TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 
 
 OF 
 
 CHURCH TEMPERANCE WORK: 
 
 ^ RETROSPECT 
 
 A NEIV DEPARTURE. 
 
 A LETTER 
 
 TO 
 
 HIS GRACE THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, 
 
 BY 
 
 THE REV. H. J. ELLISON, M.A., 
 
 Hon Canon of Christ Church, 
 Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen, and Chairman of the Society. 
 
 CHURCH OF ENGLAND TEMPERANCE PUBLICATION DEfbT, 
 9, Bridge Street, Westminster, S.W. 
 
 PRICE TWOPENCE
 
 *' Tiuenty-five years of Church Temperance 
 JVork—a Retrospect and a new Departure y 
 
 My Lord Archbishop, 
 
 It is now within a few months 
 of twenty-five years since a few clergymen met to- 
 gether to found a Church Temperance Society. 
 The Hnes were those on which we had been already 
 working in our own parishes. In the intemperance 
 around us we had been confronted by a sin of 
 exceptional magnitude. It was exceptional in 
 its extent, but it was exceptional also in its 
 terrible and far-reaching results — in the diseases, 
 the destitution, the premature deaths, and, so far as 
 human eye could see, the certain loss of the souls of 
 the intemperate ; but besides this, in the sufferings it 
 > was entailing upon women and children, in the 
 breaking up of the family life, and in the experience 
 accumulating daybyday, that by the laws of hereditary 
 transmission, the drink crave and all its attendant 
 horrors would re-appear in the next and perhaps 
 succeeding generations. 
 
 We had preached the Gospel to the intemperate, 
 but in vain. And this, as we had come to see, not 
 because the Gospel had lost any of its old power, but 
 because w^e had erred in our mode of presenting it. 
 We had in truth been casting our pearls before swine. 
 We had forgotten that the first step in the preaching 
 of Christ must be the removing of stumbling blocks. 
 The stumbling block here was the strong drink 
 which, when once it was allowed to pass the lips of 
 its victims, held them in its relentless and cruel grasp, 
 and made them inaccessible to the influences of the 
 Spirit of God. The remedy was obvious — to cut oft 
 the offending right arm. The '' fruit meet for repen- 
 tance " which they had to " bring forth " was entire 
 abstinence from that which had been the occasion of the
 
 sin. To this they bound themselves by a mutual agree- 
 ment; and because in the battle they had to fight they 
 had need of all the help which example and encourage- 
 ment could give them, we had put ourselves at their 
 head, and invited others — Christian men and women 
 who, in the exercise of their Christian liberty, might 
 be willing to do so — to associate themselves with them 
 in their voluntary abstinence. Then, in the hour of the 
 evil spirit's departure for a season, we had preached 
 Christ as the Saviour of the lost, and had found the 
 Gospel again and again to be "the power of God unto 
 salvation" to the believers ; souls were rescued in great 
 numbers ; our heart's desire was to make known to 
 our brethen in the Ministry the truth which had es- 
 tablished itself in our own experience, that the key to 
 the great national difficulty which had so long been 
 confounding us all, was virtually in their own hands. 
 
 The Society so formed was committed in faith to 
 the care and guidance of the Great Head of the 
 Church. For ten years it maintained the even tenor 
 of its way : in the " great and effectual door " opened 
 to it, but at the same time, in " the many adversaries " 
 — in the refutation of unfounded objections — in the 
 gradual extension from parish to parish — and in the 
 reproduction everywhere of the original successes — in 
 all of these proving its weapons, and making it 
 manifest that the faith of the workers was not in 
 vain, but that the Holy Ghost was with them in truth,, 
 and was owning the work as His own. 
 
 But the time came when a step in advance was to 
 be taken. If rescue work was Christ-like, prevention 
 was no less so. It was impossible thus to take part in 
 seeking and saving the lost, without having the eyes 
 opened to the causes which led to intemperance. 
 These were manifold ; and when in the Report of the 
 Southern Convocation of i86g, followed by that of the 
 North a year or two later, the causes were laid bare, and 
 the Church at large was appealed to to organize itself 
 for a direct attack upon the national sin, the Church 
 Scciety presented itself as the fitting instrument for
 
 the purpose. Only it was necessary that its plat- 
 form should now be as broad as that of the Church 
 itself; and therefore, without in any way compromising 
 or departing from its Rescue work, only embodying 
 it in a distinct '' Abstaining Section," it invited all, 
 whether abstainers or not, to unite in another and 
 ** General Section," whose objects should be the 
 '* promotion of Temperance, and "the removal of the 
 causes " — social, educational, and legislative — which 
 were so manifestly at the root of the intemperance 
 of the land. 
 
 How the Church at large responded to the appeal 
 your Grace will be well aware. The Queen became 
 the patron of the Society, the x\rchbishops and 
 Bishops, without any exception, its Presidents; the 
 principles of the Society were seen to be unassailable ; 
 pulpits which had been heretofore closed to its advo- 
 cates were everywhere opened ; Diocesan Branches 
 were formed. Parochial Branches — now numbering 
 4,000 soon followed. It is not too much to say that 
 wherever the Parochial Societies exist and are worked 
 with zeal and faithfulness, the sin is being laid bare in its 
 truecharacter;those w4io have been brought into bond- 
 age by it are finding the way of escape ; the young 
 are being trained in the ways of strict Temperance ; 
 in the pulpit or from the platform, all classes of 
 Society are being reached ; and beneath these varied 
 agencies the whole tone of public opinion in the pa- 
 rish is being raised, the prelude, if the Church 
 continues true to its mission, to an eventual change 
 in the national character. 
 
 But "Parochial Societies" — "change in the national 
 character" (at best but of slow growth) — is this all that 
 is demanded of us ? Your Grace has pointed out in 
 your recent charge how the Church in its best 
 ages succeeded in giving to all the nations " a new and 
 higher standard of national duties." Is there no such 
 "higher standard" imperatively called for now? 
 Has Christendom, has heathendom, have all the 
 nations no claim upon the Church of Christ, which
 
 she can only meet by addressing herself collectively 
 to this question of defective morals ? And the 
 Church of England Temperance Society — may it not 
 be found that there is an expansion of her work which 
 may constitute a new departure, worthy of her 25th 
 Anniversary, and even now standing waiting at her 
 doors ? 
 
 It is these questions to which, as directing the- 
 operations of the whole English Church, I desire now 
 respectfully to call your Grace's attention. 
 
 Among the many interesting features of the Colo- 
 nial Exhibition there is nothing more striking than 
 the map of the two hemispheres, projected on a 
 plain surface, and appropriately crowning the arch 
 in the Central Avenue. There is represented 
 there, coloured in red, the whole extent of the British 
 Empire. There, in a remote corner of the world, 
 you see, first, the little island, a mere speck on the 
 map, which to the old Roman appeared to be cut ofi 
 from the habitable world, the — 
 
 " Penitus divisos orbe Britannos." 
 
 As the eye follows the bright red colouring it 
 wanders over vast tracts of country in both hemis- 
 pheres — 9,000,000 of square miles in extent, in- 
 habited by ever}^ variety of races and peoples to the 
 number of 305,000,000 — ^held in the bonds, some of an 
 enforced obedience, others of a willing and loyal de- 
 pendence, constituting together a world-wide empire,, 
 such as the world before has never seen. You return 
 to the courts of the Exhibition only to find yourself 
 confronted by the life-size figures of many of these 
 native races — occasionally by the living representatives 
 — and by the infinite variety of industrial products, 
 the works of their hands, and thus to realize still more 
 vividly the magnitude of the Empire. 
 
 For what purpose has this empire been given to us by 
 God ? Not surely for the glorification of the English 
 race. Not that we may say with Nebuchadnezzar 
 "Behold this great Babylon that I have built," or that
 
 with Belshazzar we should extract riches from the 
 dependent nations, and make them the instruments 
 of luxurious living ? No one, I think, can have 
 followed the fortunes of the En<:,dish people, and 
 coincidently with them the development of the 
 English Church ; — in the case of the latter, its tem- 
 porary connection with Rome through Augustine, its 
 chafing under the Italian yoke, its early assertions of 
 independence, at the Reformation its recovery of the 
 twin heritage of Evangelic truth and Apostlic order ; 
 from that time, and side by side with the Church's 
 growth, the creation of an English -Navy, the de- 
 velopment of the commercial spirit of the people, the 
 discovery of new countries, the founding of new 
 colonies — at first on an insignificant scale, till the 
 set time had come, and, beneath the pressure of a 
 superabundant population, aided by the discoveries 
 of steam navigation, the great tide of emigration 
 began to flow forth ; and then, contemporaneously 
 with this again, the breathing by the Spirit of God of 
 anew life into the dry bones of the i8th century 
 Church till now, in the igth, it has stood up a great 
 army, aggressive upon the opposing kingdom of Sat? n 
 here, and planting its Episcopate in every portion o-f 
 the Empire — no one, I say, can look at this and not 
 see that the purpose of God to England has been what 
 it was to the Jews in the earlier dispensation, to''c//oo5^ 
 the weak things of the -world to confound the things 
 that are mighty " — to train up a people who 
 should be the depositaries of His Word and Sacra- 
 ments, and then to send them forth to be the preach- 
 ers of the Word, indeed, but, besides this, themselves, 
 their wives, and children to be ''witnesses" for Him 
 — the living exponents to the heathen of that high 
 standard of moral living which Jesus Christ had 
 brought into the world. 
 
