C43PI
 
 SSL f ' 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 606.1 
 C4-3PI 
 
 CO P,7 
 
 ILLINOIS HISTORICAL SURVEY 
 
 f -sWxr- * 
 
 f^jR^lfy 
 
 ,i /***. -5^% ;:-a. v 
 
 ^MPG 
 
 ^^i^^^ms; 

 
 THE... 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 BUILDING 
 
 AND 
 
 EXHIBITS .THEREIN 
 
 AT THE 
 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN 
 
 EXPOSITION 
 
 1893 
 
 JOHN MORRIS COMPANY 
 CHICAGO
 
 6 6 , I 
 
 Illinois Board of World's pair Commissioners 
 
 n 
 tt 
 
 \ 
 
 President... 
 
 LAFAYETTE FUNK, Shirley 
 
 Vice-president. . . 
 
 DA VID GORE, Carlinville 
 
 Secretary... 
 
 W. C. GARRARD, Springfield 
 
 COMMISSIONERS 
 
 /. IRVING PEARCE, Chicago T 
 
 /CWAT />. REYNOLDS, Chicago *- 
 
 J. HARLEY BRADLEY, Chicago " 
 ^ WILLIAM STEWART, Chicago < 
 
 BYRON F. WYMAN, Sycamore* 
 
 A. B. HOSTETTER, Mt. Carroll ' 
 
 SAMUEL DYSART, Franklin Grove* 
 W. D. STRYKER, Plainfield 
 
 JOHN VIRGIN, Fairbury ' 
 
 E. B. DA VID, Aledo ' D. W. VITTUM, Canton ' 
 
 W. H. FULKERSON, Jerseyville - 
 J. W. JUDY, Tallula ' 
 
 LAFA YETTE FUNK, Shirley ' 
 S. W. JOHNS, Decatur > 
 
 E. E. CHESTER, Champaign ' 
 
 JAMES K. DICKERSON,Lawrenceville 
 DA VID GORE, Carlinville ' 
 
 EDWARD C. PACE, Ashley ' 
 B. PULLEN, Centralia * 
 
 J.M. WASHBURN, Marion 
 
 696764 
 
 oo
 
 1H 
 
 OF THE 
 UMIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 THE LIBHARY 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 HIS volume has been prepared by order of the Illinois 
 
 an index or guide to the exhibits in the Illinois State 
 Building, which were authorized by the State government and 
 partly as an interesting souvenir of the great Columbian Expo- 
 sition. 
 
 The entire cost of preparation, installation and administra- 
 tion by the Commissioners is paid from the State treasury under 
 an Act of the General Assembly, approved by Hon. Joseph W. 
 Fifer, Governor, June 17, 1891. 
 
 It is not to any extent a catalogue of the material presented 
 in the several exhibits, nor a report of the labors of the Com- 
 mission in the discharge of the duties imposed upon its mem- 
 bers. Such report, financial and otherwise, as is required by law, 
 cannot be prepared with necessary fullness of historical detail 
 until the great Columbian Exposition with all its realistic mag- 
 nificence shall itself have become a thing of the past. 
 
 The references to the exhibits illustrated are all restricted 
 to the briefest possible mention of the main purpose and charac- 
 ter of each. 
 
 The State Institutions, which from their nature are debarred 
 from exhibiting, including penal and reformatory, are repre- 
 sented by exterior and interior views of their buildings and 
 grounds. 
 
 The Illinois State Building occupies a very conspicuous 
 position in the north part of the park. It was constructed upon 
 plans and specifications approved by the Illinois Board of 
 World's Fair Commissioners, and by the Construction Depart- 
 ment of the ^Yorld's Columbian Exposition Company.
 
 10 
 
 BUREAU OF INFORMATION. 
 
 This department consists of four rooms in the northwest gal- 
 lery, which are fitted up for the convenience and accommodation 
 of all visitors who are actively connected with newspaper jour - 
 nalism. The conduct of the bureau is in charge of the secre- 
 tary of the National Editorial Association and of the Illinois 
 Press Association, who has an extensive acquaintance among 
 newspaper men, and is looking after their interests in connec- 
 tion with their regular duties as journalists. The rooms are free 
 to all and are supplied with easy chairs for resting, and an edit- 
 orial room fitted up with writing material and desks. A sten- 
 ographer is also in this room for the convenience of editors, an d 
 such service is free to those requiring it.
 
 THE LIB^RY 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 13 
 
 BELIEF MAP OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, 
 
 COMPILED BY THE 
 
 Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners, from a survey of the State 
 made under their direction for this especial purpose in 1892. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF DATA USED AND WHENCE DERIVED. 
 
 From the Mississippi River Commission, a line of levels from 
 Cairo to Dunleith; a line of levels from Fulton to Chicago, along 
 the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. R. ; a series of topo- 
 graphic charts of the Illinois shore of the Mississippi, and the 
 low water slope of the Mississippi. 
 
 From the lake survey, a series of geodetic stations between 
 Chicago and Olney. 
 
 From the Illinois and Michigan Canal, low water levels of the 
 Illinois River. 
 
 From the U. S. Geologic Survey, a series of topographic 
 charts between Chicago and Peoria . 
 
 From the coast and geodetic survey, a line of levels from 
 Olney to St. Louis; a line from Centralia to Cairo; and low 
 water levels of the Ohio and Wabash Rivers. 
 
 From the U. S. engineers, the preliminary survey of the 
 Hennepin Canal. 
 
 From the railroads, profiles of their lines. 
 
 Barometric profiles made with moving and stationary barom- 
 eters, of such railroads as had no profiles. 
 
 The bench marks of the lines of levels and geodetic stations 
 were connected with the nearest railroads, and were used to cor- 
 rect the profiles of such railroads. 
 
 The elevations above low water of the railroad bridges over 
 the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers were obtained, and the rail- 
 road profiles checked by them. 
 
 The exact relations of the railroads at intersecting points 
 were ascertained, and the profiles of the roads checked on each
 
 14 
 
 other, using those that had been corrected by U. S. data as 
 master systems. 
 
 To the outline so established, the details of surface were 
 added by traverses, with barometer and hand level, arranged to 
 intersect railroads as often as possible, and practically to bring 
 the observer within sight of every section of land in his district. 
 Prominent points, either of elevation or depression, were vis- 
 ited, and observations made upon them. Many cross checks and 
 other means of correction were applied to overcome errors in 
 atmospheric pressure, instrumental irregularities, and errors of 
 observation. 
 
 Finally, the results obtained were expressed in contour lines 
 on the maps. 
 
 Much pains have been taken to make the maps more correct in 
 their horizontal features than any heretofore published. The 
 locations of towns and courses of streams have, in most cases, 
 been either verified or corrected. 
 
 The time allowed for the field work was one year, and the 
 total expenditure $15,000. The area covered was 56,000 square 
 miles. It is hoped that future observations will show that the 
 work has been as well done as the limitations of time and funds 
 would admit. 
 
 TABLE or ELEVATIONS above the level of the ocean for each 
 county town, the point of observation in each case being the 
 courthouse, except as noted.
 
 RELIEF MAP OF ILLINOIS.
 
 5 
 
 a 
 
 a 5 
 
 - br. 
 
 t= a 
 
 2 s 
 
 s 
 
 o a> 
 
 <! a 
 
 fe 
 
 o , 
 
 - *

 
 m i!r.&& 
 
 OF THE 
 BKIYEHSITY OF ILLlROiS
 
 THE L\V n m 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF !LLIWI$
 
 23 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The scope and purpose of this department of the State ex- 
 hibit are described in the law as follows: "A full and com- 
 plete collection of all the cultivated products in the several 
 branches of agriculture farm culture, horticulture and floricult- 
 ure in illustration of the widely different conditions of soil and 
 climate under which rural husbandry is practiced in the various 
 sections of the State." With a domain extending 387 miles in a 
 north and south line, there is a range of climate which enables 
 Illinois to produce cereals, grasses, vegetables and fruits in the 
 greatest variety and profusion. 
 
 In the installation of this department the section represent- 
 ing "farm culture" was organized as distinct from "horticult- 
 ure and floriculture," the last two being placed together and 
 forming one section. The two sections occupy equal areas at 
 the west end of the main exposition hall. 
 
 FARM CULTURE. 
 
 The products shown represent: 
 
 1. Well selected samples of the crop of 1892 and 1893 in 
 all varieties of grains and grasses, seeds and vegetables, grown 
 in every county of the State, consisting of 100 varieties of 
 wheat, seventy of corn, sixty of oats, besides rye, barley, flax, 
 hemp, broom corn, sorghum, tobacco, cotton, castor beans, pea- 
 nuts, grass and vegetable seeds; also 120 varieties of native and 
 cultivated grasses. 
 
 2. Samples of thirty-three non-alcoholic, commercial, dis- 
 tinct manufactured products of Indian corn, embracing several 
 varieties of sugar, starch, syrups, oils, gums, etc. 
 
 This entire collection of farm products is installed in a 
 thoroughly systematic manner, with lavish artistic decoration
 
 24 
 
 and tasteful, intelligent arrangement of material throughout, 
 and is located in the northwest corner of the building. 
 
 The three sections under the balcony represent the northern 
 central and southern divisions of the agricultural interests of the 
 State. The west tier of shelves contains 160 bottles of beans, 
 peas, flax, red, white and alsike clover, timothy, blue-grass, mil- 
 let, sun-flower, red-top, Hungarian, yellow oat grass, barley, 
 etc. The second tier of shelves represents the wheat-growing 
 division in 600 bottles correctly labeled, showing the kind and 
 where raised. The third tier of shelves represents the corn- 
 growing districts with 287 bottles showing the different kinds of 
 corn. The fourth tier of shelves contains 500 bottles correctly 
 labeled, showing the kind and quality of oats raised in the State. 
 
 The above named exhibits, taken together with the decora- 
 tions of the balcony, show the agricultural interests of the State 
 which produces annually 30,000,000 bushels of wheat, 230,000,- 
 000 bushels of corn, and 111,000,000 bushels of oats. 
 
 Just north of the balcony is the pagoda, decorated with 
 grasses and grains, showing what is grown and what can be done 
 in the way of decorations with agricultural products. 
 
 Along the north wall, in glass cases, are all the different 
 kinds of native and cultivated grasses, correctly labeled. 
 
 On the west wall is a farm scene, representing a model Illi- 
 nois farm. This picture, 24x32 feet, with a four-foot frame, is 
 made entirely of grasses and grains in their natural colors, under 
 the direction and supervision of the Agricultural Committee of 
 the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners; more than 
 one-half the work being done by Illinois girls. The time con- 
 sumed in making the picture would equal the work of one per- 
 son 480 days. 
 
 There are also shown samples of all matured crops of grains, 
 grasses and vegetables of 1893, which are collected and placed 
 on the tables as the season of maturity progresses from south to 
 north through the entire length of the State, nearly 400 miles.
 
