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VQLAPIJK J® 
 
 'i UyAd 
 
 f Acquiring the f ' / / ( 
 
 An Easy Method of Acqi: 
 
 Universal Language 
 
 CONSTRUCTED BY 
 
 JOHANN MARTIN SCHLEYER 
 
 PREPARED FOR THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING PUBLIC 
 
 ON THE BASIS OF 
 
 ALFRED KIR CHIIOFF’S HILFSBUCH 
 
 With the addition of a Key to the Exercises and a Volapuk-English 
 and English-Volapuk Vocabulary 
 
 BY 
 
 KLAS AUGUST LINDERFELT 
 
 Librarian of the Milwaukee Public Library 
 
 MILWAUKEE 
 C. N. CASPAR. H. H. ZAHN. 
 1888 
 
 0 
 
Copy righted 1887, by C. N. CASPAR & H. H. ZAHN 
 
 H. H. ZAHN & CO.. 
 PRINTERS AND STEREOTYPERS, 
 MILWAUKEE. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introduction ..... 5 
 
 Alphabet, Pronunciation and Accent . . .9 
 
 Chapter I — Articles and Cases . . . 1 1 
 
 Exercise I . . . . .13 
 
 Chapter II — Personal Pronouns and Verbal endings, 
 
 Genders, Infinitives, Negations . . 13 
 
 Exercise II . . . .15 
 
 Chapter III — Feminine Nouns, Adjectives, Pronomi- 
 nal Inflections, Reflexive, Possessive, Demon- 
 strative and Relative Pronouns, Comparison, 
 Cardinal Numerals . . . lfi 
 
 Exercise III . . . .21 
 
 Chapter IV — Questions, Diminutives, Augment- 
 
 atives, Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs 21 
 Exercise IV . . . .24 
 
 Chapter V — Verb Tenses, Adverbs of Definite Time 
 
 and of Place .... 25 
 
 Exercise V . . . .27 
 
 Chapter VI — Passive Voice, Binary Numbers, Neg- 
 ative Derivatives .... 28 
 
 Exercise VI . . . .31 
 
 Chapter VII — Imperative Mode, Ordinal, Iterative 
 
 and Fractional Numerals, Time by Hour 32 
 Exercise VII . . . .34 
 

 Chapter VIII — Subjunctive, Conditional and Dur- 
 ative Mode, Multiplicative and Distributive 
 Numerals ..... 35 
 
 Exercise VIII . . . . .37 
 
 Chapter IX — Participles, Reflexive and Reciprocal 
 
 Verb Forms . . . .38 
 
 Exercise IX . . . . .41 
 
 Chapter X — Word Formation : Roots, Compounds, 
 
 Derivatives .... 4*2 
 
 Exercise X . . . .46 
 
 Chapter XI — Word Formation : Derivatives, continued 47 
 Exercise XI ..... 50 
 
 Chapter XII — Order of Words, Treatment of Words 
 
 from Existing Languages . . .51 
 
 Exercise XII .... 56 
 
 Chapter XIII — Hints and Cautions for Translating 
 
 from the English .... 56 
 
 Exercise XIII . . . .61 
 
 Chapter XIV — Analysis of English Auxiliary Verbs 61 
 Exercise XIV . . . . .65 
 
 Chapter XV — Recapitulation in Systematic Arrange- 
 ment ..... 66 
 
 List of Derivative Prefixes . . .75 
 
 List of Derivative Suffixes ... 77 
 
 Example of Word Formation . . . 80 
 
 Key to the Exercises . . . .82 
 
 VoLAPUK-English Vocabulary .... 91 
 
 ENGLiSH-Volapiik Vocabulary . . .112 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 HE need of a means of communication between persons of different 
 
 nationalities, unacquainted with eacli other’s language, has been uni- 
 versally felt and expressed for nearly 200 years, and over fifty different at- 
 tempts at solving the problem, by constructing an artificial language for 
 this purpose, have been made, beginning with one by the celebrated Ger- 
 man philosopher Leibniz about the year 1700. Few, if any, of these pro- 
 jects, however, had any practical value, being either “pasigraphic 
 systems, meant to be read only, or languages accessible only to the highest 
 intellects, or simply some existing language more or less ingeniously mu- 
 tilated.” The adoption of one of the existing European idioms for inter- 
 national intercourse, as Latin was used once among the learned, and 
 French among diplomats and courtiers, is also impossible for two power- 
 ful reasons, national rivalry and the innumerable difficulties that the study 
 of all modern languages presents, depending on irregularities, imperfec- 
 tions and incongruities of all kinds. 
 
 Finally, in 1879, after twenty years of preliminary studies of a large 
 number of languages, Johann Martin Schleyer, a Homan Catholic priest 
 of Constance in Baden, jmblished an outline of a logical, well arranged 
 and extremely simple system of international language, which be named 
 Volapiik, and which bids fair to become what the name indicates, a 
 “ language of the world Not that it ever entered the mind of the 
 wildest enthusiast, that Volapiik would ever displace a single one of the 
 idioms now existing, the only object of its inventor being to furnish a 
 language, easily learned and capable of expressing all kinds of ideas with 
 clearness and precision, for the social, commercial and intellectual inter- 
 course of mankind. 
 
 It is useless to even refer to the immense advantages that would 
 accrue to the merchant, the traveler, the scientist and to all seekers after 
 information, if such a language were found satisfactory enough to insure 
 its universal adoption. That Mr. Schleyer has succeeded immeasurably 
 
— G — 
 
 better than any of his predecessors, any one who examines the structure 
 of Volapiik must admit, and that it is sufficient for the uses to which it 
 may be put has been abundantly proved by the phenomenal rapidity with 
 which it has spread to every corner of the globe, since it first began to 
 attract universal attention in 1884. It is not perfect, of course, and objec- 
 tions may be justly urged against some of its rules and methods, but in its 
 essential features it is an ingenious and practical solution of a very diffi- 
 cult problem. 
 
 A committee of the American Philosophical Society, appointed for 
 the purpose of investigating the claims of Volapiik, has recently submitted 
 its report, stating what, in the committee’s opinion, an international 
 language should be, and how far Volapiik meets these requirements. The 
 committee arrived in the main at the following conclusions : 
 
 1. The orthography should be absolutely phonetic. 
 
 2. Every letter in it should always have the same sound. 
 
 3. This sound should be one common to all the leading Aryan lan- 
 guages. 
 
 4. Diphthongs, digraphs and double consonants should all be omitted 
 as misleading. 
 
 5. The meaning should never depend on the tone, accent, quantity of 
 vowels, nor rising and falling inflections of the voice. 
 
 G. The vowels should be limited to the five pure vowels — a, e, i, o, 
 u — pronounced as in Italian, and all impure or modified vowel sounds 
 should be discarded. 
 
 7. In the consonantal scheme, all gutturals, aspirates, lisps and 
 nasals, and likewise all double consonantal sounds, should find no place. 
 
 8. There should be no diacritical marks, even the crossing of the t and 
 the dotting of the i should be abolished. 
 
 9. The committee estimates that at least 1000 words are common, with 
 slight variations of spelling and sound, to English, French, Italian and 
 Spanish, and should form the groundwork of the world-language voca- 
 bulary. 
 
 The committee finds that Volapiik measures up to the requirement in 
 Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 9, but falls short in Nos. 3, 6 and 8, by reason of the 
 adoption of the modified vowels ii, 6, ii, and “here lies perhaps the 
 greatest fault of Volapiik.” It will be found, however, that the whole 
 structure of the language, as framed by the inventor, rests on the regular / 
 
— 7 - 
 
 succession of the vowels and that, for this purpose, five vowels would be 
 entirely insufficient. The difficulties of pronunciation, arising from the 
 use of the so-called German Umlauts are more imaginary, than real, and 
 although it would be better if their use could have been dispensed with, 
 it remains to be seen whether some other principle of construction can be 
 devised by the international congress, which the committee proposes to 
 call for the purpose, offering more advantages with fewer difficulties. 
 
 The committee further finds that the Yolapuk grammar meets gener- 
 ally its requirements for simplicity, being without irregularities or ex- 
 ceptions and one which can be mastered in a few hours’ study. There is 
 no trouble over genders, declensions, comparisons or conjugations ; all are 
 simple, uniform and regular. But — and here the committee strikes 
 what at first sight appears as the greatest mistake of the inventor — in 
 direct conflict with “what the universal language must and should be”, 
 the inflections are synthetic, instead of, as is the trend of modern word- 
 building, analytic. This objection has been made over and over again 
 by linguists and philologists ; but, as Prof. Kerckhoffs says, “an attentive 
 study of the grammar convinced me that a form les3 synthetic would 
 have considerably augmented the difficulties, and this objection is at bot- 
 tom more plausible than well-founded. The analytical form of our 
 modern languages is the product, not of a certain tendency of the mind 
 towards this or that exterior form of thought, but a simple displacement 
 of the tonic accent, or, to speak more clearly, of the loss of the intensity 
 of the secondary in favor of the principal accent.” 
 
 It is to be regretted that the inventor has permitted himself to make 
 such slips as the formation of the cardinal numerals, expressing multiples 
 of ten, by adding the plural sign to the units, instead of by a special suffix* 
 which is both illogical in theory and awkward in practice, and that 
 he has reproduced in the vocabulary many of the incongruities and 
 anomalies of German word-formation and idiomatic expressions. The 
 Volapuk Academy, however, instituted by the international Volapiik 
 Congress at Munich in August 1887, at which representatives from all 
 parts of the world were present, has the power to remedy all shortcomings 
 of this kind, and some modifications have, indeed, been made already by 
 the decision of this Congress. The main thing for the success of the 
 movement is that the decisions rendered by this supreme tribunal shall be 
 accepted universally as the final settlement of disputed questions. 
 
- 8 — 
 
 / 
 
 It is estimated that over one million people are now studying this 
 language in Germany, Austria, France, Spain, Italy, Russia, Sweden, 
 Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Great Britain, Syria, Arabia, China, South 
 and Central America, and, within the last six months, the United States. 
 That under such circumstances all flaws will be easily detected, and simp- 
 lifications suggested and effected, is but natural, as well as desirable. 
 Prof. Kerckhoffs of Paris, in adapting the language for use in France, in- 
 troduced quite a number of changes, tending toward greater simplicity and 
 ease of application, which have gained general approval even outside of 
 France. 
 
 The present book has been prepared on the basis of the second edition 
 of the Volapiik-Hilfsbuch by Prof. KirchhofF of the University of Halle, 
 but with constant reference to all the principal published works of 
 other authors, and the methods of Prof. Kerckhoffs and the French 
 school have been substituted for the original, whenever they seemed 
 to be real improvements or be more strictly in accordance with the 
 requirements of an international tongue. It is a pleasure to find that 
 Prof. KirchhofF himself, in his fourth edition, which came to hand 
 when the greater part of this book was printed, has changed his 
 own book in entire conformity with the French practice. The needs of 
 English learners have constantly been kept in view and references to 
 other languages avoided, no other accomplishment than a fair knowledge 
 of the rudiments of English grammar being necessary for thoroughly 
 understanding the rules here laid down. .Chapter 12, 13, 14 and 15 are 
 entirely new. 
 
 The vocabulary contains upwards of 1200 of the most frequently oc- 
 curring words, including all of those used in the exercises. It is recom- 
 mended, in studying, that additional exercises be made up from the words 
 in the vocabulary and translated into English, and afterwards retrans- 
 lated into Volapiik, without reference, if possible, to the vocabulary. If 
 the demand should warrant it, a second book containing reading exercises 
 and commercial correspondence will be published, as well as a complete 
 dictionary, for which the material is already prepared. 
 
 Milwaukee, December 1887. 
 
 LINDERFELT. 
 
Alphabet, Pronunciation and Accent. 
 
 There are 27 letters employed in the Volapiik alphabet, 
 viz. : 
 
 8 vowels: a, e, i; o, u; a, 5, ii. 
 
 19 consonants* b, p; d, t; v, f; h, y, g, k; 1, r. m, n; 
 s, j, c, x, z. 
 
 The vowels are in general pronounced with what is known 
 as the continental ( not the English) sounds, as follows : 
 
 Name in 
 
 Sign. Volapiik. Pronunciation. 
 
 a 
 
 
 a 
 
 English 
 
 a in father. 
 
 e 
 
 
 e 
 
 u 
 
 ai in fail (not in fair). 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 « 
 
 e in me, i in machine (not in fine). 
 
 0 
 
 
 0 
 
 u 
 
 o in no. 
 
 u 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 o in to , u in pull (not in music). 
 
 a 
 
 (a) 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 a in fare (German a). 
 
 0 
 
 (•) 
 
 0 
 
 u 
 
 u in fur (German 6). 
 
 ii 
 
 (a) 
 
 u 
 
 French 
 
 u in plume (German ii), some- 
 
 times heard in the American pronun- 
 ciation of popular, when sounded near- 
 ly as if written pop pilar. 
 
— 10 — 
 
 Consonants are pronounced as in English, with the excep- 
 tion of c, h, j and 2 , which require special attention, as follows: 
 
 Sign. 
 
 Name in Volapiik. 
 
 Pronunciation. 
 
 b 
 
 be (volapiik e ) 
 
 English b 
 
 P 
 
 pe 
 
 a 
 
 V 
 
 d 
 
 de 
 
 u 
 
 d 
 
 t 
 
 te 
 
 t. 
 
 t 
 
 V 
 
 ve 
 
 • << 
 
 V 
 
 f 
 
 fe 
 
 u 
 
 f 
 
 h 
 
 he 
 
 u 
 
 h 
 
 y 
 
 ye 
 
 u 
 
 y in yard 
 
 g 
 
 ge 
 
 u 
 
 g in get (not in 
 
 k 
 
 ke 
 
 u 
 
 k 
 
 1 
 
 le 
 
 u 
 
 l 
 
 r 
 
 re 
 
 u 
 
 r 
 
 m 
 
 me 
 
 u 
 
 m 
 
 n 
 
 ne 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 B 
 
 se 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 j 
 
 je (shay) 
 
 u 
 
 sh 
 
 c 
 
 ce (jay) 
 
 u 
 
 j in just 
 
 X 
 
 xe (ksay) 
 
 C; 
 
 x in box 
 
 z 
 
 ze (tsay) 
 
 U 
 
 ts (German z). 
 
 In the universal alphabet, constructed by the inventor, 
 there are ten other signs, used to designate sounds peculiar 
 tc one or the other of the existing languages: a English a in 
 all; h English th; rr Spanish rr in Sierra : m, n French na- 
 sal m, n ; r\ English ng ; f German sharp ss ; j French j in 
 je ; q German ch; ^ English ch. 
 
 Note.— M r. Sehleyer originally adopted h for expressing the sound of the Ger- 
 man ch and supplied its place by the Greek spiritus asper, c . At the general 
 Volapiik congress, held in Munich Ang. 6—9, 1887, the impracticability of this 
 notation was recognized, h was restored to its old power and q substituted for the 
 Germane'/?. The vernacular form of Munich, therefore when used in Volapiik, is 
 Munqen , not Miinhen, as before; and heat is written hit, not 'it, as at tirst. 
 
— 11 — 
 
 There are no silent letters and no diphthongs. Each let- 
 ter must be pronounced clearly and sharply with its own 
 proper sound. Neit, night, is therefore pronounced as a dis- 
 syllable: ne-it (nay-eat). 
 
 Every syllable is long, and the accent is placed invariably 
 on the last syllable of the word. Fat, father, is therefore 
 pronounced as fdt (faht, not like the English word fat); fata 
 father’s, as fata (fatah) ; das, that, as das ( dahs , not like the 
 German das). 
 
 The Roman alphabet is the only one used in printing, and 
 the English in writing. The letters a, o, ti were, and are some- 
 times yet, printed and written a, 9 , a, although it would 
 seem as if the form adopted for these new signs is not 
 the best one that might have been devised. The capital let- 
 ters of these are either A, 0, u, or the same as the other 
 form, enlarged in size. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 \ olapuk uses neither the definite nor the indefinite arti- 
 c e. I he indefinite pronoun sembal, some one, may be used 
 i f particular stress is to be laid on the indefiniteness : ogetob 
 jevah sembal, I shall get a horse, some horse or another. 
 
 There are four cases, distinguished by case endings, which 
 are the same for all classes of words, when declined. These 
 cases are the 
 
 Subjective, formed by the root itself, 
 
 Possessive, formed by adding a, 
 
 Dative, (indirect objective), formed by adding e, 
 
 Accusative, (direct objective), formed by adding i. 
 
— 12 — 
 
 The plural is formed in all words by adding s. The de- 
 clension of a substantive is therefore as follows : 
 
 SINGULAR PLURAL 
 
 Subj. fat the father fats the fathers 
 
 Poss. fata the father’s fatas the fathers’ 
 
 Dat. fate to (for) the father fates to (for) the fathers 
 
 Accus. fati the father fatis the fathers. 
 
 Note. — Since there are in English virtually only two cases, except in a few pro- 
 nouns, it becomes necessary to carefully distinguish whether a word in an English 
 sentence is the subject, the direct object, or the indirect object, in order to give it 
 the proper expression in Volapiik, the possessive case always being unmistakable. 
 Note the difference, for instance, between the power of “the man’’ in the two sen- 
 tences : send the man away and send the man his book , the preposition to or for being 
 often omitted from the indirect object. The former sentence in Yolapiik would be 
 mosedolod mani , the latter sedolod mane buki omik. 
 
 The vocative is formed, as in English, by using the sub- 
 jective case, generally with the interjection 0 preceding it, 
 and an exclamation mark following : Mans obik ! or 0 mans 
 obik, My men ! 
 
 Prepositions are followed invariably by the subjective 
 
 case. 
 
 Note.— This is in accordance with the usage among the French Volapiikists. 
 Schleyer made an exception in favor of some 18 prepositions governing theaccusa- 
 tive case, whenever they express a motion in a certain direction ; thus making a 
 distinction between in jvl in the school, and in juli into the school. This 
 undoubtedly will appear as a necessity to a person accustomed lo the German 
 idioms, but is unnatural to a Frenchman or an Englishman, and practically 
 useless. 
 
 Words in the possessive case are generally placed after the 
 governing noun. 
 
 binom (he) is 
 badik bad 
 gudik good 
 fat father 
 mot mother 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 gad garden 
 gadel gardner 
 dog (dohg) dog 
 man (mahn) man 
 gletik great, large 
 
13 — 
 
 lobom (he) praises 
 lonom (he) belongs 
 al to (motion towards) 
 
 buk book 
 neif knife 
 lob praise 
 
 cil child 
 
 lobom (he) has 
 
 jul school 
 julel scholar 
 son (sohn) son 
 domo at home 
 e (before vowels ed) and 
 i (before vowels id) also 
 u (before vowels ud) or 
 
 EXERCISE I. 
 
 1. Binom badik. 2, Fat binoru gudik. 3. Fat e mot binoms gudik. 
 4. Cil labom buki. 5. Neif lonom gadele. 6. Dog mana binom gletik. 
 7. Julel labom bukis e neifis. 8. Loboms sonis mana, (mark the difference 
 if it reads: Loboms sons mani). 9. Buks lonoms mote cilas. 10. Fat 
 binom domo ed i mot. 11. Julels binoms in gad ud in jul. 12. O fat, 
 neifs lonoms sones gadela. 
 
 1. The praise of the father is great. 2. The books of the scholars are 
 good. 3. He praises the gardner’s sons. 4. The knife belongs to the fa- 
 ther and mother; it also belongs to the sons. 5. O mother, the men are 
 bad! 6. They have knives and books also. 7. The gardner’s father has 
 the mother’s dog. 8. The scholars are in the garden and have the man’s 
 dogs. 9. The gardner’s sons are at home or in the father’s garden. 10. 
 The books belong to the men. 11. Father and mother praise the gard- 
 ner’s children. 12. The scholars have the books in school. 
 
 The conjugation of a verb is effected by affixing the per- 
 sonal pronouns at the end of the verb stem. Lobom , he prai- 
 ses, for instance, is literally “praise he”, om signifying “he”. 
 
 From the stem of the verb “have”, which in Volapiik be- 
 comes lab , by reason of the aversion to the sound of “h” 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
— 14 — 
 
 existing in the speech of many nations, are thus derived 
 the following forms: 
 
 labob I have (ob I) 
 labol thou hast ( ol thou) 
 labom he has (om he) 
 
 labof she has (of she) 
 labos it has (os it) 
 labon one has (on one) 
 
 labobs we have (obs we) 
 
 labols ye have (ols ye) 
 
 laboms they have (oms they, 
 masc ) 
 
 labof s they have ( ofs they, fern.) 
 labons you have (ons you) 
 
 Note. - The English “you” having usurped the functions of both “thou” and 
 “ye”, observe that in Volapuk ons represents a polite “you,” whether addressed to 
 one or more persons, ol the “you” of familiar intercourse to one person and ols to 
 two or more persons. The ons is, however, of doubtful value and might as well be 
 dropped, the English usage having amply demonstrated that one form of address 
 may be employed to everybody, without giving offense to anyone, though keeping 
 a sharp distinction between the singular ol and the plural ols is indispensable to 
 clearness. At the Volapuk congress in Munich, it was decided to discourage the 
 use of the form in ons. 
 
 In Volapiik, as in English, there are no genders, except 
 where there is a natural distinction of sex. The ending om 
 is used, when the subject is of the masculine, the common, 
 or the neuter gender, as fat binom gudik , neif binom gudik . 
 The endings o/and ofs have reference exclusively to females, 
 as mot labof , mots labofs. The ending os is used only when 
 the subject is impersonal or neutral as binos gudik it is well, 
 nifos it is snowing, vilon binos kanon “to be willing is to be 
 able”, will is power. The ending on denotes an indefinite 
 person or persons as the subject, as sagon they say, it is said. 
 
 The infinitive ending is on, as labon to have. 
 
 The negation (no not) is generally placed before the verb; 
 “he has not” is therefore no labom . “Do not”, “don’t”, etc., 
 is expressed by the simple negation, with the proper form of 
 the principal verb : no golom he does not go, no logobs we 
 don’t see. 
 
— 15 — 
 
 l 
 
 VOCABULARY, 
 
 lofbn to love 
 yag chase 
 yagon to hunt 
 yagel hunter 
 stag stag, deer 
 liev (two syll.) hare 
 kuk kitchen 
 kukon to cook 
 kukel cook (masc.) 
 ya already 
 denu again 
 sup (soop) soup 
 men , man (in the mean- 
 ing of a human being; 
 man, as distinguished 
 from woman, is man ) 
 
 juton shoot 
 
 ab but 
 
 dlefon to hit 
 
 logon see 
 
 dom house 
 
 lilon hear 
 
 tot thunder 
 
 golon go 
 
 dut industry 
 
 dutik industrious 
 
 das that (conjunction) 
 
 saun (two syll.) health 
 
 saunik sound, healthy 
 
 tid teaching, doctrine 
 
 tidon teach 
 
 tidel teacher 
 
 EXERCISE II. 
 
 1. No lofobs yagi. 2. Yagel jutora stagis e lievis. 3. Mot kukof denu 
 supicile. 4. Yagels laboms dogis. 5. Jutob, ab no dlefob. 6. Logon 
 ya domis e manis. 7. Lilol toti. 8. Sons goloms al jul; binoms dutik, 
 9. Lilob, das no binons saunik. 10. Lobols sauni menas. 11. Tidel ti- 
 dom cilis. 12. Lobon duti julelas. 
 
 1. The men hunt the deer. 2. Mother is again in good health (healthy), 
 she is in the kitchen. 3. Mothers love the children. 4. You shoot (thou 
 shootest), but you do not hit (thou hittest not) the hare. 5. It is well, 
 that we do not hear the thunder. 6. You (ye) hear the teaching. 7. 
 The son is in good health again, but he does not go to (in) school. 8. 
 The soup of the cook is poor (bad). 9. Men (all mankind) love dogs. 
 10. They (meaning women ) are good. 11. 0 scholars, you are not indus- 
 trious ! 12. You ( politely ) see the father’s house. 
 
— 16 — 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The word, which expresses the fundamental idea of a large 
 group of words belonging together as derivatives, is as a rule 
 monosyllabic, as tid or yag , consisting of a vowel enclosed be- 
 tween two consonants. The same root is used as the stem 
 of the corresponding verb, the infinitive of which is formed 
 by adding on; while the noun indicating the person who 
 performs the action designated by the verb, is formed by 
 adding the suffix el: 
 
 m 
 
 tid teaching yag the hunt kuk kitchen 
 
 tidon teach yag on to hunt kukon to cook 
 
 tidel teacher y^gel hunter kukel the cook 
 
 Note.— The ending el is the English er , the letter r being, as usual in Volaptik, 
 exchanged for l (e. g. bil beer), in order to facilitate its pronunciation for those 
 people who, like the Chinese, either cannot articulate an r at all, or do so with 
 difficulty. 
 
 Nouns denoting females are formed from the masculine 
 by prefixing ji : 
 
 stcig stag 
 gok cock 
 jit male fish 
 son son 
 pul boy 
 tidel teacher 
 vobel laborer 
 
 jistdg hind 
 jig ok hen 
 jifit female fish 
 jison daughter 
 jipul girl 
 
 jitidel female teacher 
 jivobel laboring woman 
 
 Note.— Before the Munich congress, there was a second feminine form used, 
 distinguished by the prefix of-, a hyphen being used with either prefix. Ji - was 
 employed to designate what a female being is by nature or has become by marriage, 
 of- to show the calling, office or occupation of a woman, or that she is unmarried ; 
 as ji-pul young bride, o/*p«Jgirl; ji-tidel teacher’s wife, of -tidel female teacher. 
 This distinction was never accepted, however, by the French Volapukists, who 
 have so far formed all feminines by prefixing of-: of -pul, instead of jipul. 
 
— 17 — 
 
 Some feminine nouns of frequent occurrence have a 
 form, derived from a root independent of the corresponding 
 masculine : 
 
 vom woman lad lady mot mother 
 
 (jiman) ( jisdl ) (jif a O 
 
 All adjectives are formed by adding ik to the correspond- 
 ing noun, (or sometimes lik, nik , or sik , when a differentia- 
 tion of meaning requires more than one adjective from the 
 same root). 
 
 gud goodness saun health yun youth 
 
 gudik good saunik sound yunik young 
 
 gudlik kind yunlik youthful 
 
 Adjectives can be changed into nouns by adding the 
 personal ending el, as gudikel the good one, saunikel a healthy 
 person, or the neutral os, as gudikos the good (everything 
 good). If indispensable for clearness, they may then receive 
 the feminine prefix : jimalddikel a sick woman. 
 
 The adjectives (and numerals) are regularly placed 
 after their noun, following the principle that the essential 
 precedes the incidental, and in this position are not de- 
 clined, as in English. If, however, special emphasis is to be 
 laid on the adjective, it is placed before the noun it modi- 
 ! fies and receives then the same endings as its noun, e. g. 
 i yagels gudik good hunters, gudiks yagels good hunters, 
 
 ! yagela gudik or gudika yagela a good hunter’s. An adjective 
 after its noun may also be declined, in order to prevent am- 
 biguity, if it is separated from the noun by a number of in- 
 tervening words. 
 
 Pronouns are declined in the same manner as nouns, 
 adjectives and numerals, as for instance : 
 
— 18 — 
 
 ob I 
 
 obs we 
 
 on one bal one 
 
 oba of me obas of us 
 
 obe to me obes to us 
 
 obi me obis us 
 
 (French on) (numeral) 
 
 ona of one bala of one 
 
 one to one bale to one 
 
 oni one bali one 
 
 oni one 
 
 In addition to the personal pronouns, enumerated on 
 page 14, there is also a reflexive pronoun for the third per- 
 son, ok , oks , expressed in English by adding -self to the 
 regular personal pronoun : dsagom oke he said to himself, 
 (dsagom ome he said to him, somebody else). It must be 
 employed, whenever “him”, “her” or “them” refers to the 
 same person who is the subject of the sentence, and only 
 then. 
 
