not afflict any wi-aow or fo.ther- 
 
 less cl.ild :.;,nd m.y wrath -hall wax hot r^na I ..ill 
 
 kil] yo-.-’. --sith the sword". 
 
4 - /I 
 
 A 4 fl 
 
 
 
 
 ? a 
 
 
 r' 
 
 • '-r 
 
 t-N / 
 
 V' - -C * 
 
 t ^ t _ ; <L. * • ' ' Tl _! ' 
 
 ^ - i . ► «ii# T 
 
 -U ' .' . p'5 
 
 i. 5. it’^ ik ^ 
 
 li r?t' • ’ i -t • - 
 
 - t 
 
 J' 
 
 % 
 
 . i 
 
 f 
 
 -. i 
 
 .»] 
 
 *- 5 "i 
 
 j^« ' 
 
 
 
 A 
 
seven 
 
 through the history to the events of the lust 
 years. The care of children which reflects yj.rticu- 
 larly tencerness is evinced in the auvice t: "'^■ow 
 fallow land when the soil is still .^ettinf;-- lic<ht; fal- 
 low land is a defender from harr and a soother of chil- 
 dren ~ Here there is an r-illusicn to the dreek custom 
 of crc'X rotation to produce a larger yield, hut it is 
 interesting to note that hungry, crying chilaren were 
 the stinulus for this prcce^^dure. Joy and pride in chil- 
 dren are evident from- such instances as "And to Cephalus 
 she bare a s^, lendid son, strong. Phaethch()j a man like the 
 gods, whom when he was a young bey in the tender flo'.'er 
 
 of -glorious y :u th with childish thoughts " *, or a- 
 
 gain, "Ke had a son of remarkable beauty, Hymeneeu.-' . 
 
 And when Apollo sa^ir the boy, he was seized witai love 
 for hin_,and woi.ild not leave the house of Magnes.""^' The 
 2 - oet says of Hecate, "because she is an only child, the 
 goddess receives not less honor, out n.nch more still, 
 for Zeus honors her".^’ This is only a.notner link in the 
 chain of evidence showing the identity in many resx.ects 
 of the dreek attitude with ours to-day, here with regOvrd 
 to the proverbial only child. Hut just as a ncrma.lly 
 good 'and healthy chi la was a source oi pleasure, so the 
 black sheex: of the family caused sorrow ooid an'oiety, for 
 
 . 1 . - V,’c rl s and Days, v. 463- 46 5. 
 
 2 . -’^^heo'gon;^, v. 986-991. 
 
 3. -The dreat Hoiae, 16, v.5-". 
 
 4. -Theogcny, v. 423-428. 
 
v;e fina, ’’^I’hcever happens to h„ve b:.nefn.l chilaren, 
 
 lives always with increasi-'i;^’ grief in his spirit and 
 
 evil ^ 
 
 heart within hirrp and this cannot be he;,.led. ” - • Thus 
 ws have seen th-.t aside froiTi pie sure and the niechan- 
 ical ca.re of adrr inis taring to their physical neeae, 
 which chilaren received, there was a solicitviue for 
 their welfare and progress, their ap'pearance, their 
 oral and spiritual developirent which irust have ha.a 
 its rise not in a selfish >ut altruistic source. 
 
 There are two p.^ssages which are worthy of men- 
 tion beccu-e of the light they cast upon the attituae 
 which parents desirea fron the children in resp’ ct to 
 thenselves. In the iragirients of Unknown Position, tae 
 
 Scholiast on Picandero notes: "mt you should be gentle 
 
 3 
 
 tcwar'vcS your father." ‘ This is a genero.lizat i _n in 
 
 the affirrative of scroe of the aetails involved in the 
 
 description of the iron age and its probable resu,lt3. 
 
 "The father will not agree with his chillaren^ nor the 
 
 children with their iather;...M n will aishoncr their 
 
 parents as they grow- guickly old, and will carp at then, 
 
 chiding’ them with bitter words, hard-hearted they, not 
 
 knowing .the fear of the gods. They will not repay their 
 / 
 
 ageu parents for the cost of their nurture, for might 
 
 j *7 
 
 snail be their right. This oeem-s to inM.icate by the 
 
 l.-Theogony V.SC9-311 
 S . -Frarrments of Unknown Position PI. 
 
 3. -Porks -and P-sys, v. 18P-188. 
 
• w 
 
 •• 2 ^ 
 
 
 
 o/ 
 
 .- :..f. 
 
 V 9 V' 
 
 J, Jtl 
 
 .1 ' 
 
 f. 
 
 Ux* 
 
 :'»:<4.j^ 
 
 .1*4 t ,1 
 
 •" 1 5 * ji 
 
 ■ - ►;-] 
 
 i/ 
 
 
 . 11.. . vT': r^i . 
 
 • f 
 
 21 ca.^ 1 .i <!•»* ' 
 
 '■• ; p/' 
 
 1- V'-' 
 
 . . ■ ‘i^ 
 
 XU 
 
 
 • * 
 
indignant cen<snre irrr'lied, th^.t ths Cireek i:ie.-:l of 
 fili:?.l relaticn.ehi;: 8 wao :ns of hjcrmony, respect, grut- 
 i'tu‘"e, and affection. 
 
 However, there a.re several references which iray 
 
 be queationea as to the iiripression they leave. In the 
 
 * 1 ' *'-* 
 
 '.rheogony, the mythology- regarding Heaven, ’ Cronos ’ ana 
 
 3 . 
 
 , Zeus, ‘and the rr;sthods by which these divinities riu 
 themiselves of their children are o.is guesting an^^ Orutal. 
 AverB'ion to the helpless ana ugl^^ is undoubtedly a i.-rim- 
 itive idea and the treatment accorded the children of 
 these gods is traditional among savages, for to them, 
 hum-.n sacrifice was an accepted convention . ’ There is 
 a theory that oy this series of myths the Thtjogony is an 
 atte.r:pt to exp^lain the consolidation of absolute wisdom 
 with absolute power?* The treatm:8nt of the children 
 would then h'e explained in consequence. In addition it 
 seen'iS to m:8, it must be borne in mina that in e;„cn case 
 m.snt icnei^ tne cnilaren appear as such only in their family 
 rele-tionships and that they are really supernatural off- 
 spring, playing their roles in a bit of m'ytiiclogy, but 
 not fulfilling the parts of chilarsn in point of develop- 
 ment. The story ol Thetis who "used to throw the bhil- 
 dren she had ’:y Peleus into a cauldron of vo'ater because 
 
 l.-Theogony, v. 146-18C. 
 
 S.-Theogony, v. 453-492. 
 
 3. -Theogcny, v. 885-SCC. 
 
 4. -Furray, Cilbert: Tne Hiss c-i the Creel Epic, p . o2f f . 
 b.-Mure, wiliiam: A .Crit-ical History of the Language and 
 
 Literature of .Ancient Creece, IT, 4C7 ff. 
 
she wished to le 5 .rn whether they '..ere n.ort.-.l ond 
 
 after n'.any had ].srished^ Peleus was anricyea c.na ^.^re- 
 venteci her iron- throwing hchilles into ':he caularon"-^’ 
 jresenos inconceivable cruelty rs the price oi a mat- 
 ernal whim, j'iccording to another tradition^^^’ the god- 
 . aess was forced into the union with Peleus, a state- 
 ment, which ii true, may account lor her recklessness 
 in .satistying an extrem:e curiosity. Tinder such circumi- 
 stances it is conceivable that the children would be 
 odious to ner oecause inierior to n«r positioxi ixi tne 
 univ'ersal oruer. Ine supernati'iral element, therelore, 
 seem.3 to me, the bs.si8' oi th'e censure which the case 
 aemands at first sight. 
 
 In conclusion, then, it seems that Kesicd aeals 
 ■ with his subject m.atter in a more realistic way thcin 
 Homer. me very conteiit aem&nao a Hia, oter-ox-xac u tre-..t- 
 ment since it contains tnemss pertaining to tne Ricre prac- 
 tical and humble side of life. However the rassaaes which 
 concern us in this inve s t iga.tion are notable because, de- 
 spite the handicap of being humbler themes, they convey 
 an Impression which approaches closely that gaineu. from 
 our previous discussion: namely, that the Greeks though 
 naturally prolific, aeriv’ed real pleasure froHi the ao- 
 
 l.-Aegimus, B, v. 1-6. 
 
 H.-HOiSCher: Letikon der Grcechischen - 
 col. S3, ■ , 30i 
 
 Rom.ischen Hythologie 
 
cisty cf fsx'.ily life; fh?.t their concern 
 begzjn before its 'cirth an-, ccn cinue.. thro 
 life, inclu..ing nco only attention to yhy 
 out coc'.T rising also enxiety for the eyiri 
 tal beveloyir.ent; th:^t relation? between y 
 children .ere at once these of ceny o.nicn? 
 sia.sration; th? t traces of cmtalit, , trs 
 all races, -.r.z. ty nc nesn-s extinct anong 
 cases involving the suy ernaturi.l element 
 figments of imagination anu reyrcaucing a 
 yrim.itive ana naive oethoas ci thinking, 
 pressed too, much evidence for thought 
 
 for the chi la 
 u gn out its 
 ’sics.l neeas 
 , tue.1 end. r_en- 
 a rents o.nd 
 ■hiy ^nj. cen- 
 
 Ld.iti.nal tc- 
 ours elves, an 
 o e c au 5 e t n e i r 
 .ndicate very 
 Eire not to he 
 end feelin? i 
 
 a nuch le.ter a?e 
 

 ■J' 
 
 ■ ■ ▼ 
 
 >•:* 
 
 Ac, 
 
 V 
 
 :i., 
 
 ■tV- - ■ 
 
 *• ■‘!>)«»Wt* 
 
 1. . 
 
42 
 
 CHAPTYP V 
 
 ■ - ■ PIFIJAP. PACPflYLID^S 
 
 Because the' OuCs of Pindar and Bacchyliu.es .\^ere 
 vu'itten in commerriora ti cn • of tne heroes of the nutional 
 Greei; i estiv.-ls, there occur a nuKbsr of passages in the 
 cen;s vtrhich refer to, the ps-rts pl.^.yed by boys on these 
 occasions. It is evident that young Doys were aaiLitL.ea 
 to the contests, for there are sucii references ci,s, "Fnile 
 at Argos he gained glory in a contest of t.en_j ana a.s a. boy 
 ao Athens, * and oigain, "and^if I o.yaelf ,ha^^e_, f or Pi- 
 le sias, rushed up in song tib ttxe height of glory «on by 
 
 of 
 
 tratining^ beardless youths, let not envy cast a rough 
 
 stone Pvt ':e; for T cou.ld tell of his winning such another 
 
 victory hin.self at Feroea In the case of Aria- 
 
 taeoras, "Bn.t the ho.lt inv ho^es of his ■ arents restrohnea 
 
 his strength, as a boy, frorr. conp-eting for prizes at Py- 
 
 3 
 
 the and Olyirv ia, ” ’even as p-arental OvUthcrity to-uay soo e- 
 tiires pre -ente oai obstacle to the yoanger generation with 
 its indepen.. ent . bint of view. Bacchyitaes tcc_, in praise 
 of Liichon of Cec-s -says, "ho one aroong the Greeks us boy 
 or a.s rr.an has gained acre victories in :in equal tine.""^’ 
 
 The aiscorr f iture of defeat seeirs to ho^ve appealea to the 
 
 1 .-OlyiUj: ian -Odes, .IX, v.8’7-8P. All quotations iror. Finuar 
 
 are nade iron .a translation by Bir John h. S.o.nuys, Lon- 
 uon, 1S15. 
 
 2 . -Olyrrq ifi.n Ode.= , VITT, v. 54-58. 
 
 3. -Feme. an qles, Xl, v. 29-31, 
 
 4. -Fr.in., V. 42-43. All quotations from Bacchyl/ues are 
 
 maae iron a tran -lOvt ion by h.C. Jeoc, Uumuriuge, 19Cb. 
 
 Unless cinexwise inaic:.te^ all yo.ssages are quotea from 
 'Pindar. 
 
i:cet as a rei-=ns cl‘ enhancing the hero ’s eclory for in 
 two^’very 8in:ilar pa'^-'sag’e s he i.re*.ente the victure of 
 _fcur boys stealing away hone while the crowd jeered-- 
 "no-r indeed, as they returned to their mothers v^id ] le^.s- 
 ant laught.er awaken delight but they slunk along the by- 
 ways, aloof from their foes, sorely wounde... by their mis- 
 chance." The -insight into this ]-hase of boyhood leo.ds 
 us to feel that the Greeks recognized the importance of 
 physical education cind supervised sport. The institution 
 of the national games 'was eetCvblished as a nieans of inten- 
 •sify in g’ national consciou-^'ness^ * and it 'seems that the 
 Greeks ’rust have deemed it vvise to becrin instillin*^ this 
 into the youth of the nation at £in early age. 
 