 THE LIB'UaY 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILL1HOIS
 
 27 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 
 
 This department was created less than nine months before 
 the Fair was opened to the public, and on that account the dis - 
 play in point of variety is not as complete as it would have been 
 had more time been allowed to secure the rarer kinds, and the 
 display of cultivated woods has suffered more or less from the 
 same cause. 
 
 Notwithstanding the short time in which the collection had 
 to be made, the department contains ninety-one specimens of 
 indigenous trees, seventy-three of which represent species of the 
 highest commercial value. 
 
 In the domain of cultivated timber, great progress has been 
 made by our farmers, and yet, with ample material at hand , it 
 was not altogether an easy matter to secure specimens. The 
 fact is that there are few cultivated trees but what have been 
 grown for some specific purpose, and consequently, instances 
 were rare where our tree planters were willing to part with the 
 reward of years of labor, just developing into perfection. This 
 circumstance, together with lack of time for more extended re- 
 search, will account for the absence of many varieties known to 
 be in successful cultivation in our State. It is a pleasure, how- 
 ever, to record the fact that of the seventy-three specimen s now 
 on exhibition, not one was relinquished for gain; and, therefore, 
 each piece so furnished, testifies to the general appreciation of 
 the aims and purposes of our State exhibit, and a devotion to 
 the success of the great Exposition itself. 
 
 It is not too much to say that the specimens shown, and with 
 these the unique exhibit of the farm wagon of many woods, 
 comprise object lessons of rare interest to every farmer, planter 
 and land owner in the West. All of the varieties shown of cul- 
 tivated trees can be grown with equal success in all parts of our 
 State; besides which there are several others that are to-day sue-
 
 28 
 
 cessfully cultivated south of the thirty-ninth parallel of latitude, 
 south as the southern catalpa, cypress, and others, of which no 
 specimens were available within the brief space of time allotted. 
 Nothwithstanding this, it is safe to say that there is no State 
 collection of a similar nature within the limits of the Exposition 
 that equals the Forestry Exhibit of the State of Illinois. 
 
 RAILROAD AND WAREHOUSE COMMISSION, DEPART- 
 MENT OF GRAIN INSPECTION. 
 
 This exhibit shows the complete process of grain grading 
 and inspection; the system of recording the inspection and the 
 issuing of certificates thereon; the warehousing of the grain 
 after inspected; the registration, shipment and clearance of the 
 same; and practically exemplifies the every-day routine of the 
 work of the inspection department. Samples of all the com- 
 mercial grades of grain, and euch of the fancy grades as ever 
 find their way to this market, are shown. To those who may 
 desire it, samples of any particular kind or grade of grain are 
 presented.
 
 THE LIBMY 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 31 
 
 HORTICULTURE AND FLORICULTURE. 
 
 The products exposed in this section represent: 
 
 1. The fruit crop of 1892, chiefly apples, which were held 
 in cold storage until the opening of the Exposition, May 1, 1893. 
 
 2. Samples of all fruits cultivated in this State, from the 
 Ohio River to the Wisconsin line, in succession as the season of 
 maturity advances from south to north. With the exception of 
 apples, in which a partial failure was unavoidable, the display 
 fairly reflects the capability of every section of the State for the 
 production of fruit. 
 
 These samples have included during the season 42 varieties 
 of strawberries, exhibited from May 10 to July 30; 28 varieties 
 of raspberries from June 1 to August 9; 26 varieties of black- 
 berries from June 16 to August 10; cherries in 23 varieties from 
 May 28 to August 16; gooseberries in 22 varieties from May 26 
 to August 18; currants in 18 varieties from June 1 to August 12; 
 grapes in 36 varieties from July 4, and being continued; plums 
 in 22 varieties from June 24, and being continued; apricots in 
 6 varieties from July 12 to August 20; peaches in 38 varieties 
 from June 10, and being continued; pears in 36 varieties from 
 June 24, and being continued. 
 
 Notwithstanding the exceptionally unfavorable season for 
 apples, there have been exhibited 18 varieties of summer apples, 
 22 varieties of fall apples, and 46 varieties of winter apples. 
 
 In addition to above there has been constantly on exhibition 
 quite a quantity of miscellaneous and unnamed fruits. 
 
 At the date of preparing this outline the exhibit is by no 
 means complete; numerous varieties of the later fruits having 
 not been received for the year 1893. 
 
 3. A large display of choice, cultivated flowers, indigenous 
 and exotic, and ornamental plants. 
 
 Owing to want of time for preparation and the fatal delays
 
 32 
 
 incident to the transportation of cultivated delicate flowers and 
 plants, it was entirely impracticable to obtain any considerable 
 display of these from remote parts of the State. As it is, the 
 Floricultural section, with its lavish profusion of the choicest 
 material and beautiful arrangement combines admirably with 
 the pomological section to which it is so naturally and closely 
 allied. 
 
 The entire section has been, and will continue to be, subject 
 to daily changes of products throughout the entire term of the 
 Exposition.
 
 IKE LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 35 
 
 STATE FISH COMMISSION EXHIBIT. 
 
 When the act creating the Illinois State Board of World's 
 Fair Commissioners was passed, and an appropriation made to 
 enable them to adequately display the resources of the State, an 
 item directing the Illinois State Fish Commission to make an 
 exhibit of the fishes of Illinois to illustrate the work of the com- 
 mission was included. 
 
 A number of consultations were had between the Board of 
 Illinois World's Fair Commissioners and the Fish Commissioners 
 as to the best mode of making such exhibit. Direct supervision 
 of this matter was turned over to the committee on Natural 
 History, and after a thorough canvass of the whole matter 
 it was decided to depart from the beaten path heretofore 
 followed in making a live fish display, and to undertake to show 
 fish under conditions as nearly natural as possible, discarding 
 the use of the aquaria. 
 
 With this end in view the secretary of the State Fish Com- 
 mission was authorized to make such experiments as would lead 
 up to such a plan of exhibit. Plans were suggested and after a 
 thorough canvass by the committee on Natural History they were 
 adopted. A simple bit of nature suggested itself a hill, over 
 which in broken streams flowed a body of water, falling into a 
 succession of pools, each lower than the preceding one, until the 
 water finally found its way into a larger pool, or miniature lake, 
 and lost itself in a covered and unseen outlet. The work of the 
 architect was perfect, and nature was closely followed in the 
 arrangement of the vine- covered and moss grown rocks, through 
 which the water dropped in beautiful cascades, and flowing from 
 one pool to another developed as a whole not only a beautiful 
 picture, but one of the most successful aquaria yet devised. 
 These pools were about twelve inches in depth and in their ar- 
 rangement gave a surface exposure almost equal to the whole
 
 36 
 
 floor space allotted for the exhibit. The fish with which the 
 waters of the exhibit were stocked thrived beyond the most san- 
 guine expectations of the projectors and the loss, usually so 
 heavy in the old style aquaria, was materially rediiced, demon- 
 strating, beyond any question, the possibility of so caring for fish 
 as to keep them for an v nlimited time in perfect health. 
 
 The lake water used, which in its natural state is not, for the 
 greater part of the time, clear enough for aquarium purposes, 
 was thoroughly filtered, and said filtering contributed very 
 largely to the success of the exhibit, the water being so clear 
 that every scale on the fishes could be seen perfectly. 
 
 The fish used in making this exhibit were such as are annu- 
 ally distributed by the Fish Commission in their regular work, 
 and were taken, or rescued from the drying pools along the 
 rivers. Annually thousands of fish are left in these drying pools 
 by the receding waters, and the work of the commission has been 
 to rescue them by the use of seines, and after sorting out the 
 best and transporting them to inland waters and depositing them 
 therein, the residue were put into the rivers or lakes near where 
 they were taken. 
 
 The photographic views surrounding the exhibit give a very 
 clear idea as to the methods used in the work of the Fish Commis- 
 sion.
 
 THE LIBERT 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 39 
 
 ARCHEOLOGY. 
 
 RELICS OF THE STONE AGE. 
 
 To the theoretic student who is inclined to speculate on the 
 hidden mysteries of the past, we offer a wide field in our Archae- 
 ological collection. That a wonderful and intelligent race 
 peopled this country prior to the advent of the red man is abun- 
 dantly attested, but that they should have passed away without 
 some distinct record of their origin and history is truly remark - 
 able. The dumb relics alone testify to their existence and is the 
 only history of a once numerous and intelligent people. 
 
 The advancement of Illinois as the leading agricultural State 
 in the Union, with all the improvements of modern machinery, 
 has been so remarkable, that in the great display of our progress 
 it is naturally suggested to compare the age of steel with the 
 stone age. It is not generally known that the rich fields of Illi- 
 nois were in ancient times, may be thousands of years ago, 
 inhabited by a primitive people, who subsisted largely by agri- 
 culture, and who had the skill to make implements of stone that 
 will be a surprise to many who behold them. These are spades 
 and hoes and various agricultural tools, some of which even 
 resemble old-fashioned plows, that are skillfully chipped from 
 flint; besides there are axes, hammers and other tools of stone 
 and even of iron ore, that besides their weapons and implements 
 of the chase are simply wonderful as showing not only the sk ill 
 and ingenuity of manufacture, but that the region of Illinois, 
 even in the olden time, was the leading locality of the primitive 
 people of North America. In Illinois were the largest mounds 
 in the United States, as is shown in the photographs and repro-
 
 40 
 
 ductions of the great Cohokia Group in Madison County, near 
 East St. Louis. The center mound of this group is over 100 
 feet high and covers sixteen acres of ground. 
 
 In our exhibit are 100 pieces of pottery from this region 
 showing their skill in the ceramic art. Our Archaeological 
 exhibit will be an invaluable collection for the student to learn 
 something not only of the primitive history of our State's first 
 inhabitants, but of general Ethnology. 
 
 CASE No. 1. A representative exhibit of the flint tools of the 
 stone age. Each specimen has printed or written on it the lo- 
 cality where found. 
 
 CASE No. 2 contains a series of (a) discoidals, or excavated 
 discs; (6) a series of paddle shaped stone implements of fine 
 workmanship; (c) collection of ancient ceremonial pipes taken 
 from, mounds ; (d) fine ceremonial or banner stones. Some of 
 these are of quartzite and perforated. For what purpose they 
 were used is unknown. 
 
 CASE No. 3. This case contains a fine representation of the 
 axes and hammer tools of the stone age. 
 
 CASE No. 4 contains a representative collection of the ancient 
 agricultural implements of the stone age, or stone tools used in 
 digging. 
 
 CASE No. 5 contains, besides three large and fine mound 
 pipes, (a) a series of ornaments of shell and copper. 
 
 This case also contains a number of (6) rare copper objects 
 from the mounds : copper axes, needles, breastplates and gorgets. 
 There is also a number of bone implements and some calcined 
 corn taken from a mound. 
 