 The possessive pronouns are formed from the personal 
 by affixing the adjective ending ik. They are subject to the 
 same rules as adjectives, and are as follows : 
 obik my obsik our 
 
 olik thy olsik your 
 
 omik his or its omsik their (if not female own- 
 
 okik his or her own (reflexive) oksik their own (reflexive) 
 
 In order to avoid too frequent repetition of wordsending 
 in ik y it is allowable, however, to use the possessive case of 
 the personal pronouns, instead of the corresponding posses- 
 sive pronoun. Thus, instead of tidel olik gudik vour good 
 teacher, it is better to say tidel ola gudik ; instead of lofoms 
 tideli oksik gudik they love their (own) good teacher, better 
 tideli okas gudik . 
 
 ers exclusively are 
 indicated) 
 
 ofik hers 
 
 onik one’s (some one’s) 
 
 ofsik their (denoting females) 
 onsik your (in polite address) 
 
— 19 
 
 The demonstrative and relative pronouns can receive 
 the feminine ending of, and the neutral os, when necessary 
 to express the meaning unmistakably, but otherwise the 
 simple form is used for all genders : 
 
 at this et that Jcel who, which 
 
 atof this woman etof kelof 
 
 atos this thing etos kelos 
 
 it self ; of the same ; ut the one (only as noun). 
 
 For the ambiguity of the English sentence “the mother 
 of this gentleman, whom you have seen,” for instance, we 
 have in Volapiik mot sola at, Mi elogol or Mofi elogol. 
 
 The ending a of the possessive case serves also to 
 compound words, where the English language generally uses 
 a noun adjectively, as kulcaneif kitchen knife, iulabuk school 
 book, Volapulc, world (world’s) language. 
 
 The comparative degree is formed by affixing the ending 
 um, the superlative vn, and adverbs by adding o. These 
 endings may be attached to substantives and participles, as 
 well as to adjectives: 
 
 \gudik good gudiko well spalol sparing 
 
 gudikuiii better gudikumo better spalolum more sparing 
 
 (in a better manner) & 
 
 gudikun best gudikuno best spaldlim most sparing 
 
 (in the best manner) 13 
 
 The units of the numerals all end in l, and can be de- 
 clined in the usual way, if necessary, but can never receive 
 the plural ending s: 
 
 bal one tel two Ml three fol four lid five 
 
 mdi six vel seven jol eight ml nine nosanum zero 
 
 The multiples with ten are the plurals of these : 
 bale ten, tela twenty, kila thirty, etc. 
 
— 20 — 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 tim time 
 jonik beautiful 
 K/life 
 lolik whole 
 blod brother 
 bil beer 
 nog still, yet 
 plu more 
 ka than 
 vin wine 
 nok uncle 
 
 vilon be willing, wish, want 
 mekon make 
 sprit walk (for p*easure) 
 spaton or spat mekon , take 
 a walk 
 
 del day 
 adelo today 
 
 ko ( ke before another o) with 
 
 Mod belief, faith 
 
 klbdon believe 
 
 tikon think 
 
 beatik happy, blessed 
 
 baled age 
 
 bdledik old 
 
 kat cat 
 
 bum building (the act) 
 bumot building ("erected) 
 bumon build 
 
 masel master 
 is here 
 us there 
 
 de of, out of, from 
 sis since (preposition) 
 siso since (conjunction) 
 cem room 
 
 ibo for (conjunction) 
 stok story (of a house) 
 lopo above 
 lopik upper 
 sibinon to be, exist 
 diso below 
 disik lower 
 givbn give 
 doab dollar 
 
 mak mark (German money) 
 fidon eat 
 
 viliko willingly, with pleasure 
 
 peil pea 
 
 apod apple 
 
 bun pear 
 
 bad an evil 
 
 badlik bad 
 
 deb debt, guilt 
 
 si yes 
 
 maladik sick 
 smalik small 
 modiJc much, many 
 
— 21 — 
 
 EXERCISE III. 
 
 1. Yun binom tim jonikiin lifa lolik. 2. Blod olik loforn bili nog plu 
 ka yini. 3. Kukel noka obsik kukom vinasupi gudikum ka jikukel olsik. 
 4. Jiblods obik vilofs mekdn adelo spati gletik ke ols e ko mot olsik. 5. 
 Klodon atosi, keli logon, e klod mekom menis beatik. 6. Baled bu- 
 mota at, keli logoi is, binom gletikum ka tikon. 7. Sis dels tel logob us in 
 gad jikati biiledik gadela olsik kokats kil smalik. 8. Dom, keli bumama- 
 sel bumom obes, labom cemis mddikum ka olik, ibo in stok disik cems 
 lul gletik sibinomsed in stok lopik cems fol smalikum, abjoniks. 9 Jison 
 tidela olsik, kelofe dom et lonom, givof doabis kil obe e doabi bal jiblode 
 okik. 10. Fidobs vilikumo apodis, ab vilikuno biinis. 11. Blodomayu- 
 nikum labom badlikis debis. 12. Mans at binoma nogyunlik, ab no ets. 
 
 1. The greatest of evils is the guilt. 2. Blessed are they who believe. 
 3. We take a walk today with our lady teacher, whose brother you (thou) 
 see over there. 4. I give her the beautiful books, that (which) belong to 
 her. 5. I heal, that your younger sister is sick. 6. Yes; it is five days since 
 the invalid stopped [djdto/ ) going (to go) to school. 7. My aunt has 
 three small male dogs and one female; two of these dogs she wants to give 
 to our hunter. 8. The kitchen is in the top (uppermost) story of that 
 house, not in the lower; father has his room above, our old uncle below. 
 9. His mother wishes to eat today in this small garden room. 10. Our 
 architect ( transl . buildingmaster) does not want to build a school again 
 in his whole life. 11. Pea soup our (female) cook cooks the best, but she 
 does not like to make it ( transl . she does not make it willingly). 12. I 
 do not take a walk today, for I have not the time. 
 
 CHAPTER IT. 
 
 A question is indicated by adding to the verb the inter- 
 rogative syllable li , accompanied by a hyphen and always 
 placed in front. 
 
 Note. In the first and third person singular -li is sometimes placed after the 
 verb; but without receiving the accent, as binom-li ? is he? 
 
22 — 
 
 In sentences commencing with interrogative pronouns 
 or adverbs (who? what? why ? how ? etc.), the syllable li is 
 omitted as unnecessary. 
 
 If the subject of the sentence is a noun, it precedes the 
 verb, contrary to the English usage, as fat li-binom gudik ? 
 is the father good ? It the question should contain no verb, 
 the li is joined to the principal word, as li-Karl? Charles? 
 li-si u li-no ? Yes or No ? 
 
 The same syllable without hyphen is employed for the 
 formation of many interrogative adjectives and adverbs, in- 
 stead of lio y how, which may also be used independently 
 with adjectives or adverbs, as : 
 
 mddo much (adverb) 
 modik much (adj.), many 
 fag distance (in place) 
 fuden future 
 suno soon 
 gletik large 
 
 limodo how much ? 
 limodik how much, how many ? 
 lifagik how far distant? 
 lifudenik how near (in time) ? 
 lisuno how soon ? 
 ligletik how large ? 
 
 When “how” stands alone as an interrogative, without 
 being followed by an adjective or adverb, liko is used instead 
 of lio , as liko binos ? how is it ? 
 
 Diminutives, often used as terms of endearment, are 
 formed by affixing il as an integral part of the root, as motil 
 little mother (mother dear), blukil brooklet, Karlil Charley. 
 
 A diminutive, with the associated idea of inferiority or 
 meanness, is formed by prefixing In . The prefix le has the 
 opposite effect of exalting the person or thing expressed by 
 the original word, as : 
 
— 23 
 
 sol sir, Mr. hat hat 
 
 lusbl lordling luhat cap 
 
 lesol great lord lehcit helmet 
 
 dom house 
 ludom cottage 
 ledom palace 
 
 jonik beautiful vomik womanly fidon eat 
 lejonik exceeding- luvomik womanish lufidon devour, eat 
 ly beautiful (said of animals.) 
 
 If, however, there is no diminution in degree or qual- 
 ity, but it is desired to express the idea of an entirely dif- 
 ferent thing, that is merely small in comparison with a lar- 
 ger cognate object, the prefix sma (derived from smalik 
 small) is used, as : 
 
 him tree bed bed zigad cigar 
 
 smabim bush smabed nest smazigad cigarette 
 
 The interrogative pronouns are : 
 
 From these are derived other interrogative pronouns and 
 adverbs : 
 
 The complements of time, weight, measure, price, etc*, 
 are not to be considered as objects in a sentence, but merely 
 as adverbial expressions. They must, therefore, be rendered 
 by the subjective, not the accusative, case, as ebinobs in Yu- 
 lopyels kil we have been three years in Europe. 
 
 Nouns 
 
 masc. kim who ? 
 fern, kif who? 
 neut. kis what ? 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 kiom which ? what ? 
 kiof which ? what ? 
 kios which ? what ? 
 
 kimik what kind of a ? ki'op where ? 
 
 kimiko in what manner ? kiiip when ? 
 
 kirrma how many times ? kikod why ? 
 
— 24 — 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 godel morning 
 
 zif city 
 
 o what ! 
 
 isik situated here 
 
 stadon to be (as regards 
 
 pukbn speak 
 
 health) 
 
 vol world 
 
 lofik dear, beloved 
 
 kostbn to cost 
 
 danon to thank 
 
 nulik new 
 
 beno well 
 
 Margareiil Maggie 
 
 lebeno very well 
 
 so so 
 
 stom weather 
 
 hetlik ugly 
 
 but boot 
 
 bod bird 
 
 jeval horse 
 
 smokon to smoke 
 
 jevalel cavalry-man 
 
 lodon inhabit, dwell in 
 
 moniton to ride 
 
 su on 
 
 monitel horseman 
 
 lab happiness 
 
 plidon please, be pleasing 
 
 labik happy 
 
 glug church 
 
 vedon become 
 
 lemon buy 
 
 ba probably, I suppose (in 
 doubting questions etc.) 
 
 EXERCISE IV. 
 
 1. Godeli gudik! 0, li-nog in 
 
 bed? Liko stadol, sol oba lofik? 2. 
 
 Danob oli, lebeno; eli-ol? 3. Li 
 
 -vilol spaton adelo? 4. Stom li-binom 
 
 jonik? 5. Kiop buts obikbinoins? 6. Li-logols jevali et, keli jevalel 
 monitom ? 7. Monitels li-plidoms ofe plu ka yagels? 8. Jiblods olik 
 no li-golofs al gliig. 9. Kiop lemon hatis e luhatis gudikiin in zif isik ? 
 10. Kisi jevals olas modik lufidoms? 11. Mens limodik pukoms vola- 
 piiki? 12. Juleli kiom tidel lobom modikiino? 
 
 1. Does this little book belong to you? Yes or no? 2. Who does not 
 willingly go to church ? 3. Does not the teacher praise the industry of 
 the boys? 4. How much costs your new hat? 5. It costs six or seven 
 dollars; and yours, my lady? 6. How large are the helmets, which these 
 
— 25 — 
 
 cavalry-men have ? 7. Anna is a very beautiful girl and so womanly; 
 her sister Maggie also, I suppose? 8. Maggie? O no! She is ugly and 
 old-womanish. 9. The weather is getting ( transl . becomes) bad; do you 
 (ye) iiear the thunder ? 10. We see six birds-nests on the trees of your 
 
 (thy) uncle’s garden and one yonder on the bush. 11. Does your fa- 
 ther smoke cigars or cigarettes? 12. What is happiness ! Is he happier 
 who lives in a palace, or he who lives in a cottage ? 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 All the tenses of a verb, except the present of the active 
 voice, are formed by vowel prefixes, namely : 
 
 Present lofob I love 
 
 Past alofob I loved 
 
 Present perfect elbfob I have loved 
 
 Past perfect il'dfob I had loved 
 
 Future olbfob I shall love 
 
 Future perfect ulofob I shall have loved 
 
 The same vowel prefixes are used to express the various 
 stages of the past and the future in adverbs denoting time, 
 a serving to indicate the present : 
 
 sign a 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 yel year 
 
 yelo by the year 
 ayelo this year 
 clyelo last year 
 eydo year before last 
 
 iyelo three years ago 
 oyelo next year 
 uyelo year after next 
 
 godd morning 
 
 gbddoin the morning, “mornings” 
 ag'ddelo this morning 
 dgoddo yesterday morning 
 egbdelo day before yesterday 
 morning 
 
 igodelo three mornings ago 
 ogbdelo tomorrow morning 
 ugodelo day after tomorrow 
 morning 
 
— 26 — 
 
 In the same manner are used: mul month, vig week, del 
 day, zendel noon, buzendel forenoon, pozendel afternoon, vendel 
 evening, neit night, etc. 
 
 The endings for the different persons are the personal 
 pronouns, as already stated on page 14. 
 
 Adverbs of place, when they express motion, receive 
 the possessive-case ending a to denote motion from, and the 
 accusative-case ending i to denote motion toward , as : 
 
 is here isa hence isi hither 
 
 us there usa thence usi thither 
 
 hidp where kwpa whence kiopi whither 
 
 The same phrases may be expressed by the prepositions 
 de and al : de is from here, al is to this place, which is the 
 only form permitted by the French Volapukists. 
 
 The interrogative adverbs beginning with ki change this 
 syllable to kel, when they are used as relatives in a subordi- 
 nate clause, as kioplodol? where do you live?, hut zifkelop 
 Ibdol the city where you live;/a£ oma kiilp akomom ? when 
 did his father come?, but del kelupfat omik akomom they day 
 his father came. 
 
 Note. This relative form is also rejected by Volapukists of the French school, 
 who use the interrogative in all positions, or supplant them with conjunctions. 
 
 Capital letters are used only in proper nouns , not ad- 
 jectives, and in the beginning of a sentence. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 lemasel great master 
 poed poem 
 poedel poet 
 poedal great poet 
 
 kbmon come 
 
 se out of (denoting source) 
 pab butterfly 
 lupab caterpillar 
 
— 27 — 
 
 Deut Germany 
 
 suno soon 
 
 deutik German 
 
 sosus as soon as 
 
 deutel a German 
 
 plo ( pie before an o ) for 
 
 Flent France 
 
 hotel waiter 
 
 flentik French 
 
 blinon bring, take to 
 
 jlentel Frenchman 
 
 foviko at once 
 
 Lusan Russia 
 
 kaf coffee 
 
 lusdnik Russian 
 
 sagon say, tell 
 
 lusanel a Russian 
 
 snek snake 
 
 milagon admire 
 
 fit fish 
 
 ven when (conjunctive adv.) 
 
 Ian land 
 
 tdvon travel 
 
 bizugik excellent 
 
 dunan servant 
 
 bizugon prefer 
 
 dunel domestic servant 
 
 tied tea 
 
 geton get 
 
 lufat stepfather 
 
 pir pyramid 
 
 smacem chamber 
 
 A gupdn Egypt 
 
 bi because 
 
 dgilpdnel an Egyptian 
 
 Jveiz Switzerland 
 
 vomiil young lady, Miss 
 
 jveizel a Swiss 
 
 menad humanity (all 
 
 vob work 
 
 mankind) 
 
 EXERCISE V. 
 
 1. Goethe binomed obinom lemasel poedadeutik. 2. Blod olik li-emila- 
 gora gliigabumis lejonik in Flent, Deut e Lusan, ven atavoin us? 8. 
 Diinan li-igivorn bukis bumamasele? 4. No, sol; ab ogivora omis 
 ome, sosus ugetom it omis. 5. Li-elogols piris Agiipiina? 6. Si, vo- 
 miil, elogobs omis; esagon, das binoms bumots baledikiin menada, 
 7. Volapuk li-ovedom puk vola lolik? 8. Kiopa (or De kiop) ako- 
 mols? Kiopi (or A1 kiop) golds? 9. Se lupab, keli alogol adelo in gad 
 obsik, pab ovedom suno. 10. Jibotel oblinof foviko kafi ole, sosus kukel 
 ukukom omi. 11. Dunel Johan ogetom uvigo makis jol u ziil plo yob 
 okik. 12 . Sneks gletik no li-olufidoms fitis obsik ? 
 
— 28 
 
 1. Egypt, says Herodotus, was the land of the Egyptians. 2. The maid' 
 servant has bought fish today for eight dollars; the mother has told me 
 so herself ( transl . self has told it to me). 3. The Russians will prefer 
 tea, the French coffee, the Germans beer. 4. Where has the great poet 
 lived, whom all mankind admires? 5. The Russian had given me ex- 
 cellent cigarettes. 6. My stepfather’s house in two stories had nine 
 rooms, eight chambers and a kitchen. 7. As soon as you have come (ye 
 shall have come), I shall give you the three books of my uncle. 8. The 
 waiter brought my brother wine, for which he thanked him and went 
 (away). 9. The French have also had great poets. 10. The Egyptian Che- 
 ops has built the greatest pyramid. 31. He has not come yet, because he 
 has not had time. 12. The Swiss {plural') whom we saw day before yes- 
 terday, spoke two languages, German and French, but not Russian. 
 
 CHAPTER YL 
 
 The passive voice is derived from the corresponding ac- 
 tive form by prefixing a p, or pain the present indicative 
 and infinitive: 
 
 palofon to be loved 
 palofob I am loved 
 palofob I was loved 
 pelofob I have been loved 
 pilofob I had been loved 
 polbfob I shall be loved 
 pulofob I shall have been loved 
 
 The passive voice may also be formed as in English, 
 by the proper tenses of the verb birion to be, and the passive 
 participle of the principal verb, as: 
 
— 29 
 
 binon 
 
 binol 
 
 binob 
 
 cibinob 
 
 ebinob 
 
 obinob 
 
 to be honored 
 
 being honored 
 pcisiunol j am honored 
 
 01 I was honored 
 
 pestimo j have been honored 
 
 I shall be honored 
 
 The preposition “by”, which accompanies the passive 
 voice, is translated by /a, when it serves to denote the act- 
 ing person, and by dub (through), when it can be exchan- 
 ged for “by means of”: pdvunomfa neflen okiJc he was woun- 
 ded by his enemy, panunom dub pened he was informed by 
 letter. 
 
 In the binary numbers, the larger precedes the smaller, 
 with an e , and, between: 
 
 balsebal eleven 
 balsetel twelve 
 balsekil thirteen 
 
 telsefol twentyfour 
 velsemal seventysix 
 zulsezul ninetynine 
 
 turn hundred mil thousand bcilion million 
 
 teltum twohundred lulsmil fifty thousand telion billion 
 
 The prefix ne always signifies the opposite of the origi- 
 ginal word, as : 
 
 flen friend 
 bel mountain 
 mbdiks many 
 labon have 
 lilbo fortunately 
 
 neflen enemy 
 
 nebel valley 
 
 nemodiks few 
 
 nelabbn do without, lack 
 
 neldbo unfortunately 
 
 If the original word commences with an e, the e in ne is 
 omitted, as: 
 
— 30 — 
 
 ek some one nek no one 
 
 evelo ever nevelo never 
 
 egelo always negelo at no time 
 
 When the “to”, used with an infinitive, can be exchan- 
 ged for “in order to”, “for to” in dialectic usage, it is ren- 
 dered by al : komob al sagon ole I come to (“for to”) tell you* 
 The same idea is often expressed in English by “for the pur- 
 pose of”, followed by a participle: “for the purpose of telling 
 you”* 
 
 VOCABULARY* 
 
 juk shoe 
 
 fid eating, meal 
 
 de from, of 
 
 zib food 
 
 skit leather 
 
 te only 
 
 dlin a drink 
 
 mat marriage 
 
 dlinon to drink 
 
 matel husband 
 
 milig milk 
 
 jimatel wife 
 
 mileg butter 
 
 nen without (prep*) 
 
 mit meat 
 
 nendas “without that”, with- 
 
 bod bread 
 
 out (followed by a pre- 
 
 pom fruit 
 
 sent participle) 
 
 dup hour 
 
 yuf help 
 
 kanon be able (I can) 
 
 sefon insure, make sure 
 
 penon write 
 
 vikod victory 
 
 pened letter 
 
 vikodon conquer, win a 
 
 ton tone 
 
 victory 
 
 tonod sound 
 
 funon kill 
 
 tu too 
 
 pug battle 
 
 lovik low 
 
 gedlanon drive back (g^-back) 
 
 tobo hardly 
 
 tal earth 
 
31 — 
 
 biju before (in place), at, 
 in front of 
 
 blifa before (in time), ago 
 
 (never placed after the 
 noun, as in English) 
 yan door 
 
 ley an gate (of a city) 
 vemo very (adverb) 
 fagik far 
 ftkulik difficult 
 nefikulik easy 
 
 fat forest 
 nebu beside, near 
 desedon send off (de- off) 
 
 Glik Greece 
 glikel a Greek 
 Rom Rome 
 romel a Roman 
 pofik poor 
 valik all 
 
 valikos everything 
 
 muton to be obliged (I must) 
 
 CISE VI. 
 
 1. Jukat pemekom de skit bizugikun. 2. Kafko miligpadlinomgodelo, 
 mit pafidom zendelo, milegabod ko pom vendelo. 3. In bal diip peneds 
 bals kanoms papenon fa nek. 4. Ton et binom tu lovik, kelkod kanom 
 palilon tobo bifii cemavan. 5. Neito tonod egelo palilom labo modo fagi- 
 kumo ka delo. 6. Dlin panelabom fikuliko fa men, zib nefikulikumo. 
 7. Nelabo jimatel yagela pedlefof, nendas yuf akanom pablinon ofe. 8. 
 Dom flena obik bifu leyan pusefom biifu yels balseziil plo doabs folsmih 
 9. Rom no pabumom in bal dt*l. 10. Vikod binom obsik, ab lultum obsi- 
 kas pefunoms in bal pug. 11. Neflens pavikodoms, e telmil foltum jols 
 omas pagedlanoms al zif. 12. Stags balsekil pijutoms adelo in fot obsik, 
 e odelo modikums ka tels pofunoms. 
 
 1. Boots and shoes are made of leather. 2. The earth is inhabited 
 by more than 1400 million men. 3. In two hours the enemies were con- 
 quered, and 775 men of them had been killed in the battle at the forest. 
 4. Will the sound not be heard very far in the valley ? 5. Fifteen men with 
 six hunting dogs have been seen all night in the garden ( transl. fruit gar. 
 den, in distinction from flower garden) near your (thy) friend’s house. 6. 
 Where there is smoking (it is smoked), there is also drinking. 7. The 
 letter will be sent off at once to-morrow, as soon as it is (will have been) 
 written The Greeks were conquered by the Romans, but the Ro- 
 mans already 2000 years ago by the Germans. 9. The poor man lacks 
 
— 32 
 
 everything; he has hardly bread to eat, for which reason help must be 
 brought him. 10. Only a few houses could be built this year in our great 
 city, which is now inhabited by 82354 people ( transl . men.) 11. By the 
 Russians tea will always be preferred lor supper (transl. evening meal), 
 but hardly by the French. 12. Today the world’s language is already 
 spoken by more than 50000 people. 
 
 CHAPTER YII. 
 
 The imperative mode is formed by adding the ending 
 od, or, to express a strong command (jussive mode) oz, and 
 a mild request (optative mode) os : 
 
 givolod give (sing.) givomod he shall give 
 
 givolsod give (plur. ) givobsod let us give 
 
 givoloz do give givolds please give 
 
 From every numeral a noun can be formed by adding 
 el , and a verb by adding bn , as: 
 
 tdel a combination of telon, to double 
 
 twos, pair kilbn to treble 
 
 itofefe, things composed folbn to quadruple 
 
 of fives 
 
 The cardinal numbers are changed into ordinals by ad- 
 ding id, as 
 
 balid first balselcilid, thirteenth 
 
 telid second tumid hundredth 
 
 From these ordinal numbers the corresponding adverbs 
 are formed in the usual way, by adding o: 
 balido firstly, in the first kilido thirdly 
 
 place balsido tenthly 
 
 telido secondly balsetdido twelfthly 
 
— 33 — 
 
 Iterative numerals are formed from both cardinal and 
 ordinal numbers, by adding the ending na or no , as 
 
 From these again corresponding adjectives are formed, 
 by adding lik , as 
 balsnalik taking place ten times 
 
 denuam tumidnalik repetition for the hundredth time 
 
 By using the word dil , part, as a suffix, fractional deno- 
 minators are formed from the cardinal numbers, as 
 foldU quarter telsedils kil three twentieths 
 
 Note.— W hen, inVolapuk word formations, a combination of consonants re- 
 sults which is difficult io pronounce, the constituent parts are separated occasion- 
 ally by the interpolation of an e, for the sake of euphony, as, for instance, telsedil 
 in the above example, instead of telsdil; jolsena eight times, instead of jolsna , etc. 
 
 Time, by hour, is expressed by using the words glok 
 clock, or diip hour, and minuts minutes, as 
 
 mal su (or len , literally “on”) glok , or dup malid , or dups 
 mdl six o’clock; dvp telid e lafik , or dups tel e lafik , or dups tel 
 e minuts kils , half past two. 
 
 balna once 
 balsna ten times 
 
 telsidna the twentieth time 
 telsidno for the twentieth time 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 alik every 
 velat truth 
 solat soldier 
 
 fatdn fatherland, native 
 
 timil moment (dimin. of tim) 
 timilo for a little while 
 blibon remain, stay 
 fbsefon assure (in the mean- 
 
 country 
 komip the fight 
 komipel fighter, champion 
 komipon to fight 
 lanimalik brave 
 
 ing of asserting) 
 ofen often 
 Melop America 
 fogivon forgive, pardon 
 tupon disturb 
 
34 — 
 
 sat sufficiency 
 sdto enough 
 
 sdton suffice, be enough 
 Icimid ? which in order ? 
 liladon read 
 madik ripe, mature 
 
 and turn hundred) 
 pla instead of 
 
 visit a visit 
 visiton to visit 
 laf the half 
 
 yelatum century ( yel year 
 
 EXERCISE VII. 
 
 1# Binosod! Men alik sagomdz velati. 2. Sagolsdd obe valikosi, keli 
 elilols. 3. Solats valik komipomsod lanimaliko plo fatan. 4. Vilolos bli- 
 bon timilo kojiblod obsik! 5. Adelo no labob timi, binos ya diip velid e 
 foldils kil. 6. Fosefob oli, das epenob ya penedi at ziilna. 7. Fogivolos, 
 iftupoboli! 8. Deli kimid alabobs adelo? or Del kimid abinos adelo? 
 9. Alabobs kilsebalidi or Abinos kilsebalid. 10. In tim ot solats ijutoms 
 jolsevelidno. I 1 . Liladon balsnalik no nog satom. 12. No fidolod pomi, 
 ibo balido no nog binom madik e telido no binol saunik. 
 
 Note.— U se letters, instead of figures, for all Volapiik numbers in the exercises. 
 
 1. The brave soldiers must not lack food and drink. 2. Many cities 
 have been built for the second time. 3. I have already told him a hun- 
 dred times, that he will get no thanks from any one ( transl . he will be 
 thanked by no one) for this. 4. It must be fought valiantly for the na- 
 tive country. 5. In the second half of this century the Germans , have 
 conquered thrice : in the year 1864, in the year 1866 and in the years 
 1870 and 71. 6. I shall not buy the house in the city, because in the first 
 place it costs 24000 dollars, and in the second I shall not remain here in 
 America. 7, What date (which day in order) is it to-day? 8. What 
 time is it? i. e. What o’clock is it? ( transl . Which hour in order is 
 it?) 9. It is a quarter past eleven already. 10. Please stay yet a whiles 
 and assure us, that you will come to dine (to the noonday-meal) 
 to-morrow; you do not visit us often enough. 11. Pardon me, I cannot 
 today, for we have a great hare hunt, but I shall call on you week after 
 next. 12. Give this girl two fives instead of a ten! 
 
— 35 — 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 The subjunctive or potential mode is expressed by at- 
 taching at the end of the indicative forms the syllable -la, 
 preceded by a hyphen and unaccentuated, like the interro- 
 gative syllable -li. It is used only in subordinate clauses ex- 
 pressing doubt, uncertainly, indecision or a supposition con- 
 trary to fact: 
 
 logom he sees logom-la (that) he may see 
 
 dlogom-la (that) he might, should see 
 
 A conditional mode, ending in ov, is used m the prin- 
 cipal clause, expressing the conclusion of a proposition which 
 is contrary to fact, and indicated in English by “would’* or 
 “should”: lemobov atosi if labob-la moni I should buy this 
 if I had the money ♦ While the grammatical form of such 
 expressions requires the past tense, they refer either to the 
 present or future time. In Volapuk, therefore, any one of 
 these tenses is equally justified, but the same tense must be 
 employed in both the principal and the subordinate clause, 
 the latter generally being introduced by if if, or falo, in case. 
 Thus the example used above may be either 
 
 lemobov , if labob-la moni , or 
 dlemobov , if dlabob-la moni , or 
 olemobbv , if olebob-la moni . 
 