 ■^indar leaves one fragn.ent which indicates the.t 
 civil disturbances like all other forms of war cause chil- 
 dren grea.t suiiering. He says "Let himi- the-t giveth tran'- 
 quility to the community of citizens^ look for the bright 
 light of m;anly Peace, when from, out his heart he hath 
 plucked hateful faction, laction th-:\t bringeth poverty^ ana 
 is an ill nurse oi yoCith."^’ The use oi the familiar 
 figure of the nurse is well emp'loyed to call to mind the • 
 careful rearing children received excep-t when war p-re- 
 vented it. 
 
 1. -Olynipian Odes, VTII, v. 65-71. 
 
 Pythian Odes, VIIX, v. 82-87. 
 
 2. -Pythian oues, vIiL, v. 85-87. 
 
 5 . -Introduction, AAl I . 
 
 4. -Eulogies. Concord in the Gtate. 
 
% rt pk. 
 
gHSSS3SS^&SSSBSBSBS5SSi^BiSSSSS5^SSSSBB^^S55S^55i^SS5SS5S5SSSS^SSSSM^SSSSSS^B^B^^^^^SSi^^w^^^^MMBMMMMaH 
 
 44 
 
 Th^rfe are several references to children wiii chare 
 noteworthy hecau- e they cuetain the i'’-! irr'yre -aion 
 
 of child liie which v.e lia-’-e forp^eci frcr:: yrevious- inves- 
 tigation. In pror hesying the ’cirth of Zeus, the vcet 
 says, "and they shall place the babe upon their laps^and 
 drop nectar and surbrosia upon his li_ s, and shall ordain 
 that, ae a aeligho to liis irienas among men, he shall ^e 
 called imnortal Zeus."-^’ The icture of the fond xn..rent- 
 deities is but a reflection of the mortals v\?ho conceived 
 their images. Likewise we finu, "and even from his moth- 
 er's lap, he hath soarea aronp the kuse3,"'“*a passage 
 whicri gives another indication of the r;ersonal attention 
 the n'otliers bestowed upon their chiluren. In rego.rd to 
 the x' 0 * 2 t him. elf, we find "It was the gua-arennial festi- 
 val (ci the Pythian games) witn its rrocession ol oxen^wnexg 
 as a dear Inlant, I vi/as lirst cradled in swaddling clothesh " 
 
 A typical characterization of young chilv.uren is drawn in 
 Silenus' words to Olynp.us, the Phrygic.n hero: "Poor child 
 
 of a day! you are childishly prating, in boasting to me 
 of nioneyl""^’ Bacchyliaes portrays the sam:e characteristic 
 in the passage: "For while yet in girlhoov:^, they ha^ en- 
 
 tex^ed the holy x'levCe oi the purx:de-gi rdled goddess, ana 
 boasted that their sire far surpassed in wealth the golden- 
 haireu consort of Zeus, dread lord of wide dcnunion . " * 
 
 1. -Pythian Odes, IX, V.6C-32. 
 
 P. -Pythian Odes, v, v. 114-115. 
 
 3 . -Fragments of Uncertain Class. 1S3. The Birth of Pindar. 
 
 4 . -Fraghient £ of ''•ncertain Class. 157. 
 
 5.-Frinic. X. v. 45-48. 
 

 45 
 
 The buoyancy and exa,lta.ticn of y'uth is suggested by this 
 sa.me poet in the lines, "but deceitful Hope h.-.s crept into 
 the hearts of rrien, chilaren of a day.""*"* It is evident 
 that the da,ugLters of the household were trained in house- 
 hola arts anu kep'b unaer the supervision ana vigilance of 
 their rr.others. Thus we i ina, "First on the road shalt 
 thcu be followed by thy happy daughter, while she advanc- 
 eth with her feet besiae the leafy branch of ay, she 
 whom her mother, i\ndaesistrota, hath trained in all man- 
 ner cl skill, glaaly linking her with fair ha,ndiw/ork of 
 m.any a kina,"^^’ These passages seem, to be a fair inuic^- 
 tion that from, Pindar's p'olnt of vier/ as well as from: 
 that of his p reaecessor^, children livea in intimate and 
 affectionate relations with their elaers. 
 
 The references to the attitude of parents toward 
 children bear 'out the stsitement just m^aae. Undcubtedly 
 dynastic ambition figured prominently in the miotives 
 back of such rerfiarks as, "ana brought her to Locrus_^ that 
 so -Time might not destroy him, laying upon him. the’ doom 
 of childksSness, or again, "But even as a son born of 
 a wife , is loelcom'e to a father Vvho hath already reachea 
 the reverse of youth, and mi„keth his heart to glow with 
 happ'iness^ since, for one who is aying, it a hateful sight 
 to see his wealth f-llina to the lot of a master who is. a 
 
 l.-Epinic. II T, v, 75-73. 
 
 a . -I'aiasns ' Pongs: On Aeoladas II, v. 71-75.. 
 3 . -Olympian Odes, IX, v. 58- SC. 
 
46 
 
 stranger from another home."^* However in eome pa.-sa 3 ;e = 
 the motive arrears to he n: t entirely -elfish. For in- 
 stance, "ana the hero rejoiced at seeing the son that 
 had been .given . him, and called him by the self-same 
 naiiie as his nother's sire,"'^’ or .'"There it was that she 
 gave iDirth to, and behelo, her blessed offspring." In 
 these 1 st two cases, the pleasure seems genuine, sincere, 
 and i.ithout trace oi ulterior miotive. In a fragment re- 
 cently discovered it is cle.o,rly inaicated that chilaren 
 were regarded as a source of benefit and security agai..st 
 eld age, for the xost says, "het he^whose house is not 
 reft of children nor utterly overthrown beneath the stroke 
 of stern necessity, liveth ires from toilsome labour.""^* 
 
 The C-reel s_, like the Hebrews, app reciated the fact that the 
 sins of the fathers are visited upon the chilaren even to 
 the thira anj. fourth generations, for we find, "May I 
 tread tlie s tr.xigiitest path of lif e^ th ‘ t, when I die, I may 
 leave my children name the t h th no ill-repute."^’ A 
 very notable in^'tance of human ni.ture, occurs in the story 
 of "uadne who, after her m.arriage to Poseiaon, was about 
 to bear e. cnila to Apollo. In order to conceal her shame^ 
 she took her child to .Arcadia, where "though sore distrevssed, 
 she was fain to leave him there upon the ground. Two 
 
 1 .-Olym'ipian Odes, X, v. 35-9C. 
 
 2. -01ymipian Odes, Ix, v. 31-63. 
 
 3 . -Proceesicnal Hongs: On Delos, v. 1 ^- 43 . 
 
 4. -Maidens' Pongs: On Aeolada6 i, v. S-11. 
 
 5. -ilem:i^n Ques, vIII, v. 36 - 36 . 
 
 6. -01yimpian Ones, VI, vl 44-45. 
 
V 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 3 
 
 ■1 
 
 « ■ 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ( 
 
 i 
 
 . . 
 
 r }V|H 
 
 • - .-.a1 i'J 
 
 ‘ ^ ^ r |h 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 - » I . 
 
 t - 
 
 
 ■V 
 
 
serpents, so the tradition goes, took care of the boy un- 
 til he was foun:. ’'y Aepytus, the rialer oi the country, 
 
 ’’for it hacL been hiauen arsia the rushes in the bounu- 
 
 less brake, with its dainty fora steeped in the golaen 
 and deep-purp'le light oi 2 :-ansies; thereiore it wao th'^t 
 his mother declared the,t he shoula be called ior all time 
 by the undying name oi I arm s . • this story is valuable 
 in this discussion because it shows the irr.rr.ortal tendency 
 of story-tellers to develop the lire oi the hero irom an 
 obscure beginning so that the plot hinges upon his iaen- 
 tity. the importance attaches itself^ then^ not so much to 
 the actions involvea in the obscurity, but in the device 
 
 o 
 
 itself. '.\iadne reminas us of Hetty Sorrel ’ and all the 
 other women to w'hom a good nam.e is iriC-re precious than the 
 lives of their chil.'.ren, notwi thstan ,.ing the concession 
 m.ade in this case, th t sh t was "sore distressed" to com- 
 mit the crime. However unforgivable -Uadne ' s a,ction may 
 seem', it must be borne in rr-ind that the Greek uramatic 
 instinct res;, onaed very quickl^r to a them.e wherein the 
 beasts were m;ade to champion a cause for which human kinu- 
 ness was no rratch. The Romiulus ana Rernms n.yth is an il- 
 lustration of the same theme. Hurtherm-.ore the treatment 
 of k'oses, though prompted by a different motive, was iden- 
 tical with that of lamus, a fact which seems to indicate 
 
 !•- "oiym.] ian Od^-s> VI, v.54-bS. 
 
 2.-^ Fliott, George: ‘Adam Bs’de, p. 
 
M 
 
 
 i'l 
 
 
 / 
 
 ■ ,X' 
 
 *c 
 
 ' :'S 
 
48 
 
 that some elements of thr myth ^ere commori in other lit- 
 ers-tnres an'’ so the invention of the Greek rvriters should 
 not be condemned alone. In any event, it seems as if the 
 stor;/ is told with an effort to create dramatic atmos- 
 phere for the later prestige of the boy’s descendants, 
 and the conditions surrounding his birth should be 
 judged, I think,' from 'that point of vi^w. "he story of 
 ^oronis, who, having been betrcye'" by Apollo, was slain w 
 by him, but whose unborn infant as she was burning in 
 the funeral pyre v;as rescued by the god him.self be- 
 cause, as he s»id," ’Ho longer can I endure in my heart 
 
 to slay my own child by a. death m.ost piteous, at the 
 
 1 
 
 self-same time as its m.other's grievous doom,' ” is 
 noteworthy for the -^eeling shown towar'^s the unborn 
 child by the father, though the same interest on the 
 part of the mother would be natural enough. Certainly 
 the passage is indicative of fairly humane feeling tward 
 children in general. 
 
 "he referancer to childwrn mao* ty eacn ot 
 poeus are comparatirely fewer than in other author's works 
 which we have discussed , but the pa'^sagee indicate much 
 the same disposition as has been foun'" In previous chantTJ 
 The content of the poems being almost entirelj^ in praise 
 of athletic prowess , affords few occasions for speaking of 
 child life. In addition to the impressions of the 
 
 1. -Pythian Cdes, 111, v. 4C-42. 
 

 - .fV^ 
 
 • ' '■> ■ 
 
 . .. ,*ir ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *^.i-' i • ^ ' -Tf. ' ' '■ ■’ - ' ’ S- H. ■i<“('^, « *5 ■ , - r-.ty» 
 
 Sv, -7.'; W*',.,^;. 'A'^'’.'5:'^?■.■^'^^^ "’'.C’.'S 
 
 f V 3 !‘Vt‘'..'' . ' ■'' '■%■■ r,, • ■’“s.-'-a ■•»'■,, ,1'. •,>.■ 
 
 i i -a:f ;rfp|Oi^»',iti' 
 
 I S' ' fei*"’ jl’-' L"i*i ■■^ ' ' ' ■' ■ ■'^ "'■■■•'•^ ■■ ■■ ■ » . “, ''■■'Uilj i iJjSf' 
 
 BS5y; I, ■ ■ ■' 'iu^J’ik-'' ,. '■<'»^u4'/A'i ■■>; U-W^V'j 'i U'fll ' !'U 
 
attitude of the poets viihich have been gained from pre- 
 vious investigation, Pindar gives us a little insight 
 into the participation of Greek boys in national games 
 ana in the litL.idne and Corcnis stories he impilies that^ 
 however giiilty of cruelty some perverted mind might be- 
 comiS, there was usually ^^ome defense or protection for 
 helpless babies whose lives ho.d been endangered. 
 
50 
 
 PH/\pTTrp VI 
 
 y\F?C?^YLT JS 
 
 On the part of several wri ters'^'who have rr.ade a 
 studi^ of the tragedies of eschylus, there eeerrs to be an 
 opinion thc.t in the majority of cases his characters are 
 D.cre than mere participants in unravelling the plot, in 
 that they function as agents for the development of some 
 moral or religious principle, or some iaeal type of qual- 
 ity which no human could ever more than hope to possess. 
 For this reason it apq.ears that the "heroic" ana "stern" 
 qualities are emphasized \ut "t!;e softer ana more ten-'.er 
 passions are touched but slightly"*^. Fverp^thing that per- 
 tains to children is usually linked in the mind with "the 
 softer and m;ore tenter passions". whether the attitude of 
 Aeschylus was an e'^ception in this matter is n.y concern at 
 
 The srtisf e,c tion aerivea by the Greeks from, the se- 
 curity of imimediate posterity hi:? been notable in all the 
 
 1. -Kai?h, h . f . : The Tragic drama of the Creels, Oxford, 1896 
 
 p. 76 ff . 
 
