616.076 D36fi R. HALSTED WARD. Din Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/handbookofsystemOOdeem URINARY ANALYSIS SET. After Prof. Draper. (For Description see last Page.) HANDBOOK OF SYSTEMATIC URINARY ANALYSIS CHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL. FOB THE USE OF PHYSICIANS, MEDICAL STUDENTS, AND CLINICAL ASSISTANTS, FEANIK M. DEEMS, M.D., LABORATORY INSTRUCTOR IN THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OP THE UNI- VERSITY OF NEW YORK; MEMBER OF THE N. Y. COUNTY MEDICAL society; member of the n. y. microscopical society, etc. NEW YORK: THE INDUSTRIAL PUBLICATION COMPANY. 1880. COPYRIGHT SECURKD. t I D 3 ^ k s-^ G^- P*HEF^OE. i ^ > Oo \ The following plan or method for the systematic examina- tion of the urine, step by step, both chemically and micro- scopically, is compiled with the intention of supplying stu- dents of medicine, clinical assistants, and busy practitioners with a concise guide, which, from its small compass and tabulated arrangement, will serve both as a bedside refer- ence-book and a work-table companion. While it cannot pretend to take the place of larger works upon the highly im- portant subject of urinary analysis, the compiler hopes, from his somewhat extended experience as a teacher of this branch of physical diagnosis, that it will serve to lessen the difficulties in the way of the beginner, and save time to the busy practitioner in his routine examinations. 429 West Twenty-Second Street, New York, Octoher, 1, 1880. HAITOBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. Selection of a Specimen for Examination. If possible, obtain for examination a specimen from the whole quantity of urine passed in the twenty-four hours, which has been collected and mixed, since the specific gravity and reaction vary considerably at different times during the twenty- four hours. If, as is generally the case, we wish merely to ascertain the presence or absence of any particular substance, such, for example, as albumen, or sugar, the urine passed at any time of the day will in general suffice. But even in such cases, to render the observation of more value, it is better to employ the urine of digestion ( Urma cibi)^ and that passed three or four hours after dinner is the best, since this invariably contains the greatest amount of any foreign substances, if such be present. Next to this it is better to take the urine first passed after rising in the morning [urma sanguinis). The urine may be received in a perfectly clean half-gallon mag- nesia jar, covered so as to exclude extraneous matters. Ex- a77tine,, if possible,, within three hours after bemg voided, and in all cases before decomposition has begun. When received, a portion of the urine (about 4 or 5 ounces) should be poured into a tall, narrow, cylindrical glass vessel. A graduated test- 6 HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. tube, provided with a foot or base, is best, since it, at the same time, approximatively measures the bulk* of any deposit that may fall. The cylindrical vessels have the advantage over conical ones of having no sloping slides upon which the sediment may collect, and be thus prevented from falling to the bottom. Cover the vessel carefully to exclude dust, and set it aside, whether there be a visible sediment or not. Ex- amine it microscopically after a few hours. Re-examine it after the lapse of twelve hours, by which time any sediment that is likely to fall will have subsided. While this portion is taking care of itself, divide the remaining urine into several parts, filtering them, if necessary, and examine them chemically according to the following tabulated scheme : Systematic Qualitative Analysis of the Urine. SECTION I. — GENERAL. 1. Color of the Urine. f C Pale urine ; colorless to straw-yellow. I. orma ^ Ordinary urine ; golden-yellow to amber. CO ors. ^ Highly colored ; reddish-yellow to brown. G. Abnormal colors. Essential ; arising in the in- terior of the body. Coloring matter of the blood. Biliary Pigment, Urohsematin, Uroery- thrin, Indican. I f Santonin, Saffron, Various color- Gamboge, Senna, ing matters, < Rhubarb, Aloes, as e. g. Logwood, Gallic [ Acid, Creosote, etc. I. Essential. < 2 . Odor. Normal. ^ Sui generis. f Whey-like. Diabetes. Abnormal. < Ammoniacal \ Decomposition. [ Sulphuretted Hydrogen. Decomposition. 2. Accidental, from odoriferous ( much ^ Asparagus, Garlic, Oil of Turpen- substances introduced into < , T- j u,. s tine, Cubebs, Copaiba, Sandal- the organism. ( vaned Ijy ^ wood Oil, etc. HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. 7 3. Aspect. Normal urine is always clear; clear urine is not necessarily normal. The urine is turbid when voided. Ptcs^ 3 Iucus, Epithelia,, The Urine is sedimentary. <( See Examination of Sediments. 4. Reaction, Normal urine has an acid reaction, due principally to the acid phosphate of the alkalies A . Drop a very small slip of [ Both are red. Acid, blue, and also one of red, litmus paper into the urine, < Both are blue. Alkaline. See B. and wait till they are com- 1 pletely saturated. i One is blue and the other red. Neutral. B. Dry the blue paper in the open air, or in a water-oven. (If yellow turmeric paper is used it will be drowned hy an alkali.) 5. Specific G-ravity. 1. Hold the urinometer-cylinder obliquely, when filling it^ to avoid a foam. 2. Stand with the back to the source of light. 3. Hold the cylinder by the top^ lightly, between the thumb and forefinger, letting it swing freely, by its own weight, in the perpendicular position, so that the stem does not touch the sides. 4. Read by the lower, sharp, convex edge of the liquid, the fluid being bn a level with the eye. 5. If too turbid to read the scale, filter the urine before taking the specific gravity. C Urinapotus, 1002° — 1015°. Normal. < Urina sanguinis, 1015° — 1020®. i Urinacibi, 1020° — 1030°. 1030° to 1065O. Test for Sugar ^ and excess of Urea, pershtently° { Test for Sections- Table for Reducing tlie Indications of a Glass Unnometer to the Standard Tempera- ture (60° F.), when the Specific Gravity has been taken at a higher temperature. {Bird). The urine must be of the temperature of the surrounding air, otherwise great errors may creep in. Temperature No. to be added to the Indication. Temperature 1 No. to be added to the Indication. Temperature No. to be added to the Indication. 6oO 0.00 69O 0.80 780 1.70 ' 6i® 0.08 70O 0.90 79° 1.80 620 0. 16 710 1 .00 80O 1.90 630 0.24 72O 1 . 10 810 2.00 640 0.32 73° 1.20 82O 2.10 65° 0.40 74° 1 -30 83° 2.20 66° 0.50 75° 1.40 84° 2.30 • 670 0.60 760 1-50 85° 2.40 680 o - 70 77° 1 . 60 860 2.50 Blue color persists after C t-* a nr ^ Potash complete drying. J { Soda. Original red color is re- f -.t , ,• (i Ammo- stored to the paper. 1 \ u!a. 8 HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. 6. Quantity. From 40 to 60 fluid ounces (900 c.c. to 1500 c.c.) in the 24 hours. 7. Detection of Abnormal Substances in the Urine. Divide the urine into several portions, in which search successively for the following sub- stances : Excess of Urea, See Section I L Albumen. See Section III. Sugar. See Section IV. Bile. See Section V. Blood. See Section VI. Chyle. See Section VII. 8. Examination of the Sediments. Chemically. — See page 13. Microscopically. — See page 20. SECTION II. ^UREA, (n Hg) 2C 0 .~ EXCESS AND DEFICIENCY. 1 . Reaction of urine variable; color normal, specific gravity over 1030° (if excess be present). Owing to irs exceeding solubility, urea never forms a spontaneous deposit. A healthy man excretes from 300 to 600 grains in the 24 hours. 2. Test for Excess. Take from the fresh-mixed urine of the 24 hours, about an inch in a test-tube. Add to it one- third its volume of pure colorless nitric acid, and set the tube in water not warmer than 6o° F. It is best to work at the fixed tempera- ture of J3O F., which is readily obtained by melting ice in water. If crystals of Nitrate of Urea form immediately, or within a few mo- ments, urea is present in excess of the fiormal proportion. Nitrate of Urea shows flat, rhombic, or hexagonal plates, closely united to one another. Colorless. 3. Test for Deficiency. Take a sample of the same urine, evaporate over a water-bath to one-half its bulk at a low temperature, allow it to cool, add nitric acid as before, and set the tube in water at 6o° F., or better, in water containing ice. Crystals of Urea Nitrate do not form within a few moments, say five minutes. Urea is below the nor- mal proportion. Note. — The quantity of urine passed in twenty-four hours must be taken into consideration, for if the patient is passing, instead of the normal 1500 c.c., say only 600 c.c., the urine should be diluted up to 1500 c.c. for test No. 2, and used without evaporation for test No. 3. If, on the other hand, the patient is diabetic, and is passing 3000 c.c. per twenty-four hours, a given sample of his urine must be reduced to one- half by evaporation for test No. 2, and a portion of this re- duced urine still further reduced one-half for test No. 3. Handbook of urinary analysis. SECTION III. ALBUMEN. Normal Urine ought never to contain Albumen. 1 . cu The urine is turbid and sedimentary. See 2. b. The urine is clear and transparent. See 2 b. 2 . Filter or decant. ' a. The sediment must be examined under the microscope for casts, epi- thelia, pus corpuscles, etc. b. The filtered urine is c. Acid or Neutral. See 3, Test. d. AlkaUne. Neutralize with nitric acid, and see 3, Test. 3 . Test. G. Pour 1 c.c. of nitric acid into 10 c.c. (i to 10) of urine in a test-tube. a. Coagulation takes place. It is prob- C A Ibumen, ably due to ( See b, b. There is doubt ; the liquid is only turbid, or C o ^ there is but a slight precipitate. I H. Heat the urine. c. The whole is redissolved. The turbidity or precipitate remains. Uric Acid. Nitrate of Urea, A Ibumen. See I. I, Add a small quan- tity of alcohol. e. Turbidity dis- ( Pgsins ^ Cubebs, copaiba, sandal-wood appears. \ ’ ^ oil, turpentine, etc. f. Turbidity remains. <( Albumen. 4 . The following is a rough but useful approximate quantity test: Boii a given quantity of the urine in a graduated test-tube, with a drop or two of acetic acid; add nitric acid^ and set aside for at least twelve hours. The precipitated albumen sinks, and forms a layer of varying thickness. The proportion of albumen is estimated by the depth of this layer, as compared with the height of the column of urine in the tube ; and may be expressed in numbers as 1-12. If too little albumen is present to form a layer, the proportion maybe loosely expressed as a “ cloudiness,” or “ opalescence.” Greater accuracy is obtained by previously filtering the urine of urates, epithelium, or extraneous matter, which might unduly increase the bulk of the deposit on standing. 10 HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. SECTION IV. SUGAR, (Ce Oq) + Hg O. GLYCOSURIA. — DIA- BETES MELLITUS. 1 . The essential features of the urine in diabetes are its excessive guatiiity and the presence of sugar (glucose). The daily quantity of the urine in diabetes oscillates usually between 128 and 230 fluid ounces (8 to 15 pints). It has been known to exceed 32 pints. When the excretion is considerable (exceeding 4 or 5 pints), the urine has a y&ry pale straw tint^ and a peculiarly bright aspect; a less quantity does not alter the natural general appearance. The proportion of sugar varies from 8 to 12 per cent. ; the quantity excreted daily ranges from-i5 to 25 ounces (may fall to an ounce or less; may rise to two pounds or more). The specific gravity of diabetic urine usually fluctuates a few degrees above, or below 1040°; it may rise to io6o°, or sink to 1015O. The sp. gr. is no criterion of the amount of sugar present, coexistent excess of urea may cause a high density with little sugar, and albuminuria may cause comparatively low density with much sugar. If the quantity of sugar be large, a sweetish whey-like odor and taste are communicated to the urine. Sediments are rarely observed in diabetic urine. 2 . The cold urine, filtered or decanted, is not albuminous. See 9. 8 The cold urine contains albumen. \ See 7, 4 . The urine contains bile pigment, or is otherwise high colored. <{ See 8. 5 . The urine is acid or neutral (diabetic urine is usually acid). «( See 9. 6 . The urine has an alkaline reaction due to ammoniacal salts. This interferes with the copper tests. So — f Boil some of the urine in a test-tube, . with a small piece of caustic soda or 1 potash ; filter or decant. I See 9. 