Friction-Head Diagrams 53^ tjy • ^ for Flow of Water in Clean Iron Pipes ( Non-Riveted) ; by I. P. Church. Copyright, 1902 , by I. P. Church. V -(DO O xil — o co ic a • o O CQ^ « l» H «M v .XJ © ® ® o n ms* 3 0 t> ft: . rt •<-* © to (I o ** v ® m U'J XIJ3 Bj t» *> J2 ® a> w k *» r— t *r< -Hv Cj ® JO® -d 4 43 *-' w *j o *>-• z °ai> tn —t "» o-h e 6 h •m a x: . n © -E •-* CO 0 O ©x C-i « . *3 CX-*-» © ® <* 4 .-no ex v a aA x — . uj ® © v i — 1 X O O 43 * ©• .(M «M © © O -E . O CX . Iff 3 o> > O 1 co © as XJ 00 OT Ck.Cc .2= © • «H © © a © 1 •rH *<£ rl G £4 JO © CO * • 4-3 ck-e-i —4 4-3 © as 1 £4 JO tH V) 05 O G£D jC a as 4-3 £4 £ 4 . a 0 cr © 4^ rH O * © nc-x> © O CE 0 £4 X5 © •rH © 5>* a 4-3 © t-i 6-< 1 ® © a? X5 •rH co ▼H £4 05 *3 och-C a O a £4 •rH L-4 XM •H X3 , O ® * ,^ 3 X 1 t* -« 09 '*-> ® O -> T3 TO © © « © 44| r-H © O. a a. rH © ■ H © -4 ol rt O CL ® 3 W J ® m .o x> O —I o ^ ox X 33 JC no © s-< o 3 u o O 3 tfcj X> tlX o Be O © 3 —I O LO X3 M 3 00 © h aw a <0 © rH a o 3 XJ • t> a * jg jg a fH o © cH W .H W © © a t) nr © a -e © w o a i3 r4 P £ CO *J T3 © • a 0 XJ r-H * | -7> O O rH fH CC C£) Q- t a 03 >, © © *H CH © © H JG ©^ © £ 4^3 aS G £4 W 0! O E -4 o co u-i i-i -=C O © M t» -o +* ot CC m m © a Q. Cj ® B X o ©**•<-! no 3 « nr 3 x) 3 t- OT r-4 — - 3 ,— 1 00 •\ © OX t-iu c- ® nr o o © -» c/o a ti. 1 -iT0*3 OT C£ *r- © X5 © 3 t-' © m © © k'Hv a ®H ®X O 2 X MX CL'O -3 B _1 Or «C I O O »r-i © aa © 1 — 1 m _o » as 03 J a) 3 t-i (D X O © 3 ® ©X Orl . 0-61 m nc -to ..a to O a a. . 3 a- co a ca o ® f- T3 O nB © O 0T3 •H (S tJ © X3 as © u o a * L» hQ © 4-3 5 <^i o a o Wil c*_j cd Cl •» o o a O -Q © © *— 1 © © © X -e 3 © o © © (X r— H © -O •r-4 t_, <*_, C_i 4-3 CL • O +* e&. a © a a ® n m ® > •** ** © O ••H . t-t . no tx o: vi C-i © a K) -H (,) © M 3 H J jQ cx 3 s,m ^ tr r-( O 3 (D © CM as •rH t> C*_. Eh 3 JG t* © «c £4 • H 4-3 £4 •rH 0 O: £ . CO 43 © rH 3 XJ O O no © 43 W © © © < 4-4 cn 00 £4 as G CL L_i © © rH *4-4 , © jG CO © O 3 3 XJ aS •rH IB ni JO r-t t-l 3 r-H —I a I— I © 3 3 3 OT 3 CX> t» 3 Q. no'rj © ^-t .a w 3 < 1-1 -h w 3 O ea to Crt o h ® a; h OS *rH JQ a © o C 4-1 c ol © _a 4-3 Si © r ^ 0 © •rH ex ,-4 © &h CV3 © CL fc» JG £4 a £4 QC XJ a3 © t4 ea • no*-© a XI rH 43 0 •rH •rH 6£J -O 43 a £4 © 00 JG 4-5 c- XJ ex Cm 3 c 0 O c»h e-H 43 © © 0 no-*- 3 1 — 1 *H O cf tM -4 O © -rH cO > 43 CO XJ <£ .rH XJ £4 £4 as g aS a 4-3 {4 TO © cO a a © © » 3 : 0 ch • fH «H O II -rH <44 CD O © aS . as a H © O 43 £4 JG XJ • rH | O • 3 -G © a • as 43 © 0 • £4 -E © 43 O* to 00 XJ 43 JG CO G © C) 43 © t» »—» GB 0 3 43 © JO £4 03 © © O 1 -H © JG a XJ £4 co •H.