 This is the purpose of God. How has it been 
 fulfilled ? That the Gospel is being preached in all 
 the dependencies of the Empire, that among the 
 Missionaries who preach it, as well as among the
 
 Colonists and the servants of the Empire, whether 
 civil or military, men and women are to be found 
 whose lives are signal examples of the faith which 
 they profess — no one will attempt to deny. But 
 what is the general witness which English Christianity 
 is bearing to the new standard ? 
 
 There have not been wanting intimations, from 
 time to time, of the havoc which the strong drink and 
 drinking customs introduced by the English have 
 been causing among the native races. They have 
 come at one time in piteous cries, such as were ad- 
 dressed to us by the Indian Reformer Chunder Sen, 
 or by the Native African Chief Khame; at another in 
 the protests of the late *Bishop Selwyn, or in the 
 dignified remonstrance of the King of Madagascar. 
 But it was left for the Colonists themselves to set forth 
 the indictment against us in all its terrible dimensions 
 and in the urgency of the perils with which it is even 
 now threatening us. This they have done in their 
 papers and addresses at the recent Colonial Temper- 
 ance Conference at Prince's HalLf I could not enter 
 at length on the testimony they have borne ; I have 
 placed copious extracts from them in an appendix. J 
 
 It must be sufficient to say, in outline that, 
 
 — in Ceylon, " the reputation of the natives for sobriety is 
 bemg undermined by the increasing prevalence cf Western 
 notions and habits — a large number of European merclantile 
 houses being directly interested in the drink trade ;" — 
 
 — in Btiymah,^^the religion is Buddhism, whose fifth command- 
 ment is — Thou shalt not drink or touch any strong drink — but 
 that since Upper Burmah has been annexed, it is a fearful place 
 for strong drink and heavy crime ;" — 
 
 — in Madagascar, in consequence of the introduction of rum 
 from the Mauritius, "crime has risen by leaps and bounds, the 
 contamination of drink having struck the inhabitants with all 
 the force of a pestilence ;"^ — 
 
 — that in China, "thirteen years ago, 3'ou could hardly see a 
 drunken man anywhere, more especially in Shanghai, but that 
 now if you go down the principal streets you will see hundreds of 
 
 ■'' See Appendix (i) 
 f Summoned by the National Temperance League. 
 + Appendix pp. 17—35.
 
 Chinamen intoxicated, not with native drinks, but with those 
 imported from this country ;" — 
 
 — in 7/(-/();'m, at the gold diggings, there was at first "no drink, 
 and no pubhc-house, but tliat an influx of barbarism in the shape 
 of a hundred thousand barbarians, who came from England to 
 the diggings, brought the desolation of drink upon them in a 
 way that crushed the Temperance forces, and gave them their 
 work to do over again ;" — 
 
 — in Africa, Sir C. Warren*, says, "we were in the habit of 
 taking the Bible in one hand and the brandy bottle in the 
 other, to the natives of S. Africa. There were many thousands 
 of the natives who w^ere reduced to the lowest depths of 
 poverty and an early death by the drink traffic which was forced 
 upon them by the laws of this nation." — 
 
 — it is in India however that the evil appears in its most destruc- 
 tive and dangerous form. There we are told that " the nation of 
 abstainers is gradually becoming a nation of drunkards " ; that 
 " drunkenness is spreading among the native population with 
 the rapidity of an epidemic; that when, "through caste 
 influences, the prohibition of the Shas-tras, and the usages of 
 Hindoo Society, the vice of drunkenness had disappeared, it 
 had been re-introduced by the British " ; that " nothing was 
 being done to check the evil by legislative means " ; that " the 
 consumption had been greatly increased by the desire of the 
 Government to raise a revenue from the native liquor" — that 
 now " nearly every village has its liquor shop, and the natives 
 believed they were conferring a favour on the Government b}^ 
 buying the liquor." 
 
 In the w^orld at large, therefore, in the words of the 
 Chairman of one meetmg of the Conference — Archdeacon 
 Farrar — we are told that " we have girdled the world with a 
 zone of drink." 
 
 But this is not all. If England and her colonies 
 have been placed by God in the forefront of the 
 attack on heathenism, the other nations of Christen- 
 dom have not been without their assigned places and 
 their corresponding responsibilities. And it is here 
 that recent information has revealed a state of things 
 as lamentable as it was at one time little suspected. 
 In a paper furnished by Consul-General Oppen- 
 heimer,t of Frankfort, to Earl Granville, in June, 
 1885, it is stated that Great Britain is now far from 
 being the country most addicted to drunkenness. 
 
 * See Appendix p. 31. + See Appendix p. 33.
 
 10 
 
 While, with the exception of Belgium, it is, indeed^, 
 in advance of other countries in the amount of beer 
 consumed (147 Htres per head, to 160 in Belgium, to 
 88 in Germany, to 80 in Switzerland, to 20 in Nor- 
 way), in spirits the proportion is reversed — the con- 
 sumption in Great Britain being 6 litres per head,while 
 in Switzerland it is 7.5, in Belgium 8.75, in North 
 Germany 10*4, in Russia and Denmark 18. 
 
 As the result of this in N. Germany, he says, that 
 "spirit drinking is laying the foundation of vast and 
 unspeakable distress; that it is the prime cause of in- 
 calculable ruin both to body and soul ; that 
 it annihilates the welfare and prosperity of families, 
 and reduces the children to moral and physical 
 misery and ruin." — In Prussia alone, 508 cases 
 of suicide, due to dipsomania, occurred annually ; 
 6go persons were sent to lunatic asylums, suffering 
 from delirium tremens, in two years ; 1088 from 
 dipsomania : in the hospitals a yearly average of 
 1 86 1 were treated for diseases, the direct conse- 
 quence of drink ; out of 32,000 prisoners in the 
 several German states 41 per cent. were guilty of acts 
 committed under the influence of drunkenness. As 
 in England, so in Germany the sum spent in alcoholic 
 drinks was twice as much as that realized by the 
 whole taxation of the country. It was in vain that 
 at the Brussels conference the representatives of 
 England and America protested against the policy 
 of free rum in the new Congo state. Germany and 
 Holland, in the interests of commerce^ assumed the 
 responsibility of the traffic, and poured into the Congo 
 territory in 1884, 7,136,263 gallons. Consul Oppen- 
 heimer then traces the same lamentable proportions, 
 and the same terrible results in the countries of 
 Holland, (where an increase of 42 per cent had 
 taken place in the consumption) and of Belgium. 
 
 What is the meaning then of all this ? this wide 
 prevalence of a devastating sin at home — this rapid 
 extension of it abroad — this cupidity of Christian 
 merchants — this complicity of Christian govern-
 
 II 
 
 ments — this failure in the witness for Christ which 
 the Christian Church was intended to bear ? 
 
 Your Grace, I feel sure, will not be of the number 
 of those who, having received an express revelation of 
 the personality of evil spirits and of the part which 
 they bear in the generation of evil, only seek to ex- 
 plain away their direct interference as beneath the 
 enlightenment of the igth century. The work is 
 Satan's work — his masterpiece of temptation, 
 developed, step by step, through centuries of care- 
 ful preparation till now, as — 
 
 " Faults in the life breed errors in the brain, 
 And these reciprocally those again," 
 
 through the several stages of immoral living, 
 pronounced infidelity, and its result — the further 
 depravation of morals, he shall be able to deceive 
 the nations and lead them to final apostasy from 
 Christ. 
 
 And if so the resulting obligation is plain. It is no 
 longer one country only or one branch of the Chris- 
 tain Church that is compromised. It is Christen-^ 
 DOM ITSELF that is attacked at its foundation — 
 Christendom that, in the sphere of its moral life, is 
 threatened with a scourge more devastating than that 
 of the Mahomedan Apostasy of the 7th century, or, 
 in another sphere, that of the Saracenic invasion of 
 the 8th and g:h. It is the.Church of Christendom 
 that must arm itself for the encounter. '* For this 
 purpose the Son of God was manifested that he might 
 destroy the n'orks of the devils For the same purpose 
 His Church on earth was commissioned by Him. 
 In many respects it has fulfilled its purpose along the 
 whole line of the ages. Preaching the truth, inform- 
 ing the minds of men, awakening their consciences, 
 it has dethroned the idols, and with them whole 
 legions of the demons of cruelty have taken their 
 departure. Thus, the gladiators of the Coloseum 
 
 " butchered to make a Roman holiday," 
 at the instance, and through the self-sacrifice, of the 
 Christian monk Telemachus, were the first to feel its
 
 12 
 
 emancipating power ; in later times at the instance 
 ofClarkson and Wilberforce the trade in human 
 beings came to an end ; more recently still the 
 hideous sacrifices of Juggernaut and the atrocities of 
 the Suttee have disappeared ; and yet another conflict 
 now awaits the Church — the destruction of this giant 
 of intemperance which is defying the armies of the 
 Living God. 
 
 That the Church of Christendom, however, may 
 perceive its duty and may respond to it, somewhere or 
 other the alarm must be sounded : somewhere or 
 other the trumpet call must be raised to which the 
 nations may rally : where, if not in England, to whom 
 has been assigned the lead in the colonization of the 
 world ? 
 
 It is for this that I appeal to your Grace. 
 