 CASE No. 6 This case is similar to No. 1. being a fine repre- 
 sentation of the ancient flint tools found in Illinois. 
 
 In this collection is a unique and very odd-shaped lot of flints 
 from Calhoun county. 
 
 CASE No. 7. The objects in this very prettily arranged case, 
 which is fastened to the wall, form a private collection of flints 
 loaned by Mr. J. C. Converse of Sandwich, 111. 
 
 CASE No. 8. This large case against the wall contains about 
 lOOpieces of ancient mound potter if taken from mounds in Illinois.
 
 41 
 
 FLOOR CASES. 
 
 1. Clays, sands, cements and geological sections across the 
 State of Illinois. 
 
 2. Soils, rocks and geological section across the State of 
 Illinois. 
 
 3. Stratified rocks and fish remains. 
 
 4. Stratified rocks, geodes and geodized fossils. 
 
 5. (East side) Crustacea, insecta, cephalopoda, (west side) 
 saomellibranchiata, pteropoda. 
 
 6. (East side) cephalopoda, (west side) gasteropoda. 
 
 7. (East side) brachiopoda, (west side) crinoidea, cystidea, 
 echinaidea, blastoidese. 
 
 8. Brachiopoda and bryozoa. 
 
 9. (East side) crinoidea, (west side) spongia and corals. 
 10. Crinoidea and corals. 
 
 11 and 12. Plantse. 
 
 13. Sithographic stone from Illinois with samples of work; 
 lead, zinc and iron ores with associated minerals and collection 
 illustrating azoic and sedimentary rocks found in glacial deposits 
 in Illinois. A part of this collection is upon a stand just east of 
 this case. 
 
 14. Lithographic stone from Illinois with samples of work. 
 On wall south of cases 6, 8 and 10 are '"cores" from diamond 
 
 drill borings in Illinois. 
 
 On floor north of cases 5 and 7, building stone and coal.
 
 OF 
 
 Of
 
 THE UBMt 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 47 
 
 GEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 This department is arranged with a view of presenting, 
 in a comprehensive manner, the geological structures of the 
 State and our natural resources in soils, rocks, coals, ores 
 and other like materials of importance to our industries. It 
 comprises maps, diagrams and collections of all the stratigraph- 
 ical elements of the earth's crust within the boundaries of the 
 State, from the surface down to the bottom of our coal shafts 
 and artesian wells, with a nearly complete series of all the fos- 
 sil species of animals and plants hitherto discovered in our 
 rocks, and a selection of materials of economical interest. 
 
 A large portion of these collections has been supplied by the 
 Illinois State Museum of Natural History in Springfield. Much 
 has been added by special work done since the spring of last 
 year under the direction of the State Geologist, co-operating 
 with the Board. 
 
 It is well known that Illinois has an abundance of rich agri- 
 cultural soils, and some less good; but the exact properties of 
 these various soils has never before been investigated, nor have the 
 respective areas of their distribution been denned until now. 
 
 Maps prepared and on exhibition, together with samples of 
 soils, will give a very correct idea of their location, and can not 
 fail to be of great importance to the agricultural interests of the 
 State. 
 
 In the production of limestone for building purposes Illinois 
 contributes very nearly one-third as much as all the other States 
 in the Union together. Some of the more important quarries 
 are represented by exhibits of dressed cubes of their stone. 
 
 Lithographic stone has hitherto been supplied to the World 
 from one single locality, Solenhofen in Bavaria. But within the 
 last year inexhaustible quarries of such stone have been opened 
 in Alexander County, 111. , and we have on exhibition a large series
 
 48 
 
 of engraved stones and transfers from these quarries, showing- 
 that this State will be amply able to supply at least our own 
 continent with its need of this commodity. 
 
 In coal production the State of Pennsylvania stands first in 
 the Union. But of all the coal mined in the United States, outside 
 of Pennsylvania, our own State contributes one-fourth, the actual 
 out-put approximating twenty million tons annually. Some 
 of our more important mines are represented by exhibits inside 
 the building, while some of them have placed on the lawn in front 
 of this building, columns of coal cut in a single piece from top 
 to bottom of the coal seam, to show its full thickness. 
 
 Our clays and shales, and other materials utilized in the cera- 
 mic arts, represent a great variety of quality, and occur in inex- 
 haustible quantity. A selection of them is to be seen among the 
 geological exhibits together with some manufactured articles, 
 illustrating their utilization. A set of fine/aze?/ce, made of Union 
 County materials, is on exhibition. 
 
 Illinois has the only fluor-spar mine in the United States, and 
 a good display of this valuable mineral is to be seen in the build- 
 ing, together with lead, zinc and iron ores from the same and 
 other mines. 
 
 The Paleontological Department contains, among other inter- 
 esting fossils, more than 1,000 types of new species, first made 
 known to the scientific world by descriptions and figures pub- 
 lished in the series of reports of the Geological Survey of Illinois. 
 
 GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Until the investigations relating to the great waterway 
 project now in process of construction the glacial geology seems 
 to have been almost entirely overlooked and misunderstood by 
 the representatives of the State, as well as by those of the 
 United States Geological Survey; but the thorough investiga- 
 tions above referred to and those required for the geological and 
 relief map* for the World's Fair, demonstrate that instead of
 
 49 
 
 the Illinois Valley being a water-worn valley it is a glacial path- 
 way of first magnitude, and through which four great Canadian 
 glaciers moved in their passage from their Arctic birthplace to 
 the Valley of the Mississippi. This statement is based upon 
 data already collected and shown by the collection relating to 
 the glacial geology of the State and the lake region, by the 
 geological map and the relief map of Illinois, the latter, especially, 
 revealing at one view the glacial conditions which prevailed over 
 nearly the entire area of the State, thousands of years ago, and 
 brought hither in the form of englacial drift, and spread broad- 
 cast, through the agency of the various glacial streams entering 
 the Illinois Valley, the material which pre-eminently entitles 
 her to the cognomen of the " Prairie State." 
 
 By far the larger area of the State was glaciated from the 
 east from the great Lake Huron stream, which invaded the 
 State by a series of inferior streams whose aggregate width was 
 about 200 miles, which fact accounts for the dispersion of the 
 material and the broad extent of the prairies of Illinois. The 
 Illinois Valley represents the equilibrium line between the con- 
 tending glacial streams entering the State. The valley now 
 occupied by Lake Michigan being in a measure obstructed by 
 the northern peninsula of Michigan, the valley of Lake Huron 
 presented the line of least resistance, which was followed in 
 obedience to natural laws. 
 
 From the fact of the convergence of the great glacial streams 
 above mentioned from so vast an area into the State, the geolo- 
 gist will find intermingled in her drift a greater variety of bowld- 
 ers than can be found in an equal area elsewhere. This state- 
 ment seems fully justified by the collection on exhibition, every 
 specimen of which is represented in the drift of Illinois. The 
 geologist will find in this collection fragments of conglomerate 
 bowlders, in which he will find pebbles and bowlders which are 
 exact duplicates of typical glaciated pebbles and bowlders 
 found in the drift of to-day, and which are of such shape as to 
 preclude the possibility that they were water- worn. He may 
 also trace some of these same conglomerates, which are of unmis- 
 takable identity, back to their nativity, over 900 miles away, by a
 
 50 
 
 route so sharply defined as to preclude the possibility that they 
 were transported hither by floating ice. He may trace drift cop- 
 per from Alton back through the Illinois Valley to the west 
 shore of Lake Michigan, and thence along that shore to the cop- 
 per region of Lake Superior, along a line conspicuous above all 
 others for the distribution of copper. Distinguishing features 
 ^or all the glacial streams entering Illinois are so clearly demon- 
 strated in our collection as to seem to fully justify the conclusion 
 above indicated.
 
 THE Lie^BY 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 53 
 
 THE CLAY EXHIBIT. 
 
 The Illinois clay exhibit, as shown by the illustration, 
 consists of a space 21x21 feet. The space is enclosed with 
 a rustic fence made from tile and terra cotta, covered with 
 ferns, vines and flowers. The pyramid which stands in the cen- 
 ter of the space is sixteen feet in diameter, octagon in shape, 
 veneered with fine pressed brick of many colors, shapes and sizes, 
 and decorated with tile, terra cotta, lawn vases, window boxes, 
 flower pots, rustics, statuary, etc., with growing plants, vines 
 and flowers. A rule of the National Commission provides that 
 no manufactured goods shall be shown in State buildings. 
 This exhibit is not intended for a display of manufactured 
 goods, but a place built from manufactured clay goods on 
 which to show Illinois clays. Clays of many kinds and 
 qualities in glass jars are placed on the shelves of the pyramid. 
 Among the collection are clays suitable for the manufact- 
 uring of paving, common, pressed, ornamental and fire brick; 
 terra cotta of many colors, sewer pipe, fire-proofing, drain 
 tile, pottery, flower pots, rustic statuary, white granite and in- 
 costic tiles. Over 80,000 persons are employed yearly in the 
 factories of this State; seven hundred million brick were manu- 
 factured in the vicinity of Chicago in 1892, while in other cities 
 in the State millions of building and paving brick of the finest 
 quality were made. We have large terra-cotta works in the 
 State, also sewer- pipe and fire-brick factories. We have five 
 hundred drain-tile factories, many of which are run twelve months 
 each year and are even then unable to supply the demand. 
 There is an unlimited quantity of clay in our State, which for 
 quality will compare favorably with the clays of any State in the 
 Union.
 
 54 
 
 DEPARTMENT OP NATURAL HISTORY AND ARCHE- 
 OLOGY. 
 
 This department consists of the following exhibits: Labora- 
 tory of natural history, fishery, forestry, geology and achseology. 
 The division known as the laboratory of natural history was pre- 
 pared under the direction and special supervision of the 
 State Eutomologist. It is a most interesting exhibit. The 
 entomological and ornithological as well as the ichthyological 
 exhibits have been pronounced by scientists as superior to any 
 exhibition of the kind heretofore attempted. The whole division 
 will be found very interesting to the student of nature or even 
 the casual observer. The subjoined catalogue will be of mate- 
 rial aid to the visitor. 
 
 STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 ENTOMOLOGICAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 1. ILLINOIS INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. Specimens of 
 one or more stages of the insect, enlarged figures, and work of 
 176 species. 
 
 2. ILLINOIS INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. Specimens of one 
 or more stages of the insect, enlarged figures, and work of 149 
 species. 
 
 3. ILLINOIS INSECTS INJURIOUS TO WHEAT. Specimens of one 
 or more stages of the insect, enlarged figures, and work of fifty- 
 seven species. 
 
 4. ILLINOIS INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY. Speci- 
 mens of one or more stages of the insect, enlarged figures, and 
 work of fifty-one species.
 