 Jsvcns, ?.P. ;A Kistor'y of Greek Literature froro the Fp.r- 
 liest ^-erioo. to the death of den:csthenes, 
 
 '"ew York, 1891. p. 2CC f f . 
 
 "''urray, Gilbert: A History of Ancient Greek Literature, 
 London, 1911. p'^ . S ‘' o f f . 
 
 Wheeler, J.P. ; dreek Literature, A deries of Lectures 
 
 delivered at CcliimLia, Tjniversitv, New York, 1919. 
 ICS ff. 
 
 Jfibb, F.r. ; The dpcwth and Influence of Cla sical Creek 
 Poetry, New w^^k, 1893. i . 166 ff. 
 
 2. -Kaigh, A.F.; The Tragic Erama of the Greeks, p.?6. 
 
rj 
 
 •i 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 i ,1 
 
 
 
 f ^ 
 
 y ' 
 
 
 t 
 
 / 
 
 
 ( 
 
 ■V, 
 
 Air: 
 
 y 
 
 / r 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ■;■ 'r^r '•••rr 
 
 r 
 
o-uthora thus far examined an.:: it is n. less otvicus in 
 de.3c'h3^1us . 3i: ring cf Teth^’-s blest with rr.an.y a chila, 
 
 is a airect ma.nner cf stating the idea which appears ircre 
 picturesqueli'’ in the Vvcrds of f taen.nes tra when she sees 
 A garr.eir.non r e tu rn ing ; 
 
 "I hail iiy lord as watch-cLcg cf the fold. 
 
 The stai^ that saves the shir:, of loft^' rpci 
 Main colurr.n-grcp , a father's cnli'' child"* 
 
 or, in other words, the onli'' hope. Ccnverseliq lack of a 
 
 fairili^ was regarded as a ver^'’ unpropiticus sign and vvas to 
 
 be avoided bi'' ever^^' yossible means. Thus Orestes ueclares: 
 
 « ’ r*s,y +he hand of bod 
 
 Far r.^ther smite me that I childless die’.' 
 
 dhe fact that the oracle oi .Apollo promised 4aios that he 
 
 should save the state by virtue cf his chiialescness, is 
 
 an in.^icaticn of the importance of thi-s price to be paid, 
 
 oince Laios was willing to forego his oj;.portuni ty . In the 
 
 sane p'lay, the choius reitero.tes the fcrebcv^ing dread of 
 
 ending. a family line: 
 
 ’I that ill-starred pai^ 
 
 The v7ar-chiefs, chilale.ss and most miserable 
 i-hc, true to that ill name 
 Of i^clyneikes, aied in impious mood. 
 
 Contending overmuch."^ 
 
 It is evident, therefore, that -Aeschylus appreciated the 
 value and necessity of a famil]?’ as these were regaraed in 
 th^t aay . 
 
 1 . -Prometheus ’^ound: v.l4C. All quotati:ns from Aescnylus 
 are maae from--The Tragedies ol Aeschylus, A hew Trans- 
 lation by F.H. Flur'ptre, New Ycrk,(183S). 
 
 0 . -Agamemnon, v.839-8'^1. 
 
 S.-'^he Libation Pcurera, v. 993-9S4. 
 
 4. -The Ceven .Again :t Thebes, V.73S-P43. 
 b.-The Peven Against Thel. es, v. 824-8-'S. 
 
5 ? 
 
 Another obvious characteristic of the attituae of 
 the Greeks towaru their children which is aj^U'-rent in Aes- 
 chylus as in the other poets I have diacussed^ is the ten- 
 der cc.re bestowed upon young chill. ren. buch references as 
 "She nursea it like a chila in swadaling clothes"-^ or "For 
 n.e, a babe in swaddling clothes"^ or again "Be of good 
 cheer, ye maidens, mother reared, "'^ingjly solicitude and 
 £i,t.tenticn on the part of the mother or nurse. A very homely, 
 yet familiar i icture is vividly portrayed by Filis;:.a the 
 nurse of Orestes, when she says; 
 
 "But as for near Orestes, m,y sweet charge 
 Whom from his mother I received ana nursed 
 And then the s?*rill dries rousing' me o' nights. 
 
 And many and unprofitable toils 
 
 k’or me viiho bore them,. For one must needs rear 
 
 The heedless infant like con animial, 
 
 ^Bcw else can it be?) ;-.s his humor oerves, 
 i'or while a child is yet in swadaling clotnes. 
 
 It epeaketh not if either hunger ccm:es 
 Or passing thirst, " 
 
 It is clear, therefore, that these p-..S“ages ";e::.r out j.:.re- 
 
 vicus o'servaticns upon this ph .se of chila life. 
 
 Aeschylus m..ko 3 several casual references, (often 
 
 by \)sing a metaphor or simile), to characteristics -of chil^ 
 
 dren'. In reg' rd to one very common childish habit, the 
 
 chorus mentions the wail of the new-born infant,^ ana Aegis- 
 
 thos sey.s, "But thou, provoking ’"ith thy childish cries, 
 
 1. -Lib^.ticn Pour era, v.bSC. 
 
 2. -Libation Pcurers, v. 1533 . 
 
 I. -the Seven Against Thebes, v.789. 
 4.-'l'he Libation "^ourers, v. 735-744. 
 
 3. -The Llbs^tion T^ourer-i, v.597-6'C0. 
 
"0 . 
 
 ' ' w: 
 
 ’•_ •:r±:r ■'■ ' - .'R 
 
 '. ^ 
 
 T . -1 ..5 
 
 
 * '.i* ’ <7 
 
 
 
 
 ,4;T* ‘-^ ^♦h' ''.WH*'- '• !»•■ 4 
 
 '•P. 
 
 • ■■ ." , , « " . >■ ■' ■' , •■ I '- .■► 
 
 Hr .'’i t . • ,:i 3 ■ » - MC^- ji‘?L • :» ' . H/ IIJV 
 
 v"^?ry^ '•■ ■* -la 
 
 ■ "?* ■■ 
 
 • • *- Wi>. . * f\ t • 
 
 ,j -j «■■', r 
 
 
 ' I ■ >' 
 
 «l ' 
 
 /> VV-ir: J • :,yLf , „. 
 
 ■ ■'. ■!*j-<-. ■ ': ■... •■ •. "M"i 
 
 joifr ■ »«' 
 
 ■ ’'r''-, JiCv--i :' , '■ 
 
 '• <•* 
 
 ’♦-nC ■i'^' '^H^d 
 
 4v ' .. :36 
 
 ■ '■’ ;‘.virv 
 
 • .’., Ir ••; }•*'* 
 
 
 I- 
 
 <1^(2 
 
 
 hr. • / ; im 
 
 
 
 [V ^ f ^ 
 
 it ^ ■. * .f “ *— “ - *' 
 
 [ , Wi ^ ' ejg •••• ' - rr . ; ^' ja ‘ " ** '‘f| |^ g |i rug- j ii. * :; ■ 
 
 A 
 
 • :5= 
 
 W‘^ 
 
 
 
 ■ ,e 
 
 ' 1 I . ■! 
 
 'V, '.±' 
 
 ^ -JL. <:v . it'i: j ij.^' •’>il 4 ' ' 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 ■iHMikas^u *~>. .'j r.j«r .K' Ti 
 
rH CV3 
 
 mUtaei 
 
 53 
 
 now be lea , 
 
 The of chilaren in playing witn annib .^niriials ia 
 
 suggesfea’.by euch p'a’^^ages ae, 
 
 "Since, boy-like_jhe r-ursuea 
 A bird upon its flight, and so doth bring 
 ^pon his city shame intolerable."^ 
 
 ana again in 
 
 "So once a lion’s cub. 
 
 Tame, by the children lovea, 
 
 _ Ana fondled by the old, 
 
 -ft in his arrrs 'twas hepd;> 
 
 . Like infant newly born."''^ 
 
 C-ose observation by the i oet is in^aicatea in the lines, 
 
 "Zeus yet may hear thee, and his resent wru,th 
 Seem to thee but as chila's play of aistress . 
 
 '.vhere the cunning of childhoc--.. employed to gain its own 
 en.rs is referred to. Irr^maturity and lack of develcp riient, 
 both mental and physical, are characteristics of childhood 
 about which the breeks sj eak very often. favorite coia- 
 i arisen seems to h:;ve been the frailty of old age ana the 
 helplessness cf childhooa. The Pythian priestess complains 
 
 " nor can T nimbly m.ove. 
 
 Rut rjn with help cf hands, not speed of foot; 
 A woman old an.;x terrifiea is nought, 
 
 A very child. 
 
 ana again the chorus of men too old for war laments: 
 
 "We vvith old f ramie little honored. 
 
 Left behind that host are staying 
 
 4 
 
 D 
 
 . -Agam.emnon, 
 
 . -/ ga.memnon, 
 
 . -Agamem;ncn, 
 
 . -Prometheus 
 . -■’un eniaes. 
 
 V.1608 - 16CP. 
 V . .384- .38 o . 
 V.695 - 7C3. 
 ^cunu; V.321 - 
 V.35 - R9. 
 
 
Pesting strength that equals chilj.hooa's 
 On cur ctaff; for in the boaorr] 
 
 Of the boy, life’s young say rushing, 
 
 Is of old age but the equal. 
 
 Sc far thronghout this inve s tieaticn eiriTjhasis has been 
 laid iifon the physical care bestowed upon chilvarsn ana Uj^- 
 on the attention given their skill in crafts or athletic 
 grcwess . Tn only one ins tance, ‘^and that in a fragrrent of 
 aisv.utea authenticity, has any reference been rriade to the 
 rental ueveloyment of the child. This fact does not irrgly 
 necessarily that r revision was not made lor education, as 
 we conceive it, but coupled with their attitude toward the 
 child mind as it arr ears in ‘Aeschylus^y i t seems that physi- 
 cal development and achiever-ent was eir.phasi.iea in the early 
 3 '’ 8 ars and ros} ect for miental growth was accoTvied tljcse who 
 haa reached ma. turity. For instance Henries says, 
 
 "'..e, as a boy, thou scornest then, forsootld‘" 
 to which Prometheus replies, 
 
 ■ "Ana art thou not a boy and sillier far 
 If that thou thinkest to learn aught 
 from me?"^ 
 
 LikevVisa Cly taemines tra: 
 
 "LIy mind thou scorn’ st, as th.i/^twere but a girl’s." 
 In the fb.imeni ies there is o.n imp lie.. t ion of the wis^tom of 
 m.aturity contrasted with the lack of this 'same quality in 
 
 1 . -Agamemnon, -\T . A’ 1 - 75. 
 
 2 . -■'^recep ts of Cheiron, "*^6 Hesiod, The Homeric Hymns ana 
 
 Kom.erica, from a translation by K.r. Evelyn Vi’hits. 
 
 3 . -T=rom:etheus Bound, v, ICC? 1CC9. 
 
 4 . -Agamemnon, v.B68. 
 
c :> W M 
 
 ^ ■»-./ 
 
 55 
 
 youth: 
 
 "Go to your homes, ye gre..t ana je..lous Ones, 
 Children c-f Fight, and yet no chiluren ye;"^ 
 
 Of course '/iie tc-day do not creait a chila v». ith the sense 
 which comes of maturity but we scarcely holu the chila 
 mind as senseless or an object of acorn. Ay- ...rent ly Aes- 
 chylus was loath to ad.mit that children h..,.. ’-he :.ov;er to 
 reason, or at best th'-:t they could perform any bub the very 
 simy lest mental yrocesBea. I fina 
 
 "lH'ho is so childish or so reft of sense^ 
 
 As with his heart aglow 
 
 At that fresh uttered message of the -^lame^, 
 
 Then to wa^ s.-.d at changing rumior's souna."^ 
 
 ana also 
 
 " p-ij-t those woes of m.en. 
 
 List ye to them, how they, before as babes, 
 
 Py me were roused to reason, taught to think. 
 
 A slight cor.cession to his previous attitude is evi^.ent in 
 
 the passage 
 
 "What hast thou spoken now 
 With uttero.nce all too clear? 
 
 Even a boy its gist might iino-erstand , 
 
 but there is clearly, a lack of coniidence in the child's 
 
 ability to use his mind. 
 
 The horrors of war as they affect chiluren ^re ue- 
 scribed in various pheses by Aeschylus just as by Komer. 
 '^he departure of very young sol.iiers who 
 
 . -Pun.enides , v.987 - 988. 
 
 . - Agamemmon, v.463 - 483. ' 
 
 . -Prorr;etheu .s Pound, v.450 - 452. 
 ., - A gam, eir:n on , v . 1 : 3 d - 1 i 3* ; . 
 
