iililMI FOS TiilSLlTiil IF SPJIISH MI$T$if0JlL ii©^^^ » Uti* L I B RARY OF THE UNIVERSITY or ILLINOIS 808 COP.4- ILUNOIS HISTORY SURVEY LIBRARY HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS O F SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS By J. VILLAS AN A HAGGARD Translator of the Spanish Archives of Texas The University of Texas Assisted by MALCOLM DALLAS McLEAN Archivist, The San Jacinto Museum of History ^ ARCHrvES Collections The University of Texas 1941 Photoprinted by Semco Color Press, Oklahoma City Copyright i^^i ^V The University of Texas Austin, Texas /z^^.^ ACKNOWLEDGMENT -^Y The present study on the transcription and translation of Spanish historical documents is the result of the coop- erative effort of a numher of interested persons over a period of several years. Mr. Malcolm Dallas McLean compiled about one third of the words and phrases in sections 1 and 2, and alphabetiz- ed the abbreviations in section 3, Chapter IV. He formu- lated some of the rules for transcription now in use in the Archives Collections; and he transcribed and transla- ted the first four documents in Appendix A. In the preparation of the list of monetary terms, inval- uable advice was received from Professor E. T. Miller, The University of Texas, Professor N. S. B. Oras , Harvard Uni- versity, and Professor Allan Evans, Pasadena, California. I am indebted to Dr. H. J. Leon, The University of Texas, for the transcription of certain Latin specimens of hand- writing. Dr. E. R. Sims, of the Department of Romance Languages in The University of Texas, read the manuscript and offer- ed valxiable criticism. He suggested the preparation of lists of weights and measures with United States equiva- lents, as well as the addition of several words and phra- ses with their translation. Mrs. Annie Mae Brooks, formerly Spanish Translator of the General Land Office of Texas, Austin, Texas, read the manuscript and made many suggestions, particularly with regard to legal words and the length of the Texas vara. I am grateful to Mr. W. R. Hogan, Assistant Archivist, Louisiana State University, for his encouragement. He was also instrumental in its publication. Y' Mr. Donald Coney, Librarian, The University of Texas, ^ has been interested in the publication of this study since ^ the first typed version of it was complete in the spring ■V of 1937. His interest in this work has been of immense aid in its completion. -> Individually and collectively, the members of the Execu- :•' tive Council of the Institute of Latin-American Studies — Dr. C. W. Hackett, Chairman, Mr. Donald Coney, Dr. G. C. M. -•, Engerrand, Dr. J. L. Mecham, Dr. G. I. Sdnchez, and Dr. Oil J. R. Spell — deserve my deepest gratitude for supplying ,;^the funds necessary to make this publication possible. July, 1941 J. Villasana Haggard, ii Austin, Texas. C_- ;?<„(__ SPECIAL MOTE The Hand"book for Translators of Spanl sh Historical Docu- ments is merely an experiment. It is an attempt to supply an urgent need for a tool of this nature that will make easier the arduous work of translating and transcribing Spanish historical documents. No claim of finality on any phase of the work is being advanced. On the contrary, re- alizing that an experiment of this nature is perfected only in actvial practice, and in the hope that actual use of the Handbook will suggest constructive revision, this work is being reproduced by the planograph method rather than by printing. Consequently, in view of the great ben- efits that will accrue to the field of research in history, translation, and transcription, it is hoped that users of this manvial will be kind enough to address any criticism or suggestion for revision directly to the author in or- der that such improvements as are received prior to 1945 may be incorporated in the final copy to be printed at that time. University of Texas, April, 1941. J. Tlllasana Haggard Hi INTRODUCTION The need for a guide in the translation of Spanish his- torical documents is not new. Ten years ago this need was "brought forcefully to my attention when the task of trans- lating a series of such documents was thrust upon me. Al- though of bilingual aptitude, and familiar, through spe- cialized study of both English and Spanish, with the in- tricacies of these languages, I was terrified hy the appar- ently \inintelligi'ble aspect of the ancient manuscripts set "before me. To "begin with, the handwriting was utterly un- familiar, "barely visi"ble, and altogether vminviting. The length of the sentences, the a'bsence of punctuation, and the involved nature of the thought made it almost impossi- ble for me to grasp the idea in the mind of the writer. A New Chaucerian manuscript would have been as welcome. In an effort to find some tangible aid to this type of work, I searched library catalogues thoroughly. To my dismay, not one title was to be foxind on the subject of translating Spanish historical documents; in fact, I found nothing on the translation of any kind of historical document. It is true there were dictionaries of technical terms, provincial- isms, and idioms; but nothing specific to meet my need. A search for aids to the reading of manuscripts was slightly more successful. A few items on Spanish and French paleog- raphy were available. Even these works, however, proved too indefinite to be of any practical value. From them I learned that one can easily learn to read manuscripts by reading more of them. Books on translating now on the market make no distinc- tion between literary and historical documents. Tolman in The Art of Translating deals with translating in general briefly and thoroughly. He fails, however, to give any definite recognition to historical documents. This and other excellent works on translating have taken the atti- tude that euay discussion on the topic nat\irally includes all forms; and, consequently, they have ignored the spe- cific subject of translating historical documents. It is true that certain general principles may be applied to any type of tra!nslation; but there are certain differences that must be taken into account. The failure to recognize the existence of these differences is the principal cause for the lack of any guide to this important phase of archi- val work. I have tried to make clear in this work that translating historical documents is a definite subject in iv INTRODUCTION itself and separate from all other forms of translating. Specifically, this study deals with the translation of Spanish historical documents. It is my object herein to supply translators of Spanish historical documents with such aids as may prevent needless errors. The most common errors in translating manuscripts are due to the failure of the translator tc read the involved original correctly. Failure to disting'Jiish simple letters is another source of errors. Another primary object in the preparation of this guide is to standardize the translation and transcription of Spanish historical documents. There are certain general principles which may "be observed in the rendition of ac- curate and readable translations. It is, of course, ob- viously impossible to set down any set of fast rules inas- much as the translation of any type of document is a per- sonal matter; that is, its value depends upon the point of view and ability of the translator. Nevertheless, the vo- cabulary and phraseology can safely be standardized. The form for the transcription of documents can be standard- ized. In fact, standardization of transcription form, which is discussed at length in this study, applies not only to Spanish historical documents but to all historical doc^uments. The transcription of documents assumes considerable im- portance when we take into consideration the fact that there are certain fragile documents which require trans- cription to prevent total mutilation by constant handling. Becaiise of the localized or specialized value of certain documents that may be translated, it is often inexpedient to have such translations printed. Most depositories of documents will naturally desire to have these translations filed in transcript form. Standardization in this phase of archival work would facilitate research; and the desir- ability of standardization of the form of transcription throughout the country can not be over-emphasized. This' study is the result of actual translation of Span- ish historical documents over a period of ten years. Hav- ing failed to find any tangible aid to the translation of documents, I commenced to take notes on various phases of the work from the first time a set of these documents was placed before me for translation. The work of collecting vocabulary and studying phraseology was slow and tedious. The work was facilitated, however, by the fact that I had access to several collections of original Spanish manu- scripts and printed documents ranging in date and form INTRODUCTION from manuscript letters written "by Cortez to printed orders of the Mexican government during the war with the United States. In subject matter my source materials naturally in- cluded every type of document from personal letters written "by civilians in the frontier provinces of New Spain to royal decrees written in Spain. Official documents such as communications exchanged between officers and subordinates, governors and settlers, bishops and missionaries, reports of trials, investigations, reports, diaries and other forms of records have been read and translated during the course of my work. Accounts of Indian raids, reports of reconnoi- tering parties , muster rolls, treasury reports, expedientes , land grants, and commercial papers are to be included among the mi seel lame ous matter falling within the range of my in- vestigation. The chief source material for this study has been the collection known as the Spanish Archives of Texas in the Archives collections of The University of Texas Li- brary. This collection consists of 205,500 pages of orig-^ inal Spanish manuscripts and printed documents ranging in date from 1717 to 1836. In addition to this large collec- tion, manuscripts have been examined from the Latin-American collections of The University of Texas, some of which date from the middle of the sixteenth century. Photostatic cop- ies of the Saltillo and the Matamoros Archives, and the im- mense collections of transcripts of documents from archives in Spain and Mexico at The University of Texas, have been examined. I have also examined county, church, and pri- vate collections in various parts of Texas, Louisiana, and New Mexico. Several thousand feet of microfilm copies of manuscripts from different depositories in Washington, D.C. , have been made available to me for examination. TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Acknowledgment ii Introduction iv-vi Chapter I: Theory 1-7 Chapter II: Paleography 8-21 Chapter III: Procedure in Translation 22-35 Chapter IV: Special Aids 36-108 1. Standardized Expressions 36-43 a. Stock Spanish Words, with their English Equivalents 37-41 b. Stock Spanish Phrases, with their English Equivalents 42-43 2. Expressions with Special Meaning 43-47 3. Abbreviations 47-67 a. Classification of Abbreviations . . . 47-48 b. List of Abbreviations Used in Spanish Historical Documents. . . . 48-67 4. Weights and Measures 68-87 5. Monetary Terms 87-108 Chapter V: Transcription 109-122 Appendix A: Docvunents, Transcription, and Translation 123-153 Appendix B: Specimens of Handwriting 154-167 Appendix C: Lists of Manuscript Alphabet, 12th 19th Centuries 168-177 Bibliography 179-198 vii CHAPTER THEORY An eminent scholar has asserted that translation "is not rendering the words of a foreign language into English, but it is the metamorphosis of the feeling, the life, the power, the spirit of the original." He adds: "In other words, — emd I put them in italics for their emphasis, — Translation is arousing in the English reader or hearer the identical emotions and sentiments that were aroused in him who read or heard the sentence as his native tongue. "^ This defin- ition sets a high ideal in translation which, unforttmate- ly, is seldom, if ever, attained. Tor, we ask with Post- gate,^ Who is to be the judge as to whether or not identi- cal emotions and sentiments are aroused in an American reader today that were aroused in a French or Spanish read- er at a distant date in the past? Nevertheless, it is an ideal worthy of the intense effort of every good transla- tor. It is our belief that such a goal can be most close- ly approached when one undertakes his work with the assump- tion that tremslation is the art of rendering the idea ex- pressed in one language into another language in an accur- ate and readable manner. There are, however, a thousand and one obstacles to be hurdled even in this approach to the ideal. One must not mistake verbatim translations, paraphrases, imitations, parodies, or any other thinly veiled approxi- mation for the serious work of translation. A verbatim version of an original cannot properly be called a trans- lation, for a translation' should be first and foremost a faithful rendition of the substance as well as the form of the original. "To translate not so much the words as their meaning, to observe not merely the obvious English idioms of syntax, but the more evasive but eq\ially important ones of stress, word-order, and balance, and to create an atmos- phere of associations in some sense akin to the atmos- phere of the original. "3 Nor is the transfer of meaning from one form of speech to another alone to be considered as translation. Paraphrasing an original is not transla- ^Herbert Gushing Tolman, The Art of Translating, p. 22. ^J. P. Postgate, Translation and Translations , p. 19. ^E. Stuart Bates, Modern Translation, quoting J.M.Edmonds, p. 106. _i_ HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS tion, for, although a paraphrase may 'he rendered in an ac- curate and readable manner, only part of the original idea is transferred; in that respect, a paraphrase may he said to "be inaccurate. In a so-called "free" translation, the spirit of the original is carefully rendered, hut no thought is given to the word. An imitation of an original goes one step farther than a paraphrase; it uses the orig- inal merely as a model. A parody may translate an origin- al, but it is duty bound to give the original a burlesque twist. An adaptation seeks to transplant an idea rather than to translate it. In general, one may say that, regardless of the use to be made of a translation, the basic purpose of it is to transfer the meaning of the original from one lang\iage in- to another so that the reader or hearer not sufficiently familiar with the language of the original may be able to \inderstand it. In pursiiance of this basic purpose, there- fore, it is obvious that translations should be rendered in language contemporary with the reader or hearer; only in special cases, such as etymological studies or studies of literary form, should the language of the original be translated into language contemporary to it. Furthermore, it is well known that a translation commences to roll down the hill of obsolescence from the moment it is completed, although the process is often extremely gradual. For this reason, ajid with the intention of aiding the reader in \in- derstanding the original by modernizing the language, the same literary masterpiece may be translated into English at different times, as witness translations of Dante's Divine Comedy. Lack of fidelity to substance, and not necessarily lack of faithfulness to form, is the main rea- son for the rapid deterioration of translations. Translations may be said to be prospective or retrospec- tive. In a prospective translation, the translator is chiefly concerned with the reader; in a retrospective translation, attention is centered on the author. In ret- rospective translation, the translator serves merely as a transmitter; while in prospective translation, the trans- lator "by a touch here, a turn there, and a twist somewhere else, makes it his care that his reader's prepossessions shall not be shocked nor his sense of probability dis- turbed."'