 Similarly, in a sentence of this nature referring to com- 
 pleted past time, either the perfect or the past perfect tense 
 may be employed, though only the latter is used in Eng- 
 lish: 
 
 elemob'dv atosi , if elabob-la moni , or 
 ilemobov atosi , if ilabob-la moni , 
 
 I should have bought this, had I had the money. 
 
— 36 — 
 
 There is also in Volapuk a durative mode, signifying 
 continued action and sometimes called the aorist. It is ex- 
 pressed by adding an i to the usual tense prefix in both the 
 active and the passive voice, using ai for the present tense 
 of the active voice, and may be used also with other parts 
 of speech : 
 
 gonob I run 
 aigonob I run continually, 
 I am in the habit of 
 running 
 iigolob I went 
 digolob I used to go 
 
 olbfob I shall love 
 
 oildfob I shall love forever 
 
 palbfoms they are loved 
 paildfoms they are always 
 loved 
 
 aibonedel regular customer 
 
 The durative mode should, therefore, always be em- 
 ployed in a sentence, stating a general truth : pen aibinom 
 stenudikum ka glaf the pen is mightier than the sword. A 
 negation precludes its use, as a matter of course: no 
 golom egelo aljul he does not always go to school, (never no 
 aigolom ). 
 
 The present durative prefix ai is added to relative pro- 
 nouns and adverbs, with the same meaning as the English 
 -ever, -soever : aikel whoever, aikelos whatsoever, aikeliip 
 whenever, etc. 
 
 Multiplicative numeral adjectives are formed by adding 
 ik to the cardinal, and adjectives denoting kinds by adding 
 nik , as 
 
 balik simple balnik of the same kind 
 
 telik twofold telnik of two kinds 
 
 tumik hundredfold tumnik of a hundred kinds 
 
 Distributive numerals are formed by using an indepen- 
 dent a (each) before the respective words, as 
 
— 37 — 
 
 a td> two each, two by two a telid each second, every 
 a td/na twice each second 
 
 a turn a hundred each, by the hundred 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 stim the honor 
 
 stimon to honor 
 
 net nation 
 
 pos after (of time) 
 
 poso afterwards, thereupon 
 
 vobon to work 
 
 potut hunger 
 
 nelum thirst 
 
 set sentence 
 
 suemon comprehend 
 
 suemik intelligible 
 
 suemiko of course 
 
 loned length 
 
 lonedon lengthen 
 
 lonedik long 
 
 lonedotimo long ago 
 
 Nelij England 
 
 nelijel Englishman 
 
 dat so that 
 gdlod pleasure 
 teat theater 
 dunon do 
 balad union 
 
 baladik united, harmonious 
 sam example, instance 
 God God 
 as as 
 
 vddelo every day 
 
 e — e both — and 
 
 kav cellar, drinking shop 
 
 kavamasel host 
 
 ini into 
 
 mon money 
 
 gldt glass 
 
 bovil cup (bov platter) 
 nedalon forbid 
 
 EXERCISE VIII* 
 
 1. Komipels lanimalik paistimoms fa nets valik. 2. Pos vob aibinon 
 potutik e neliimik. 3. Kisi aifidols poso ? 4. Deutels baledik aidlinoms 
 vini modik. 5. Set at binorn sato balik, dat isuemol-la omi. 6. No li- 
 ikomomov lonedotimo, if no ilabom-la tumnikosi al dunon? 7. Golobov 
 suemiko al teat, if labob-la timi. 8. Stags pijutomsdv a turn avelo, if 
 yagels idlefoms-la gudikumo. 9. A lulid solalas pefunom, ibo teltum 
 
— 38 — 
 
 afunoms de mil. 10. Ton et palilom a folna fa obs valik. 11. Nets et 
 eibinoms labikiin, kels aibinoms baladik. 12. Aikelopi logobs, ailogobs 
 samis guda Goda. 
 
 1. I should make my letter longer, but the longest letters are not al- 
 ways the best 2. Hunger is the best cook, as thirst is the best host. 3. 
 She would go every day to the theater with her (female) friend, if she 
 had money as well as time (both money and time). 4. By thousands the 
 enemies would come into our country, if we should not conquer. 5. Of 
 course I should go to the city, if I had not triple work to do. 6. My 
 friend told me, that every third apple of the largest appletree in his 
 (fruit-) garden were not yet ripe. 7. With the greatest pleasure I should 
 visit your uncle, were he (if he were) at home. 8. The English always 
 love the truth greatly (much). 9. It would be an honor to the brave to 
 die (be killed) for the country. 10. The Russians are in the habit of 
 drinking tea in (out of, se) glasses, the Americans in cups. 11. The boys 
 live in (inhabit) the rooms of the great house, which has been built near 
 their school, seven (in) each. 12. God forbid! That thing would have 
 been very fine, but it could not be! 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The ending for all participles, both active and passive, 
 is oZ, attached immediately after the verb stem; and by pre- 
 fixing the proper tense signs, participles can be formed from 
 all the tenses, and also from all the persons by inserting the 
 proper personal ending in the usual place, as: 
 givol giving ojeriol going to happen 
 
 egolol having gone pagivol being given 
 
 digoldl one who constantly pegivol given, having been 
 went given 
 
— 39 — 
 
 pastimobsol we who are pematofbl married woman 
 honored (“one having been 
 
 married”) 
 
 If a participle is used as a noun, it may receive the 
 ending el , instead of ol : pevunels ed edeilels the wounded and 
 the dead. In the same manner, the adjectival ending ik 
 may be substituted for the participial, if it is intended to 
 indicate a continued condition, rather than the simple oc- 
 currence: solat pevunik a soldier who is wounded, solat pevu - 
 nol a soldier who has been wounded. 
 
 Note. In translating English participles into Volapiik, it is necessary to ana- 
 lyse their meaning sufficiently, so as to employ the right tense and form. “The 
 wounded”, for instance, means “those having been wounded”, while “the dead” 
 represents “those having died”, consequently is not a passive participle. 
 
 Using the participle as a noun is not permissible in 
 Volapiik, as it is in English, but it must be represented 
 either by the infinitive, or a full subordinate conjunctive 
 sentence, as : 
 
 nepludob liladon , or liladon no plidorn obe I dislike reading 
 (reading does not please me) 
 nen nolon osi without knowing /t 
 nendas anolob osi without my knowing it 
 elogdn Yulopi binos dciduk having seen Europe is an 
 education 
 
 The reflexive form of a verb, which is expressed in 
 English by using myself, yourself, himself, etc., as object, 
 is in Volapuk the usual form of the verb with the proper 
 personal pronouns in the direct or indirect objective case, 
 ok being used for all the genders of the third person : 
 
 lofob obi I love myself lojobs obis we love ourselves 
 givol ole you give (to) givols oles ye give yourselves 
 
 yourself 
 
— 40 — 
 
 vatukomoki he washes lofoms okis they (men) love 
 
 himself themselves 
 
 vatukof oki she washes lefofs okis they (women) love 
 herself themselves 
 
 evatukof ofi she has washed aifbgivon oki nefikulo one for- 
 her (someone else) gives one’s self easily 
 
 When “myself”, etc., simply emphasizes the subject of 
 the clause, it is translated by it self: ogolob it I shall go my- 
 self, lads it avilofs osi the ladies themselves wanted it. 
 
 The reciprocal pronoun is balvotik “one the other”, each 
 other: lofoms balvotiki they love each other, clsagoms balvotike 
 they said to each other, or the adverb balvoto may be used 
 in both positions. 
 
 Note. Mr. Schleyer and many German Volapiikists express the reflexive action 
 by adding ok as a sufflx to all persons, or interpolating it between the stem and 
 the personal ending : lofobok or lofokob , instead of lofob obi; lofomsok or iofokoms, 
 instead of lofoms okis. This is a simplicity, however, that is hardly a simplifica- 
 tion. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 tulon to turn 
 zu around 
 xab axis 
 sol sun 
 tin machine 
 mufdn move 
 stem steam 
 
 fiapon to strike, beat 
 nam hand 
 savon save 
 sumon take 
 smulon smile 
 delidik dear 
 numon to count 
 
 vunon to wound 
 
 diblekon to break asunder 
 
 banon bathe 
 
 j Hum river 
 
 lak lake 
 
 nil vicinity 
 
 nilu close by 
 
 nilik near 
 
 nilon approach 
 
 nilel neighbor 
 
 len by the side of, on 
 
 jol shore 
 
 mel sea 
 
 vat water 
 
— 41 — 
 
 migon mix ( reflex . mingle) 
 dalebdn to be in need 
 voniko formerly, before 
 Jcapcildn understand 
 
 difik different 
 stun astonishment 
 sugiv task 
 begon beg, pray 
 
 EXERCISE IX. 
 
 1. Tal tulom in diips ielsefol zii xab okik ed in dels kiltum malselul e 
 foldil bal zii sol. 2. Cins et pamufoms dub stem. 3 Cinavobel obsik 
 eflapom oki su nam. 4. Savomod oki, aikel kanom ! 5. Esedof penedi 
 oke volapiiko. 6. Asmulom it, ven asagob ome, das okdmoms nog adelo. 
 7. At ebinom vikod delidik; numon pefunolis yeltum e pevunolis modi- 
 kum ka telmil. 8. Blinolod flene obik gliiti pelemol adelo nen diblekon 
 ome, begob. 9. Ebanobs obis dels jol in Hum ud in lak ko sons nilela 
 obsik. 10. Len melajol vat flumas migom oki ko vat rnela. 11. Logoldd 
 us mani dalebol e maladik ! 12. Klodob, das sol e lad ats elogoms balvo- 
 
 tiki voniko. 
 
 1. Like (as) the earth, the sun also turns around its axis. 2. Cooked 
 meat is healthier than uncooked. 3. The conquered enemies approached 
 our country. 4. Wine mixed with water will be healthier for you; I 
 take it myself. 5. Apjjroaching, ni} r friend gave me his hand without 
 speaking. 6. The nearest neighbors do not understand each other here, 
 because they speak different languages. 7. My friend saved himself from 
 (out of) the water. 8. Do not bathe (yourselves) today in the sea! 9. 
 Needy people do not work well. 10. Conquering one’s self is the gre at- 
 est victory, but also the most difficult task. 11. The astonishment of the 
 people was great, when they saw those saved near the shore. 12. Not all 
 river water mingles with the water of the sea. 
 
42 — 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 Words in Volapiik consist of roots, compounds and 
 derivatives. 
 
 The roots, which generally are nouns, pronouns, pre- 
 positions or conjunctions, are formed from words to be 
 met with in various existing languages, principally English, 
 French and German, but changed and modified to suit the 
 needs of a universal speech. The numerals, however, have 
 an independent origin. 
 
 In compounds, the word which in English is used as an 
 adjective is in Volapiik also placed in front, but in the pos- 
 sessive case, and always joined to the modified part. The 
 modifying word can also be exchanged for a true adjective, 
 by taking advantage of the facility with which adjectives 
 can be formed from all nouns: 
 
 blod brother blodalof or lof blodik brother love 
 flum river flumavat or vatflumik river water 
 vol world volapiik universal language 
 volapilkatidel , tidel volapuka or tidel volapilkik teacher of the 
 universal language. 
 
 Note. Compounds of more than two component parts should be avoided.— It 
 has been proposed to subsiitute i as a connecting vowel, when the modifier is really 
 the object, not the possessor for instance, “mother love” would be motalbf=-lof 
 motci a mother’s love, or motilbf—lof al mot love for a mother. 
 
 Derivatives are formed from radicals either by means of 
 suffixes or prefixes, some of which are used for the forma- 
 tion of whole classes of words, such as verbs, adjectives, 
 etc., and have already been explained in the preceding. 
 
43 — 
 
 gleflen bosom friend 
 glezeladel great holiday 
 smabel hill 
 loveg crossing, pass 
 
 Many prefixes are derived from independent radical 
 words by contraction, as 
 glet greatness flen friend 
 
 zel festival zeladel holiday 
 
 smal smallness bel mountain 
 
 love across veg way 
 
 The names of the seasons are compounds with tim time: 
 jlol flower flolatim spring 
 
 hit heat hitatim summer 
 
 fluk fruit flukatim autumn 
 
 nif snow nifatim winter 
 
 The names of the months are derived from the numer- 
 als, by adding ul (from mul month, related to mun moon): 
 bahd J anuary vehd J uly 
 
 telul February jolul August 
 
 kilul March zulul September 
 
 folul April balsul October 
 
 lulul May balsebcihd November 
 
 malul June balsetelul December 
 
 The names of the days of the week are also derived from 
 the numerals, by adding del day and inserting an u.: 
 baludel Sunday luludel Thursday 
 
 teludel Monday mclludel Friday 
 
 kilildel Tuesday veludel Saturday 
 
 fol v del Wed n esdav 
 
 Note. — T he names of bo*h months and days of the week were originally de- 
 rived from modified forms of the ordinary names: yanul, febul, mazul, apul, 
 mayul, yunnl, vulul, gustul, setul, otul, novul, dekul; soldel, mundel, tusdel, 
 vesdel, dbdel, flidel, zadel. 
 
 From the names of the days of the week, adverbs are 
 derivecf in the usual way by adding o, adjectives by adding 
 ik : 
 
— 44 — 
 
 baludelo on Sunday, Sundays 
 dbaludelo last Sunday 
 obaludelo next Sunday 
 baludelik belonging to Sunday 
 
 From the numerals are also derived some musical terms, 
 by affixing urn and uf : 
 
 balitm solo 
 telilm duet 
 folum quartet 
 jolum octet 
 
 baluf first (c) 
 teluf second (d) 
 foluf fourth (f) 
 jbluf octave (c) 
 
 The names of the sciences end in av: 
 
 god God 
 
 git law (in abstracto) 
 medin medicine 
 tik thought 
 tal earth 
 
 glet greatness, size 
 nat nature 
 min mineral 
 plan plant 
 nim animal 
 puk language 
 
 godav theology 
 gitav jurisprudence 
 medinav medical science 
 tikav logik 
 talav geology 
 gletav mathematics 
 natav natural science 
 minav m i n eralogy 
 planav botany 
 nimav zoology 
 pukav philology 
 
 A few sciences, However, retain their recognized names, 
 with slight alterations, as filosop philosophy, fusud physics, 
 natural philosophy, kiem chemistry. 
 
 The ending dl signifies an abstract mental quality or 
 disposition: 
 
 tik thought tikdl mind, spirit * 
 
 kap head kapdl intelligence 
 
45 — 
 
 The suffixes ed and am, 
 certain action or condition : 
 tal earth 
 lab having 
 tile thought 
 glet greatness 
 nindilon divide 
 lulei across, logon look 
 The prefix fe indicates a 
 and fd is the English for-: 
 golon go 
 dugon lead 
 gebbn use 
 given give 
 geton get 
 
 The prefix da completes 
 and calls special attention to 
 geton get 
 tiicoi i think 
 tuv a find 
 tuv discovery 
 vestigbn investigate 
 
 like the English -ion, signify a 
 
 taled geography 
 labed possession 
 tilcam reflection 
 gletam increase 
 nindilam division 
 lukilogam view 
 
 turning aside or disappearing 
 
 fegolon pass away, perish 
 fedugon mislead, seduce 
 fegebdn consume 
 fogivon forgive 
 fbgeton forget 
 
 the meaning of the radical word 
 the result: 
 dageton obtain 
 datikon reason out 
 datuv invention 
 datiivdn discover 
 davestigon explore 
 
 VOCABULARY* 
 
 nonik not any, no 
 ddlon permit 
 begin beginning 
 kaled calender 
 votik other 
 Begun according to 
 
 kalbn calculate 
 
 as sam (abbreviated a* s.) 
 
 for example 
 ju until 
 do although 
 kritik Christian 
 
— 46 — 
 
 nemon to call, name 
 
 pur powder 
 
 kaniton sing 
 
 zelado in truth, certainly 
 
 beperidn describe 
 
 num a number 
 
 kod cause 
 
 ovi over, along 
 
 likdj condition 
 
 bel mountain 
 
 valemo in general 
 
 belem mountain range 
 
 dabalik separate 
 
 nifon to snow 
 
 plofed professor 
 
 glad ice 
 
 niver university 
 
 gladajuk skates 
 
 kapalub understanding 
 
 gladajukon to skate 
 
 lafayel half a year, semester 
 
 plokbn to pluck, pick 
 
 baludo first of all 
 
 gab Count, Earl 
 
 studon to study 
 
 lieg wealth 
 
 stab basis 
 
 liegik rich 
 
 stabik thorough 
 
 Nugdn Hungary 
 
 ddlon allow, permit 
 
 pbf poverty 
 
 ned need 
 
 pofik poor 
 
 slip sleep 
 
 tif theft 
 
 lebalik only (adj\) 
 
 silicon seek 
 
 gun gun 
 
 geilik high 
 
 EXERCISE X. 
 
 1. Vig nonik fegolom nen vob: e teludelo e luludelo labobs vobon in 
 gad; kiliidelo, foiudelo, maludelo e veliidelo vobobs dorno, te baliidelo e 
 glezeladelopaidalosobestakedon. 2. Yel panindilom in yelatimsfol eyela- 
 tim alik in rauls kil. 8 . Nifatim-beginom ko begin balsetelula, flolatini ko 
 kilul, hitatim ko main!, flukatim ko ziilul. 4. Nindiiain kaledikbinom votik, 
 ibo segun kaled aikalobs a. s. hitatimi sis nialul telsebalid ju ziilul telse- 
 kilid, do hit ofen vedorn gletik ya in malulavigs balid e stom vedom fluka- 
 timik ya in begin ziilula. 5. Foliim studelas niverik kanitom nu in zif 
 obsik, bai kelas binom balumakanitel gudik. 6. Taled bepenom tali e 
 vestigom likofi nuik e tala valemo e lanas dabalik; talav binom stab tale- 
 da e davestigom kodis likofa omik. 7. Mot fiena obik egivom ome dil 
 
— 47 — 
 
 gletik labedas okik. 8. Nok omik binom plofed medinava. 9. Len niver 
 obsik sibinoms godavels modo modikum ka gitavels. 10. Kisi natavels 
 studoms? 11. Studoms fiisiidi e kiemi, minavi, planavi e nimavi; stu- 
 doms i gletavi, nen kapalub kela natav no kanom pasuemon stabiko. 12. 
 Tikiil mena nedom takedi e dagetom omi dub slip. 
 
 1. Cooking food is the only Sunday work which we permit. 2. Forgive 
 me, sir, that I did not come yesterday; I had entirely forgotten the 
 Thursday hour. 3. His bosom friend is a good man, but he has certain- 
 ly not invented the gunpowder. 4. Logic is a part of philosophy. 5. 
 Does your brother study philology or mathematics? 6. Our university 
 has never yet numbered so many students of theology as in this semester. 
 7. First in our time has it been possible to study the nature of the sun 
 ( transl . has the nature of the sun been able to be studied) in a thorough 
 manner. 8. The view of your ( plural ) city from the passover the neigh- 
 boring mountain range is very beautiful. 9. In winter it snows and one 
 skates, in spring one picks flowers. 10. Those rich Counts have large 
 possessions in Hungary. 11. This poor laborer, through his poverty, 
 has been led (astray) to steal. 12. Do you (ye) see those high trees on 
 the river banks ? 
 
 From top place, are derived the ending op for the names 
 of the five great divisions of the earth, and the ending dp for 
 place designations: 
 
 CHAPTER XI* 
 
 Yulop Europe 
 Silop Asia 
 Fikop Africa 
 Melop America 
 Talop Australia 
 
 lotdp hotel ( lot guest) 
 kafop cafe 
 
 slupop hiding place 
 (slup lurking) 
 valaddp waiting room 
 ( yaladon wait) 
 
 kidp ? where 
 
48 
 
 Allied to Idn , land, is the ending an, employed in the 
 designations of the larger parts of the countries which have 
 received Volapuk names differing from those ordinarly used: 
 Oindn China Baycin Bavaria 
 
 Taiwan) Italy Saxdn Saxony 
 
 Span Spain Jlesdn Silesia 
 
 Beljdn Belgium Turan Thuringia 
 
 The names for the directions of the compass end in ud: 
 noliid north lefud east 
 
 sulild south vesild west 
 
 The ending for the names of animals is frequently, 
 though not always, of: foxaf fox, but lep monkey* 
 
 From dilp, hour, is obtained the ending up, which 
 designates time: 
 
 lif life lifup lifetime 
 
 vot a change votup change of time 
 
 The ending dm denotes implements: 
 dom house domom household goods 
 
 gad garden gadom garden tool 
 
 fell field feilom agricultural implement 
 
 The ending of answers to the -ness of English words, 
 and denotes abstract ideas: 
 foet a savage foetof wildness 
 
 flea friend ’ flenof friendliness 
 
 The endings ilg and ef are in general the English -ship: 
 flea friend flenug friendship 
 
 gab Earl gabef earlship, county 
 
 The ending ndel signifies one who occupies a certain 
 grade : 
 
 baludel a scholar in the first class, 
 tekidel scholar in the second class, etc. 
 
— 49 — 
 
 The prefix ge is the English back or re-: 
 
 vegon to journey gevegon to journey back, return 
 
 sagon say gesagon to reply 
 
 The prefix di is the English asunder, dis-, or de- : 
 
 blek a break diblekon to break to pieces 
 
 stuk construction distukon destroy 
 
 VOCABULARY- 
 
 ni — ni neither — nor 
 valiko on the whole 
 lapin rapine 
 aim animal 
 sak sack, pouch 
 anik some, any 
 pblub error 
 
 seiston lie, be situated 
 kam a plain 
 abu on the contrary 
 pakon to spread 
 veitik wide 
 tudunbn exaggerate 
 du during 
 lei iron 
 lelod railway 
 
 mediton meditate, reflect 
 
 mated wedding 
 
 pag village 
 
 taim clay 
 
 teldik many a 
 
 fut foot 
 futel walker 
 futelon go afoot 
 setenon extend 
 kolun colony 
 
 filabel volcano (‘ fire-moun- 
 tain’’) 
 
 bufik preceding 
 met meter 
 sotimo sometimes 
 foginel foreigner 
 kindn realm, empire 
 vbbon acquire 
 
 lovemelik situated across the sea 
 dunik active 
 fimcln mainland 
 ninlbdel inhabitant 
 danu thanks to 
 v'dyelo every year ( v'd derived 
 from val totality-) 
 
— 50 — 
 
 EXERCISE XI. 
 
 1. In Talop ni leps ni foxafs sibinoms, valiko lapinanims nonik, ab in 
 taladils votik no sibinoms sakanims pla aniks nemodik in Melop. 2. 
 Berlin, glezif Deuta, seistom in kam noliideutik (Deuta noliidik). 3. 
 Stettin seistcm noliilefiido de Berlin, Leipzig abu suluvesudo. 4. Lifiip 
 menas li-evedom lonedikum in yelatum obsik ? 5. Feiloms noliimelopik 
 binoms modo gudikum ka uts yulopelas. 6. Binos polub pepakol veiti- 
 ko, das Nelij seistom-la noliidikumo ka Noliideut. 7. Foet5f flkopelas 
 e talopelas petudunom ofen. 8. Otavobs in liitatim yela at al gabef 
 Glatz, belemalan jonik Jlesana. 9. Kiludels egevegoms dub lelod, abu 
 teludels agefuteloms. 10. Cato aisagom: Carthago nmtom padistukon. 
 11. Votup pemekom adelo fa lelods valik. 12. Belems Spana binoms 
 modo geilikum ka uts Saxana. 
 
 1. The great American mountain ranges extend (in) north-southerly 
 (direction), the Asiatic east-westerly. 2. The highest mountains of the 
 Cordilleras of South America are volcanoes. 3. The capital of Bavaria 
 is situated 500 meters above the sea, that of Spain 600. 4. In October of 
 the year 1492, Columbus discovered America. 5. Thanks to the friend- 
 liness of your (thy) uncle, I found a place to hide in the nearest cafe 
 during the bad weather of yesterday. 6. The scholars sometimes answer 
 the teacher ( what case?) without reflecting. 7. On the evening before 
 the wedding, in many a German city and village, household ware of clay 
 and glass is still broken (to pieces) before the house door. 8. The Thurin- 
 gian forest is visited every year by crowds of foreigners ( transl . very 
 many foreigners). 9. The increase of the colonial possessions of the 
 English since the preceding century is astonishing. 10. The German 
 empire has acquired its largest possession across the sea in East Africa. 
 
 11. Italy’s Vesuvius is the only active volcano of the European mainland. 
 
 12. China has more inhabitants than the whole of [transl. entire) Europe. 
 
— 51 — 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 The order of words in Volapiik may be varied consider- 
 ably without inpairing the intelligibility of a sentence. 
 Still, there is a certain sequence ordinarily observed, a devi- 
 ation from which should only be made for special purposes, 
 such as euphony, emphasizing a certain word, etc. The 
 fundamental rule is, that those words which express the 
 general or essential ideas in a sentence precede those which 
 are special, incidental or subordinate. This implies as appli- 
 cations: 
 
 1. Adjectives, possessive, demonstrative and indefinite 
 pronouns and all numerals take their places after the nouns 
 they qualify. If two adjectives should come together, one 
 may be placed before and the other after the noun, as elogob 
 mddikis zifisjonik I have seen many beautiful cities. 
 
 2. The subject is always placed before the verb in all 
 kinds of sentences, even the interrogative. 
 
 3. Objects and predicates follow the verb; negative and 
 interrogative words precede it. 
 
 4. The different objects follow in the order of their im- 
 portance: the direct object precedes the indirect (unless the 
 latter consists of a single pronoun and the former is very 
 long), and adverbs expressing time follow immediately after 
 the verb, as egivob osi ome I have given it to him, sedom ofen 
 moni kbsele okik he often sends money to his cousin. 
 
 5. Subordinate clauses, not introduced by the conjunc- 
 tion “that”, may be placed indifferently after, or before, the 
 principal clause: otdvob al Paris ven olabob moni , or ven olabob 
 moni otdvob al Paris , I shall go to Paris when I have money. 
 
— 52 — 
 
 The same main rule operates also in the order of words 
 indicating dates, which is: year, month, day, hour, min- 
 ute, second, as balmil joltum jolsevel balsul telsebalid dap jol e 
 minuts hits vendela half past eight in the evening of October 
 21st, 1887* Personal names are sometimes written and 
 signed in the same way, the baptismal names being placed 
 after the surname : Schleyer Johann Martin. 
 
 Words of existing languages, whose form differs essen- 
 tially from the usages of Volapiik or prevents the use of the 
 ordinary inflectional endings, must be provided for, when 
 employed in Volapiik, in such manner as to preclude am- 
 biguity, as: 
 
 1. Names of persons and places, for which there is no 
 special provision made, must be used in their vernacular 
 form. Their pronounciation, should it differ considerably 
 from their spelling, may be indicated by respelling them in 
 Volapiik and adding this as an explanation in parenthesis 
 the first time each name occurs in a paragraph : Humphry 
 Davy ( Devi O'mfri )• If the Volapiik alphabet is insufficient 
 for this purpose, the universal alphabet is brought into use: 
 Sebastian Bach ( Baq ), 
 
 2. The possessive and dative cases of such proper nouns 
 is formed by the prepositions de and al : de Anna Anna’s, al 
 Maria to Mary, 
 
 Note. The French Volapuklsts prefer to use these prepositions for all words 
 instead of the case endings. 
 
 8, Should it be necessary to form a plural of nouns 
 already ending in a sibilant, c, j, s, x or z , it is done by 
 adding the usual plural sign, preceded by an apostrophe : 
 
 Darius's , Fox's. 
 
— 53 — 
 
 The word sol , plural sols, is used on all occasions where 
 the English has Sir, Mr*, Esq., Messrs., etc. In such con- 
 nections as “Yes, sir!”, many add the possessive pronoun 
 and the vocative interjection: si, o sol obik! The “oh” hav- 
 ing disappeared from the everyday conversation in almost all 
 modern languages, however, it seems a pity to reinstate it 
 as the only form to be used; and it is better to say simply : 
 si, sol or si, sol obik! In superscriptions the dative case 
 should be employed: Sole Grant John, Soles Grant e Ko., (but 
 Al Grant John to John Grant, without any “Mr.”) As in 
 French and German, it may also be used in connection with 
 a common noun by way of courtesy : sol blod olik your “Mr.” 
 brother. The same remarks apply also to lad Mrs., and 
 vomvl Miss. 
 