56 
 
 "Pel'ore the rites thet cull 
 Their fair and fir^^t-ri^e fruity 
 To take a hatefv.l journey from their 
 
 has always carried vith it sinister significance fcr the 
 
 future of the nation, in itself the gre:.. test conaemnation^ 
 
 cf war. The tragedy of "childless sires"~as a result of 
 
 war is a strain uy on which the chorus har-j s ana y arai-hrases 
 
 in such gruesome aetail as 
 
 "And cries cl oieeding babes. 
 
 Of children at the breast, „ 
 
 Are heard in liteous wail,"*'' 
 
 / 
 
 or again, 
 
 "For these, lo’w-fallen on carcases 
 Of husbands ana of brothers, children too, 
 
 By aged fathers, moiirn their dear one^’ aeath, 
 
 .'^na that with threats tncit are no longer free."*^ 
 
 Although the helpless had to submit to such atrocities, the 
 
 S 2 ;irit of vengeance is manifest in such an exhortation as 
 
 "0 sons of Hellenes, forwara, free your country; 
 
 Free too your wives, your children, and the shrines 
 Built to your fathers’ Gous_,^nd holy tombs 
 '^our a,ncestor3 now rest in.""^ 
 
 It has been observea that the treatment of children in war 
 is recisely the samie among the Greeks as among all other 
 nations, and history has sho'Nn that the normal attitude 
 cannot be Judged upon such evidence. It is 'worthy ol note, 
 ho'..ev = r, that in two in'S tances^in the Persians, Aeschylus 
 mentions practically every outrage of war excs]-t that con- 
 
 l.-The !^'even /gainst Thebes, v.3?4 - 337. 
 £.-The Persians, v.531 - 583. 
 
 3. ~i'>-,e Against "^hebes, v.3T9 - 341. 
 
 4 . -Agamemnon, V.317 - 3FC. 
 
 5. -The Persians, v.4C4 - 407. 
 
 3. -The Persians, v.133 if; v.b4-C - 
 
 I ■” r" 
 
 boo . 
 

 m ' 
 
 . k 
 
 I; 
 
 J CJ r* 
 
 a. I • i'A 
 
 I - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
cerning; cb ildren ^but the 8 ignif icc^nce. wh ich this .f^ct a.s.ij.n:ea- 
 a,t firat was diminishea later by the _..diBC-over^y of, the pas- 
 sage s quo be',', above. " ' . 
 
 There rerrain the p aesagas^which refer to the parri- 
 cides with which the action of the Oresteia I's concerned. 
 
 The. details of this series of crimes woula be sufficient evi- 
 dence ccmx^letely to contradict the impression obtained tiius 
 far in respect to the relations between parents ana children^ 
 
 r 
 
 if it were not for the fact that scholars and critics of 
 Aeschylus make what s^ems to me a sat i sf cictOry explanation 
 of them. T ha.ve mentioned before that the characters in 
 the tragedies act as agents ‘for the development of some r^oral 
 or religious principle. It follows, ' therefore, that in the 
 ';'re 3 teia the p,oet is trying to assert the principle of retri- 
 bution in respect to sin and sc for this reason-, the charcx- 
 ters play their roles in confcrmiity- to the unaerlying pur- 
 pose of the work. It is justifiable, to ccncluac, then, that 
 an im.pression formed from these references woulu be net only 
 unfair to the 0 ^ 03 ^^ as a part of eocisty, but entirely false ^ 
 Aeschylus off ers, then, no reason for a departure 
 from the impression gainea from this investigation, but rath- 
 er contributes a strong additional link in this sai>:e chain 
 of evidence. The consensus seems to be thi.'t this ]. oet sac- 
 rifices "the sefter and m;ore tender passions" to erfiphasize 
 the .sterner virtues. On this recount I was interested in 
 
 1 . gamemn'' n, v. 148 - 15C; V.1CS4-1066; v. 1189-1196; v.lf-13- 
 1214; V.1296-17C2; v. 1488-1491; v. 1537-1571; v. 1583-1584; 
 
 The Lioation Tourers, v. 1C55. All -chese passages refer 
 to Iphigeneia or the children ol Thyestes. 
 
58 
 
 I'cvking a compariecn of t-ae n'''’n’ter of referehceo to chil- 
 dren in escljylus with those in Hoir':er, ii;hc, though he 
 aealt with a theyre becoming -to an epic poet, ia conccv^ea 
 nevertheless to have written' of gentlefolk, a term well ae- 
 finea by Tennyson when he said, ' 
 
 " gentleness ■ 
 
 ^’’hich, when it weds with’ manhoc’d, makes a man."’^ 
 
 It was. found that the references to children in 
 
 \ 
 
 Aeschylus are nearly two and one-half t.imes as numerous 
 as those in the Iliad and the odyssey. However in Aes- 
 chylus there -are no- such vivid scenes of tenderness ana 
 affecti-on as Hector's farew'ell to his '-.ife -and boy, Patro- 
 klos weeping like the little maia who runs- along at her 
 mother's -side, or Phoenix' patient endurance of the, in- 
 iant Achilles' helplessness, but, on’ the other hand, his 
 ref erences are expresaed in a more casual and comiron; lace 
 ir.i;^nner although his attitude is 'essentially the same. It 
 is certain, therefore, that this poet was familiar with 
 chilaren anl disposed towar^ them in much the same kindly 
 way as any other normial adult seeirs to have been inclined 
 at this time. 
 
 1. -Ceraint and Enid, v.868 
 
 2. -Total number of lines in 'Aeschylus exclusive of frag- 
 
 ments, 8C99:' total number of references to children in 
 these lines, 33. Total number of lines in Iliaa and 
 Odyssey, 278C3: total number of references to children 
 in these lines, 47. References in re.schylus exceed those 
 in Iliad and Odyssey by the multiple 2.41. 
 
k .1 
 
 tv 
 
 H it** • ' . . 4'^ 
 
 ^ V -' y- ^j?rrT 
 
 Sv'^ ’’ -FT 
 
 It ■ t'. ■ .: ■ II 
 
 Pi ‘V '. ..lPi:‘S< ' * ' .'ii3’V^Ji® •^^JBCiJ 
 .> ' ' 'vB^: ; '^' ■ ®P. ' V sl^BSw 
 
 ■ '■;■ -. ^^TSEStaaBBT^ ;4* /r,r^vfc..^ 'liw'. ^mm- 'j, 
 
 ■rfi.. ■ f‘ . 
 
 i -iji:-! »■■♦ 
 
 U ■ '■ ‘w:N~ 
 
 j:i 
 
 '■ I 
 
 <iti*(' 
 
 •g j^a^’yy ;’i 
 
 '3. 
 
 V ’. 
 
 
 ■‘• V 
 
 4>'}- f 
 
 'i ^i'.,:., 
 
 I. ' 
 
 Vi 
 
 |- 
 
 P»^‘ 
 
 ** \ .*. 
 
 / .**.14 i-*?«jl. 
 
 ‘■•^' il:. 
 
 './vi* .s. -.-r, 
 
 ^:.. , ■ - . r t* . „,i > u » J 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 ' j' N' 
 
 
 A >. 
 
 ■f^ 
 
 . -' ^■:i i 
 
 ,. . ■•4 _<^, u‘. M_:.^Silffi^; ' - i!i 
 
 n V • '. . . C.-A' '‘,; ' •' *A . , A >‘;. fi/ ^ i 
 
 Ht : “ ■ V • . ? • ■-'■>■ • ' V ..- (» ^. >.' ■«-; - .;f..Wij|f^ J wteim lw 
 
 fo • *--. ' - ;. *■ ^ ;■• ; • ^ 
 
 l/ .-■•'• .•..■-vi'.-inii.iWi^i ; ■''^■•i^.,i»'tt>, j^-i . oi^ r'agl. ■.'f j 
 
 ^4,-T ■ ■; .. ■:...;• ',:. '■ , ■ ? ,,' ’■' ■ •.■>■: -J.. WM '■ 
 
 V 
 
 ' oarfiji® \ ' ‘ ■'^vW-^ ■■’'53fe'ig3MKv'Jvr 
 
 UBidl..-^ ^'ims. ■ ' "*> ,i?,i ,■ im- ^.nmT ~ wv 4> mrTIfMul 
 
 
 ■‘#.V4> *,?| 
 
 > ^^'1, r .« -'1 .i !7'' ir''''X.Y . ’ 4K4 
 
 ■■.. .•-■ ...s' '' '.,•. : , -:>S% ..■■ ■ : '•'■ 4-,,4s^v--w.;.;i^i2.>.w.m^ 
 
 ' 9 
 
 7"* 
 
 USW ^•■^, 
 
 • V*^ ' A.,fT -■ a* ^4 
 
 
 
 y ■ 4* 1 *=♦ 4 • A 
 
CH.APTT^P VI T 
 
 POPHOPLPg 
 
 The ox^inions with regarcL to the work oi Toilicclee 
 vary accoraing to the interest ana viewpoint of the echc- 
 lare who hold then., but there seems to be one ^.oint that 
 the majority accents, which linds expression in auch term, 
 
 as” the envisagement of life unJerliea the Popho- 
 
 clean drama, "the endless wonaerfa Iness of life, 
 
 that is what Pophocles gives ” 'who saw life 
 
 steadily, and saw it whole' "the aim oi Sophocles was 
 
 to humaniiiie tragedy”.^ It seems to me that nowhere is 
 this interest in and tender sympathy with huma.n liie m.cre 
 obvious than in his treatment of children, but usually he 
 presents the facts as they are, and leaves the reaaer to 
 draw his own conclusions. It will be fitting therefore, 
 to examine the references to children in order to decide 
 what the poet's c^ttitude towar^*. then' was. 
 
 Like his predecessors, Sophocles seems to hL.A/e con- 
 siderea the famiily as a blessing of primie importance, for 
 he emipnasi^es the nisfortune of childlessness in a ref- 
 erence to Deianeira: 
 
 l.-J.W. Mac kail; Lectures on Greek Poetry, p.l54. 
 
 L.-J.w. Mackv..il: Lectures on Greek Poetry, p.l5b. 
 
 3. -R.'"'. Jebb; Classical Greek Poetry, p.l83. 
 
 4. -A.F. Haigh: The Tragic Drarria of the Greeks, p . 141 . 
 
60 
 
 "The poor soul wept, ue she uiu look on tiiecr., 
 Still colling out upon her evil fate. 
 
 Her future lot of utter chilulessness ; " 
 
 ond olso to Tlsctra: 
 
 "Ana. go, ah I piteous fats I 
 Childless, unweaaea still; 
 
 Again, when Oea/pus recounts the tragedy of their houoS 
 to his chilaren he says, "iv'y cliilareni but ye needs nus t 
 waste away, unwedded, childless,’"^ for the suffering of 
 his children was part of his own punishment. Another el- 
 ement in the life of a normal family is manifested in the 
 Wards of Cly taemneetra when she eays, 
 
 "Wondrous ana strange the force cf mctherhooal 
 Though wronged,' a mother cannot hate her chil- 
 dren . " 
 
 ana the sams iaea is also expressed aptly in a fr=.gment, 
 "Sons are the anchors of a aether's life".^ Maternal 
 love e.q.ressed itself o,lsc in personal care for little 
 chilaren or provision for their neeas by the emrlcyment 
 cf nurse.s; such care and provision was net maae by mothers 
 alone but might be shared in a large part, at least, by 
 the father, or an elder sister. Beianeira'^ when enumex^ - 
 ating the responsibilities involved in rn.arri_.ge, spsaas of 
 the mother vvhose rest is broken by the crying infant wniie 
 Antigone m.entions the young mother and her baby in a sim- 
 
 l.-The Maiaens cf.Trachis, V.SC9-911. All quotc^tiens are 
 maae from "The Tragedies of Sophocles" by E .” .Plump tre. 
 New York. 
 
 B.-El«o^:ra, v. 166-167. 
 
 3 .-Oedf^pus, the King, v. 15C1 - 1502. 
 
 4. -Elsctra, v. 770 - 771. 
 
 5. -Fragment 512. 
 
 6. -The Maiaens of Trachis, v. 148 - lol. 
 
 7. -Antigone, v. 917 - 918. 
 

OJ tJ) I-' 
 
 ilar connecticn. Cns very striking passc^ge shows th^t 
 mothers felt responsibility an.:: the ■ neces si ty of locking 
 cut for their childrens’ v;elfars, namely, when Antigone 
 says, 
 
 "I had not done it had I come to be 
 A mother with her children, _had no,t u.area^ 
 
 Though ’twere a husband dead that moulasrea tiiere. 
 Against my country’s will to bear this tcii.'"^ 
 
 thcugh he were "like a child without its nurse" Cc^sual 
 
 references to nurture^and the nurse^ are ma.de in the Oea- 
 
 ipus plays, but a new figure interested in the care of 
 
 young children is introduced in the character of Elsctra 
 
 whose love and devotion to her brother elicits profound 
 
 aamiraticn. One illustrative case age will suffice: 
 
 " Ah, rrdse ruble meJ 
 
 For all the nurture, now sc profitless, 
 
 ’^biich I was went with sweetest toil to give 
 For thee, my brother. Never did she love. 
 