-0O 0 a O S -*3 © £4 3 © XJ G XJ © 43 a5 no a* e xs £ CD O . 0 X3 4-3 4-3 4-3 ©c*_,a3cotir~ ~ _ - - - 3 £4 C2© t> O © r-H ©O -Q -rH 3 r-H O © © 4-3 © --C -rH © £-» T5 O O © 03 © II r-4 ©© £ |> 3 t>,H H T3 O C04J t> XI O 0X3XJ • O r-H r H Q © © ^4-4 f-» © 4-3 v Nc«-| © 3 1-jC4-4.^«©J=3 « © •* <3>tLi *^H •fHOOSOS-'fc* T3 t ^03 arH - O ,Cm~I b (3,13 • r-H r-H r-H © a • ©ac HX3 0H 43 0 C 44 3 3 ' — . O © C-i CL O © r-H 43 43 C/5 © <44 © k— I © 4 3 O CL\ I*. * c *_4 © .H 0 -H X3 © © -a £4 ©ri-C3^ XOrX.rH o a at p p o ^ ^ 4-3fOt*D £4 rii © cq c © o © O ^3 © © © £4 43 b- - — I G£3 4-3 3 t> _C? r-j — O — - - tj c £4 rVi et, e -o W*-rH o 00 © Gt. o G © t*-4 O -C> +* -l- 0 mQI o 03 © ©so .a cd l ^ vOl n - O -O Jis'- 0 uD&D © • uD Cx4 O _G o G£] Gtr 43 Fi SZWEtl O H (/) # © U gn 4h 03 CC^XJ © CO P 2 © as / O &b a ©I © o >— 1 w . © .a eh ©Eh CD © 03 CD t> £443 © c=> 4-3 43 ^ © O _C 3 © © C£J fl jG o -rH © £4 ^ 92 O © © © O O" <*-4 © r\ © © a © © £4 © ^3 Q) OH <44 O P ' 43 JG C*H O •*3 © O CL aS Br ?c O O a © JG © CL O O XJ 03 nr w a 43 3 h> rH rH a a -C © as © as Ch G © 43 £4 •H 43 XJ © a rH no £4 XJ 0 a W © XJ © 3 a 0 G as • rH •H aS © © N. © 0 © a xj «H © O rH fc» © • *s 43 v rH 04 O XJ •rH •H 1 •H PC CH 3 •H O r-H a 43 O © O O \ H aS aS O JG © Ch 43 fe G 1 a © O t» • H 03 -H , , £-1 43 TJ CL 3 Cm O s 0 £4 © © O © © W O JG rs Cl 3 p- © •*3 © Ch 03 ■H £4 JG O £4 Ch 3 © H> £4 43 XJ £4 a M © © JG 4> H 05 a3 O £4 3 JC © B -H XJ © l-4 3r O — - *3 e e -H © JG * O Ch 4 O' . r r? G a © | G <3 t> c cc — © •H O a B — - XJ CO O O © a; * © £4 4P ^ t4 -H Cu L L o o © no - h> a .a * (X T3 a © CC © © CL a* 3 w o t» £4 a Oo © 43 © rH 43 23 © •H © aS O O 0 M © 43 £* JG O © O • © • H 3 w Z O © 3 O 43 XJ O O •H cr 0 © 0 ch CJ rH 4-3 aS JG H O a5 © •H © 43 £4 0# 0 £4 ch. m 'O cO © Jd I ' a o L rH T) ^ *= X3 .2 rn o £ a j= s W © 4-3 ' 4_l © — 1 + -a a. o s-> © o ■rH .r-i © -E O-tM T3 H w^3 '*-> -r-l XO S m ■ ©jXJ -3 a - — © ® c a Ko © rH C£J © 3 CO ch © v~' ' © XJ a? rH O JG © a O © N 3 • H as k-H 43 0 XJ © £1 a Eh W 0 B H JG © O O XJ •H 3 43 O <, I ^ Q XJ G 6 h ■•3 aS •H 43 S a aS H> XJ a © JG © XJ © •rH w 25 © t> * •H © r* 1 tkD a ch O HH © O £4 aS O a © © cO JG a u >|CM