7 . Add a few drops of acetic acid to the urine ; boil to coagulate the albumen, f filter, neutralize the filtered urine with a little sodium carbonate, then test < See 9. as per— ( 8 . To decolorize the urine, put an ounce or two in an eight-ounce bottle, f together with a tablespoonful of animal charcoal, and a small pinch of | sodium carbo 7 iate. Shake well for five or ten minutes, and then filter ^ See 9. A perfectly colorless liquid will thus be obtained, and greatly facilitate the application of the copper tests. [ HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. II 9. Test (Trommer’s). Add to a drachm of the suspected urine, in a test-tube, about five drops of a solution of cupric sulphate (lo grs. to the fluid ounce) ; then add of caustic potash solutio7t (20 or 30 per cent, of strength) an excess — i.e,, until the pre- cipitate of the blue hydrated protoxide of copper is completely dissolved. Boil the c/mr blue solution (blue or black precipitate ; no sugar). K yellow ot red (suboxide of copper) precipitate. L... Note. — Repeat the test once or twice with less of the copper solution each time. If the proper proportions have been used, the copper-test possesses both delicacy and cer- tainty. 10. Differential Density Fermentation Test (Roberts.) This test affords a simple and usually sufficiently accurate quantitative analysis for ^ sugar. Proceed thus: (i) Place four fluid ounces of urine in a twelve-ounce bottle, with a lump of German yeast the size of a chestnut ; cork loosely so that the carbonic acid gas may escape, or cover with a slip of glass, and set aside in a warm place, such as the mantel-piece, to ferment. (2) A companion bottle of the same size has put into it the same amount of the same sample of urine, but no yeast is added, and it is tightly corked and placed beside the fermenting vial. (3) In about 22 hours, when fermentation has ceased, the two vials are removed and placed in some cooler part of the room. (4) Two hours thereafter — that is, about 24 hours from the com- mencement of the experiment — the contents of both bottles are poured separately into cylindrical vessels, and the specific gravity of each taken with the urinometer. (5) The difference between the two specific gravities is thus ascertained, and every degree of- ^ density lost" indicates one grain of sugar per fluid ounce of the urine — e.g., the sp. gr. of unfermented xxxvao.— \ of the fermented xmxi&^xo'zcP', difference 20 degrees = 20 grains of sugar per fluid ounce. If the patient has passed, say, 80 ounces in the 24 hours, then 80 X 20 = 1600 grains of sugar excreted in the 24 hours. SECTION V. — BILIARY MATTERS. 1 . Color of the urine greenish-yellow to dark brown. f Agitation produces a permanent yellow froth. Bile Pigments present. White filtering (blotting) paper, or linen, stained yellow. ( 2. G-melin’s Test. Spread a thin layer of the urine upon a f The drop of acid is tinged with a rapidly white porcelain surface, and add to it a varying play of colors (in the following few drops of acid (nitric acid J order; green, blue, violet-red, and containing the lower oxides of nitrogen) ; ] yellowish), which .speedily disappear, that from the cell of a Grove or Bunsen The most characteristic and essential battery answers perfectly. t color is the green. Bile Pigments. 12 HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. 3, Pettenkofer’s Test. Place a small quantity of urine, which has been boiled and filtered, in a porcelain capsule (or watch-glass), and evaporate it slowly and gently over a water-bath, or spirit flame, until but a few drops re- main ; add to this a drop or two of a solution of pure s^dph^lric acid (i part to 4 parts of distilled water), and then a drop of a saccharine solution (cane sugar I part, distilled water 4 parts). Note. — B ile pigments have the property of adhering to sediments much more powerfully than other pigments, and may be detected in the sediment when not in the urine itself. A cheriy-red color, rapidly deepening until it becomes a beautiful purple, or dark lake color, appears. Only the I purple color is. characteristic of the presence of the Biliary A cids. i SECTION VI.— BLOOD. A, On Cooling, the Urine Has a Blood-red Color. f I. The color becomes ? Coloring matters of tJie a. Add a few drops darker. > blood. See B. oi Hydrochloric < Acid. I 2. The color becomes ? Foreign coloring mat- [ clearer. > ters. Rhubarb, etc. 2. It is slightly C b. Allow it to rest until a precipitate forms, which C * j- turbid. \ examine \ According to 3. It is trans- parent. 3. There is a red sediment. c. Observe, under the microscope, whether this C rr / precipitate is crystalline or amorphous ; on < . , heating it in a test-tube it becomes dissolved, i ' d. The microscope shows blood corpuscles; the ^ n/ j precipitate is not soluble by heat. ^ ‘ B. On Cooling, the Urine is Reddish-brown, “Smoky,” or Ink-black. 4. There is no sediment, and the mi- croscope shows no blood corpus- cles. Boil the urine alone, or with a little acetic acid. A reddish-brown or dirty coagu- lum forms. Coloring matters of the blood. Haemoglobin and products of its de- composition. SECTION VII. CHYLE. 1 . Reaction varies ; sp. gr. varies ; color milky, turbid, opaque (rose-colored, if blood be present). Consistence sometimes jelly-like. HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. ^3 2. Test. a. Add to about three inches of urine in a test-tube, about C Fat is present, and has an inch of sulphtiric ether. Gently mix them. The < been ^ssolved by the urine assumes its natural color and transparency. ( Ether. See 3, b. 3. 1 . Transfer a little of the Ether (floating on the urine), C A characteristic stain of fat by means of a pipette, to a watch-glass (or slide), < remains on the glass or slide, and allow it to evaporate. ( Chyle. Systematic Chemical Examination of Inorganic Urinary Deposits. Note. — A portion of the specimen of urine that has been set aside in a cylindrical or conical vessel, has let fall a sedi- ment. The first step consists in completely separating the deposit, which it is desired to examine, by filtration. The sediment remaining upon the filter, whatever be its character, must then be washed with a little distilled water. The various tests will be found under the following sections : SECTION I. — URIC ACID (c^H^N^O^). 1. G-eneral Appearance of Urine and Deposit. Urine depositing uric acid has usually a rich yellow or orange color, and invariably an acid reaction. The uric acid crystals may form a film on the surface of the liquid, or lie scattered as brilliant brown specks on the sides of the glass, or subside into a dense red deposit (like cayenne pepper). In rare instances the crystals are so small as to require the microscope for their detection. Generally, however, the naked eye can identify uric acid with certainty, because no other brown crystals occur in urine as a spontaneous deposit. When the crystals are very minute, the deposit resembles the amorphous urate, but is denser, and sinks more rapidly. Uric acid is usually accompanied by a considerable sediment of urates. A healthy man excretes, on an average, about 7 or 8 grains of uric acid in the twenty-four hours. 2. Calcination at a Red Heat (on Platinum Spoon.) No residue; gives off ammoniacal odor. A light black porous coal, containing nitrogen, is sometimes left. 3, Solubility, a. Insoluble in cold water (15,000 parts) ; slightly soluble in boiling water (1800 parts). b. Insoluble in all dilute acids ; alcohol ; ether. c. Soluble in caustic alkalies, carbonates of potash and soda, borax, acid phosphate of soda, from which, if a slight excess of an acid be added, crystals are re-precipitated. d. Soluble in sulphuric acid, without undergoing decomposition. HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS* 4. Action of Alkalies. Triturated with caustic alkalies, unctuous compounds are formed, and ammonia is noi set free. 5. Action of Concentrated Nitric Acid. Dissolves ivith effervescence and forms a crystalline mass. See 6. I Uric acid is decom- ) ^ which forms the crystalline mass, and posed into S Urea. Nitric acid is decom- ? Nitrous acid, which, with Urea, give Car- posed into } bonic acid and Nitrogen. Causes of errors ^ Urates. < Dissolve equally with effervescence, as well as cal- ’5 Carbonates. \ cined ammonio-magnesian phosphates. {Beale.) 6. Mnrexide Test. Upon heating this mass, and slowly evaporating it to dryness, a red residue remains, which, treated with a few drops of ammonia (or caustic potash), becomes purple, or violet-red (murexide or purpurate of ammonia or potash). If potash has been used, the violet color disappears under heat. Caffein gives the same reaction. 7. Nitrate of Silver Test. (Schiff’s.) Dissolve traces of uric acid in Carbonate of Soda. With this solution touch, lightly, a paper upon which a drop of Nitrate of Silver has been allowed to spread. A dark spot (reduced nitrate of silver) is produced. Will detect from i-iooo to 1-500,000 of Uric acid. ^ 8. Approximate Estimation of the Gluantity. To 30 fluid ounces of urine add 3 fluid drachms of Hydrochloric acid, and set aside in a cool place, as a cellar, for 24 hours. At the end of that time the uric acid crystals, highly colored, will be found adhering to the sides and bottom of the vessel. Collect them on a filter. By using always the same quantities of urine and acid, a rough estimate may be made. SECTION II. — AMORPHOUS URATES. [LithateS,) 1. Naked-Eye Appearance. The “amorphous urates” occur usually in acid urine, of a high density (1027), as a bulk)^, loose pulverulent deposit, wholly devoid of crystalization. Its color (varying extremely in tint and intensity, but always deeper than the urine from which it falls) may be fawn, orange, “brick-red,” pink, or purplish. It usually sinks quickly and completely, except where the urine is albuminous, in which case the precipitate may continue a long while diffused throughout the urine, giving to it a milky appearance. It is the most common and least important of all the urinary sediments. Urine con- taining an excess of urates is never turbid when freshly passed ; it is only when the urine has cooled that the peculiar muddiness is observed. HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. IS 2 . Shake, and Heat Some of the Urine in a Test-Tuhe. a. The sediment dissolves, but •reappears on cooling. d. There is doubt; filter the boiling urine. AfnorphotiS Urates. Urate of soda dissolves at about ioo° F. Urate of ammonia dissolves at about 200° F. On cooling, the filtrate yields a deposit — Urates. Filter, and apply murexide test to some of the deposit on the filter. c. Add strong Acetic acid X.o some of the deposit, and recrystalizes as Uric acid. It dissolves, I SECTION III. OXALATE OF LIME. 1. General Appearance of the Deposit. Urine depositing oxalate of lime is usually highly colored (dark amber hue), and acid (rarely neutral). The deposit itself is very scanty, colorless, and closely resembles a slight cloud of mucus. It is often conjoined with a deposit of uric acid and the amorphous urates. If freshly-passed urine be allowed to deposit oxalate of lime in a glass vessel, its sides will be traversed by very numerous fine lines, running in bands, transversely or obliquely, looking as if the glass were finely scratched. The sediment consists of two parts — a soft, pale-grey, mucus-like layer on the bottom of the vessel, and overlying this a snow-white denser layer, with an undulating but sharply defined surface. The form of the crystals of oxalate of lime is so characteristic, that there is seldom occasion to make use of chemical tests to determine them. They are too minute to be distinguished by the naked eye. Next to urates, oxalate of lime is the most common unorganized urinary sediment. 2. Solubility. Soluble (readily) in Mineral acids, without ejffervesence ; of soda. also in acid phosphate Insoluble in Water, alcohol, ether, alkalies, vegetable acids, phosphates by its insolubility in A cetic acid. Distinguished from the 'SECTION IV. — PHOSPHATES. The phosphates are only separated from very feebly acid, or alkaline urine, and they are always deposited when the urine undergoes the alkaline fermentation. 1 . Th, urine is turbid or sedi- f Ifa^nyTci^^' { ■! mentary Divide into two < portions, a and b. b. Filter or decant f c I and 1 i6 HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. 2 , The urine has been recently passed, and C A precipitate is formed which C is clear and limpid. Boil. ( is soluble in acids. \ P te . 3. Add an excess of ammonia to the urine under investigation, agitate, and then allow to rest. f Earthy phosphates are precipitated. ‘ Acids dissolve them. See 4, A . A Ikaline phosphates remain in solution. See 6, B, 4. ^—Earthy Phosphates. Filter, or decant, throw upon the precipitate < acid q. s. to com- pletely dissolve it. Neutralize with a. few drops of Am- monia, then add < a little A mmo- nium chloride. Then add slowly and in excess. Oxalate oj Am- " monia. \ A precipitate falls. Oxalate of Lime. Exatnine it microscopi- cally. A mmonio-magnesian phosphate remains in solution ; decant, or filter, and see 6, B. 5. Add an excess of Ammonia\.o\}oo ^ decanted or fil- " tered urine. I. A precipitate. 