 Expletive words and sentences are not reproduced in 
 Volapiik, as for instance: 
 
 1. The use of “of” in such expressions as the city of 
 Boston, which is translated simply zif Boston. Regakincln 
 Gletabritbn or Gletabritdnik the kingdom of Great Britain, tat 
 Wisconsin the state of Wisconsin, etc. “A glass of wine” 
 may be expressed in the same manner, gldt vin ; but is usu- 
 ally gldt vina or gldt de vin, as in English. “Wine glass” is 
 compounded in the usual way, vinagldt, or translated gldt 
 al vin a glass for wine. 
 
 2. “There”, used in such expressions as “there is,” 
 “there are”, etc.: sibinoms mddiks zifs gletik in Niddn there are 
 many great cities in India. 
 
 3. Repetition of a verb by means of a form of “do”, 
 which is very common in English speech, but not used in 
 Volapuk : penol gudikumo ka om you write better than he 
 
— 54 — 
 
 does ; Kim, nolom kelop sanel Ibdom ? Ob , who knows where a 
 physician lives ? I do. 
 
 The English interrogative repetition, by another person, 
 of the auxiliary verb, or the same tense of “do”, in order to 
 express astonishment or interest, is expressed in Volapiik 
 by li-vo ? indeed : “A logob omi in silt ”. “ Li-vo ?” “I saw him 
 
 in thestreet.” “did you?” u No nog eticvob omi domoN “ Li-voT ’ 
 “I have not yet found him at home.” “Haven’t you ?” 
 
 Interrogative repetition, by the same person, using nega- 
 tive form for affirmative, and vice versa, in order to invite 
 confirmation, is supplied by the adverbial particles ba “per- 
 haps” or ye (before vowels yed) “certainly”, “I presume”, or 
 by adding after the sentence li-novo? “is it not really so?” 
 Fat olik binom yedomo? or fat olik binom domo, li-novo? your 
 father is at home, is he not V No lodol yed is ? or no lodol is , 
 li-novo ? you don’t live here, do you ? 
 
 On the other hand, no words are omitted or ignored in 
 Volapiik, to be supplied from the context. For instance, 
 the indirect object must always be put in the dative case : 
 vipob ole deli gudik I wish you (to you) a good day ; con- 
 junctions can never be omitted: lilob das blod ofik okomom odelo 
 I hear her brother is coming to-morrow, si ibinob-la us had 
 I been there. 
 
 The adjectives modik many a, much, and nemodik a little, 
 few, are compared in the usual way; but the adverbs mo- 
 d(ik)o and nemod(ik)o have double comparatives and super- 
 latives : 
 
 modikumo or umo more, mbdikuno or lino most, (the sec- 
 ond forms are derived from the endings of degree) 
 
 nemodikumo or luumo less (lu- in diminutives); nemodi- 
 kuno or luilno in the least, at least. 
 
55 — 
 
 The tenses of the verb are used with greater regard for 
 accuracy, than in English, and the actual relation in time 
 between the principal and the subordinate clause should be 
 strictly preserved: getdvom adelo he returns to-day (is on the 
 way now), ogetdvom odelo he returns (will return) to-morrow, 
 ven fat usedom moni obe ogetdvob domic when my father sends 
 me (will have sent to me) the money I shall return home. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 unembn remember 
 
 klot a dress 
 
 kloton to dress 
 
 satin silk 
 
 bldgik black 
 
 yelibik yellow 
 
 stol straw 
 
 sikik prominent 
 
 jen history 
 
 spclr sparrow 
 
 lesi yes indeed 
 
 ken can, gallon 
 
 klinon to clean 
 
 ningifon pour in (nin — in ) 
 
 tat state 
 
 regakindn kingdom 
 vono once, at one time 
 nuik present ( nu now) 
 vip a wish 
 kotenik content 
 moton bear, give birth to 
 (from mot mother) 
 
 Niddn India 
 dokel doctor 
 bukel author 
 mdkabik celebrated 
 vodabuk dictionary (vod 
 word) 
 deilon die 
 vicdbn invite 
 nakbmon arrive 
 
 keblinon bring along ( ke with) 
 
 deblinon bring out from 
 
 flad bottle 
 
 pladon to place, set 
 
 tab table 
 
 sago even ( adv .) 
 
 som such 
 
 pilblig republic 
 
 zesildik necessary 
 
 kemen fellow-man (ke with) 
 
 mbkon prepare 
 
 soalik alone 
 
— 56 — 
 
 EXERCISE XII. 
 
 1. Fat de Anna memom das alogorn ladi peklotol ko nulik satinaklot 
 bliigik e stolahat yelibik, yen alanom in New York balmil joltura vels 
 velul folid. 2. Cavendish’s (Ka vendij) eibinoms sikik in jen Nelija. 3. 
 P>inob tu maladik al visiton ladi moti olik avigo. 4. Logoi ye sparis su 
 bimet? 5. Si, solobik; e klodob das binoms luiino balselul. 6. Epenol 
 soles Braun e Ko., li-novo? 7. No, sol, ab openob adelo. 8, No ogo- 
 lobs al jul odelo, li-novo? 9. Lesi, sols obsik. 10. Sedolod obe keni 
 iuilig, ab sefoloz oli, das miligaken puklinom, bufo oningifol miligi. 
 1 1 . Tat Pennsylvania binom modo gletikum ka regakinan Saxan. 12. 
 Mens alaboms vono nedis nemodik; ab neds e vips nulikas menas vedoms 
 ^eliko modikum, do akanonov binon kotenik ko luum. 
 
 1. At 6 o’clock in the morning of the 20th day of June, 1888, my sister, 
 who was born in the city of London, is three years old. 2. It is fortu- 
 nate there have not been many Warren Hastings’s in India. 3. Dr. Sam- 
 uel Johnson, the celebrated author of the first English dictionary, died 
 in the year 1784. 4. Have you (thou) invited your friend already? 5. 
 Yes, ma’m, I have. 6. Does he come today ? 7. Yes, he will certainly 
 come to-night, and as soon as he has arrived I shall take him along to 
 see you. 8. Bring a bottle of wine from the cellar and set four wine 
 glasses on the table in the garden. 9. I am so thirsty that I believe I can 
 drink a whole gallon even of such water, as the city of New Orleans gives 
 one. 1 0. South of the state of Texas is the republic of Mexico, to which 
 it belonged once. 11. Water is necessary in every house for drinking, 
 washing and cooking; the time will never come when we can do without 
 it. 12. Every man needs his fellow-man, because no one can prepare 
 everything alone. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 
 In translating from English into Volapiik, it should be 
 borne in mind that the latter is intended to be a universal 
 language and, in consequence, English idioms and peculiar- 
 ities should not be reproduced, if it can be avoided. The 
 
57 — 
 
 want of a thorough and detailed Volapiik dictionary is to 
 be regretted and, until that shall appear, it is impossible to 
 sharply define what is, and what is not permissible. Only a 
 few hints, in addition to those already stated, can be given 
 for the guidance of the student, with the advice, in case of 
 doubt, to translate according to sense, not sound : 
 
 1. When the English expressions might, could, etc., are 
 used in a sentence, not expressing condition or uncertainty, 
 translate them with the indicative mode: vipob noUon I should 
 like to know, no kanob sagon ole I could not tell you, no li- 
 okanol kbmon odelo ? could you not come tomorrow? 
 
 2. Intransitive verbs must never be conjugated with 
 binon , to be, as auxiliary : ekbmob I am come, igolom he was 
 gone, enakomol being arrived, 
 
 3. Only transitive verbs can receive the reflexive ob- 
 jects: evatukom oki he has washed himself. Combinations 
 with -self in English, when used with intransitive verbs, are 
 intensified subjects, even if they apparently have the objec- 
 tive form, and are translated in all cases by it self: stunob it 
 I wonder myself, ekomom it he has come himself. 
 
 4. Many verbs, used intransitively in English, are 
 really reflexives and should be so translated: banobs obis vet- 
 delo we bathe every day, Charles no nog evatvkom Charles has 
 not washed yet (if himself, oki). 
 
 5. The ‘ to” before infinitives must never be translated, 
 unless it implies, or is expressed as, “in order to” (“for to” 
 in certain dialects), when it is rendered by ed: efdgetob pd'dn 
 I have forgotten to pay, komob al sagon ole I come to say to 
 you. 
 
 6. All prepositions, even those derived from nouns and 
 ending in ii, govern the subjective case, as already stated: 
 
— 58 — 
 
 sogujlen omik in the company of his friend, danil gudof olik 
 thanks to your kindness* 
 
 7* Prepositions, and all other parts of speech, which 
 may be used with various significations, should be translated 
 so as to give the meaning as simply and unmistakably as 
 possible : dom flena obik the house of my friend, pukob do 
 fien obik I speak of (concerning) my friend ; kis binos kod 
 atosa? how does that come? ; klodob fino I have finally come 
 to believe ; kisi desanol ? what are you aiming at ? ; plan at 
 glofom gudiko this plant walks right along; aflapoms balvotiki 
 they came to blows; disopendl (not pedisonepol ) the under- 
 signed, which signifies not the one u who has been signed 
 below,” but the one “who signs below,” “the undersigning”, 
 8* The prepositions and conjunctions, which require 
 special mention, are : 
 
 a is the English a, per : doab bal afut $1 a foot* 
 ab but, introducing an explanation, while admitting 
 the truth of the statement contained in the first 
 clause : no binom yunik ab saunik he is not young, 
 but in good health* 
 
 sod but, introducing a correction of a phrase in the 
 first clause, which is itself denied : no binom belle - 
 dik sod malddofik he is not old, but in poor health* 
 as as, in the capacity of : pukom as reg he speaks as king, 
 in his capacity of king. 
 
 . as as, like : pukom as reg he speaks like a king, as 
 if he were a king. 
 
 bifu before (in place), ahead of, in front of. 
 
 bufii before (in degree), ahead of, in advance of. 
 bufu before (in time), previous to, ...ago. 
 
59 — 
 
 da through a place: da fat through the forest, 
 
 dub through, by means of: dub neltib through mis- 
 fortune. 
 
 ja by, denoting the agent with passive verbs. 
 me with, by : tdvob me vab I travel by wagon. 
 de from, of, denoting direction or material from which. 
 des from ...on: des tim at from this time on. 
 do of, on, regarding: pukob do ol I speak of you, laltilg 
 do bolit an article on politics. 
 se from, out of: komom se Paris he comes from Faris. 
 if if, denoting condition or supposition. 
 va if, when the same as u whether sagolod obeva oko - 
 
 mom tell me if he is coming. 
 
 Id by, near, in the neighborhood of: Harlem Id New 
 York Harlem by New York. 
 len at, on, denotes proximity: len tab at the table, 
 lenfin at the end, Kingston-len- Hudson Kingston- 
 on-the-Hudson. 
 
 nebil beside, next to : dom , omik binom nebii okik his 
 house is next to mine. 
 
 dom'd at, in the house of: dom'd sol Flint at Mr. Flint’s. 
 ove over, across (situation) : dom ove sut the house across 
 the street. 
 
 ovu across, denotes motion from one point to another : 
 dog gonom ovu sut the dog runs across the street, 
 su, on, on top of : su tab on the table. 
 sus over, motion above: b'odflitom sus dom a bird is 
 « flying over the house. 
 
 lopd over, above (situation) : lodop lopd potek I live 
 above a drug store. 
 
— 60 — 
 
 po after, behind (in place)* 
 pos after, behind (in time)* 
 
 9. The phrase “ to speak English ” should be rendered 
 by pukon nelijiko , as “ English ” here is really an adverbial 
 expression* Instead of the ending iko a simple o may also 
 be used : nelijo, flento , volapiiko * Puk flentik , puk deutik can 
 also be expressed with flentapuk the French language, deuta- 
 p'uk the German language, and from these words are formed 
 flentapiikon , dealapukon to speak French, German, volapukon 
 to speak the universal language, etc* 
 
 10* Prof. Kerckhoffs has proposed for adoption the 
 following conventional terms : 
 
 glidi *, sol! good-day (good-evening, etc.), sir ! 
 liko stadol ? how do you do? 
 hkofat olik stadom? how is your father ? 
 stadolod beno farewell ! 
 
 volapukon the universal language is spoken here, 
 bonedams kanoms pamekon volapiiko orders received in the 
 universal language, 
 
 spodon volapuko correspondence is carried on in the uni- 
 versal language* 
 dani thanks; I thank you, 
 danob milna thousand thanks, 
 sagolos obe please tell me; tell me, if you please, 
 sol lofik , (a?* L.) dear sir, 
 dunan olik or ) (D Q ) trul 
 
 divoaikun olik ) v / J J 
 
 *) Objective case, because the phrase should really be, ifcomplet® : r®®®iv®My 
 greeting, I give you greeting. 
 
— 61 — 
 
 EXERCISE XIII. 
 
 Stockholm 1887 folul 30d. 
 
 Sole Walter Jones, Milwaukee. 
 
 Egetobs bonedami doabas 2000 de sols Leroy e Jerome in zif olsik. 
 Bi leno sevobs solis at, begobs oil vestigon va juitoms klodati modik 
 domo. Pometobs biseo ole das ogebobs kautiko minis olik, e lesagobs 
 ole das obinos giilod gletik plo obs kanon dunon duni ole in zit siimik. 
 Binobs diinans olik divodikun, 
 
 Lind e Plageby. 
 
 Milwaukee, May 26, 1887. 
 
 Messrs. Lind & Hageby, Stockholm. 
 
 I cannot give you any reliable information about the firm named in 
 your letter of the 30th ult. Messrs. Leroy & Jerome have a large store 
 on the principal street in the city; but I know nothing regarding 
 their pecuniary resources. I advise you to write Mr. Belmar in Chicago, 
 who has held commercial relations with them for several years. 
 
 I hope to be able to be more useful to you on some other occasion. 
 
 Yours, most truly, 
 
 Walter Jones. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV, 
 
 There are in English a large number of verbs which may 
 be used as auxiliaries, and the correct translation of which 
 requires some attention, by reason of the confusion existing 
 in their application. Such are : 
 
 1. Have, as an auxiliary verb is represented by the 
 tense prefixes; as an independent verb (= possess), it is 
 lotion. 
 
— 62 — 
 
 2. Be, as an auxiliary verb used with the active voice, 
 signifies 
 
 presence : Jcbmob I am coming now, 
 futurity = o- : ok'dmob I am coming in the future, 
 intention = desdnon : ddesdnob Icbmon I was coming, I 
 intended to come ; 
 
 when used to express passive form, it is represented by the 
 prefix p : palofob I am loved. 
 
 In either case, however, birion may be used with the 
 proper participle, as in English : binob penal I am writing, 
 buk binom papendl the book is being written. 
 
 As independent verb, in the meaning of “exist”, it is 
 translated by sibinbn : mens sibinoms there are men; when re- 
 ferring to situation, by seiston : Berlin seistom in Dent Berlin 
 is in Germany. 
 
 3. Be going to denotes 
 
 futurity = o : openob I am going to write, 
 
 intention = desdnon : ddesdnob penon I was going to 
 write. 
 
 4. Do, did is used to form the present or past tense in 
 the active voice of another verb, in which case it is represen- 
 ted by the proper tense of this verb: penom he does write, 
 dpenom he did write; it emphasizes an imperative, when it 
 is expressed by the jussive mode: gololoz do go; or it is pleo- 
 hastic, as explained on page 53. 
 
 5. Can, could denotes 
 
 ability, power = kanon: kanob vobon I can, am able 
 to work, 
 
 permission.— dalon: dalol golon you can go, are at 
 liberty to go, 
 
 knowledge = nolbn: nolom liladon he can read, 
 knows how to read. 
 
— 63 — 
 
 6. Dare denotes 
 
 courage = kinon: li-kinol minotbn f dare you ride 
 horseback ? 
 
 permission = dalon : li-dalom golbn ? “darst” he go ? 
 
 assurance == le - : lescigob I dare say. 
 
 7. Let denotes 
 
 sufferance = leton : letolod obi logon l let me see, allow 
 me to see, 
 
 exhortation = imperative mode-, spidobsod let us 
 hurry up* 
 
 8* May, might denotes 
 
 wish = optative mode : komombs may he come! 
 
 uncertainty (in a subordinate sentence) = subjunc- 
 tive mode: vipob das komom-la I wish he may 
 come, 
 
 permission = dalon : li-dalob golbn f may I go ? 
 
 possibility = binon mogik: binos mdgik it may be, 
 binos mogik das dunom-la osi he may do it, he 
 might do it, 
 
 duty =sbton : sbtom pel'on nu he might pay now, he 
 ought to pay now. 
 
 9. Must denotes 
 
 obligation = muton: mutol golbn you must go. 
 
 duty —sbton: no sbtol dlinbn you must not drink, 
 
 necessity =zesildbn: zesiidos padunon it must neces- 
 sarily be done, 
 
 probability = klbd'bn das : klbdob das fat olik ekbmom 
 your father must have come, I believe your 
 father has come. 
 
— u — 
 
 10. Shall denotes 
 
 futurity = o- or u-\ ogolob I shall go, ugolob I shall 
 have gone, 
 
 obligation = mutdn: mutom golon he shall go, 
 
 command = od, bz: no tifoldz thou shalt not steal ! 
 
 11. Should denotes 
 
 conditionality expressed = ~ov: ddunobbv osi , si ... I 
 should do it, if. . 
 
 conditionality implied = -ov: itikolov negelo , das. . . (if 
 I had not seen it) I should never have thought 
 that... 
 
 supposition = subjunctive mode: si ddunob-la osi. . . 
 If I should do it. . 
 
 duty —sbton: sbtol d,unbn atosi you should do this, 
 you ought to do this. 
 
 12. Will denotes 
 
 furity = 0 - or u-\ ogoloms they will go, 
 
 desire = vilon: li-vilol spaton Ice ob ? will you take a 
 walk with me?, 
 
 determination = esludon : esludob geton osi, I will 
 get it, I have made up my mind to get it 
 
 13. Would is used in the 2d and 3d persons with the 
 same meanings as should in the 1st. 
 
 14. Some other verbs occasionally used as auxiliaries 
 
 are : 
 
 M ake = mekbn, kodbn , muton: ekodob omi kapdlon I 
 have made him understand, mutolod omi kbmbn 
 make him come, 
 
 Need — nedon , zesudon: no nedol golbn you need not go, 
 UsE = durative mode: digolob I used to go, 
 
 Please = optative mode: givolbs obe please give me. 
 
— 65 — 
 
 EXERCISE XIV. 
 
 Lukomed melopik. 
 
 Neit semik nifatima latik zots legletik pikleboms sa nions de New 
 York, su kels iibinos pebiikol ko tonabs gianik BISIEDAL...PEM0LO- 
 DOL. Ab, ven spatels iniloms, akanoms liladon vodis votik in tonabs 
 modo smalikum, sodas lenun lefulnik abinom as snkoe : 
 
 BISIEDAL ibinomov PEM0LOD0L 
 fa kalod e vatof, 
 if no apolom-la sis yels tel 
 jitis lainik de James Wight, 31 New Street. 
 
 A CHEAP WATCH. 
 
 A gentleman with (having) a distinguished exterior, came at one time 
 into the store of a dealer in watches of Vienna and asked to be shown 
 gold watches at (of) various prices. He bought one for onehundred 
 marks and went away. After a few minutes he returned (came back), 
 saying that he preferred a nicer watch. He selected one at twohundred 
 and fifty marks and said to the watch dealer: “I have given you one- 
 hundred marks already; here is the watch at hundred marks, which I 
 return (give back) to you, consequently I still owe fifty marks.” He 
 paid his fifty marks and the watch dealer receipted the bill, thanking the 
 new customer a thousand times. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 RECAPITULATION OF GRAMMATICAL RULES, 
 Serving also as an Index to the Preceding. 
 
 The figures in parenthesis refer to the page where a fuller explanation will be 
 found. 
 
 GENERAL RULE. 
 
 L The vowels are employed as signs of inclination in 
 the following manner: 
 
 Suffixes ( posilabs ): 
 a, e, i — in nouns, 
 
 u , u — ■ in adjectives and prepositions, 
 o (as ending) — in adverbs, 
 o, o — in pronouns and verbs. 
 
 Prefixes ( bisilabs ): 
 a — in present tense, 
 d, 6, i — in past tenses, 
 o, u — in future tenses. 
 
 ARTICLE (laltig). 
 
 2. There is no article used (11). If absolutely neces- 
 sary, el may be used as a definite and sembcd as an indefin- 
 ite article. 
 
 DECLENSION ( deklin ). 
 
 3. There is only one declension for all kinds of words, 
 which has two numbers (/mms), the cases (fals) of which 
 with their endings, are as follows (11): 
 
— 67 — 
 
 Singular, Plural, 
 
 banum . plum im . 
 
 Subjective ( Icimfal ) root s 
 
 Possessive ( [kimafal ) a as 
 
 Dative ( kimefal ) 6 es 
 
 Accusative ( [kimifal ) i is 
 
 Vocative ( kimofal ) is the same as the subjective (12). 
 
 4. These endings sometimes serve other purposes, than 
 as signs of inclination (26). 
 
 5. Instead of the endings of the possessive and dative 
 cases, the prepositions de and al may also be used (26). 
 
 COMPARISON ( luenam ). 
 
 6. All words can receive degrees of comparison (19): 
 Ascending (< geilol ) : 
 
 comparative ( pluluen ) ending in -wm, 
 superlative {pluluen) ending in -im. 
 
 Descending (bapbl) : 
 
 comparative, prefixing luumo less, 
 superlative, “ fotimo least, 
 
 Equality is expressed by so — as. 
 
 7. A degree of comparison can also be expressed by 
 derivative syllables: 
 
 Augmentatives: te-, gle -, -an, -a?, (22), 
 Diminutives: in-, in-, sma-, -ii, (22), 
 
 Negatives: no-, denotes the opposite, (29), 
 Iteratives: ai-, denoting continuous existence 
 or action (36). 
 
 Two of these syllables may be used together: lulezif 
 miserable big city, luzifil poor little town. 
 
— 68 — 
 
 NOUNS ( subsats ). 
 
 8. Nouns are frequently roots (16). They can be 
 formed from any other word by derivative prefixes or suffixes. 
 
 9. Gender (gen) is common (14), unless it is necessary 
 to indicate a distinction of sexes, in which case 
 
 Masculine (manik) is formed by prefixing om-, 
 Feminine (jilik) “ “ u “ ji - (16) 
 
 Some nouns are only used as feminines (17). 
 
 ADJECTIVES ( ladyeks ). 
 
 10. Adjectives are formed from any other word, and 
 always end in - ik (17), which becomes -lik or -nik, when it is 
 desired to express similarity with the idea of the root. 
 
 11. They are placed, as a general rule, 
 
 after their nouns and not declined (17), 
 before their nouns, in which case they are de- 
 clined (17), or 
 
 before and after , when two adjectives modify one 
 noun (51). 
 
 12. When used as nouns, they must be declined (19). 
 
 NUMERALS ( nuwmods ). 
 
 13. The numerals are either roots or derivatives, and are 
 treated as adjectives (17). 
 
 14. Cardinal numbers have the following endings : 
 
 units - 1 (19), 
 
 decimals -Is (19), 
 hundreds - turn (29), 
 thousands - mil (29). 
 
 A decimal and a unit are joined by inserting e (29). 
 
— 69 — 
 
 15. Derivatives from these are 
 
 Ordinals, ending in - id (32), 
 
 Multiplicatives, ending in 4k (36), 
 
 Iteratives, ending in ~na, - nalik ( 33), 
 
 Numeral adverbs, ending in -o (32), 
 
 Fractions, ending in -dii (33), 
 
 Distributives introduced by a (36), 
 
 Nouns and verbs (32). 
 
 16. Hour designations are variously expressed (33). 
 
 17. The English expressions “the former, the latter,” 
 “the first, the last”, are expressed by the positive degree: 
 balid or bufik y latik (== et, at ). 
 
 PRONOUNS ( ponops ). 
 
 18. Personal ( posodik ) pronouns are (14): 
 
 ob I ol thou om he of she os it on one 
 
 obs we ols ye oms they ofs they ons you 
 
 They are nouns and declined as such (18). 
 
 19. Reflexive ( geflekik ) pronouns are the same as the 
 personal, except the third person, which is ok , oks -self, 
 -selves (18). 
 
 20. Reciprocal ( rezipik ) pronoun is balvotilc each other, 
 or the adverbial balvoto (40). 
 
 21. Possessive ( labedik ) pronouns are either 
 Adjectives formed from the personal pronouns (18), or 
 Possessive case of the personal pronoun (18). 
 
 22. Demonstrative ( jonik ) pronouns are (19): 
 
 at this it self ut that one 
 
 et that ot same 
 
— 70 — 
 
 They are adjectives, except ut , and are generally the 
 same for all genders, but can receive, if necessary, (19) a 
 Feminine ending -of, 
 
 Neutral ending -os* 
 
 23* Interrogative (sakol) pronouns are (23) a 
 Radical noun : Aim, kif who?, /as what ?, 
 
 Radical adjective: kiom, kiof . , Aios which, what, 
 Derivative adjectives : kimik what kind of a, kimid 
 
 which in order, kimidnik how many kinds of. 
 
 24* Relative ( getefamik ) pronouns are 
 kel who, which, that (19), 
 aifcd! whoever (36)* 
 
 They are declined as nouns and are generally the same 
 for all genders, but can receive the feminine ending -o/, and 
 the neutral -os, if necessary (19). “That which, what” is 
 translated by atos kel or simply kelos , “whatever” by aikelos. 
 
 25. Indefinite ( nefumik ) pronouns are the following 
 
 Nouns: 
 
 alim everybody 
 ek somebody 
 nek nobody 
 ans some (plural) 
 Adjectives : 
 
 alik every, each 
 anik any, some 
 nonik , no, none 
 sembal some... or other 
 bofik both 
 somik such 
 semik a certain 
 
 som such 
 bos something 
 nos nothing 
 votim another one 
 
 leldik many a 
 votik other 
 valik all 
 
 modik much, many 
 nemodik a little, few 
 modumik several 
 
— 71 — 
 
 VERBS (velibs). 
 
 26. All nouns (16) and numerals (32) can be used as 
 steins of corresponding verbs. 
 
 27. Conjugation ( konyug ) is the same for all verbs (13). 
 
 28. Persons ( posods ) are expressed by using the personal 
 pronouns as suffixes (14). The present indicative of the ac- 
 tive voice has no other sign* 
 
 29. Tenses ( timafoms ) are distinguished by prefixes (25): 
 
 Present 
 
 ( patiip ) 
 
 prefix 
 
 a-' 
 
 Past 
 
 (pdtup) 
 
 u 
 
 d- 
 
 Present perfect (petup) 
 
 (t 
 
 e- 
 
 Past perfect 
 
 (pitup) 
 
 u 
 
 i- 
 
 Future 
 
 (pot Up) 
 
 It 
 
 0- 
 
 Future perfect 
 
 (putup) 
 
 C‘ 
 
 u- 
 
 30. The same prefixes are used to indicate stages in ad- 
 verbs of time (25). 
 
 31. A durative mode (paitiip) of all tenses can be formed 
 by inserting an i immediately after the usual tense prefix (36). 
 
 32* Modes (bids) are distinguished by suffixes, added to 
 the various tenses and persons of the indicative : 
 
 Indicative 
 
 ( jenabul ) 
 
 suffix 
 
 none 
 
 (14), 
 
 S u bj u ncti ve (mbgabid) 
 
 u 
 
 da 
 
 (35), 
 
 Conditional 
 
 (stipabid) 
 
 u 
 
 - ov 
 
 (35), 
 
 Imperative 
 
 ( budabid ) 
 
 u 
 
 -bd 
 
 (32), 
 
 Jussive 
 
 (leblidabid) 
 
 u 
 
 -oz 
 
 (32), 
 
 Optative 
 
 (vipabid) 
 
 ll 
 
 - 08 
 
 (32). 
 