 55 
 
 5. COMMON INSECTS OF ILLINOIS. A collection of about 1,600 
 species, representing the different orders and families. 
 
 6. THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ILLINOIS BUTTEKFLIES 
 shown by a set of specimens of the species: (a) Common to 
 Illinois and the Atlantic Slope; (6) common to Illinois and the 
 Pacific Slope; (c) common to Illinois and Europe; (d) found 
 throughout Illinois; (e) found in northern Illinois only; (/) 
 found in southern Illinois only. 
 
 7. INSECT COLLECTION AS FURNISHED BY THE STATE LABORATORY 
 OF NATURAL HISTORY TO ILLINOIS HIGH SCHOOLS. A collection 
 of about 460 species, representing the different orders and 
 families. 
 
 8. INSECTS EATEN BY BIRDS. A collection showing the species 
 and higher groups of insects that have been found by the 
 Laboratory in the stomachs of birds. 
 
 9. INSECTS EATEN BY FISHES. A collection showing the 
 species and higher groups of insects that have been found by 
 the Laboratory in the stomachs of fishes. 
 
 10. FOOD OF INSECTS. A collection showing the animal and 
 vegetable constituents of the food of insects so far as they have 
 been determined by the Laboratory by a microscopic examina- 
 tion of the stomachs of the insects. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGICAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 1 . A collection of the birds that reside during the winter in 
 northern Illinois. 
 
 2. A collection of the winter residents throughout Illinois. 
 
 3. A collection of the winter residents of southern Illinois. 
 
 4. A collection of the summer residents of southern Ill- 
 inois. 
 
 5. A collection of the summer residents of northern Ill- 
 inois. 
 
 6. A collection of the summer residents throughout Illinois.
 
 56 
 
 7. A collection of the migrants passing through Illinois. 
 
 8. A collection of stragglers in Illinois. 
 
 9. A collection of the common game birds of Illinois. 
 
 10. A group of wild turkeys. 
 
 11. A group of prairie hens. 
 
 12. A group of American crossbills. 
 
 13. A pair of green herons, with nest and eggs. 
 
 14. A group of woodpeckers. 
 
 15. A collection of the eggs of birds nesting in Illinois. 
 
 16. The food of the robin; a collection showing the total 
 food, both animal and vegetable, eaten by the average robin 
 during the part of the year that is spent in Illinois. 
 
 ICHTHYOLOGICAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 1. A collection of the fishes of Illinois, grouped as perches, 
 paddle-fishes, gar-fishes, bow-fins, sturgeons, suckers, catfishes, 
 minnows and sun-fishes. 
 
 EQUIPMENT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS' OFFICE AND INSECTARY. 
 
 This equipment is arranged in two rooms, representing an 
 office and insectary respectively. It may be grouped under the 
 following heads: 
 
 1. LIBBARY. Consisting of (a) the books or library proper, 
 represented in this exhibit by a small section of the actual 
 library of the State Laboratory, and by a complete set of the 
 works published by the Laboratory; and of (6) the Library 
 Catalogue, represented by that portion of the catalogue of the 
 Entomological works of the State Laboratory coming under the 
 letters "a" to "dt" inclusive. 
 
 2. OFFICE COLLECTION. Consisting of (a) pinned insects, in 
 boxes, represented by a few of the boxes of coleoptera and lepi- 
 doptera of the actual collection of the State Laboratory; (6)
 
 57 
 
 insects in vials, represented by a few racks of the pattern used 
 by the Laboratory. 
 
 3. NOTES AND RECORDS. (a) Slip Notes in boxes in case 
 with "office collection;" (6) accessions catalogue, and (c) spe- 
 cial catalogue, on table with "Publications of the Laboratory;" 
 (d) card indexes to accession catalogue and species catalogue 
 in drawer of "Library Catalogue" case. 
 
 4. APPARATUS FOR COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF INSECTS, 
 including implements for (a) ordinary day collecting; (6) night 
 collecting by light; (c) night collecting by sugaring; (d) ordinary 
 mounting by pinning and on paper points; (e) preservation of 
 larvae in alcohol; (/) preservation of larvae by inflation; (g) 
 printing of labels for specimens. 
 
 5. A set of the common reagents used in entomological 
 work. 
 
 6. Apparatus for the measuring, weighing, mixing, etc., of 
 the various reagents used in entomological work. 
 
 7. Apparatus used in the microscopic study of insects; in- 
 cluding implements used in hardening, sectioning, staining, and 
 mounting microscopic specimens. 
 
 8. Implements and materials used in making pen and ink 
 drawings and water color figures of insects. 
 
 9. Furniture and implements required in the ordinary cler- 
 ical work of an office; including desks, type- write, letter press, 
 tc. 
 
 10. Breeding cages and jars of various sizes and styles used 
 in studying the life histories of insects. 
 
 1 1. Apparatus used in the propagation of insect diseases.
 
 THE LHWMW 
 
 OF THE 
 UHWERS1TY OF ILLINOIS
 
 63 
 
 EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 UNIVEESITY OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 The exhibit by the University of Illinois represents in dis- 
 tinct departments its College of Agriculture and Agricultural 
 Experiment Station; the colleges of engineering, of science, 
 and of literature, and the department of art and design. In. 
 each case the exhibit illustrates the facilities for and the meth- 
 ods and results of the instruction given. There are pictures and 
 plans of the buildings, farms, experiment grounds, shops, 
 laboratories and museums; specimens of the apparatus used in 
 the teaching of the various sciences and their application to 
 agriculture and the mechanic arts, and of work done by students 
 of all departments. 
 
 The College of Engineering occupies the largest space with 
 the showing made from its departments of architecture and of 
 civil, electrical, mechanical and mining engineering. There 
 are plans and models of buildings designed, machineiy planned 
 and made, railroad lines surveyed by students, and a large collec- 
 tion of apparatus. 
 
 The College of Science occupies the next largest space with 
 its departments of botany, chemistry, geology, psychology and 
 zoology, in each illustrations being given of the laboratory work 
 performed by students, and specimens from the various museums. 
 
 The College of Agriculture combines its exhibit with that of 
 the Agricultural Experiment Station, showing samples of the 
 products of the farms and Experiment Station plats, including 
 a large collection from the University's artificial forestry planta- 
 tion. There are selections from the apparatus used in the vet- 
 erinary department. 
 
 The College of Literature has fewer material things to show, 
 but illustrates its work by a large number of examination papers, 
 essays and theses prepared by the students.
 
 64 
 
 The work done iu industrial art and design is shown by- 
 many drawings made by students from the objects represented, 
 showing both the nature and the order of the work. 
 
 The University of Illinois is situated between the two cities 
 of Champaign and Urbana, 128 miles southward from Chicago. 
 It owes its origin to the grant of land scrip by Congress in 1862 
 to each State " for the endowment, support and maintenance of 
 at least one college, whose leading object shall be, without 
 excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including 
 military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related 
 to agriculture and the mechanic arts * # # # * j n order 
 to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial 
 classes in the several pursuits and professions of life." The 
 State received scrip for 480,000 acres of land. Champaign 
 County and the Illinois Central Railroad made large donations to 
 secure the location. The State Legislature has made appropria- 
 tions aggregating $879,900. The estimated value of the Univer- 
 sity property is about $1,372,000. 
 
 The University was incorporated in 1867 and opened to stu- 
 dents in 1868. It has had 2,944 matriculated students. For 
 the year 1892-93 its enrollment was 714. It has over fifty pro- 
 fessors and instructors. 
 
 The University is under the control of a Board of Trustees 
 composed of the Governor of the State, the President of the 
 State Board of Agriculture, and the Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction, ex officus, and nine members elected by the people. 
 
 The University has colleges of agriculture, with several 
 full courses, aside from special short courses; of engineering, 
 with courses in mechanical, electrical, civil, municipal and 
 architectural engineering, and in architecture; of science, 
 with schools of chemistry and of natural science, each with 
 several distinct courses; of literature, with courses in English 
 and modern languages, in Latin, in classics and in philosophy 
 and pedagogy. There are also schools of military science and 
 of art and design, and a graduate school. A preparatory 
 department is also maintained. 
 
 The exhibit by the University is much the largest made by 
 any educational institution in any department of the Exposition.
 
 nimsin
 
 67 
 
 Its assignment of space is 6, 200 square feet. This large space is 
 more than usually filled; perhaps too much so for the best appear- 
 ance of the exhibit, which has been planned with reference to 
 illustrating the work of the University in its various depart- 
 ments, rather than with the purpose of compelling the attention 
 of those looking for especially showy things. 
 
 The exhibit is divided into six general departments, one for 
 each of the four colleges, one for the art department, and a 
 small general exhibit. In each case the attempt has been made 
 to illustrate the facilities for instruction, and the methods and 
 results of instruction. 
 
 The College of Agriculture and the Agricultural Experi- 
 ment Station have a joint exhibit. There are maps and pictures 
 of the farms, experiment plats and buildings; specimens of the 
 products of the fields, and an especially good showing of grains. 
 Horticultural products are represented by casts of fruits. There 
 is a good collection of woods from the artificial forests. The 
 large amount and variety of work done in the botanical and 
 chemical laboratories of the station is indicated by specimens of 
 apparatus and collections, and by charts showing results of 
 work done. There is a well-arranged chemist's table with its 
 outfit, including a number of contrivances invented at the 
 station. 
 
 The veterinary department shows a model of the horse, and 
 skeletons of the horse and cow, with collection of drugs used in 
 veterinary medicine. 
 
 Because of the nature of the work, and the number of distinct 
 departments, the College of Engineering has the largest exhibit. 
 The aim has been to illustrate both the method of instruction 
 and the character of the work done in the seven technical or 
 professional courses of the college. Photographs and specimens 
 of the equipment of the shops, laboratories, draughting rooms 
 and museums are shown. The exhibit of students' work, com- 
 prising drawings, maps, plans, designs, models and shop work, 
 as well as results of original investigation, is large and varied. 
 Courses of study are shown by charts, and the rapid growth in 
 number of students in these courses is shown graphically. 
 
 In the department of mechanical engineering machines
 
 ready for operating, apparatus for use in testing steam engines 
 and boilers, and for other purposes in the experiment labora- 
 tory; a display of work done by students in the mechanical 
 shops, from ordinary practice pieces to a steam pump; drawings 
 and designs for engines and other machinery, as well as the 
 work of the various theoretical studies of the courses, are shown. 
 
 In the exhibit by the department of civil engineering are 
 specimen surveying and astronomical instruments, many 
 volumes of problems, drawings and designs, and a collection of 
 maps, plans and designs in surveying, railroad and road 
 engineering, geodosy, astronomy, bridge design, water supply 
 engineering, etc. , from the survey of a farm field to the location 
 of a railroad, and from the design of a sewer to the plan of a 
 long-span bridge. 
 
 The architectural exhibit is composed mostly of drawings 
 and designs made by students. Here are drawings of residences 
 and great buildings in the same detail and finish as might be 
 sent out from an architect's office. Models of stairs and shop 
 practice work in carpentry and joinery, turning and cabinet- 
 making form an attractive display. The whole course of study 
 is illustrated. 
 