2. No precipitate. A mmonio-magnesian phosphate (recognize under the microscope) ; soluble in acids, in- soluble in water and alkaline solutions. Leave a little of the urine in a closed test-tube for twenty-four hours. If there be no pre- cipitate, there is no Phosphate of Magnesia in the urine. 6. -B— Alkaline Phosphates. Divide the urine into two por- tions. Acidu- late a with Ni- tric acid. Add an equal volume of ^ A yellow pre- cipitate. Molybdate < of A mmonia. No immediate precipitate. Phosphoric acid, in the state of phospho-molybdate of ammo- nia, insoluble in acids, soluble in alkalies. There are only traces of phos- phoric acid. Heat mixture to about 104O F. From h drive off the ammonia by boil- ing, then separate the urine into two parts. ' Add alcoholic solution of Bichloride of Platinum. < Add solution of bi-metcc- anthno 7 iiate ^ of potassa. C Potassa, in the state of A precipitate. < chloro-platinate; beautiful t yellow octahedral crystals. A granular pre- cipitate. Soda. HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. 17 SECTION V. CYSTINE (C3 H; N S O3). 1, G-eneral Appearance. Very rare urinary sediment. A copious, light sediment (resembling fawn-colored urates), deposited from a urine leebly acid (or alkaline), of a yellowish-green color ; oily appearance ; peculiar sweetbi iar odor (when fresh) ; very liable to decomposition (evolving ammonia and sulphureted hydrogen), and liable to be accompanied by ammonio-magnesian phosphates, mucus, and epithelia. 2. Solubility, S Beautiful six-sided colorless crystals reappearing when the volatile alkali has evaporated. They polarize light. I. Soluble in Caustic alkalies. Boiled with Caustic Potash^ cystine yields ammonia and an inflammable gas. Mineral acids. •( Forming crystalline compounds. Oxalic acid. 2. Insoluble in Precipitates it from its alkaline solutions, amor- phously, or in imperfectly formed crystals, 1 Ammonium carbonate. <( Precipitates it from its cucid solutions. Water, alcohol, vegetable acids (except oxalic). Acetic acid. 3. Heated on Platinum Foil. Burns in the air wit*h a bluish-green flame, evolving thick white fumes, having a peculiar, offensive, acid, garlic-like odor, leaving a spongy charcoal, and staining the platinum a dark greenish-blue color, which disappears render further heating. SECTION VI. LEUCIN. Very rare deposit in the Urine, Pure Leucin is a white non-cry stallizable., odorless, and tasteless organic, fatty-looking substance. If the urine be suspected to contain it, see i. 1 . Evaporate slowly an ounce or two of the urine to the consistence of a syrup, and set aside to cool. Leucin, if present, appears as circular, oily-looking, dark-yellow, laminated discs, or spheres, which float upon water. x8 HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. 2, Solubility. ' Boiling water, very ; alcohol, sparingly. Strong acids. Soluble in Dissolved in ammonia it remains unchanged, and Strong alkalies. < yields larger spherules when the ammonia sponta- \ C neously evaporates. C C This distinguishes it from fatty matter, which it so much re- Insolublein^ Ether. < sembles. From crystals oi Carbonate of Lime, Leucin may C (be determined by floating on water — the lime crystals sink. 3. Test. Put a small quantity of Leucin on a platinum spatula, add Nitric acid, evaporate carefully to dryness. Treat the residue with a few drops of Caustic Soda solution, which dissolves it. Gently heat to concentrate; an oily-looking drop is formed, which can readily be rolled about under the spatula, neither moistening nor adhering to it. {^Scherer.) Note. — As Leucin can rarely be had from the urine in sufficient quantity to apply this characteristic test, we have to rely entirely upon its microscopic characters. • • section VII. TYROSIN (Cg Hu N O3). Very rare deposit in the Urine, 1. General Appearance. Greenish-yellow crystalline sediment, increasing considerably in bulk with slight evapor- ation of the urine. 2. To Obtain It. In doubtful cases concentrate the urine, as recommended in the case of Leucin. 3. Test. Boll the suspected deposit in an excess of water, and while boiling it add a few drops of a solution of Nitrate of the Protoxide of Mercury (nearly neutral) ; if Tyrosin be present, a red precipitate will go down, while the supernatant liquid will be colored rose or purple-red. ifioffmann.) 4. Solubility. Soluble in { Acids, alkalies, and boiling water. Insoluble in <( Ether, alcohol, and cold water. 5. Calcination. Emits, when burned, a disagreeable burnt-horn odor, and does not sublime. HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. 19 Examination of Urinary Calculi. (After Witthaus.) 1. Heat a portion to redness on platinum foil: a. It is entirely volatile. See - - - ‘ - 2 b, A residue remains. See - . » - 5 2. Moisten a portion with N O3 H, evaporate nearly to dry- ness, add (N H4) H O : a. A red color is produced. See ” - *• 3 b. No red color. See - 4 3. Treat a portion with K H O, without heating : a. An ammoniacal odor is observed. - A7nmonium urate. b. No ammoniacal odor, - Uric acid. 4. a. The N O3 H solution becomes yellow on evapora- tion ; the yellow residue becomes reddish-yellow on the addition of K H O, and, on heating with K H O, violet-red, ----- Xanthin. b. The N O3 H solution becomes dark brown on evaporation, ------ Cystine. 5. Treat as in 2 : a. A red color is produced. See - » « 6 b. No red color. See - - - - ® g 6. Heat before the blow-pipe on platinum foil : a. Fuses, 7 b. Does not fuse, 8 7. a. Colors the flame yellow, - - - Sodium urate, b. Colors the flame violet, - - Potassium U7'ate. 20 HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. 8. The residue from 6 : a. Dissolves in dilute H Cl with effervescence ; the solution forms a white ppt. with ammonium oxalate, ------ Calcium urate. b. Dissolves with slight effervescence in dilute S O4 Hg ; the solution neutralized with (N H4) H O, gives a white precipitate with P O^H Na2, Magnesium urate. I 9. Treat as in 6 : a. It fuses, - - - Ammonio-magnesian phosphate. b. It does not fuse, 10 10. The residue from 6, when moistened with water, is : a. Alkaline, ii b. N ot alkaline, - - - Tricalcic phosphate. 1 1 . The original substance dissolves in H Cl : a. With effervescence, - - . Calcium carbo 7 iate. b. Without effervescence, - - Calcium oxalate. Systematic Microscopical Examination of Urinary Deposits. REMOVAL OF THE DEPOSIT FROM THE VESSEL CONTAINING IT. In order to remove the deposit from the lower part of the vessel in which it has subsided, the upper end of the pipette (a glass tube with both extremities open, one of which is much smaller than the other, and tapering), is firmly closed by the forefinger, and the tapering extremity carried down to the very bottom of the glass beneath, or at least in contact with. HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. 21 the layer of sediment there formed. The forefinger should now be raised sufficiently to allow about an inch of the calibre of the tube to be filled with the sediment, when the upper aperture is to be again tightly closed, the tube with- drawn, about one-half of its contents allowed to flow out, and the external surface wiped off with a piece of new linen or muslin. A certain quantity of the deposit, usually a single drop^ is now allowed to flow on the glass slide (which has been scrupulously cleaned), or in a shallow cell, by gently raising the forefinger from the top. It is then covered with a thin glass cover, and subjected to examination in the usual . way. Always examine with a lower power firsts and then with a higher one. Any excess of urine which may exude at the margin of the cover, should be removed by bringing in con- tact with it a piece of filtering or blotting paper, or the ragged edge of a piece of old muslin. The removal of urinary deposits by means of a pipette is an awkward and unsatisfactory mode of procedure, and several ingenious contrivances have therefore been devised to facilitate their collection and removal. Small glass trays with glass handles have been recommended ; the tray is placed at the bot- tom of the urine-glass, and when the urine has deposited its sediment, the tray is raised by means of the handle, and the sediment examined. In this way, however, the deposit is re- moved en masse, and successive layers cannot conveniently be examined seriatim. To obviate these difficulties, an improved and exceedingly simple form of urine-glass, for the collection and examination of deposits, has been contrived, by which minute quantities of sediment can be withdrawn for the pur- pose of microscopic examination. The arrangement consists of a slight modification of Mohr’s burette ; this is shortened and widened, forming a conical cylinder of sufficient capacity to hold two ounces of urine, and width to allow a urinometer 22 HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. to float freely. The sediment is drawn off by means of a glass jet inserted into a piece of india-rubber tubing, which is attached to the neck of the urine-glass. The flow is broken by a spring pinch-cock, which, by compressing the tubing be tween the neck of the urine-glass and the jet, eftectually pre- vents leakage. On pressing the pinch-cock the compression is removable, and a flow occurs. Three or four pieces of HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. 23 india-rubber tubing fitted with glass jets are supplied with each instrument, and these when not in use are to be kept in a bottle filled with dilute hydrochloric acid, to prevent their becoming encrusted. The whole instrument, mounted on a black stand with lacquered brass supports, is a neat as well as useful adjunct to the consulting-room table. Thin shallow cells, made of glass, or gum dammar, or animalcule cages, present certain advantages over plain slides for examining urinary deposits, since in the former a stratum of fluid of any degree of thickness can be very readily ob- tained. With a plain slide it is almost impossible not to greatly modify the microscopic appearance of the deposit by- pushing the cover upon the stratum of urine between it and the slide. Blood corpuscles and amorphous matter may, by this movement, be so aggregated together into cylindrical masses as to closely resemble tube-casts, and thus lead to serious error. By using a shallow cell this source of error is avoided. MAGNIFYING POWERS REQUIRED FOR THE EXAMINATION OF URINE. Urinary sediments require to be examined with different magnifying powers. The objectives which the author would recommend to the student are the two-third inch (giving a magnifying power, with different eye-pieces of from 75 to 150 diameters), and the one-fifth inch (250 to 700 diameters). If the above-mentioned objectives are of really excellent quality, additional magnifying power can be most economic- ally obtained by means of an amplifier, or by using higher eye-pieces. For urinary examinations, magnifying powers of from 200 to 600 diameters will, in general, answer all require- 24 HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. ments. The purchase, therefore, of a higher power objective than a one-fifth or one-sixth inch may be safely deferred by the student until he $hall have become somewhat of an expert in microscopical manipulation. Without any disparagement to the numberless excellent instruments in the market, within the reach of the student of limited means, the author can recommend, from personal experience in its use, the New Workmg Microscope^ recently brought out by Mr. George Wale, an illustration of which will be found elsewhere. THE MICRO-CHEMISTRY OF URINARY DEPOSITS. In the investigation of those deposits which are prone to assume very various and widely different forms, such, for example, as uric acid, it will often be necessary to apply some simple chemical tests before the nature of the substance under examination can be positively determined. By a little in- genuity and practice, the student may perform under the mi- croscope all the chemical tests described in the foregoing Systematic Cher?iical Exammation of Inorganic Urinary De- posits. But Nitric acid and Hydrochloric acid should never be employed under the microscope, where it can be avoided, as the vapor from these acids rapidly corrodes the metallic mounting of the objective. Whenever they are employed the objective should be promptly and carefully wiped with apiece of fine old linen, or a piece of soft glove leather. In applying reagents, the pointed extremity of some blotting or filtering paper, or a thread, may be inserted between the slide and thin glass cover (or it may be applied closely against the latter), while a drop of the reagent is placed upon the other ex- tremity of the paper at a short distance from the thin cover. The paper, absorbing the fluid by capillarity, establishes a current passing from the point upon which the reagent was NAMES OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE. To aid the student in acquiring a familiarity with the microscope, we have inserted a cut in which the names of all the different parts are given in connection with each. The microscope is that known as the New Working Microscope, which, with two eye-pieces, and 2-3 and 1-5 objective, is sold by the Industrial Publication Company for $35. HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. 