aS £4 B C£) £4 aS © © 4-3 aS 03 CO © O w JG © © © -*too* 3 0-h a'« a nj *> nj □ n 1 •H • © --I O-0aX3OT®®Cj O I V-I -O s o c-i a -c ^ o 9= O Tf • -r-l O © CO — 3 1—4 • _C0 II 03 O <4 -« W Or -H 1 © -I r-l - _- 3 ^|C-i> > ECO O-E © O H T) T) O H 0 0^3 © E O S . « ® © © B © <-■ o a x: 40 x 0 © © © O O «i • 4J TO •© © H> OT OT *=> O 4 J © M — 4 © • © ti jo nt> n 4-» O tu 4 J c ® ® -r4 t» a n ® a *3 ‘iH © -E H— I © o •< a 11 ® n. t» ,o © CO ■r-i © CO nc o © -E © © ■1-4 C4 3 © © -a h o © t» nc ■ E © _E Cut— X OO^ -H> r— I © O © — - *> a X • i-4 4-3 © O OT ® O -H TO E rH E •i-4 © jE .^| r-4 t. © C*- 4 © O B « DC TO C 4 O © C4 &4 r-4 O TO - — 1 o nc -.-4 >*• 4 -a > TO C 4 © TO fC . o © © © nf TO JE Ol 4 4-» o. □ © ® a *> Ci o C4 ,-4xo^fi©no® o © o t. k-L U ' X3 »T3 c 1 c: S (H 43 a 0 © JG ® 4> © , xJ . W © 0 0 0 G • © £» 43 O- 43 03 a . cx^ £4 25 >£ © B 3 CH rt © •H Ol •H 0 © • 0 W CL *”D X3 fH • a JG © © CO 61 •H | t » 43 ch 43 © © © © XJ cC £4 nf) £4 G O •H © © 0 0 G 0 0 • •H •H G •H CL 43 £> CD ch ch © X5 rt a G a 0 © £4 43 XJ 43 © 3 s 3 •H •H 0 G © K G © a U 0 t. O W 0 43 a © © 1 © O rt 0 £ -4 G * aS 0 O- G C- JG 43 * £4 t— Qf •H N 0 43 43 0 0 •H 3 Eh r-H © 0 ch nc s OP CO -iH CD O O 4-» w t-H --H O C4 © HI 05 . 4-5 Cm rH ®H Ci BCD n) «4-, ^ © © «£ JE t> r-H r © C-i t» I £4 © © 4-3 aS a ax) as cl © O rH C-I CO , o oO *co co o cl o © i>> £4 o 4-3 X? CL r-H O- £h © T3 CC © JG C 4 © * I-H 4-» W — I C4-4 o o Wi-h o x C4 a © » o © •© B ® r- «4 4-0 TO O O 4^< © © © w ® ® iw H TO © o xo ca © a © 4-» *» a ' — - nj Cl OT . 4 . •iH C 4-» . kCO O- -i-4 O B X a n © o w HludH £4 © o © nc«w to nc c* -a © a j) © © *-* E Q- © Q-J *9 c6 SB © . © O • E 4-3 © C 4 5: O XJ © W C CL i ,-H 4 rH ,0 c*h Oh V £4 II 03 5-.09 0 . G 43 no © jg XJ O *H • 0 © •H G •> «f> 00 rH Cl © 43 | © © XJ nc* 43 ® '-a . 03 JG JG CD W Ch rH G. a £4 Ck-Efl tH O 03 43 ncco © 0 0 • G © © •rH •H •H N — 1 1 w-G JG CL © 43 G O c~» © © © * co n — *• •H CL £4 •H 43 *rH JG CL 03 ▼H • rH ch n © © JG 43 CLO t> 00 00 ax: -^3 3 . 4-3 o O O Ch w CO X 3 JB •H cx © a a © G c © 43 JG X a lg Ch JG © Of Ch 0 0 C£3 © 0 © -H 0 — - ** 0 - C| © G 1- f/0 rt rt £4 0 se •H XT <3> *H © Ch © XJ» O P" a> o t— o CD O ID O o co o o t> > C> or i— UJ LlI U_ „o CM Ou. 0 < U 1 $£ o o —I til > CD H- ID oo hh-cM CD * . m-f co C\J -s qUU-jo *5 » «* I *0 > > CV* a <3 03 jcs a> pp xi —« *» Q W © XJ <1-4 ♦» o <3 a a. © a. © 0. O