 In mining engineering, a similar line of drawings, photo- 
 graphs and models from assay specimens to mine operation 
 show faithfully the character and methods of the instruction. 
 
 The exhibit from the department of physics consists of full 
 sets of apparatus used by students of the sophomore class in 
 studying in the laboratory the most important principles of 
 physics. Accompanying the set of apparatus for each experi- 
 ment is a note-book of a student showing the original record of 
 his work. Photographs of the cabinets of apparatus used in 
 illustrating lectures and of the lecture room and laboratory are 
 also shown. 
 
 The exhibit from the department of electrical engineering 
 consists of a large motor, a large direct current dynamo mounted 
 upon a cradle dynamometer, a water rheostat, various types of 
 storage batteries and sets of apparatus for typical experiments 
 in direct current work. A set of photographs show some of the 
 most important rooms of the electrical engineering laboratory.
 
 69 
 
 The College of Science has the next largest assignment of 
 space. In natural science an attempt is made to show the 
 equipment for students' use in their regular laboratory and class- 
 room work, and to present examples of illustrative material. Of 
 the former there are laboratory desks fitted up with instruments 
 and material, microscopes, dissecting instruments, bottles of 
 stains and reagents, drawing apparatus, etc. There are also 
 shown the results of such work by prepared specimens. 
 
 There is an attractive display of mounted mammals and birds, 
 and a wonderful series of dissections in alcohol, together with 
 interesting exhibits of wax models, drawings and charts. On the 
 botanical side is a fully equipped bacteriological table, photo- 
 micrographs of wood sections, some of which are greatly en- 
 larged, an herbarium, and cases of apparatus and specimens. 
 
 In the geological exhibit is shown a student's outfit of tools 
 and chemicals, microscope, with slides, etc., a series of orna- 
 mental stones, and samples of Illinois building stones; samples 
 of the University collection of casts of fossils, and a series of 
 charts illustrating the working of geological forces in different 
 localities. 
 
 In the exhibit by the chemical department, a desk, such as is 
 used at the University, is shown,with the fittings, apparatus, chem- 
 icals, etc., supplied to students. Sets of chemical preparations, 
 both inorganic and organic, which have been made by students, 
 are exhibited, as illustrating the scope of their work, as well as 
 the care and skill exercised in manipulation. There is also a 
 supplementary set of organic and inorganic substances, not pre- 
 pared by students, but used together with the other sets in illus- 
 tration of the subjects then under consideration. 
 
 The work in quantitative analysis is represented by sets giving 
 graphic illustration of chemical composition of ordinary sub- 
 stances, such as milk, butter, coal, clay, glass, etc., which have 
 been prepared to correspond with analyses made by students in 
 the ordinary course of work; the students' reports being exhib- 
 ited with the substances. 
 
 Theses prepared by students who are candidates for the degree 
 of Bachelor of Science in Chemistry serve to indicate the stu- 
 dent's ability in partially independent work.
 
 70 
 
 Tbe work in the special lines of pharmacy is represented 
 chiefly by preparations made by students in this department. 
 
 The exhibit from the College of Literature is necessarily 
 limited in space by the character of the work done by it, since 
 the instruction does not as readily furnish material for exhibition 
 as the technical and scientific colleges. There are thirty-six 
 volumes of examination papers from all the classes taught during 
 the winter term, 1893; twenty. two volumes of essays, orations 
 and translations; nine volumes of graduating theses. Text books 
 are shown as far as necessary to illustrate methods of instruc- 
 tion. There is a collection of periodicals from the library for 
 the use of students; also of the periodical literature of educa- 
 tion. Maps and charts illustrating methods of instruction are 
 shown. Large pictures of library, class-rooms, halls of the lit- 
 erary societies, athletic hall, military department, etc., as well 
 as pictures of Greek and Roman architecture, cover the walls. 
 
 The exhibit by the department of art shows, by a large num- 
 ber of examples, the work in free-hand drawing done by students 
 from the different departments of the University and also 
 the work of the regular students of art and design. The exhibit 
 is so arranged that the work may be examined in the order in 
 which it is done.
 
 THE 
 
 OF 
 WWEH9TY OF ILUHOIS
 
 73 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY. 
 
 LOCATION First floor, east wing, south of center aisle, and 
 near east door. 
 
 COMPOSITION Four upright cases, lettered from the w est, A, 
 B, C, and D, respectively, and the back of the cases of S. I. S. 
 N. U. exhibit. On the latter, outlines of courses of study, of 
 school work, etc., are displayed. A display of bound maps is 
 near these outlines. 
 
 CASE A is given up to a display of photographic views of the 
 buildings, exteriors and interiors, and of classes, together with 
 drawings, freehand, perspective and sketching, and color work. 
 
 CASE B contains work in geography and the training school. 
 The latter showing grade work. 
 
 CASE C shows work in drawing, botany, physics and chem- 
 istry. 
 
 CASE D is devoted to an exhibit of the work of students in 
 zoology and physiology. 
 
 There are five show cases, numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, re- 
 spectively. 
 
 In case 1 are Christmas souvenirs made by pupils in the 
 training school. 
 
 Case 2 contains clay modeling by primary and intermediate 
 pupils. 
 
 Case 3 is filled with clay modeling in fruit forms and his- 
 toric ornament by normal students. 
 
 Case 4 shows forms of paper work by normal students. 
 
 Case 5 contains apparatus used by teacher and pupils in the 
 science department of the normal.
 
 H 
 
 -1 
 3 
 
 J 
 
 H 
 s .4 
 
 So 
 
 M . 
 
 O fH 
 
 w 
 
 a n 
 
 H H
 
 77 
 
 SOUTHERN ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY. 
 
 An Act of the General Assembly of the State, in 1869, gave 
 birth to this institution. On the 6th day of September, 1874, 
 the regular work of the school commenced. 
 
 The object of the school is to do a part of the work of edu- 
 cation undertaken by the State. The character of this work is 
 shown under the following heads, viz. : A normal department, 
 including a normal course of study, and the training work; a 
 high school department, and a preparatory department, in- 
 cluding a grammar and a primary school. 
 
 The normal department gives thorough instruction in the 
 elementary and higher portions of the public-school course of 
 study, and fits students by knowledge and practice for the duties 
 of the teacher. The Training work comprises (1) mental 
 science and pedagogy; (2) regular attendance upon the meetings 
 of the practice teachers for a study of methods of instruction 
 and management of pupils and classes, and (3) actual teaching 
 in the preparatory schools under the direction of the training 
 teachers. 
 
 The high school department fits students for college or 
 business. 
 
 The preparatory department is designed to give instruction 
 in the common branches of an English education, and to sup- 
 plement the acquirements of young persons who come from the 
 public schools with a training too imperfect to admit them to 
 the normal school. The course covers eight years four years 
 iu the primary, and four years in the grammar school. In 
 these two schools the student finds an example of what schools 
 below the high school should be. They also afford to those pre- 
 paring to teach, a place where they may at suitable times prac- 
 tice the calling of the teacher under the supervision of compe- 
 tent training teachers. 
 
 The tuition in the normal department is free; in the high 
 school $21 per year; in the preparatory (excepting the first two 
 grades which are free), $10 per year.
 
 THE EXHIBIT. 
 
 The exhibit made by the southern Illinois State Normal 
 University 'at the World's Columbian Exposition is in two general 
 parts, viz. : Preparatory and normal. 
 
 In the preparatory department is represented the work of 
 the eight grades of the common schools. 
 
 This part of the exhibit includes work in the branches studied 
 by the children and is shown in bound manuscript volumes, and 
 on charts in cases. On the charts and in the bound volumes is 
 shown work for each month of each year in the eight years' 
 course. In this way the progress of the children is shown as is 
 also the success of the practice teachers in their work of instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 In this department, also, are shown charts in reading, lan- 
 guage, and number, prepared by the practice teachers Tinder the 
 direction of the training teachers. 
 
 That portion of the exhibit made by the normal department 
 is shown in manuscript volumes, and in drawings, illustrations, 
 and outlines, on charts in cases. The manuscripts discuss prin- 
 ciples and methods of instruction, and show progress of students 
 by means of monthly or term examinations. The drawings, 
 illustrations and outlines show methods of instruction in the 
 several studies. 
 
 A goodly number of photographs of classes, buildings, rooms, 
 apparatus and grounds are shown in the exhibit; also a few of 
 the material objects used in the preparatory department. 
 
 The school has at the exhibit for free distribution to those 
 interested in normal work, a hand-book giving much valuable 
 information about the school and its methods. 
 
 m
 
 OF THE 
 OF
 
 81 
 
 PUBLIC FREE SCHOOLS. 
 
 In February, 1855, the General Assembly of the State of 
 Illinois passed "An Act to establish and maintain a system of 
 free schools." 
 
 The principles upon which our system of Public Instruction 
 is based are: The just moral and intellectual claim of every 
 child in the commonwealth to an education commensurate with 
 the importance and dignity of his obligations and duties as an 
 upright, intelligent and loyal citizen; the corresponding obli- 
 gation of the State to make adequate provisions for such an edu- 
 cation for all; the inseparable relation of universal intelligence 
 and probity to the strength and perpetuity of a republican gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 In the year 1855 the population of the State was 1,306,576; 
 pupils enrolled, 173,531; number of teachers, 5,684; average 
 monthly salary of male teachers, $29.16; of female teachers, 
 $16.43. 
 
 In the year 1870 the population was 2,539,801; pupils en- 
 rolled, 652,715; number of teachers, 28,081 ; average monthly 
 salary of male teachers, $48.35; of female teachers, $36.66. 
 
 In the year 1890 the population was 3,826,351; pupils en- 
 rolled, 778,319; number of teachers, 23,164; average monthly 
 salary of male teachers, $54.63; of female teachers, $44.41. 
 
 In the year 1892 the population was ; pupils en- 
 rolled, 809,452; number of teachers, 22,346; average monthly 
 salary of male teachers, 156.92; of female teachers, $46.06. 
 
 The public free schools are, for convenience in describing the 
 scope and purpose of the work done, classified into rural, 
 graded and high schools. 
 
 The rural schools are those established in country districts, 
 and are designed to furnish elementary and, in a limited degree, 
 secondary instruction.
 
 82 
 
 The graded schools of cities afford elementary instruction, 
 and tit for the high schools. 
 
 The high schools furnish secondary instruction, and prepare 
 for the State University and other institutions of higher learn- 
 ing. 
 
 This classification has been kept in view in the exhibit of 
 school work and appliances made under direction of The Illinois 
 Board of World's Fair Commissioners. 
 
 The exhibit is installed in the northeast part of the Illinois 
 Building upon the main floor. The six cases on the east side of 
 the common school section contain the work from rural schools 
 in the order of grades or years from the first, in front, to the 
 eighth at the back. Thirty-one counties are represented. 
 