25 deposited, through the paper, to the thin glass. What occurs may then be observed, and the chemical reaction which ensues be investigated. A much more expeditious process consists in treating a small drop of the sediment upon a glass slide, with an excess of the reagent, then cover the whole with the thin glass, and examine the result under the microscope. A com- panion drop, not so treated, will show by comparison the changes which the reagent has induced. The following tables give the behavior of most urinary deposits when treated with acetic acid. General Micro-Chemical Analysis of Urinary Sediments. The simplest and, perhaps, best division of urinary deposits is into unorgaiiized and organized. A. UNORGANIZED SEDIMENTS. W Crystallized. Acid Urine. Uric Acid, Oxalate of Calcium, Calcium Phosphate (Stellar), Cystine, Tyrosine. 2. Alkaline Urine. Ammonium Urate, Triple Phosphate, Calcium Phosphate, Magnesium Phosphate. (Very rare.) (h) Amorphous. Urate of Sodium and Potassium, Calcium Carbonate, Fats. Calcium Phosphate. SECTION I. — NON-ORGANIZED BODIES. 1. Distinctly Crystalline Bodies. Very large transparent crystals with sharply 1 defined edges, generally isolated. Typi- cal form, a triangular prism with beveled > edges. Occurs in alkaline urine only. Polarizes light beautifully. J Soluble in Acetic acid. A mmonio-tna^ nesian (or Triple) Phosphate. Large crystals, often grouped, always col- 1 ored (in red, yellow, or brown) ; typical forms, a four-sided rhomb or hexagonal 1 Insoluble in Acetic plate ; surface often fissured ; outlines j acid, very dark. Occurs in acid urine only. (Use a power of loo or 200 diameters.) J Uric acid. 26 HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. Large crystals, colored^ closely resembling I * ammonio-magnesian phosphate in form, I may occur in needles, either separate or I Insoluble in Acetic combined in stellate groups. Occurs | acid, only in acid urine. Very rare deposit. I (Use a power of 200 diameters.) J Very small crystals (less than i-ioooth of an inch in diameter, usually), isolated ; octo- hedral form (more rarely dumb-bells) ; very transparent, or of a faint greenish )• tint; very refractive; sharp edges; re- quire a power of 400 to 600 diameters to show them well. Insoluble in Acetic acid. Irregular, opaque, globular masses, or spherules, with spiny projections (either straight or curved), “hedge-hog” crys- tals — or prismatic crystals arranged in star-like masses. Comparatively rare spontaneous deposit in the crystalline form. Found in acid and neutral urine. Crystalline rods, either separate or in stel- ) late groups (rosettes), or sheaf-like bun- j dies. Some of the crystals club, wedge, or bottle shaped, and abundantly marked 1 Soluble with lines of secondary crystallization. S Frequently associated with oxalate of lime. Not a very common deposit. Found in pale, faintly acid urine, with a tendency to alkaline fermentation. in Acetic Regular, colorless, hexagonal tablets; va- rious sizes ; united by their flat surfaces, and overlapping one another ; may have an iridescent mother-of-pearl lustre; sur- faces often marked vdth lines of second- ary crystallization ; or (being dimorphous) square prisms, singly or stellate ; strongly refracting light. A very rare deposit. hisoluble in Acetic acid. {Soluble in Ammo- nia. This differ- entiates it from Uric acid.) More or less yellowish-tinged, highly-re- 1 fractive spheres, having the appearance hisoluble in Ether, of fat globules, with sharp contours, and, with good light, showing radii and deli- [ (Distinguishes it cate concentric lines. Found only in from Fat.) grave destructive diseases of the liver. J Very fine short silky acicular prisms, or needles, arranged in beautiful bundles, tufts, or “ sheaf-like ” collections or spicu- lated balls. Usually of a deep yellow color from absorbed bile pigments. Found associated with and under the same cir- cumstances as the preceding body. Insoluble in s moderately strong Acetic acid. Hippuric acid. Crystals of Oxa-> late of Lime. Urate of Soda. Crystalline Calcium. '^Stel- lar” Phosphate. Cystine. Leuci 7 i. Tyrosin. HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. 27 2 . Amorphous Bodies. Granules, irregular, opaque; or spherules, f Slowly in Acetic f horn which project spiny crystals, straight I acid, after a short time ! or curved ; or globules, opaque, isolated, j giving rise to colorless 1 or united in a mass like frogs’ eggs. . f tablets of Uric acid. \ Granules, roundish or oval, with dark out- lines, Isolated, or three or four united in a star-like form, or in beads, etc. Granules very pale, much smaller, very j transparent, and difficult to perceive; always united by irregular punctated patches (the most common appearance). , Soluble in Acetic acid. Calcium Phos- phate. SECTION II. ORGANIZED BODIES. I. Mucus. 2. Epithelium (from various parts of the genito- urinary tract). 3. Renal Tube Casts. 4. Blood. 5. Pus. 6. Spermatozoa. 7. Fungi. 8. Entozoa. [Note. — -Urine voided turbid will, in the majority of cases, owe its turbidity to one or more of the organized deposits.] 1. Cellular, Round, or Oval Bodies. Circular discs or globules ; non-nucleated ; j i-35ooth of an inch in diameter; separate; I Swell in weak Acetic edges smooth or dentated ; transparent or or shrink and pro- of a faintly yellowish color; sometimes > sent a “ raspberry ” as- < presenting a central depression, and, if pect. Not coloredhy ^een in profile, bi-concave. (Use high carmine, power.) j i Red Blood Corpuscles. Globules, round or oval; nucleated; i-20ooth to i-i4ooth of an inch in diame- t^; slightly defined outlines; single, double, or multiple nuclei ; grayish-white > or granular contents; isolated, or united in masses of polygonal cells (use 300 to 400 diameters). Globule.s, round, elongated, or oval ; very small, varying in diameter from i-yoooth to i-25ooth (average 1-30C0) of an inch; transparent, very refractive ; larger ones nucleated, or have vacuoles, and some- times warty expansions. Germinate if set aside several days. United in chains of three and four, or more, or isolated. (Examine with magnifying power of 500 to 600 diameters.) Rendered pale by A cettc acidy which causes two or three nuclei to ap- pear within them. Col- oredhy carmine. White Blood Corpuscles or Leucocytes. Unchanged by Acetic acid. Uncolored by carmine. Their proto- plasmic cell-contents, •' but not their sacs, stained brownish-yel- low by lodvie-ivcuer. Spores of Fungi. ( Fenicillium Glattcu 7 n, etc) 28 HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. Corpuscles very small (length about i-3oooth ' of an inch); very refractive; of a pe- culiar bluish tint, and fatty lustre; fur- nished with a vepr delicate, long, (i-25oth I of an inch) tail-liice filament; general ap- ' pearance of a minute tad-pole, with greatly elongated tail. (Use 400 to 600 diame- ters. ) Unchanged by the re- agents above men- tioned. Spe-nnatozoa, 2. Form Variable; Size Greater than the Preceding*. Round, oval, lamellar, cylindrical, fusiform, caudate, or irregular bodies; furnished generally with one or more nuclei, with granular contents. Rendered Acetic acid, which brings out their nuclei very dis- tinctly. Colored (the nuclei especially) by car^nine. EpitJulmm from various parts of the Genito-urin- ary tract. 3. Cylindrical. A. Voluminous, of greater or less length ' (rarely exceeding the i-5oth of an inch) ; variable aspect ; pale or hyaline, gran- ular or covered with epithelium ; some- ^ times distinctly, sometimes indistinctly outlined; generally round or club- shaped extremities. Renal Tube Casts. a. Very pale or transparent Amorphous cylinders. With badly defined margins, 1 often twisted or varicose, > branching and subdividing. ) U^icolored hy carmine. Mucus Casts. With clear, well-defined margins, sometimes intersected by frac- tures. Colored by f Hyaline or waxy carmine, i casts'* b. More or less dark, epithelial or granu- lar cylinders. (Use < power of 200 to 400 diameters. ) No line of contour; epithelial cells united into a cylinder. Never verj”^ narrow. A more or less distinct line of contour; fundamental sub- stance finely granular, studded with blood corpuscles. Epithelial or granular CCLStS. Fibrinous blood casts. Any of the above may undergo fatty degeneration. B. Very short; very small (t-ioooth to 1 -3000th of an inch in length) trans- parent bodies; sometimes motion- less, but generally exhibiting ac- tive vibratory movements ; or two or more joined end to end with a spiral motion. (Requires a power of 500 diameters,* and upwards, to show them well. ) Unchanged by ex- cept the arrest of motion. Their protoplasm colored yellow by Iodine-water. Bacteria. HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. 29 4. Filamentous, or Fibrillary. Very thin ; more or less ramified ^ or interlacing. Acetic acid does not change them. Acetic renders them pale, causes their fibrillary aspect to disappear, and gives rise to a swollen, transparent, amor- ^ phous mass. Acetic acid renders them more distinct, and gives them a punctated or striated appear- ance. 5. Square. Square bodies, subdivided into secondary 1 squares, which number 2, 4, 8, etc., and when collected in the form of cubes, \ very much resemble bales of goods. j Thallus of Fungi. Fibrin. Mucus. Sarcina. 30 HANDBOOK OF URINARY ANALYSIS. Form of Recording Urinary Examinations. (To be printed on a full letter sheet.) Examination of Urine. P'or at the request of Dr. Physical and Chemical Characters. Total Quantity in twenty-four hours, Color and Appearance, Odor, Reaction, Specific Gravity, Albumen, Sugar, Quantity and General Appearance of the Deposit, Microscopical Appearance. Crystals, Anatomical Elements, Casts, Other Morphological Elements. Bemarks. TJEINARY ANALYSIS SET. ENLARGED FORM OF PROF. DRAPER’S STAND. See Frontispiece. It consists of a Neat Black Walnut Stand, furnished with the following apparatus : I One-pint Washing-Bottle, with Rubber Stopper. I Urinometer. I Glass Urinometer Cylinder, with Base or Foot. I Porcelain Evaporating Dish, oz. capacity. 1 Glass Funnel. 2 Watch Glasses. 6 doz. Test Tubes — Rack and Drying Pegs for 9. I doz. 4^ oz. Glass-Stoppered Reagent Bottles, for the following reagents : i. Hydrochloric Acid. 2. Nitric Acid. 3. Nitrous Acid. 4. Sulphuric Acid. 5. Acetic Acid. 6. Potassic Hydrate. 7. Ammonic Hydrate. 8. Sodic Car- bonate. 9. Argentic Nitrate. 10. Alcohol. ii. Ether. 12. Cupric Sulphate. I^^The above-named bottles (made and patented by Whitall, Tatum & Co.) are made of glass containing no lead^ zinCy or other metallic flux. They possess the true shape, thin dropping lip, and perfect stoppering. The chemical names and symbols are distinctly blown in the glass, thus preventing the danger of confusion, and avoiding the unsightly appearance of paper-labelled bottles. All letters are ground to make them perfectly visible, and they are quickly and easily cleaned. The stand contains ‘ spaces for six additional bottles, for solutions of Carmine, Iodine, Aniline, etc. Price, complete, - - - - $6.00. INDUSTRIAL PUBLICATION COMPANY, 14 Dey Street, New York. -'7,‘'v’A=<^''V??* ' ' ■ - . CATALOGUE OF Books and Periodicals PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY THE INDUSTRIAL PUBLICATION COMPANY, 14: Dey Street, New York, ^^Any of these Books may be obtained from any Bookseller or Newsdealer, or will be sent Free by mail to any part of the United States or Canada ONBECEIPT OF PEICE. The Amateur’s Handbook of Practical Information, For the Workshop and the Laboratory. Second Edition. Greatly Enlarged. Neatly Bound - - 15 cents. This is a handy little book, containing just the information needed by Amateurs in the Workshop and Laboratory. Directions for making Alloys, Fusible Metals, Cements, Glues, etc. ; and for Solder^ ing. Brazing, Lacquering, Bronzing, Staining and Polishing Wood, Tempering Tools, Cutting and Working Glass, Varnishing, Silvering, Gilding, Preparing Skins, etc., etc. The New Edition contains extended directions for preparing Polish- ing Powders, Freezing Mixtures, Colored Lights for tableaux. Solu- tions for rendering ladies* dresses incombustible, etc. There has also been added a very large number of new and valuable receipts. Rhymes of Science: Wise and Otherwise. By O. W. Holmes, Bret Hart, Ingoldsby, Prof. Eorbes, Prof. J. W. McQ. Kankine, Hon. K. W. Eaymond, and others. With Illustrations. Cloth, Gilt Title. • 50 cents IN PREPARATION, Third Edition. Eevised and Greatly Enlarged, HOW TO USE THE MICROSCOPE. A Simple and Practical Book, intended for beginners. By JOHN PHIN, Editor of “ The American Journal of Microscojpy'* O OlNTTEKrTSs What a Microscope is.