 In addition to these generally recognized forms, there are also, for those who 
 want to use them, a 
 
 miitabid, signifying obligation, from which there is no escape, and formed 
 from the future tenses by exchanging the prefix o- for 6-: opelom he 
 must pay, and a 
 
 miikabid signifying a mild statement of duty, and distinguished by the 
 suffix ox. pemolbx he might, should pay. 
 
 *) Not expressed in the indicative mode of the active voice. 
 
■72 — 
 
 33. By adding suffixes to the verb stem are formed the 
 
 Infinitive (subsatabid) suffix - bn (16). 
 
 Participle ( ladyekabid ) suffix -ol (38). 
 
 These can be formed from all tenses, and may also re- 
 ceive the personal endings like other modes: pukobon my 
 speaking, piikobol I the speaker. 
 
 34. As a noun the infinitive only is used, as an adjec- 
 tive the participle (39). 
 
 35. The infinitive preceded by al ( diseinabid ) denotes 
 design or intention (30). 
 
 36. Voice ( fom ) is of two kinds: 
 
 Active ( [dunafom ), and 
 
 Passive ( sufafom ). 
 
 The passive voice is formed either by 
 prefixing a p - to the active (28), or by 
 binon with a passive participle (29), but with a slight 
 difference in meaning. 
 
 37. Only a transitive ( lovegolik ) verb has both active 
 and passive voice, an intransitive ( nelovegolik ) only the ac- 
 tive (57). 
 
 ADVERBS ( ladvelibs ). 
 
 38. Adverbs are either roots or derivatives. 
 
 39. Derivative adverbs always end in -o (19), and can 
 be derived from all other parts of speech, as 
 
 nouns : 
 adjectives : 
 numerals : 
 pronouns : 
 verbs : 
 
 prepositions : 
 conjunctions : 
 
 delo by day, 
 blefiko shortly, 
 balo at once, 
 oko in itself, 
 pledolo in playing, 
 diso below, 
 edo in connection. 
 
— Y* — 
 
 40. The greater part of adverbs, that are formed in 
 English from adjectives, may in Volapiik be derived from 
 the corresponding noun, for the sake of brevity ; blefo , modo , 
 flento , instead of blejiko , modiko , flentiko. 
 
 41. Some adverbs of place receive a different form to 
 indicate direction (19); and interrogative adverbs beginning 
 with ki- have a relative form beginning with kel- (26). 
 
 42. They are generally placed after the verb, except 
 the negative and interrogative adverbs, which precede it 
 (14, 51). 
 
 PREPOSITIONS ( pldpods ). 
 
 43. The prepositions are either roots or derivatives. 
 The latter end in -iL 
 
 44. They are always followed by the subjective case 
 
 ( 12 ). 
 
 45. The correct use of some prepositions requires atten- 
 tion (58). 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS ( kmyuns ] ). 
 
 46 Conjunctions are used as in English, They are fol- 
 lowed by the indicative mode, unless the nature of the sen- 
 tence requires the subjunctive (85). 
 
 INTERJECTIONS ( Imteleks ). 
 
 47. Interjections are either roots or derivatives. In the 
 latter case, they end in -o: adyo farewell! bafd well done!, 
 
 stopo halt ! 
 
 QUESTIONS (sabs). 
 
 48. All questions are indicated by the prefix li - (21), 
 except when the sentence contains an interrogative pronoun * 
 
 or adverb (22) > 
 
— 74 — 
 
 CONSTRUCTION {stub). 
 
 49. The sentence (set) should be as simple as possible, 
 and no involved constructions made use of. 
 
 50. The usual order of the principal words in a sentence 
 is (51): interrogative pronoun or adverb (ponob u ladvelib sd - 
 k'dl), subject (subyet), negation ( nesiam ), predicate (sesag) y 
 adverb of time (ladvelib timik) } direct object (lobyet dinilc ), 
 indirect object (lobyet pdsodik ). 
 
 51. Qualifying words follow the noun which they qualify 
 (12, 17). 
 
 52. The predicate agrees with its subject in number and 
 gender. 
 
 53. Words in apposition ( latopams ) agree in number and 
 case: oils dokela Smith , nilela obik the children of Dr. Smith, 
 my neighbor* 
 
 54. Complements of time, weight and measure are in 
 the subjective case (23). 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS (blefams). 
 
 55* The following abbreviations are frequently employed 
 in Volapiik literature : 
 
 a. b. = atos binos that is to say, 
 a. s. — as sam for instance, 
 e.l. — e lemanikos and so forth, 
 
 D. 0. == dunan or divodikun olik yours truly, 
 
 S * L.=s6l lofik dear sir, 
 vp — volapvk , 
 vpa= volapiika, etc. 
 
 WORD FORMATION (vodafomam). 
 
 56 * Words are either roots, compounds or derivatives/ 
 
— 75 — 
 
 57. Roots (stamav'dds) are monosyllables and generally 
 nouns (16). 
 
 58. Compounds ( vods pekosiadol ) have the first part in the 
 possessive form (42). 
 
 59. Derivatives ( vods pededugol ) are formed either by 
 prefixes or suffixes. 
 
 60. The principal prefixes are : 
 d- denotes past tense (25), 
 
 air denotes durative mode (36). 
 
 ba - (from 6a£), Eng. uni- or mono-: bafom uniformity, 
 basilab monosyllable. 
 
 6a-, lower (in names) : Badeut Lower Germany. 
 be - increases the meaning of the stem: belobon approve, or 
 makes an intransitive verb transitive : belijon animate. 
 beno-, well, good : benosmel perfume. 
 bevo-y Eng. between: bevotlidon step between. 
 bevu-, Eng. inter-: bevunetik international. 
 bi- (from bifii), Eng. fore-, pre- (of place): bipuk preface. 
 bu- (from bufu -) denotes precedence in quality : bugolon 
 excel. 
 
 bu- (from bufu), Eng. fore-, pre- (of time) : bmagon 
 predict, 
 
 da- completes the idea of the stem (45). 
 
 . de -, Eng. away, off, de-: deflekbn deflect, turn away. 
 denvr , Eng again : denulogbn see again. 
 d£-, Eng. asunder, de- (49). 
 
 disa-, Eng. under, sub-, vice- : disaklots underclothes, 
 disakonsal vice consul. 
 
 dt6-, Eng. through, per- (of space) : dugonon run through. 
 e - denotes present perfect tense (25). 
 fe - denotes turning aside (45). 
 
— 76 — 
 
 fd; Eng. for- (45). 
 
 ge-, Eng* back, re- (49). 
 
 gi -, Eug. right: giw.ekbn make right. 
 
 gle - (from glet ), Eng. capital or principal, chief : glezif capi- 
 tal city, glenom principal rule. 
 i- denotes past perfect tense (25). 
 ji - denotes feminine gender (16). 
 
 Ice-, Eng. along : keblinon bring along. 
 
 ki -, interrogative (19). 
 
 kila-, Eng. tri- : kilagul triangle. 
 
 ko- } Eng. together, con-: koblirion bring together. 
 
 kit-, Eng. cubic : kiimet cubic meter. 
 
 Id -, literally “by”, “near”, denotes proximity: lagivon add. 
 lafa-j Eng. half: lafanisul peninsula. 
 le - denotes increase (22). 
 
 len - signifies approach or junction : lensumbn accept. 
 li- , interrogative (22). 
 
 lopa -, Eng. upper (in names) : Ldpatdl Upper Italy. 
 
 Eng. over, head : lopatidel head teacher. 
 love - (euphonic form of ove ), Eng. trans-, across : lovepolbn 
 translate. 
 
 lu -, diminutive (22). 
 
 lit- signifies motion toward : lukomon arrive, 
 mi- signifies wrong action : migebon abuse, miplidon dis- 
 please. 
 
 mo-, Eng. away, off : mogolon go away, 
 mo-, Eng. poly-: momat polygamy, 
 ae- denotes negation (29). 
 
 neba -, Eng. side-: nebacem sideroom, nebabled supplement. 
 nin- (before a word commencing with two consonants ni-) 
 is in with a prefixed n, because no verb can begin with 
 a vowel : ninldn inland. 
 
— 77 — 
 
 o- denotes future tense (25), 
 
 p- denotes passive voice (28), 
 
 pa/-, Eng, double : palvokal diphthong. 
 
 pie -, Eng. pre- : plepalon prepare. 
 
 plo-, Eng. pro- : ploy eg project. 
 
 plu- denotes exaggeration : plumafik immoderate. 
 
 pos-, Eng. after-, post- : pospendd postcript. 
 
 sd-, Eng, dis- : sajondn disfigure. 
 
 se -, Eng. ex-, e-, out : sesedon export, sevok'un call out. 
 
 sir distinguishes the constellations : Siber The Bear, 
 
 sma-, diminutive prefix (23), 
 
 su- ( sus -), Eng. on, im- : suseiton improve. 
 
 susi-j Eng. up : susiglofon grow up. 
 
 to-, Eng. contra-, re- : tapukon contradict. 
 
 tela-, Eng. bi- : telapukik bilingual. 
 
 tu- denotes excess : tuvat inundation. 
 
 I'd- denotes antiquity : ulfot primeval forest. 
 va~, Eng. square : vafut square foot. 
 vd- (from valik ), Eng. every : vddelo every day. 
 zi Eng. around, circum- : zilogam circumspection. 
 
 61. The principal suffixes are : 
 
 -a possessive case in the singular (11). 
 
 - ab denotes concrete nouns : litab candle. 
 
 -ah personal nouns with an idea of passivity: Idfiib darling. 
 - ad concrete nouns : lomibad umbrella. 
 
 -af names of animals (48). 
 
 -af names of flowers : kamdf camelia. 
 
 -al personal names, same as -el, with the idea of superior- 
 ity : tikal great thinker. 
 
 -dl abstract nouns denoting mental quality or disposition 
 ( 44 ). 
 
78 — 
 
 - am abstract nouns denoting action (45). 
 
 -an personal names : bdledan old man. 
 
 -tin names of countries (48). 
 
 -ap concrete nouns (without special significance). 
 
 -as possessive case in the plural (12). 
 
 -at concrete nouns, bordering on an abstract idea : poedat 
 poetry. 
 
 -tit, Eng. -ity : nettit nationality. 
 
 -av names of sciences (44). 
 
 -del, Eng. -day (48). 
 
 -dil, Eng. -part (88). 
 
 -e indirect objective case in the singular (11). 
 
 -ed of varying significance (45). 
 
 -ef a collection of persons : legate/ embassy (48). 
 
 -eg concrete nouns (without special significance). 
 
 -el personal names, denoting a performer (16). 
 
 -em a collection of things : bledem foliage. 
 
 -en generally names of trades and industries : buken print- 
 ing establishment. 
 
 -es indirect objective case in the plural (12). 
 
 -et abstract nouns (without special significance). 
 
 -i direct objective case in the singular (11). 
 
 - ib concrete nouns (without special significance). 
 
 -id ordinal numerals (32). 
 
 -ik adjectives (17). 
 
 -il diminutives (22). 
 
 -im, Eng. -ism : militemim militarism. 
 
 -in chemical substances : yodin iodine. 
 
 -ion, Eng. -ion in numerals (29). 
 
 -ip names of diseases : ladip heart disease. 
 
 -is direct objective case in the plural (12). 
 
— 79 — 
 
 -it the same as -lit. 
 
 4a subjunctive mode (35)* 
 
 4i sign of interrogation (21). 
 
 4ik adjectival ending (17)* 
 
 -lit birds : lapinlit bird of prey. 
 
 -na iterative numerals (33). 
 
 -nik adjectival ending (17). 
 
 -o adverbs (19). 
 
 -0 interjections (73). 
 
 - ob first person singular (14). 
 
 - obs first person plural (14). 
 
 -od without special significance. 
 
 -6d imperative mode (32). 
 
 -of feminine third person singular (14). 
 
 -of abstract nouns, Eng. -ship, -ness, etc. (48). 
 -ofs feminine third person plural (14). 
 
 -ok sometimes used for reflexive verbs (40). 
 
 - ol second person singular (16). 
 
 -61 participles (38). 
 
 -ol second person plural (14). 
 
 -om masculine third person singular (14). 
 
 -6m collection of implements (48). 
 
 - oms masculine third person plural (14). 
 
 -on indefinite third person singular (14). 
 
 -on infinitives (16). 
 
 -ons denotes the person addressed politely (14). 
 -op divisions of the earth (47). 
 
 -op nouns denoting a place (47). 
 
 -os indefinite third person singular (14). 
 
 -os optative mode (32). 
 
 -ot without special significance. 
 
— 80 — 
 
 -02 jussive mode (32). 
 
 -s plural number (12). 
 
 -tim seasons (43). 
 
 -ii prepositions (73), 
 
 -ub without special significance, 
 
 - Yib without special significance. 
 
 -ild points of the compass (48). 
 
 -udel member of a class (48). 
 
 - ridel days of the week (43). 
 
 -vf musical terms (44). 
 
 -ug traits of character : sdvug uncommunicativeness. 
 
 ~ug, Eng. -ship, -ness, etc. (48). 
 
 -til names of the months (43). 
 
 -um comparatives (19). 
 
 -ilm musical terms (44). 
 
 -tin superlatives (19). 
 
 -up designations of time (48). 
 
 -ved, Eng. -ward, -ways : flanived sideways. 
 
 62. Example of word formation : 
 
 ROOT : PUK language. 
 
 1. Suffixes. 
 
 pvk language — pnkik belonging to language 
 
 pukon speak — pvkonabid or -mod manner of speaking 
 pvhatidd teacher of languages — puTcapdJc fault of language 
 motapvk mother tongue — volapiik universal language 
 pulcat speech — pukatil little speech — pvkaton make a speech 
 telapukat dialogue 
 
 pukav philology — pllkavik philological 
 
— 81 — 
 
 puked sentence — pvkedik sententious 
 
 pilkedavbd proverb — pukedavodik proverbial 
 vdlapvked device, motto 
 
 pukd orator — pukelik oratorical — mdpvkel polyglot 
 pukof eloquence — pukofik eloquent 
 
 pukofav rhetoric — pukofavik rhetorical 
 p'nkot talk — pukotik talkative — piikotof talkativeness 
 okopukot monologue 
 
 2. Prefixes. 
 
 bipuk preface — bipvkik prefatory — bipvkbn to preface 
 
 depiik a contest — depiikon to contest 
 
 gepiik an answer — gepvkdn to answer 
 
 lepuk affirmation — lepukon affirm — lepuked maxim 
 
 lenpvk a harangue — lenpvkon to harangue 
 
 livapuk acquittal — livapukbn acquit 
 
 lupuk chattering — lupukon to chatter — lupukel chatterer — 
 lupukem gossiping — lupukot twaddling 
 lupukhm stammering — lupvklon stammer — lupvklel 
 stammerer 
 
 mipilk slip of the tongue — mipukon make mistake in speaking 
 nepvk silence — nepukik silent — nepilkon be silent 
 sepiik pronunciation — sepukik pronounceable 
 sepukon pronounce 
 
 tapvk contradiction — tapnkik contradictory — tapvkdn contra- 
 dict. 
 
- 82 — 
 
 KEY TO THE EXERCISES. 
 
 EXERCISE I* 
 
 1. He is bad. 2. The father is good. 3. Father and mother are 
 good. 4. The child has the {or a) book. 5. The knife belongs to the 
 gardner. 6. The man’s dog is large. 7. The scholar has books and knives. 
 8. They praise the man’s sons. (The sons praise the man). 9. The books 
 belong to the children’s mother. 10. The father is at home and also the 
 mother. 11. The scholars are in the garden or in school. 12. 0 father, 
 the knives belong to the sons of the gardner. 
 
 1. Lob fata binom gletik. 2. Buks julelas binoms gudik. 3. Lobom 
 sonis gadela. 4. Neif lonom fate e mote ; ldnom i sones. 5. 0 mot, 
 mans binoms badik. 6. Laboms neifis ed i bukis, 7. Fat gadela labom 
 dogi mota. 8. Julels binoms in gad e laboms dogis mana. 9. Sons ga- 
 dela binoms domo ltd in gad fata. 10. Buks lonoms manes. 11. Fate 
 mot loboms cilis gadela. 12. Julels laboms bukis in jul. 
 
 EXERCISE II. 
 
 1. We do not love the chase. 2. The hunter shoots deers and hares. 
 3. The mother again cooks soup for the child. 4. The hunters have dogs. 
 5. I shoot, but I do not hit. 6. One sees already houses and men. 7. 
 You hear the thunder. 8. The sons go to school; they are industrious. 
 9. I hear that you are not in good health. 10. You praise the good 
 health of men. 11. The teacher teaches the children. 12. One praises 
 the industry of scholars. 
 
 1. Mans yagoms stagi. 2. Mot binof denu saunik, binof in kuk. 3. 
 Mots lofofs cilis. 4. Jutol, ab no dlefol lievi 5. Binos gudik, das no 
 lilobs toti. 6. Lilols tidi. 7. Son binom denu saunik, ab no golom al 
 jul. 8. Sup kukela binom badik. 9. Mens iofoms dogis. 10. Binof's 
 gudik. 11. 0 julels, no binols dutik ! 12. Logons domi fata. 
 
 EXERCISE III. 
 
 1. Youth is the most beautiful time of the whole life. 2. Your 
 brother loves beer still more than wine. 3. Our uncle’s male cook cooks 
 better wine soup than your female cook. 4. My sisters wish to take a 
 long walk ( literally make a great walk) to-day with you and with your 
 
83 — 
 
 mother. 5. What one sees, that one believes, and faith makes men 
 blessed. 6. The age of this building, which you see here, is greater than 
 one thinks. 7. Since two days I see (=1 have seen foi two days and see 
 still) there in the garden ycur gardner’s old (female) cat with three small 
 cats. 8. The house, which the architect builds for us, has more rooms 
 than yours, for in the lower story there are five large rooms and in the 
 upper story four smaller, but beautiful, rooms. 9. Your teacher’s daugh- 
 ter, to whom (the teacher or the daughter ?) that house belongs, gives 
 me three dollars and her (whose?) sister one dollar. 10. We rather eat 
 apples, but most gladly pears. 11. His younger brother has bad debts. 
 12. These men are yet youthful, but not those. 
 
 1. Deb binom gletikun badas. 2. Beatik binorns, kels klodoms. 
 3. Spatobs adelo ko jitidel obas, kela blodi logoi us. 4. Givob ofe bukis 
 jonik, kels lonoms ofe. 5. Lilob, das jiblod olik yunikumbinof maladik. 
 6. Si, binos dels lul siso jimaladikel ajotof golon al jul. 7. Jinok obik 
 labof dogis kil srnalik e jidogi bal; teli de dogs et vilof given yagele ob- 
 sik. 8. Kuk sibinom in stok lopikiin doma et. no in disik; fat labom 
 eemi okik lopo, nok obas biiledik diso. 9. Mot omik vilof fidon adelo in 
 gadacem at smalik. 10. Bumamasel obsik no vilom denu bumon juli in 
 lif oka*) lolik. 11. Jikukel obsik kukof peilasupi gudikuno, ab no me* 
 kof omi viliko. 12. No spatob adelo, ibo no labob timi. 
 
 EXERCISE IV. 
 
 1. Good morning ! (“ I wish you” is understood, which is the reason 
 of the accusative case.) What, still in bed ? How are you, my dear sir? 
 2. I thank you, very well ; and you ? 3. Do you want to take a walk 
 today? 4. Is the weather fine? 5. Where are my boots? 6. Do you 
 (ye) see that horse which the cavalry-man rides? 7. Do the horsemen 
 please her better than the hunters? 8. Don’t your sisters go to church? 
 9. Where in this city does (can) one buy the best hats and caps? 10. 
 What do your many horses eat ? 11. How many men speak the world 
 language ? 12. Which scholar does the teacher praise the most? 
 
 1. Bukil at li-lonom ole? Li-si u li-no? 2. Kim no golom viliko al 
 gltig? 3. Tidel no li-lobom duti pul as ? 4. Hat ola nulik limodo kos- 
 tom ? 5. Kostom doabs mal u vel ; e li-olik, lad obik? 6. Ligletik (or 
 lio gletik) leliats binorns, kelis jevalels at laboms. 7. Anna binof jipul 
 lejonik e so vomik; jiblod ofik Margaretil i li-ba? 8. Li-Margaretil ? 
 0 no, binof hetlik e luvomik. 9. Stom vedom badik ; li-lilols toti ? 10. 
 Logobs bodasmabedis mal su bims gada noka olik e bali us su smabim. 
 11. Fat olik li-smokom zigadis u smazigadis. 12. Kis binom**) lab ! Li- 
 binom labikum kel lodom ledomi u kellddom ludomi? 
 
 *) i. e. his own, the same person who is the subject of the sentence; omci, his, 
 would signify somebody else’s, than the subject. 
 
 **) The logical subject, which is the governing one in Volapiik, in this sentence 
 is la b. Hence binom , not binos, as the grammatical subject kis 'would require. 
 
— 84 — 
 
 EXERCISE V. 
 
 1. Goethe is and will be the great master of German poetry. 2. Has 
 your brother seen the superb church buildings in France, Germany and 
 Russia, when he traveled there. 3. Had the servant given the books to 
 the architect? 4. No, sir; but he will give them to him as soon as he 
 (will have) has got them himself. 5. Have you seen the pyramids of 
 Egypt? 6. Yes, iny young lady, we have seen them; (one has said) it 
 has been said, that it is*) the oldest buildings of mankind. 7. Will Yola- 
 piik become a language of the whole world? 8. Whence did ye come? 
 Whither do ye go? 9. Out of the caterpillar, that you saw yesterday in 
 our garden, there will soon be a butterfly. 10. The waitress will bring 
 you coffee at once, as soon as the cook has made it. 1 1 . The serving-man 
 John will get eight or nine marks for his work week alter next. 12. Will 
 not the large snakes eat our fish? 
 
 1. Agiipan, Herodotus sagom, iibinom lan agiipanelas. 2. Jidti- 
 nel elemof adelo fit is plodoabs jol; mot it esagof osi**) obe. 3. Lusanels 
 obizugoms tiedi , fientels kafi, deutels bili. 4. Kiop poedal elodom, keli 
 menad milagom? 5. Lusanel igivom obe smazigadis bizugik. 6. Dom 
 lufata obik alabom in stoks tel cerais ziil, smacemis jol e kuki bal. 7. 
 Sosus ukomols, ogivob oles bukis kil noka obik. 8. Botel ablinom vini 
 blode obik, plo kel adanom omi e agolom. 9. Fientels id elaboms poeda- 
 lis. 10. Cheops agiipanel ebumom piri gletikiin. 11. No ekomom nog, 
 bi no elabom timi. 12. Jveizels, kelis alogob's edelo, apukoms piikis tel, 
 deutiki***) e flentiki, ab no lusaniki. 
 
 EXERCISE VI. 
 
 1. This shoe (has been made) is made of most excellent leather. 2. 
 In the morning coffee with milk is drunk, at noon meat is eaten, in the 
 evening bread and butter ( literally butter-bread) with fruit. 3. In a 
 single hour ten letters can be written by no one. 4. That tone is too low, 
 wherefore it can hardly be heard at the door of the room. 5. At night 
 the sound fortunately is always heard much farther than in the day- 
 time. 6. Drink is with difficulty done without by men, food more easily. 
 7. Unfortunately the hunter’s wife has been shot, ( without that help could 
 be brought her) without any possibility of bringing her help. 8. My 
 friend’s house at the gate had been insured nineteen years ago for 40,000 
 dollars. 9. Rome was not built in one day. 10. The victory is ours, but 
 five hundred of oursf) have been killed in one battle. 11. The enemies 
 were conquered and 2480 of them were driven back to the city. 12. 
 
 *) Binoms , because the logical subject is bumots . 
 
 **) Osi , not omi, because it has reference to the whole preceding sentence, 
 which is considered as a neuter. 
 
 ***) Declined, because it stands alone in the place of a noun, 
 t) Obsikas is declined, because it is used as a noun. 
 
— 85 
 
 Thirteen stags had been shot day before yesterday in our forest, and to- 
 morrow more than twenty will be killed* 
 
 1. Buts e juks pamekoms de skit. 2. Tal palodom fa plu ka balrnil 
 foltum balion mens. 3. In diips tel neflens piivikodoms, e mans veltum 
 yelselud omas pifunoms in pug bifii fot. 4. Tonod no li-polilom vemo 
 fagiko in nebel ? 5. Mans balselul ko yagadogs mal pelogoms neito in 
 pomagad nebii dom flena olik. 6. Kelop pasmokos, i padlinos. 7. Pened 
 podesedom odelo foviko. sosus pupenom. 8. Glikels pavikodoms fa ro- 
 mels, ab romels ya biifu yels telmil fa deutels. 9. Man pofik nelabom 
 valikosi; labom tobo bodi al fid5n, kelkod yuf mutorn pablinon ome. 
 10. Doms te nemddik akanoms pabumon ayelo in zif obas gletik, kel pa- 
 lddom nu fa mens jolsetelmil kiltum lulsefol. 11. Tied pobizugom egelo 
 fa lusanels plo vendelafid, ab tobo fa flentels. 12. Adelo volapiik papii- 
 kom ya fa mens plu ka lulsmil. 
 
 EXERCISE VII. 
 
 1. Be it so ! Every man must speak the truth. 2. Tell me every- 
 thing, that ye have heard. 3. Let ail soldiers fight valiantly for the 
 country ! 4. Will you please stay with our sister a moment ! 5. Today 
 I have not time, it is already a quarter to eight. 6. I assure you that I 
 have written this letter nine times already. 7. Pardon, please, if I dis- 
 turb you. 8. Which day (of the month) did we have yesterday? or What 
 day (of the month) was it yesterday ? 9. It was the 31st. 30. In the 
 
 same time the soldiers had shot for the 87th time. 11. Ten times reading*) 
 is not yet enough. 12. Do not eat the fruit, for in the first place it is not 
 ripe yet, and in the second place you are not in good health. 
 
 1. Solats lanimalik no nelabomsoz zibi e dlini. 2. Zifs rnodik pe- 
 bumoms telidno. 3. Esagob ome ya turana, das podanom fa nek plo atos. 
 4. Pakomiposoz lanimalko plo fatan. 5. Deutels evikodoms kilna in 
 laf telid yelatuma at: in yel balmil joltum malsefol, in yel balmil joltum 
 malsemal ed in yels balmil joltum vels e veisebal. 6. Noolemob domi in 
 zif, ibo balido kostom doabs telsefolmil e telido no oblibob is in Melop. 
 7. Del kimid binos adelo ? 8 Dup kimid binos ? 9. Binos ya dup bal- 
 sebalid (or balsebal) e foldil bal. 10. Blibolos nog timilo e fdsefolos obis, 
 dasokomol odelo al zendelafid; no visitol obis sato ofen. 11. Fogivolos ! 
 No kanob adelo, bi labobs lievayagi gletik, ab ovisitob olis uvigo. 12. 
 Givolod lulelis tel pla balsel bal jipule at ! 
 
 *) Note that Volapiik uses the infinitive form of the verb as a noun, not the 
 participle, as is done in English. 
 
86 — 
 
 EXERCISE VIII. 
 
 1. Brave champions are honored by all nations. 2. After working, 
 one is generally hungry and thirsty. 3. What do you usually eat after- 
 wards? 4. The ancient Germans used to drink a great deal of wine. 5. 
 This sentence is sufficiently simple, so that you should have understood 
 it. 6. Would he not have come long ago, if he had not had a hundred 
 different things to do? 7. Of course I should go to the theater, if I had 
 time. 8. Deers would have been shot by the hundred this year, if the 
 hunters had hit better. 9. Every fifth one of the soldiers has been killed, 
 because two hundred were killed out of a thousand. 10. That tone was 
 heard four times by each one of us all. 11. Those nations have ever 
 been the happiest, that were continually united. 12. In whichever direc- 
 tion we look, we see instances of God’s goodness. 
 
 1. Alonedobov penedi obik, ab peneds lonediklin no binoms egelo 
 gudikiin*). 2. Potiit aibinom kukel gudikiin, as neliim aibinom kava- 
 masel gudikiin. 3. Agolofov vadelo al teat ko jiflen okik, if alabof-la e 
 moni e timi. ..4. A mils neflens okomomsov ini fatan obsik, if no oviko- 
 dobs-la. 5 Agolobbv suemiko al zif, if no alabob-la vobi kilik al du- 
 non. 6. Elen obik asagom obe, das apod a kilid apodabima gletikiin in 
 pomagad omik no nog abinom madik. 7. Ko galod gletikiin visitobov 
 noki olik, if binom-la domo 8. Neiijels ailofoms velati mdaiko. 9. 
 Abinosdv**) stim lanimalikeles pafunon plo fatan. 10. Lusanels aidli- 
 noms tiedi se glats, deutels se bovils. 11. Puls lodoms a vel cemis doma 
 gletik, kel pebumom nebii jui omas. 12. God nedalos ! Ibinosov jonik, 
 ab no akanos binon ! 
 