 The middle cases contain the work from the graded schools 
 of cities arranged in a similar manner. Eighty cities are rep- 
 resented, exclusive of Chicago. 
 
 The cases on the west side of the common- school section 
 contain the work from the forty-eight high schools represented. 
 
 The quantity of work received is so great that but one sixth 
 can be installed at once. Consequently, work from any particu- 
 lar locality may not be found especially installed, but all is cata- 
 logued and carefully arranged so that it can be at once exhibited 
 by attendants, if requested. 
 
 The design is to represent the public free school work of the 
 State fully in all phases, and at the same time to preserve the 
 continuity and plan of work in each system of schools. 
 
 Each grade should be studied by passing along the aisles 
 parallel to the cases, each system of schools, along the aisles at 
 right angles to the cases. 
 
 CITY OF CHICAGO. 
 
 On account of the different conditions under which the work 
 is done and the amount of it, the exhibit from the city of Chicago 
 is installed separately from the work from the rest of the State. 
 
 It consists of work from the kindergartens, primary and 
 grammar grades, high, manual training and evening schools.
 
 83 
 
 The work embraces about 4,000 mounts upon cards 22x28 
 inches on wing frames, in cases, and 200 wall mounts under glass 
 in frames. 
 
 There are 125 bound volumes representing the work of whole 
 classes of pupils, and selected work, indicating the methods 
 used in presenting different subjects and topics in the various 
 branches. 
 
 The work is installed on the north and west aisles, commencing 
 with the kindergartens at the northeast, and progressing to the 
 high and manual trainiDg schools on the southwest.
 
 THE 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLIM1S
 
 THE 
 
 OF THE 
 BMVESSiTY OF
 
 87 
 
 THE MODEL SCHOOL-ROOM. 
 
 The Illinois State Teachers' Association proposed to the 
 World's Fair Commissioners that a suitable school building be 
 erected in Jackson Park, a building sufficiently commodious and 
 equipped in the most approved style to show the educational 
 and hygienic advantages which, under the laws of the State, may 
 be offered to its youth. This building was to contain the eight 
 grades of the primary as well as the four grades of the high- 
 school course, and should besides contain a room to portray the 
 ungraded rural school. This request of the teachers of the 
 State was refused, because the National Commission would not 
 tolerate the erection of buildings below a certain size, and be- 
 cause of the large expense of such structure. 
 
 When the Legislature of 1891 made appropriations for the 
 Illinois exhibit, it ordered, among other provisions for showing 
 the educational work of the State, the establishment of a "model 
 common school-room of high grade, fully equipped and fur- 
 nished under the direction of the State Superintendent of Pub- 
 lic Instruction." As soon as the plans for the Illinois building 
 were adopted, the northeast room on the first floor of the build- 
 ing was set apart for this purpose. The room being consider- 
 ably larger than necessary, it was thought best to partition off 
 enough space so as not to make it too large for actual school- 
 room purposes; this, however could not entirely be effected and 
 so the room is about four feet longer and wider than it need be. 
 
 The principle in furnishing the room, however, was not so 
 much to make it a model in size, nor could the contrivances for 
 heating and ventilating be shown, since the Exposition was to 
 be open only during the good season of the year; hence we had 
 to be satisfied to show to the educational public as well as to 
 school officers all that is needed for the well-being and instruc- 
 tion of our youth. The exhibit in the model school-room con-
 
 88 
 
 sists of blackboards, both slate and wood pulp, desks for pupils 
 and teacher, recitation seats, a piano (stout and exceptionally 
 strong for school use), a complete set of geographical maps and 
 of historical charts, a terrestrial and a slated globe, a cyclopedia, 
 an unabridged dictionary, a geographical gazetteer, a library of 
 supplementary reading, physical and physiological apparatus, 
 specimens of stuffed animals and a mineralogical cabinet.
 
 TKE LIB1URY 
 OF THE 
 
 OF !LL!!9!S
 
 91 
 
 CARE OF UNFORTUNATES. 
 
 A most noticeable and commendable characteristic of a peo - 
 pie is their disposition for the relief and comfort of their pau- 
 pers, lunatics and other unfortunates. While the intentions of 
 the people of the new State were good, it was some years before 
 valuable legislation on this subject was enacted, and it was not 
 until 1839 that advancement in regard to charitable institutions 
 was begun by the State government. 
 
 On February 23, 1839, Gov. Thomas Carlin approved a bill 
 passed by the general assembly of that year, establishing the 
 "Illinois Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb," at 
 Jacksonville, and three years later steps were taken for the pur- 
 chase of land and the erection of what is now the south wing of 
 the institution, at a cost of $25,000. School opened January 
 26, 1846, in the building, which was incomplete, by Mr. Thomas 
 Officer, with four pupils, and the term closed with nine. An act 
 of Congress had afforded the people of the State assistance for 
 schools by allowing the sale of the sixteenth section in every 
 Congressional district. In 1837 this fund amounted to $829,815, 
 which the State borrowed at 6 per cent, per annum and the Deaf 
 and Dumb got one twenty- fourth part of the interest up to 1873, 
 which aided the enterprise very materially. After that time, the 
 whole of the interest was made payable to the State Normal 
 University, but the Deaf and Dumb had received $80,000. In 
 1847 the legislature gave the institution $3,000 which was the 
 first appropriation ever made from the State Treasury for the 
 benefit of any State charity. Since that time its growth has 
 been steady and rapid, and it now stands as the largest institu- 
 tion of the kind in the world. 
 
 THE INSANE. 
 
 The memorial to the General Assembly of 1846, by Miss 
 Dorothea Lynde Dix, resulted in the establishment of the "Illi- 
 nois State Hospital for the Insane," at Jacksonville. Funds for 
 starting the institution were not furnished by direct appropria-
 
 92 
 
 tion. A special tax of one-fifth of a mill on the dollar was levied, 
 to be continued for three years, and was increased in 1851 to 
 one-third of a mill, which ran until 1855, when it ceased under 
 the general appropriation act, having brought over $200,000 
 into the hospital treasury. Meantime expenses in the several 
 counties for support of pauper insane had greatly increased and 
 had to be paid, and the law was changed so that not to exceed 
 $150 annually would be allowed for the support of each inmate 
 after completion of the buildings. 
 
 The erection of the center building and two wings at Jack- 
 sonville in 1847, had consumed five years and $80,000, being 
 completed under nearly fifty different and independent contracts. 
 Dr. J. M. Higgins, of Griggsville, was the first superintendent, 
 and the first patient was a married woman from McLean County, 
 admitted in 1851. 
 
 THE BLIND. 
 
 The "Institution for the Education of the Blind" was the 
 third incorporated, which was done in 1849. The State author- 
 ized a special tax of one-tenth of a mill for its benefit and this 
 continued until 1855, and in the first two years realized the sum 
 of $90,000 for the new enterprise. The legislature then appro- 
 priated $3,000 to enable the trustees to begin the work of build- 
 ing, and a school was opened in April, 1849, by Mr. Samuel 
 Bacon, a blind man from Ohio, who originated the idea of a 
 State institution for the blind in Illinois. 
 
 Having thus told of the inception and infancy of the plans 
 for the care of the three principal classes of unfortunates, by 
 State aid, the development of the several institutions, which 
 has placed Illinois prominently before the world in the matter of 
 public charities, may be briefly shown. The act to provide for 
 the appointment of a Board of Commissioners of public charities 
 was recommended by Gov. B. J. Oglesby, passed by the general 
 assembly of 1869, and approved April 9 of that year by Gov. J. 
 M. Palmer. The Rev. F. H. Wines was secretary of the com- 
 mission from its organization until July 1, 1883, and to him 
 much credit is due for the wonderful success of the board.
 
 TKE W n W 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILL1NOIS
 
 97 
 
 NORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE AT ELGIN. 
 
 The act establishing this institution was passed by the legis- 
 lature of 1869; the original building, which is of brick and stone, 
 was completed in 1872, and the present value of the land and 
 buildings is 1673,830. The inmates March 31, 1893, numbered 
 males, 557, females, 525, total, 1,082. Average number for 
 lant four years, 637. Net cost per capita for the year ending 
 June 30, 1892, $148.62. Net cost per capital per annum average 
 for last four years, $161.88. 
 
 THE EASTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE AT 
 KANKAKEE. 
 
 The act creating this institution was passed in 1877, but no 
 appropriation was made for building until 1880. This work 
 was completed in about three years and subsequent additions 
 have followed until the lands and buildings are now valued at 
 $1,393,665 and the institution is the largest of the kind in the 
 world. The inmates March 31, 1893, numbered males, 1,092, 
 females, 921, total, 2013. Average number for the last four 
 years, 1680. The net cost per capita for the year ending June 
 30, 1892 was $148.26; the net cost per capita per annum for 
 four years, $145.05. 
 
 CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR INSANE, JACKSONVILLE. 
 
 The act establishing this hospital was signed in 1846, and 
 the original building, which is of brick, was completed in 1857. 
 The lands and buildings are now valued at $968,626. The num- 
 ber of inmates March 31, 1893, was: Males, 624; females, 585; 
 total, 1209; average number for last four years, 951; net cost of 
 maintaining each inmate last year, $153,42; average net cost 
 per capita per annum for the last four years, $150.86.
 
 98 
 SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, AT ANNA. 
 
 An act creating this institution was passed in 1869, and bids 
 for buildings were opened April 16, 1870, but ten years elapsed 
 before the completion of the original buildings. The land and 
 buildings are now valued $787,645. On March 31, 1893, the 
 inmates numbered: Males, 511; females, 367; total, 878. The 
 average number for the last four years was 668; the net cost for 
 maintaining them per capita for the last year was $151.65, and 
 average net cost per capita per annum for the last four years, 
 $155.48. 
 
 THE DEAF AND DUMB, JACKSONVILLE. 
 
 On February 23, 1839, the act for the estaWishing of the 
 Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb was 
 approved, and the original building, which was of brick, was 
 finally completed in 1857. The buildings are now very exten- 
 sive, much more so, comparatively, than the small amount of 
 land necessary. The plant is valued at $420,000. The inmates 
 March 31, 1893, were: Males, 290; females, 212; total, 502; 
 average number for last four years, 368. 
 
 INSTITUTION FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND, JACK- 
 SONVILLE. 
 
 The act for the incorporation of this institution was passed in 
 1839, and the main building completed in 1854. This was 
 burned in 1869 and immediately rebuilt of brick. The plant is 
 a handsome one and is valued at $213,874. The pupils, on 
 March 31, 1893, numbered: Males, 125; females, 85; total, 
 210. For the last four years the average attendance was 133. 
 The net cost per capita the last year was $255.36; the net cost 
 per capita per annum for the last four years, $282.93.
 
 THE LHP' MM 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 OF
 
 THE U^fiY 
 
 OF THE 
 UWVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 IKE LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 113 
 THE INSTITUTION FOR THE FEEBLE MINDED. 
 