— D ifferent Kinds of Microscopes.— Simple Mi- croscopes.— Hand Mi^nifiers. — The Coddiagton Lens. — ^The Stanhope Lens. — ^Raspail’s Microscope. — The Excelsior Microscope ^Twenty-five cent Microscopes and how to make them. — Penny Microscopes. Compound Microscopes.— Different kinds of Objectives. — ^Non-Achrom« atic Objectives.— French Achromatic Objectives— Objectives of the English Form. — Immersion Objectives — Focal Lengths corresponding to the num- bers employed by Nachet, Hartnack and Gundlach. How TO Choose a Microscope.— Microscopes for Special Purposes.-v- Magnifying Power required for different purposes. — How to judge of the quality of the different parts of the Microscope. Accessory Apparatus. — Stage Forceps, Animalcule Cage, etc. Illumination. — Sun Light. — Artificial Light. — ^Bulls-Eye Condenser.— Side Reflector. — ^The Lieberkuhn.— Axial Light.— Oblique Light.— Direct Light- How TO Use the Microscope.— How to Care for the Microscope. How TO Collect Objects.— Where to find Objects. — What to Look for.— How to Capture Them. — Nets. — ^Bottle-Holders — Spoons. — ^New Form of Collecting Bottle.— Aquaria for Microscopic Objects. — Dipping Tubes. The Preparation and Examination of Objects. — Cutting Thin Sections of Soft Substances. — ^Sections of Wood and Bone. — Improved Section Cut- ter. — Sections of Rock. — ^Knives. — Scissors.— Needles. — Dissecting Pans and Dishes.— Dissecting Mici scopes.— Separation of Deposits from Liquids. — Preparing whole Insec*,?. — Feet, Eyes, Tongues, Win^s, etc., of Insects. — ^Use of Chemical Tests.— Liquids for Moisteni%* Objects. — Re- fractive Power of Liquids. — Covers for Keeping out Dust. — ^Errors in Micro- Bcopical Observations. Preservation of Objects. — General Principles. — ^Recipes for Preserv- ative Fluids. — General Rules for Applying them. Mounting Objects. — Apparatus and Materials for: Slides, Covers, Cells, Turn-Table, Cards for Making Cells, Hot-Plate, Lamps, Retort Stand, Slide-Holder, Mounting Needles, Cover Forceps, Simple Form of Spring Clip, Centering Cards, Gold Size, Black Japan, Brunswick Black, Shellac, Bell’s Cement, Sealing Wax Varnish, Colored Shellac, Damar Cement, Mar- ine Glue, Liquid Glue, Dextrine. — ^Mounting Transparent Objects Dry.— Mounting in Balsam. — Mounting in Liquids. — ^Mounting of Whole In- Bects.— How to Get Rid of A|’r-Bubbles.— Mounting Opaque Objects. I Finishing the Slides. The Microscopisfs Annual for 1879. Contains List of all the Microscopical Societies fn the country, with names of officers, days of meeting, etc. ; etc. ; Alphabetical and Classiiied Lists of all the Manu- facturers of Microscopes and Objectives, Dissecting Ap- paratus, Microscopic Objects, Materials for Microscopists, in Europe and America, etc., etc. ; Postal Kates, Rules and Regulations, prepared expressly for microscopists ; Weights and Measures, with tables and rules for the con- version of different measures into each other; Custom Duties and Regulations in regard to Instruments and Books ; Value of the Moneys of all Countries in U. S. Dollars ; Value of the Lines on Nobert’s Test Plates ; Table of Moller’s Probe Platte, with the number of lines to inch on the several diatoms, etc., etc. ; Pocal Value of the Objectives of those makers who Number their Objectives (Hartnack, Nachet, etc.) ; Focal Value of the Eye-pieces of different makers ; Magnifying Power of Eye-pieces and Objectives, etc., etc. The whole form- ing an indispensable companion for every working micro- scopist. Limp Cloth, Gilt - - - 25 cents. The “ Annual ” for 1880 is in a forward state of preparation, and will be uniform in size and price with that for 1879. Microscope Objectives. ^ The Angular Aperture of Microscope Objectives. By Dr. George E. Blackham. 8vo., Cloth. Eighteen full page illustrations printed on extra fine paper. $1.00. Sold only by Subscription. This is the elaborate paper on Angular Aperture, read by Dr. Blackham before the Microscopical Congress, held at Indianapolis. Kulzing on Diatoms.— Nearly ready. The Siliceous Shelled Bacillarise or Diatomaceae ; the History of their Discovery and Classification ; their Dis- tribution, Collection, and Life-History. By Friedrich Traugott Kutzing. Translated from the German by Prof. Hamilton L. Smith, of Geneva, N. Y. 12mo., Cloth, Gilt, 50 cents. Section Cutting. A Practical Guide to the Preparation and Mounting oi Sections for the Microscope ; Special Prominence being given to the Subject of Animal Sections. By Sylvester Marsh. Beprinted from the London edition. With Illustrations. 12mo., Cloth, Gilt Title. - 75 cents. This is undoubtedly the most thorough treatise extant upon section Dutting in all its details. The American edition has been greatly enlarged by valuable explanatory notes, and also by extended direc- tions, illustrated with engravings, for selecting and sharpening knives and razors. A Book for Beginners with the Microscope. Being an abridgment of “ Practical Hints on the Selection and Use of the Microscope.” ByJohnPhin. Fully illus- trated, and neatly and strongly bound in boards. 30 cts. This book was prepared for the use of those who, having no know- ledge of the use of the microscope, or, indeed, of any scientific appar- atus, desire simple and practical instruction in the best methods of managing the instrument and preparing objects. How to Use the Microscope. A Simple and Practical Book, intended for beginners. By John Phin, editor of “The American Journal of Microscopy.” Second Edition. Greatly Enlarged, with 50 illustrations in the text and 4 full-page engravings printed on heavy tint paper. 12 mo., Neatly bound in Cloth, Gilt Title. - - - - 75 cents. The Microscope. By Andrew Boss. Fully Illustrated. 12 mo.j Cloth, Gilt Title. . . - . - 75 cents. This is the celebrated article contributed by Andrew Boss to the “Penny Cyclopmdia,” and quoted so frequently by writers on the Microscope. Carpenter and Hogg, in the last editions of their works on the Microscope, and Brooke, in his treatise on Natural Philoso: phy, all refer to this article as the best source for full and clear information in regard to the principles upon which the modem achromatic Microscope is constmcted. It should be in the library of every person to whom the Microscope is more than a toy. It is written in simple language, free from abstruse technicalities. Diatoms. Practical Directions for Collecting, Preserving, Trans- porting, Preparing and Mounting Diatoms. By Prof. A, Mead Edwards, M. D., Prof. Christopher Johnston, M. D., Prof. Hamilton L. Smith, LL. D. 12mo., Cloth. - 75 cents. This volume undoubtedly contains the most complete series of directions for Collecting, Preparing and Moimting Diatoms ever published. The directions given are the latest and best. Common Objects for the Microscope. By Eev. J. G. Wood. Upwards of four hundred illus- trations, including twelve colored plates by Tuffen West. Illuminated Covers. - - - 50 cents. This book contains a very complete description of the objects ordi- narily met with, and as the plates are very good, and almost every object is figured, it is a most valuable assistant to the young micro- ecopist. Five Hundred and Seven Mechanical Movements. Embracing all those which are Most Important in Dy- namics, Hydraulics, Hydrostatics, Pneumatics, Steam Engines, Mill and Other Gearing, Presses, Horology and Miscellaneous Machinery; and including Many Move- ments never before published, and several of which have only recently come into use. By Henry T. Brown, editor of the ‘‘American Artisan.” Eleventh Edition. $1.00. This work is a perfect Cyclopaedia of Mechanical Inventions, which are here reduced to first principles, and classified so as to be readily available. Every mechanic that hopes to be more workman, ought to have a copy. The Six Days of Creation. The Chemical History of the Six Days of Creation. By John Phin, C. E., editor of “The American Journal of Microscopy.” 12mo., Cloth. - - 75 cents. Stories About Horses. Just the Book for Boys. With eight full-page engrav^ ings. In Boards, 25 cents. In Cloth - 50 cents. Instruction in the Art of Wood Engraving. A Manual of Instruction in the Art of Wood Engraving; with a Description of the Necessary Tools and Appar- atus, and Concise Directions for their Use ; Explanation of the Terms Used, and the Methods Employed for Pro- ducing the Various Classes of Wood Engravings. By S. E. Fuller. Fully illustrated with Engravings by the author, separ- ate sheets of engravings for transfer and practice being added. New Edition, Neatly Bound. - - 30 cents. What to Do in Case of Accident. What to Do and How to Do It in Case of Accident. A Book for Everybody. 12mo., Cloth, Gilt Title. 50 cents. This is one of the most useful books ever published. It tells ex- actly what to do in case of accidents, such as Severe Cuts, Sprains, Dislocations, Broken Bones, Burns with Fire, Scalds, Bums with Corrosive Chemicals, Sunstroke, Suffocation by Foul Air, Hanging, Drowning, Frost-Bite, Fainting, Stings, Bites, Starvation, Lightning, Poisons, Accidents from Machinery, and from the Falling of Scaf- folding, Gunshot Wounds, etc., etc. It ought to be in every house, for young and old are liable to accident, and the directions given in this book might be the means of saving many a valuable life. BOUND VOLUMES OF The Technologist, or Industrial Monthly. The eight volumes of The Technologist, ob Industeial Monthly, which have been issued, form a Mechanical and Archi- tectural [^cyclopasdia of greiife'iialue; and, when properly bound, they form a most important addition to any library. The splendid full-page engravings, printed on tinted paper, in the highest style of the art, are rmivei sally conceded to be the finest architectural and mechanical engravings ever published in this country. We have on hand a few complete sets, which we offer for $16.00, handsomely and uniformly bound in cloth. We have also a few extra sets of Vols. HI to VTH inclusive. These six volumes we offer for $8.00 bound in cloth. As there are but a very few sets remaining, those who desire to secure them should order immediately t Note.— The above prices do not include postage or express charges- The set weighs altogether too much to be sent by mail. Shooting on the Wing. ^ Plain Directions for Acquiring the Art of Shooting on the Wing. With Useful Hints concerning all that relates to Guns and Shooting, and particularly in regard to the art of Loading so as to Kill. To which has been added several Valuable and hitherto Secret Kecipes, of Great Practical Importance to the Sportsman. By an Old Gamekeeper. 12mo., Cloth, Gilt Title. - - - 75 cents. The Pistol as a Weapon of Defence, In the House and on the Eoad. 12mo., Cloth. - - - - 50 cents. This work aims to instruct the peaceable and law-abiding citizens in the best means of protecting themselves from the attacks of the brutal and the lawless, and is the only practical book published on this subject. Its contents are as foUows : The Pistol as a Weapon of Defence.— The Carrying of Pire- Arms.— Different kinds of Pistols in Market; How to Choose a Pistol.— Ammunition, different kinds; Powder, Caps, Bullets, Copper Cartridges, etc.— Best form of Bullet. — How to Load.— Best Charge for Pistols.— How to regulate the Charge.— Care of the Pistol ; how to Clean it.— How to Handle and Carry the Pistol.— How to Learn to Shoot.— Practical use of the Pistol ; how to Protect yourself and how to Disable your antagonist. Lightning Rods. Plain Directions for the Construction and Erection of Lightning Hods. By John Phin, C. E., editor of “The Young Scientist,” author of “Chemical History of the Six Days of the Creation,” etc. Second Edition. En- larged and Fully Illustrated. 