ft •#-4 © a, a xj i © ra© •3 a I <4-1 © © S3 X* © © *4 © <4-1 Q. O « k («, t j 2 ! *» a -«-4 4—4 *» rt c Cl/V © t 4 fc» O-a p to p a m C-i © 00 O OT © © OT 03 •*— 1 © a © © 40 4 ^ © X 3 CQ © X 3 • * M 13 Cj 4 ^ 03 t» 0 © -G o 3 xa 0 - O H ft OT 4-1 O rH a 03 «k © © Bfl jO ft 0 00 O O w PP O OH © •iH •rH 0 a CO 4-4 4 ^ fcN PP CO k — 4 O G 03 • G -G •3 U4 to a © *00 © G CO * a 03 a 03 00 - ar 4 0 « 3 © vH a O • rH T3 © T3 XXD 40 00 0 .lA • 04 4> • O X4 »'H (P ® © H BIO ID W ® d.H • G v. O 0 rH ^H © © H G © 4-3 Ch o c >* 0 -r-< G *g C-l 4-y O *H © *i —4 I <-0 . £ B ©. • O ’ — 4 jQ ft, 3 ©4 *4 © . © © t» ® OT 4*H <1-4 X3 ® 3 © i ^ I © <*-4 X3 C*P Ift > LO X3 XJ m©p o o © -4 Wv 3 ©Sv.O O O • O tj © <4-i © OX3 © X> nt>- ft PP <4-4 kO t-> <4—4 ft>»rt © P-v <4-4 •<-4 © X3 |-4 © 3 ® -v^ X3 i — I © X3 •►» © XI | W r c p> a ft < 4-4 O —lO^. XI ft pp pp © <4-4 44.1-J ^rt^ a sp ft o o o <4-4 as CO to o> . o pP (—4 a r -4 ft, © © x» © no a < 4-4 . MOP CO w to a © • * G pp 0 • 0 OT O ► O © © rH v n O © O "3 ■3 O rH 4 ^ © 4-1 tH 4-3 © © % 4-3 O •*-> > 0 4 ^ © 0 II •© rH a a G t-a 4-4 © G -rH •3 • 4 -» G *rH 3 O 6 00 4-4 _a rO 0 PP 3 © © jO > <0 «H x: OHG a G rH G G © © OT 4 -> rO G rH II © 4 ^ G t» O O zc u ’W' % A © O 4 ^ © G © G O Ch © co no 0 W ■H ft 1/4 • A • 1 Sc CX © fc* © © Ch 4 j V 4 -h a © © Cj U. • •L • • 4-3 O . -G rH © © a no . O © 4 ^> *a 0 4 - 4 ^ 11 © tf 4-3 O <*H S 3 V • . © h-> ® O Ch a G G a 4-3 II rH •rH H -5 G 4 j • 4 h © LO H 4-3 43 -G no PH rH O rH •rH 4-4 O A •rH © © © > rH © LO CQ cm|rH •rH O 0 O *G a/^.rH © *OH G O * rH 4-3 0 R ft Op H • rH -a -a 0 G DC © rH 0 S: O G O © sa. • jG S CQ •«H Cj 4-3 a © P> Cj ^ ^ jG no 0 O CQ O © G t>» sB G a 0 CL. . H HP Op G •rH © •[• 1 O 4-i © «• G t> Cj r~> 1 . fa ft, • r-4 CL -,-4 Q. 4 «P O ©'— OT ft OT » - 4 -p XI +0 OT •4-1 © © ft 3 © Oi o I CO 4-1 V T3 +P Tf< I O <0 <4-4 » ■.-4 co o © o +p 0X3 0 a <4H I 4^4 <4-4 o 4.0 <4-4 Cp O O © o 3*4—4 H © a a © xa ’is - ► O • © r -4 © Xi PC © -3 EH *—4 3 O- O to • ft . X) pH ® ^s. X3 xa nr 3 . ot j 3 xa s. © ft • © © o' o a + © xa © © aa a t>,a> © B 3 nt X3 Cp 03 -rP © Cp topo o op oh a® CQ © Cp -rP a OT X3® . X) <4-4 ca OT OT *4-4 23 3T3PX3 N P . © OT 4—4 © +P • r T H © © +p pp © < 4-4 + p-4 > Cp , — I X K © X3 O 4 - 1—4 oa nro 4-4 <3 O © a 3 -H PH vs © ©4 S Cp B -4-4 r-4 6 h -O O © ot o © x3 ot *c n oa rH x3 - 4 - < 4-4 Cj OT I— I © o nr x3 -h © oc t» r-i