^ '^J. P. Postgate, I"bid. , pp. 18-19. -2- THEORY The translator, who has often deservedly been called a tradittore, or traitor,^ should "be thoroughly familiar with his own language and he should also he familiar with the leuaguage from which he intends to make translations. It is not necessary for him to he a "master" of "both lan- guages; in fact, one can hardly he master of his own lan- guage. Nevertheless, he should have such knowledge of the structure and idiomatic expression of both languages as would enable him to render the substance of the original in an accurate and readable manner. Strictly speaking, a translator who devotes his time to scientific work should be a scientist; the translator of philosophy should be a philosopher; poetry should be translated by a poet; his- tory by a historian. These ideal conditions, however, are seldom attained. Naturally, the greater familiarity the translator has with his subject, the better his transla- tion will be. Along with a knowledge of the language and subject, the translator should be familiar with conditions that obtained in the country or district at the time the original was written. Such familiarity is acquired through serious study, or, where possible, by visiting the country or district lander consideration. We must note that such information is not acquired by a frivolous and superficial study of conditions or topography as is often obtained by enthusiastic young writers and translators on a brief tour of night clubs and Indian villages in South or Central America. Doubtless we are acquainted with the product of their hopeful efforts, enthusiastic in the extreme, with the enthusiasm of a sensitive plant. This type of trans- lators would probably be greatly aided by a "traduscope. "° By our definition of translation, we are required to pro- duce accurate and readable translations. Accuracy presup- poses a true understanding of the meaning of the original. Readability implies rendition into language contemporary with the translator in such a manner that the reader or hearer may not be shocked by unintelligible jargon or em- barrassed by awkward construction. In our attempt to sim- plify the definition given by Toland, we do not intend to detract from his high ideal. We are merely seeking to set our goal closer to us in an effort to approach it, for we ^Espasa-Calpe , Universal Ilustrada, Vol. 63, p. 509. g A "traduscope" was a dictaphone into which Spanish could "be spoken at one end and English heard at the other. It was the invention of Silvestre Paradox, one of Pio Baro- ja' s heroes. —3— HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS know that it can never "be reached. The accuracy and read- ability of a translation are to "be judged on a relative basis by the reader. The value of a translation depends upon the ability of the translator to understand the idea in the mind of the writer of the original, and his success in transferring that idea into another language. A word by word rendition is acceptable only when the meaning is not violated in any way. This type of translation, how- ever, is seldom accurate. To emphasize, permit us to re- peat: not the word or the phrase, but the idea in the mind of the writer is the important matter in translation. Prospective translators differ with this view, for they believe that occasionally the sensibilities of the reader must be safeguarded. Retrospective translators, on the other hand, adhere closely to the substance of the origin- al rather than to the form. Obviously then, the best translation is that which finds a happy combination of these two schools of thought. Translation may be divided into four definite types: commercial, scientific, literary, and historical. In both commercial and scientific translation, accuracy and reada- bility are easily attained inasmuch as technical terms are well standardized. The translation of literary and his- torical matter, however, is a difficult task. It is sel- dom that one is called upon to translate "the feeling, the life, the power, and the spirit of the original," in com- mercial or scientific writing, although in these two types, too, accuracy and readability are the prime prerequisites. Furthermore, in these types, accuracy smd readability are confined to a factual rendition of the original in a man- ner comprehensible to a reader whose main interest is in no way literary. In literary and historical translations, on the other hand, it is essential to retain as much of the feeling as can be grasped and rendered into another language. Literary and historical translation go hand in hand until they reach the milepost of retrospection. At this point differences of point of view commence to insure a thinly disguised separation. Whereas literary translation, in its prospective atti- tude, permits, and often demands, alteration of the exact meaning of the original idea, often sacrificing the form, in cases where a literary translation finds difficulty in rendering the exact idea, a similar idea may be substitut- ed, as in the case of poetry. Note, for instance, the -4- THEORY change in the idea expressed by the following lines: Dicen que me case yo: They would have me wed, "but I No quiero marido, no. Truly for no husband sigh- The idea expressed by the word "sigh" in the translation is nowhere to be found in the original. The change is made because of the requirements of rhyme and rhythm. The translator might have avoided the idea of a sigh by using a more accurate but less poetic line: e.g. "Truly no hus- band desire." In its search for truth, historical trans- lation endeavors to find exact meanings rather than embel- lishment of language. In this respect historical transla- tion is more akin to scientific or commercial than to lit- erary translation. No poetic license is permitted in the translation of historical documents. In fact, quite often, when there is doubt in the mind of the translator as to the exactness of a word, the original word or expression is retained in brackets. Such a device would be cumber- some and undesirable in a purely literary translation. One of the chief benefits of such exactness in historical translations is the preservation of the original documents; if the translation is accurate enough, there is no need for the reader to handle the original. Nevertheless, in both literary and historical translation, a serious at- tempt should be made to retain as much as possible of the flavor of the original. VThat is "flavor of the original?" This question is puz- zling, and no definite answer is readily available. The flavor is not merely the idiomatic expression, but it in- cluded also the vocabulary and phraseology peculiar to the locality or time of the original. One can as easily put his finger on the flavor of an original as one may indi- cate the exact place where a soul resides in a body that has a soul. In documents which have it, flavor may be found anywhere and everywhere. Many factors enter into the understanding and translation of the flavor of an original. Strict adherence to the idea expressed in it and the method of expression are absolutely necessary in order to retain the flavor of the original. In the treins- lation of Spanish historical documents, for instance, a "free" translator would render Vuestra Excelencia , Vuestra Senorfa , and vuestra merced into English with the simple pronoun you. A translator endeavoring to catch and retain Gil Vicente quoted in E. Stuart Bates, Modern Translation, p. 156. _5_ HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS the flavor of the original, on the other hand, would use a different pronoun for each of the Spanish expressions. One is not "being vinnecessarily meticulous in following this pro- cedure; Spaniards used various forms of address for persons of different rank. In fact, they were so determined to have the proper form of address that they made the use of Vues tra Senoria a matter of royal decree and special rul- ing. ° Therefore, the translator who should ignore these customary forms of address would necessarily lose much of the flavor of the original. It is only by paying atten- tion to such seemingly unimportant details that the flavor is retained. There is the common misconception that, in an effort to grasp the elusive flavor, translators should keep the long and involved structure of sentences found in Spanish historical documents. This practice not only fails in its purpose, hut it succeeds in making the translation unwieldy, awkward, \inbalanced, and sometimes even unintel- ligible. Examples of acceptable published translations, judged by our standards, are rare. In fact, although we are familiar with most translations of Spanish historical documents pub- lished within the last decade, the only translations that we can heartily recommend as models are those printed by the Florida Historical Society in 1931, entitled Documents Relating to the Commercial Policy of Spain in the Floridas, with Incidental Reference to Loui s i ana , which were prepared by Professor Arthur Preston Whitaker; Professor Herbert Eugene Bolton's Anza' s California Expedition, 1930, 5 vol- umes; and his Font' s Complete Diary, A Chronicle of the Founding of San Francisco, 1931; and Professor Charles Wilson Hacke 1 1 ' s Pichardo' s Treatise on the Limits of Louisiana and Texas , 1934, 2 volumes. Brackets were sel- dom used in these publications. The practice of omitting brackets when publishing translations is a commendable mark of consideration for the reader. It shall be the object of subsequent pages of this study to attempt to indicate the method of retaining at least some of the flavor of the original, and also to show how to follow our definition of translation to its ultimate conclusion in regard to Spanish historical documents. Ac- curacy and readability are to be our goal, and, in ap- Eoyal decree, September 24, 1778; special ruling, Febru- ary 14, 1803. The Spanish Archives of Texas, The Univer- sity of Texas. -6- THEORY preaching it as closely as possible, we shall study the reading of documents, which is the first step in any kind of translation; the method of translation, which will "be supplemented with a numher of special aids, and the presen- tation of the finished product. -7- CHAPTER II PALEOGRAPHY The reading of manuscripts is obviously the most impor- tant operation in the study of documents. Whether a manu- script is to "be preserved, transcribed, or translated, it must first "be read in part or as a whole. The ahility to read manuscripts accurately is acquired only as a result of actual experience in studying documents. In addition to experience, however, the reading of manuscripts may he facilitated hy a study of the development of handwrit- ing, and by making use of the scientific aids available for that purpose. In a study of this nature it is not necessary to delve into the development of handwriting in great detail. Nev- ertheless, a brief sketch of the history of handwriting may be presented as an aid to the translator of Spanish his- torical documents. Familiarity with types of handwriting used in different periods of history will facilitate iden- tification of questioned documents. Furthermore, valu- able assistance in the reading of faded or poor handwrit- ing may be obtained by using certain scientific methods and instruments devised for that purpose. The remaining por- tion of this chapter presents (l) a sketch of the history of Spanish handwriting, and (2) a brief exposition of various scientific aids for the reading of manuscripts. 1. Development of Spanish Handwriting. Before the Romans invaded Spain, the aboriginal tribes of Spain spoke various Iberian dialects. They had a native form of handwriting. This Iberian hand is to be found only in archeological specimens, and particularly on coins. According to certain paleographers, the letters of the Iberian alphabet are founded on the Phoenician and archaic Greek alphabets. ^ The most outstanding character- istic of Iberian inscriptions is the lack of vowels. A study of Iberian handwriting, however, falls more properly within the field of numismatics, and, consequently, out- •^Jesus Munoz y Rivero , Manual de Paleograf la diplomat ica espanola de los siglos XI al XVII , p. 14. -8- PALEOGRAPHY side the range of this sketch. Because of the Roman conquest of Spain, the common lan- guage of the Spanish peninsula for the first four or five centuries of the Christian era was the Roman. The "Visi- goths, who eventually" conquered all of Spain, had attained a high degree of civilization in their prolonged contact with the Romans in Gaul. Their conversion to Catholicism helped to perserve the Latin language. Nevertheless, al- though these northern tribes adopted the Roman language of the Spaniards, they modified it to suit their convenience. After the northern invaders had initiated the corruption of the Roman language, Spain was deluged with Moors from Africa. These southern invaders further hastened greater deterioration of the language. Although the Moors per- mitted the use of Latin, the common people soon developed a corrupt mixture of their language with the Arabic. Cul- tured Spaniards cultivated the Arabic language so assid- uously that by the ninth century they surpassed even the Moors in its embellishment, to the utter neglect of Latin. Spaniards that took refuge in the mountains rather than submitting to the Moorish conquest, were the preservers of the Latin-barbarian Spanish, from which modern Spanish developed. These Spaniards organized separate and inde- pendent feudal kingdoms which developed characteristic peculiarities of language. Thus it was that Castilian, Catalonian, Provenjal, and other languages grad\ially devel- oped. The Castilians extended their language to all the territory they conquered from the Moors. While driving the Moors before them, however, the Castilians adopted certain elements of the Arabic language left behind by the conquer- ed. The expansion of Castilian power, therefore, extended the Castilian language, which was a mixture of Latin, bar- barian, and Arabic. True Latin retreated into the churches and monasteries.^ The further extension of the Castilian language, to the exclusion of others, was hastened by the efforts of Ferdinand and Isabella, by the publication of the Arte de la Lengua Castellana. written by Antonio de Lebrija, in 1492, and by the advent of the printing press, which made it possible to reproduce this and other similar books in large nvimbers.3 There has been very little change in the Estevan de Terreros y Pando , Paleograf{a espanola, pp. 1-30. ^IMd. , p. 29. -9- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS elements of the Castilian language from the sixteenth cen- tury to the present. From earliest times to the eighteenth century, Spanish handwriting underwent transformations similar to those ex- perienced "by the language. As a Western type of heuidwriting, the modern Spanish hand developed from the script of early Rome,'^ known as the Romam cursive, which was in use in Spain as late as the sixth century. The Visigothic hand followed the Roman cursive, and was well established "by the eighth century. It lasted until the 12th century, when it was finally displaced "by the Caroline miniscule. ConsideralDle changes occurred in handwriting in the 13th century, and "by a process of elimination, the it^lica wps eventually adopted in the 17th century for the writing of puhlic in- struments.^ With only personal modifications, the it^lica has persisted to the present time. During the period of Roman domination in Spain, four types of handwriting, all Roman, were used. These were: (l) the Roman capitals, of two kinds: (a) the sq^uare , and (h) the rustic; (2) the vmcials; (3) the semi-uncials; and (4) the Roman cursive. Sq^uare capitals are generally of the same height, with the exception of F and L, which gen- erally rise higher. The angles are right angles, and the "bases, tops smd extremities are finished off with fine strokes and pendants such as those used in our modern copies of this type of letters.^ In rustic capitals the strokes are more slender, cross-strokes are short and are more or less oblique and waved, and finials are not added to them. As compared with square capitals, rustic capitals present a less finished aspect, though they are accurately shaped.'^ Uncials are merely modifications of square capitals; they are essentially a round hand. The main vertical strokes generally rise above or fall below the line of writing. ° The semi-uncial, or mixed hand, developed from the uncial. It may be said to have the characteristics of both the un- cial and the cursive hands. The general character is a ^H. G.T. Christopher , Paleography and Archives, p. 2. Edward Maunde Thompson , Hand'book of Greek and Lat in Paleography, pp. 184-225. Edward Maunde Thompson, Hand'book of Greek and Lat in Paleography, p. 184. For specimens of handwriting, see Appendix B. '''Agustin Millares Carlo, Paleograf la espanola. Vol. I , p. 16. ^Edward Maunde Thompson, Ibid. , p. 191. -10- PALEOGRAPHY sloping uncial, "but the letters b and i are cursive forms; the lengthening of vertical strokes indicates the influence of the cursive hand. 9 Cursive writing was the ordinary- writing of the people for the first three centuries of the Christian era. The letters are nothing more than the old Roman letters written with speed, and thus undergoing cer- tain modifications in form, which eventually developed into the Roman miniscule hand. 10 After the period of Roman domination, Spain fell to the Visigoths, who "brought their handwriting with them. Their own hand, however, had "been greatly modified "by their pro- longed contact with Roman culture in the Gauls. When they conquered Spain, they adopted the native form of handwrit- ing, which was the Roman cursive, and modified it into the Visigothic hand which "became the national form of writing in Spain, and was well esta"blished "by the eighth century. The Visigothic hand was divided into three classes: (l) the majuscule, which was in turn divided into two kinds; (a) capital, and ("b) \incial; (2) the miniscule; and (3) the cursive. Visigothic capitals were similar to the old Roman square capitals. The chief difference "between them is the close grouping and elongation of letters in the Visigothic. Visigothic uncials are similar to Roman uncials, the greatest difference "being the more slender strokes of the Visigothic. Visigothic miniscules resem"ble our modern italics, with the difference of the perpendicular strokes of the miniscule. Visigothic cursive closely resem'bles the Roman cursive of the seventh century, which it imitates in the long perpendicular strokes of most consonants, and the clearly outlined vowels. The majuscule type of handwriting was used from the eighth to the twelfth centuries for epigraphs. The minis- cule was in use during the same period for the text of co- dices and documents; and the cursive hand was employed main- ly for documents. It should "be noted that in Asturias and Leon the use of miniscule for codices predominates, while the cursive hand was employed in writing documents. In Aragon and Navarre cursive handwriting was extremely rare, and the miniscule was commonly used for books and legal do- cuments. 