12mo., Cloth, Gilt Title. - - - 50 cents. This is a simple and practical little work, intended to convey just Such information as will enable every property owner to decide whether or not his buildings are thoroughly protected. It is not m*itten in the interest of any patent or particular article of manu- facture, and by following ite directions, any ordinarily skilful me- chanic can put up a rod that will afford perfect protection, and that will not infringe aay patent. Every owner of a house or barn ough' to procure a copy. The Steel Square and Its Uses. The Carpenters’ Steel Square and its Uses ; being a de- scription of the Square, and its Uses in obtaining the Lengths and Bevels of all kinds of Kafters, Hips, Groins, Braces, Brackets, Purlins, Collar-Beams, and Jack- Kafters. Also, its application in obtaining the Bevels and Cuts for Hoppers, Spring Mouldings, Octagons, Stairs, Diminished Stiles, etc., etc., etc. Illustrated by Over Fifty Wood-cuts. By Fred. T. Hodgson, Editor of the “ Builder and Woodworker.” Cloth, Gilt, - ... - 75 cents. Mechanical Draughting. The Students’ Illustrated Guide to Practical Draughting. A Series of Practical Instructions for Machinists, Me- chanics, Apprentices, and Students at Engineering Establishments and Technical Institutes. By T. P. Pemberton, Draughtsman and Mechanical Engineer. Illustrated with Numerous Engravings. Cloth, Gilt, $1.00 This is a simple but thorough book, by a draughtsman of twenty- five years’ experience. It is intended for beginners and self-taught students, as well as for those who pursue the study under the direc- tion of a teacher. Map of the Moon. This is a copy of Webb’s reduction of Baer & Maedler’s ^ celebrated Map of the Moon. It is engraved in the very best style, every feature being remarkably clear and dis- tinct. It is accompanied with a small book, which con- tains a description of the various topographical features shown in the map, and forms an indispensable addition to the library of every Amateur Astronomer. Price of Map and Descriptive Book, - - - 50 cents. im' As the map was prepared for the purpose of illustrating the monthly papers on “Astronomy for Amateurs,” published in the Young Scientist, it was given as a premium to all subscribers to that journal. Those who received the map with the Journal, and desire to procure the book, can obtain the latter, post-paid, for 20 cents. The Carpenter’s Steel Square, AND HOW TO USE IT. OPINIONS CP THE PRESS. “ This little work consists of a republication of some papers contributed by its talented author some time ago to the A merican Builder, and which were received with so much favor by artisans, for whom they were written, as to induce their author to collect them into the present volume.” *******“ The work is well illustrated by upwards of fifty cuts which have been well engraved, and can hardly fail to give any one an idea of the capabilities of the steel square, and what can be accomplished from it when in skilful hands.” — Journal of Franklin Institute, Fhila. ** A most valuable little treatise of 70 pages upon that commonplace subject, the * steel square,’ being a description of that useful tool, and its uses in obtaining the lengths and bevels of rafters, hips, groins, braces, brackets, purlins, collar beams and jack lafters, and its application in obtaining the bevels and cuts for hoppers, spring moldings, octa- gons, stairs, diminished stiles, etc., illustrated by over 50 wood cuts. Mr. Hodgson has succeeded admirably in demonstrating that the study of the value and use of the square is by no means the dry subject one would suppose, and that as a tool in the hands of an intelligent workman, its possibilities are far beyond the standard usually conceded to it. It is a valuable book for the use of the carpenter, and should be upon the office desk of every retailer of lumber, from the valuable hints it will give him as a guide to his negotiations with his customers in figuring out their wants. It is, in fact, well adapted to the wants of every man who has a shed or fence to erect upon his premises, or who wishes to keep a check upon his builder.” — Northwestern Lumber- man, Chicago, III. This is a little book that no carpenter, joiner, cabinetmaker, or amateur wood- worker, can do without, if they wish to keep up with the times in their several branches of trade. We believe this is the first and only book that has been written on this subject alone, and we must say, that the duty of writing it fell into good hands, as the author has handled his subject in a masterly manner. One is struck with astonishment at the number of difficult and apparently intricate problems this simple instrument — the square — is made to solve, and in such a manner that any mechanic who can read the figures on the tool can work out the solutions. The lengths and bevels of rafters, hips, braces, trusses, purlins, collar beams, and jack rafters are obtained as if by magic, and without thought or calculation. The work is handsomely gotten up, printed on heavy white paper, substantially bound, and cleanly turned out. The some fifty odd wood cuts are almost equal to steel engravings, and the whole get-up is a credit to both author and publisher, and the low price at which it is sold, (75 cents), places it within reach of every wood-worker, no matter how poor he maybe.” — Enterprise, Collingwood, Out. ** It is a timely book on the subject in hand, and we can safely recommend it as com- petent to fill a long felt vacancy in the mechanics’ library. The work presents a valu- able collection of rules and data connected with the framing square, to the solution of roofing problems, braces, hoppers, etc., etc.” — Orillia Packet, Out. **Some fifty engravings aid in the description of the square and its uses in obtaining lengths and bevels of all kinds ; also, its application in obtaining the bevels and cuts for all conceivable shapes used in the wood shops. Any wood- worker possessing this book will find its cost, seventy-five cents, is not to be compared with its real value and usefulness in the shop.” — The Carriage Monthly, Phila. The work is a very valuable one, and should be in the hands of every carpenter.” — Messenger, Collingwood, Ont. “The work will be of very great service to carpenters and builders.” — Bulletin^ Collingwood, Ont. THE WORKSHOP COMPANION. A Collection of* Usefnl and Relialde Recipes, Rules, Processes, IRetliods, WrinMes, and Practical Hints, FOR THE HOUSEHOER THE SHOE. COIVXENTS. Abyssinian Gold;— Accidents, General Rules; •'-Alabaster, how to work, polish and clean; — Alcohol; — Alloys, rules for making, and 26 recipes; — Amber, how to work, polish and mend; — Annealing and Hardening ghss, copper, steel, etc.; — Arsenical Soap; — Arsenical Powder; — Beeswax, how to bleach; — Blackboards, how to make; — Brass, how to work, polish, color, varnish, whiten, deposit by electricity, clean, etc., etc.; — Brazing and Soldering; — Bronzing brass, wood, leather, etc.; — Bums, how to cure; — Case-hardening; — Catgut, how prepared -Cements, general rules for using, and 56 recipes for preparing; — Copper, working, welding, depositing; — Coral, artificial; — Cork, working; — Crayons for Blackboards; — Curling brass, iron, etc.; — Liquid Cu- ticle; — Etching copper, steel, glass; — Eye, accidents to;— Fires, to prevent; — Clothes on Fire; — Fireproof Dresses; — Fly Papers; — Freezing Mixtures, 6 recipes; — Fumigating Pastils; — Gilding metal, leather, wood, etc.; — Glass, cutting, drilling, turning in the lathe, fitting stoppers, removing tight stoppers, powdering, packing, imitating ground glass, washing glass vessels, etc. ; — Grass, Drj% to stain ; —Guns, to make shoot close, to keep from rusting, to brown the barrels of, etc., etc.; — Handles, to fasten; — Inks, rules for selecting and preserving, and 34 recipes for; — Ink. Eraser; — Inlaying; — Iron, forging, welding, case-hardening, zincing, tinning, do. in the cold, brightening, etc., etc. ; — Ivory, to work, polish, bleach, etc. ; — ^Javelle Water ;• —Jewelry and Gilded Ware, care of, cleaning, coloring, etc. ; — Lacquer, how to make and apply; — Laundry Gloss ; — Skeleton Leaves; — Lights, signal and colored, also for tableaux, photography, etc., 25 recipes; — Lubricators, selection of, 4 recipes for; — Marble, working, polishing, clean- ing; — Metals, polishing ; — Mirrors, care of, to make, pure silver, etc., etc.; — Nickel, to plate with without a battery; — Noise, prevention of; — Painting Bright Metals; — Paper, adhesive, barometer, glass, tracing, transfer, waxed, etc. ; •'—Paper, to clean, take creases out of, remove water stains, mount drawing paper, to prepare for varnishing, etc., etc. ; — Patina; — Patterns, to trace; — Pencils, indelible; — Pencil Marks, to fix; — Pewter; — Pillows for Sick Room, cheap and good; — Plaster-of- Paris, how to work; — Poisons, antidotes for, 12 recipes; — Polishing Powders, preparation and use of (six pages); — Resins, their properties, etc.; — Saws, how to sharpen;- ^Sieves; — Shellac, properties and uses of ; — Silver, properties of, oxidized, old, cleaning, to remove ink stains from, to dissolve from plated goods, etc., etc.; — Silvering metals, leather, iron, etc. ; — Size, preparation of various kinds of; — Skins, tanning and curing? do with half on; — Stains, to remove from all kinds of goods; — Steel, tempering and working (six pages) ; — Tin, properties, methods of working; — Varnish, 21 recipes for; '-Varnishing, directions for; — Voltaic Batteries; — Watch, care of; — Waterproofing, 7 recipes for;-- Whitewash; — Wood Floors, waxing, staining, and polishing; — Wood, poksHiig. ^ Wood, staining, 17 recipes; — Zinc, to pulverize, black varnish for. 164 closely-printed pages, neatly bound. Sent bv mail for 36 oenv« (postage stamps received). Specimen pages free. INDUSTRIAL PUBLICATION COMPANY, ]4 Dey Stxeet, New York. lVz7i he Ready in a Few Days, Hand-Book of Urinary Analysis. CHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL, For the Use of Physicians, Medical Students, and Clinical Assistants. By FRANK M. DEEMS, M. D., Laboratory Instructor in the Medical Department of the University of New York; Member of the N. Y. County Medical Society; Member of the New York Microscopical Society, etc. Illustrated^ limp Clothe Gilt, 25 cts» This Manual presents a plan for the Systematic Examination of Liquid Urine, Urinary Deposits, and Calculi. It is compiled with the intention of suppljring a concise guide, which, from its small compass and tabulated arrangement, renders it admirably adapted for use, both as a bed-side reference book and a work-table companion. The author is well known as one who has had for several years a very extended experience as a teacher of this important branch of physical diagnosis, and he has compiled a manual which will serve to lessen the difficulties in the way of the beginner, and save valuable time to the busy practitioner. Free by Mail on receipt of price. JUST PUBLISHED. HOW TO SEE WITH THE MICROSCOPE. Being Useful Hints Connected with the Selection and Use of the Instrument; also Some Discussion of the Claims and Capacity of Modern High-Angled Objectives, as Compared with those of Medium Aperture. With Instructions as to the Selection and Use of American Object-Glasses of Wide Apertures. By J. EDWARDS SMITH, M. D. Professor of Histology and Microscopy; Corresponding Member San Francisco, Dunkirk, and other Microscopical Societies, etc., etc. Handsomely Illnstrated. Prof. Smith is well known as the most expert manipulator in this country, as regards objectives of wide aperture, and in this volume he gives, in a clear and practical man- ner, all the directions necessary to attain the surprising results which he has achieved. No microscopist that uses anything better than French triplets can afford to be without it. Price, $2»00» Free by Mail on receipt of price. Address To be completed in Six Monthly Parts. Price $15.00, payable in advance. PART I. IS NOW READY. A Manual of the Infusoria, Including a Description of all Known Flagellate, Ciliate, and Tentaculiferous Protozoa, British and Foreign, and an Account of the Organization and Affinities of the Sponges. By W. SAVILLE KENT, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S. This important work, the result of many years’ careful labor and investigation on the part of the author, will, it is hoped, meet a want which has long existed among micro- scopists. It will consist of a volume of text extending to about 800 pages super royal 8vo., and an atlas of 48 plates, containing upwards of 2,000 figures. Wishing to lend what little assistance we can to the publication of this valuable work, we have subscribed for a lar^e number of copies, which we offer to the microscopists of the United States at the prices named above. As the book is large and very expen- sive, the publisher will issue very few copies beyond those for which subscriptions are received, and consequently the price will undoubtedly be advanced after the work has been completed. INDUSTRIAL PUBLICATION CO., 14 Dey Street, New York, AGENTS FOR THE UNITED STATES. The Carpenter’s Steel Square AND ITS USES. Being a description of the Carpenter’s Framing Square, giving simpie and easy methods of obtaining the Lengths and Bevels of all kinds of Rafters, Hips, Groins, Braces, Brackets, Purlins, Coliar- Beams, and Jack-Rafters. Also, its appUcation in obtaining the bevels and cuts for Hoppei’s, Spring Mouldings, Octagons, Stairs, and Diminished Stiles. ninstrated by over Fifty Fjrge and Clear Woodcuts, 13 y F" 13 E 13 . T. LI O 13 Gt S O , Editor of Uu Builder and Wood- Worker. Cloth, Gilt, - - - * - - - 75 cents. This is the only work of the kind ever published, and must prove of great service to every person who may have to use a Carpenter’s Square. Joiners, Cabinet makers. Bricklayers, Stone Cutters, Plas- terers, Lumber Dealers, Amateurs, and all who build a fence, tinker a gate, or make a chicken-coop, will find something in this little book that will help and aid them to do their work better and more intelli- gently than they could without a knowledge of its contents. Many difficult and troublesome mathematical problems can be solved by the use of this tool, and the methods of solving them are shown in the work. It describes how Painting, Plastering, and Brick "Work can be measured, and how many mechanical difficulties can be overcome with great ease. It explains how Ellipses, Parabolas, Octagons, Circles, and many other figures may be described by the Steel Square. This is the “ book of the period ” for all who work in wood, and its low price places it within the reach of every journejunan and appren- tice in the land. The engravings are of a high order, and the whole is printed on heav^^ calendered paper. INDUSTRIAL PUBLICATION COMPANY, 14 I>ey Street, ^'ew Vork. SENT BY MAIL TO ANY ADDRESS ON RECEIPT OP PRICE. GEyESIS GEOLOGY. THE CHEMICAL HISTORY OP The Six Days of Creation. BY JOHN PHIN, C.E., Editor oe “The American Journal oe Microscopy.” 