t>, ft pp x: -a © O W-— - r-4 Ch X> 4-3 4-3 rH G CJ te t> © •rH G 03 . G Ch » © G © g a © CD Ch rH rH 0 • r— s © •r O G © © x: pp © 0 • a G © © rH • •rH 4-3 U ll >> G © 0 •H CD G a- 4 © 4-3 © t; . G nt © © © CL G G © 4 -H • >* 3 CQ O OT • H V w 4 j CH rH O •rH a G cr © * 0 0 4-3 © 4 -h -a to © © G © 4-3 CH 0 0 Ei c- •rH 03 © G G 4 -h Q) 00 G Eh 3 © 4 G • a a G © • CL c- G 0 © W 00 rH 0 0 © 4-4 0 © M © G * N ■w <»u LO X 3 0 no 4-3 C£J kW 0 © CQ • Cs O O G © Ml ■O OT rH 4-3 no CL T 3 . G © CQ -rP G G =a a © O 8 4-4 G cl a CO rP no • & .j CK 3 G © © 0 •iH 0 © G 1-4 O rH O G rH CO t» © oa © rH rH Cj Eh jo G 4-3 no . G rH a a G . G 4-4 4 j •H © 25 rH © t -4 G a © © pp oa 0 0 3 C BB M s »4 G V © •H Ch Cj © 0 HH CQ 0 ca <0 4-3 no noG © G © 4-3 Ou ft; * © • rH © © 4-3 4 H •H © © (-H aa a 4 -> G > — 0 G •H *H -p 0 G © a © >• O 4 -H •* 3 p 0 a <3 T 3 Eh 4-3 © rH t» rH Cj © © • Cp O ft. © © <1-1 © S ft, < 4-4 © G G G- O O © © a 0 G x> 0 4-3 •a pp © DC •3 }X= 1 v ' Cp © 4 PP T 30 OC'- ®©©©+P<*P© © . ax: cl<«h * © o a 3 1 -H co « pp ot a 3 -c^ • OT X 3 © OT O '• 0 > ' — ■ PC P © © -H X3 O a „pp o a co nr m o o 11 © sc -4-4 -4-1 '4—4 t> . p- © oa on a © o 11 o a o pp • 3 OT 00 V - pp I ©pPM S< 40 .. o 01 U -00 a a pp 00 OT > p3 © CL . t»

® " © # G * — 1 ' 4-1 © a T LO 0 O G G a: © 4-3 rH O LO G © rt © H Cj «s G © 4-H G 4- •rH 00 43 Ch > • rH © O •rH ca 4-3 G > t> © • no o> G © Ch O 0 •rH O 00 Eft G a G G — •rH Ch no © t» O SB G rH A rH G •rH © N tj © Cj 4-3 Cj ■ — • •rH rH G 4- © G © G 4—4 4-> CL G G © Ch •H G H © © G SB OT 0 •r-4 <20 © Cj ua G •H © O « G • O © 0 ! G G 4-3 <0 G rH G G OT tH G 4-3 © © Cj O Cj rH © XI EH O < 4—4 •rH G H © © nr 0 © 0 G ■H * O 43 *H G G 4 -> G • © LO © • 4-3 4-1 rH 2 S Op G G G 4-3 © © © ft X 3 X 3 CO oa © 0 Op 1— 4 0 G © X> pP r -4 PP , • OT •r -3 Op i_D H 4 -j © 4-3 © •H X O - no . C- —1 11 © G >p a 0 © G O N O H ® X 3 . a O X 3 r © 0 © 0 •rH © a •rH 4-3 a « pp © 0 4 *p £J 3 © 4-3 G 4-3 4 J rH rH fc» 4 -> Cm © C £3 no © G O •t<> G G © © © © cs pp Cj G XI a G O SB •rH © © G X 3 X 5 LO v ft.© 4-4 G 4 -> C 5 •rH 4-3 •H Cj © * pP pP CO O O X 3 ll hH © 25 no G © nr. a • O © - pp ft 1 a KH Cj * 5 ; O- CQ O < 4-4 auNO-C no • © •H C /3 G OT Eh G O O rP ^H Ji : /■" • 'PR vo 11 03 10 inruOOO CD ^ CO C\J fM £ ™ 9? (Dirt w f^O00 oO QOOO00OOO OooOo oo ‘ * o • * ' d * ' d " * o * d **o awooag ilid J. 33 j oieao N| tel ^bilvH^ia in ^ o oo