11 VThen the Roma ns su'bjected the Gauls to their domination, Le Chanoine Reusens , Elements de Paleograhie, p. 13; E. M. Thompson, I"bid. , p. 197. l^E. M. Thompson, Ibid. . p. 204. Jesus Munoz y Eivero , Ibid. , p. 23. HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS they imposed upon the people their various types of hand- writing. Upon the fall of the Roman empire, the Franks adopted the handwriting of the conquered race. In the hands of the Franks, however, Roman handwriting rapidly deter- iorated into what is known as the Merovingian hand. By the Merovingian hand the Roman cursive was "transformed into a curiously cramped style of writing, and the letters "being laterally compressed, the strokes usToally slender, and the heads and tails of letters exaggerated. "■'■^ This type of Frankish handwriting continued to deteriorate to such a degree that a reform was greatly desired. Such a reform was instituted "by Charlemagne in the eighth century. The activity of Charlemagne in the field of learning prompted a reform in handwriting, the chief medium for the propagation of literature. Under his direction, great impetus was given to the improvement of the current hand; and the chief monastic centers of Europe increased the work of their writing schools. None was more active than the monastic schools of Tours, where, "under the direction of Alcuin of York, abhot of St. Martin's from 796 to 804, the exact hand later known as the Caroline miniscule was devel- oped. The Caroline miniscule spread rapidly "beyond the "boun- daries of France. It was, however, slow in penetrating into Spain. The province of Catalonia, which adjoined France, was the first to adopt this form of handwriting. It "was not introduced into the rest of Spain, however, un- til the eleventh century; and it "was not generally adopted until the "twelfth century. The Caroline miniscule "was in- troduced in Spain by the monks of Cluny, first in Aragon and Navarre, and later in Leon and Castille.-'-'^ The chief characteristics of the Caroline miniscule are: (1) a tendency to use straight lines in all of its strokes; (2) a contrast "between the main staffs, which are hea"vy, and its loops, and other lines, which are extremely fine; (3) even proportion; (4) absence of slant, its main staffs are at right angles to the base line; (5) large number of abbreviations; (6) absence of connections; each letter is isolated from the rest. The Caroline miniscule, also known in Spain as the French hand was used throughout Spain dur- ing most of the twelfth century and the early decades of the thirteenth century. During this period, abbreviations by suspension, by contraction, and by special symbols were ■'■^E. M. Thompson, Ibid. , pp. 226-227. J. M"u£oz y Rivero , I'bid. , p. 30. -12- PALEOGRAPHY profusely employed. In the thirteenth century the Trench hand used in Spain underwent considerahle changes. The resultant modified hand has "been improperly called the Gothic hand.l'^ This type of hand acquired long curves in place of perpendic- ular strokes a"bove and "below the "base line, and much un- necessary ornamentation. Another type also derived from the Caroline miniscule is generally known as the Gothic minis- cule . In Spain, however, these two types were known as the (l) Privilegios , or gremts; and the (2) alhalaes, or patents. The chief characteristic of these two types is that they made little use of ahhreviations. These types were used mainly in Castile, "but since the Castilian language was made the official language for documents "by Alfonso X, they subsequently received wide acceptance. ■'■^ The privilegios hand is different from the French hand only in that it is somewhat more angular at the extremities of its staffs in relation to the "base line, in that its perpendicular and slanting strokes terminate in curves, and in that it is loaded with useless ornamentation. The alhalaes hand is no different from the privilegios hand in regard to the shape of the letters, "but it is different in regard to propor- tion, slant, and connection. Both types make use of fewer abbreviations than does the French hand. The handwriting types used in the thirteenth century continued in use throughout the fourteenth century. The only change in their form was the ro-undness acquired during this century especially in documents written after 1350. There was an increased substitution of curves for angles. The so-called privilegios hand developed into the redonda , or round, of the fifteenth century; while the albalaes de- veloped into the cortesana. or courthand. The cortesana was crowded, entangled, and its characters were bound with knotty connections. In the fifteenth century there were five kinds of hand- writing in use throughout Spain: (l) itdlica, or bastardilla, italics; (2) redonda . or round; (3) alemana, or German; (4) cortesana . or courthand; and (5) procesal , or processal. The itdlica is similar to modern italics. The redonda had a uniformly heavy line; it was broad in design; and little use was made of abbreviations. The only difficulty in read- ing it is that words are not uniformly separated. The ale- J. MuSoz y Rivero, I'bid. , p. 31. ^^ Ibid. , pp. 31-32. —13— HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS mana is different from the French hand, from which it de- veloped, only because it was narrower, and its extremities, "both upper and lower, terminated in sharp angles. This hand was employed in printing from the earliest time the printing press was used. The cortesana was different from the al"balaes chiefly "because of its roundness, and its entangled aspect. The procesal was merely a corruption of the cortesana. The procesal is easily distinguished "be- cause it was stretched out on the base line, it was larger, and had more connections; it had greater irregularity in word connections. 16 In the sixteenth century only three of the five types of handwriting continued to be used: (l) cortesana; (2) itdl- ica ; (3) procesal . The procesal was more extensively used than the other two types. The abuses introduced in hand- writing by scribes in the use of the procesal compelled the queen to issue certain orders in the year 1503. On March 3, 1503, she issued at Alcall. a schedule of rates for scribes. It provided that scribes in councils should place thirty- five lines to a page., and fifteen words to a line. This provision was made applicable to all scribes throughout the kingdom by a decree dated June 7, 1503. The decree fur- ther ordered that the scribes use the cortesana and not the procesal . In spite of these orders, however, scribes contin- ued to use the procesal , progressively increasing its de- formities. The decadence in handwriting experienced during the sixteenth cent\iry brought about extensive reforms in the seventeenth century. At the opening of the century, the- procesal was in general use among scribes, who rapidly dis- torted it until they developed the type known as the pro- cesal encadenada. or linked processal, the worst type of hand- writing ever used by Spaniards. Fort\inately, althoiigh pro- fessional scribes were distorting handwriting, the general public was abandoning radical innovations and adhering to the itl,lica. which was the chief hand of the eighteenth century, and which, with only perst)nal exceptions, is in use today. 2. Aids for Reading Manuscripts. Adequate light is a physical necessity in the reading of manuscripts. The kind of light and the degree of inten- sity that should be used by any and all readers varies with l^lbid., p. 36. _^^_ PALEOQRAPHY emd should "be adjusted to the condition of the reader's eye- sight, the kind and condition of the manuscript, and the reader's reaction to natural or artificial light. Experience and our investigation have shovm that nat- ural, or daylight — "but not direct sunlight — is the most ad- equate illumination for the correct reading of manuscripts. Sometimes even with adequate light, however, it is often difficult to read a manuscript and it is necessary to tilt it to the angle that will give the "best results. This re- markably simple expedient yields amazingly profitable re- sults. Occasionally an apparently "blank page of a docu- ment, when tilted to face the same light at the proper angle, will suddenly as if by magic, reveal a full page of legible handwriting. VThen adequate natural light is not available, the use of artificial light becomes a necessity. The artificial light used shovLLd be that which most closely resembles nat- ural light. This fact cannot be too strongly emphasized in order that the best results may be obtained in reading original documents, and in order that the life of the read- er's eyesight may not be prematurely shortened. It is true that reading a white, glaring, printed page of a book is ordinarily more injurious to the eyesight than reading a time-mellowed light-absorbing page of manuscript, but the intensity with which an avid reader of manuscript is prone to focus his gaze upon difficult passages often re- sults in extreme strain eind event\ial injury to eyesight. This assertion applies especially to the reading of photo- static and microfilm copies of manuscripts. Indirect light- ing seems more closely to approximate natural light than direct lighting. As a general and flexible rule, it may be stated that persons with brown or black eyes require more intense light than those with blue or gray eyes. In reading faded handwriting, it is sometimes a problem to distinguish between a manuscript that is absolutely blank and one that has some writing on it. Adequate light, either cast directly on the object or transmitted, usually reveals the answer to this problem. Transmitted light is especially helpful in reading faint lines, and water marks, provided there is no writing on the reverse side of the manuscript. Light may be transmitted by placing the manu- script against a window pane, or by placing it over a plane of clear glass with an electric light under it. -15- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS Deciphering letters and words, which are obscure be- cause of the obsolete type of handwriting or because of personal characteristics of the writer, constitutes the most serious problem in the reading of manuscripts. In the solution of this problem, the comparison of letters and words within the manuscript is the readiest method. UsTially, the reader can recognize a few words even in the most baffling of manuscripts. The words and letters that can be read may then be used as standards of comparison. Known letters can be placed by the side of unknown charac- ters, mentally, or by actual transcription, to aid in iden- tification. Likewise entire words may be similarly used. This method may be applied to Spanish historical docu- ments of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which are generally clearly legible, when the writer had a hand- writing difficult to read. Spanish historical documents of the sixteenth and sev- enteenth centuries may be read by using as standards of comparison any printed facsimiles of original manuscripts and their transcription.!''' In certain cases, individual letters may be identified by comparison with standards of different types of letters used in those centuries, such as the tabulated lists presented with this study. 18 These lists also may be used, of course, in identifying letters for the eighteenth and nineteenth century. In using these lists as standards of comparison, allowance should be made for the differences given by different writers to letters of the same fundamental type. Further aid in reading manuscripts may be obtained by noting individual characteristics of handwriting. One of the first peculiarities to be noted is that of size. At a glance the reader can tell whether the writer of a manu- script used large, medium, or small handwriting. Then the general slant, to the left or to the right, should be ascertained. General proportion of letters as related to one another within a word is a characteristic that often leads to identification of difficult words. The shape of each letter is, of course, the best method for reading iso- lated words, since letters once identified may be used as standards of comparison. Distinctive initial or final pen Such as those to be found in, J. Muno z y Eivero , Manual de paleograffa diplomdit ica espanola; and, J. Munc^z y Eivero, Paleograffa popular; and Agustm Millares Carlo, Paleograf fa espanola. Vol. II. 18 See Appendix C. -16- PALEOGRAPHY pressure, embellishments, abbreviation of final letters, curves, ragged lines, crossing of the "t", dotting of the "i", acute or rounded angles, are a few additional indi- vidual characteristics of handwriting that should be iso- lated when the reader is attempting to read accurately a difficult manuscript. It is often advisable, for the purpose of identifica- tion through comparison to magnify handwriting. When such is the case, a good hand magnifier may be used "such as the Aplenatic Non-spherical Reading Glass magnifying eight dea- meters, made by Zeiss. The Albada Wide-angle Magnifier X3.5 is another very useful instrument, because with it an ex- ceptionally large field can be surveyed simply by moving the eye. This is of great advantage in the study of manuscripts, as it makes possible the simultaneous comparison of two handwritings."!^ If great magnification is desired, a bin- ocular microscope with the low-power objective under re- flected light, daylight whenever possible, should be used. 20 In transcribing manuscripts, it is alwayo safer to use the original itself whenever possible. Photostatic or mi- crofilm copies are useful only when the original is not available since there is a possibility that part of the original may be lost in photographing. Nevertheless, pho- tography in various forms is an excellent aid in the iden- tification of handwriting. As a matter of fact photography, in one form or another, is rapidly becoming an indispensable factor in the accurate reading and transcription of manuscripts. Use of special illumination and light filters has been made by students of historical documents in the reproduction of manuscripts with remarkable results. In photographing manuscripts for the purpose of bringing out handwriting that is difficult to read with the naked eye or even with the aid of a hand view- er or microscope, ultra-violet rays, with adequate light and light filters are sometimes used as well as chemicals to cause fluorescence. 19 R. B. Haselden, Scientific Aid for the Study of Manu- scripts, p . 43. '^^For an excellent discussion on the use of microscopes in the identification of questioned documents, see Altert Osborne, Questioned Documents. Chapter VI. -17- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS Ultra-violet light for reading small portions of meuau- scripts may be obtained from ordinary daylight by the use of a callophane. This instrument consists merely of a folding wooden box, 9x7x1 inches when closed. The lid is hinged at one end and fitted with a glass filter transparent only to the ultra-violet rays of daylight. It is necessary only to place the manuscript in the box, and to hold the open end, opposite the hinge, against the face in such a way as to exclude all light, except that which goes throTigh the filter. The callophane may be used in front of a window. Naturally, if a greater source of ultra- violet light is used, the callophane is more effective. 21 Various types of sources of ultra-violet light are avail- able which may be Jiged profitably either with a callophane or in the making of photographic reproductions of manuscripts. One of the most common types used is the Hanovia lamp which "consists of the usual evacuated fused quartz tube with a small vessel at either end containing mercury which is in contact with metallic leads ground into the quartz and fixed in cement. ...Lamps are made to burn on 110 to 130 volts and 220-volt circuits with either alternating- or direct-current. The burner for alternating-current has two positive poles instead of one as in the case of the direct- current burner, and the fall of potential across the elec- trodes ranges from 160 to 170 volts. "22 Recently, Dr. L. Bendikson, who is in charge of photo- graphic reproductions at the Henry E. Huntington Library, developed an inexpensive source of ultra-violet light. He described it as follows: The lamp proper consists of a coil or spiral of quartz tubing. This tubing, one qviarter inch in diameter and sealed at both ends, is filled, in vacuo, with a mixture of argon, helium, and mer- cury vapor, throio^h which passes the electric cur- rent. Back of the quartz coil is a metal reflector and the whole is incased in a black lacquered, box- shaped lamp housing, measuring in front seven inches square, by 2 1/4 inches in depth. The front is open, but here the rims of the housing are shaped in such a fashion, that they can hold the Corning filters, that are needed to segregate the ultra- 2^J. A. Radley and Julius Grant, Fluorescence Analysis in Ultra-violet Light, pp. 18-19. 22rbid_. , p. 16. _18_ PALEOGRAPHY violet from the visible rays. In the center of the housing, rxinning from the front to the hack is a tvinnel, cylindrical in shape, with a diameter of 2 1/2 inches. The lens of the camera, to be used for the ultra-violet photography, protrudes into this tunnel, which acts consequently as a lens hood. 23 Q-reat advantages are attributed to this type of lamp, such as lower cost, generation of less heat, greater actinic value of the ultra-violet radiation, which permits shorter exposure, and evenly distributed illumination. The same investigator later developed a "Palimscope," based on the lamp Just described, as a source of ultra- violet illumination for the study of palimpsests. It con- sists chiefly of a quartz tubing concentrated in a spiral. Provided with a handle, this source of ultra-violet light can be used as a flashlight. Its uses need not be confined to the reading of palimpsests. 