1 VoLf 12mo* Cloth. 75 cents. The following are a few of the Opinions of the Press: This is a small book, but full of matter. ♦ ♦ ♦ We think this book is full of interest and value ; and as the discussions concerning the harmony of science and faith are rife at the present day, we commend the reason- ings of Mr. Phin to the great number of readers and students who are investigating these subjects. — The Presbyterian (Philadelphia). The author gives a new solution of this difficult question, and certainly presents many very plausible arguments in support of his theory. — Sunday- School Workman, A very candid and ingenious esssiy,— Christian Union (H. W. Beecher’s paper). No one can read this book without compensation, without becoming more thoughtful concerning the phenomena of creation; and he need lose none of his reverence for the supremacy of the Divine h&w,— Mural New- Yorker, We could say much in commendation of Prof. Phin’s little book. An intelligent reader can hardly fail to be interested in it, and many might be benefited. — Country Gentleman, The book can not fail to interest even those who do not fully accept the theory it advocates.— Bosfow Journal of Chemistry, It is a new scientific view of the matter. — Phrenological Journal, The book, although not large, will prove exceedingly interesting to all who have ever directed attention to this matter, and contains more solid and suggestive thought than many voluminous treatises on the subject.— Insurance Monitor, The work is ingenious and original, and presents many striking sugges- tions.— Ammcan Baptist, We believe Prof. Phin has started upon the correct basis, and his theory is mainly tenable. His views are presented in a manner which, though terse, is easily comprehended.— Guardian (Paterson, N. J.) THE YOUNG SCIENTIST, A Practical Journal for Amateurs. ISSUED MONTHLY* Price 50 Cents per year* It is char actbris tic of young Americans that they want to be doing something. They are not content with merely knovring how things are done, or even with seeing them done ; they want to do them themselves. In other words, they want to experiment. Hence the wonderful demand that has sprung up for small tool chests, turning lathes, scroll saws, ^ood carving tools, teleRraphs, model steam engines, microscopes and all kinds of apparatus. In nine cases out of ten, how- ever, the young workman finds it difficult to learn how to use his tools or ap- paratus after he has got them. It is true that we have a large number of very excellent text-books, but these mre not just the thing. What is wanted is a liv- ing teacher. Where a living teacher cannot be found, the next best thing is a live journal, and this we propose to furnish. And in attempting this it is not our intention to confine ourselves to mere practical directions. In these days of knowledge and scientific culture, the ** Why*’ becomes as necessary as the •• How.*’ The object of the Young Scientist is to give clear and easily followed directions for performing chemical, mechanical and other operations, as well as simple and accurate explanations of the principles involved in the various mechanical asd chemical processes which we shall undertake to describe. The scope and character of the journal will be better understood from an in- spection of a few numbers, or from the list of contents found on a subsequent page, than from any labored description. There are, however, three features to which we would call special attention: OoRBESPONDENCE.— In this department we intend to place our readers in com- munication with each other, and in this way we hope to secure for every one just such aid as may be required for any special work on hand. ExoHANGE8.»An exchange column, like that which has been such a marked success in the Journal of Microscopy ^ will be opened in the Young Scientist. Yearly subscribers who may wish to exchange tools, apparatus, books, or the products of their skill, can state what they have to offer and what they want, without charge. Buying and selling must, of course, be carried on in the adver- tising columns. ILLUSTBATIONS.— The joumal will make no claims to the character of a ** pi(s ture book,*’ but wherever engravings are needed to make the descriptions olet\r they will be furnished. Some of the engravings which have already appeared in our pages are as fine as anything to be found in the most expensive journals. SidcoIaI 3>Jotioo. As our journal is too small and too low-priced to claim the attention of news dealers, we are compelled to rely almost wholly upon subscriptions sent directly to this office. As many persons would no doubt like to examine a few numbers before becoming regular subscribers, we will send four current numbers as a trial trip for FIFTEEN CENTS* OZjiTTBS. Where three or more subscribe together for the joumal, we offer the following liberal terms: 3 copies for $1.25 6 *« “ 2.00 7 *• “ 2.76 10 •• “ 8.60 Advertisements, 30 cents per line. As postal currency has nearly disappeared from circulation, we receive post age stamps oi the lower denominations (ones, twos and threes) at their full value. Postal orders are, however, much safer and more convenient. To avoid delay and mistakes address all communications to '* The Young SoientisTi Box 2852, New York,** and make all checks and orders payable to John Phin. A New and Idve Booh on the Gun, Just Published. Price 75 cents, in cloth. PLAIN DIRECTIONS FOR ACQUIRING THE ART OP SHOOTING ON THE WING. With Useful Hints concerning all that relates to Guns and Shoot- ing, and particularly in regard to the art of Loading so as to Kill. To which has been added several Valuable and hitherto Secret Recipes, of Great Practical Importance to the Sportsman. By an old gamekeeper. Sent free by mail on receipt of price. Opinions of the l^ress^ The directions are so plain that they cannot well be mistaken, and they are expressed in the fewest possible words. — Turf^ Field and Farm, Facing the title-page is one of the handsomest, best-executed woodcuts, we have ever seen. It is entitled “The Wounded Snipe,” and almost equals a steel engraving.— Union, From its pages we should think even the most experienced sportsman might derive some new ideas, while the beginner will find it an invaluable assistant. — Country Gentleman, For concise instructions as to how to shoot, to select, load, carry, and keep a gun in order, etc., it cannot be surpassed. — Westei'n Rural, A pleasantly written, and, it seems, to us, correct and practical treatise on the sportsman’s art; a modest little book, but one from the reading of which a good deal of the right kind of knowledge is to be gained. — Appleton's Journal, A practical and well-written handbook, especially adapted for the use of young sportsmen, as it gives sensible advice on the manipulation of firearms, and the rules and etiquette of the field. ScientiJiG Amei'iean, The Only Practical Booh Published on this Subject. THE PISTOL AS A WEAPON OF DEFENCE, In the House and on the Koad. 12mo. Cloth. 50 cents. This work aims to instruct the peaceable and law-abiding citizens in the best means of protecting themselves from the attacks of the brutal and the lawless. Its contents are as follows: The Pistol as a Weapon of De- fence— The Carrying of Fire-Arms— Different kinds of Pistols in Market; how to Choose a Pistol— Ammunition, different kinds; Powder, Caps, Bullets, Copper Cartridges, etc.— Best form of Bullet— How to Load- Best charge for Pistols— How to regulate the Charge— Care of the Pistol; how to clean it — How to handle and carry the Pistol— How to Learn to Shoot — Practical use of the Pistol; how to Protect yourself and how to Disable your antagonist. “No man is fit to keep house who is not fit to defend iV*— Henry Ward Beecher. “ So long as rogues cannot be prevented from carrying weapons, honest men do not consult their own safety and the public good by totally dis- carding them.”— i^ecorcZer Hackett. “Such I hold to be the genuine use of gunpowder; that it makes all men alike call (or strong.)” — Carlyle. For Sale by aU Newsdealers, or Sent postpaid by Kail on receipt of price I WHAT PEOPLE SAY OF US. In a letter to the Editor, Oliver Wendel Holmes, the genial “Autocrat of the Breakfast Table,” says: “I am much pleased with the Youno Scientist. It makes me want to bo a boy again.” “ It is a little publication, calculated to call out and educate aU the latent ingenuity and thirst for knowledge which the youthful mind pos- sesses, and we hope it will win its way into every household in the land.” — [Scientific Press. “We have never seen a periodical, designed for youth, which came nearer to our ideal of what such a journal should be.” — [Canadian Phar- maceutical Journal. “The Youno SciENnsT is one of the choicest publications for juvenile minds in this country. Every page treats on subjects of importance to young and old, portrayed in a clearly comprehensive manner, which at once interests the young idea in its careful perusal.”— [Lapeer Clarion. “It seems to fill the bill.”— [Newport Daily News. “It is pleasing to note that its youthful subscribers will not be misled by clap-trap advertisements or advertisements of patent medicines, which uull not be received at any price. The Young Scientist is doing good work in setting its face against this class of humbugs.”— [Manufacturing and Trade Review. “The work is a copiously illustrated monthly, and is full of practical hints that will instruct and amuse the young folks.”— [Industrial School Advocate. “A small but elegant and very instructive monthly.”— [Pittsburg Chronicle. “ Contains the best possible reading for the young of both sexes.”— [Ottawa Journal. “ We can safely recommend this magazine as one of the very best publications for the young folks.”— [The Independent, Fenton, Mich. “ This journal occupies a new field, and is needed to put the minds of our youth on the right track to secure a correct understanding of the nature of things.”— [Wayland Press. “It is ably edited by John Phin, who will make a large place in the heart of the rising generation, if he persists in his venture. We hope his success in the field will be equal to the article furnished— first best.” — [Sunset Chimes. “The articles are Written in a popular, readable style, and profusely illustrated.” — Akron City Times. “The Young Scjientist is excellent in conception, and well designed to amuse and instruct young people,”— [Chicago Evening Journal. “ The Young Scientist is a handsome monthly magazine, each number containing about 16 pages, handsomely illustrated. It will supply a place which has been heretofore unoccupied. The copy before us comes rally up to the promise of the prospectus.”— [The Times, Iroquois, Mich. “It is a journal which should be in the hands of both young and old, and is a great benefit to the young scientist as well as the advanced pro- fessor. It is a thousand times more valuable than the dime novel series, BO much read by boys. Parents would do well to have it in their house- holds.”— [The Iron Home. “This publication is a new launch, and it is very gratifying to witness the ableness which pervades its pages.”