 Thy mother, as -I loved thee; ncr'aia they 
 Fhc uweli within there nurse thee, but ’. twas I, 
 
 And I was ever called thy sistt;r true."^ 
 
 It is not surprising that a woman who was capable of such 
 crimes as Cly taemnest ra coula find no inclination to care 
 for the child whose father she haa murdered, but the same 
 circumstances may have serveu to strengthen the bend be- 
 tween the child and his elder sister. From the plea of 
 Oeaipus that Creon look after his girls, though the boys 
 woula be able to care for themselves, it is eviaent that 
 
 .-Antigone, v. 9C4 - 0C7. 
 .-Philoctetes, v. 7C1. 
 
 .-Oeappus at Coloncs, v. 344 - 345. 
 .-Oeet'pus at Coloncs, v. 678 - 680. 
 . Oe^fpus the King, v. 1069 - 1C93. 
 
 5. -Flectra, v. 1143 - 1149. 
 
 6 . -Oe...|:fius the King, v. 145Sff. 
 
woiLen were sheltered throughout .their lives. Kov/ever 
 there is uncther glirr.pse of fs^ri.ily life which is note- 
 worthy because of the relat ionshij.: of father and children 
 which it reveals; 
 
 "But my two poor girls, all aesclate. 
 
 To w'hoir. my table never brought a roeal 
 Vi'ithcut my presence, but whate'er I touched 
 They still partook of with me; — care fcr these, 
 
 Oedipoij, too, expresses the priae and pleasure of father- 
 
 hoou in the lines, 
 
 "My chilaren'o face, fcrscoth, was sweet to see. 
 Their birth being what it was . 
 
 Thus in pictures that are usually graphic ana always 
 
 istic the poet inaicatee the imp orta.nce of chilu nurture 
 
 and training. 
 
 Sophocles does not fail to include among other char- 
 acteristics of which he makes note, the im.r.aturi ty , ooth 
 mental and phy-ical, which has been em.phc.,oioea by the 
 other poets investigated. Crecn as ruler of Theres re- 
 sents the suggestions of young Kaem.cn who cpuestions, 
 
 "Boat thou not see thou speakest like a bcy?"‘^ Hot only 
 a hasty temp'. r but also a hasty tongue is considered a 
 chilaish characteristic by this poet, for v.e find "Kush, 
 boy! fcr silence brings a thousand gains." The fact 
 that without any sense or appreciation of values the 
 
 1 . -Oedipus ' the King, v. 1461 - 1465. 
 
 B.-fedjpus the. King, v. 1375 - 13'?6. 
 
 3. Antigone, v. 735. 
 
 4. -Fragm.ent ICB . 
 
SS 
 
 chilc^ is al'vi'ays attracted "by badcles^ illustru,tes -failure 
 
 N 
 
 ' of his mental processes to function with intelligence. 
 
 Thus the lines, 
 
 "When shar]: cold spreaas- through all the a-ether clear. 
 And chilursn seize a crystal icicle, 
 
 At first they firmly hcli their nsw-fcund joy; 
 
 But in the ena the melting mass nor cares 
 To slip away, nor is it gcou to kee^."l 
 
 The gu,y s3Do.ndonment of childhood "when ignoro-nce ie hliso" 
 
 is brought cut in the lines, 
 
 ^ "Young, we leaa a life 
 
 Of all most joyous, in cur father 'o house, 
 
 For want of knowledge is our kinaly nurse; 
 
 ana again in "Childish and w^^^ak is he 
 Who Isarnetli to forget 
 
 The x^arents that havb perished mi sora-cly; " 
 where it is clear that the thoughtlessness ana selfish- 
 nes.-j of children is inaicc^teu. The proverbial weakness of 
 girls is recognized where Heracles bemOu-.ns the situc-ticn 
 in which he "like a girl maist weep :-.na shriek in pain".'* 
 Finally, there ie an all-inclusive inference as to child- 
 ren6 ' we4*knesses in the simple statement, "The aged man 
 , becomes the •child again, " for senility gradually dim.in- 
 ishes the pov.'ers of mind ana b,dy. It ought to be noted 
 perhaps, that these ref'^rences were not a sinister reflec- 
 tion upon children but w-re eviaence simply of lacz of 
 developm.ent and maturity. 
 
 1. -Fragment 150. 
 
 5. -"fragment 617, v. 3 - 5. 
 
 3 . -"^lectra, ■ V . 143 - 146. 
 
 4. -The, I'aidens of Trachis, v. 
 
 6 . -Fragri.en t 4’54. 
 
 1C71. 
 

64 
 
 It is nctewcrthy thi.t childron took in relip-ious 
 
 rite^s that w^re perfcrmsa in public. This is in-.icj.tea in 
 such Messages 'Uo, 
 
 "It is not that we deeu of thee a-, one 
 Equalled with Gods in pcv.er, thc.t we sit here> 
 
 These little ones and I, a.s sup^-li^nts p.rone"t 
 
 One is 
 
 reminasa of 
 
 th 
 
 t oday . 
 
 EurysakesS 
 
 is 
 
 emcn'^ v 
 
 •.:rf crr:';ed over 
 
 case th 
 
 e fact that 
 
 th 
 
 ^'w^' vv -» uiisi. 004-';; XI c — X ^xoochuxj' oA— 
 
 i-lains his importance' in the scene. Teucros und Eury- 
 
 sakes actually hear the corpse to its final restiny,-;^-lace, 
 
 as is ehev/n bp the lines, 
 
 "And thou, 0 boy, in thy love, 
 
 ’•'’’ith all the strength that thou hast. 
 
 Here, with thy han^ ,n his eiue,,. 
 
 Thy father’s, Ixft him. v.ith me, 
 
 for to-d..,y it ’.voula scarcely be ccnsi'„ered fittin.i, for the 
 chief liiCurners to take part in this way. The circumis tances 
 ci this scene are, of course, unusud, for Aia.s h-.d to be 
 buried in utmost h^ste, cut the passage as a whole fur- 
 nishes aur.irabls svisence of the affect ion^^te family rs- 
 laticnohips which existed among the Greeks. 
 
 There are several references in Sophocles to chil-..ren 
 suffering either oec...use of war or the death of their 
 
 1. -0fcucpU3 the King, v. 31 - 33. 
 
 2. -Aici.s, V. 1168 - 1164. 
 
 3. -Aias, V. 14C9 - 1416. 
 

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 enta. One of the rucet often qucteo. con^.e 2 r.nc.t i^ne of 
 
 13 ■ 
 
 sxgressed in. 
 
 
 
 
 "And on the earth. 
 
 
 
 
 5 till breeding lolague, un::itiedL infants 
 
 lie. 
 
 
 
 Cast out all ruthlesslv- ''r 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 again Aias says of his wife. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ic leave a v.iuow with her or,dianed child 
 
 
 
 ii.mong m.y foeo."<::; 
 
 
 
 The 
 
 fact that guardians isre often as harsh then a,:i 
 
 txiey 
 
 are 
 
 tv., u.o,y, vi/hen it is nece 3 s...ry for prcoa.ticn 
 
 Oil ic 
 
 ers 
 
 to 
 
 rctect childiu-n ^.gainst m.is treatment on ohe 
 
 part 
 
 of 
 
 the 
 
 gUwrdio.n ;3 .j is plovin in Tecmiossa’s plea with 
 
 her 
 
 huo- 
 
 b...nd 
 
 which bso-in.s with the lines, sufficiently 
 
 illus 
 
 tra- 
 
 t ive 
 
 in themiselves. 
 
 
 
 "Pity, 0 king, thy bey, ane think if he, 
 
 Leprivea cf childhooo-’e nurture, live bereuved 
 Beneath unfrisnuly guardiane, ..hat , 3 cre grief 
 -*xcu, in thy death, ucet give to hiir. ana me. 
 
 It ic evident also tnat kindly rslat ion.;iiip 3 existea ocme- 
 
 times cet'fl/ecn cri.hans aiv.\ their gua.raians, for 
 
 »*h^m Alas haa ax-'d/Cinted to watch over tno ocy Eurye^.aes, 
 
 aenus icr him immediately after the father '.e aeath: 
 
 why bring ye net 
 
 ^ith quickest sgecd the bcy,"leot any 'foe 
 oei^^ie him., ae 'A'help of lonely lioness? 
 
 CtC, hasten , -.ork together. All are wont 
 0 tiSc.,t' i th scorn the dead th._.t 2..rcbtr;^te lie 
 
 l.-0ea^^^V3 the King, v. 176 - 1?9. 
 ^ iao , V . 655 
 
 ^ . 
 
 .-Aias, V. olC 
 
 - 000 
 
 - ol3 
 
 I 
 
66 
 
 • Cher: "And while he lived, 0 ""eacres, thse 
 
 he charge U.J, 
 
 For thie, his bey to c^rv, new thou c^.r'e 
 Another such ■ fcrte.nate relati :nship^ clearly exioted b^e- 
 tv.sen Orestes ana the li.c^n ..hvrt Flectra chose tc c.-re for 
 nir:. Con.ewhat the sar:.e a.o'-ersicn tc an illegitimate child 
 wlcS felt then no for fin... Oedipuo o/..*ying. 
 
 a man. 
 
 At supy or, ■ in his cu^.s, ;;i tn .vine c ' .ertakgn^ 
 neviles me a.s ^ s^..uricuc chan.o-linr-’ bcv." 
 
 That the innocent victim, cf the 2 ;o.rents' sin should suf- 
 fer for it dees net obscure the ing. lico-ticn in this ref- 
 erence thc.t the decent, respectable members cf Creek so- 
 ciety shunnea everything ccnnecteu. with Icc^e scci....l re- 
 
 I 
 
 lc4,t ienship o, theoretically u.t ls„st. The bit of c^uvice 
 fer bcy.s, preserved in a fragment, refers in the ccncluo- 
 icn tc the neglectec. training cf "the chilaren of ^ f^^th- 
 er f^r from h_r..®," words which seem tc inaic...te ta.-.t lit- 
 le ^.revision was made fer chilaren e-:cept by the j„...rents 
 themselves . 
 
 A few references can be cenoidered cnly in co.nnecticn 
 with the plot of the play froro which they t.^ken. Tne 
 
 Ooaipus ■ theme is ba-sea upen the j-nophecy of the cracle 
 which lea Laius to try to ao avvs.y with his son tc prevent 
 ■the fuliillmciit cf the -.oras cf the seer. This e'cplains 
 
 l.-Aias, V. 986 - S91. 
 
 2;-Flectra, v. 1C - 15. 
 
 3. -Ceaipus the ping, v. 778 - 78C. 
 
 4. - Fragment 779. 
 
 cH- ' 
 
iH CJ to 
 
 .iiczeicrs, :;he fact that Pclyooa brcujht uy Oeai^.u:o^^rici 
 the affectionate feeling for the boy icj clear in the lines 
 "Ana cculwc he loT^e .another’s chila so nucn? 
 
 "Yos; for his fcrr:er chiiaiessnesa wrought ^n hiir." . 
 •The explanation of the axposuro- offered again in tne 
 w'oraa of the she_^:herd~ and. is referred to by Oedij.ua in 
 his laiLon trover the ^c^'j he re a car a by the shephera. 
 
 "•"hese dlusione, then, rr.uet be considered in the light of 
 the plot which accounts for the notive of the parents' 
 
 ^ c u X on « 
 
 In conclusion, then, it seems to me that in his atti- 
 tuae tcwara chilaren^Scphoclea Jus’^ifies the common Oj..in- 
 ion that he "s„w.v life stea.vily, and saw it whcle, for 
 he aoes not neglect to mention the instances o.na circurr- 
 st^nces under which the chilaren far -a c.:v^..ly at the Imcnds 
 oi their elders, while at the Stare tiros he leaves the im- 
 ..rsssion that the general, ncrm.al attituae tcwara chil- 
 arsn i.cko ain;.;.ry an.... intimate, life that ■..■hich ohe 
 
 ^ceti aej.ict. Tne o^ iri'amw-Sv*., un . ici.3e>«ii ^rowontw^— 
 tion of the fc*.ots, therefore, makes the wvttitu...e of du- 
 ^ixocl;;:. very Vc^luo-ble in thii investigation, ..^n.. 
 w'ork unusual significance for my purposes. 
 
 . -Oedipus 
 
 the King, 
 
 TT 
 
 1C03 
 
 ff . 
 