 If England has, in times past and present, forgotten 
 her truei mission and contracted a perilous load of 
 guill, it is England that in her several Temperance 
 Societies, the National and British Temperance 
 Leagues, the United Kingdom Alliance, the Band of 
 Hope Union, the Good Templars, the Rechabites, 
 and a host of others, has begun steadfastly to tread 
 the upward path of repentance. There is not one of 
 these societies but, in its past history, the Hand of 
 God may be seen assigning to each its special depart- 
 ment of work, laying the foundations broad and deep for 
 the time when He should give the word, and the ad- 
 vance should be made along the whole line. One 
 thing was needed — that the Church of Christ in Eng- 
 land should bring to the work the sustained motive, 
 the divinely kindled enthusiasm, and the vitalising 
 power, which are its prerogatives, and should put it- 
 self at the head, and give to the several Societies the 
 unity and coherence of a great confederate host. 
 
 This has now been done. And if I claim for the 
 Church of England its place as leader in the conflict, 
 it is not merely because it is the Church of the nation, 
 bound in this as in every way to vindicate its true 
 character ; nor yet because the breadth of its plat-
 
 13 
 
 form provides a place for any or all, not only of its 
 own children but of its Non-conformist brethren 
 also, who are fighting side by side with it, and would 
 properly claim a place in the great crusade ; but 
 because having been the first — twenty-five years 
 since — to assert that the reform of the intemperate 
 was distinct Church work, to be undertaken, if at 
 all, in the name of Jesus of Nazareth, and in the 
 use of the spiritual weapons with which it had been 
 entrusted by Him, it has been permitted to see the 
 truth of its assertion now universally recognised ; 
 and because, in the enterprise which lies immedi- 
 ately before it, it has in the Colonial Episcopate of 
 eighty Dioceses, an organization made to its hand, 
 to which the word of brotherly exhortation may at 
 once be addressed, with every confidence that it will 
 be received, and will be carried into immediate 
 action. 
 
 Is it too much to hope that that word may be 
 SPOKEN — by your Grace, by the Archbishop of the 
 sister province, and by the Bishops of the English 
 Sees ? In other words, that an appeal may, at an 
 early period, go forth to the whole Colonial Episcopate* 
 to organise itself for Temperance work, to create the 
 necessary public opinion among the people of the 
 several Colonies, so that, eventually, through the 
 Colonial Legislatures, a stop may be put to the liquor 
 trafhc among the native races ? 
 
 The Queen's Jubilee is to be worthily commemorated 
 by an Imperial Institute representing the progress of 
 the Colonies and Dependencies of the Realm in Art, 
 Manufactures and Commerce. Would it be un- 
 worthy of the occasion if a corresponding effort were 
 made by the whole Church of Christ in the Empire, to 
 put an end to the reproach which is resting as a blot 
 on England's escutcheon, that her sons and daughters 
 have gone forth ''with the Bible in one hand, and rum 
 in the other," and thus to repair the grevious wrong 
 which we have done to the races subject to our rule ? 
 
 * See Appendix p. 35.
 
 That the appeal may come with em.phasis it must 
 be able to point to results already achieved, and to 
 victories gained, at home. 
 
 Therefore the first departure of our 25th An- 
 niversary must be the '' lengthening of our cords and 
 strengthening of our stakes " in the home Dioceses. 
 Branches are at work in 4,000 parishes. In more 
 than g,ooo, either no temperance work is done, or it 
 is confined to an annual sermon or meeting. Will it 
 be too much to ask that in view of the '' present 
 distress," there shall be enjoined by authority, a 
 Temperance Sunday on which, once in the year 
 at least, the people may be brought face to 
 face with the Imperial responsibilities which Eng- 
 land has contracted ; with the guilt which she 
 is incurring through her defective discharge of 
 these ; and with the peril — the instant imminent 
 peril which hangs over her — ^ that of causing the 
 Name of Christ to be blasphemed among the 
 heathen, of putting a fatal stumbling-block in the 
 way of the reception of the Gospel, and of the conse- 
 quent retribution which must be ever impending — 
 "' the kingdom of God shall be taken away from you 
 and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits 
 thereof." 
 
 As an immediate result of such an appeal, I should 
 expect that while some parishes might see no necessity 
 for an adult branch of the Temperance Society, there 
 would be scarcely one which would not thankfully 
 avail itself of the admirable help, capable of being 
 rendered, and already so largely rendered, by the 
 wives and daughters of clergymen and leading laymen, 
 
 * The presiding Bishop of the American Episcopal Church 
 has issued a letter to the Church in America urging the Clergy 
 throughout the United States to observe a given Sunday in 
 November, this year, for preaching on the subject of Intemper- 
 ance, Nearly 40 other Bishops had, at the last account, joined 
 in the request. The Wesle3-an Body, in England, observe such 
 a Sunday.
 
 15 
 
 in conductini^^ Juvenile Brandies, and thus moulding 
 the habits of the generation yet to come. 
 
 From a church at home so true to its high calhng 
 the summons to the Colonial church could never be 
 addressed in vain. 
 
 The Temperance Reformation, carrying probably 
 in its train all the potentialities of a moral reforma- 
 tion of a far more embracing kind, would go hand in 
 hand with Missionary enterprise ; it could scarcely be 
 but that the reverberations of the movement, even if no 
 more direct appeal were made, would reach the other 
 Churches of Christendom and bear fruit there. 
 Encircling the world heretofore w^ith a "zone of drink," 
 we should now encircle it with a zone of prayer and 
 preaching the Word. If, before, the professing 
 people of God have forborne to '' deliver those that 
 are drawn on to death, and thosethat are ready to be 
 slain," they should no longer have it to say, "Behold 
 we knew it not." " The enemy has come in like a 
 flood;" "the Spirit of the Lord," it would be 
 seen by all, is " lifting up a standard against 
 him." As we take our places beneath that standard — 
 the Churches of England and America, of Italy, of 
 Germany, of France, of Sweden and Norway, and 
 Denmark and Belgium — it may be that in the face of 
 a common danger and the resistance to a common 
 foe, we may find a bond of union, such as we all long 
 and pray for, and such as can never be found in the 
 attempt to bind the ceremonies and modes of thought 
 of one nation on the consciences of all the rest. It 
 has been so in England. As we have met and 
 fought together, shoulder to shoulder, in this 
 Temperance work — men and w^omen of every 
 variety of temperament and of every school of 
 thought within the Church, and not seldom those 
 without it also — our points of difference have receded, 
 our points of agreement have come to the front. We 
 have learned to love one another for the common 
 work's sake. It may well be so on the larger scale of 
 ■Christendom. The opposing forces, we well know,
 
 i6 
 
 are many and great. To the eye of faith they pre- 
 sent no impossibihty. True " we have no might 
 against this great company that cometh against us,, 
 neither know we what to do, but our eyes are upon 
 Thee." And the answer is sure. " If ye have faith 
 as a grain of mustard seed ye shall say to this mount - 
 tain, remove hence to yonder place, and it shall 
 remove ; and nothing shall be impossible to you."' 
 *' Who art thou, O great mountain? — before Zerrub- 
 babel thou shalt become a plain." 
 
 I am, my Lord Archbishop, 
 
 Your Grace's faithful servant, 
 
 HENRY J. ELLISON, 
 
 Chaiivian of the C.E.T.S. 
 
 Haseley Rectory, 
 
 November i^th, 1886.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 THE LATE BISHOP SELWYN. 
 
 At a Meeting at Lambeth Palace, Bishop Selwyn said — " You 
 have heard it constantly said that the native races of the earth 
 are passing away before the advance of civilization. It is not 
 civilization ; it is our detestable vice, carried out into those 
 native races by men professing Christianity. Tney used to come 
 and say to me, how is it ? You who profess to be Christians, 
 3^ou who read the ten Commandments, seem to take no account 
 of the sin of intemperance which within our experience is effect- 
 ually destroying the morals of our people. How is it ? Is it 
 the will of God, or is it not ? Is it true or is it not, that no 
 drunkard can inherit the Kingdom of God ? If this be the law 
 and if it be true, how is it that men professing Christianity, 
 belonging to that race who come here to teach us, are seen reeling 
 about in drunkenness and forcing upon us these liquors which 
 we never wanted and never tasted till they came ? 
 
 Of this same once fine race of Maoris a high Government 
 official recently said, * they are now almost as bad as the 
 English, polluted and contaminated with their drink.' 
 
 The following extracts are chiefly from the published report 
 of papers read, and addresses given at the British and 
 Colonial Temperance Congress. — National Temperance Pub- 
 lication Depot, 337, Strand, London. 
 
 From THE BISHOP OF LONDON'S SERMON at 
 
 Westminster Abbey, July i2th, 1886. 
 
 " When we read the history of that first preaching of the Gos- 
 pel we too often forget that it was a great moral movement — 
 we too often forget that it was not doctrine only that was 
 preached, but a higher moralit3^than the world ever knew before. 
 
 We read our New Testament, and we are carried away by the 
 doctrines that are there held before our eyes, drawn towards them 
 by a mighty magic which we cannot resist ; and it seems to us 
 as if the whole preaching of the Gospel at the first was a 
 preaching of great truths afterwards to bear their fruit. And 
 yet if we had lived in those days nothing is more certain than 
 this — that we should have seen everywhere, and it would have 
 been the first thing to strike upon all minds that watched it — 
 we should have seen everywhere the great moral change that 
 the Gospel was making amongst all those that belonged to it. 
 We should have seen how everywhere the purer and the loftier 
 standard was held up by which men were to live. 
 
 Such was the Gospel in its early days ; and whenever the 
 Gospel has revived in power, the surest mark of it has always
 
 i8 
 
 been that it has contributed to the moral improvement of the 
 world, and has lifted men out of prevalent vices. 
 