— Amherst Free Press. THE AMERICAN Journal of Microscopy. PROSPECTUS-SIXTH YEAR-1881 The object of the Journal of Microscopy is to diffuse a knowledge of the best methods of using the Microscope; of all valuable improvements in the instrument and its accessories ; of all new methods of microscopical investigation, and of the most recent results of microscopical research. The Journal does not address itself to those who have long pursued certain special lines of research, and whose wants can be supplied onfy by elaborate papers, which, from their thoroughness, are entitled to be called monographs rather than mere articles. It is intended rather to meet the wants of those who use the microscope for purposes of general study, medical work, class instruction, and even amusement, and who desire, in addition to the information afforded by text-books, such a knowledge of what others are doing as can be derived only from a periodical. With this object in view, therefore, the publishers propose to make the Journal so simple, practical and trustworthy, that it will prove to the advantage of every one who uses the microscope at all to take it. ILLUSTRATIONS. — The Journal will be freely illustrated by engravings representing either objects of natural history or apparatus connected with the microscope. TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETIES.-^The American Journal of Micro- scopy is not the organ of any Society, but it gives the proceedings of all Societies whose officers send us a report. As the Journal is devoted wholly to Microscopy, and is in good form and size for binding, no better medium can be had for preserving the scientific records of any Society. Matters of mere business routine we are frequently obliged to omit for w ant of room. EXCHANGES. — An important feature of the Journal is the exchange column, by means of which workers in different parts of the country are enabled, without expense, except for postage, to exchange slides and materials with each other. Published Monthly at $1.00 a year. SPECmENS FREE. Four copies for three dollars. Those who wish to economize in the direction of periodicals, would do well to examine our clubbing list. Foreign Subscribers. — The Journal wall be sent, postage paid, to any country in the Postnl Union for $1.24, or 5 shillings sterling per year. English postage stamps, American currency or American postage stamps taken in payment. In return for a postal order or draft for 5s., five copies of the Journal will be furnished and mailed to different addresses. Make all drafts and postal ordeis payable to John Phin. IB A. O Is. ’^ToJ.-VLUOLGS^m Vol. I is out of print We are occasionally able to complete volumes which, when bound, we offer for $1.50. Of Vols. II, III and IV we have a few copies on hand. Price $1.50 each. ifiiezia. ezxtfil. The Journal of Microscopy, from its very nature, is a visitor to the very best families, and its value as an advertising medium has therefore proved to be much above that of average periodicals. A few select advertisements will be inserted at the rate of 30 cents per line, nonpariel measure, of which twelve lines make an inch. Address AMERICAN JObRNAL OF MICROSCOPY, P. O. Box 2852, New York, Thirty-seventh Year of Republication! THE London Lancet for 1881. A monthly Journal of British and Foreign medicine, Physiology, Surgery, Chemistry, Criticism, Literature and News* EDITED BY G. W^KLEY, M.D., M.U.C.S. ^ Tlie American Edition, as pnMislied. by tlie In- dustrial Publication Co., contains EVEHYXHIINCr relating to Nledical matters tbat appears in tlie orig-inal Eondon edition. THE LANCET is the oldest and most Practical Medical Journal published in the English language, and is the national British organ of Science in its relations to the human frame. THE LANCET is edited by a corps of the most distinguished physicians of the British Metropolis, and numbers among its con- tributors, the best medical and surgical talent of Europe. THE LANCET for 1881, will contain over 1200 double-column pages of closely printed matter, exclusive of the advertising sheets. The type is clear, and printed on the very best calendered book paper. Our pages contain nearly twice as much reading matter as any other monthly medical journal published on this side of the Atlantic. Every effort will be made to continue this Work, as it ever has been, the Standard Journal of Medicine and Surgery. Illustrated with engravingsby the best artists. Subscription $5.00 per year. Single Numbers 50 cts. each. Specimen Copies {ptir' selection), cents. For Club Kates, Subscriptions, Advertisements, etc,, address THE INDUSTRIAL PUBLICATION COMPANY, 14 I>ey Street, New York. NEW WORKING MICROSCOPE. Manufactured by Geo. Wale. Price— With two Eye- Pieces, 2-3 and IS Objectives, Iris EiaphragKKt, and Elach Walnut Case, - - - - $35* INDUSTRIAL PUBLICATION COMPANY, 14 Dey Street, New York, Sole Agents. THE NEW WORKING MICROSCOPE. This Microscope has just been brought out by Mr. Geo. Wale, whose reputation as a maker of fine stands is so well known. It embodies several new and important features, foremost amongt which is the method of hanging the body, so that it may be made to incline at any angle. The method now in general use for this purpose changes the position of the centre of gravity of the instrument, and renders the microscope more or less unsteady. The new method avoids this difidculty. and at the same time furnishes a secure and convenient means of clamping the body at any position—a point of considerable importance, when the instrument is used for some purposes. The stage is of a new construction, very thin, so as to admit the greatest obliauity in the illumination of objects, and with clips which move round it, thus giving many of the advantages of a rotary stage. The clips may be easily and quickly removed, so as to leave a clear stage, and they may also be so applied as to hold the slide against the under side of the stage, when very oblique light is required for re- solving difficult test objects. There are two means of adjusting for focus, a coarse movebient by means of a well-made rack and pinion, and a fine movement, in which the entire body is moved by what is generally called a “micrometer** screw, acting on a lever. The latter movement has this great advan- tage, that it does not change the distance between the eye-piece and the objective (as is the case with most of the English fine movements), and consequently does not vary the magnifying power of the instrument— an important point in making delicate micrometric measurements. The diaphragm is of the Iris pattern, a form which is generally acknowledged to be the best, but which has hitherto been very costly, those usually supplied being sold for $16. This Iris diaphragm is a new form, which, with several other features of this stand, has been patented by Mr. Wale. It may be easily and quickly applied or removed. The New Working Microscope is of substantial make, elegant design, and thoroughly good workmanship. It has the Society screw ; draw- tube. with Society screw at lower end for receiving long focus objectives, analyzing prism, etc.; plane and concave mirrors, the distance of which from the object may be varied; two Eye-pieces; 2-3 and 1-5 Objectives of ,Wale’s Histological Series. The 1-5 easily and clearly resolves the P. Angulatum with light of a very slight degree of obliquity. This Microscope, with draw-tube pulled out, and the body inclined, as shown in the figure, stands 13X inches high ; the draw-tube pulls out so as to give the standard length of body. 10 inches. When placed in a vertical position, with the draw-tube pushed in, the instrument stands only 10>^ inches high, so that it can be used comfortably on an ordinary table. This is a great convenience in the rapid examination of liquids. It is very complete in all its appointments, is capable of receiving and doing justice to any accessories, and is contained in a handsome black walnut box, with brass handle, lock and key. It is equal to all the ordinary requirements of any physician, student or naturalist. PRICE— With Accessories, as above described - $35.00. Microscopes and Accessories. WE WILL SEND OUK ILLUSTEATED CATALOGUE OF MIOEOSCOPES TO ANY ADDEESS, free of postage. Knives^ Scissors^ Forceps^ etc. We have just received from London a fine assortment of Dissecting Instruments, which we offer at the following very low prices: Large Case of Knives, Scissors, etc $12.00 Medium “ “ 7.60 Small “ “ 5.00 Valentine Knives— very superior 6.00 Spring Elbow Scissors — very fine, with ivory handles 3.00 Fine Knives for Microscopic work, ivory handles 75 Fine Steel Forceps — straight and curved 1.00 Maltwood Finders. We have on hand a few Maltwood Finders, of American make, which we offer for $2.50 each. We have carefully compared these Finders with the English ones, and a comparison of several from both sources shows that they do not vary as much amongst each other or from the average London Finder, as the London Finders vary amongst themselves. Micrometers. The following Micrometers are well-made, and are offered at the very low prices annexed, because they are made in large quantities: (On Glass Slides, 3 by 1.) 100 to the inch $ 75 100 and 1,000 1.00 100, 1,000 and 2,000 1.25 100, 1,000 and 5,000 1.50 (On Ivory.) These are made specially for the use of Botanists, Entomologists, Min- eralogists, etc., and are intended to boused with dissecting microscopes or simple microscopes. 100 to the inch 20, 30 and 50 cents, according to quality. 200 to the inch 80 cents. l ocJcet Magnifiers. Nothing is more useful than a good pocket magnifier for examining any- thing from an engraving or a bill to the smallest insect. We have three magnifiers which are made in large quantity, and we can therefore sell them at very low prices. Quality excellent: No. 1— Compact, bellows shape frame or case, suitable for en- gravings, fiowers, etc 25 cents No. 2— Higher power, with diaphragm, very fine, suitable for bot- anists and entomologists, made thin for vest pocket 50 cents No. 3— Doublet, mounted in brass, with handle. Very flat field, excellent definition and good working distance. Just the thing for dissecting plants and insects $3.00 Any of the above sent free by mail on receipt of price. JSTEW DESIG-ISTS FOE Eret or Scroll Sawyers. MR. F. HODGSON, whose admirable series of articles on the USE OF THE SCROLL SAW are now in course of publication in the Young Scientist, has pre- pared for us a series of SEVENTEEN ]>ESIONS, of which the following is a list : No. I. — This shows one side, back, and bottom, of a pen rack. It may be made of ebony, walnut, or other dark wood. No. 2. — Design for inlaying drawer fronts, table tops, box lids, and many other things. It is a sumach leaf pattern. No. 3. — Design for a thermometer stand. It may be made of any hard wood or alabaster. The method of putting together is obvious. No. 4. — This shows a design for a lamp screen. The open part may be covered with tinted silk, or other suitable material, with some appropriate device worked on with the needle, or, if preferred, ornaments may be painted on the silk, etc. No. 5. — A case for containing visiting cards. Will look best made of white holly. No. 6. — A placque stand, it may be made of any kind of dark or medium wood. No. 7. — A design for ornaments suitable for a window cornice. It should be made of black walnut, and overlaid on some light colored hard wood. No. 8 — A design for a jewel casket. This will be very pretty made of white holly and lined with blue velvet. It also looks well made of ebony lined with crimson. No. 9. — Frame. Will look well made of any dark wood. No. 10. — Frame. Intended to be made in pairs. Looks well made of white holly, with leaves and flowers painted on wide stile. No. II. — Horseshoe. Can be made of any kind of wood and used for a pen rack. When decorated with gold and colors, looks very handsome. No. 12. — Design for a hinge strap. If made of black walnut, and planted on a white or oaken door, will look well. No. 13. — Design for a napkin ring. May be made of any kind of hard wood. No. 14. — Hinge strap for doors with narrow stiles. No. 15. — Centre ornament for panel. No. 16. — Corner ornament for panel. No. 17. — Key-hole escutcheon. These designs we have had photo-lithographed and printed on good paper, so that the outlines are sharp, and the opposite sides of each design symmetrical. Common designs are printed from coarse wooden blocks, and are rough and unequal, so that it is often impossible to make good work from them. The series embraces over forty different pieces, and designs of equal quality cannot be had for less than five, ten or fifteen cents each. We offer them for twenty-five cents for the set, which is an average price of only one cent and a half each. Mailed to any address on receipt of price. INDUSTRIAL PUBLICATION CO., 14 Dej Street, New York. SHEET NO. 2. REDUCED FIGURES OF NEW DESIGNS FOR FRET OR SCROLL SAWYERS. SIZE OF SHEETS 28 BY 22 INCHES. (For description see preeeding page,) ^ ■