 EXERCISE IX. 
 
 1. The earth turns around its axis in 24 hours, and about the sun in 
 36534 days. 2. Those machines are moved by steam. 3. Our machine 
 operator has struck himself on the hand. 4. Let whomsoever can save 
 himself! 5. She has sent a letter to herself in Volapiik. 6. He smiled 
 himself, when I told him that they wili come yet today. 7. This has been 
 a dear victory; there are 700 dead and more than 2000 wounded counted.' 
 8. Bring my friend the glass bought yesterday without breaking it, I 
 pray. 9 We have bathed (ourselves) eight days in the river or in the 
 lake with the sons of our neighbor. 10. On the seashore the water of the 
 rivers mingles with the water of the sea. 11. See there a needy and sick 
 man ! 12. I believe that this***) gentleman and lady have seen each 
 
 other before. .. 
 
 *) Notice, that the second clause in English implies a condition: ‘‘if it were 
 not true that the longest letters,” etc. 
 
 **) The conditional clause is implied in the phrase' “to be killed”='if they- 
 were killed. 
 
 ***) is used in the plural, because it refers to both nouns = sol at e l&d at. 
 
— 87 — 
 
 1. As tal, sol i tulom zii xab okik. 2. Mit pekukol binom saunikum 
 ka no pekukol. 3. Neflens pevikodbl aniloms Jani obsik. 4. Vin pemi- 
 gik ko vat obinom saunikum ole; sumob it omi. 5. Fieri obik nilol agF 
 vom nami okik obe nen piikon. 0. Nilels nilikiin no kapaloms balvo- 
 tiki is, ibo piikoms piikis difik. 7. Fien obik asavom oki se vat. 8. No 
 banolsod olsi adelo in mel ! 9. Mens daiebik no voboius gudiko. 10. 
 
 Vikodon oki binos vikod gletikiin, ab i sugiv fikulikun. 11. Stun menas 
 abinom gletik, ven alogoms pesavolis nilii jol. 12. Fiumavat valik no 
 migom oki ko vat mela. 
 
 exercise x. 
 
 1. Not a week passes without work: both Monday and Thursday we 
 have working in the garden, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday 
 we work at home, only Sundays and great holidays is it permitted us to 
 rest. 2. The year is divided into four seasons and each season in three 
 months. 3. Winter commences with the beginning of December, spring 
 with March, summer with June, autumn with September. 4. The divi- 
 sion of the calendar is another, for according to the calendar we count for 
 instance summer from June 2 1st until September 23d, though already in 
 the first weeks of June the heat frequently gets to be great and already in 
 the beginning of September the weather becomes fall-like. 5. A quartet 
 of university students is now singing in our city, one of wdiom is a good 
 solo singer. 6. Geography describes the earth and investigates the pre- 
 sent condition both of the earth in general and the separate countries; 
 geology is the basis of geography and explores the causes of its condition. 
 
 7. My friend’s mother has given him a large share of her possession. 
 
 8. His uncle is a professor of medicine. 9. At our university there are 
 many more theologians than jurists. 10. What do natural-scientists 
 study? 11. They study physics and chemistry, mineralogy, botany and 
 zoology; they study also mathematics, without an understanding ofwhi di 
 natural science cannot be thoroughly grasped. 12. The mind of man 
 needs rest and obtains it through sleep. 
 
 1. Kukcm zibi binos lebalik vobei baludelik, keli dalobs. 2. Fogi- 
 volos, sol, das no akomob adelo; ifogetob loliko clupi luliidelik. 3. Gle- 
 flen omik binom men gudik, ab no edatuvom zelado giinapuri. 4. Tikav 
 binom dil filosopa. 5. Blod olik li-studom pukavi u gletavi? 6. Niver 
 obsik enumom nog nevelo so modikis studelis godava as in lafavel at. 7. 
 Baliido in tira obsik nat sola ekanom pastudon stabiko. 8. Lukilogain 
 zifa olsik de loveg ovi belem nilelik binom lejonik. 9. In nifatim nifos 
 e giadajukon, in flolatim plokon flolis. 10. Gabs et liegik laboms labe- 
 dis gletik in Nugan. 11 . Vobei at pbfik pefedugom dub pof . okik al tifon. 
 12. Li-logols bimis et geilik len jols flumik ? 
 
— 88 — 
 
 EXERCISE XI. 
 
 1. In Australia there are neither monkeys nor foxes, on the whole no 
 animals of prey, but in the other parts of the earth there are no pouch 
 animals except some few in America. 2. Berlin, the chief city of Ger- 
 many, is situated in the North German plain. 3. Stettin lies northeast 
 from Berlin, Leipzig on the contrary southwest. 4. Has the time of 
 life of men grown longer in our century? 5. The North American agri- 
 cultural implements are much better than those of the Europeans. 6. It 
 is a widespread error that England lies further nortli than Northern Ger- 
 many. 7. The savageness of Africans and Australians has often been 
 exaggerated. 8 In the summer of this year we shall travel to the county 
 of Glatz, the beautiful mountain country of Silesia. 9. The members of 
 the third grade have returned by railroad, those of the second on the 
 contrary walked back on foot. 10. Cato always used to say: “Carthage 
 must be destroyed”. 11. A change of time has been made yesterday by 
 all the railroads. 12. The mountain ranges of Spain are much higher 
 than those of Saxony. 
 
 1. Glebelems melopik setenoms nolusuliido, silopiks lefuvesudo. 2. 
 Bels geilikiin de Cordilleras Suliimelopa binoms filabels. 3. Glezif 
 Bayana seistom mets lultum ove mel, ut Spiina maltum. 4. In balsul 
 yela balmil foltum ziilsetel Columbus adatiivom Melopi. 5. l)anii flenof 
 noka olik atuvob slupopi in kafdp nilikiin du stom badik adelo. 6. Ju- 
 lels gesagoms sotimo tidele nen meditdn. 7. Vendelo bufu mated in tel- 
 dik zif e pag deutik domom taimik e glatik nog paidiblekom bifu do- 
 mayan. 8. Turanafot paivisitom vayelo fa foginels lemodik. 9. Gletam 
 labedas kolunik neiijelas sis yelatum biifik binom stunik. 10. Kinan 
 deutik evobom labedi lovemelik oka gletikiin in Lefufikop. 11. Vesu- 
 vius Tala binom lebalik filabel dunik fimiina yulopik. 12. Cinan labom 
 ninlodelis modikum ka Yulop ldlik. 
 
 EXERCISE XII. 
 
 1. Anna’s father remembers having seen a lady dressed in a new 
 black silk dress and a yellow straw hat, when he landed in New York on 
 the fourth of July 1870. 2. The Cavendish’s have always been prominent 
 in the history of England. 3. I am too sick to call on your mother this 
 week. 4. You see the sparrows on that tree, don’t you? 5. Yes, sir, I 
 do, and I believe there are at least fifteen. 6. You have written Messrs. 
 Braun & Co., have you not? 7. No, sir, but I shall today. 8. You are 
 not going to school tomorrow, are you? 9. Yes, gentlemen, indeed we 
 are ! 10. Send me a can of milk, but do assure yourself that the milk can 
 
 is cleaned, before you pour in the milk. 11. The state of Pennsylvania is 
 much larger than the kingdom of Saxony. 12. Men had once few needs; 
 but tlte needs and wishes of the present men are daily getting more numer- 
 ous, although one could be satisfied with less. 
 
— 89 
 
 1. Balmil joltuiu jolsejol nialul telsid diip malid godela jiblod obik, 
 kel amotof in zif London, obinof baledik yels kil. 2. Linos labik das no 
 ebinoms modiks Warren Hastings’s ( Hastings Uorn) in Nidan. 3. Dokel 
 Johnson (Consn) Samuel, bukel makabik baiida vodabuka nelijik, adei- 
 lom in yel balmil veltum jolsefol. 4 Li-evudol ya fleni olik? 5. Si, Hid 
 obik. 0. Li-okomom adelo ? 7. Si, okoniom zelado avendelo, e sosus 
 unakomom okeblinob omi al visiton oil. 8. Deblinolod fladi vina se kay 
 e pladolod vinaglatis fol su tab in gad. 9. Binom so neliimik, das klodob 
 das okanob-la dlinon keni iolik sago de vat somik, keli zif New Orleans 
 givom one. 10. Suludo de tat Texas piiblig Mexico seistom, kele alonom 
 vono. 11. Vat binom zesiidik in dom alik al dlinon, yatukon e kukon ; 
 tim okomom nevelo. keliip okanon nelabon omi. 12. Men alik nedom 
 kemeni okik, bi nek kanom mokon valikosi soalik. 
 
 EXERCISE XIII. 
 
 Stockholm, April 30, 1887. 
 
 Walter Jones, Esq., Milwaukee. 
 
 We have received an order of 2000 dollars from Messrs. Leroy & 
 Jerome in your city. Not knowing these gentlemen at all, we beg you to 
 investigate whether they enjoy a large credit at home. We promise you 
 in advance, that we shall use carefully your communication and assure you 
 that it would be a great pleasure for us to be able to serve you in a similar 
 case. 
 
 We are yours, most sincerely, 
 
 Lind & Hageby, 
 Milwaukee 1887 lulul 26d, 
 
 Soles Lind e Ilageby, Stockholm. 
 
 No kanob givon oies nuni fiimik do tedadom penomodol in pened 
 olsik de 30d mu la biifik. Sols Leroy e Jerome laboms lemacemi gletik 
 in glesiit zifa, ab nolob nosi tefii monameds oinsik. Konsalob oles pen on 
 sole Belmar in Chicago, kel labom fetanis tedik ke oms sis yels mo-? 
 
 dumik. 
 
 Spelob das okanob binon pofiidikum oles votikna. 
 
 Divodikiin olsik, 
 
 Walter Jones, 
 
 EXERCISE XIV. 
 
 American Advertising. 
 
 One night last winter enormous posters had been pasted on the walls 
 of New York, on which was printed in gigantic letters: THE PRESI- 
 DENT. . . .MURDERED. But when those walking along came nearer, 
 
— 90 — 
 
 they could read other words in much smaller letters, so that the entire 
 announcement was as follows: 
 
 THE PRESIDENT would have been MURDERED 
 by cold and dampness, 
 if he had not worn for two years 
 James Wight’s woolen shirts, 31 New Street. 
 
 POKAGLOK NEDELIDIK. 
 
 Sol sembal, labol senedi feinik, akomom vono in lemacem glokate- 
 dela de Wien ed adesidom das pajonoms-la ome pokagloks goliidik vola- 
 das difik. Alemom bali plo maks turn ed amogolom. Pos minuts ne- 
 modik agekomom, sagol das abizugom gloki*) jonikum. Asevalom bali 
 de maks teltum luls e iisagom glokatedele: ‘‘Egivob ya ole makis turn, 
 eko glok de maks turn, keli gegivob ole, sikodo debob nog makis luls”. 
 Apelom makis lul okik e glokatedel akitom noati, danol milna bone- 
 deii nulik. 
 
 ) Note that glok means “timepiece”, i. e. both “watch” and “clock”, and 
 that it is not necessary to state but once that the story is about a pokaglok pocket 
 timepiece. 
 
YOLAPUK-ENGLISH VOCA BULARY. 
 
 jSSTThe vowels a, 6, ii are arranged as independent letters, following immediately 
 after a, o and u respectively. 
 
 a each (before numeral ad- 
 aft but [verbs), per 
 
 abu on the contrary 
 abilzendelo this forenoon 
 adelo today 
 
 aibonedel regular customer 
 aikel whoever 
 aikelbp wherever 
 aikelup whenever 
 al to 
 
 alik every, each 
 alim everyone 
 anik any, some 
 ans some (persons) 
 
 B 
 
 ba possibly, I suppose, prob- 
 
 bad badness, evil [ably 
 
 badik evil 
 
 badlik bad 
 
 bakon bake 
 
 bal one 
 
 balad union 
 
 baladik united, harmonious 
 
 apod apple 
 
 as as, in the capacity of 
 
 at this, the latter 
 
 aveadelo this evening, tonight 
 
 avigo this week 
 
 ayelo this year 
 
 adelo yesterday 
 
 Agupdn Egypt 
 
 dgilpdnel an Egyptian 
 
 dgupdnik Egyptian 
 
 cd toward (a place) 
 
 as as, like 
 
 dsif as if 
 
 balam agreement 
 balid first 
 
 balido firstly, in the first place 
 
 balik simple 
 
 ballon million 
 
 balna once 
 
 balnik of one kind 
 
 balo at once 
 
— 92 
 
 bals ten 
 
 balsebalul {babul) November 
 
 balsel a ten ($10-bill) 
 
 balsetelat dozen 
 
 balsetelul ( [batul ) December 
 
 balsnalik taking place ten 
 
 balsul October [times 
 
 baludel scholar in the first 
 
 balul January [grade 
 
 baludel Sunday 
 
 baludo for the first time 
 
 balum solo 
 
 balvotik each other 
 
 balvoto reciprocally 
 
 banon bathe 
 
 Baydn Bavaria 
 
 bdlebukat antiquarian book- 
 
 bdled age [store 
 
 bdledat antiquity 
 
 bdledik old, aged 
 
 beatik happy, blessed 
 
 bed bed 
 
 beg prayer 
 
 begin beginning 
 
 beginon begin 
 
 began pray, beg 
 
 bel mountain 
 
 belem mountain range 
 
 belemaldn mountain country 
 
 Beljdn Belgium 
 
 beno well, good (adv.) 
 
 benovip well-wishes, congratu- 
 
 bepenon describe [lation 
 
 bevii between, among 
 
 bevunetik international 
 
 bev'uno meanwhile 
 
 hi because 
 
 bib bible 
 
 bid mode, kind, species 
 bifo ahead, in front 
 bifu (before a vowel bif) be- 
 fore (in place), in front of 
 bil beer 
 him tree 
 binon be 
 
 biseo in advance, beforehand 
 
 bisiedal president (ofarepub- 
 
 bisiedel presiding officer [lie) 
 
 bizugik excellent 
 
 bizugon prefer 
 
 bldgik black 
 
 bled leaf, journal 
 
 blefik brief 
 
 blekon to break 
 
 blibon remain, stay 
 
 blinbn bring 
 
 Mod, brother 
 
 Mbf proof 
 
 Mud blood 
 
 bluf test, sample 
 
 bluk brook 
 
 bluf trial, attempt 
 
 hoad wood (material) 
 
 bod bread 
 
 bofik both 
 
 bolit politics 
 
 boned order, a thing ordered 
 bonedam order (action), sub- 
 scription 
 
 bonedel , customer, subscriber 
 
 bos something 
 
 bov platter 
 
 bovil cup 
 
 bob pocketbook 
 
bod bird 
 
 bwmatabel builder, carpenter 
 
 boladon to charge, debit 
 
 bumot building (completed) 
 
 hotel waiter 
 
 bumon to build 
 
 bufil (before a vowel buf) be 
 
 but boot 
 
 fore (in quality), ahead of bad order, command 
 
 bvk book 
 
 bufik former, preceding 
 
 bukakolet library 
 
 bufo before (conjunction) 
 
 hukdkoletel librarian 
 
 bufil (before a vowel buf) be- 
 
 bukam bookkeeping 
 
 fore (in time), previous 
 
 bnkatedam bookstore 
 
 bukel printer [to, ago 
 
 bvkel author (of a book) 
 
 bukon to print 
 
 bum building (action) 
 
 bun pear 
 
 bumamasel arch i tect 
 
 buzendel forenoon 
 
 c. 
 
 cifal general manager 
 
 eal office (function) 
 
 ccdel officer 
 
 cifel head of a department 
 
 can merchandise 
 
 cil child 
 
 c'il position (employment) 
 
 cin machine 
 
 can change (money) 
 
 Cindn China 
 
 cem room, chamber 
 
 cog joke, fun, wit 
 
 cen change 
 
 cod justice 
 
 cif chief, leader, director 
 
 codel justice, judge 
 
 D. 
 
 da through (a place) 
 
 dat so that, in order that 
 
 dabalik single, separate 
 
 datikbn excogitate, invent 
 
 daduk education 
 
 datuvon invent 
 
 dageton attain, reach 
 
 datuvbn discover 
 
 dalebon be in need, be poor 
 
 dawestig'on explore 
 
 dalon dare 
 
 dalon permit, allow 
 
 dan thanks 
 
 de from, of 
 
 danon to thank 
 
 deb debt 
 
 danu thanks to 
 
 deblinbn bring out, fetch 
 
 das that 
 
 debon owe 
 
94 — 
 
 deilon die 
 del day 
 
 delidik dear, high-priced 
 delids cost, expenses 
 deliko daily 
 delo in the daytime 
 denu again 
 denuam repetition 
 desanon intend 
 desedon send off 
 desidon desire, ask 
 desin purpose 
 det right (hand) 
 detul detail, retail 
 Deut(dn) Germany 
 deutel a German 
 deutik German 
 dibik deep 
 
 diblekon break to pieces 
 
 difik different 
 
 dil part 
 
 dilo partly 
 
 din thing, object 
 
 dis under 
 
 diseinu for the purpose of 
 disik lower 
 diso below 
 disopendd signature 
 disopenon to sign 
 distukon destroy 
 
 disu below 
 
 divodik devoted 
 
 died fear 
 
 dlefon hit 
 
 dlin a drink 
 
 dlinon to drink 
 
 do although 
 
 doab dollar 
 
 dog dog 
 
 dokel doctor 
 
 dol pain 
 
 dom house 
 
 domo at home 
 
 doniom household goods 
 
 dot doubt 
 
 do of, about, regarding 
 
 du while, during 
 
 dub through, by means of 
 
 dugon direct, lead 
 
 dukon to guide 
 
 dun act, deed 
 
 dunan agent 
 
 dunik active 
 
 dunon act, do 
 
 dut industry (application) 
 
 dutik industrious 
 
 dun service 
 
 dilnan servant 
 
 diinel domestic servant 
 
 dup hour 
 
 E. 
 
 e (before vowels ed ) and, e-e ek somebody 
 
 both — and eko see here, here is 
 
 edelo day before yesterday et that (pronoun) 
 
 egelo always evelo ever 
 
— 95 — 
 
 fa by 
 
 fablild factory 
 fag farness, distance 
 fagik far 
 fed fall, case 
 
 falim failure (commercial) 
 falo in case (conjunction) 
 fat father 
 
 feitein fatherland, native 
 fag capacity, ability [country 
 feb trade (occupation) 
 fed federation, alliance 
 fedugbn mislead, seduce 
 fegebon consume 
 fegolon pass away, perish 
 fell field (cultivated) 
 feilom agricultural imple- 
 ments 
 
 feinik fine, distinguished 
 fenik tired 
 fetan connection 
 fiam firm (commercial) 
 fid meal 
 fidon eat 
 
 fied fidelity, faithfulness 
 Fikop Afrika 
 fikopel an African 
 fikopik African 
 fikulik difficult 
 fil fire 
 
 filabel volcano 
 filosop philosophy 
 fim firmness 
 
 fimtin mainland, terra firma 
 fin end, conclusion 
 
 F. 
 
 fined finger 
 fino finally, at last 
 fit fish 
 field bottle 
 fiapon strike 
 fieri friend 
 
 flenof friendliness, amiability 
 
 Flent(ari) France 
 
 flentel Frenchman 
 
 flentik French 
 
 fienilg friendship 
 
 fliton fly 
 
 flodon freeze, feel cold 
 flol flower 
 
 fiolatim spring (season) 
 
 floton freeze, form ice 
 
 fiuk fruit (anything that 
 
 finkatim autumn, fall [grows) 
 
 flum river 
 
 foet savage 
 
 foetof wildness 
 
 foginel foreigner 
 
 fell four 
 
 foldil quarter 
 
 folna four times 
 
 fols forty 
 
 folul April 
 
 foliidel Wednesday 
 
 foliim quartet 
 
 fat forest, wood 
 
 fovik rapid, quick 
 
 fovo, foviko quickly, at once 
 
 foxaf fox 
 
 fogeton forget 
 
 fogivon forgive 
 
96 — 
 
 fosefon assure 
 
 fran franc (money) 
 
 fugon flee 
 
 fulik full 
 
 furion kill 
 
 fut foot 
 
 futel walker 
 
 gab Count, Earl 
 gabef county 
 gad garden 
 gadel gardner 
 gadom garden tools 
 gased journal, gazette 
 gasin gas 
 gal joy 
 
 gdlod pleasure 
 gdlon rejoice 
 gebon use 
 
 gedlanon drive back, repulse 
 gegivon return (give back) 
 geilik high 
 
 gekbmon return (come back) 
 
 gepukbn to answer 
 
 gesagon to reply 
 
 geton get, receive 
 
 gevegbn return (to journey 
 
 gianik gigantic [back) 
 
 git law, right, justice 
 
 giiav jurisprudence 
 
 gitavel jurist 
 
 givon give 
 
 glad ice 
 
 gladajuk skate 
 
 gladajulcon to skate 
 
 futelbn walk, go afoot 
 futo afoot 
 fildik future 
 fumik precise, positive 
 fusild physics, natural phi- 
 fut foot (measure) [losophy 
 
 G. 
 
 glaf sword 
 gldt glass 
 
 gleflen bosom friend, intimate 
 glem grain, cereals [friend 
 glen grain (kernel) 
 glesilt principal street 
 glet greatness, size 
 Gletabritdn Great Britain 
 gletam increase 
 gletav mathematics 
 gletik great, large 
 glezif capital city 
 glid greeting, salutation 
 Glik(dn ) Greece 
 glikel a Geeek 
 glikik Greek 
 glofon grow 
 
 glok timepiece, clock, watch 
 glok bell 
 glilg church 
 glunik green 
 God God 
 godav theology 
 godavel theologian 
 gok cock 
 golon go 
 gollld gold 
 
goliidik of gold, golden 
 gorion run 
 gbdel morning 
 godelo in the morning 
 gon favor 
 gud goodness 
 
 hat hat 
 
 hetik hateful, detestable 
 hetlik ugly 
 
 i (before vowels id) also 
 ib, ibo for, because 
 if if 
 
 ifi even if 
 in in 
 ini into 
 
 jad shade 
 jafon create 
 jaf business 
 jek fright 
 
 jel shelter, protection 
 
 jen fact, history 
 
 jenon take place, happen 
 
 jeval horse 
 
 jevalel cavalry -man 
 
 jiblod sister 
 
 jibbtel waitress 
 
 jidog bitch 
 
 jidunel maid servant 
 
 - 07 - 
 
 gudik good 
 gudlik kind 
 gudbf kindness 
 gul angle 
 gun coat 
 gun gun 
 
 H. 
 
 hit heat 
 
 hitatim summer 
 hoi mile 
 
 I. 
 
 is here 
 isa hence 
 isi hither 
 
 isik this, the present 
 it self 
 
 J. 
 
 jifit spawner 
 jiflen female friend 
 jigok hen 
 
 jil female (of animals) 
 
 jimatel wife 
 
 jinok aunt 
 
 jip sheep 
 
 jipul girl 
 
 jireg queen 
 
 jison daughter 
 
 jistclg hind 
 
 jit shirt 
 
 ritidel female teacher 
 
— 98 — 
 
 jivobel laboring woman 
 Jlesan Silesia 
 jol shore, bank 
 j orion show, point 
 jol eight 
 jols eighty 
 jolul August 
 
 jonik beautiful, handsome 
 joton close, end, conclude, stop 
 j niton enjoy 
 
 juk shoe 
 jul school 
 julel scholar 
 juton shoot 
 ju till, until (prep.) 
 jils until (conj.) 
 Jveiz(dm) Switzerland 
 jveizel a Swiss 
 jveizik Swiss 
 
 K. 
 
 ka than 
 had card 
 kadem academy 
 leaf coffee 
 kafop cafe 
 
 kalam calculation, account 
 
 kaled calendar 
 
 kalod cold 
 
 kalon calculate 
 
 kam plain (surface) 
 
 kanitel singer 
 
 kaniton sing 
 
 kanon be able, can 
 
 kap head 
 
 leaped intelligence 
 
 kapdlon understand 
 
 kapdlub understanding 
 
 kat cat 
 
 katad capital (money) 
 katil kitten 
 
 kautik careful, prudent 
 kav cellar 
 kavamasel host 
 kdd cash 
 ke , see ko 
 
 keblinon bring along 
 
 kel (, kelof kelosj who, which, 
 
 kelkod for which reason [that 
 
 kelop where 
 
 kelup when 
 
 Icemen fellow-man 
 
 ken can, gallon 
 
 kid kiss 
 
 kiem chemistry 
 
 kif, feminine form of kim 
 
 kik key 
 
 kikod why ? 
 
 kikon to look 
 
 kil three 
 
 kilid third 
 
 kilik triple 
 
 kilna thrice 
 
 kils thirty 
 
 kilsebalid thirtyfirst 
 
 kiludel scholar of the third 
 
 kilul March [grade 
 
 kiludel Tuesday 
 
 kim who ? 
 
 kimid which (in order) ? 
 kimik what kind of a ? 
 
— 99 — 
 
 Icinan realm, empire 
 Icirion dare, have courage 
 kiof, feminine form of kiom 
 kiom which ? what ? 
 kios, neutral form of kiom 
 kidp where ? 
 kidpa whence? 
 kidpi whither ? 
 kis, neutral form of kirn 
 kit receipt (for money, etc*) 
 kiup where ? 
 
 Mad class 
 klebon to paste 
 klif cliff, rock 
 klig war 
 
 Mil clearness, lucidity 
 Him vice 
 Hindu to clean 
 Hop crop, harvest 
 Hot dress 
 kloidn to dress 
 Hod faith, belief 
 klodat credit 
 Modem believe 
 kldf cloth 
 
 Hub club, association, society 
 ko (before o Ice) with 
 
 L 
 
 lab property 
 labed possession 
 labdn have 
 lad heart 
 
 ladet address (direction) 
 iaf a half 
 lafab alphabet 
 lafayel semester 
 
 kod cause, reason 
 
 kodon to cause 
 
 kol toward (a person) 
 
 kolun colony 
 
 kolunik colonial 
 
 komip combat, fight 
 
 komipel combatant, champion 
 
 komipon to fight 
 
 komii in the presence of, before 
 
 Icon story, relation 
 
 konsdldn advise 
 
 konsdlem congress 
 
 Icop body 
 
 koston cost 
 
 kotenik content 
 
 kol color 
 
 kdmon come 
 
 kdn corn 
 
 kdsel cousin 
 
 kdton cut (with edge-tools) 
 
 kritik Christian 
 
 kud care 
 
 kuk kitchen 
 
 kukel a cook 
 
 kukon to cook 
 
 kuliv culture, civilization 
 
 kiib cube 
 
 lajik half 
 lainik woolen 
 laic lake 
 lam arm 
 lan soul 
 
 layxed country (not city) 
 lanedat agriculture 
 lanim spirit, force 
 
100 ■ 
 
 lanimcil courage, bravery 
 lanimalik brave 
 lapin rapine, prey 
 lapinanim predatory animal 
 latik late, tardy 
 Id near by 
 
 lab fortune, luck, happiness 
 labik fortunate, happy 
 Uibo fortunately 
 lad lady, Mrs. 
 