 Provision for this class of sufferers grew out of the efforts 
 of Dr. P. G. Gillett of the Deaf and Dumb, and Dr. Andrew 
 McFarland, of the Insane, who contended that idiots required 
 a different and separate treatment. In 1865 the General Assem- 
 bly appropriated $5,000, and a school was opened in the resi- 
 dence of the late Gov. Duncan, at Jacksonville, and was superin- 
 tended by Dr. Gillett four months free of charge, when it was 
 placed under control of Dr. C. T. Wilbur. In 1871 a bill 
 passed the legislature creating the institution, but no appropria- 
 tion was made until 1875, when Lincoln was selected as a site 
 and a building was completed in 1877. The lands and buildings 
 are now valued at $255, 530. Last year there were 556 pupils : 
 302 males and 254 females. The average attendance for the 
 four years ending June 30, 1892, was 423. The net cost per 
 capita the last year was $166.46, and the average net cost for 
 the four years per capita per annum was 1163.24. 
 
 SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' HOME, QUINCY. 
 
 The act creating the Soldiers' Home was approved in 1885, 
 and the buildings, which were made of brick and stone, and on 
 the cottage or detached ward system, were completed in 1888. 
 The land and buildings are valued at $306,890. On March 31, 
 1893, there were 903 inmates. The average number for the 
 last four years up to June 30, 1892, was 792, and the average 
 net cost per capita per annum for the four years was $161.53, 
 and for the last year, $157.80. 
 
 THE SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' ORPHANS' HOME, AT NOR- 
 
 MAL. 
 
 In 1865 the home for the orphans of soldiers was incorpor- 
 ated but no appropriation was made. The nine trustees were to
 
 114 
 
 receive subscriptions until the sum of $50,000 was secured. 
 But in 1867 the Legislature changed the law, appropriated $50,- 
 400 and the home was built at Normal and occupied January 1, 
 1869. The land and buildings are now valued at $212,550. On 
 March 31, 1893, the children numbered: Males, 235; females, 
 174; total, 409. For the four years ending June 30, 1892, the 
 average number was 363, who were supported at a net cost of 
 $146.04 per capita per annum, for that time, and for the last 
 year $134.94 per capita. 
 
 EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY, CHICAGO. 
 
 This institution was started in a small way, many years ago, 
 and was supported by private charity until admitted to control 
 of the State Board of Public Charities, in 1871, when the Legis- 
 lature made an appropriation for a brick building which was 
 completed in 1874. The property is now valued at $100,120. 
 The patients, March 31, 1893, were 107 males 73 and females 
 34. For four years ending June 30, 1892, the average number 
 was 134, and the net cost per capita per annum $189.67; net 
 cost for the last year $189.67. 
 
 THE STATE REFORMATORY. 
 
 The present system of Reform School in Illinois is the result 
 of a move made in 1866 by the State Teachers' Association. 
 One had been started in Chicago by the Rev. D. B. Nichols, in 
 1855, which ran fifteen years and closed. The Legislature of 
 1867 passed an act, approved March 5, providing for a Reform 
 School, but no trustees were appointed until 1869, and the 
 school was not opened until 1871. Since then appropriations 
 have been made and the State Reformatory, at Pontiac, for the 
 year ending June 30, 1892, had 324 pupils and for four years 
 prior to that date averaged 346. The net cost per capita per 
 annum was an average of $155.25, and for the last year of that 
 time, $145.89.
 
 OF THE 
 MIEBSIIY OF
 
 THE LIBP1RY 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 125 
 
 HEADQUARTERS FOR THE SOLDIERS AND SAILORS OF 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Illinois is justly proud of the part taken by the citizens of 
 the State in the wars of the Union since her admission as a State 
 in 1818. 
 
 In the War of the Rebellion her enlistment roll reached the 
 number of 258,217 men placing her fourth in the list of States 
 and including the "General" of the Union Army, who closed the 
 war by receiving the surrender of the military forces in 
 rebellion. 
 
 It was eminently fitting, therefore, that the State of Illinois 
 should provide suitable headquarters for her patriot sons who 
 have seen service, and welcome them at the Columbian Expo- 
 sition. 
 
 In the west end of the State Building a room has been 
 fitted up handsomely for their accommodation. Registers are 
 opened, and at the close will be placed in the archives of the 
 State at the Capitol. The quarters are in charge of a member 
 of the commission in constant attendance, whose duty and pleas- 
 ure as a "comrade" are to serve the soldiers and sailors of 
 Illinois and of all other States who may honor the commission 
 by calling, and extend to them, one and all, on behalf of the- 
 State, a hearty welcome. 
 
 JOHN VIRGIN.
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 129 
 
 MEMORIAL HALL. 
 
 Section 4 of the law providing for the participation of the 
 State of Illinois in the World's Columbian Exposition, at Chi- 
 cago, is as follows: 
 
 "Consent of the General Assembly is hereby given that 
 there may be placed on exhibition as part of such collective ex- 
 hibit, in a suitable fire-proof structure, to be erected for the pur- 
 pose, such relics and trophies belonging to and in the custody of 
 the State, as the Governor may designate; the same to be and 
 remain at all times during their removal, while on exhibition 
 and during their return to their present depository, in the sole 
 care and charge of their official custodian." 
 
 In pursuance thereof, the Illinois Board of World's Fair 
 Commissioners erected Memorial Hall, annexed to the Illinois 
 State Building, and the Governor authorized the Adjutant- Gen- 
 eral to deposit all of the Illinois battle flags and other relics be- 
 longing to the State, in said Hall. The flags are appropriately 
 arranged in large glass cases, and are at all times in the care of 
 efficient custodians. 
 
 A roster of the 256,297 Illinois soldiers in the war of the 
 Rebellion, is open to the inspection of all, and thousands of old 
 soldiers, their children and friends, avail themselves of this 
 opportunity of looking over these important records. 
 
 Memorial Hall has been during the Columbian Exposition a 
 place of much attraction and interest. It has been visited by a 
 large number of the veterans of the late war who followed those 
 flags, as well as by citizens of all the States and Territories. 
 
 The world has seen in these flags an object lesson of patriot* 
 ism, and a demonstration that the people of the State of Illi- 
 nois hold in grateful remembrance the deeds of valor typified in 
 these silent but impressive monitors.
 
 m 
 
 OF 
 
 OF
 
 133 
 
 PENITENTIARIES. 
 
 By an act approved February 15, 1827, the Illinois State 
 Penitentiary was located at Alton. One half the proceeds of the 
 sale of 30,000 acres of saline lands and $10,000 appropriated by 
 the Legislature were given for the site and the erection of build- 
 ings. The institution was built of stone, and was first occupied 
 in 1831, On the 19th of February, 1857, an act was passed 
 removing the State Penitentiary from Alton to Joliet. Tempo- 
 rary cells were built as soon as possible, and 200 convicts were 
 taken from Alton to Joliet in 1858. The work of putting up 
 the stone wall and also the buildings was done, principally by 
 the labor of these convicts. The Joliet act appropriated $75, - 
 000 and also the proceeds of the sale of the Alton plant. This, 
 however, was but a beginning, as over $1,000,000 have been 
 spent on buildings alone, and the present value of lands and 
 buildings is in the inventory as $1,500,000. The Alton property 
 was sold for $60,000, and in 1860 the last of the convicts were 
 removed to Joliet. The Government later on leased the old 
 property at Alton, and during the War of the Rebellion it was 
 used as a military prison. The real estate of the penitentiary 
 at Joliet is valued at $1,500,000; the average number of convicts 
 for the last year was 1,445; average number for the last four 
 years, 1,391. Cost of maintaining each convict for the last year, 
 $150.60; average cost per annum of each convict for last four 
 years, $152.19. 
 
 SOUTHERN ILLINOIS PENITENTIARY. 
 
 The location and construction of this institution in southern 
 Illinois was authorized by an act approved February 28, 1867, 
 and the first appropriation was $150,000. Nothing was done 
 under this act, but one which was approved May 24, 1877, 
 located it at Chester, and $200, 000 was appropriated for a site 
 and buildings. In 1879 a further sum of $150,000, to comple.
 
 the penitentiary, and subsequent sums, have brought the amount 
 up to fully $500,000 for buildings, making a total value of lands 
 .and buildings of $821,095. Average number of convicts for the 
 last year, 642; average number for the last four years, 663. 
 Average cost of subsistence of each convict for the last year, 
 $212.62; average cost per capita per annum for the last four 
 years, $201.33. 
 
 INSANE CRIMINALS. 
 
 Provision was made for this class by an act approved June 1 
 1889, and the asylum located upon the grounds of the southern 
 penitentiary at Chester. Forty-five thousand dollars was appro- 
 priated for buildings and $50,000 for furniture and fixtures. 
 Patients are received from the penitentiaries, the insane hospi- 
 tals and from the courts, where they are acquitted on the ground 
 of insanity. The asylum was opened November 1, 1891, and 
 received three patients at that time. The number on hand June 
 30, 1892, was 113. On account of the small number during the 
 first part of the time, the expense per capita cannot be fairly es- 
 timated. The value of lands and buildings is placed at $46,200.
 
 THE UHMl 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLlNOiS
 
 THE UB8MN 
 OF THE 
 
 IWWERSITY OF
 
 141 
 
 SEATS OF GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The Constitution of 1818 located the capital at Kaskaskia, to 
 remain until the Legislature should otherwise provide. One ses- 
 sion was held there in a rented house and passed an act which 
 was approved March 30, 1819, providing for permanent location. 
 Vandalia was agreed upon and the seat of Government there 
 placed for a term of twenty years from December 20, 1820. 
 The first State house was a wooden structure and cost $3,000. 
 This was destroyed by fire in 1823 and another, made of brick, 
 was erected at a cost of $12,000. By an act approved February 
 25, 1837, the capital was re-located and Springfield was selected. 
 The act required a bonus of $50,000 and a site of not less 
 than ten acres of land. The place agreed upon by the Commis- 
 sioners exceeded this amount so that the final cost was $250,000, 
 and the building, though incomplete, was occupied in 1840. 
 This building was made of an excellent quality of stone quarried 
 in Sangamon County. The present State House was begun in 
 1868 and finally completed in 1886, at a cost of $4,060,000, 
 though the State offices were moved into it in 1876 and the Leg- 
 islature of 1877 was there held. The State capital building is 
 399 feet from north to south and 286 feet from east to west. 
 The dome 366 feet high; there are 168 rooms in the building, 
 two passenger and freight elevators, and there are 361 steps 
 from the fourth floor to the top of the dome.

 
 THE 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 THE 
 
 OF 
 
 OF ILUH01S
 
 151 
 
 THE ILLINOIS WOMAN'S EXPOSITION BOARD 
 
 AT THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 President, MRS. MARCIA LOUISE GOULD, MOLINE. 
 