24 Light filters are essential when photographing manu- scripts under ultra-violet radiation. They are also used in photographing stains and in reading faded writing with the mercury vapor lamps used for illumination when making photostatic reproductions. The following filters are to be used with ultra-violet lamp: 1. Eed Purple Ultra, No. 597^ Transmits, 3,650 i, ul- tra-violet free at about 7,200 XM9U. rUJ-iiJ-V WXb^a, mu • %j.n i . xxcbuomx wo , u , wi/w A, ixJ." tra-violet freely, 4,050 A violet, and extreme red Heat Hesisting Red Purple Ultra. No. 587. Transmits the same as the preceding filter, but appears some- what darker. Violet Ultra, No. 586. Transmits 3,650 A ultra-vio- let: and in a thickness of seven mm. or greater transmits no visible red. Red Purple Corex A, No. 986. Transmits ultra-violet at wave-lengths 3,100 a and shorter, and absorbs most of the visible light of wave-length longer than 4,250 A. ^^Library Journal, September 15, 1934, Vol. 59, p. 691. ^^L. Bendikson, "A Cycle of Ultra-violet Light Source for Various Uses", Library Journal , Jan., 1936, Vol. 61, pp. 16-17. _19_ HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS 2. Hanau filter transmits ultra-violet similar to that of Corning No. 587. 3. Wratten filter No. 18A. Transmits ultra-violet sim- ilar to that of Corning Filter No. 587.25 When photographing documents under ultra-violet illumin- ation, it is often advisable to cause increased fluorescence in order to make indistinct handwriting readable. Accord- ing to experiments made by R. B. Haselden, San Marino, California, anthracene (Ci^H^q) > which is perfectly harmless, when applied to paper, causes it to fluoresce strongly. 26 Anthracene solution is applied to the reverse side of the paper with a soft camel-hair "brush. Vhen the alcohol in the solution has evaporated, it leaves the anthracene in a crystalline solution. When the ultra-violet light is thrown upon the paper, it causes the whole leaf to fluor- esce. The previously invisible ink, however, obstructs the fluorescence of the portion of the paper where it rests, thus making the handwriting visible to the photo- graphic camera. 27 According to L. Bendikson, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California, writing obliterated by ink stains, of the same ink, may be made legible by making a photo- static print, either from the original or from a photo- static negative, of the ink-stained material through a Wratten-Wainwright G-filter, under ordinary conditions. This process usually cannot be successfully applied to manuscripts that have certain lines purposely obliterated. 28 The same writer further states that in the case of super- imposed corrections sometimes infra-red rays may be success- fully used. By the use of infra-red radiation, it is sometimes possible to exclude the entire visible spectrum through the use of a Wratten-Wainwright infra-red filter ^^This information was taken from E. B. Haselden, Scien- tific Aids for the Study of Manuscripts, p. 40. (The filters listed under No. 1 are manufactured "by the Corning Glass Company, Corning, N. Y. ; No. 2, "by the Hanovia Chemical A Manufacturing Company, Newark, N.J.; No. 3, "by the Eastman Kodak Company). ^^R. B. Haselden, Ibid. , pp. 64-65. 27iMd_. L. Bendikson, "Phototechnical Problems: Some Results Obtained at the Huntington Library," The Library Journal, Vol. 57, pp. 789-790. -20- PALEOGRAPHY NumlDer 87, under a 500-watt Mazda flood light. 29 VHiether manuscripts themselves are to be studied or photo- static enlargements are to "be used, the work will "be greatly- facilitated "by the use of certain measuring instruments. Such instrujnents are especially useful in ascertaining whether or not a series of manuscripts is in the same hand- writing, a difficult task when attempted without mechanical aids. Furthermore, the use of these measuring instruments helps the student to detect certain individiial character- istics of a writer, which generally aid in the identifica- tion of handwriting wherever it may "be found. *^^ Handwriting experts have studied, developed, and used precise instruments of this kind. One of the most useful of these is a four-inch rule on glass divided into 8ths, 16ths, 32nds, and 64ths of an inch. Glass rulers are of great advantage inasmuch as they can "be placed directly over the handwriting to be measured. A diagonal line docu- ment measure has slightly divergent fine lines ruled on glass, measuring from l/lOOO to 120/l000 of an inch. This instrument is read, with the aid of a hand viewer or a microscope from the inside of one line of gradation to the inside of the opposite line. It is useful for the accur- ate measurement of pen strokes. A special ruled protractor • designed for the easy and accurate measuring of the slant of handwriting consists of a glass plate which reads to one-half of a degree to right or left of vertical. The Curve-meter is an instrumental on glass for the measure- ment of curves and turns and connections in handwriting. The test plate on glass for measuring proportions is an instrument consisting of a series of equi-distant sind par- allel vertical lines, with horizontal lines in the spaces "between, of varying distances apart; it is graduated from 4/28 to 24/128 of an inch. It is used to show the propor- tions of letters and parts of letters. Various other in- struments are availa"ble which may be used in reading manu- scripts accurately. 32 ^^ Ibid. . pp. 790-794. "^'^Albert S. Osborn, (Questioned Documents , 1929; C. Ains- worth Mitchell, Documents and the ir Scientific Examina- tion, 1935; R. B. Haselden, Scientific Aids for the Study of Manuscripts, 1935. '^■'•Designed by Albert S. Osborn. '^'^Measuring instruments may be obtained from Mr. Albert S. Osborn, New York, N. Y., who perfected all those describ- ed here and others. -21- CHAPTER III PROCEDURE IN TRAMSLATIOH Accuracy and readability are the foremost aims of the translator of Spanish historical documents. Any procedure that makes for a maximum of these qualities is acceptable. The procedure that we advance hereinafter is presented be- cause it is one that has been used successfully for several years. It consists of four operations. The first and most important operation is reading the document twice. The first reading is hurried — for meaning, not for detail; any word not immediately legible is ignored. The second reading is a careful analysis, subjecting each word not readily deciphered to adequate natural eind artifi- cial light. -^ At the same time, each unfamiliar word is noted and a satisfactory definition obtained before the translator begins to write. While reading, notice is taken of points where long sentences of involved Spanish structure may be broken without altering the meaning. The place where the Spanish sentence finally ends, being seldom marked by a period and often by no puncttiation at all, is especially noted by the translator. The second operation consists of writing a first draft translation of the whole document. Here the translator's chief problem is good sentence structure, retaining at the same time the specific idea conveyed and the flavor of the original document. The writer of Spanish official communi- cations tends to employ a single sentence for the seune pur- pose that a writer of English employs a paragraph, that is, to cover a single topic. Thus, one official Spanish sentence may contain numerous dependent , independent , and parentheti- cal clauses and often covers one or more full pages. Obvi- ously, this structure cannot be retained literally without creating an effect of oddness never intended by the writer. Spanish sentence structure, however, does not require changing merely because it is long. Occasionally a sentence may retain its construction with definite advantage to the translation. Perhaps in an effort to retain the elusive flavor of the o riginal, translators sometimes attempt to ^For a discussion of the difficulties of reading manu- scripts and for aids in deciphering them, see Chapter II. -22- PROCEDURE IN TRAMSLATIOM carry over the complicated construction.. In the majority of cases, not only is the flavor lost, "but the translation turns out to be awkward, stilted, often inaccurate, and occasionally utterly unintelligible. VThen, in the judgment of the translator, it is deemed advisable to change the construction of a long sentence, he must do so without altering the original idea. The exact points at which the original sentence may be broken up is a matter to be decided entirely by the translator, and no set rule can "be followed. A change in the position of appositive or attributive matter should "be mentioned in this connection, although, strictly speaking, it is not a change in construction. It is customary in Spanish historical documents to place attri- butes before the noun, whereas in English they generally follow the noun. For instance, it is not uncommon to read lines like this: ... el tenient coronel de las tropas destinadas a la f rontera Don Simon de Herrera . A correct translation of this line should be: "Lieutenant Colonel Don Simon de Herrera, commander of the troops assigned to the frontier." It is, as we have seen, impossible to set down a general rule for recasting sentences, since personal taste or preference may differ greatly on this matter. The con- struction of the following sentence may be changed in va- rious ways without altering the meaning of the original: i 2 Haviendoseme presentado ci jilosamente una persona 3 desente de este lugar haciendome presente hallarse en pe- ligro de perder su vida, ^ honor a causa de la mala versa- cion que positivamente ha advertido en su matrimonio con el Ext range ro Jose Maria Rafael de la Trinidad de la &arza, 4 5 ^ por no ser publico , queriendo tomar el remdio mas propio ]£_ cristiano me pidio justicia reservada para eVitar el es- 6 candalo, j[_ siendo un caso de necesidad, he tenido abien (no 7 hallando otro arvitrio) darle parte a V. S_. , para que en -23- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS su consecuencia si lo tubiere a bien le suplico se digae manadarme selo conduzca al Puesto que tenga bien V . S . de 8 e esa Provincia , para evitar una desgracia, _^ 3^ para conse- guirlo solo tirandolo muy distante de este suelo , como me lo ha pedido la parte : l£ que V. S_. halle por combeniente^ The following translation of this sentence is deemed acce-otable because it closely approaches the goal of accura- cy and readability. The corresponding changes are indi- cated by numbers. 2 1 "A respectable person from this settlement appeared 3 secretly before me and reported that he was in danger of losing his life and honor because of illicit relations he has noticed positively exist between his wife and a foreig- 4 ner, Jos^ Marid Rafael de la Trinidad de la G-arza. Since 5 it is not publicly known, and wishing to apply the most adequate and Christian remedy, he requested me to render 6 judgment in private in order to avoid a scandal. Inasmuch as this is a case of necessity and finding no alternative, 7 I have seen fit to report the matter to Your Lordship. In view thereof, if I may be permitted to do so, I beg Your Lordship to order me to send him to any post in that province which Your Lordship may wish in order to avoid a tragedy; 8 and to accomplish this (purpose 1 , he should be sent to some place a long distance away from this soil, as the interested ^Francisco Velasco to Nemesio Salcedo, January 25, 1808, Spanish Archives of Texas, MS. The University of Texas. -24- PROCEDURE IN TRANSLATION party has requested; or Your Lordship [may order j whatever else may be deemed advisable." In this translation, the long sentence in Spanish has been broken up into four sentences of medium length in English. As shown by number 2, we did not open the first sentence with the same word or construction found in the original. Instead, we changed the position of the subject una persona and made an independent out of a dependent clause. The first sentence could be further divided into two separate sentences by substituting a period for the con- junction. When changing the construction, it is often neces- sary to leave out the conjimction as shown by numbers 4 and 6. Not always is it essential to change the construc- tion of a dependent clause, as shown by number 5. If, in number 7, the preposition para were translated and the construction were retained, the translation would be ex- tremely awkward. Consequently, for the sake of smoothness, the preposition was dropped and a sentence initiated. Con- junctions may be dropped or added in changing the construc- tion. Any connective word or phrase which is added to clarify the meaning of the original, such as the inclusion of an ellipsis in the translation, however, should be enclosed in brackets. In the third operation the translator meets the problems of meaning, choice of words, figures of speech, idioms, and ■untranslatable words. A true understanding of the exact meaning of the word as used in the document is essential at this stage of the translation. Not always are words used with their current meaning. It would be sheer folly to in- sist on translating every word with only the meaning given it in the dictionary without taking into account the special significance attributed to it by the writer of the original. For instance, in the sentence: Los habitantes siembran ta- baco, maiz , ^ algod6n . El cultivo de estos ramos se aumen- tar^ si el rey comura la semilla. The word ramos should certainly be translated "branches," according to the dic- tionary. Yet, according to the meaning attributed to the word in this sentence, one should certainly translate it as "crops." It is, therefore, clear that one must not only be thoroughly familiar with the meaning of the word but also with the meaning given it by the writer. In the choice and order of words to be used in the translation, one must exercise painstaking care. The -25- HA/ — apreciable ap ap. , aplica. , - apostdlica, ap aplico 3st6lic( ap da — apreciada Ap do _ — Apartado ap6st. — ap6stol Aptd. — Apartado 1 . aq. — aquel A. R. — Alteza Real -49- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS art., art.° — artfculo arz. , arzbpo. — arzo"bispo A. S. — Alteza Serenisima a.^ — anos As.^, Asist.^, assa. — asistencia at.°^° — atent£simo at. ° — atento aud.^, audi. — audiencia aunq^.® — aimque aur. — haber a/v — a la vista Av. , Ave. — Avenida aynnt . — ayuntamiento B B. — Beato , Bueno B/ — "bala "b/ — "bulto Bar.^ — BartolomI Barna. — Barcelona bastim.^ — "bastimentos Bat .^ — "batall6n B. C. — Baja California Bca. — barrica benef. — beneficio Bern. , Bern. — Bernardo B.L.P. — besa los pies B.nie — Bartolom^ B, ^^ — Beatlsimo ° — Beato, Baylio, Beylio p. — Bendici6n papal ^ — bachiller Brme. — BartolomI b.to ~ bulto, bruto c. — caja, ciudad, cuenta, ciudadano C./. C.^ — caJa, cuenta c. — capitulo, ciudad c/ — cargo, contra, cuento,con c 1/2 — cuenta a medias C. A. — corriente alterna ca. , c. — compania, carta, cebada caball.^ — caballerfa caballia. caballerfa caballo. — caballero cant. — cant i dad -50- SPECIAL AIDS cap. — capital, capftulo cap.''^ — capitdn cap.° — capltulo capp. — capell£n Card. Cardenal cas. — casas Cast. — Castilla Clem te — Clemente olio. — cuartillo cm. — centimetre, centi- metres c/m — cuenta a medias CM. B. — cuyas manos beso en. — cuenta nueva Co. — Compania „ caxqte. — casquete c"bo. — cambio CC. — Ciudadanos C. C. — corriente continua C./C, c/c — cuenta corriente c/cta. — cuya cuenta n A^ J n^^^^Tif^ A^ T^«,<™ com.®, comand. — comandante C. de J. — Compania de Jesus ' -- consejo col., col.^, — columna, colo- nia com. — comercio ,^, coman.^ comand.^ — comandancia e com. I c/ent. — color entero c^nts. — centimes cf. — confesor, confi^rase, comf irma . compare se c. f. y — cargo, flete y eg. — centigrame, centigramos ego. — cargo la ^, c. — compania ciud. — eiudad cl. — centilitre, centilitres -51- cemis.", com. — comisario cemp., comp.^ — compania comp.®" — companeros conf . , conf .■^ — confesor, cenfierase, conf irma , comparese conocim.'to — conocimiento tas conq. — cenquistas censgte., consig.''® — censiguiente censig. — consignaci6n cligo. — cllrigo cons. — censeje UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS Const. — Constituci6n const. — constancia te cons. — constante const. — consitucional fp fa conven. , conv. — conveniente te corr. , corr. — corriente C. P. B. — cuyos pies beso cps. — compafieros cvec.^ — creciente cs. — cuartos, c6ntimos ^ ta , / ta te c. — cuenta (c. c. c. ^ corr.*® — cuenta ta . da D. — Don D.^ ~ Dona J cha J cho J i_ J d. , d. — derecha, dere- cho, dicha, dicho DD. — doctores d. de J. C. — despu^s de Jesucristo Del. — Dilineavit, dibujado por dep. , dep. — departamento desc. — descuento Desp. — Despacho corriente; c. sim. — desq. — desde que cuenta simulada; cta/vta. — cuenta de venta) te c. — corriente c. — cuarto, cuanto cts. — cuartos, centimes, centavos D. F. — Distrito Federal d. f. , d/f , d/fha. — d£as fecha Dg. — decagramo, decagramos dg. — decigramo, decigramos c/u — cada uno cuad. — cuadrado , cuad rados dha. , dho. , dhas. , dhos. , dha. — dicha, dicho, dichas, dichos cup, to — cuplimiento c/v, c/vta. — cuenta de venta CH Chih. — Chihuahua dhamte. — derechamente e s die. , die. diligen. — diligen- cia, diligencias din.° — dinero disp.°^ — disposici6n -52- SPECIAL AIDS distr. — distrito Dl. — decalitre, decalitres de sp s . — de spu6 s dup. — duplicado dl. — decilitre, decilitres Duq. — duplicado dls. — d6lares Dm. — decametre, dec^etres d. V. , d/v — dfas vista E dm. — decimetre, decimetres; E. — este (east) decigramo, decigramos d/m — dos meses D. — Don , ec. — eclesiast ica, eclesiastico do E. — estade d.^*^, i.^^'^ — docena, docenas EE. UU. — Estados Unidos D. — Diego, Domingo doc. — docena doc. — dociimento Doct. — Doctor docum. — decixmento D. 0. M. — Deo Optimo Maximo Dem. — Domingo dom. dominge D.