 Ian land 
 
 Idnon to land 
 
 latik latter, last 
 
 lebalik sole, only, unique 
 
 lebeno very well 
 
 lebob bank, banking house 
 
 ledik red 
 
 ledom palace, castle 
 
 lefulnik complete 
 
 lefud east 
 
 Lefudan Orient 
 
 legletik enormous, immense 
 
 lehdt helmet 
 
 leig equality 
 
 lejonik beautiful, handsome 
 
 lekan art 
 
 lekanel artist 
 
 lei iron 
 
 lelit lightning 
 
 lelod railway 
 
 lemacem store 
 
 lemasel grand master 
 
 lemon buy, purchase 
 
 len by the side of, on 
 
 lenad learning 
 
 leno not at all, by no means 
 
 lenun advertisement 
 
 leod order, arrangement 
 
 lep monkey 
 
 lesagon assert, assure 
 
 lesi yes indeed !, certainly 
 
 lesin crime 
 
 lesol great lord 
 
 lestim esteem, great respect 
 
 leton let, allow 
 
 leul oil 
 
 leyan gate 
 
 lib liberty, freedom 
 
 lieg wealth, richness 
 
 liegik wealthy, rich 
 
 liev hare, rabbit 
 
 lif life 
 
 lif on live 
 
 lif up lifetime 
 
 liko how ? 
 
 likof quality, condition 
 lil ear 
 
 liladon read 
 Mon hear 
 Urn limb, member 
 limep emperor 
 limodik how many ? 
 lineg tongue 
 linn around, about 
 lit light 
 
 liv delivery, absolution 
 lob praise 
 lobon to praise 
 log eye 
 
 logon see, look 
 lot rose 
 lom home 
 Ion law 
 loned length 
 
101 — 
 
 lonedik long 
 
 lufidon devour, eat (of ani- 
 
 lonedotimo long ago 
 
 lugivon lend [mals) 
 
 lonedon lengthen, prolong 
 
 luhdt cap 
 
 lot guest 
 
 luimik wet 
 
 loted hotel 
 
 lukilogam view, outlook 
 
 lotop inn 
 
 lukomed advertising dodge 
 
 love across [ belaloveg) 
 
 lul five 
 
 loveg pass (mountain pass 
 
 lulel a fi ve ($5-bill) 
 
 lovemelik transmarine 
 
 lulid fifth 
 
 lovik low (not loud) 
 
 luls fifty 
 
 lodbn inhabit, dwell, live 
 
 lulul May 
 
 lof love 
 
 luludel Thursday 
 
 Ibfik beloved, dear 
 
 lupab caterpillar 
 
 loflik lovely, agreeable 
 
 Lusdn Russia 
 
 lofbn to love 
 
 lusdnel a Russian 
 
 lolik entire, whole 
 
 lusdnik Russian 
 
 lomib rain 
 
 lustom storm, tempest 
 
 lonbn belong to 
 
 lut air 
 
 Ibpik upper, superior 
 
 luum less 
 
 Ibpo above (adv.) 
 
 luilno at least 
 
 l&pu above (prep.), over 
 
 luvomik effeminate, old- 
 
 Lostan ( Lbstakin ) Austria 
 
 Ulen degree [womanish 
 
 lubov plate 
 
 lufat father-in-law 
 
 ludom cottage, hut 
 
 lug mourning 
 
 luf grape 
 
 luxam luxury, extravagance 
 
 lufat step-father 
 
 
 M, 
 
 ma in accordance with 
 
 man man 
 
 madik ripe, mature 
 
 mandl manliness 
 
 maf measure 
 
 masel master 
 
 mafod moderation 
 
 mat marriage 
 
 mag image, drawing, picture 
 
 mated wedding 
 
 male mark (money) 
 
 matel husband 
 
 mal mark, sign 
 
 mdgbn to be allowed to, may 
 
 malddde sick 
 
 malcabik celebrated 
 
 malddbfik sickly 
 
 mal six 
 
102 — 
 
 metis sixty 
 
 mdlul June 
 
 mdludel Friday 
 
 me with, by means ot 
 
 mebon remind 
 
 medin medicine 
 
 medinav medical science 
 
 mediton meditate, consider, 
 
 meid meadow [reflect 
 
 meil meal, flour 
 
 mekon make, accomplish 
 
 mel sea 
 
 Melop America 
 
 melopel an American 
 
 melopik American 
 
 mem memory 
 
 memon remember, recollect 
 
 men man, human being 
 
 menad humanity, mankind 
 
 menal humanity, benevolence 
 
 menalik humane 
 
 menik human 
 
 met meter (measure) 
 
 migon mix 
 
 mil thousand 
 
 milagon admire 
 
 mileg butter 
 
 milegabod buttered bread, 
 milig milk [bread and butter 
 milit army, military 
 7Yiilna a thousand times 
 min mineral 
 
 minav mineralogy 
 minut minute 
 mit meat 
 
 mod mode, manner, method 
 mofo away 
 mofon drive 
 mon money 
 
 monitel horseman, rider 
 moniton ride horseback, be 
 mot mother [mounted 
 
 motof birth 
 
 moton bear, give birth to 
 mob furniture 
 
 mod numerousness, multitude 
 
 miodik many, numerous 
 
 modo much 
 
 modumiks several 
 
 mog possibility 
 
 mogik possible 
 
 mokon prepare (make up) 
 
 mblodon to murder 
 
 mon wall 
 
 mud mouth 
 
 muf movement 
 
 mufam motion 
 
 muf on move 
 
 mul month 
 
 mun moon 
 
 musig music 
 
 muton be obliged to, must 
 mill mill 
 
 muton compel, force 
 
 N. 
 
 na, (before vowels wag) after nakbmon arrive 
 
 nad needle [(conj.), when nam hand 
 
 naf ship namapen handwriting 
 
103 
 
 namdt manufacture 
 namun trade (work) 
 nat nature 
 
 natav natural science 
 natavel naturalist 
 ndgon sew 
 nebel valley 
 
 nebil (before a vowel neb) by 
 the side of, beside, next to 
 ned need, necessity 
 nedalon forbid, prohibit 
 nedelidik cheap 
 nedet left (hand) 
 nedon need, have need of 
 nedut laziness, idleness 
 nefikulik easy 
 neflen enemy 
 negelo at no time 
 negit wrong, injustice 
 neif knife 
 neit night 
 neito at night 
 nek no one 
 
 nelabbn do without, want, 
 neldbo unfortunately [miss 
 Nelij(dn) England 
 nelijel Englishman 
 nelijik English 
 velum thirst 
 nelumik thirsty 
 nem name 
 
 nemodik not much, a little, 
 nemon call, name [few 
 
 nen without 
 nendas without (conj.) 
 nesion deny, refuse 
 net nation 
 
 nev nerve 
 
 nevelo never 
 
 ni — ni neither — nor 
 
 nid brilliancy 
 
 Niddn India 
 
 niddnel Hindu 
 
 nidian Indian (American) 
 
 nif snow 
 
 nifatim winter 
 
 nif os it snows 
 
 nig ink 
 
 nil vicinity 
 
 nilel neighbor 
 
 nilik near 
 
 nilon approach 
 
 nilll near, close by 
 
 nim, animal 
 
 nimav zoology 
 
 nindilam division 
 
 nindilon divide 
 
 ningifon pour in 
 
 ninlodel inhabitant 
 
 nisul island 
 
 niver university 
 
 no no 
 
 noat bill, invoice 
 nodt banknote, bill 
 nog yet, still 
 vol knowledge 
 nolbn know 
 nolud north 
 
 Noludeut North Germany 
 nolulefud north east 
 Nolumelop North America 
 nolumelopik North American 
 nom rule 
 
 nomik normal, regular 
 
— 104 - 
 
 nonilc no, none 
 
 nos nothing [tisement 
 
 not announcement, adver- 
 novo , li-novo is it not so? 
 nog egg 
 ndJc uncle 
 
 nbmodon mention, name 
 not nut 
 nu now 
 
 nud nose 
 Nugdn Hungary 
 nuik present, existing 
 nulik new 
 num number 
 numon to count 
 nun information 
 nunon inform 
 nun communication 
 
 o. 
 
 obi 
 
 obik my 
 obs we 
 obsik our 
 odelo tomorrow 
 of she 
 
 ofen often, frequently 
 ofik her 
 
 ofs they (women) 
 ofsilc their 
 ok himself, herself 
 okik his own, her own 
 oks themselves 
 oksik their own 
 ol thou, you 
 olik thy, your 
 
 ols ye, you 
 
 olsik your 
 
 om he 
 
 omik his 
 
 oms they (men) 
 
 omsik their (men’s) 
 
 on one, some one 
 
 onik one’s 
 
 ons you 
 
 onsik your 
 
 os it 
 
 ot the same 
 
 ove above (in place) 
 
 ovi over 
 
 ovu over (motion) 
 o ah ! what ! 
 
 P. 
 
 pab butterfly 
 pag village 
 pakion to spread 
 pam palm-tree 
 
 pat particularity, speciality 
 pdkon to pack 
 Pebaltats United States 
 
 peil pea 
 pelbn pay 
 pen pen 
 pened letter 
 penon write 
 pir pyramid 
 pla instead of 
 
— 105 — 
 
 plad place 
 
 pladon to place, put 
 
 plan plant 
 
 planav botany 
 
 pld besides, aside from 
 
 pie , see plo 
 
 pled play 
 
 pleid pride 
 
 plek prayer (to God) 
 
 plidbn please 
 
 plo (before an o pie) for 
 
 plo fed professor 
 
 plon complaint 
 
 plbkon pluck 
 
 plop success 
 
 plu more 
 
 pliidon to like 
 
 po after (in place), behind 
 
 poed poetry (the art) 
 
 poedal great poet 
 
 poedel poet (in general) 
 
 pok pocket 
 
 pokaglok watch 
 
 polon carry 
 
 pom fruit (tree fruits) 
 
 pon bridge 
 
 pop people 
 
 pos after (in time) 
 
 poso afterwards 
 pot post, mail 
 potastit post office 
 pozendel afternoon 
 pof poverty 
 pdfik poor 
 
 p'df 'ud advantage, usef ulnes 
 pdfudik useful 
 pok fault 
 pdlub error 
 . polild loss 
 
 poraeton to promise 
 pbn punishment 
 pop paper 
 posod person 
 pbtet potato 
 
 potll on the occasion of 
 
 potut hunger 
 
 potutik hungry 
 
 pug battle 
 
 pul boy 
 
 pur powder 
 
 publig republic 
 
 pad \ peace 
 
 puk speech, language 
 pukau philology 
 pukbn speak 
 
 R. 
 
 reg king Rom Rome 
 
 regakindn kingdom romel a Roman 
 
 rel religion romik Roman 
 
 rig origin 
 
106 - 
 
 S. 
 
 sab sand 
 sagon say, tell 
 sale sack, pouch 
 sal salt 
 
 sam example, as s. for in - 
 sanel physician [stance 
 
 sap wisdom 
 satin silk 
 saun health 
 
 saunik sound, well (in good 
 
 savon save, rescue [ health ) 
 
 Saxan Saxony 
 
 sago even 
 
 sctk question 
 
 sdto enough, sufficiently 
 
 sdton suffice, be enough 
 
 se out of, from 
 
 sedan send, forward 
 
 sefon insure, make safe 
 
 segun according to 
 
 seiston lie, be situated 
 
 seit position 
 
 seiton to place, put 
 
 sek result, consequence 
 
 sel sale 
 
 selon sell 
 
 sembal some... or other 
 semik one, a certain 
 sened an exterior 
 senon feel 
 set sentence 
 setenon extend 
 sevalon select 
 
 sevon know, be acquainted 
 si yes [with 
 
 sidm sense (understanding) 
 sibinon exist, be 
 sid seed 
 sied seat 
 
 siedon sit, be seated 
 
 sien sense (the five senses) 
 
 sif citizen [guished) 
 
 sikik prominent (distin- 
 
 sikod therefore, consequently 
 
 sil heaven, sky 
 
 silef silver 
 
 Silop Asia 
 
 silopik Asiatic 
 
 sin sin 
 
 sis since 
 
 siso since that time 
 
 skil skill 
 
 skit leather 
 
 slaf slave 
 
 sleb stair 
 
 slep step, grade 
 
 slip sleep 
 
 sludon resolve, make up one's 
 
 slupop hiding place [mind to 
 
 smabed nest 
 
 smabel hill 
 
 smabim bush, shrub 
 
 smabov plate 
 
 smacem chamber 
 
 smal smallness 
 
 svialik small 
 
 smazigad cigarette 
 
 smek taste (sense) 
 
 smel smell 
 
 smilon laugh 
 
— 107 
 
 sinokon smoke 
 
 smulon smile 
 
 snek snake 
 
 so so, thus 
 
 soalik alone, solitary 
 
 sod but (after negation) 
 
 sodas so that, in order that 
 
 sog society 
 
 sogii in the company of 
 sol sun 
 solat soldier 
 som such (noun) 
 somik such (adj.) 
 son son 
 
 sosus as soon as 
 sotimo sometimes 
 sol Sir, Mr. 
 sot duty 
 
 soton owe it, be one’s duty 
 spad space 
 spalon spare 
 
 spat walk (for pleasure or ex- 
 
 spaton take a walk [ercise) 
 
 spdlon save, be saving 
 
 Span Spain 
 
 spdnel Spaniard 
 
 spar sparrow 
 
 spdon to hope 
 
 spid haste 
 
 spidon hurry up 
 
 spodon correspond 
 
 stab basis, foundation 
 
 stabik thorough 
 
 stad state, condition 
 
 stadon be (in a certain con- 
 
 stam stem, trunk [dition) 
 
 station to stand 
 
 stag hind 
 stein standard 
 stedik straight 
 stel star 
 stem steam 
 
 stemacin steam engine 
 stenied strength 
 stenudik strong, mighty 
 step step, footstep 
 stil stillness 
 stim honor 
 stimon to honor 
 stimu in honor of 
 slit establishment 
 stof cloth 
 stol straw 
 stom weather 
 ston stone 
 stopbn stop 
 
 stive story (of a house) 
 stud study 
 studel student 
 studbn to study 
 stuk construction 
 stum instrument, tool 
 stun astonishment 
 stui style 
 stum esteem 
 su on 
 
 suam sum, total 
 snemik intelligible 
 suemiko of course 
 suemon grasp, comprehend 
 sufon suffer, endure 
 sugiv task, lesson 
 sukbn follow, succeed 
 sullid south 
 
— 108 — 
 
 Siilumdop South An] erica 
 
 mluvesiido sou t h westerly 
 
 sumon seize, take 
 
 suno soon 
 
 sup soup 
 
 sus over 
 
 msi upward 
 
 T 
 
 ta against 
 tab table 
 taim clay 
 talced rest 
 talcedon to rest 
 takon be quiet 
 tal earth 
 
 taladil division of the earth 
 
 tala,v geology 
 
 taled geography 
 
 Talop Australia 
 
 talopel Australian 
 
 tat state 
 
 Tats pebalol, see Pebaltats 
 
 Tdl(dn) Italy 
 
 tdvon to travel, journey 
 
 te only 
 
 teat theater 
 
 ted trade, commerce 
 
 tedadom commercial house, 
 
 tedel merchant [firm 
 
 tedilc commercial 
 
 tefu concerning, regarding 
 
 teg cover 
 
 tel two 
 
 teldik many a [time 
 
 telidno for the second [place 
 telido secondly, in the second 
 
 suso up 
 
 sud custom, morals 
 
 sukbn seek, search 
 
 sill heaven (spiritual) 
 
 sumik ] ike, similar, analogous 
 
 sut street 
 
 Sved(dn ) Sweden 
 
 telion billion 
 telna twice 
 tels twenty 
 
 teludel scholar in the second 
 
 telul February [grade 
 
 teludel Monday 
 
 tenal eternity 
 
 tenon stretch 
 
 tep tempest, storm 
 
 ti almost 
 
 tid instruction, doctrine 
 
 tidel teacher 
 
 tid'on teach 
 
 tied tea 
 
 tif theft 
 
 tifel thief 
 
 tifon steal 
 
 tik thought 
 
 tikdl mind, spirit 
 
 tikam thinking 
 
 tikav logic 
 
 tiko7i think 
 
 tim time 
 
 timil moment, instant 
 timilo a little while 
 tlep dread, fright 
 tlod consolation 
 tof drop 
 
109 
 
 
 ton tone, sound 
 
 tonab letter (o i the alphabet) 
 
 tonod sound (physical pheno- 
 
 top place, locality [menon) 
 
 tob exertion, trouble 
 
 tobo hardly 
 
 tot thunder 
 
 tu too 
 
 tab barrel 
 
 tudunon exaggerate 
 tug virtue 
 
 u 
 
 u (before vowels ud) or 
 uf — ud either — or 
 umo more 
 us there, yonder 
 usa thence 
 
 V 
 
 va whether, if 
 vab wagon 
 vaf weapon 
 vag emptiness 
 val universe 
 valadon wait, await 
 valadop waiting room 
 valemo in general 
 valik all 
 
 valiko on the whole 
 valikos everything 
 valodik universal, general 
 vamik warm 
 vat water 
 vatof dampness 
 vatvkon wash 
 
 tulon turn 
 t urn hundred 
 
 tumna one hundred times 
 
 tumnik of hundred kinds 
 
 tumik h u nd red fol d 
 
 tupon disturb 
 
 tut tooth 
 
 tuv a find 
 
 tuvbn to find 
 
 Turiin Thuringia 
 
 tuv discovery 
 
 usi thither 
 
 ut that (pronominal noun) 
 uvigo week after next 
 uno most 
 
 vdddo every day 
 vddik wrong, incorrect 
 val election 
 vdyelo every year 
 vedon become 
 veg road 
 
 vegon journey, be on the way 
 
 veitik wide 
 
 vel seven 
 
 velat truth 
 
 velid seventh 
 
 vels seventy 
 
 velul July 
 
 veludel Saturday 
 
 vemo very 
 
 ven when 
 
vendel evening 
 vendelafid supper 
 vendelo in the evening 
 vestigon investigate 
 vesud west 
 vet weight 
 vetik heavy 
 vidik broad 
 vien wind 
 vietik white 
 vig week 
 vikod victory 
 vikodon conquer 
 vil will 
 
 viliko willingly 
 
 vildn be willing, wish 
 
 vin wine 
 
 vindit vengeance 
 
 vip wish 
 
 vipon to wish 
 
 vised prudence 
 
 visit visit 
 
 vob work 
 
 vobel laborer 
 
 vob'dn to work 
 
 xab axis 
 
 xam examination 
 
 110 — 
 
 vokdn to call 
 vol world 
 
 volapvk universal language 
 
 vom woman 
 
 vomik womanly 
 
 vomul Miss 
 
 vot change, alteration 
 
 votik other 
 
 votikna some other time 
 votim another one 
 votop change of place, migra- 
 votup change of time [tion 
 vob'dn acquire 
 vod word 
 
 vodabuk dictionary 
 
 vodalised vocabulary 
 
 vog voice 
 
 vogon vote 
 
 w'dlad value, price 
 
 v'dniko formerly 
 
 vono once, at one time 
 
 vul root 
 
 vun wound 
 
 vunon to wound 
 
 vudon invite 
 
 X. 
 
 xdn'dn ascend 
 xol ox 
 
 Y. 
 
 ya already 
 yag chace, hunt 
 yagel hunter 
 yagon to hunt 
 yam lament 
 
 yan door 
 
 ye (before vowels yed ) cer- 
 yeb grass [tainly, probably 
 yeg object (article) 
 yel year 
 
yelatim season 
 y datum century 
 yelibik yellow 
 yudel jew 
 yuf help 
 
 zad delicacy 
 zeil aim 
 zel festival 
 zeladel holiday 
 zeladelo on holidays 
 zen ashes 
 zendd noon 
 zenddajid dinner 
 zendelo at noon 
 zenod center 
 zeslid need, necessity 
 zesudik necessary 
 zib food 
 zid occurrence 
 
 — Ill — 
 
 Yulop Europe 
 yulopel a European 
 yun youth 
 yuniic young 
 yunlik youthful 
 
 z. 
 
 zif city 
 
 zigad cigar 
 
 zil zeal 
 
 zit occasion 
 
 ziton take place 
 
 zot ticket (not entrance t.), 
 
 zugon draw, puli [poster 
 
 zun anger 
 
 zu around 
 
 zud acid 
 
 zul nine 
 
 zulna nine times 
 zuls ninety 
 zvlui September 
 
— 112 — 
 
 ENGLISH- V 0 LA PU K VOCABULARY. 
 
 4t^The render is reminded that corresponding words, belonging to other parts of 
 speech than those here given, can be easily formed by substituting 
 the proper endings. 
 
 A. 
 
 ability fag 
 
 abl efagik, be a. karion \ba 
 about (regarding) do , (nearly) 
 above (adv.) lopo , (prep*) 
 [lop'f ove 
 
 accordance, in a. with ma 
 according to segun 
 account (mercantile) kalam 
 acid zud 
 
 act (deed) dun , to a* dunon 
 
 active dunik 
 
 admire milagon 
 
 advance, in a. biseo 
 
 advertisement not , lenun 
 
 advise koasillon 
 
 Africa Fikop [(time) 
 
 after (prep.) po (place), pos 
 
 after (conj.) na (before vow- 
 
 afternoon pozendel [els) nag 
 
 afterwards poso 
 
 again denn 
 
 against ta 
 
 age belled 
 
 agent dunan 
 
 ago biifii (precedes the noun) 
 agriculture lanedat 
 agricultural implement feilom 
 
 aim zeil, to a, zeilvn 
 air lut 
 all valik 
 allow ddlon 
 almost ti 
 alone soalik 
 alphabet la fab 
 already ya 
 
 also i (before vowels id) 
 although do 
 always egelo 
 America Melop 
 among bevil 
 
 and e (before vowels ed) 
 
 anger zun 
 
 animal nim 
 
 announce noton 
 
 another (noun) votim, (adj.) 
 
 vot.ik , a. time votikna 
 answer, to a. gesagon , gepukon 
 antiquity biiledat 
 any anik 
 apple apod 
 approach nilon 
 April folul 
 architect bumamasel 
 arm lam 
 
— 113 — 
 
 around (adv*) £mo, (prep.) 
 arrive naJcmnon [ Unit , zil 
 
 art kan y fine a. lekan 
 artist lekanel 
 
 as as , (like) ds, as if cm/ 
 
 Asia 
 
 aside from pld 
 ask (desire) desidon , (ques- 
 association klub [tion) mkon 
 assure lesagon , fosefon 
 astonishment sftm 
 
 B 
 
 bad badlik 
 bake baJcon 
 
 bank Zedod, river b, jol 
 basis sZad * 
 
 bathe barion 
 battle pug 
 Bavaria Bay an 
 be binon , (in a certain condi- 
 tion) stadon , (exist) sibinon 
 beautiful jonik, very b. lejonik 
 because di, -ido 
 become vedon 
 bed ded 
 beer dd 
 
 before (in place) bifu,(in time) 
 bufu, (in quality) bufii, 
 (=in the presence of) kornil 
 before (conj.) bi'ifo 
 beforehand biseo 
 beg begon 
 beggar lubegel 
 begin beginon 
 Belgium Beljdn 
 belief Jdod 
 
 at (near) nebii, len , (in front 
 
 attain dageton [of) bifil 
 
 attempt, to a. blvfon 
 
 August jolid 
 
 aunt jiridk 
 
 Australia Talop 
 
 Austria L'dstdn 
 
 author (of a book) bukel 
 
 autu m n flukatim 
 
 away mofo 
 
 axis xab 
 
 bell gl'ok 
 belong londn 
 
 below (adv.) diso , (prep) distt 
 
 beside nebu 
 
 besides pld 
 
 between bevll 
 
 bible bib 
 
 bill (account) noat, (bank- 
 bird bod [note) noat 
 
 birth motof 
 
 black bldgik * 
 
 blessed beatik 
 
 blood bind 
 
 body kop 
 
 book buk 
 
 boot but 
 
 born pemotik 
 
 botany planav 
 
 both bofik , b. — and e — e 
 
 bottle j Had 
 
 box bog, (small) b\)k 
 boy pul 
 
 brave lanimdlik 
 bread bod 
 
— il4 — 
 
 break blekon , b. to pieces di- 
 brewery bilen [ blekon 
 
 bridge pan 
 brief blejik 
 brilliant nidik 
 
 bring blirion , b. along keblinbn , 
 broad md?& [b. out deblinon 
 brook 
 
 brother blod , (in an order) 
 
 cafe fa/op 
 
 calculate kalon 
 
 calendar kaled 
 
 call vokon, (name) new 'on 
 
 can (gallon) ken , I c. kanob 
 
 cap 
 
 capital katad, (city) #im/ 
 card fad, playing c. fefad 
 care (looking after) fad, 
 carry polon [caution) kaut 
 case fal, in c.falo 
 cash fad 
 cat fa£ 
 
 caterpillar lupab 
 cause fad, to c. kodbn 
 cavalry-man jevalel 
 celebrated mdkabik 
 cellar kav 
 center zenod 
 century yelatum 
 certain zeladik , a c, semik 
 certainly ( expectantly ) ye , 
 (answer) lesi 
 chamber cemil , smacem 
 champion komipel 
 
 build buw'dn 
 building bumat 
 bush (shrub) smabim . 
 business jdf 
 
 but a&, (after negation) sod 
 butter mife# 
 butterfly pad 
 buy lemon 
 by /a, ( near) Id 
 
 change cen. (money) ean, (al- 
 teration) vot , c. of place 
 votop , c. of time votiip 
 charge (debit) fa£ad 
 cheap nedelidik 
 chemistry kiem 
 chief cif] (adj). expressed by 
 child cil \le- or yle - 
 
 China Oman 
 Christian kritik , a c* krit 
 church glvg 
 cigar fa/ad 
 cigarette smazigad 
 citizen sif 
 city zif ' 
 civilization kuliv 
 class klad 
 clay taim 
 
 clean klinik , to c. klinon 
 clear (lucid) klilik , (loud) 
 kleilik , (limpid) fa/k'fc 
 
 clock 
 
 close kikon, c. by nito 
 cloth fa>/, (material) 
 clothes klotad 
 
— 115 — 
 
 coat gud 
 cock gok 
 coffee kaf 
 coin kon 
 
 cold (noun) kalod , (adj.) ka- 
 colonial kolunik [ lodik 
 
 colony kolun 
 color kol 
 combat komip 
 come komon 
 command bud 
 commerce ted 
 commercial tedik 
 communication nun 
 company kopan , (mercantile) 
 kopanom , in the e* of sogu 
 compel muion , be compelled 
 complaint plon [to muton 
 complete lefulnik 
 comprehend suemon 
 concerning tefil 
 condition likdf \ stad 
 connection fetan 
 conquer vikodbn 
 consequently sikod 
 consider mediton 
 consolation tlod 
 construct stukon 
 
 daily delik , (adv») vcidelo 
 dampness vatbf 
 dare dcdbn, (have courage) 
 daughter jison [ kinbn 
 
 day del , every d. vddelo , to-day 
 daytime, in the d. delo \adelo 
 dealer tedel , d. in watches 
 glokatedel 
 
 consume fegebon 
 content (satisfied) kotenik 
 contrary, on the c* abu 
 cook kukel , female c. jikuket , 
 correspond spodon [toc.kvkbn 
 cost, to c. koston 
 cottage ludom 
 count numon , (calculate) 
 Count (title) gab [ [kalon 
 country (not city) laned , na- 
 tive c, fatdn 
 
 courage lanimdl , (daring) 
 course, of c. suemiko 
 court (persons) codef , (place) 
 codbf , (of a sovran) to 
 
 cousin 
 
 cover to c. tegon 
 create jqfdri 
 credit klbdat 
 
 crime lesin, (criminal act) 
 crop [ klimadun 
 
 cube hub 
 cup bovil 
 custom slid 
 
 customer bonedel , regular c, 
 aibonedel 
 
 cut (with edgetools) kbton 
 
 D. 
 
 dear (high priced) delidik, 
 debit bblad [(beloved) lofik 
 debt deb 
 
 December balsetelul ( batul ) 
 decide (make up the mind) 
 deed dun [sludon 
 
 deep dibik 
 degree liten> slep 
 
— 116 — 
 
 deliver (free) livon 
 deny nesion 
 describe bepenon 
 desire desid, to d* desidon 
 destroy distukon 
 detail detul 
 devoted divodik 
 devour lufidon 
 dictionary vodabuk 
 die deilon 
 different difik 
 difficult fikulik 
 dinner zendelafid 
 direct (straight) stedik, (im- 
 mediate) nemedarvik , to d. 
 discover datuvon [ dugon 
 
 discover}^ tuv, datuv 
 distinguished sikik, (fine) fci- 
 disturb tupon [nik 
 
 E 
 
 each alik , (before numerals) 
 a, e* other balvotik , balvoto 
 ear lil 
 earth tal 
 east lefud 
 easy nefikidik 
 
 eat jidbn, (of animals) lufidbn 
 
 education daduk 
 
 egg 
 
 Egypt A gilpcin 
 
 eight jol, eighty jols 
 
 either ufik , e. — or uf — ud 
 
 election veil 
 
 emperor limep 
 
 empty vagik 
 
 end fin, to e.finon 
 
 divide nindilem, 
 division nindilam 
 do durion , do without nelabon 
 doctor dokel 
 
 dog dog. female d.jidog 
 dollar doab 
 
 domestic domik, (servant) dii- 
 door yan [nel 
 
 doubt dot 
 draw (pull) zug'dn 
 dread tlep 
 
 dress kloi , to d. kloton 
 drink dlin , to d. dlirion 
 drive mofon , (push) dlarion , 
 d. back gedlanon 
 drop tot * to d. (fall) falbn 
 during da 
 duty 
 
 dwell Zod<m 
 
 endure gttfon 
 enemy neflen 
 
 engine cin, steam e. stemadn 
 England Nelij(dn) 
 