 When I look to see how far the religion of this present day 
 resembles the religion of the early Church, there is nothing 
 which seems to me so encouraging as the fact that religion has 
 laid hold of morality, and that we are not content with teach- 
 ing doctrine without giving our very hearts and lives to the 
 teaching of that without which all doctrine is corrupt — viz., the 
 purity of the life, the casting away of all the sins that beset the 
 body, and first among them all that which has wrought such 
 ' terrible mischief.' 
 
 ARCHBISHOP MANNING (Page 68). 
 
 "Drinking Habits." — *' . . the enormous evil which, if I 
 am right, is undermining the solidity both at home and abroad, 
 and the greatness and the prosperity of the British Empire. 
 I am profoundly convinced that there is no one thing that 
 hinders the working of the Spirit of God in the soul of man 
 more certainly, or in a more deadly way, than the vice of drink. 
 It is a vice and a manufacture which, falling into the hands of, 
 and overruled by a tempter mightier than man, has stood in the 
 way of the salvation of millions of our fellow-creatures. I 
 believe there is nothing more deadly, because, as I always say, 
 drunkenness is not one sin, it is all sins. There is nothing that 
 may not spring from it." 
 
 ARCHDEACON FARRAR (Page 83). 
 
 " I have with me part of what they say in that report. It is 
 the Massachusetts Bureau of Labour Statistics for 1 880-1, and 
 deals at great length with the relations of crime and intemper- 
 ance, and presents statistics of exactly the same character as 
 a Royal Commission would have done in England. It was 
 shown in the report of that bureau that 60 per cent, of all the 
 crime within the commonwealth of Massachusetts during a 
 period of twenty years consisted of what are called rum offences, 
 drunkenness, and illegal dealing with liquor. There remained, 
 therefore, to be accounted for a 40 per cent, balance of crime. 
 They proceeded to inquire about that, and the total result of 
 their careful inquiries was that 84 per cent, of all the crime 
 committed in the commonwealth during the twenty years' 
 period in question was caused either directly or indirectly by 
 liquor. 
 
 Then turn to Australia. The last book published on that 
 colony was the book by the Hon. Mr. Finch Hatton, " Advance, 
 Austraha," and in that book there is a chapter about drink. If 
 you read it you will see the facts to which he testifies are per- 
 fectly ghastly in their character. You will see the kind of drink
 
 19 
 
 sold at the gin shanties near the remote stations is absolutely 
 poisonous, and that many lives are actually sacrificed to the 
 dreadful eagerness with which the settlers and others have 
 plunged into drink when they get the opportunity of buying it." 
 
 CHINA . 
 
 MR. J. P. DONOVAN 
 
 OF THE Chinese Customs' Service (Page 55). 
 
 " I wish to add a word of confirmation about the spread of in- 
 temperance among the Chinese. Thirteen years ago, when 1 went 
 to Chma, you could hardly see a drunken man anywhere, more 
 especially in Shanghai, but if you go down the principal street 
 there now, you will find scores of Chinamen intoxicated ; not 
 with native drinks, but with those imported from this country. 
 At Singapore a great part of the revenue is derived from opium 
 and alcohol, and I maintain it is a disgrace to our country that 
 such a thing should go on. Something ought to be done. I 
 have gone mto the interior of China, and you will hardly find a 
 city that has not a shop for the sale of our British wine and 
 beer. I am now asked to take champagne instead of a cup of 
 tea, as formerly. The most temperate nation under heaven, 
 that has been drinking tea for fifteen centuries, and to whom it 
 has done no harm, is taking to alcohol, and has now a com- 
 bination of the two evils — drink and opium." 
 
 A REBUKE FROM THE HEATHEN. 
 
 In foreign countries, as well as in our own, the love of gold 
 has much to do with the maintenance and extension of the 
 traffic in intoxicating liquors. Two weeks ago, we copied from 
 a Shanghai newspaper an earnest remonstrance against the 
 manner in which British merchants push the liquor trade in 
 China. In that appeal the writer pertinently asked, if it was be- 
 coming to the great houses which operate in China, to dirty 
 their fingers with this traffic ? And his answer was equally 
 forcible : — 
 
 " As boasted leaders of civilisation they ought not to do it. 
 As examples of Western culture they ought not to do it. As 
 representatives of Christianity they ought not to do it. It 
 seems to us that there is clean business enough to occupy all the 
 attention of merchants, without their becoming agents for the 
 article which is blasting the happiness of the homes of our 
 native lands, increasing the taxation, decreasing the productive 
 power, leading to all sorts of vice, the fertile source of all sorts of 
 disorder, the direct outfitter for prisons, reformatories, insane 
 asylums, work-houses, poor-houses, and graveyards. Why
 
 20 
 
 should you help to propagate this cursed crop among the 
 heathen, who now are a temperate people, so far as the use of 
 intoxicants is concerned, as well as help in the ruin of our own 
 countrymen who come out here, are overcome by drink and 
 other bad habits, and go home broken down, or commit suicide 
 or die other miserable deaths ? Is it not time to try and separate 
 the drink traffic from legitimate useful trade ? " 
 
 An appeal of a still more emphatic character comes to us froni 
 Africa, where a young chief, who was some years ago converted 
 to Christianity, has been endeavouring to banish the drink curse 
 from Bamangwato, and his greatest opponents have been 
 traders belonging to the nation from whom he and his people 
 received the word of God. 
 
 INDIA, 
 
 MR. S. H. KEARSEY, MANKAPAR, OUDH (Page 135). 
 
 ''The extent of drinking habits varies so much in different 
 districts in India that it will be impossible to give more than a 
 brief outline thereof. In large cities and towns, drinking and 
 drunkenness are much more prevalent than in country districts, 
 and as I have never lived more than a few days in a large town 
 in India, I have not that intimate acquaintance with the habits 
 of the inhabitants that I have of the inhabitants of country 
 places ; and perhaps the best thing to do will be to let a native 
 of Calcutta describe the drinking habits of that city in his own 
 way. He says : — "The vice of drunkenness has been making 
 very considerable progress within the last five-and-twenty years. 
 I do not mean to say that a quarter of a century ago there 
 were few drunkards. There were a good many even then ; but 
 there are a great many more now. Among my office mates of 
 those days, only about 10 per cent, drank at all, and only two 
 were drunkards. A similar reckoning now would give 50 per 
 cent, of drunkards. . . One would think the vice would 
 never spread, the liquid fire is so hard to swallow ; but it does 
 spread, and there are hoary villains who make it a trade to find 
 recruits for Satan's regiments. An old man of my acquaintance, 
 well educated, who once held a respectable office under Go- 
 vernment, having drunk all his substance, and pawned his own 
 soul, has, to my personal knowledge, been very assiduous in 
 ruining others, young men being the victims." 
 
 " The Europeans in India are blamed for introducing drinking 
 habits among the natives, and I fear we must plead guilty to a great 
 extent. That drinking habits were unknown in many districts un- 
 til Europeans introduced them is a fact. At one time I resided 
 in a native State where liquor could only be found at the house 
 of the only other European in the State. The inhabitants were 
 healthy, happy, and independent."
 
 21 
 
 ** Native Christians are all supposed to be abstainers, it being- 
 one of the conditions of Church membership in most Mission. 
 Churches ; but I am sorry to say many of them soon follow but 
 too well the drinkinj:,^ customs of the Europeans, and these cus- 
 toms are among the greatest drawbacks to Christianity m 
 India.' 
 
 SURGEON-MAJOR PRINGLE, M.D., HER MAJESTY'S 
 BENGAL ARMY (Page 141). 
 
 '' I grieve to say a very different account must be given of the 
 effects of \\'estern civilisation and rule on the drinking habits 
 of the natives of India. With the exception of the Presidency 
 towns, and among the camp followers attached to or resident 
 in the old military cantonments, drinking habits among the 
 natives thirty years ago were practically unknown — the Moham- 
 medans shunned spirits, as shrab (shame water), and the res- 
 pectable, or high caste Hindu, as to him the mark of the 
 degradation of the low caste, such as sweepers, &c. Now,. 
 alas, all is changed, and before I left India I saw in the sacred 
 city of iMuthura a shop kept by a native for the sale of " Wil- 
 yat," or foreign, i.e., British spirits. On my asking the reason,. 
 I w^as told it was due to the drinking habits acquired by many 
 of the upper classes in Bengal, which they had brought with 
 them to the north-west provinces, where they had come in 
 search of employment suitable to their high-class education."" 
 
 " From what is seen in the cases of some young rajahs, it is 
 much to be feared that, wath our Western civilisation, acquired 
 at the colleges set apart for the native aristocracy of India, 
 habits of drinking have had their foundation laid." 
 
 '' None grieved more over these increasing habits of drinking, 
 and the effects it was producing on his countrymen in Bengal,, 
 than the late Hindoo reformer Kheshub Chunder Sen, and had 
 he been spared, there can be little doubt that he would have 
 used his marvellous power to stem if possible this flood of in- 
 temperance, which led him to say on his death-bed, that the 
 brightest intellects of Bengal, and the most promising of her 
 sons, were falling victims to this vice. As regards the lower 
 and labouring classes among the natives of India, there is se- 
 rious reason to fear that intemperance is making fearful strides, 
 or rather bounds, among them ; and if there ever was a time tO' 
 raise the voice of warning, now is that time, and no more fitting 
 occasion could be thought of than at such a Congress as this." 
 