°^ — deudor Ej. — ejemplo Em. , Em.^ Eminencia E. M. G. — Estade Maj^or General Em. , Emmo. — Eminent Isime ENE. — estenordeste en. — enero ,° — entresuelo — entretanto ent.-'-°, entr. en to d/p — dias plazo D — doctor — dies E. P. D. — en paz descanse E. P. M. — en prepia mane ermit. -- ermitane dra. , dro. , dras. , dros. — derecha, derecho, dere- chas, derechos escno. — escribano esc. , esc^ — escudo, escudos -53- HANDBOOK FOR TRAHSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS escrit. — escritura escrnia — escribanfa escrno. — escribano ESE. — estesudeste ESM. — estrecha su mano esno. pbo. — escribano publico Esp.^ — Espana espal. — especial esp. — espeuiol tU y . . esp. — espintu Esq. esquina Est. — estado est. — estimad? etc. — etcetera E. U. A. — Estados Unidos Americanos Eug. — Eugenio Evang. — Evangelic ™ ta „ Evang. — Evangelista Exc. , Exc.^ — Excelencia Exc,'^^, Excma. , Ex.°^°, Excmo , — Excelentf sima, Excel- entisimo 1 F. — Fulano, firmado, fe F. — fecha f/ — f ardo , fardos f. a. b. — franco a bordo fact.^ — factura da fav. , fav. — favorecido F. C. — ferrocarril CO cos — Francisco — francos F. de T. — Fulano de Tal Feb. , feb.° — febrero F. E. M. — fuerza electromo- triz Fern.^°, Fern° — Fernando fha. , fho. — fecha, fecho fhda. — fechada f. , fol. , fo, -- folio Fr. — Fray, francos f. — factura CO CO Fra. , Fran. — Francisco Extos. — ejlrcitos Frnz. — Fernandez f. — francos fu.^ — fuera -54- SPECIAL AIDS fund. — f-ondador Fz. — Fernandez G (x. — gracia g. — gramo , gramos g/ — giro G-. — G-arcia g. — guarde dor g. — gobernador g. — guarde Gen. — general ^° A g. — genero gnal. — general gnl. — general gnros. — g^neros gnte. — gerente G. — Gonzalo Go"b. — gotierno Go"b. — gobernador Gonz. — Gonzalez Gr. — Ger6nimo gra. — gracia, Garc£a Gral. , Grl. — general Greg. — Gregorio grrs. — Gutierrez s gr. — gramos s g. — granos G. T. — Gobernador de Texas grra. — guerra ta te — goleta g. — gerente Gu. — Guatemala Guaxa. — Guadalajara gue . — guarde Guill. Guillermo H. — Honrado h. — he da Hac. — Hacienda hect. — hectares, hectareas her.^°^ — hermanos Hg. — hectogramo, hectogramos hh. — hechos HI. — hectolitre, hectolitres Hm. — hect6metro, hect6metros no H. — hermano -55- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS hoi. — holajidesa H. — nermanos Hrz. — Hernandez n. — hasta iahn. — Juan ib. — ibfdem fd. — fdem i. e. — id est, esto es igl. — iglesia iglia. — iglesia Ign.° __ I gnac 1 ihuxpo. — Jesucristo Ildef. — Ildefonso II. — Ilustre ma TT mo i inq^.°^, inq. — inquisidor te intend. — intendente I. P. — Indulgencia plenaria it. — ftem da .do iz. , iz. , izqa . , izqo. , izqda. , izqdo. — izquierda izquierdo ■to Jac. — Jacinto Jal. — Jalisco J. C. — Jesucristo .0 Jeron. — Jeronimo Jesuxpto. — Jesucristo J H S, Jhs, — Jesus j . — Juan 11.""^, II."", Illma., Illmo. — Illustrisima, Ilustri- simo Imp. — Imprenta Indulg. plen. — Indulgencia plenaria Ing. — Ingeniero in p. inf. — in pl.rtibus infidelium John. — Juan jph. — JosI juev. — jueves Jul. — Julian Ju. — Juan just. — justicia K Kc. — Kilociclos k. c. — kil6metros cuadrados -56- SPECIAL AIDS kg., kgs. — kilogramo, kilo gramos kl. — kilolitre , kilolitres km. — kil6metro, kil6metros km. — kil6metro cuadrado kv. , k. w. — kilovatio L L. — Licenciado L/ — letra 1- — le , ley, litro, litro, litros, letra 1. a. "b . — libre a "bordo It., Iba. , lbs. — libra, libras do Licenciado lib. — libra, libro lib. — libra lib za — libranza do Lie. , lie. ° — Licenciado lin. — llnea liq. — liquidaci6n a 11. — libra L. — Licenciado T ZO T Lor. — Lorenzo L. (^. — lege . quae so ; lead, OS lo ruego L. S. — Locus sigilli . lugar del sello lun. — lunes M M. — Madre, Magestad, Merced, Maestro, Mediano , metro, minutes, muy m. — minute, minutes, metro m. — me, maravedl m/ — mes, mi, mis, mfo m£es. mililitres M. — Marfa mag. — majestad mana. — mane r a Man . — Manue 1 man. — maHana Marg ta Margarita mart. , mart. — martes mart. — m^rtires m/ato. — muy atento me , may. — mayordome mayrs. — mayo res m/c — mi cuenta meed. — merced cos m. — marces -57- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS M. — Madrid, me reed md. — merced m/d -- meses data m. — mando Q M. — Madre te med. — mediante a mem. — memoria meng — menguante met. — metro CO M^x. , M^x. — Mexico m/f — mi favor, me'ses fecha m/ fha. — meses fecha mg. — miligramo, miligramos m/g — mi giro M. I. — Majestad Imperial M. — Mari , Martin mierc. — milrcoles Mig. , migl. — Miguel mil6s. , mil^s. — mil^simos min. — Martin mines. — Martines ... mm. — ministro m/L, m/l — mi letra Mm. — miri&metro, miri4metro3 mm., m/m — millmetro, milime- tros m/m. — m^s o menos m/n — moneda nacional m. — mano , maestro, monaste- rio m/o — mi orden m/ om/ — mds o menos monast.° — monasterio Mons. — Monsenor or m. — mayor m.°^ — muchos m/p. — mi pagarl M. P. S. — Muy Poderoso SeSor M. R. — Majestad Real mr. — mdrtir mrd. — merced Mm. — Martin Mrnz. — Martinez Mro. — Maestro mrs. — maravedises, martires MS., M. S., MSS. — manus- crito, manuscritos -58- SPECIAL AIDS M. — marcos ms. — Martines m. — muchos m. — Majestad, Martfn m/td. — mitad te m. — muerte zo m. — marzo N N. — norte, notablemente aprevechado, nombre desconocido , nuestro n. — noche n/ — nuestro N. S. — Nuestra Senora N. B. — Nota bene , n6tese bien n/c — nuestro cargo n/cta. — nuestra cuenta HE. — nordeste N. — nombre, notifiqu^ nitif iq^ue n/f — nuestra fecha n/g — nuestro giro N. L. — Nuevo Le6n n/l — nuestra letra "ME. — nornordeste NNO. — nornoroeste NO. — noroeste n.° — nlinero n/o — nuestra orden .. io ,0 . . not. , not. — notano no t.°^ — notificaci6n nov. — noviembre Nov. Recop. — Novfsima Reco- pilaci6n n/p — nuestro pagar^ nra. , nro. , nras. , nros. — nuestra, nuestro, nues- tras, nuestros , , . OS n\m. , num. , num. nllmero , numeros 0. — oeste o/ — orden ob . , obpo. — Obispo obs. — obscuro te Ob, obediente Oct. , Oct. — octubre of. — oficio on. — onza -59- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS ONO. — oestenoroeste P- ej. — por ejemplo onz. ~ onza penit. — penitente ord. , orn. — orden P-^ P- — porte pagado ordin.° — ordinario perg. — pergamino org. — original Pf • . Pfs. — peso fuerte, pesos fuertes OGO. — oestesudoeste Pgd. — pulgada oz. — onza P. M. — Padre Maestro, post p meridiem , de spues de me- dio dl a P. — Papa, Padre, Pregimta p. — peniques, para, por no p. — pergamino P. 0. — por orden P. A. — por ausencia, por p.° — Pedro Autorizaci6n p. — para . . , . * . PoTd. — po'blaci6n pl,g. , pags. — pagma, pagmas r- J porq. — porque pagdo. — pagadero p^r. - p^rrafo ^^^ ^' ^' " P°^^^ ^^^ado , ■^ ^ por poder Part . — Partida Pass. — passim , in varios pat., patr. — patriarca p. p. — por pago p, pdo., ppdo. — proximo pasado r p. — por pral. — principal ptro. -- presbitero P/c. , p/cto. — por ciento Prop. — Propiedad P. D. — posdata r p. c. — por cuenta e ^ P. — Padre Predo., Pre. — presidio -60- SPECIAL AIDS preg. — pregxintado presb. — presliftero . pres. — presents pu. — pueblo prgo. — preguntado priv. — privilegio Pro. , Prov. , prov. provincia proc. — procesi6n prof. — profesor, profeta pr6l — pr6logo pror. — procurador prov. ^ — provisor pr6x. — pr6ximo P. S. — Post scriptum, posdata Ps. Fs. — pesos fuertes s p. — pesos P. S. M. — por su mandato ta p. — pasta tas p. — pesetas te p. — presidente, parte, presente p. ■to __ pieito Pue. — Puebla pxmo. — pr6ximo za p. — pieza P. , — por ciento 9. q. — que qbrar. — quebrar (^. B. S. M. — que besa su mano Q,. B. S. P. — que besa sus pies qdar. — quedar ^. D. Gr. — que Dios guarde q.do — cuando e q. — que Q. E. G. E. — que en gloria est^ Q. E. P. D. — que en paz descanse q. e. s. m. — que estrecha su mano q. g. g. — que gloria goce q. , qls. — cual, quintal, cuales, quintales qmar . — quemar n q. — qui en -61- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS qq. — quintales qrer. — querer q. s. g. h. — que santa gloria haya ta q. — cuenta quis. — quinientos R R. — Reverendo, Reverencia, respuesta, Reprovado, reales, Rubrica a R. — Rubrica ca R. — Rubrica R) . — responds , respuesta R. A. — Rep-lblica Argentina 1 Raf. — Rafael Rbi. — recibf rbmos. — recibimos Repr. — representante ble resp. — re spe table resp. — respondi6 ta . resp. — respuesta to . . resp. — respecto, respeto R. I. P. — Requi^scat i n pace, en paz descanse r. — real R. M. — Reverenda Madre R. — Reverendf simo Rmrz. — Ramirez R. 0. — Real Orden R. — Reverendo, Rodrigo r. — recto R. p. — Reverendo Padre, res- puesta pagada R. D. — Real Decreto, Repll- R- ?• M. -- Reverendo Padre blica Dominicana • Reverenda Madre R.^^ M. do R. P. — Reverendo Padre R. — recipe re. — recibf recept. — receptoria Reg. — Registrado Rep. — Republica Maestro r. p. m. — revoluciones por minuto Rro. — Rodrigo R. S. — Real Servicio r.^ — reales (r. v. reales velldn) rs. — Rodriguez ta r. — renta -62- SPECIAL AIDS rdst. — rustica on , R. V. — reales vellon S S. — San, Santo, Sobresa- liente, sur 1/ — su, sus , sobre S.^ — Senora S. A. — Su Alteza, Sociedad An6nima (S. A. I. — Su Altezfl Imperial; S. A. R. — Su Alteza Real; S. A. S. — Su Alteza Serenl- sima) s/a — su aceptaci6n sab . — sabado sarg. — sargento s. b. c. — salvo buen cobro (s. b. f. — salvo buen fin; s. b. r. — salvo buen recibo) Sbn. — Sebastian s. — septiembre S. C. — su casa s/c — su cuenta, su cargo S. C. C. R. M. — Sacra, Ces^ rea, Catolica, Real Majes- tad SOKES. — Suae sores s/cta. — su cuenta S. r. — se despide (S. r. M, — Su Divina Maje^tad) SE . — sudeste secret. — secretaria do seg. segundo S. en C. — Sociedad en Coman- dita sept.® — septiembre Ser."^ ^, Se r.'"". Serma. , Sermo, — Serenisima, Serenisimo serv.° — servicio serv.°^ — servidcr set.® — setiembre S. E. u. 0. — salvo error u omisi6n s/f — su flete, su favor s/fha. — su fecha s/g — su giro te sig. , sig. — siguiente sing. — singular s/l — su letra S. 1. n. a. — sin lugar ni ano S. M.~ Su Majestad (S. M. A. — Su Majestad Apost6lica, S. M. B. — Su Majestad Britanica; S. M. C. — Su -63- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS Majestad Catolica; S. M. F. S. R. M. — Su Real Majestad — Su Majestad Fidelisima; S. M. I. — Su Majestad Im- Srta. — Senorita perial) s/m — sobre mi S.^ — San S. N. — Servicio Nacional s/n — sobre nosotros SO. — sudoeste s. — escribano s/o — su orden Son. — Sonora SS. — seguro servidor S. S. — Su Santidad a S. S. — Su Senoria SS, AA. — Sus Altezas SSE., SS. E. — sudsudeste SS. MM. — Sus Majestades SS. — Santisimo o^ no SS. — escribano SSO. — sudsudoeste Sor. , Sores. — Serlor, Senores S. S. S. — su seguro servidor s/p — su pagar^ SS. SS. — seguros servidores Spna — Espana ^ s. — San spre. — siempre Sptu. — espfritu S.^, S.^^^ ~ Senor, Senores s/r — su remesa S. — Santa, Senorita to S. — Santo Sue. — Sucursal sucio. — servicio Sra. , Sras. — Senora, Senoras suido. — servido sre. — sobre sup. — suplica, suplicante S. R. I. — Santa Romana Igle- sia supertte. — superintendente I te Sria. — Secretaria supl. — suplente, suplicante ria rio — r~ — 7~ te -, . ^ s. , s. , sria. , srio. — sup. — suplicante secretaria secretario -64- I SPECIAL AIDS T. — Titulo t . — tarde Tamps. — Tamaulipas Tel.® — tellfonos te ten. — teniente t^rm. — t^rmino . tes. — tesorero testmto. — testamento test. — testigo, testimonio fios t. — testigos tit. , tit.° — titulo tldo. ~ Toledo t.'^°, t.°, torn. — tomo I) t . — testimonio, testigo, Toledo, trigo, Toritio toldo. — Toledo Ton. — tonelada tpo. — tiempo tra. — tierra 1 trib. — tribunal ts. — testigos U U. , Ud. Uds., UU. ~ usted ustedes u. — un T. -- usted, v^ases, venerable, verslculo, viuda V. — villa, v^ase v/. — vista, vapor v/ . — verslculo a , , V. — Vigilia, villa a V. — villa Vallid. ~ Valladolid V. A. R. — Vuestra Alteza Real s var. — varas d V. B. — Vuestra Beatitud v/c — vuelta de correo Vd., Vds., Vdes. — usted, ustedes v."^^ — viuda vdd. — verdad V. E. — Vuestra Excelencia, Vuecencia e V. — vale vec. — vecmo -65- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS Ver. — Veracruz Vers.° — Versiculo vg. — verbigracia, virgen V. g. , V. gr. — verbigracia vgs. — vlrgenes Vict. — Victoria Vic. te — Vicente Vic. — Vicario vier. — viernes virg. , vlrg.^ — virgen, vfr- genes Vlid. — Valladolid V. M. — Vuestra Majestad Vm. , Vmd. — vuestra me reed, usted v.^ — vellon v.° — vuelto, vecino V. B. — vis to bueno vol., vols. — voliimen, volii- menes V. 0. T. — Venerable Orden Tercera V. P. — Vuestra Paternidad, vale por V. R. — V ue stra Re veren cia vra. , vro. , vras. , vros. — vuestra, vuestro, vues- tras, vuestros Vs. — versus , contra vs. — vpras V. S. I — Vuesenorfa (Usfa) Ilustrlsima V. ^, V. — vuelta, vuelto te . ^ V. — vemte Vts. — voltios VV. , V. V. — ustedes vzno. — vecino X X. — an6nimo , desconocido V tre ... , X. — diciembre x.'"^ — diezmo X. — Cristo xpiano. — cristiano Xpo. — CristD xpobal. , xpoval. — Crist6bal xptiano. — cristismo Xpto. — Cristo Xptobal. — Crist6bal Yuc. — Yucatan Y — Ilustrlsimo -66- SPECIAL AIDS OTHER SYMBOLS - 5|r/ cinco tres cuartos onzas con con, cuen, cor - 9 cruz cuatro pesos dos reales y un ciaarto diciembre — IC" diecisiete pesos xm real dos grsinos -0I7„I^ diez pesos dos pesos est, es -■C)Oio£0 -■/ etcetera libras est( mil noviembre srlinas octubre „ge gire onza p^rrafo pesos --$ pesos fuer tes -$F pesos mone da nac' Lonal — S^n por ciento -% primero -1° segundo -r tercero -5° -67- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS 4, — Weights and Measures. Uniformity in weights and measures throughout the Spanish empire was not achieved until the metric system was officially adopted in 1871. Prior to that date, the detrimental practice of giving varying values to the same unit of weight or measure in different provinces or districts was recognized by the authorities, in spite of the fact that numerous efforts were made to establish uni- form weights and measures by royal decree. The chief difficulty in establishing a uniform system in Spain was that Spain was divided into separate kingdoms; and, even after the political unity was effected, local customs were not readily changed by general decrees. In 125'5, in the Fuero Seal, Law I, Title X, it was ordered: We hereby order all weights and measures by which purchases and sales are made to be correct and uni- form for everyone, both for strangers and residents of the city; they shall not be changed, and the Offi- cers of the Council shall be held responsible for inspecting weights and measures. ^ No standard was mentioned in this law by which the inspectors could examine weights and measures. The laws of the Partida , however, later gave two definitions rela- tive to linear measures: ...one league has three thousand paces ^pasos]... Because many people are in doubt as to the manner of measuring the pace jpassoj in setting landmarks in the cemetery, the holy church has explained it in this manner: let there be five feet to one pace , passada and fifteen dedos to a foot... 2 In the Cortes of Alcala de Henares, in 1349, Alfonso XI, wishing to reestablish the Roman system, had two half-pound standards taken to Spain, one from Cologne, in Germany, and the other from Troyes, in France. ■'•Title X, Law I, quoted in Juan Alvarez, Temas de Historia Econ^mica Argentina, p. 136. ^Partida 2, Title 26, Law 25; and Partida 1, Title 13, Law 4, quoted in Juan Alvarez: op. cit . , p. 137. -68- SPECIAL AIDS The mark of Cologne was used in weighing metals in mints; and the mark of Troyes was used in weighing all other matter. These and other measures had little effect in estab- lishing a uniform system. Several years later, in 1436, John II issued another decree in an attempt at unifica- tion; and, in regard to the existing differences in weights and measures, he stated: "...in one and the same place they have one measure for purchases and one for sales." The confusion with respect to weights and measures was carried from the mother country to the colonies. On December 1, 1573 and on December 3, 1581, Philip II stated: Inasmuch as it has been observed that the conquerors and settlers of the Indies, in all the territory they conquer and settle, establish arbitrary weights and measures, and since many lawsuits develop out of the different values assigned them, and as it is deemed advisable for everyone to trade and carry on commerce with just and standard weights and measures ,... .we hereby order and command the use of Toledo weights and the Castilian vara. . .'* On October 20, 1801, Charles IV established a \iniform system for the Spanish Empire.^ By this system, Castil- ian weights and measures v^re officially to be used throughout the overseas possessions of Spain. In actual practice, however, they were not uniformly used.^ The use of varying lengths for the vara was due perhaps to the fact that each province in Spain had its own length for it, although the Castilian vara was used by several other provinces as well as their own. The problem was further complicated by the fact that Juan Alvarez, op. cit., p. 13b. Recopilacion de Indias , Book IV, Title 12, Law 22. ^ Nov . Recop. , Book IX, Title IX, Law V. IDireccion General del Instituto Geografico y Estadfstico, Equivalenc las entre las Pesas y Medidas Usadas Antigua- mente en las Diversas Provincias de Espana ^ las Legales del Sistema Metrico- Decimal , Madrid (imp rent a de la Direc- cion General del Instituto Geograf ico y Estadfstico) , 1886. -69- HAN0300K FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS there were many values for weights or measures of the same denomination in various provinces or states of Latin- American countries.'^ "Thus, toward the latter part of the XVIII century, the word lihra was applied to 391 different units of weight; and \inder the name of pie . 