 . -Oedipus 
 
 the King, 
 
 V . 
 
 114.. 
 
 - lx?3. 
 
 . -Oedipus 
 
 the King, 
 
 V . 
 
 1 0 4 S 
 
 - ,13ol. 
 
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 bb; Clw..ssi 
 
 Cal 
 
 c o V 
 
 ^ X ^ K/ 
 
 : doe try, .183. 
 

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CHAPT'^P Pill 
 
 PPPI?ID ?',9 
 
 That the passages in Euripides which refer to chil- 
 \*ren are ir.ore nurcerous than in any other poet discu seo. 
 
 BO far, is explained by Croiset, "The truth is that Eur- 
 ipides interests us less in well-considered decisions than 
 in instinctive sentiirent and p.assion These re- 
 
 flections help us to understand the importance given to 
 young persons and to women. A painter by instinct, he 
 was naturally attached rather to impulsive natures than 
 t .0 bhose in whom, as a r^ale, moral force is supposed to be 
 P redOKi inant ^ The fact is that this poet is preeminent 
 in antiquity for his symipathetic studies of womien ana chil- 
 dren, and accordingly this must be borne in rr:ind when the 
 evidence is exam'ined. However Croiset goes on to say^ 
 
 There can be no doubt that this is lifelike painting of 
 
 contemporary society Less and less respect was paid 
 
 to loyalty, the bonus of friendship, or family affection — 
 
 * ' view of the em.phasis laid upjcn the chara,cters of 
 women and children whom it is natural to consider in the 
 light of home life and family ties, it will be interesting 
 
 1. -Croiset, Alfred and Maurice: An Abridged History of 
 
 Creek Literature. Translated by F.C. Heffelbower. p.2ril. 
 
 2. -Croiset : p.2£':b 
 
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69 
 
 in the consideration of the data to note to what extent 
 the above staterrient is justified, at least so far as fam- 
 ily affection is concerned. 
 
 The dread of prospective mothers is eviaent in sever- 
 al passages.^ r-uch evidence is valuable in this discussion 
 
 because it makes the prolific tendencies of the Greeks 
 
 of (LffecftOT) 
 
 and the normal relationship^ between mother and child more 
 significant . 
 
 There are m:any noteworthy passages which indicate this 
 
 mutual affection between mothers and children. "Paartur- 
 
 ition with attendant throes has a wonderful effect on 
 
 wom:en and somehow the whole race of womien have strong 
 
 2 
 
 affection toward their children." This is a general 
 statement which receives confirmation from the words of 
 Iphigenia, "For I, perceiving others begetting children, 
 was born a lover of children, and was undone with my de- 
 
 3 
 
 sire (of themi),”'' or the lines of the chorus, "A ter- 
 rible thing it is. to be a mother and it bears a great en- 
 dearment and one comm.on to all so as to toil on behalf 
 
 A 
 
 of their chilaren." A pathetic touch is introduced by 
 
 1. -Medea, v. 247-248. All quotations from Euripides are 
 
 miade from The Tragedies of Euripides Literally Trans- 
 lated or Revised with Critical and Explanatory Notes by 
 Theodore Alois Buckley. London, 185C. 
 
 Iphigenia in Tauris, v. 1462-1463; 202-208. 
 
 Ion, V. 1457-1460. 
 
 Suppliants, v. S12-915. 
 
 2 . -Phoenician Virgins, v. 335-358. 
 
 3 . -Suppliants, v. 1085-1087. 
 
 4. -Iphigenia in Aulis, v. 917-919. 
 
70 
 
 the chorus in lament for the chieftains slain at Thebes, 
 
 "the sad memorials of m;y son lie at home, shorn tresses 
 
 and garlands of hair, songs which golden-haired Apollo 
 1 
 
 receives not." Other evidences of the relations between 
 m-others and children are indicated in passages full of ex- 
 pressions of affectionate sent imient'^, in passages refer- 
 ring to the grief of m.others for their dead chilaren, 
 to the desire for the protection of children, to the en- 
 joymient and price in children.^ The love of children for 
 their m.others is also portrayed, an especially notable in- 
 stance of this rr.utual feeling being clear in the recogni- 
 tion scene between CTa/sa and Ion. ^ 
 
 The father also, it 3eem;s,was closely and affection- 
 ately associated with his children. "For all men live with 
 an affection toward their cnij..^ren nor v-/ould any give up 
 
 g 
 
 his own chila to die." Hercules corroborates this 
 
 1 .-Suppliants, v. 978-981. 
 
 3. -Medea, v. 1C18-1083; 1335-1839. 
 
 Hippolytua, v. 311-314. 
 
 Hercules Furens, v. 379-380. 
 
 Hecuoa, v. 1155-1163. 
 
 Troades, v. 771-779. 
 
 o.Trcadee, v. 478-483; 735-737; 743-745; 784j 835-837; 1157- 
 1203; 1132-1147. 
 
 A Ices t is, V. 183-185. 
 
 Helen, v.370. 
 
 . Andromache, v.444. 
 
 Hercules Furens, v. 529-531. 
 
 4. -Alcee-t is, v. 163-167, 
 
 Hippolytus, V. 715-717. 
 
 '''Andromache, v. 445-446; 44-46. 
 
 Iphigenia in Aulis, v. 622-627. 
 
 5 .-Flectra,, v. doo-666. 
 
 .^Icestis, V. 333-334. 
 
 Troades, v. 478-482. 
 
 Helen, vv. 9-lC. 
 
 5. -Alcestis, V, 947-949. 
 
 Flectra, v. 1103-1105. 
 
 7, -Ion, V. 1437. ff. to end of play, 1622. 
 
 8 . -Phoenician Virgins, v. 966-968. 
 
? S'-. TP 
 
 
stateirent, ”Ahl They v;ill not quit their hold, but cling 
 so much the fuster to my garments. Were ye so ne»r upon 
 the edge (of death?) I v;ill then take and lead these with 
 my hands; like a ship will I tow these little boats. And 
 sooth I disdain not the care of my children. All things 
 amongst men fin this respect) are equal. Both the bet- 
 ter class of mortals love their children, and they who are 
 of no account. But in wealth they are different; (some) 
 
 have, some not. But all the race (of mortals) is child-loving'J 
 
 2 
 
 Ion’s birthday party tendered him by — 
 
 1. - Hercules Furens, v. 6E8-656 
 
 2. - Ion. V. 649-667. 
 
72 
 
 Xuthus is another inaication of the corriradeship between 
 
 fathers and sons. There are many other passages such as 
 
 that^ in which Hercules' boys add to their mother's grief 
 
 by continually wailing for their father, but it will be 
 
 convenient only to state the im.pressicn which the evidence 
 
 makes. Evp^ressions of esteem, loyalty, and regara for the 
 
 fathers by the children, , evidences of tenderness, love, 
 
 sympathy on the part of the fathers for their children,*^ 
 
 4 
 
 miourning for children, airbiticn, provision, preservation, 
 
 R O 
 
 and protection of children, joyful reunions after war, 
 indications that children felt some obligation to recipro- 
 
 n 
 
 cate the services done them by parents, and also ven- 
 
 p 
 
 gea.nce of injuries received by fathers°, are included in 
 the references in the notes below. 
 
 According to the p-^as sages which refer to the early 
 training of children, it is clear that this was attended 
 to by the mother herself, or else by a nurse under the 
 
 1. -Hercules Furens, v. 69-??. 
 
 2 . -Suppliants, v. 112C-1162. 
 
 The Heraclidae, v. 468-4?0. 
 
 '^Orestes, v. 16C3-16C?. 
 
 3. -He Cuba, v. 339-341. 
 
 Hercules Furens, v. 52C-322; 1149-1150; 13?2-13?6. 
 Supplia.nts, v. 503- 5C 4. 
 
 The Heraclidae, v. 415-414. 
 
 Iphigenia in Aulis, v. 1256. 
 
 Iv'edia, v. 331-332. 
 
 4 . -Iphigenia, v. 396-399. 
 
 Media, v. 1321-1324. 
 
 Hercules Furens, v. 329-331; 1179-1180; 136C-136u. 
 
 5. -Media, v. 552-569; 609-613; , 912-918; 1300-1305. 
 
 Iphigenia in Aulis, v. 1208-1209. 
 
 Hercules Furens, v. 288-232; 316; 448-495; 574-575. 
 
 6. -Trcades, v. 20-22. 
 
 7 . -Suppliants, v. 361-364. 
 
 8 . -Suppliants, v. 1215-1‘^26. 
 
73 
 
 supervision of the rr.other. Sometirr;es the nurse was a man, ^ 
 
 p 3 
 
 sometimes a wom:an,‘^ again simply the m;other. The m^any 
 
 references to the personal attention which miothers gave 
 
 their children, to the swaddling clothes in which infants 
 5 6 
 
 were wrapped, to care in infancy, are additional indi- 
 cations of the watchful attention under whicn tne child 
 grew. One reference to tne affection of the nurse for 
 
 children is noteworthy: " but why should your 
 
 children share their father's error? Why acst thou hate 
 these? Alas me, -y children, how beyond measure do I 
 grieve i.est ye suffer any evil.'"'^ It is gratifying to 
 observe that not merely for the iihysical well-being cf the 
 child was tne parent concerned, but also for tne devel- 
 oj;m;ent ci cnaracter, ° one. that ihcuiu e x;nibit sucn qual- 
 itieo as manliness,^ xrudence^? ana leadersnip . The 
 household servants seem to have likea the children of tneir 
 master, lor ti^e m.essenger reports to Medea, "As soon as 
 
 1 • “ M euecL, V. 
 
 S.-Troades, v. 190 - 194. 
 
 Iphigeuia in Tauris, v. 834 - 830 . 
 
 3. -Hercules Furens, v. 893-895. 
 
 4. -Troaaes, v. 1173-1177. 
 
 Ion, V. 318-319; 1371; 1374-1377. 
 Orestes, v. 1342. 
 
 The Heraclidae, v. rOS-712. 
 
 Ipnigenxa in Tauris, v. 219; 1253-1254. 
 
 5. -Ion, V. 1358-1359; 1416; 1492-1493. 
 o.-Icn, v.o?6; 821. 
 
 Hecuoa, v. 4^.3. 
 
 Ipnigenia in Aulis, v. x22C-12o8. 
 Hercules Furens, v. 1237-1263. 
 
 -Media, v. 111-115. 
 
 8 . -Suppliants, v. S12-S15. 
 
 Helen, v. 942-944. 
 
 9. -Iphigenia in Aulis, v. 1461. 
 
 10- The heraclidae, v. 770-773. 
 
 11- Anarom.acne, v. 719-720. 
 
4 . iii • •• 
 
 
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the two sons were core with their father, ana had entered 
 the bridal house, we servants, w'ho were grieved at the ris 
 
 fortunes, were deligntee-^j One kissea tne ij.auu, 
 
 anotner the auouriL he d of tny sons, and I also n.yself 
 followed with then, to the wonien’e apartrencs through joy.” 
 Euripides suggescs some cnaracceristics of children 
 and rrenticns several of the occupations in wnicn they en- 
 gaged. Their lack of deep feeling is brought out clearly 
 in the lines, "But these her children are coming hither, 
 having ceased from their e-cercises, notning mdnaful of 
 their m.othe.'s ills, for the mind of youth is not wont to 
 
 r*. 
 
 grieve." Lack of micntal develofm^ent which iias been em;- 
 phasized by other poets, is noted again in, "But Orestes 
 being present, Y/ill cry out knowingly words not knowii.g, 
 for he is yet an infant," and particularly witXi regard 
 to youiLg girls in tus lines, "Cease. It is not proper 
 
 4 
 
 lor girls to know tnese miutters," where the expression 
 
 "these macters" reieit- to death ana tne nerea-fter. There 
 
 5 
 
 are also references to the beauty of cnildren, and the 
 customjary dislike ol oeing left aesolate, whij.e some of 
 the occupations referred to, such as chasing the aeer,^ or 
 
 1. -Meaea, v. 1136-1143. 
 
 2. -Medea, v. 40-43. 
 
 3. -IpKigenia in Aulis, v. 465-467. 
 
 4. -Iphigenia in Aulis, 66o-b67. 
 
 5. -Hercules Furens, v. 118-121. 
 
 6. -Ion, V. 954-968. 
 

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tending sheep, ^ throw 'light upon their work and play. The 
 
 boy Ion grew up in the temple, apparently acting aa altar- 
 8 
 
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 3 
 
 included among mourners and even to bear the remains in 
 the funeral procession.** one additional indication that 
 children played an imx-ortant role in religious rites is 
 'apparent from the words of Alcmena: "but you drove me 
 
 also, and my children, out of all Greece, sitting as sup- 
 ylianta of the Gods, some old, ana somie still infants." 
 