 "While I am anxious, as I have previously stated, not to over- 
 paint the picture of this increasing liquor traffic, yet the truth 
 must be told, which indeed is too manifestly evident in the 
 
 statistical table which shows the receipts in 
 
 India from the excise duty on spirits, and by this method the 
 yearly increase in the liquor traffic, from 1S67-68 to 1883-84, is
 
 22 
 
 ^^isible at a glance in the Presidencies and Provinces of British 
 India. If we take the instance of Assam, in ten years the 
 receipts from excise duty in this Province have risen from 
 ;f 7'535 ^o ;f 22,829, 01 trebled in ten years. Now there can be 
 little doubt that these receipts are mostly derived from liquor 
 4runk by the cooHes employed on the tea estates. I have known 
 the_ North- West Provinces for three years longer than the 
 period given in the table under notice, and can speak from a 
 personal knowledge of one third of the population of these 
 Provinces, and I can unhesitatingly state that this liquor 
 revenue, for all practical purposes, is gathered from the poorest 
 of the poor ;^ that it is gathered in a way which is a disgrace to 
 a country guided in its actions by the Christian religion : that 
 the good done by and in the name of the Empress of India is 
 worse than undone by the measures adopted to raise this 
 revenue ;_ that to spread the blessings of hospitals, dispensaries, 
 and vaccination over the country, is little better than a mock- 
 ery in the face of this demoralising traffic. In short that the 
 hint thrown out before me by a Mohammedan, when I was in- 
 specting the Government distillery at Lucknow, is, alas ! too 
 true. This native hinted that, with all the faults of the kings of 
 Oudh, they never made a revenue out of spirits, or what in 
 their expressive language is called "shrab," liter RWy shame wafer:' 
 "I unhesitatingly repeat, it is a stumbling block in the way of the 
 Christian religion, of a magnitude which few can realise, 
 and ah the greater when these natives see the rajahs and 
 nawabs carry on their government without raising revenue from 
 ^'shrab.'" 
 
 MR. J. BARTON, MADRAS (Page 156.) 
 
 "I am no pessimist ; but when we observe the spread of m- 
 iidelity and intemperance among the natives of India, and find 
 that a so-called Christian Government excludes the study of 
 the Scriptures— "the Bible, the secret of England's greatness" 
 — from its endowed schools and colleges, and depends largely 
 •on revenue collected through the opium and abkari depart- 
 ments, our hearts are saddened, and shame almost over- 
 
 whel 
 
 ms us. 
 
 REV. J. GELSON GREGSON (Page 161—63.) 
 
 *' Government sells liquor licenses to one contractor m a district 
 by auction to the highest bidder, and he, in his own interests, 
 does everything in his power to multiply liquor shops in the 
 towns and vihages of the district for which he has contracted ; 
 by this means increased inducements for drink multiply through- 
 out India, and the result is the same in every country where 
 increased facilities are available for the sale of intoxicating
 
 23 
 
 liquors, namely an augmented number of drinkers and 
 drunkards." 
 
 " A leader of native thought writes as follows :— ' The edu- 
 cated classes betake themselves chiefly to imported liquors ; 
 this section is rapidly increasing, and, as far as we can see, 
 there is nothing which will check the drunkenness except hard 
 moral persuasion. We consider Government to be entirely 
 responsible for this state of things.' Again I quote from 
 another authority : — ' The statistics of the number of native 
 gentlemen who drink, are simply terrible. I asked a first-rate 
 native doctor some time ago, what he thought was the propor- 
 tion of men who drank among the educated classes, and he at 
 once said about go per cent. Alaking an allowance for oriental 
 exaggeration, this is very sad testimony, and native doctors 
 have told me that deaths from delirium tremens are very com- 
 mon. It is very common for native gentlemen to drink at their 
 dinner parties, and drunkenness is the invariable result, and we 
 have reason to believe that drink is being introduced into the 
 zenana, for the women to indulge in the liquor their husbands 
 are so exceedingly fond of.' 
 
 "To such an extent has it prevailed, that the heathen regard 
 the use of intoxicating liquor as a sign of a Christian." 
 
 NANDA LAL GHOSH, Barrister-at-Law (Page 53). 
 
 " I agree with the papers as regards the natives 
 ■of all classes of Indians and the drhik traffic. The 
 Temperanc question is not only a question of morality, 
 but also an economical question. About forty millions 
 of people in India do not have enough food from year's 
 ■end to year's end, and when this poison of drink is spread 
 •amongst them, what will be the economical condition of India? 
 We have statistics, and know well that the v'eople are in abject 
 poverty, and yet there comes the dcmon^ of drink to 
 intensify their misery — iiitvodiiccd by a Christian Government 
 I do not wish to blame the Government too much, but it is 
 the duty of all Englishmen, who hold the destiny of 250 
 milHons of their fellows in their hands, to stop the current of 
 that poison and to give to India true moral teaching instead." 
 
 THE DRINK TRAFFIC IN INDIA. 
 
 By Samuel Smith, Esq., M.P. 
 One great reform is urgently demanded by the natives — 
 namely, that the control of the trade in intoxicating drinks 
 should be vested in local bodies, and this leads me to observe 
 that one of the greatest abuses of our government in India has 
 been the extension it has given to the sale of alcoholic drinks. 
 It oudit to be known in Enpjland that all classes of thelndir.n
 
 24 
 
 population are by nature extremely temperate — by religion as 
 well as custom they are mostly total abstainers, and they re- 
 gard the vice of drunkenness with the deepest abhorrence. If 
 left to themselves they would not have licensed shops for the 
 sale of the vile alcoholic compounds which come from Europe, 
 in comparison with which our own whisky and gin are com- 
 paratively wholesome. But the Government, in its desire for 
 revenue, and ignorant of the consequences, has let out to con- 
 tractors or farmers of the Excise the right of opening liquor 
 shops or " out stills," as they are called, and of late years 
 many of these dram shops have been opened in country 
 districts where the taste did not exist before. This mischief 
 is worse in Bengal, and I was often told by the natives that 
 groups of drunkards have been formed in many places where 
 the vice was unknown before. The use of strong European 
 spirits is deadly to the natives of India ; it kills them far 
 sooner than it does Europeans, and they have so little to spend 
 that it involves them and their families in begga.ry. Hardly any 
 worse evil could be inflicted .on India than introducing a taste 
 for alcohol ; — it will, if persisted in, do for the Hindoos what 
 opium has done for the Chinese. They become perfectly 
 mad and reckless when they are addicted to this vice. It is a 
 shameful thing that in the matter of morality our so-called 
 Christian Government should fall behind the ethical code of 
 India; yet so it is, and few things will more certainly under- 
 mine our hold on India than this defiance of native opinion." — 
 From an article in Contemporary Revieiv for July , hy S.Smith Esq.,M.P. 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 Rev. N. J. HOFMEYR, Senior Professor of the Theo- 
 logical College of the Dutch Reformed Church in South 
 Africa (Page 223). 
 
 " The white man has taught them to drink brandy, both by 
 his own drinking habits and by introducing it as an article of 
 trade among them. It is a colonial article made worse by adul- 
 teration, and possessing the power of exciting the evil passions 
 and changing the man into a demon, vastly surpassing that of 
 the native beer. Traders of the lower sort and licensed liquor 
 dealers have been, and still are, the means of inflicting an un- 
 speakable amount of misery upon the natives. If they give 
 themselves to drinking brandy, the craving for it soon becomes 
 uncontrollable. 
 
 In a short time all their cattle are sold for the purpose of 
 purchasing brandy ; they then become thieves, sinking to ever- 
 deeper depths ; lose health and strength, and miserably die. 
 The drink traffic in South Africa means ruin and death to the 
 natives.
 
 25 
 
 In 1883, when the community at the Diamond Fields was very 
 much stirred by this question, it was officially reported, that in 
 'two months' time one hundred and six natives had been killed 
 by brandy-drinking. How many daily pine away and die under 
 this curse, all over South Africa, of whom no human record is 
 kept ! What a day of retribution is awaiting the white man 
 in this part of the world, except he repent and seek the good of 
 ihe race he is now destroying for lucre's sake/' 
 
 " This became apparent in the passion for drink, which, since 
 the close of the war, took possession both of the chiefs and 
 their people. The results of this were very sad, and the devoted 
 French missionaries labouring among them, and all true phi- 
 lanthropists, beheld with dismay the material and moral, the 
 social and tribal ruin, threatening this once so fair field of mis- 
 sionary enterprise. But God had mercy upon the missionaries 
 and the poor natives, and last year, all of a sudden, the chiefs 
 and their people awakened to behold the dreadful end to which 
 they were hastening, and by a common impulse resolved to 
 avoid the brandy bottle, and strenuously to prevent its intro- 
 duction by smugglers. Should habits of Temperance become 
 permanent among them, there is a bright future in store for this 
 tribe. Acting upon the advice of the French missionaries, 
 many, if not most, of the Christian Basutos have pledged them- 
 selves to abstain from brandy-drinking. 
 
 THE CONGO. 
 
 (The following is from the '• Church of England Temperance 
 Chronicle" {'^ Home Words'' Office, Paternoster Row.) 
 
 We announced some months ago that the leading Missionary 
 Societies working in Africa had appointed delegates to consider 
 the question of the traffic in intoxicating liquors in that conti- 
 nent. We have now been favoured with a proof copy of a 
 pamphlet prepared by the Rev. Horace W'aller, F.R.G.S. (of X.\\2 
 Church Missionary Society), which embodies the information 
 collected by the delegates. These gentlemen have not as yet 
 formulated any proposals as the result of their inquiry, and 
 Avhatever course of action they suggest will obviously have to 
 be submitted to the various societies from whom they received 
 their commission. 
 