292 different units of length were designated."" By the Mexican colonization law of Janiiary 4, 1823, the vara was declared to be the unit of land measure. The vara was, therefore, the \init of measure in land surveys in Texas as long as Texas was part of the Mexican republic. The Republic of Texas also adopted the vara as the unit of measure, though an arbitrary length was assigned to it. It is not definitely known how the length of 33 l/3 inches came to be adopted for the vara in Texas. It is known, however, that John P. Borden, a surveyor for the Austin colony , was made the first commissioner of the General Land Office. Since he had been using the 33 l/3 inch vara in the Austin colony, it is probable that he established that vara officially for Texas. All Texas lands surveyed since 1837 were surveyed with the 33 l/3 inch vara, or were intended to be so surveyed. The 33 l/3 vara, however, is a Texas product, used only in Texas. To be able to determine the length of the Spanish vara used in land surveys in Texas, or anywhere else in the New World, it is essential to know whether the surveyor used the Castilian vara or the vara used in any other province in Spain, since they varied in length. Offic- ially, the vara used in Texas was the "Mexican vara," which was composed of three geometric feet (32.808 in.). Actually, however, the surveyor probably used the vara with which he was familiar. If he came to Texas from Castile, he used the Castilian vara (32.90957 in.); if he came from Mexico, he used the Mexican vara; if he came from Alicante, he used the Alicante vara (35.90544 inches). The metric system, developed in France in 1790, was adopted by many countries before 1868, when Spain accepted it. The metric system has the meter and the gram as its bases. Later on the liter was established as the unit of volume. For all practical purposes, the meter may be Valentin Balbin, Sistema de Medietas _y Pesas de la Repu"b- lica Argentina, p. 103. °Karlos Kabezon, La Unifikacion de las Medidas, p. 16. -70- SPECIAL AIDS said to be one ten-millionth part of the distance from the equator to the pole. In the preparation of the following list, the weights and measures used in Spain and Latin-America were first reduced to a value in the metric system; and from that system they were given their equivalent value in weights and measures used in the United States. The original name is listed in the first column; the equivalent in other units of the original, or in the metric system, in the second; and the equivalent in United States values in the third. WEIGHTS AM) MEASURES Original Weight or Measure Foreign U. S. Equivalent adarme algarrolDO almud aranzada are area arpent arpent d'or- donnance arpent des eaux et forets Spain: I/I6 onza Chile: 0.192 grams Chile: 1/2 fanega Spain: 20 X 20 (estadales) Spain: 10 X 10 meters (metric system) Spain 143.115329 sq. v. Spain: 51.07 ares 51.07 " 74.193 grains 2.963 grains 1.2885 bu. 5,264.9536 sq. yds, 119.6 sq. yds. .02471 acre 1.26 acres 1.26 " -71- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS arpent (cont'd) arpent coimnxin 42.07 ares arpent de Paris 34.2 " arpent "belgique 168.84 " 1.04 acres .84 " 4.17 " arrelde Spain: 1 kilog. 185 grams 2 lb. 4,286.12 grains arroba Spain: 3.32 gal. (oil) II 4.26 " (wine) II 25.36 lb. Central America: 25.36 lb. Mexico: 25.367 lb. Mixico: (100 libras) 101.425427512 lb. Ohile: 35.552 litres 37.56779 liq. qts arroz Chile: .036 grams 0.556 grains azumbre Spain, Colombia, Panama: 2.13 liq. qt. Spain, Mexico: (l vara sq. 48 surcos) .857 sq. yd- Spain: 1/8 cantara 1.8322 qts. barril Argentina: 11.875 litros 12.5384 liq. qts. braza Spain 1 meter 672 millim. 1 yd. 29.82 in. caballer£a Costa Rica: 111.82 acres Cuba: 33.2 " Guatemala: 111.51 " Honduras : 111.13 -72- SPECIAL AIDS caballeria (cont'd) cahiz cana de rey c^ntara cavadura carga celemin celemin de tierra centiSra centfgrajno centfmetro Mexico: (12 fanegas) Nicaragua: Puerto Rico: Spain: 60 fanegas Spain: 666 litros Spain: 1 metro 786 millimeters Spain: 60.84 iveas Spain 16.133 liters Spain: 64 copas Spain: 4.3671 iveas Mexico: (2 fanegas) Spain: (Castile) grain Bolivia, Colombia, Panajna, Peini: Spain: l/l2 fanega Spain: 768 sq. yds. Spain: 48 sq. estadales metric system metric system metric system 105.75 acres 112.41 " 194.1 " 95.48 " 694.7746 dry qts. 1 yd. 30.9448 in. 1.503356 acres 4.261935 gals. 14.592 qts. .107911 acre 5.15 bu. 6.3 bu. 0.53 pk. 0.53 pk. 0.133 acres 631.7904 sq. yds. 1.196 sq. in. 0.1543 grains .3937 in. -73- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS code Spain: 1/2 vara 16.5 in. codo de Spain: ribera .5936 meters 23.37 in. copa Spain: l/64 cintara 0.228 qts. 1/128 arrota of wine 0.133 qts. cordel Mexico : 50 varas 46.29 yds. Cuba: 1/324 caballerfas 0.102 acre 6F.77 feei Paraguay: 83 1/3 varas 76.42 yds. Spain: 22.83 ft. coto Spain: 104.5 milimeters 4.1141 in. criadero de ganado mayor Spain, Mexico: 10 225/1,000 caballerfas 1,081.29 acres cuadra Argentina: 150 sq. varas 142.1 sq. yds. Chile: 150 " " 137.13 " " Ecuador: 100 sq. " 91.42 " " Paraguay: 100 sq. " 94.71 " " Uruguay : 100 sq. " 93.42 " " cuarta Brazil: 0.92 acre It 1.03 pk. Paraguay: .20 gal. Spain, Guatemala: 8.23 in. cuartal Spain: 2.3839 dreas .058906 acre -74- SPECIAL AIDS ciiarterada C'aarter6n cuartilla cuartillo cue r da decaesterio dec^gramos dec^etro dec^rea deci^rea deciesterio decfgramo decilitro decfmetro dedo Spain: 71.0311 arens Mexico; 1/4 Hectoliter Spain: (oil) Spain: 1/4 libra Spain: 1/4 arroba Spain: 1/4 fanega Mexico : dry commodities liquids oil Spain: 1/4 celemfn Spain: 1/4 azumbre Puerto Rico: metric system Spain: 1/48 vara 1.712559 acre 0.71 bu. 0.133 liq. qts, 0.253564 lb. 107. gal. 1.57 pk. 1.72 dry qt. 0.482 liq. qt. 0.535 liq. qt . 1.05 dry qt . 1.07 liq. qt. 0.97 acre 13.08 cu. yds. 0.3527 oz. 32.808 ft. 0.2471 acre 11.96 sq. yds. 3.5315 cu. ft. 1.5432 grains 6.1025 cu. in. 3.937 in. 0.6949 in. -75- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS destre mall- Spain: orquin 0.1775 ^reas .004386 acre dia de bueyes Spain: 12.5772 ^ reas .3105286 acre dracma Spain: 1/8 onza 148.387 grains ejido Argentina: 4 leguas CUB,d. 41.7316 sq. mi. emina France: 20 to 47. 6 liters 44.092 lbs. to 104.9389 lbs. escrupulo Mexico: .00119808 kilograms .0026412871 lb estadal Spain: 16 sq. varas 13.37 sq. yds. 4 Castil ian varas 3.656 yds. Nicaragua: 12.34 sq. varas estadel Venezuela: 3.57 yds. estadio Portugal: 282. yds. estado Spain: 2 varas 1.83 yds. esterio metric syst em 1.308 cu. yds. fanega Argentina: 3.89 bu. Chile: 2.75 " Costa Rica: 11.35 " Cuba: 3.0 " Ecuador, El Sal- vador : 1.57 " Gibraltar: 1.60 " Guatemala: 1.58 " Mixico: I' 2.577 " 8.81 acres Parag\iay: 8.17 bu. Spain: 1.58 " Venezuela: 3.33 " -76- SPECIAL AIDS fanega de tierra Spain: 576 sq. esta- dales 8,221.5329 sq. ydi fanegada Canary Islands: Peru: Spain: Venezuela: 1.30 acres 1 . 59 " 1.59 " 1.73 II fanga Brazil: Portugal: 4.12 bu. 1.57 I' ferrado Portugal: 605 sq. varas Spain: 6.3958 ^reas 0.179 acre .158402 acre frasco Argentina 2.51 qt. fundo legal para pue'blos Mexico : 1,200 varas sq. ; 2 36/100 caballerlas 249.57 acres galon Argentina: Peru: Venezuela: 1.01 gal. 0.89 " 0.925 " garrafa Brazil: 0.704 liq. qt geira Portugal: 1.43 acres game Spain: 139 millimeters 5.4772 in. giornatfl Italy: 0.94 acres gramo metric system 15.432 grains grano Spain: l/l2 tomin 2.0609 grains hacienda 25,000 X 5,000 varas 21,684.97 acres -77- HANDBOOK FOR TRAHSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS h^ctara hect6graino hectolitre hect6metro hect6stero hue bra jarra jornal kiloesterio kil6gramo kil6litro kil6metro labor lastre legoa leg\ia metric system II II II II Spain: 22.3595 Sreas Mixico: 18 cuartillos Spain: 48.0415 ^reas metric system II II II II Mexico : Texas: Argentina: 15 fanegas Brazil: 20,000 p^s Portugal: 24 estadios Argentina: Chile: 5,400 varas Mexico : Paraguay: 11 2.471 acres 3.5274 oz. 26.418 gal. 2.838 bu. 109.36 yd. 130.8 cu. yds. .552503 acre 2.17 gal. 1.187105 acres 1,308. cu. yds. 2.2046 lb. 35.315 cu. ft. 0.62137 mi. 174. acres 177.14 acres 58.40 bu. 4.10 mi. 3.85 mi. 3.23 mi. 2.81 mi. 2.60 mi. 2.69 mi. 4,633. acres -78- SPECIAL AIDS legua (cont'd) Spain: 20,000 pies burgaleses 20,000 pies geom^tricos libra Mexico, Spain: .46006272 kilo- grams libra (medical) Mexico, Spain: 12 onzas line Paraguay: linea Argentina, Paraguay 1/432 vara Chile: 1/432 vara Mixico: 1/432 vara Spain: 1/432 vara linha Portugal: 1/144 p^ lino litre maiz mano man z ana Paraguay: metric system II II Chile: 0.128 grams Spain: 10 centimeters Argentina: old, metric Costa Rica, Guate- mala, El Salvador; Honduras: Mexico: Nicaragua: 18,283.099 ft. 19,226.933 ft. 1.0142642 lb, .69729 lb. 1.85 acres 0.0789 in. 0.0769 in. 0.0769 in. 0.0769 in. 0.0902 in. 1.85 acres 61.025 cu. in. .9081 dry qt. 1.0567 liq. qt , 1.975 grains 3.9370 in. 1.85 acres 2.47 " 1.73 " 1.723 " 1.833 " 1.74 " -79- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS marco mecate medio megametro melo metro micro microlitro micromilimetro miglio milha miliesterio miligramo mililitro milimetro milla milliar Mixico: 2 7/8 varas 1/2 libra Honduras : 24 varas Spain: 1/24 fanega metric system Portugal: l/24 almude l/8 fanega metric system n It Italy (Naples) : " (Rome) : " metric system Brazil: Portugal: metric system It II 11 II II II Honduras: Nicaragua: Spain: Venezuela: metric system 2.66 yds. .5071321 l"b. 22. yds. 2.01 dry q.ts. 621.4 mi. 0.727 liq. qts. 6.28 dry qts. 39.37000 in. 0.000039 in. 0.000061 cu. in. 0.000039 in. 1.38 mi. 0.925 mi. 0.621 mi. 1.21 mi. 1.28 mi. 0.0353 cu. ft. 0.0154 grains 0.0610 cu. ft. 0.03937 in. 1.149 mi. 1.159 mi. 0.866 mi. 1.154 mi. 1.076 sq. ft. -80- SPECIAL AIDS mine mirialitro miri&netro miriara mi sura mojada France (Orleans) metric system moyo naranja obrada ochavillo onza paja palmo panilla II II II II Balearic Islands: Brazil: Portugal: Spain: 48.9650 acres Spain: 16 c^ntaras Spain, Mexico: 16 sq. dedos Spain: 58.8318 ^reas Spain: 1/32 celemfn Mexico: .02875392 kilo- grams Spain: 28 grains 755 milligrams Spain, Mexico: 1/3 dedo Balearic Islands; Italy: Portugal, Brazil; Spain: Spain: 1/4 libra 0.92 "bu. 283.7 "bu. 2,642.7 gals. 6.2137 mi. 247.1 acres 4.29 gal. 61.8 bu. 23.6 bu. 1.209925 acres 58.368 gals. 0.6831 in. 1.332183 acres 0.016 pk. .0633908 lbs. 1,187.096 grains 0.23 in. 7.70 in. 3.94 in. 8.66 in. 8.23 in. .253564 lb, -81- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS paso paso de Salomon passo p^s peonada peonia pie pie "bur- gales pie geom^t- rico pied pi^de pinte pipa pouce pulgada Spain: 1 2/3 varas Spain, Mexico: Brazil: 5 p^s Portugal: Ancient Rome (foot) Spain: 39.1292 Spain: 50 X 100 pies 1.52 yds. 1.52 yds. 1.80 yds. 1.08 ft. 11.64 in. .9668825 acre 4,178.5 sq. ft. Paraguay: 1/3 vara 11.36 in. Spain: 1/3 vara; 16 dedos 10.97 in. Spain: Spain: France : 12 pouce s Italy: France : Brazil: France : Mexico: 1/12 pie Spain: 12 lineas 10.969 in. 10.936 in. 1.066 ft. 11.223 in. 0.984 liq. qts. 126.6 gal. 1.066 in. 0.916 in. 0.914 in. -82- SPECIAL AIDS punto Italy: Spain, Mexico: 0.14 in. 0.000354 in. quarto Brazil: 1/16 fanga 8.23 dry qts. quintal Mexico: Central America: South America: metric system 101.44 Its. 101.41 " 101.4 " 220.46 " raci6n Spain: 1/192 fanega 0.0082 tu. rolDada Spain: .222635 acre sitio Mexico : 492.28 fanegas 4,338.18 acres sitio de gan- ado mayor Mixico : 5,000 sq. varas 4,629.166 sq. yds. stero Italy: 35.31 cu. ft. suerte Nicaragua: Uruguay: 2,700 cuadras Mexico: 552 X 276 varas 3.48 acres 7.69 sq. mi. 511.06 yds. X 255.53 yds. surco Mexico: 48 dedos 6 dedos "base , 8 height 4.14 "base x 5.52 height in tahulla Spain 11.1823 &reas .27631463 acn tapia Spain: 3.882 sq. meters 5.0355 sq. yd. tarea Out a: 82.56 sq. yds. -83- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS toesa Spain: 1 meter 672 millimeters 1 yd. 30.3566 in. toesa del Peru tomfn tonel Peru: 1.94902 meters Spain: 1/3 adarme Brazil : 2 pipas 2 yd. 4.6329 in. 24.731 grains 253.2 gals. tonelada Argentina: Portugal: Spain: 920 k. 185 grams 29.20 bu. 229.98 gals. 2,028.5 lb. 978.92 grains tonneau tonneau de j auge metric system international: 2,204.6 lbs. 100. cu. ft. trigo Chile: 0.048 grams Argentina, Paraguay: Brazil: Chile, Gxiatemala, Peru, El Salvador; Colombia: Cuba: Honduras : Mexico: 838 millimeters Nicaragua: Portugal legalized: 0.740 grains 34.09 in. 43.31 in. 32.91 in. 31.5 in. 33.39 in. 32.87 in. 32.99 in. 33.06 in. 43.11 in. -84- SPECIAL AIDS vara (cont'd) Texas: California: Uruguay: Spain: Alava: 0.835905 meters Altacete: 0.837 Alicante: 0.912 Almerfa 0.833 Avila: 0.835905 Badajoz: 0.835905 Baleares: 0.782 Burgos: 0.835905 Cdceres: 0.835905 Cddiz: 0.835905 Canarias: 0.842 Oastell6n 0.906 Castilla: 0.835905 Ciudad-Real: 0.839 C6rdo'ba: 0.835905 Coruila 0.843 Cuenca: 0.835905 Granada : 0.835905 Guadalajara: 0.835905 Guipilzeoa: 0.837 Huelva: 0.835905 meters 33.33 in. 33. in. 33.63 in. 32.909579 inches 32.95269 35.90544 32.79521 32.909579 32.909579 30.78734 32.909579 32.909579 32.909579 33.14954 35.66922 32.909579 33.03143 32.909579 33.18891 32.909579 32.909579 32.909579 32.95269 32.909579 -85- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS vara (cont'd) Hue sea: 0.772 meters Ja^n: ■ 0.839 " Le6n: 0.835905 " L^rida: 0.778 " LoroKo: 0.837 " Lugo: 0.855 " Madrid: 0.843 " Malaga : 0.835905 " Murcia: 0.835905 " Navarra: 0.785 " Ore'nse : 0.835905 " Oviedo : 0.835905 " Palencla: 0.835905 " Pontevedra: 0.835905 " Salamanca: 0.835905 " Santander: 0.835905 " Segovia: 0.837 " Sevilla: 0.835905 " Soria: 0.835905 " Tarragona: 0.780 " Teruel: 0.768 " Toledo: 0.837 " Valencia: 0.906 " 30.39364 inches 33.03143 " 32.909579 " 30.62986 " 32.95269 " 33.66135 " 33.18891 " 32.909579 " 32.909579 " 30.90545 " 32.909579 " 32.909579 " 32.909579 " 32.909579 " 32.909579 " 32.909579 " 32.95269 " 32.909579 " 32.909579 " 30.70860 " 30.23616 " 32.95269 " 35.66922 " -86- SPECIAL AIDS vara (cont'd) vara de Ritera Valladolid: 0.835905 Meters Vizcaya: 0.835905 " Zamora: 0.835905 " Zaragoza: 0.772 " Mexico: 36 pulgadas Spain: yugada 5. Monetary Terms. Spain: 460,800 sq. varas 32.909579 Inches 32.909579 " 32.909579 " 30.39364 " 9 32.97 in. .1401139 acre 79.65 acres The names of most c foreign language. Oc ent can "be found; as the coin should he re in brackets. In inte values are difficult exists among experts values; some would us the value of the basi to advantage. oins cannot he translated into a casionally an approximate correspond- a rule, however, the original name of tained and the equivalent value given rnational exchange, exact equivalent to obtain. G-reat divergence of opinion in the matter of ascertaining money e the purchasing power of money; others c metal; index-numbers are often used The problem is further complicated by the confusion which existed in Spain and her colonies with respect to the value of coins of the same denomination in different parts of the empire because of the unstable market value of the basic metals, and because of the fluctuating prices of basic commodities such a? wheat, salt, and meat, due to local con- dition. Abuses by private persons with respect to the coinage and use of money further complicated the problem. In New Spain smd in the Interior Provinces of Spain, the section I ^Direcci(5n General del Instituto Geografico y Estadis t ico , op. cit. -87- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS of the United States now included in the territory from California to Texas, such alDuses were a common practice. The following letter sets forth the state of affairs in this section of the Spanish Empire with unusoial clearness: Among the many matters relating to the government and administration of these dominions that are clamoring for prompt and effective remedy, the improper use of imaginary money is, without doubt, one of the most worthy of attention. All dealers, in beverages, foodstuffs, clothing, and raw materials arbitrarily coin money out of small pieces of wood or copper. Their places of business are known as mestizas , cacahuaterfas . or pulquerfas ; and their coins as tlacos . The tlacos have the identifying marks of their res- pective maker; each tlaco is worth one-eighth of one tomin , or regualr silver real; but whether or not it has this value, it is not accepted anywhere except in the place of business of the maker. The disorders, abuses, and, consequently, the extremely grave harm resulting from this kind of commerce or pri- vate trade so generally tolerated is great and requires an extensive explanation. Such an explanation was made to His Majesty by a man by the name of Don Agustfn Corona, who suggested the coinage of copper coins and the absolute prohibi- tion of the use of the imaginary coin known as tlaco . By royal cedula dated October 21, 1767, information relative to the advantages or disadvantages of the pro- posed project was requested from this office. Captain General Marques de Croix was then viceroy. He had already commenced to take steps for the careful inspection or visitation of mestiza stores, and he had already noted the advantage of the orders for the ex- tirpation of tlacos and the substitution of copper coins, when he received the afore-cited cedula. He immediately requested official opinion, in accor- dance with instructions. Although he received adverse opinions from the tribunals of this consulado, from the -88- SPECIAL AIDS procurator general of this city, and from the superin- tendent of the mint, who took exception to the official proposal and objected to the consulting vote of the royal acuerdo, he accepted the favorable opinion of Eon Francisco Leandro de Viana, who at that time was discharging one of the positions of alcalde de corte of this audiencia . He had good reasons for accepting it, for the opinion expressed by this zealous official was substantial, clear, and the greater part of it was based on knowledge acquired by him through first-hand experience in the aforesaid visitation of stores, a commission which was wisely confided to him