 I group together the references to orphans, illegit- 
 imate children, guardians, and step-mothers, because the 
 contrast between children wncse own parents were spared to 
 them., and children less fortunate, is significant. The 
 words of Eumielua refer both to orphanage ana his grief 
 for his miother: "Alas for m.e, my state.' rniy mother is 
 
 gone indeed below; she is no longer, my father, under the 
 sun, but unhappy, leaving me, has made my life an orphan's 
 For look, look at her eyelid and her nerveless arms. Hear 
 hear, 0 mother, I beseech thee; I, I now call thee rr;other 
 thy young one falling on thy mouth !/oung and de- 
 
 serted, m.y father, am. I left by m:y rear miother. 01 I 
 
 1. -Cyclops, V. 25-36; 71-73. 
 
 3. -Ion, V. 101-103. 
 
 3. -Hercules Furens, v. 439-446. 
 
 .'Suppliants, v. 1C6-1G7. 
 
 4. -Helen, v. 1378. 
 
 Suppliants, v. 1165-1167; 1185-118S. 
 
 5. -The Heraclidae, v. 953-954. 
 

 
 
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76 
 
 that have suffered, indeed, dreadful deeaei and thou 
 
 hast suffered with r;s, my sister. 0 father, in .vain, in 
 Vain, didst thou rcarr;/, nor with her diust thou arrive at 
 the end of old age, for she perished "before, but thou 
 being gone, mother, the house is undone. This is but 
 one of the several references'^ which inuicate the sctnie at- 
 titude of distress with regard to orph: nage. The ola 
 theories regarding the sins of the fathers and the innocent 
 who suffer for the guildy, are brought to mind by the lines, 
 "A pretty custom forsooth that chilaren must pay tiie price 
 
 3 
 
 of a baa woman, " and, "For that which is not honorable 
 can never be honorable, as neither can children, the un- 
 hallowed offspring of the* mother, the x-olluticn of the 
 father.""* However orphan ana illegitimate chilaren in 
 iruripides* plays, though intolerant of their xolights, seem 
 to have been loved and carea for in every case Vifhere a 
 griardian is mentionea. Beginning V‘jith the case of Ion 
 whom Loxias trains up, " for aside from her aeterminat ion 
 
 f* 
 
 to throw him cut, her pity got the best of her, " and 
 including Orestes' guardian, ° staunch old lolaus, the 
 
 1. -Alcestis, V. 4C2-415. 
 
 2. -Hercules Furens, v. 544-547. 
 
 Hippolytus, V. 79S. 
 
 Hup, Hants, v. 1126-1128. 
 
 3. -Iphigenia in Aulis, v. 117C-1171. 
 
 4 . -Phoenician "^/"irgins, v. 819-322. 
 
 5. -Ion, V. 49-50. 
 
 6. -Orestes, v. 462-433. 
 
 7. -The Heracliaae, v. 8-lC; 21-26; 32-34; 92-93; 297-299; 
 
 321-334; 339-341; 424-461; 623-624. 
 

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lather of Hercules who was left in charge of his chil- 
 dren,^ and the old attendant of both Agamemnon and his 
 children, this affection and loyalty of the guardians 
 for their charges is conspicuous. It is reasonable to 
 suppose, however, that there were exceptions to these 
 felicitous relationships. References to step-mothers 
 indicate the proverbial friction ana bear out the assump- 
 tion that some orphans fared better than others. Thus 
 I fina, "Rever will I commend the two-fold nuptials of 
 
 mortals, nor children sprung from different mothers, a 
 
 3 
 
 strife at home, and hostile grief,” and again, "Right. 
 
 For they say that step-dames have grudging against chil- 
 4 
 
 dren, " and finally, "Wives are always wont to be hos- 
 tile to children previously begotten." It is eviaent 
 therefore, that the child who grew up under the imimedi- 
 ate attention of his own parents was much more fortunate 
 than the chila vmo was the victim of some domestic in- 
 felicity. 
 
 The poet does not omit to describe some of the out- 
 rages against children, though the fact that most of them 
 were committed in war is sufficient explanation of them. 
 There are references to children taken aa hostages,'^ to 
 
 1. -Hercules Furens, v. 4C-43; S18-230; 333-339; 663-664. 
 
 3.-Flectra, v. 14-17; 393-295; 4C9-416; 483-484. 
 
 3 . -Andromache, v. 463-465. 
 
 4. -Ion, V. 1034-1025. 
 
 5. -Ion, V. 1336. 
 
 6. -Troades, v. 1C9C-10S5. 
 
 Rhesus, V. 431-432. 
 
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the cruel uestructicn ana loss of children, to the chil- 
 dren v^hose war-thirsty fathers made them oblivious to aom- 
 estic responsibilities,'^ to children's terror of war, ^ to 
 fugitives with their children."^ The lives of children 
 were endangered also on occasions of religious rites, such 
 as sacrifices'^ and the fana.tical jubilations of the Bac- 
 chae.° The guilt of Agam.emnon seems to have been unpar- 
 donable in the poet's eyes, for Clytaemnestra says, "Thou 
 didst wed me unwilling, and obtained me by force, having 
 slain Tantalus my former husband and having dashed my in- 
 fant living, to the ground, having torn him by force fr-m 
 
 7 
 
 my breast." .However, in judging this incident, it nust 
 be Temembexed that the plot of the story is based upon a 
 myth which , as in his other plays, Euripides aoes not 
 change, possibly because, as has been suggested, he 
 wished to set forth the weakness as well as the strength 
 of hum;?m nature. 
 
 One of Euripides' most striking and truthful obser- 
 vations is the paradox regarding the pleasure and pain 
 
 involved in rearing farriilies. There are several refer- 
 0 
 
 ences to this point, but Andromache sum;s up the matter: 
 
 1 .-Andromache, v, 6-9; 1C32-1C35. 
 
 3.-Iphigenia in Aulis, v. 794-798. 
 
 3. -Troades, v. 537-542. 
 
 4 . -Andromache, V.75C-754. 
 
 5. -Ion, V. 281-3S2. 
 
 3.-Bacchae, v. 755. 
 
 7. -Iphigenia in Aulis, v. 1150-1153. 
 
 8. -Orestes, v. 541-542. 
 
 Alcestis, V. 877-882. 
 lieaea, v. 1090-1107. 
 
 I^higenia in Aulis, v. 356-659. 
 
fH CO. fO 
 
 "Truly to all menkina their children is their life; 
 
 but 
 
 whoever is unexperienced ( irijchildren) and ulaT'es rr.e (for 
 this sentiirent) .feels less pain, indeed, but happy is 
 t ho ugh hapless."^ 
 
 Euripides also proauces the same impression already 
 gained from his predecessors, /as that / with regard to the 
 respective fortune or misfortune of those who had or did 
 not have children. Childlessness seems to have been re- 
 garded as a sign of aivine displeasure, for I find, "V.q- 
 ^ea: 'Ey the Cods, tell me, dost thou live this life nith- 
 
 ertc childless? Aegeus: Childless I a.m, by the disposal 
 
 1 2 
 
 of some deity." There are passages which refer to chila- 
 lessness in a general way, and several which seem, to eni- 
 phasize the regret and disappointment with which this af- 
 fliction was endured."* Naturally the disfavor of the gods 
 was thought to be disastrous, as in the lines, "^’'Jhat cal- 
 amity, then, can befall a woman, save in respect to her 
 nuptial bed, children not being yet born?"^ It a,ppears 
 
 .-Andromache, v. 417-42C. 
 
 t-iledea, v. G6S-67C. , 
 
 .-Troades, v. 380-381. 
 
 Andrcm.-dche, v. 709-712; 31-32; 357;- 707. 
 
 Alcestis, V. 617-620; 651-654; 735-736. 
 
 Suppliants, v. 960. 
 
 . Helen, v. 694. . 
 
 .-Ion, V.81S; 837-839; 865-868; 946; 1310-1312; 1375; 
 1462; 658-657. 
 
 Rhesus, V. 906; 981. 
 
 Phoenician Vergius, v. 11. 
 
 Xphigenia in Temuris, v. 211. 
 
 Hercules Furens, v. 885., 
 
 4. -We Cuba, v. 820-821. 
 
 Ion, V. 790-791; 603-60S; 612-614. 
 
 5. -Andrcmeche, V. 9C5-S08. 
 

 
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 that the rerriedy for the ir;alady vvae^to be in the goas them- 
 selves.^ It is certain too, th?t the childless husbana 
 did not have the sairie resxjcnsibili ty so far as conjugal 
 fidelity went as the father of a family, for Meaea says 
 to Jason, "for if thou vvert still childless, it would be 
 ;ardonable in thee to be enamoured of this alliance."*^ 
 
 But such a liberty did not affect the desire for children, 
 because the fortune of those who possess chilaren is aes- 
 cribsd in one of the finest passages I have found for this 
 discussion. "For it conveys surpassing happiness to mor- 
 tals, an undisturbed resource (to these) for whom proli- 
 fic youths shine flourishing in paternal chambers, as be- 
 ing about to possess wealth in succession from; their sires 
 to other children; for 'tis a strength in troubles, ana 
 pleasant good fortune, and in war bears help to the coun- 
 try. To me, indeed, may the nurturing care of gooa chil- 
 dren be before wealth end the nuptials of kings; but a 
 childless life I abhor, 8.nd I blame him who c^pproves it. 
 But with moderate possessions, may I possess a life with 
 good offspring."^ That chilaren were censiaerrea as 
 
 wealth , glory, strong sup orts^, dear possessions, be- 
 
 8 
 
 stowed upon mortals by the favor of the gods, and desir- 
 
 1. -Medea, v. 713-717. 
 
 Ion, V. 33-85; 3C8-313; 733-764. 
 
 3 . -Ion, V. 463-473. 
 
 ^.-Hercules Furens, v. 64-63. 
 
 ^■.-Iphigenia in ^ulis, v. 1398-140C. 
 
 6.-Iphigenia in Tauris, v. 55-56. 
 
 ^.-Iphigenia in Tauris, v. 1068-1072. 
 
 The Heraclidae, v. 581-593. 
 
 $.-Ion, V. 404-406; 408-409; 423-425. 
 
 2 
 
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able also for dynastic reasons^, is abundantly eviaent. 
 
 There remain^ the references to chilaren as they are 
 involved in the various plots of the tragedies. These 
 passages are significant because they reflect I?uripides' 
 reaction to the customs and attitude of Greeks who lived 
 in the early period from which the traditional myths come. 
 The story set forth in the Orestes and the Electra pre- 
 sents the problem; of divided loyalty on the part of the 
 chilaren, who treated by this poet, are revengeful against 
 their mother to a degree which the later Greeks clearly 
 did not approve. Because of his great affection for his 
 children, Jason seems to have been punished far m;ore se- 
 verely by the death of his children than by the loss of 
 his own life. It is true that Fheres was not willing to 
 give his life for Adm:etus, but the fact that the son was 
 a full-grown man and not a helpless child, and also that 
 
 4 
 
 Pheres was under no moral or legal obligation to m.ake the 
 sacrifice, justifies the old man in sornie measure. However, 
 responsibility in such a situation would depend upon cir- 
 cum.st Einces, for even to-day the m;ost altruistic parent would 
 be apt to hesitate before accepting it. Desire for revenge 
 
 1. -Iphigenia in Taurie,^ v. 694-698. 
 
 2. -Orestes, .v. 565-571. 
 
 3.4Aedea, v. 57,2-575; 13C9-1414. 
 
 4. — Alcestis, V. 682—683., 
 
 5. -The Heraclidae, v. 163-166; 465-470; 997-1C02. 
 
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in the Heraclidae was prompted not so much by thirst for 
 innocent blood as by loyalty to the old patriarchal fam- 
 
 F 
 
 88 
 
 ily, which amounted to a restricted variety of patriot- 
 ism. The Iphigenia incident has been changed in part by 
 Euripides from the tale of a mere- cruel sacrifice made 
 by a relentless father to the representation of the Greek 
 conception of the greatest offering a human being could 
 make. The frequency^ with which Euripides harks back to 
 the theme of the murder of Hercules' sons to prevent re- 
 venge for their father's death, clearly indiCvates that he 
 did not justify the action on the grounds of the. kind of 
 patriarchal patriotism, but that the atrocity of the crime 
 deserved the indignation which reiteration ana publicity 
 could give it. Throughout the play the poet elicits the 
 reriaer's sympathy with Ion, so that it is plain that he 
 was inaignant about Creusa's plot, but it is not hard to 
 imagine how a childless woman living in an early period 
 of Greek civilization might be tempted to make such an at- 
 tempt against the supposedly illegitimate son of her hus- 
 band. The references to this plot, therefore, are valu- 
 able because they imply disgust and im.patience of Euripides 
 for the uncontrolled and barbarous display of angry passion 
 which was made in the earlier days. Likewise in -Anarom.ache 
 the poet creates the impression that the plot to kill As- 
 
 1. -Hercules Furens, v. 3C3; 436; 44S-456; 530; 545; 593; 
 
 ' 704; 732-723; 830-840; 914-921; 973-993; 1010-1011; 1029- 
 1030; 1059-1061; 1129; 1327, 1232; 1289; 1359; 1366; 1379. 
 