 Clearing the ground so far, we may say at once that we have 
 rarely read a more moving picture of the power of drink to 
 nullify the Missionary work of the Church than that so graphi- 
 cally presented by Mr. Waller. Piece by piece the evidence is 
 put together, authorities are cited in proof of the various state- 
 ments, so that it will be impossible for any unprejudiced reader 
 to resist the humiliating conclusion that England — Christian 
 England — has, to put it very gently, "helped to enchain a people 
 with a desolating vice.''
 
 26 
 
 Mr. Waller sa3'S : — " Our ears are pretty well accustomed by - 
 this time to plaints on the score of humanity from both North, . 
 Central, and Southern Africa ; but the present appeal has some- 
 thing so very strange, so totally unlocked for, about it, 
 that it must surely gain a hearing without much difficulty. In 
 a word, there has broken out, not only in one or two, but in 
 several densely populated tracts of Africa, an intense desire to 
 shake off the drunkenness which has arisen as a consequence of 
 contact with civilisation.'' 
 
 After fully admitting that the natives have for generations • 
 brewed pombi, the writer adds, " if pombi has slain its thou- 
 sands, alcohol has, in its turn, destroyed its millions. . . . 
 The trader of to-day has much to contend with. His ancestors 
 have sown, and he reaps the consequences. For generations 
 the West Coast negro has been accustomed to see the ocean 
 cast up the powder-keg, the rum-cask, and the demi-john — these 
 have been the shells of his strand. Borne from Bristol, Liver- 
 pool, Hamburg, and Holland, they come rolling through the serf 
 out of steamers and sailing vessels. For hundreds of miles 
 in the interior, the square-shouldered bottles are as well known 
 as the beads and brass wire which are the usual currency, and 
 along their path sorrow flows. The idea of drinking spirits is 
 inseparable from the notion of European life in the ken of the 
 native. Owing to the relaxing climate of the rivers, there are 
 few factories which cannot tell their tale of hard drinking, and 
 certain death as a consequence." 
 
 A complete statistical return of the drink trade with the Dark 
 Continent is not procurable, but the following figures give a 
 glimpse of the dimensions to which it has attained : — 
 
 Gallons. £ 
 
 Great Britain sent in 1884 602,328 value 117,143 
 
 Germany ,, 1884 7,136,263 „ 713.634 
 
 Portugal ,, 1882 9i>524 ,, 6,166 
 
 America „ 1884-5 921,412 ,, 56,889 
 
 Total ... 8,751,527 /:893,S32 
 
 Archdeacon Hamilton, writing from Brass River in 1883, 
 says : — 
 
 " To give you some faint idea of its extent (the drink traffic), 
 one of the National African Company's steamers recently car- 
 ried 25,000 cases of gin and demi-johns of rum, and this was to 
 supply two factories only." 
 
 As a natural result we find that towns like Bonny are almost 
 given over to drinking. Look at a specimen of everyday life 
 there. As a sample, we take March 5 of last year. Archdeacon 
 Hamilton writes : — 
 
 " In all parts of the town we found tumbo (palm wine) being 
 sold, and it was evident there was a very large consumption of
 
 27 
 
 it, and many were under its pernicious influence. ... In 
 going through the town on Monday morning to call on some of 
 the chiefs, I noticed that almost every few yards gin was being 
 sold, just as tumbo was on Saturday afternoon, and this appears 
 to be the common practice in the place— to drink gin in the 
 morning and tumbo in the evening, so that there are other 
 evils to contend with besides heathenism and cannibalism." 
 
 Mr. Joseph Thompson, F.R.G.S., the well-known traveller, in 
 an address recently given to the members of the Manchester 
 Geographical Society, said : — 
 
 " In the notorious gin trade, however, lies a still greater evil. 
 It is indeed a scandal and a shame, well worthy to be classed 
 with the destcsted slave trade, in which we had ourselves ever 
 so prominent a part. We talk of civilising the negro, and in- 
 troducing the blessings of European trade, while at one and the 
 same time we pour into this unhappy country incredible quan- 
 tities of gin, rum, gunpowder, and guns. We are so accustomed 
 to hearing a delightful list of the useful articles which the negro 
 wants in return for the products of his country, that we are apt 
 to think that the trade in spirits must be quite a minor affair. 
 Banish all such pleasing illusions from your minds. The trade 
 in this baleful article is enormous. The appetite for it increases 
 out of all proportion to the desire for better things, and to our shame, he it 
 said, we are ever ready to supply the victims to the utmost, driving them 
 deeper and deeper into the slough of depravity, ruining them body and 
 soul, whilst at home we talk sanctimoniously, as if the introduction of our 
 trade and the elevation of the negro went hand in hand. The time has 
 surely come when, in the interests of our national honour, more energetic 
 efforts should be made to suppress the diabolical traffic. There can he no 
 excuse for its continuance, and it is a blot on Christian civilization.'" 
 
 The pamphlet gives a succinct narrative of the proceedings at 
 the famous Berlin Conference. In commenting upon his digest 
 of the evidence laid before the conference, INIr. Waller sa3's : — 
 " The rum-seller of the coast has only to take a glance over the 
 shoulder of the philanthropist as he sits poring over the briglitl}'- 
 coloured map of the new Congo State, and he takes heart of 
 grace. He smiles in his sleeve at the comfort which lies in the 
 contemplation of local self-government and local option in all 
 its beautiful simplicity, police regulations, and what not ! There 
 is plenty of time for him before these obstacles are likely to 
 trouble him ; he says little, but that does not prevent him 
 thinking the more ! " 
 
 Turning to South Africa, Mr. Waller writes the bold impeach- 
 ment, " The Dutch and English Governments in South Africa 
 have witnessed the extirpation of some tribes entirely, as for 
 instance, the Hottentots, and we do not hesitate to name 
 ' brandy ' as the agent here." Blue-books, native journals, the 
 testimony of missionaries are once more laid under tribute, and 
 we have the same sickening trail of demoralisation, disease, and 
 death as a direct result of the civilising influence of alcohol.
 
 28 
 
 We shall wait with intense anxiety the resolutions of the 
 delegates. A tremendous responsibility will rest on the various 
 Missionary Societies who have undertaken the consideration of 
 the appalling results of the drink traffic in Africa. The Christian 
 Church will look to them to grapple with the difficulty in a 
 thoroughly uncompromising spirit, and we pray God that they 
 may be guided to aright judgment. — Church of England Tcm- 
 -bevance Chronicle. 
 
 FREE RUM ON THE CONGO. 
 
 The New York Tribune (July i8) publishes a letter from Mr. 
 Hornaday, which it says " makes an appalling exhibit of the 
 devil's work being done on the Congo through the conscienceless 
 greed of the traders. 
 
 "Perhaps the most striking and in every way shocking case 
 cited by Mr. Hornaday is that of the native chief whose clear 
 sight and patriotic spirit led him to banish rum from his territory, 
 and whose protective measures were made futile by the manoeu- 
 vres of a scoundrelly English trader who smuggled the liquor 
 into the country. Think of the monstrous hypocrisy of so-called 
 Christian nations, vaunting themselves on their enlightened civi- 
 lisation, pretending a desire that the Gospel should be carried 
 to all peoples, and then invading the Dark Continent armed 
 with the rum-bottle, and in cold blood debauching and ruining 
 its people. On the one hand are the missionaries. On the 
 other hand is the rum of Christendom. Free rum against a free 
 Gospel ! It is to be feared that Mr. Hornaday is right in pro- 
 phesying the success of the former. But what this letter shows 
 most clearly is that unless the moral forces of England, America, 
 Germany, and Holland are organised and applied to put an 
 end to the outrageous and abominable state of things on the 
 Congo, a few years will suffice to rot the heart out of the 
 Africans, and their further development will be made impossible. 
 What is being done out there in the name of commerce is a 
 world-crime of a character so colossal, of an immorality so 
 shameless and profound, that if it could be regarded as a type 
 and illustration of nineteenth century civilisation it would be 
 necessary to denounce that civilisation as a horrible sham and 
 a conspicuous failure." 
 
 Sir Richard Burton the great African traveller, in his work on 
 Abbeokuta, after speaking of the ravages caused along the Wes- 
 tern Coast of Africa by the rum and frequent wars, says : — " It 
 is my sincere belief that if the slave trade were revived with all 
 its horrors, and Africa could get rid of the white man with the 
 gunpowder and rum which he has introduced, Africa would be 
 a gainer in happiness by the exchange." 
 
 A Missionary of the Seamen's Missionary Society stationed at 
 Bristol, in a sermon preached a few years since, said, " that of
 
 29 
 
 thirty ships which had left the port of Bristol in the preceding 
 year for trade with the Coast of Western Africa, the cargoes of 
 twenty-five, for the purpose of commercial exchange, were con- 
 fined to gunpowder and rum. 
 
 MADAGASCAR AND MAURITIUS. 
 
 Paper by REV. W. H. LITTLE, Missionary C.M.S. 
 (p. 233 to 238). 
 