 Vice-President, - MRS. ROBERT H. WILES, FREEPORT. 
 
 Secretary, Miss MARY CALLAHAN, ROBINSON. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS: 
 
 MRS. RICHARD J. OGLESBY, Moline. 
 
 MRS. FRANCES L. GILBERT, Chicago. 
 
 MRS. FRANCINE E. PATTON, Springfield. 
 
 MRS. ISABELLA LANING CANDEE, Cairo. 
 
 MRS. FRANCES WELLES SHEPARD, Chicago. 
 
 The Illinois Woman's Exposition Board was organized by 
 act of the Legislature "to represent the industries of the women 
 of Illinois at the World's Columbian Exposition." To enable it 
 to successfully execute the duty thus assigned to it, $80,000, or 
 one-tenth of the total State appropriation, was placed at its dis- 
 posal in the State Treasury. The appointment for the first time 
 of a State Board composed entirely of women and the conferring 
 upon it of such large financial responsibilities, limited in no way 
 except by its own sense of expediency and right, marks a most 
 significant advance in the public recognition of woman's business 
 ability and capacity for affairs. In view of this fact the Board 
 believes that it may without undue pride call the attention of 
 the people whom it (jointly with the Illinois Board of World's 
 Fair Commissioners) represents, not only to its work as installed
 
 152 
 
 at the Columbian Exposition, but also to its history during the 
 past two years of its official existence. The history of the Board 
 is the history of its accomplished work alone. The public press 
 of the State and especially of the city of Chicago, which has given 
 the board most generous and appreciative notice and has re- 
 ported the plans of the board for representing the industries 
 and interests of Illinois women and the realization of such plans 
 in the installation of exhibits. As the result of this installation, 
 there are in active daily operation at Jackson Park a hospital, a 
 pharmacy, a kitchen and a kindergarten, conducted entirely by 
 women, and also an exhibit of material objects representing as 
 fully as possible the results of woman's industry in the home, 
 the factory, the studio and the professions. 
 
 In the Illinois Woman's Hospital, situated southwest of the 
 Children's Building, men, women and children receive, free of 
 charge, the services of women surgeons, physicians and trained 
 nurses of one of three schools of medicine, allopathic, homoeo- 
 pathic or eclectic. 
 
 In the pharmacy State registered women pharmacists com- 
 pound and dispense drugs and till prescriptions. 
 
 In the kitchen which is the contribution of Illinois women to 
 the Woman's Building, practical demonstration lessons are given 
 each morning upon the proper cooking of maize or Indian corn, 
 one of the staple products of Illinois, and yet one whose nutri- 
 tive value and palatable preparation are little understood either 
 at home or abroad. In the afternoon, cooking lessons not restricted 
 to Indian corn are given to a class of girls, illustrating how cook- 
 ing may be taught in industrial or trade schools. Because of 
 lack of sufficient space this hospital, pharmacy and kitchen are 
 located outside of the Illinois Building, but the kindergarten and 
 all other exhibits hereinafter described are found in the Illinois 
 Building. 
 
 During the first three months of the Exposition, the kinder- 
 garten was conducted by the Froebel Kindergarten Association 
 of Chicago. During the months of August, September and 
 October, it is conducted by the Free Kindergarten Association 
 of the same city. The sessions are held every morning except 
 Saturday from 9 until 12 o'clock, and visitors are cordially
 
 153 
 
 invited, in order that the personal knowledge of their philan- 
 thropic and most valuable educational system may spread to 
 every village in the State. The kindergarten room itself is a 
 model of beauty and convenience, and, with the grand outlook 
 from the windows and the happy childhood within, is a sight 
 never to be forgotten. 
 
 In attempting to gather together the material results of 
 woman's handicraft, the Board has earnestly striven to repre- 
 sent all classes of industry, and so far as possible, every locality 
 in the State. Merit alone has been the test, and all objects 
 placed upon exhibition have successfully passed the judgment 
 of juries of experts. 
 
 As a matter of practical expediency in collecting and planning 
 for exhibits, the different members of the Board were assigned 
 to the chairmanship of the following committee: 
 
 Literature, including books, newspapers and magazines. 
 
 Educational, philanthropic and professional work. 
 
 Historical and scientific exhibit. 
 
 Fine arts, including sculpture, painting in oil and water 
 colors, chalk, charcoal, pastel and other drawings. 
 
 Decorative art, including ceramics, leather work, pyrography, 
 wood carving and plain and ornamental needlework. 
 
 Practical arts, including photographs, book illustrations, 
 designs, inventions and manufactures. 
 
 Domestic science, including kitchen and pantry stores. 
 
 All these different lines of activity are represented in the ex- 
 hibit, although in many cases only a few examples of the best 
 work of each kind could be shown because of the limited space, 
 42x150 feet, at the disposal of the board. For the same reason 
 the showing of many industries on a more elaborate scale and 
 with fuller detail was prohibited. 
 
 In literature, five hundred books written by women, residents 
 in Illinois, thirteen magazines and twenty- seven newspapers 
 edited by them were gathered together, nd housed in a library, 
 designed and decorated in the early renaissance style by Illinois 
 women. Of the authors thus represented, one is a member of 
 the Philosophical Society of London and of the International 
 Congress of Orientalists and another of the National American
 
 154 
 
 Geographical Society, and among them is the editor and proprie- 
 tor of the official court journal of the State of Illinois, "The Chi- 
 cago Legal News. " 
 
 The educational, philanthropic and professional work was 
 necessarily shown in great part by means of statistics. These 
 statistics are displayed in a large, hand engrossed, bound book 
 made entirely by women, and are also printed in pamphlet form 
 for distribution. It is not claimed that these statistics by any 
 means cover the ground, as a complete work of the kind would 
 have required the labor of many individuals for many months, 
 but it is believed that they are a valuable addition to present 
 knowledge and are full of significant hints to the student of his- 
 tory and of political economy. 
 
 Students of history will also find much that is interesting in 
 the relics exhibited pertaining to the early history of Illinois, 
 and to the lives of its great heroes in later days, Lincoln and 
 Grant. We have the portraits of the first governor of Illinois, 
 Shadrach Bond, and of his wife, and many articles of furniture 
 and household adornment from Old Kaskaskia, the first capitol 
 city of Illinois and, most memorable of all, the first church bell 
 rung west of the Alleghenies, a bell presented by the king of 
 France to the Mission of Kaskaskia in 1742. There are por- 
 traits of Grant and Lincoln and a large number of personal rel- 
 ics. In the historical exhibit are also many unique articles illus- 
 trating the handicraft of the pioneer women of Illinois. Space 
 forbids their enumeration here, and also that of hundreds of spe- 
 cial articles exhibited in other departments and the interested 
 reader is for anything like a full account referred to (Le official 
 catalogue of the Illinois Woman's Exposition Board. 
 
 In science, an active exhibit in bacteriological laboratory 
 work is made by an instructor in one of our leading universities. 
 In entomology, scientific drawings are shown which challenge 
 comparison with the best work of the kind. Taxidermy, botany 
 (including marine algae), and geology are also represented. 
 
 In sculpture, the visitor is greeted by an ideal female figure, 
 "Illinois Welcoming the Nations of the World." Other statues 
 adorn the walls. There are a large number of carefully selected 
 paintings and drawings, several of which have won high praise
 
 155 
 
 from artists of acknowledged ability. The frieze in the re- 
 ception room illustrates the relation of women to the arts, and 
 was painted in panels by ten Illinois woman artists. Worthy 
 of notice in this room, also, is a cabinet of miniatures painted on 
 ivory by one exhibitor. Among the artists are nine who have ob- 
 tained the distinction of exhibiting in the Paris salon. A large 
 part of the fine arts exhibit was received from the Palette Club 
 of Chicago. 
 
 In ceramics there are almost 200 different specimens of 
 work, many in wood carving, several in embossed and illuminated 
 leather work, tables and chairs in pyrogravure (poker work in 
 old fashioned parlance) and a large collection of needle work of 
 all kinds, showing how woman with her needle supplies many of 
 the necessities of life and also contributes to the decorative 
 beauty of her surroundings. The ecclesiastical embroideries and 
 those of the Chicago Decorative Art Society especially attract 
 the surprised attention of visitors. Much decorative work is 
 shown as an object lesson in the woman's reception room, such 
 as modelling, carving, designing and weaving, the entire room 
 being to a large extent an exhibit of woman's work. 
 
 The department of photography is made notable by one 
 exhibitor who obtained a diploma for distinguished excellence 
 at the Vienna Exhibition in 1891. Another exhibitor shows 
 carbon prints on porcelain. Book illustrations, and designs crowd 
 the space allotted to them. Two hundred and forty-nine inven- 
 tions are shown ranging in character from sewing, cooking and 
 nursing appliances, pertaining especially to the employment of 
 women, to harvesters, harness attachments, car couplers, hay 
 presses and other implements or processes for use in occupations 
 in which women are seldom engaged. 
 
 Manufactures are shown by finished products from factories 
 owned and managed entirely by women, and also by a series of 
 one hundred and eight photographs showing women at work 
 with men in the factories, where the finished products are the 
 result of their combined labor. 
 
 Woman's skill in the preserving and canning of fruit and 
 the making of jelly is shown by choice examples.
 
 156 
 
 The silk industry is exhibited from the beginning in the egg 
 to the woven silk fabric. 
 
 The women farmers of the State show grain inferior to none 
 even in the great Agricultural Building. 
 
 Scientific reproductions of fruit and vegetables are shown in 
 wax. 
 
 The Woman's Relief Corps of the State has decorated the 
 ceiling of the exhibit space with its flags and banners, and also 
 displays the rosters of the different corps of the State. 
 
 There are several memorial volumes showing research in 
 history and skill in the decorative making of books, as well as 
 containing tributes to woman's industry and ability in many 
 practical directions, not capable of material representation. 
 
 Throughout the whole exhibit of the industries of the women 
 of Illinois, thus most cursorily outlined, the aim of the Illinois 
 Woman's Exposition Board has been to show, first, the excel- 
 lence of the work of every kind done by Illinois women; second, 
 the best methods and the best results in the every-day affairs of 
 life; third, the new avenues constantly opening by which woman 
 may earn her livelihood or add to the sum of human happiness 
 and wisdom.
 
 
 
 
 *'! r. X \ JLf^~Jm ^**+.-r ^-y*yl~\ A -< \ \ ^^^TS ^v.*^ ^~y, *l\ >L l " > 3*^ 
 
 :i\^lM> r^^^?^-^r ^ktS 
 
 
 v ^''Ady^ 
 
 i.'r'\ s VWWN; 
 
 &.,. 1 1 : ? . t 
 
 V , 3v. '?,*>%' 
 
 ^,v <-m-*-^m\ 
 HriiC V^

 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 
 
 I 606.1C43PI C007 
 
 I THE ILLINOIS BUILDING AND EXHIBITS THERE