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 tyanax is regaraed also as an inexcusable crir^e, and is 
 shown to have been pron'ipted by Hermione's jealousy of 
 Andromache because of the former's chilalessness . It 
 seems that Hermione’s intention was to bear children not 
 because she desired and loved them, but merely because 
 she feared to alienate her husband's affections and perhaps 
 to foil her dyna,stic aii.ciiiion ii sue remaineu without them. 
 The problem, then, becom.es one of jealousy ana amibiticn but 
 it is clear that Euripides did not consiaer tnat the ena 
 justified the m.eans. 
 
 One further indication of the em^phasis which Euripides 
 
 placed upon children is shown in the fact tuat going one 
 
 step further than Scphocles, ttfio has a boy mnte in the An- 
 
 tigcne, Oedipus the King , ana the Aids'", this poet has a 
 
 mute in Troades , while in the Meaea"^ each child speaks a 
 
 line or two and then the twc in uni son, off the stage to be 
 
 sure, but audible to the audience. More notable still, is 
 o 
 
 the appearance of the children in the Alcestis ana the 
 lines spoken by Eumielus over the body of his mother. The 
 words from, his lips are not those which a child would be 
 
 ] .-Antigone, v. 988. 
 
 2. -Oedipus the King, v. 444. 
 
 3. -Aias, V. 545-635; 706-81*1; 9o6- . 
 
 4. -Troades, v. ?73-7?8. 
 
 5. -Medea, v. 126J- 1288; 1269; 1274/— 1275. 
 
 6. -Alcestis, v. 243. 
 
 7. -Alcestis, v. 4C2-4C7; 410-415. 
 
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 84 
 
 likely to utter on such an occasion, but they are consistent 
 v;ith the rer^resentat ion of chilaren in art as early as the 
 fifth century, wnen they ai.year ao fu-ly aevelcpe^ cut r in- 
 iature aaults. A striking example of the realism, with 
 which a child is likely to speak of the death of a relative 
 is found in the lines, ”0 beloved mouth, the,t used to ut- 
 ter m.any a boast, thou hast perished; thou hast deceived me, 
 since, clinging fast to my garm.ents, thou wouldst say, 
 
 '0 mother, truly will I cut off many locks of my hair for 
 thee, a.nd to thy tcm*b will lead my compe'-^rs, presenting a 
 friendly address (to thy name).’ " In Hercules Purens , 
 the m.essenger reports the exact words of the boy. The fact 
 that children were allowed to appear on the sta.ge, and even 
 
 H * 
 
 were given a few lines in the plays, is not only a distinct 
 innovation but an indication of their rising importance. 
 
 In conclusion, it ar pears that Furipides not only holds 
 the sam;e attitude toward children as his predecessors, but 
 he deserves to be ca.lled the literary chamipion of the chil- 
 dren cf Greek a.ntiquity, because at all times he displays 
 interest, insight, and sympathy such as we have found in 
 Homer ana he outstrips even Aeschylus in the number of his 
 references.^ Of course his subject m;atter permiits many ref- 
 
 1. -Troades, v. 1179-1184. 
 
 2. -Hercules Furens, v. 988-99C. 
 
 3. -Total numiber lines in .Aeschylus, 8099; numiber of refer- 
 
 ences 33. Total number lines in Furipia.es, 24, 538; num.- 
 ber of references e '■elusive of those connected with the 
 plots, 3C2 . The references in Furipides exceed those in 
 Aeschylus by tne multiple l.Of*. For rela^tive quantity of 
 references in Aeschylus com.pared with iromer, see Ch. VI. 
 

 tf. 
 
 
 
 
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85 
 
 erences to farr.ily life but the plots do not always neces- 
 sitate the introduction of children, and at the Scjr.e time 
 his general frame of mind may be aeciucea to some extent 
 from: the terms which he selected for portrayal. Pernaps 
 Croiset when he says, "Less and less respect was paid to 
 
 loyalty, the bond:s of frienasnip. or family aij.ection" 
 
 refers to the early Greeks whose lives and character are 
 portrayed in the legends which Euripides uses a.s the bases 
 of his tragedies, but in no instance have I found that the 
 poet symipathized with the suffering which the children in 
 these myths had to endure. The poet's interest in these 
 myths seems to have been involved in the study of the emi- 
 otional qualities of his characters, and in cases where tne 
 frailities of irorteds caused pain for little children, he 
 is always and unm.istakably their defender and champdon. 
 

 
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IF 
 
 86 
 
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 Bacchj''liaes ; See Jebb. 
 
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 Theodore A. Buckley; The Tragedies of Euripides literally 
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 Alfred Croiset and Maurice Croiset; An Abridged History 
 
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 Sa,m:uel Engel; The Elemeuts of Child Protection. Trans- 
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 Percy Gardner; The Principles of Greek Art. New York, 1914. 
 
 John A. Green; International Stuay of Chile. Welfare. The 
 
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 ■HJ \ 
 
 
 » • -fcj 
 
 n..v, ;> ;^if^(X.r3a 'iloit ^ *la<xl ^ »»aj/ * rt^irAi. .-^ 8 J 
 
 . "lex ,r.vi?i:oJ[ ti 1 y</ 
 
 
 .cfifeL a«‘r; I ^ 
 
 A'^oV . ^ i :i A<ien»r £ti 4 d^iow» 6 ‘:<i’S .^.3 
 
 - U' 
 
 ■*' ^ ■•<■, H 
 
 
 xru'%f>.*tz \o . * 9 #*£T- .'-' yxc^Q^df 
 
 ~ ^5. i)A-* ii 9 1 1 1 ■> i J i • tarn ,4 Wii 1 '-<1 c*' ■» .t/x ” 
 
 ^ ,t oor*r>J ric^sof. :•■»■ ■._ ^ 
 
 d«l -jjli.* «j 4 /sl in.-... >fl YS«rVtbO ^itT ijbfLiJ tn< 
 
 ' ;" ’.^, V . ' '■ ' 
 
 .1 • ii^xX . -’ i*-. Mini n^>.?TA .•■foXrllUi;' gtC 4 
 
 .tA j/^sfrXotO Iaa i 5 «t 1 XA" 
 
 ; 
 
 .*v ifi^Xurtjsir : x<)A • nk . ^ u'T j ^ 
 
 .- Oc - , tiioY »vt J? . »i^ 5 «e Xj> !tii.\ . 1 \d 
 
 
 I 
 
 »c 
 
 
 -Ai’i^T Ic y-Mc ’aX? xojjztM^ ^ , * 
 
 It A 
 
 .Xr'^^'jL x .IJJ V ;^ifi«-r r>t.* - LSdAt^,. 
 
 
 I ■ 
 
 • tf^rxi# <i*t:. l'*^AOi*S 9 o ' .'nffMqXlijSr 
 
 iW 4<’1 v)T »ixk Ji9b"^0 <9<dT ritaAbt^P xoi9 
 
 ^tlT . ■^m 1 I(!-«- -.^iiO 'o X^rtoXJ^rtiBXAl :aK ^xb -A gj§^ ’ 
 
 .(oriM) ;Xaisn ’ 
 
 -i*" . ■'■ -' ‘ j 
 
 ■i” A 
 
 ‘ * li^i 
 
87 
 
 Haigh: The Tragic Drania of the Greeks. Oxford, 1896. 
 
 TTesiod, The Forfieric Hymns, and Horr.erica with an English 
 
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 Hesiod; See Rzach. 
 
 Florence Davenport Hill: Children of the State. Ed. by 
 
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 Homer: See Butcher and Lang (Odyssey) and Lang Leaf, ana 
 
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 R.C. Jebb: Bacchyliaes, The Poems and Fragments edited 
 
 with introduction, notes, and prose translation. 
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 R.C. Jebb: The Growth and Influence of ClaS' ical Greek 
 
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 * -n t .* -r 
 
 L 
 
 • •» 
 
 v'i i.: r v;; ^^T- 
 ' 3 n : ‘ . £d‘.U“ ■■ 
 
 
 
 A * 1 
 
 
 i, - *-X . 
 
 ^ 1.’ f-- ;,-'‘«i 
 
 ■.< tii * E 
 
 j 9S! 
 
 • u -1 
 
 - f 
 
 
 .- r .*’ i • f -. I 
 
 ■; u ' ' ' 
 
 » ■ <■ 
 
 ■ ^ ? © To • 
 
 i~ ^ . :>.:• 
 
 .0 
 
 " r 1 
 
 1 
 
 • I 
 
 ‘-'A i ■> 
 
 i : *. i .. j . i-;iJ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ' i :' ' 
 
 
 i. w7 •- Jilt 
 
88 
 
 Wllliatr; Mure: A Critic?.! History of the Lang;uage and. Lit- 
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 Gilbert Murray: A History of Greek Literature. Lonaon, 1911 
 
 Gilbert Murray: Euripiacs Fabulae. Oxonii, fl90C-190P3 • 
 
 Gilbert Murray: The Pise of the Greek Epic. Oxford, 1907. 
 
 -Wy. £. Le^fln: The Politico of A.riF.totIe. 
 
 
 Pinaar: See Sandys; also Pchroeder. 
 
 F.H. Plurr.ptre: The Tragedies of Aeschylus. A Hew Transla- 
 
 tion with Biographical Essay, and an Appenaix of 
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 E.H. Plurrptre: The Tragedies of Sophocles. A New Transla - 
 
 tion with Biogra.phical Essoy, and an Appenuix of 
 
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 P. Renner: Das Nina. ‘ Ein Gleichnisrriittel oei Epiktet. 
 
 Mflnchen, 1905. 
 
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 W. H. Roscher: Lexikon der Griechischen — Roraischen Mythol- 
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 Aloisius Rzach: Kesiodi Carmina. Lipsiae, 1900. 
 
 J.E. Sandys: The Odes of Pinaar incluuing the principal 
 
 Fragments with an introduction and an English trans- 
 
 lation. London, 1915. 
 
 Otto Schroeder: Tindari carmina cum fragrrientis selectis. 
 
 Lipsiae, 1914. 
 

 
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 1j ^tbil'^f^ ,yc*»i X^-ioirf-x^Tg^Ji^' {Xi# ilolT 
 
 } ■ ,r ,.• ■• ^ •' ■:*, 
 
 i.^.~ I *'''^X :0 X , 4 > 9 rfvilJ? 
 
 _■ *■■- , &/'.*■ - /T) 
 
 |l^*i«t .1 slooitqoflS . 
 
 to Bli.itniis £«oirf<({«t|‘^X« fit^lJc rai: 
 
 ' J . ^ 
 
 («^iC^) •eei/' i : itJ 0 »®f(sH X ' 
 
 13. im4^1ii^r(tflol§i jtt:^ .jLuX n-(i iitnxjaJj 7 S 
 
 
 ‘ 
 
 ‘atl’ ti2 >t 7 u'C an’’* : 9 X 76 fi 9 ^ laiBlt 
 
 > ■ 
 
 rlouif'iiC iiaf {0 9 l|ic^-;-cieiC»»X 49 ^H^ to^ /jojC^x^'T :t^i;o«o^? .JI 
 
 — ‘- ^ \ 
 
 -: •' .tjj >Q 9 X /OXtliaJ . 0 X 5 ^ 
 
 .SoeX , 5 ^ 1 «( 3 X.! .jsxfXaw^r liotnar; rfloiJiR at/XiiijrA 
 
 X^;io^X 7 .i 3iii ^ii,i>X 0 ;U to adT .<,V, 
 
 Jist^ jta X»isa 03itO4jji:ot;tni nz AsiTf ^.♦(t;wmjai‘'{ ■ ,: 
 
 '/X • 
 
 r«" - 5^ •CX 6 X tHOVaoJ *JXGt*tii 
 
 :"-*v,. ■ 
 
 .>l.*o*)Xe« cio ^iiloso-i^o :ial 350 i 4 o 9 
 
 i! 
 
 i^X-si J 4 
 
89 
 
 Arturus Sidgwick: Aeschyli Tragcediae cum fa.bularurr. aeper- 
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 w.K. Slingerland: Child-Placing in Families. New York, 1919. 
 
 S.C. Kaines Smith: Greek .Art and National Life. London, 1913. 
 
 Peinhard Kekule von S t radoni 1 2 ; ; ^ Die Griechische Skulptur. 
 Berlin, 1906. 
 
 J ."R. Wheeler; Greek Literature. A Series of Lectures de- 
 livered at Columbia University, New York, 1912. 
 

 
 
 
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