 " The stuff {i.e. the damaged spirit of the Christian Colony 
 of Mauritius), was taken down to Tamatave to be hartcvcd ior 
 Malagasy native produce. I need not prolong the story. The 
 native villages soon became scenes of frightful havoc and mi- 
 sery. The crime of the island rose in one short year by leaps 
 and bounds to a height too fearful to record. Like a pestilence, 
 the rum of Mauritius flowed along the public way and up the 
 country, till it invaded the capital, Antananarivo, 200 miles 
 from the coast. The native Government was seized with con- 
 sternation. Was this a plot of the English to destro}* them ? 
 The then King Radama L, a prince of great sagacity and 
 courage, at once saw that something must be done to save his 
 people. The custom dues at the ports were paid then, as now, 
 in kind. Ever}^ tenth barrel of the cursed spirit imported was 
 sent to the Government stores. But Radama would not allow 
 i.t to be placed with the cottons of Manchester, or the hardware 
 goods of Birmingham. He ordered it to be left on the sands and 
 then to be taken to the water's edge and poured out, every drop 
 into the sea. The merchants of Mauritius were amused, but 
 they speedily became indignant, as they saw that the aggressive 
 action of the king was leading the natives to look upon the rum 
 with fear and distaste. A grave representation was therefore 
 made to Radama by the officials of the English Government on 
 the subject. 
 
 Poor Radama had to allow the cursed stuff free course, or 
 quarrel with his best friends and strongest ally. From that 
 time to this the flood has flowed uninterruptedly over the land. 
 And the Malagasy are suffering to-day, and will suffer till 
 public opinion at home proves too strong for this thing to be done 
 in the name of England any longer. 
 
 Radama's son, Radama II., a youth of great promise, fell 
 under the influence of the cursed habit of intoxication taught 
 him by men of a Christian nation, and he perished, after a brief 
 reign of nine months, crowded with acts of folly and sin, in his 
 own palace, assassinated by order of his own Privy Council. 
 A terrible fact is that the natives are now growing sugar cane 
 in their own country in order to make this rum, and the passion 
 for intoxicants is spreading with fearful rapidity amongst the 
 young men of the higher classes, who somehow think it lashion- 
 able and a mark of high civilisation to be seen in a condition of
 
 30 
 
 almost helpless intoxication in public places. The native- 
 authorities deplore this condition of things. They wish to close 
 their ports to the thing altogether, but Mauritius is too strong 
 for them, and this crying injury to a perishing people remains 
 unredressed and unheeded by the most humane and Christian 
 nation in the world. The same story may be told with very 
 slight variations in detail, of all the native tribes on the East 
 African seaboard." 
 
 " From Natal, from the Cape, and from all the older 
 Colonies of the South, a flood of spirit is poured in the 
 territories of the^ native chiefs. Whole villages are found in a 
 state ofmtoxication, kings, chiefs, people, women, children, all 
 in a state of hideous frenzy, born of the fire water of the white 
 man." 
 
 *' The question of a strong Temperance organisation in each of 
 our Colonies is a pressing one. What we want is to force home 
 the idea upon responsible and public men. We shall, I hope, 
 not separate till we have formulated some scheme throughj 
 which the responsible and public men in each Foreign Depen- 
 dency of Great Britain may be reached." 
 
 " The practical work which now, however, lies before us, is the 
 protection of the half-civilised tribes which surround our 
 Colonial Possessions from the ravages of the cursed rum or 
 brandy which our traders, backed by inhuman and unjust legis- 
 lation, are forcing upon them. It is not generally known, per- 
 haps, that during the past ten years we have annexed no less 
 than seven provinces in South-eastern Africa." 
 
 Mission stations were established, schools flourished, peace 
 reigned, and all seemed to promise happiness and prosperity. 
 But in an evil moment, tempted by greed and avarice, the 
 white traders introduced the cheap rum of Mauritius and the 
 neighbouring colonies of the Cape. The result was lamentable, 
 all the worst features of savagery were speedily developed 
 amongst the native races, and the chiefs and leaders of the 
 rapidly vanishing tribes went as suppliants to the British repre- 
 sentative to pray that the plague might be taken away, and the 
 forcible introduction of spirits at once and for ever discontinued, 
 or at least discountenanced by official proclamation. But a 
 deaf ear was turned to these cries of the unhappy victims of 
 England's lust for riches. Souls of men were bartered for 
 money, and Africa is still being slowly but surely desolated by 
 the foremost missionary nation in the world. What must be 
 the result in cases where from actual observation it has beea 
 found that 10,000 barrels of rum have been distributed amongst 
 half a million of people in one year ? " 
 
 " The root of the mischief was planted by us as a nation for 
 mercenary motives, and unless the Churches and Teynperar.ce organi- 
 sations stand forth like God's priests of old between the living and the 
 dead the results will be terrible ; for the plague is begun amongst 
 these people, and they are falling before the "drink fiend'*
 
 31 
 
 imported by us, and which to-day is sweeping away trom the 
 brightest spots of the great African Continent races of noble 
 men, women and children, with the desolating force of an 
 irresistible pestilence." 
 
 A MOHA^niEDAN KING ON RUM. 
 
 MaHki, Emir of Nupe, a country lying on the river Niger,, 
 has wTitten a letter to a native missionary, C. Paul, to hand to- 
 the Episcopal Bishop Crowther. It was written in the Hausa 
 language, and the following is a translation of it : — 
 
 " Salute Crowther, the great Christian minister. After salu- 
 tation, please tell him he is a father to us in this land ; anything 
 he sees will injure us in all this land he would not like it. This- 
 we know perfectly well. 
 
 '' The matter about which I am speaking with my mouth, 
 write it ; it is as if it is done by my hand ; it is not a long mat- 
 ter ; it is about rum. Rum, rum, rum, it has ruined my country ;. 
 it has ruined my people ; it has made my people become mad. 
 
 " I have given a law that no one dares buy or sell it ; and 
 anyone wdio is found selling it, his house is to be plundered ;. 
 anyone found drunk will be killed. 
 
 " I have told all the Christian traders that I agree to every- 
 thing for trade except rum. I have told ]\Ir. Mcintosh's people 
 to-day, the rum^ remaining with them must he returned doivn the 
 river. 
 
 " Tell Crowther, the great Christian minister, that he is our 
 father. I beg you don't forget this writing, because we all beg 
 that he should beg the great priests that they should beg the 
 English Queen to prevent the bringing of rum into this land. For 
 God and the prophet's sake, for God and the prophet his mes- 
 senger's sake, he must help us in this matter — that of rum. We 
 all have confidence in him ; he must not leave our country to he 
 spoiled hy rum. Tell him, may God bless him in his work ; this- 
 is the mouth word from -\Ialiki, the Emir of Nupe." 
 
 Rev. — Day wTites concerning the African liquor traffic as 
 follows: — ''The vilest liquors imaginable are being poured into 
 Africa in ship-loads, from almost every quarter of the civilised ivorld. 
 In one small vessel, in which myself and wife were the only pas- 
 sengers, there v/ere in the hold 100,000 gallons of New England 
 rum, which sold for one dollar per gallon, in exchange for palm- 
 oil, rubber, and other productions common to the country.. 
 Almost every ship comes loaded witli vast quantities of cheap in- 
 toxicants. The gin comes from Holland. All along the coast 
 are scattered trading stations, the hulk of their business heing Iok'- 
 graded liquors.''' Rev. A. Mabilesays, " Brandy is being literalh 
 poured into South Africa, and surely the British Government 
 is aware of what is going on."
 
 32 
 SIR CHARLES WARREN. 
 
 At a Conference of the Oxford Diocesan Branch of the Church 
 of England Temperance Society, on October 25, 1886, in the 
 Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford, Sir Charles Warren, Chief Com- 
 missioner of the MetropoHtan Police, and late Commissioner 
 to South Africa, delivered an address on the subject of the 
 drink traffic among native tribes, and especially those of South 
 Africa. "We were," he said, *' in the habit of taking the 
 Bible in cne hand and the brandy bottle in the other to the 
 natives of South Africa. But unfortunately we did not send 
 the^ Bible first. If we sent them the Bible beforehand, the 
 natives would be better able afterwards to withstand the temp- 
 tations of drink. Many of these native tribes had codes of 
 morality which by themselves would enable them to resist 
 these temptations. These codes were broken down, there was 
 nothing put in their place, and the natives were given over to 
 drink, and afterwards we sent them the Bible. There were many 
 thousands of natives who had been reduced to the lowest 
 depths of poverty and an early death by the drink traffic which 
 was forced upon them by the laws of this nation. By our laws 
 we forced the drink on their territories, which was disallowed 
 under their own laws. That was an absolute fact v/hich he 
 had often brought to the notice of those in authority. The 
 hlood of thousands of natives was at the present time crying up to Heaven 
 against the British race, and yet from motives of expediency we 
 refused to take any action." 
 
 GIBRALTAR. 
 
 MR. R. H. BULLOCK, D.C.L., Chaplain H.M. Forces 
 
 (p. 129). 
 
 In 1802 the Duke of Kent was sent to Gibraltar expressly 
 to put a stop to the flagrant intemperance and abuses. An 
 old writer, speaking of the period, says : — " In the public street 
 the soldiers might be seen in a state of most disgraceful m- 
 toxication, and altogether so clothed as to resemble a roving 
 band of lawless plunderers, rather than drilled and organised 
 soldiers." The Duke set to work immediately to cut down the 
 number of public-houses, and gradually reduced them from 
 ninety to forty-five, though at the serious sacrifice of his own 
 income. His efforts for reform, however, were materially 
 thwarted by his own officers, and by the Home authorities. 
 A general rising was threatened for the purpose of his deporta- 
 tion or assassination. This was happily prevented by jealousies 
 and drunken quarrels. The result of his good measures, how- 
 ever, for the health of the troops was so successful that the
 
 33 
 
 mortality was reduced one half. After his recall all the closed 
 wine and spirit houses were reopened, and the garrison speedily 
 returned to its disgraceful insobriety. Since those days there 
 has been a slow but steady improvement, though leaving of 
 course still much to be desired. 
 