 English nelijik 
 Englishman nelijel 
 enjoy juiton 
 enormous legletik 
 enough (adj.) sdtik. (adv«) 
 entire lolik [ sat # 
 
 equality leig 
 error polub 
 especially pat(ik)o 
 establishment stit 
 esteem stum, leetum 
 eternity tepal 
 
— 117 — 
 
 Europe Yidop 
 
 European yulopik , a. E. yulo- 
 even (adv ) sago [ pel 
 
 evening vendel, in the e. ven- 
 delo , this e. avendelo 
 ever evelo 
 
 ©very alik } e. thing valikos 
 evil (adj.) i>adi/c 
 exaggerate tudunon 
 
 fable fab 
 face logod 
 fact jen 
 
 factory fablud [falim 
 
 failure neplop , (commercial) 
 faith (belief) (fidelity) 
 faith ful fiedik [fled 
 
 fall fal, (autumn) flukatim 
 false (untrue) nevelatik , (un- 
 fancy/cm [faithful) nefiedik 
 far fagik , (adv.) /ago, so f. 
 father /a^, f. -in-law [jimu 
 fault (mistake) pok 
 favor < 70 ^, in f. of gonu 
 fear died 
 February telvl 
 federation fed 
 feel senon 
 festival zel 
 few nemodiks 
 field fd, ( cultivated) feil 
 fifty luls 
 
 fight komip, to f. komipbn 
 finally fino 
 
 find tuvj to find tuvon 
 fine feinik, fbnik 
 
 examination xam 
 example sam , for e* as sam 
 excellent b izugi k 
 exertion tub 
 existence sibin 
 explore davestigun 
 extend setenon 
 exterior senedik , an e. sened 
 eye log 
 
 F. 
 
 finger fined 
 
 fire (conflagration) filed 
 firm (name) jSam, (business) 
 tedadom 
 
 first balidj in the first place 
 balido , for the f. time baludo 
 fish fit 
 
 five lid , a f. ($5-bill) lulel 
 
 flag lestdn 
 
 flee fugbn 
 
 flour meil 
 
 flower 
 
 fly (insect) fi/itav, to f . flitbn 
 follow sukon 
 
 food zib [ futo 
 
 foot /wt, (measure) fat, afoot 
 
 for (prep.) p/o (before o pfe) 
 
 for (conj.) ifro [(since) -sfs 
 
 forbid neddlon 
 
 force ncim , to fi (compel) 
 
 foreigner fogin el [ muton 
 
 forenoon bvzendel 
 
 forest fot 
 
 forget fogetbn 
 
 forgive fbgivon 
 
 former biljik, vonik 
 
— 118 — 
 
 formerly vbniko 
 fortunate labile 
 fortunately l .bo 
 forty fols' 
 
 forward f'oi, to f. (send) sedan, 
 (help along) fbdon 
 foundation stab 
 four fol 
 fox foxaf 
 
 franc (money) fran 
 France Flent(dn) 
 freedom lib 
 
 freeze (be cold) flodbn, (form 
 French flentik [ice) jloton 
 
 G. 
 
 garden gad , g. tools gadom 
 gardner gadel 
 gas gasin 
 gate leyan 
 
 general valodik, a g. genal , in 
 geography taled [g. valemo 
 
 geology talav 
 
 German deutih , a G, deutel 
 G er m any Deut(Jin ) 
 get geton , (become) vedon 
 gigantik gianik 
 guljipul 
 give givon 
 glass glcit 
 
 go #oZon, go away mogolbn 
 God God 
 
 half lafik , a h. Za/ 
 ham mev fog 
 hand nam 
 
 Frenchman flentcl 
 
 frequently o/m 
 
 Friday mdludel 
 
 friend flen, female f. jiflen 
 
 friendliness flenbf 
 
 friendship flenug 
 
 fright tlep, jek 
 
 from de, (out of) se 
 
 fruit (in general) fluk , (of 
 
 iwWfulik [trees) pom 
 
 fund fun 
 
 further fdlo, to i.fodbn 
 
 furniture mob 
 
 future fudik, the f. fuden 
 
 gold goliid , of g, goludik 
 good gudik 
 
 grain (kernel) glen , (corn) </Zem 
 grape luf g. vine 
 grasp suemon 
 grass yeb 
 
 great gletik , G* Britain Crtefrx- 
 Greece Glik(dn ) [6ro£an 
 
 Greek glikik, a G. glikel 
 green glunik 
 greet glidon 
 grow glofon 
 guest lot 
 
 guide dukel, to g. dukon 
 guilt deb 
 gun gun 
 
 H. 
 
 handsome jonik 
 handwriting namapen 
 happen jerion, zidon 
 
119 — 
 
 happy (fortunate) labile 
 hard dujik [(blessed) beatile 
 hardly t’dbo 
 hare liev 
 
 harmonious baladik 
 haste spid 
 hat hat 
 have labon 
 
 he om [ cifel 
 
 head kap , h. of a department 
 health saun , in good h* saunik 
 hear lilon 
 heart lad 
 heat hit 
 
 heaven (sky) siL (spiritual) 
 heavy vetik [sul 
 
 helmet lehdt 
 help yuf, to h. yufbn 
 hen jigok 
 
 hence (from here) isa , (there- 
 fore) sikod , (wherefore) 
 her ofik , h. own okik [kelkod 
 here is, h. is (or are) eko 
 herself (object) oki, oke , (subj.) 
 hiding place slupop [it 
 
 high geilik 
 
 hill smabel [ ( su bj . ) it 
 
 himself (object) oki , oke , 
 
 I ob 
 
 ice glad 
 idle nedutik 
 
 if if , as if even if iji 
 image mag 
 immense legletik 
 impossible nemogik 
 
 hind jistdg 
 
 Hindu nidiinel 
 
 his omik , h. own okik 
 
 history jen , (science) jenav 
 
 hit dlefon 
 
 hither m 
 
 holiday zeladel 
 
 Holland Nedcin 
 
 home lorn, at h. lomo , domo 
 
 honor s£i/n, to h. stimbn 
 
 hope spel , to h. spelon 
 
 horse jeval 
 
 horseman m.onitel 
 
 hotel loted 
 
 hour diip 
 
 house dom 
 
 how K&o f (with adj. or ad v.) 
 human menik [ lio 
 
 humane mendlik 
 humanity (mankind) menad , 
 (benevolence) mendl 
 hundred turn 
 Hungary Nugdn 
 hungry pbtutik 
 hunt yag, to h. yagon 
 hunter yagel 
 hurry up spidbn 
 husband motel 
 
 I. 
 
 in m, into ini 
 
 increase (in size) gletam , (in 
 [number) modam 
 independent itik 
 India Niddn 
 
 Indian niddnik , American I, 
 industrious dutik [nidian 
 
— 120 — 
 
 industry (application) dut, 
 (business) dustod 
 inform nun on 
 information nun 
 inhabit lo don 
 inhabitant ninlbdel 
 ink nig 
 
 inn lotop [instance as sam 
 instance (example) sam, for. 
 instant timil, (adj.) timilih 
 instead of pla 
 instrument stum 
 instruction tid 
 insure sefon 
 
 J. 
 
 January baltd 
 jew yudel 
 joke cog 
 
 journal (paper) bled , gased 
 journey tdv 
 joy mi 
 
 judge codel , to j. codon 
 
 investigate vestigon 
 intelligence kapdl 
 intelligible suemik 
 intend desdnbn 
 international bevunetik 
 invalid raalddikel , jimalddikel 
 invent (by thinking) datilcon . 
 
 (by experiment) datuvon 
 invite vudon 
 invoice noat 
 iron lei 
 island nisul 
 it os 
 
 Italy Tdl(dn) 
 
 July velul 
 June mdlul 
 jurisprudence gitav 
 j urist gitavel 
 
 just (equitable) gidik , (legal) 
 gitik , (exactly) ebo 
 justice cod, (judge) codel 
 
 K. 
 
 keep kipbn 
 key kik 
 kill furion 
 
 kind (sort) bid , (good) gudlik 
 kindness gudof 
 king reg 
 
 kingdom regakindn 
 labor vob 
 
 laborer vobel, female 1 . jivobel 
 lady lad 
 
 kiss kid, to k. kidbn 
 kitchen kvk 
 kitten kaiil 
 knee kien 
 knife neif 
 
 know nolbn , (be acquainted 
 knowledge nol [with) sevon 
 
 L. 
 
 lake lak 
 
 lament yam 
 
 land lan , to 1 . Idnbn 
 
— 121 
 
 language p'nk 
 large glelik 
 last latik, at 1 .fino 
 late (tardy) latik 
 laugh siuil, to 1 . smilbn 
 law git, (enactment) Ion 
 laziness nedut 
 
 lead, to 1 , dulcdn , 1 . astray 
 learn lenadon [feduyon 
 
 least lunun, at 1 . luu.no 
 leather skit 
 
 leave geletdn , (go away) Idvdn 
 left (hand) nedet , (adj.) nedc - 
 lend lugivdn [ tik 
 
 length lowed 
 less luum 
 lesson sugiv 
 let (allow) letun 
 letter (of the alphabet) tonal) 
 (correspondence) pened 
 liberty lib 
 
 library bukakolet 
 lie (untruth) necelad , (be sit- 
 life lif [uated) seiston 
 
 lifetime lift) p 
 
 light (noun) lit , (adj. notdark) 
 litik, (not heavy) leitik 
 lightning lelit [(adv.) as 
 
 like leiyik , (similar) sumik , 
 like, to L pi it don , lofon 
 limb lim [ dik , (adv.) nembdo 
 little smalik , a 1. (adj.) nemo- 
 live lif on, (dwell) fecfem 
 lock kikam , to 1. jfcifcon 
 logic tikav 
 
 long lone dik, a L time lonedo , 
 losspoZiid [1. ago lonedotimo 
 love 16 f, to 1. 
 
 lovely lofiik [high) foapifc 
 low (not loud) (not 
 
 lower (not upper) dmfc 
 luck Zofe 
 
 M. 
 
 machine cin 
 maid-ser van t j id unel 
 mail (post) pot 
 
 main, expressed by the prefix 
 mainland find in [ yle - or fe- 
 
 rn a jority mini an uni 
 make mek'on [man) man 
 man (human) men , (not wo- 
 mankind me i tad 
 manner (mode) mod 
 m anu fact u re nam'd t 
 many mo dik, many a teldik , 
 how many lirnddik 
 march malek , (month) fc/M 
 
 mark (sign) maZ, (money) mak 
 marriage mat 
 
 master masel , grand m. lema~ 
 mathematics gletav [sel 
 
 mature rnadik 
 
 may (I m.) mdgdn , (month) 
 meadow meul [lulul 
 
 meal fid , (flour) meil 
 means med , by in. of me, efe&, 
 by no m. fcno 
 meanwhile bevuno 
 measure maf [ence) medinav 
 medicine media , (medical sci- 
 memory mem 
 
— 122 
 
 mention nomodon 
 merchandise can 
 merchant ted el 
 meter (measure) met 
 mighty stenudik 
 mile hoi 
 
 milk milig , to m. tcton 
 million ballon 
 mind tik i 
 
 mineralogy minav [verb) 
 mingle migon oki (reflexive 
 minute (60 seconds) minut 
 Miss vomiil 
 
 miss (not have) nelabon 
 mistake pbk 
 Mr. sol 
 Mrs* lad 
 mix migon 
 mode bid, mod 
 moment timil 
 Monday teludel 
 
 N 
 
 name nem, in the n. of nemu ; 
 
 to n. (call) nemon, (men- 
 nation net [tion) nomodon 
 naturalist natavel [natav 
 nature nat , natural science 
 near (adj.) nilik, (prep.) nilu, 
 n. by len , nebu 
 necessary zesildik 
 need (need of) ned , (poverty) 
 daleb , to n. nedon , be in 
 needle nad [n. dalebon 
 
 needy (poor) dalebik 
 neither - norm — ni 
 new mdik 
 
 monkey lep 
 month mid 
 moon mun 
 morals slid 
 
 more umo, pin (adj.) modikum 
 morning gbdel, in the m. to- 
 morrow odel, to m. odelo [ delo 
 most uno 
 
 mother mot , m. -in-law lumot 
 motion mnfam 
 
 mountain bd, m. range belem 
 mourning lug 
 mouth mud 
 move mufon 
 
 m oven) ent muf [nwdo 
 
 much (adj.) mbdik, (adv.) 
 murder molod , to m. mblodon 
 music musig 
 must (I m.) mutbn 
 my oblk 
 
 myself (me) obi, obe, (I) it 
 
 newspaper gased 
 next to nebil 
 neighbor nilel 
 nerve nev 
 nest smabed 
 
 never nevelo [ avendelo 
 
 night neit , at n. neico , to n. 
 
 nine zul , n. times zulna 
 
 no no, (pron.) nonik 
 
 nobody nek 
 
 noon zendel 
 
 north nolud 
 
 North America NoL 
 
 north east nolulefud 
 
— 123 — 
 
 nose mid now mi, until n . junu 
 
 not no, n. at all leno nowhere nesembpo 
 
 notwithstanding nest'd number num , to n. minion 
 
 November bakebalul (babul') nut not 
 
 o. 
 
 object (thing) din, (article) 
 yeg, (design) disein 
 obliged, be o. to mutbn 
 obtain dageton 
 
 occasion zit, on some other o. 
 
 occur zidon [ votikna 
 
 October balsnl 
 
 of de , do, out of se 
 
 office (function) cal , (room) 
 
 often ofen \konod 
 
 oil leill 
 
 old bdledik 
 
 on su, len 
 
 once balna, (at one time) vb- 
 no, at o. foviko 
 
 pack, p. up, pi ikon 
 pain dol 
 palace ledom 
 palm (tree) pam 
 paper pop 
 
 part dil, partly dilo 
 particular patik 
 pass (mountain gorge) loveg , 
 to p. by beigolbn , pass 
 away fegolbn 
 paste kleb , to p. klebbn 
 pay pelon 
 pea yil 
 peace pud 
 
 one bal, (indef. pron.) on, (a 
 one’s onik, [certain) sernik 
 only (adj.) lebalik, (adv.) te 
 or u (before vowels vd) 
 order (arrangement) leod, 
 (thing ordered) boned , , 
 (command) biid 
 origin rig 
 
 other votik, each o. balvotik 
 ought sbtbn 
 our obsik 
 
 ourselves (us) obsi , obse , (we) 
 out of se in 
 over ove, ovi , ovii , lop'd , sus 
 owe debbn 
 
 pear bun 
 pen pen 
 
 people (nation) net , (com- 
 mon p.) pop, (men) mens 
 perish fegolbn 
 permit ddlon 
 person pbsod 
 philology pdkav 
 philosophy filosop 
 physician sand 
 picture mag 
 
 place plad, (locality) top , to 
 p» plad, bn, seiton , take p. 
 yeton, %%ton 
 
— 124 — 
 
 plain (surface) kam> (clear) 
 
 plan disin [klil/ik 
 
 plant plan 
 
 plate smaboo 
 
 play pled 
 
 please plidon 
 
 pleasure gdlod 
 
 pluck plokbn 
 
 pocket pok y p. book bob 
 
 poet poedel y great p. poedal 
 
 poetry poedy (poem) poedat 
 
 politics bolit 
 
 poor pdjik 
 
 position seity (employment) 
 possession labed \c<il 
 
 possible mogik 
 
 post (mail) po£, p. office po- 
 potato potet [tastit 
 
 pouch sak 
 
 pour gif bn y p. in ningifon 
 poverty pdf, extreme p* daleb 
 powder pur 
 praise loby to p. lobon 
 pray begon, (to God) plekbn 
 preceding bafik 
 
 quality likof 
 quantity limodbf 
 quarter (l) fold'd 
 quartet folum 
 
 railway lelod, 
 rain lomib 
 read liladbn 
 
 precise fumlk 
 
 prefer bizugon [nibkon 
 
 prepare plepcdony (make up) 
 present (now existing) nuiky 
 (on hand) plisenik 
 president bisiedely ( of a repub- 
 lic) hi dedal 
 
 previous biijiky p. to b'nfa 
 prey lapin 
 price (value) vdlad 
 pride pleid 
 print bvkbn 
 probably bciy bo 
 prohibit neddlbn 
 prolong lonedibn 
 prominent sikik 
 promise pbmety to p. pbmetbn 
 proof blbf 
 property lah 
 protection jel 
 
 prudent (wise) visediky (care- 
 pull zugbn [ ful) kautik 
 
 punish ponbn 
 
 purpose demiy diseviiy for the 
 pyramid pir [p. of diseinu 
 
 ■Q. 
 
 queen jireg 
 question sak 
 quick fovik 
 
 quiet stiliky be q. taken 
 
 R. 
 
 reason (cause) kody by r. of 
 koduy for the reason that 
 
 bf ibo 
 
125 — 
 
 receipt hit 
 recollect memon 
 red ledik 
 
 reflect (consider) mediton 
 reluse nesion 
 
 regarding do, (in regard to) 
 regular nomik \_tefv 
 
 rejoice galon 
 relate konon 
 
 relation (connection) fetan 
 reliable (precise) filmi k 
 religion rel 
 
 remain (be left) palemdnon , 
 (stay) blibon, stedbn 
 remember memon 
 remind mebbn 
 rent kodut 
 repetition denuam 
 reply gesag , to r. gesagbn 
 republic publig 
 repulse gedlanbn 
 rescue savbn 
 
 s 
 
 sack sak 
 
 safe sefik 
 
 sale sel 
 
 salt sal 
 
 same ot 
 
 sand sab 
 
 Saturday veladel 
 
 save (spare) spdlbn, (rescue) 
 
 Saxony Saxdn [ savon 
 
 say sagon 
 
 scale (gradation) slep , (bal- 
 school jul [ence) vcltab 
 
 resemble leigon [ monamed 
 
 resource med , pecuniary r. 
 rest taked, to i\ takedon, (re- 
 result sek [mainder) lemon 
 retail detul 
 
 return (give back) gegivon , 
 (go back) gevegon, getd- 
 von, (come back) geko- 
 rich liegik [ mon 
 
 right (just) gitik, (correct) 
 liver flum [yeldtik, i\ hand detik 
 road veg 
 rob lapinon 
 rock klif 
 
 Roman romik , a R. romel 
 room cem 
 root vul 
 rose lol 
 
 rule nom, to r. (reign regon 
 run gonon 
 Russia Lusdn 
 
 sea mel 
 
 search suk, to s, svkbn 
 season yelatim 
 seat sied 
 
 second telid, (time) sekun 
 
 see logon , (visit) visiton 
 
 seed sid 
 
 seek svkon 
 
 seem jinon 
 
 seize sumon 
 
 select sevdlbn 
 
 self it 
 
sell selon 
 
 semester lafayel [off desedon 
 
 send sedon . (by mail )potbn, s. 
 
 sense sien , (understanding) 
 
 sentence set [sidm 
 
 separate dabcdik 
 
 September zulul 
 
 servant dunan , (domestic) 
 
 seven seventy vels [ dunel 
 
 several modumiks 
 
 sew ndgon 
 
 shade jad 
 
 shame jem 
 
 she of 
 
 sheep jip 
 
 ship na/ 
 
 shirt jit 
 
 shoe juk 
 
 shoot juton 
 
 shore jol 
 
 sick malddik 
 
 sign mal , to s. disopenbn 
 
 signature disopendd 
 
 Silesia Jlesdn 
 
 silk satin 
 
 silver silef 
 
 similar leigik , sumik 
 simple 6a® 
 sin $m 
 
 since (prep.) sis, (adv.) siso, 
 sing kaniton [(because) hi 
 single dabalik 
 sir sol 
 
 sister jiblod 
 sit siedon 
 
 situated, be s. seiston 
 six mdlj sixty mdls 
 
 size (largeness) glet 
 skate gladajukbn 
 skill slcil 
 sky sil 
 slave slaf 
 
 sleep slip, to s* slipon 
 small smalik 
 smell smel 
 
 smile smul, to s. smulon 
 smoke smok , to s. smokbn 
 snake snek 
 
 snow nif it snows nifos 
 society (company) sog , (asso- 
 soldier solat [ciation) Iclub 
 sole (only) lebalik 
 solitary soalik 
 
 some (adj.) rmi, (noun) ans, 
 s. or other sernbal 
 somebody ek 
 something bos 
 sometimes sotimo 
 somewhere sembpo 
 son son 
 
 soon sunOj as s. as. sosus 
 soul lan 
 
 sound (single) ton , (physics) 
 tonod , (healthy) saunik 
 soup sup 
 south sulud 
 
 South America Sulimelop 
 southwest sidiivesud, 
 space spad 
 Spain Span 
 spare spalon 
 sparrow spar 
 speak pukon 
 species bid 
 
— 127 — 
 
 spirit tikcil, (fore) lanim 
 spread pakon 
 
 spring (well) fon , (season) 
 stand, to s. station [ flolatim 
 
 stag stag 
 star stel 
 
 state (condition) stad , (body 
 stay blibon , stebon [politic) tat 
 steal tifon 
 steam stem 
 stem stam 
 
 step (grade) step, foot st. step 
 step-father lufat 
 still (quiet) stilik, (yet) nog 
 stone ston 
 
 stop stopon , (cease) jotem 
 store (shop) lemacem 
 storm (tempest) tep, (bad 
 weather) lustom 
 story (tale) (folk-lore) 
 
 mdr, (untruth) te^sop , 
 straight stedifc [(floor) stefc 
 straw ste? 
 
 T 
 
 table tab 
 take sumon 
 tardy latik , be t. latbn 
 task sugiv 
 
 taste (sense) smek , (sample) 
 tea teed [(/ite, good t. 
 teach tidon 
 
 teacher tiael , female t. jitidel 
 tell sagon 
 
 ten 6ate, a t, ($10-bill) bolsel 
 test Wt// 
 
 street sid, pricipal s. glesut 
 
 strength stenud 
 
 stretch tenon 
 
 strike flopon 
 
 strong stenudik 
 
 student stud el 
 
 study stud, to s. studon 
 
 st}de still 
 
 succeed (follow) sukon , (have 
 success) plopbn one (l have 
 succeeded eplopos obe) 
 such (noun) som , (adj.) somik 
 suffer sujon 
 suffice sdton 
 sum (total) suam 
 summer hitatim 
 sun sol 
 
 Sunday baludel 
 supper vendelafid 
 Sweden Sved(an ) 
 
 S w i tzerl an d Jveiz(dn) 
 sword glaf 
 
 than ka 
 
 thank dation [ kel 
 
 that (that one) et , ut, (which) 
 that (conj). das, in order t. 
 theater teat [ dat , so t. sodas 
 
 theft taf 
 
 their (men’s) omsik , (wo- 
 men’s) ofsik, th. own oksik 
 themselves (them) okis , ofces, 
 theologian godavel [(they) it- 
 there us 
 
128 — 
 
 therefore sikod 
 
 they (men) oms , (women) ofs 
 
 thief tifel 
 
 thing din 
 
 think tikon 
 
 third kilid 
 
 thirsty nelumik , be t. nelumon 
 thirty kils 
 this at 
 
 thorough stabile 
 thou 61 
 though do 
 thought tik 
 
 thousand mil, t. times milna 
 three kil, t. times kilna 
 through da, (by means of) dab 
 thunder tot 
 Thuringia Turdn 
 Thursday luludel 
 thus so 
 thy olik 
 
 ticket zot, entrance t. biliet 
 till ju 
 time tim 
 tired fenik 
 
 u 
 
 ugly hetlik 
 uncle nok 
 
 under dis, (adv.) diso 
 undersigned, the u. disopenbl 
 understand kapdlon 
 unfortunately neldbo 
 union balad [ pebalol ) 
 
 United States Pebaltats ( Tats 
 
 to al , (into) ini 
 tone ton 
 tongue lineg 
 too tu 
 tool stum 
 
 tooth tut [son) kol 
 
 toward (a place) al, (a per- 
 trade (commerce) ted, (occu- 
 pation) namun, feb 
 translate lovepolon 
 travel tdv, to t tdvon 
 tree bim 
 
 trial (attempt) bluf 
 triple kilik 
 
 trouble tob [fill) jiedik 
 
 true (truthful) velatik, (faith- 
 truly vo, yours t. divodikim 
 olik or olsik 
 
 trunk (stem) stam, (box) 
 
 truth velat [ komfed 
 
 Tuesday kilvdel 
 
 turn tulon 
 
 twenty tels 
 
 two tel, twice telna 
 
 universal valodik 
 universe val 
 university reiver 
 until jit, (conj.) jils 
 up sim, (upwards) susi 
 upper lopik 
 use geb, to u. gebon 
 useful pofndik 
 
— 129 - 
 
 V. 
 
 valley nebel 
 value volad 
 vengeance vindit 
 very vemo 
 vice Him 
 vicinity nil 
 victory vikod 
 
 view lukilogam 
 village pag 
 virtue tug 
 
 visit visit, to v. visiton 
 vocabulary vodalised 
 voice vog 
 volcano filabel 
 
 w. 
 
 wagon vab 
 wait valadon 
 waiter hotel 
 
 walk (for pleasure) spat , take 
 a w. spaton , to walk futelon 
 walker futel 
 wall mon 
 
 want (not have) nelabon , 
 Avar klig [(wish) vipon 
 
 warm vamik 
 wash vatukon 
 
 watch (timepiece) glok , poka- 
 water vat [ glok 
 
 way veg, be on the way vegbn 
 we obs 
 wealth lieg 
 weapon vaf 
 weather stom 
 wedding mated 
 Wednesday foludel 
 week vig, this w. avigo , w. 
 weight vet [after next uvigo 
 well gudiko , beno, (in good 
 health) saunik , very w. 
 west vesud [lebeno 
 
 wet luimik [ kelup 
 
 when kmp ? (at which time) 
 when (conj.) ven, (after) nag 
 whence kibpa f 
 whenever aikelup 
 where ki’dp? (at which place) 
 wherever aikelop [ kelbp 
 
 whether va 
 
 which (adj.) kin i, kif? (w. in 
 order) kimid? (that) kel 
 while, a little w. timilo , (conj.) 
 white vietik [ du 
 
 whither kiopi ? 
 who kim? kif ? (that) kel 
 whoever aikel [ valiko 
 
 whole lolik, on the w. lolo , 
 why kikod ? (for which rea- 
 wirie veitik [son) kelkod 
 
 wife jimatel 
 wild foetik 
 
 will vil, be willing vilbn 
 willingly viliko 
 wind vien 
 wine vin 
 winter nifatim 
 
— 130 — 
 
 wisdom sap [ling) vilon 
 
 wish vip ; to w. vipon , (be wil- 
 with ko (before o ke ), (by 
 means of) me 
 
 without nen , (conj.) nendas 
 woman vom 
 
 womanly vomik [ fot 
 
 wood (material) boad , (forest) 
 
 Y 
 
 year, every y. vciyelo , this y* 
 yellow yelibik \_ayelo 
 
 yes si, y. indeed lesi 
 yesterday ddelo , day before 
 yet nog [y. edelo 
 
 zeal zii 
 zealous zilik 
 zero nosanum 
 
 woolen lainik 
 word vod 
 
 work vob , to w. vofeon 
 world voi 
 
 w r ound vun ) to w. vunon 
 write penon 
 
 wrong (unjust) negitik, (in- 
 correct) vddik 
 
 yonder us 
 
 you (sing*) ol, ons , (plui\) oZs, 
 young yun [ ons 
 
 your olik , olsik , owsifc 
 youth 2/wi, a y. yunel 
 
 zone zon 
 
 zoologist nimavel 
 zoology nimav 
 

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