 TRINIDAD. 
 MR. R. KNAGGS, M.R.C.S. (Page 247). 
 
 " The main source of danger here, as everywhere else, lies in 
 the drink, and its attendant evils of every kind. It always has 
 been so ; and innumerable valuable lives have annually been 
 sacrificed to the profound mistake that alcohol was a stimulant 
 and that alcoholic liquors were actually necessary " to keep up 
 the strength under the depressing influences of a tropical 
 climate." Curiously enough, this idea originated with the " older 
 practitioners,'' although they knew that to give a new-comer a 
 chance of escaping "yellow- fever," it was considered absolutely 
 necessary to bleed him within a week alter his arrival from the 
 north. Our medical men still administer these liquors as stimu- 
 ants, and tonics, but thank God, for their own sakes, they are in 
 general more cautious than formerly, both in what they give,, 
 and in ivhat they take. On this last point I can furnish a piece of 
 information. In the last twenty-five years no less than twenty- 
 seven members of the Medical Board of this Island have died 
 here or elsewhere, and of the twenty-seven no less than twelve 
 distinctly died from the effects of free living in the matter of 
 alcoholic drink. Such a record is I hope and believe only a thing 
 of the past. It could only have had one origin— ignorance of 
 the nature of alcohol, and such an excuse can no longer be truly- 
 pleaded by medical men, though many of us have much to 
 learn." 
 
 THE DRINK QUESTION ABROAD. 
 
 A Parliamentary paper just published contains reports fronn 
 Her Majesty's diplomatic and consular officers upon the con- 
 sumption of intoxicating liquors abroad. 
 
 CONSUL-GENERAL OPPENHEIMER, of Frankfort. 
 
 He estimates, with regard to Germany, that in the distilleries- 
 of the Empire in 1875 and 1876 at least 200,000,000 litres 
 of pure alcohol were produced for mere consumption — or, 
 in round numbers, six litres per head of the population. 
 Reckoning the male population over 15 years of age at 30 per 
 cent ; this would give a yearly consumption of 20 litres of pure
 
 34 
 
 .alcohol per head, or 50 litres of ordinary schnaps. By the year 
 1880 the quantity had increased to 71 litres yearly per head. 
 
 The consumption of spirit in North Germany is very great ; and 
 •out of a yearly average of 4,450 suicides in Prussia for five years, 
 508 have been due to dipsomania and delirium tremens. The 
 percentage of suicides among males due to alcohol was 13-40, 
 whereas among females it was only two. With regard to fatal 
 accidents also, a large number of them were attributable to 
 •drunkenness. Similar statistics were furnished in connection 
 with the lunatic asylums. Taking 3,106 cases yearly treated in 
 the general hospitals tor dipsomania, 6go cases of delirium 
 tremens in the lunatic asylums, 597 private dipsomaniacs, 508 
 : suicides, and 311 drunkards accidently killed, there is a total of 
 5,212 cases yearly of alcoholism in a fatal form. 
 
 The Prussian States alone showed 1,921 men and 95 women 
 treated yearly for delirium tremens. It appears that seven- 
 tenths of those suffering from alcohol were in the prime of 
 life — that is between 20 and 50 years of age. In the kingdom 
 of Prussia, in 1882, the estimated expenditure on spirits alone 
 was 261,000,000 marks while all the direct State taxes for the 
 same period produced but 150,000,000 marks. Taking the whole 
 ■ expenditure upon beer, wine, and spirits, it amounted to 
 907,000,000 marks, or more than double the amount realised 
 by the Prussian Exchequer for its taxes and stamp duties, &c. 
 
 In Sweden and Norway the consumption of spirits has been 
 declining for some years past ; but in Denmark the evil of spirit- 
 
 • drinkinghas reached a terrible pitch. The number of drunkards 
 who have committed suicide has risen in 30 years from one- 
 seventh to one-third ; while, among the arrests, 56 per cent, were 
 
 ■cases of drunkenness, and, adding to these 18 per cent, among 
 prisoners forother offences, there is a grand total of 74 per cent., 
 or three-fourths of all those taken mto custody, for crimes 
 
 • committed under the influence of drink. 
 
 In Holland the number of houses for the sale of drink was no 
 less than 45,000 in 1878, so that in a population of 4,000,000 
 there was a drink shop for every 90 inhabitants, including 
 women and children. But, owing to the exertions of a portion 
 ■of the community, the Legislature passed a restrictive Law 
 in 1 88 1, with the result that in the course of one year 
 the drink shops decreased from 45,000 to 33,000. 
 
 Belgium affords incontestably the worst statistics in regard 
 to the consumption of alcholic liquors. In less than half 
 a century the use of spirituous liquors has more than trebled 
 itself in that country, while the population has only advanced 
 from 3,500,000 to 5,500,000. The use of spirits increased 66 
 per cent, between 1851 and 1881, and beer increased during the 
 same period 15*75 per cent. The consumption of spirits, wine, 
 and beer for 1881 amounted in value to 475,oo,oooof. Although 
 'the country is so small, it contained in 1880 no fewer than 125,000 
 places devoted to the sale of intoxicating liquors. There was a
 
 35 
 
 public-house on the average for every 12 or 13 grown-up males. 
 The suicides rose from 54 per million inhabitants in 1848 to 80 
 in 1880. The lunatics advanced from 720 per million inhabitants 
 in 1846 to 1,470 in 1881. The inspector-general of Belgian 
 prisons reports that four-fifths of the crime and social misery 
 during the last quarter of a centur}^ has been directly attributable 
 to intemperance. 
 
 In France the sad effects of drunkenness once witnessed have 
 been considerably lessened b}^ the passing of a salutary Act. 
 In 1875 the numbers punished for open drunkenness were 
 98,000, but by 1880 they had fallen to 60,000. 
 
 Siuitzcrland exhibits an unsatisfactory increase in the drink 
 traffic. Between 1870 and 1880 the population advanced 6*5 
 per cent., but the public-houses increased by as much as 22 per 
 cent. 
 
 Austria furnishes a similar condition of things. In 1880 
 there were in Vienna alone 1,624 drink houses, and 6,103 P^^" 
 sons were in that year arrested for being drunk. The hospitals, 
 lunatic as3dums, and prisons of the country all testify to the 
 advance of drinking habits. It is suggested that the clergy, 
 medical men, and school-masters of every nation could do much 
 to mitigate this evil if their sympathies could be thoroughly 
 roused. Continental workmen generally spend a large propor- 
 tion of their earnings in drink without becoming or being classed 
 as absolute drunkards. {Times Neiuspapcr.) 
 
 From a volume of Crmiinal Statistics, published a week or 
 two ago in Paris, it appears that suicides in France are increasing 
 Avith remarkable rapidity. During the last 20 years they have 
 increased 100 per cent. i.e. from 10 to 20 per 100,000 per 
 annum. 
 
 ]\Iembers of the French Academy of Medicine attribute this 
 to the weakening of the will and to the reaction of despondency 
 due to this terrible increase in the consumption of the injurious 
 alcoholic drinks which are novv so largely used in Paris and in 
 the cities and towns. 
 
 "... (p. 13) to organize itself for Temperance Work.'' This is 
 already done in not a few of the Colonial Dioceses. In the 
 Dominion of Canada, Diocessin Branches of the C.E.T.S. have been 
 formed in Toronto, Huron, Newfoundland, and Frederickton. 
 The combined dioceses have recently set on foot the Dominion 
 of Canada C. E. Temperance Journal. In Ceylon, Colombo has 
 its branch with the Bishop as President. In NeK> South ]Vales 
 a very vigorous branch, embracing 34 parochial branches, 
 gives a return of 2,000 members from the 14 branches which 
 have sent in returns. The Primate — Bishop Barry — has thrown 
 himself with characteristic energy and wisdom into the work. 
 The last year's report sa3^s : — '* It is scarcely too much to hope 
 that every Diocese in New South Wales should have an
 
 36 
 
 Affiliated Diocesan Branch with the MetropoHtan as a centre. 
 It is surely not impossible to reach such a consummation, and 
 it may be hopefully predicted that only when the ivhole Church 
 rises as an undivided body, and prepares itself for the Temperance 
 Crusade, will our Society accomplish resultsworthy of its name." 
 
 In India the Dioceses of Lahore and Madras have organized 
 themselves — the former under Bishop French, with very marked 
 results in several stations ; the latter under Bishop Gell, who 
 has recently issued a Pastoral letter, from which the following 
 is an extract : — 
 
 " The evil which the Church of England Temperance 
 Society is striving to repress is not only injuring the bodies and 
 souls of thousands of our countrymen, but is becoming more 
 and more prevalent among the nations of India, Christians as 
 well as others." 
 
 The aims and efforts of the C.E.T.S. are worthy of our best 
 sympathy and co-operation. And I recommend to the clergy 
 the establishment of Temperance Associations among their 
 people. 
 
 F. MADRAS. 
 
 Many other Dioceses — the reports of which have not reached 
 the head office — are at work; and the Episcopal Church of 
 America is now sufficiently organized to have its own periodical 
 " Temperance — the organ of the Church Temperance Society " 
 (in the United States). 
 
 Edwin Sears & Co., Printers, i, Johnson's Court, Fleet Street, E.G.
 
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