in view of his ability, hon- esty, and experience, and because he had promoted and carried out in Manila, with the greatest felicity, the project under consideration for New Spain. The Marques de Croix forwarded to the Supreme Council of the Indies a complete copy of the expediente , to- gether with a confidential report dated December 25, 1769, On the same date he forwarded the same information, likewise confidentially, to the secretaries Marques de Grimaldi and Era:' Don Julian de Arriaga, recommend- ing the great advantages to be derived from the most useful project suggested. After having seen and examined most carefully and min- utely everything set forth therein abov.t this matter, I have been so impressed with it that if I were to waste one instant in promoting it, I should feel that I were failing in the fulfilment of my strictest duty and responsibility. I cannot conceal the facts, knowing that mestiza stores, cacahuaterfas , or pulquerj!as serve as deposi- tories for articles stolen by domestic servants who despoil their masters, by respectable young men who thus torture their parents, and by gamblers and pro- fligates who neglect their wives and children and leave them naked. The cause of the existence of such disgraceful depos- itories for stolen goods is the use of imaginary coins, which gives rise to disorders and usuary, for jewels -89- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS and other articles are accepted at pawnshops only with usury. The storekeeper takes security for three times the amount of the loan. He makes a loan, for instance, of ten pesos, when they ask him for a loan of twenty on an article which costs forty. It is \inderstood, of course, that half the loan is to be made in cash and half of it in tlacos , that these are given at the rate of four for half of one real , and that they return to the borrower at tlie rate of five to one; thus the victim does not remedy his situation; he merely converts into silver coin his imaginary wood or copper money, which was coined by the storekeeper, and which cannot circulate elsewhere. This monopoly makes it impossible for the poverty- stricken people to seek necessities to satisfy their hunger in establishments where better opportunities and greater facilities are offered with reference to things they desire or need. If one tlaco is spent for bread out of one-half real, three tlacos are not used until the store, where they were coined, has the articles or merchandise for which they are to be spent. There is, then, no other alternative but to make use of usurious exchange for this worthless coin, thereby losing twenty- five or fifty percent. Worse still, tlacos are also subject to being left without any value whatever, since, in case of the bank- ruptcy of the storekeepers, there is no one to redeem tiiem in circulation. The same is true very often in the case of transfers of stores from one merchant to another. Frequently the articles pawned are lost. Sometimes, at the time such articles are to be redeemed, they are shown to have greater amounts charged against them and nothing can be done about it. These excessive charges are always detrimental to the wretched owners. Many effective and salutary measures have been issued by all my predecessors to remedy this and other less harmful effects resulting therefrom. Palliative re- medies, however, as a rule produce no other results than to aggravate these evils of long standing to the griev- ous point of making them incurable. -90- SPECIAL AIDS Such are, without a doubt, the evils suffered "by the people of these dominions with respect to the circula- tion of tlacos . These coins ought to be extirpated; and this voluntary, intolerable, and despicable coin should be replaced by a standard coin of a small denom- ination and general and certain acceptance, as is done in all civilized countries in proportion to their needs. I believe there is no greater need in any part of the world than there is in that territory included within the vast dominions of New Spain, whose inexhaustible riches do not remedy the misery of its inliabitants , who live on a daily wage. Whether this wage be large or small, it is always converted into imaginary coin for the acquisition of sustenance; and it is not sufficient to clothe the most shameless nakedness. In the extensive and rich Interior Provinces, only within very recent years have silver coins been circu- lated with some regularity; and gold coins only rarely, since gold coins are introduced there only by chance; and silver coins are taken there only in sufficient n^'um.- bers to cover one third or one fourth of the money al- lottments due the troops on the frontier. Consequently, the lack of coined money compels the people, because of that fertile greed of mankind, to invent imaginary money. This money has not been, nor can it be, entirely extinguished. Nor does it easily lend itself to as clear an explanation as I would like to give it, if the confusing differences encountered in this unusual matter should permit. One who possesses regular money is said to possess everything, for that kind of money is equivalent to any- thing he may need. This statement is not true in the Interior Provinces, where sales and purchases are made by the barter or exchange of one article for another, in such a manner that a poor man is compelled to make many exchanges in order to obtain whatever he needs. It is true that in place of coin, silver bars are circulated; but they vary in value because of the dif- ferent laws and ordinances. Furthermore, this imaginary, rough, and uncoined money is to be found only in the -91- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS possession of miners, or, rather, the merchants who furnish them with supplies for the payment of laborers, purchase of mules, equipment, and for the cultivation of farms. The merchant, who is really the owner of everything, arbitrarily sets the price of everything. He sells clothing and other articles at whatever price can "be obtained from the purchaser, according to his meems. Although known kinds of cloth, for instance, may have a fixed regulation price of one peso, or ten, twelve, or fourteen reales, which is the highest price, there is always a chance for alteration. Since such a rate is based on arbitrary principles, use is made of the one which is most advantageous to the merchant. Singe the fraud is neither noticed nor investigated, contracts are generally fulfilled. As I stated above, it is not easy to explain a matter that requires varied laiowledge and many exaunples to be understood. Nevertheless, since my purpose is to describe the harm caused the wretched Indian and the poverty-stricken day laborer by these truly imaginary coins; I shall give sufficient facts to enable one to form an opinion about the matter. An Indian working for a daily wage, for instance, earns six pesos per month at the rate of two reales each day, excepting holidays. His overseer pays him with three varas of native baize; the price of baize is two pesos per vara. The overseer, however, purchases the baize from a merchant at the rate of half its regular price, which is ten or twelve reales. Con- sequently, he pays the Indian only four and a half pesos for the six pesos he earns in one month. If the purchase was made at the minimiim price of seven or eight reales, then the overseer pays the Indian only three pesos and six reales. The small amovint of silver in current circulation in a few of the Interior Provinces (for it has not yet reached New Mexico, and it is just beginning to circu- late in California), has, to a certain extent, remedied usurious trade. This benefit, however, does not reach the wretched population who are in need of a coin of small denomination in order not to incur a loss -92- SPECIAL AIDS in the exchange of the coin of high denomination which they acquire and must exchange for things of small cost, such as food, medicines, and similar articles. The coinage of copper coins would remedy all the grave harm caused "by the circulation of tlacos in all the provinces of this extensive kingdom, where the use of imaginary frontier money is current. The circulation of the precious metals, which they urgently need, should be encouraged; and copper coins should be used for ordinary purchases throughout New Spain. The great advantages of the establishment of this new coin of low denomination should have two objectives; first, its intrinsic value should not alter that of food, clothing, notions, and other kinds of merchandise; sec- ond, the amount coined should not exceed the limits of the need which makes such coinage necessary as to pro- vincial coin; and its circulation should be confined to the territory of New Spain. The regular silver real has a value of twelve granos . Using this coin as a standard, two kinds of copper coins should be made: one with the value of one grano ; the other with the value of half of one grano . Thus there would be no alteration in the price of merchandise. The purchase of the most insignificant articles could continue to be effected, as now, with cacao s . with no other harm than the tendency to usury caused by the use of tlacos, which should be absolutely forbidden. The regulation of the amount of copper coins to be put in circulation in each province or intendency is not difficult. The general census now being taken will record the number of families which may be used as a basis to compute the amount of small denomination coins needed. I would present to Your Excellency a detailed report on the subject of this letter, including the smallest details, but the report furnished by the Count of Tepa and the one prepared by the Marques de Croix, which was sent to the Council of the Indies together with a com- plete expediente on the matter, make it unnecessary for me to spend any more time in setting forth the great benefits to be derived from the advantageous project of -93- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS the extirpation from this kingdom of all imaginary coins, and the establishment of copper coins. Adverse opinions have no other foundation than the great difficulties brought forth by the whims of men who are satisfied with established custom whether or not it is beneficial, especially when the harm is felt less where it cannot do its full damage. I wish to overcome any difficulties that may have any bearing on the royal service and the general welfare, and my zeal shall be unfailing in realizing and proniot- ing their happiness. Thus I will try to fulfill the obligations of my office, loyalty, gratitude, zeal, and love which I dedicate at the feet of the king with the deepest respect. I beg Your Excellency to make all this known to His Majesty, and to give me whatever instruc- tions may be forthcoming in view of this letter. May God guard Your Excellency many years. Mexico, March 27, 1790. El Conde de Revilla G-igedo Don Antonio Valdez-^ Imaginary money of various types was used in isolated provinces, where little bullion was to be found. On the Texas coast, for instance, in the year 1828, the following statement was recorded: ...an opportunity was offered to trade an order of five cows and calves for hewed logs sixteen feet long to build one room; . . .The order of one cow and calf had by custom become a circulating medium for $10, hence the order for five cows and calves for these logs. 2 The economist or the numismatist may be greatly concerned about the state of international exchange at different periods of history. We assiune that the historian, however, is usually satisfied merely with an approximate working equivalent for the par value of obsolete coins. Proceeding on this assumption, therefore, in the determination of Transcripts, The Archives Collections, The University of Texas . '^Mrs. Mary Sherwood Helm, Scraps of Early Texas History. B. R. Warner & Co . , Austin, TexasT 1884 , p. 47. -94- SPECIAL AIDS modern United States equivalent values for Spanish coins from 1492 to 1850, we have used as a basis the tables for 1492 to 1928 prepared by Juan Alvarez in his work entitled Temas de Historia Econ6mica Argentine , o_, Equivalencia ac - tual de las monedas usadas en el_ territorio argentine (1492- 1928 ) . By transferring the values of Argentine money to United States money for 1936, as given in the Handbook of Foreign Currencies, prepared by the Department of Commerce , in 1936, and a pamphlet entitle Monetary Systems of the Principal Countries of the World , compiled in the Office of the Director of the Mint, 1916, we have obtained o\ir equivalent values for coins used betv;een the years 1492 and 1850. Juan Alvarez explains his method of arriving at modern Argentine equivalent values of ancient Spanish coins in the following lines: It is impossible to determine exactly how much and how the purchasing power of one metal oscillated from 1492 to our times. To attempt to study the problem of the combined oscillations of both metals would be to accumulate difficulties. Consequently, I decided to adopt gold as the sole standard, even though in fact Spain was not monometallic, and for a long time her coins were struck without adhering to a basic and gen- eral type. In the face of the difficulty in determining exactly the nature of the variations in the purchasing power of gold, I have adopted as a hypothesis that it re- mained invariable; and that from 1492 that metal had a value of $0.6888 [Argentine money) per gram, which price is still assigned to it in accordance with the calculations made during the first years of the French republic (l kilogram of gold — 3,444.44 francs — 688.88 gold Argentine pesos). I have reference to the gold peso of our monetary law of November 5, 1881, with 9/l0 fineness, and 1.6129 grams. In the following computa- tions I have reduced it to paper money at the rate of $1 paper money to 0.44 gold, in accordance with the law of conversion of October 31, 1899, which is in force to- day, or the same as that used as the basis for our sta- tistical tables. Consequently, I am attributing to each gold coin a permanent value as long as its legal value does not change; for example, I attribute to it the val- -95- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS ue of $4.85 paper money to one gold escudo . from 1537 to 1771. Likewise, I have made use of the hypothesis that silver continued to fall in value with relation to gold, from 1:1.11 which it had at the end of the XV century to the maximum of 1:17 reached during the first inde- pendent government (Of Argentina] . Likewise I have made use of gold value in relation to copper coins. For the reasons given ahove, I "believe that these bases pennit one to obtain results which are amply practical. I have not made use of fractions of smaller denomination than one centavo because I think there are chances of making major errors- For facility in exposition, I have divided the tables into various periods, corresponding to as many important changes in the monetary system. They are arranged in twelve groups, in which these dates are in- cluded; Years 1492-1537 1537-1566 1567-1608 1609-1642 1642-1686 1686-1728 Years 1728-1737 1737-1771 1772-1811 1812-1862 1862-1881 1882-19283 Since the equivalent values of coins used prior to the year 1492, as given in the lists below, were obtained by a tortuous method and in a manner not altogether satisfactory, they may be used only with caution. Nevertheless, these values are useful in determining the comparative worth of personal or real property. The fine weight of silver or gold of certain coins was ascertained, and their equivalent value was found by giving the pure gold or silver its equiv- alent value in United States currency for 1936. It was found that in Jsuauary, 1936, the Spanish peseta, which con- ^Juan Alvarez, Temas de Historia Icon(5inica Argentina! Equivalencia actual de las monedas usadas en el terr i- torio argentino (1492-1928) , pp. 31, 35. -96- SPECIAL AIDS tains 64.4301 grains of silver,"^ had a par value of $0.3267.^ At this rate, therefore, one grain of silver was valued at $0.00507. A ten peseta gold coin, which is not in circula- tion, contains 44.8036 grains of gold. One grain of gold, therefore, was valued at $0.0729, and one ounce at $34.9920. The weight of the silver maravedf was known for definite periods "between 1312 and 1550. Once its value was deter- mined, the maraved^ was used as a unit in ascertaining the par value of other coins. For that purpose, the following tahle was used: Table I Maravedf Date Number of Maraved£s Contents of Par Value To the Cologne Mark Tine Silver, Grains United States, 1936 1312 130 25.85 $0.1310 1324 125 26.86 0.1361 1368 200 16.79 0.0851 1379 250 13.43 0.0680 1390 500 6.71 0.0340 1406 1,000 3.35 0.0169 1454 2,250 1.49 0.0075 1550^ 2,210^ 1.52^ 0.0077 In determining the par value of coins used during the reign of Alfonso the Wise and "before, the following table was used; Table II Date Najne of Coin Metal Weight in Grains Par Value United States Currency, 1936 Goths libra gold 4,608 $335.9232 i United States Department of Commerce, Handtook of Foreign Currencies . Washington: ttovernment Printing Office, 1936, p. 186. ^rbid_. , p. 185. ^W. A. Shaw, The History of_ Currency , 1252 to_ 1894, &. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, N. Y., 1899, p. 321. -97- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS Table II (cont'd) Goths onza gold Goths ochava gold Goths tomfn gold Goths sueldo gold Goths sueldo silver Goths denario silver Moors maravedf silver James I , Aragon maravedf silver Alfonso X"^ maravedf ' silver''' 576 72 12 96 96 72 56 14 10' $41.9904 5.2488 0.8748 6.9984 0.4867 0.3650 0.2839 0.0709 0.0507 Aside from the fact that the subject of international exchange is extremely complicated and beyond our field of study, we believe that historians are principally interested in approximate equivalent par values that may be safely used in historical investigation of a general nature. Conse- q^uently, we have listed in alphabetical order the names of most Spanish coins in use in Spain and her colonies from the twelfth through the twentieth century. Next to the name of the coin, we have placed the name of the predominant metal to be found in the coin in brackets, except in cases where it could not be readily ascertained. In the second column we have listed the date when the coin was struck, the date when it was in use, or the name of the king during whose reign the value given was current. The third column lists the equivalent par value in United States currency for January, 1936. SPANISH COINS WITH THEIR APPROXIMATE PAR VALUE IN UNITED STATES CURRENCY Name Date Approximate Equivalent in U. S. Currency, 1936 Aguila Agneus Dei ( silver] Agneus Dei [Vell6n] 1497 1388 1394 $3.7223 0.034 0.0056 "^W. A. Shaw, The History of Currency. 1252 to 1894, B. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, N. Y., 1899, pp. 319-323. -98- SPECIAL AIDS Agneus Dei (Vell6n , Alfonsi J gold, blanca [Vell6n] Henry IV, 1454-1474 Alfonso VI , Henry IV, 1454-1474 0.0009 0.4867 0.0009 "blanca ^ silver. "blanca [Vell6n "blanca nueva [VellSn, Henry III, 1394-1406 1497 John III, 1406-1454 "blanca vieja [Vell6n] John III, cacao f nut j castellano [gold. castellano [gold. castellano [gold, castellano [gold] castellano (gold. castellano [gold, castellano [gold, centavo , copper. cincuen 0.0170 0.0031 0.0169 cincuen (Velldn 1406-1454 0.0084 1790 0.0011 Alfonso XI, 1302-1350 6.9984 1455 3.1500 June 13, 1497 5.1128 1500 5.1128 Philip III, December 13, 1612 4.5574 Charles II, 1686 28.8150 Philip V, March 17, 1719 28.8150 1850 0.0156 Henry III , 1394-1406 0.0170 1455 0.0037 -99- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS cornado jSilver] cornado (Vell($n) cornado nuevo [Vell6nj cornado nuevo [Vell6n, cornado viejo (Vell^nj cornado viejo fVell6n| corona fgold] coronado , silver] cruzado ^ silver] Henry II, 1369 $0.0851 John III, 1406-1454 0.0084 Henry III, 1394-1406 0.0056 Henry IV, 1454-1474 0.0037 Henry III, 1394-1406 0.0056 Henry IV, 1454-1474 0.0009 1497 3.7570 1284-1295 0.1017 Henry II, 1369-1379 0.0238 cruzado de oro portuguls [gold] 1500 3. 9204 cruzado de Portugal [gold.] June 13, 1497 3 9204 cuartilla [Silver] 1800 0528 cuartillo ( copper] 1497 0857 cuarto excelente jgoldj June 26, 1475 1 5750 dinero 1252 0050 dinero prieto [Vell6n] 1256 0650 dinero nuevo {Vell6n] Henry III, 1394-1406 .0034 dinero nuevo (Vell6n] Henry IV, 1454-1474 .0038 ■100- SPECIAL AIDS dinero viejo (Vell6nj dinero vie jo jvell6nj dobla [gold] dotla [gold] dobla [gold] do"bla [gold] dotla [gold] i f dotila [gold] dobla [gold] dotla [gold] dobla [gold] dotla [gold] dotla [gold] do"bla [gold] dobla [gold] dobla [gold] dobla castellana Henry III, 1394-1406 $0.0034 Henry IV, 1454-1474 0.0038 Alfonso X 1252-1284 3.5490 Sancho IV, 1284-1295 2.8820 Ferdinand IV, 1295-1312 3.1440 Alfonso XI , 1302-1350 3.2750 Henry II , September 1, 1369 3.2338 John I , 1379-1390 3.7400 John I , 1387 3.4000 John I, 1388 2.3800 Henry III, 1394-1406 3.2440 Henry IV, 1454-1474 3.1500 1462 4.4100 1465 6.3000 1480 3.2625 June 13, 1497 3.7440 John I. December 26, 1388 2.3800 -101- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS dolila de la banda j gold | Juan II, 1406-1454 dobla de la banda f gold] 1434 dobla de la banda fgold'jl442 dobla de la banda (gold] 1472 dobla inarroq_uf [gold Henry II , September 1, 1369 dobla morisca jgold] dobla morisca .gold] dobl6n |gold] dobl6n (gold) de a 8 ducado (gold] ducado J gold] ducado ( gold , duc-^do veneciano [gold] 1500 duro (Silver] Enrique [ gold j Enrique (gold] Enrique castellano (gold] escudito (gold] escudo (gold] escudo [gold] 1.8759 1.7576 1.6900 2.2500 3.0696 John I , December 26, 1388 2.1760 1455 0.2570 1497 5.1128 1609-1642 27.8981 Henry III, 1394-1406 1.0200 1455 1.2375 June 13, 1497 3.9204 1500 3.9000 June 13, 1497 2.7442 Henry IV 1471 3.1500 1497 4.9920 February 20, 1475 3.2625 1772-1811 1.8948 September 1, 1369 3.0696 1537 3.9204 -102- SPECIAL AIDS escudo 1 gold] Charles V, 1516-1556 $3.9204 escudo 1 gold] NovemlDer 23, 1566 3.4875 escudo ( gold] January 1 , 1609 3.4875 escudo gold| December 13, 1642 3.4875 escudo gold] January 12, 1643 3.4875 escudo gold] November 14, 1652 3.4875 escudo gold] October 14, 1586 3.4875 escudo [Silver] October 16, 1686 1.7315 escudo gold] November 26, 1586 3.4875 escudo gold] February 8, 1725 3.4875 escudo gold] September 2, 1''28 3.4875 escudo [gold] September 16, 1755 3.4875 escudo [gold] 1812-1862 3.9160 escudo c (gold ie la corona ) 1500 3.5360 excelen te |gold] June 26, 1475 6.3000 excelen te [gold] June 13, 1497 10.2420 excelen la Gr te entero de anada (gold) 1497 3.9204 florfn [gold] February 20, 1475 1 . 8000 florfn de Arag6n [gold] florfn de Arag6n igold, September 1, 1369 Henry III, 1394-1406 1.9573 1.7871 -103- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS florfn de arag6n [gold] Henry iV, 1454-1474 florin de Arag6n (goldj June 13, 1497 florin de Florencia [gold) florin de Florencia [gold] grano gros tournois justo fgold] le6n [gold] libra [gold] maravedl [gold] maravedl noveno maravedl burgal^s maravedl vie jo maravedl bianco maravedl antiguo [gold] maravedl [Silver] inaravedl[ silver] maravedl de blanca maravedl noveno [Silver] maravedl [Vell6n) maravedf [Vell6n] $1.7020 3.7223 September 1, 1369 2.1275 1500 3.7223 1750 0.0190 Alfonso X, 1252-1284 0.0600 1497 5.8760 1157 4.3800 Goths 35.9232 1157 6.9817 1252 0.0507 1252 0.6105 1252 0.6105 1252 0.6105 1252 5.8500 1252-1284 0.0507 Henry IV, 1454-1474 0.0075 Henry IV 1454-1474 0.0210 Alfonso X, 1252-1284 0.0650 1537-1566 0.0099 1609-March, 1625 0.0076 -104- SPECIAL AIDS maravedf [Vell6nj maravedf [Vell6nj maravedf fVell6ni March, 1625 April, 1636 May, 1636 January, 1638 January, 1638 October, 1641 maravedf [vell6nj 1641-1642 maravedf de la guerra 1252-1284 maravedf ,morisco [gold] Alfonso X, 1252-1284 maravedf viejo maravedf prieto marco ( silver ] marco Alfonsi jgoldj Marfa (Silver ^ meaja nueva (Vell6n] meaja vieja [Vell6nj medio noble (gold) ochava f copper ^ octavo [Copper] octavo [imaginary] onza [gold] onza [gold J 0.0071 0.0063 0.0061 0.0052 0.0507 6.9817 Sancho IV, 1284-1294 0.6105 1258 0.2028 Alfonso X, 1252-1284 6.3375 April 14, 1299 335.9232 1686 1.3884 Henry III, 1394-1406 0.0005 Henry IV, 1454-1472 0.0037 1750 0.0898 1497 11.1699 1750 0.0053 1497 0.0428 1750 0.0024 1509-1642 27.9001 1750 27.9001 -105- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS onza (gold) 6vulo (vell6nj pepi6n [Vell6n| peseta jsilver] peseta [Silver] peso, or real de a 8 peso (Silver) peso [Silver] peso de tepuzque [Silverj peso duro [Silverj peso fuerte [Silverj pil6n [Copper] real , silverj real ( silverj real [Silverj real [Silverj real [Silver] real rsilverj real , silverj 1812-1862 $26.5770 John III, 1406-1454 0.0042 Ferdinand III, 1217-1252 0.0325 Philip III, 1598-1621 0.5227 Isabel II, April 15, 1848 0.7775 1642-1686 1.5844 1800 1.4584 1812-1862 1.5632 1520 2.8288 1800 1.8230 1777-1811 1.7151 1750 0.0066 Alfonso XI, 1312-1350 0.2620 Pedro I, 1350-1360 0.4083 Henry II, 1369-1379 0.2553 John I, 1379-1390 0.2720 December 26, 1388 . 2040 1391 0.2720 Henry III, 1394-1406 0.1020 ■106- SPECIAL AIDS al [ silver j 1406 al [Silver] John II, real real real real real real real real real real real real silver] silver] silver ) vell6n] vell6nj velldn ] vell6n] vell6n.i silver silver] vell6n] silver j real de a 8 [Silver | reis [imaginary, salute [gold] salute J gold I seisin [Silverj 1406-1454 Henry IV, 1454-1474 April 18, 1471 1497 Philip III, 1609-1625 March, 1625 April, 1636 May, 1636 January, 1638 January, 1638 October, 1642 December, 1641 $0.0507 0.0718 0.1500 0.2625 . 3546 0.0212 0.2286 0.2123 0.1960 July, 1642 0.1633 1812-1862 0.1943 Philip IV, 1652 0.1960 1686 0.1155 1772-1811 0.2123 Charles II, October 16, 1686 1.6988 1800 0.0046 John II, 1442 1.6900 1497 3.9118 1303 0.0480 -107- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS seisino j silver] sueldo f silver] sueldo J silver) sueldo [Silver] tlacc [WOod, copper] tomfn (Silver J tost6n jsilver] Alfonso X, 1252-1284 $0.0480 1157 0.4867 Ferdinand III , 1217-1252 0.0407 Alfonso X, 1252-1284 0.0407 1790 0.0264 1790 0.2112 1800 0.8492 -108- CHAPTER Y IRAN SCR I PTI 0)1 Occasionally the difficulties encountered in reading a document necessitate its transcription before an attempt can "be made to translate it. Moreover, in order to prolong the life of fragile docioments or those that are in great demand, it is often necessary to make transcriptions. What- ever the purpose of the transcription may "be, any copy of a document should "be so faithful and reliable that the reader will not "be compelled to refer to the original in order to verify its content. Consequently, the transcri"ber should bear in mind the fact that transcription of a docu- ment does not imply the right to edit it.^ It must be borne in mind that the forms employed in re- cording Spanish historical documents were not an innovation created by the author overnight or introduced on the spur of the moment. They were the product of gradiial but con- stant experimentation by writers throughout the centuries. Because of the scarcity of suitable writing materials, records had to be concise; since they served as the final authority in legal matters, they had to be accurate; at the same time, they had to be conveniently arranged for easy reference. The results of such experience were gathered and taught in a few places of learning to a limited number of scribes, who went out to record the vast quantities of doc^uments which are now resting in archives and awaiting the searcher or translator of today. It is evident that each form was employed by the scribe to answer a definite purpose. If he used abbreviations, they quite frequently occured at the end of a line where the space was too lim- The discussion of the various pro'blems of transcription and the rules set down at the end of this chapter are the result of the study of certain rules for transcription set forth in various typed and printed manuals. Special attention was given to rules discussed in: (l) Copying Manuscripts, (pamphlet) Minnesota Historical Society, 1935; H.G.T. Christopher, Paleography and Archives , Chapter III: "Transcription of Manuscripts," Grafton & Co., London, 1938; and several sets of typed rules used in the Archives Collections, The University of Texas. -109- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS ited for the entire word; if he employed such expressions as Rayado , tachado , and no vale , he did so to protect the reader against subsequent tampering with the document "by •unauthorized and possibly malevolent hands. If, in deposi- tions, he reversed the normal order of paragraphing and re- sorted to "hanging indentation," with the first line flush with the left margin and the following lines indented, he did so in order to afford easy reference to the testimony of different parties. 1. ParagraTPhing. In the transcription of original documents the paragraphing of the original should always be retained. In transcribing translations, however, two exceptions can be made. The first concerns depositions in which the original has the first line of the paragraph flush with the left margin and indents the following lines. In this case the usual paragraph form should be used. The second exception applies to the transcription of copies. The original copy of a document will often have a period and a double dash to indicate the beginning of a new para- graph in the original', in these cases, the copyist should restore the original paragraph form. 2. Caipitalization , spelling , and p unctuation . The capitalization of the original should be kept in the trans- cription of an original document. In a translation, how- ever, modern capitalization should be used. Spelling of all words should be retained when transcribing an original dociiment. When transcribing a translation, all person or place names should be spelled exactly as they appear in the original; otherwise, spelling used in the original should be ignored. No change in the punctuation of an original should be made when making a transcription. In fact, all punctuation, seals, stamps, errors, marks, or any special design recorded on the original should be re- tained. It is occasionally necessary to copy unus"ual symbols and obsolete designs by hand. Since it is practi- cally impossible to copy most seals and stamps, their posi- tion on the manuscript snould be indicated by the use of the word "seal" or "stamp" enclosed in brackets. Any special symbols, other than punctuation, should also be retained in the transcription of translations. 3. Superscript Letters . Spanish historical documents contain an abundance of abbreviations with superscript let- -110- TRANSCRIPTION ters. In printing such abbreviations, it has been customary to use two fonts of type, a large size for the text and. a smaller measure for the superscripts.^ In transcribing original documents, for the sake of accuracy all superscript letters should be written above the line of writing. Ob- viously, this practice necessitates double-spaced typing. In transcribing translations, only superscript letters used in signatures should be retained; in all other cases, the complete word should be transcribed. 4. Brackets . Since, in the translation and transcrip- tion of historical documents, the goal is the achievement of accuracy, brackets are essential and should be employed in DOth transcriptions and translations when copying any material not clearly expressed; furthermore, transcriptions and translations of historical documents are made primarily to be used as source materials by students of history. Consequently, in order to obviate the necessity of referring to the original, it is important to make use of brackets in writing out abbreviations, particularly of proper names, and to enclose any explanatory matter added to translations. The reading of transcriptions or translations encumbered with brackets is a most annoying experience. Nevertheless, for the sake of accuracy, brackets must be employed. When documents are prepared for publication, however, since they are usually edited, brackets may be eliminated. The parts of words that have been torn out of the original, whenever it is possible to determine what they were, should be placed within brackets. If words supplied for clarity immediately follow material placed within brackets to complete an abbreviation, only one set of brackets should be used. The words "a," "an," or "hereby," or the component parts of progressive tenses should not be enclosed within brackets. 5. Deletions . Occasionally the writer of an original 2 The eunoiint of editorial and printing time cons-omed by this method is so great that printers have recently re- sorted to an innovation in the transcription of suDer- script letters. They place such letters on the line of writing and add a period. This practice has been adopt- ed by the "DAPP" in Mexico City (which corresponds ap- proximately to the U. S. Grovernment Printing Office), cy Hoy, a leading literary-historical magazine of that city, and "by other similar publications. -Ill- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS historical document marked out words or phrases and placed corrections either on the line of writing or between the lines. To make an accurate transcription of everything that appears in the original, it is advisable to insert such deletions in exactly the same order and at the same point where they occur; but deletions written between the lines should be placed on the line of writing. All dele- tions are indicated by striking a hyphen over each letter. In translations, all deletions should be translated and transcribed whenever possible; that is, when enough symbols are present to indicate the thought intended by the writer. If translation would necessitate the use of brackets, however, deleted material should be left in the original. Likewise, unfinished words other than abbreviations should be left in the original followed by three single-spaced dots to indicate their incomplete form. When an entire paragraph, or a page, is deleted, the word "Deleted," should be enclosed in brackets and placed at the beginning; the deleted section should then be translated and trans- cribed as usvial; that is, it is not then necessary to strike a hyphen over each letter. 6. Pagination Two slanting bars (//), immediately followed by a superscript number of the page just begin- ning, should be inserted in the transcription at the point corresponding to the place where each new page begins in the original; no space should be allowed between the first letter of the new page and the two bars. It is not neces- sary, however, to place these bars at the head of the first page of the transcription. Furthermore, the letter "v" should follow the page number to indicate the verso of the page in the original; e.g., //2, //2v^ //3^ Z/"^^, etc. Spanish historical manuscripts usually are written on both sides of the page, but only the* recto is numbered. When- ever the original writer wished to refer to the verso of a page he would merely state, for instance, pagina _3 vuelta, meaning, page 3 verso. Consequently, the method stated above can be used with admirable accuracy in the transcrip- tion of translations. In certain types of Spanish dociiments, one or more pages of related documents are interpolated between the regularly numbered pages, thus breaking the sequence; that is, one or more pages may be inserted be- tween page 11^^ and page //^. In such cases, such inter- polations should be indicated as la, lb, 2a, 2b, etc. If a dociiment has one or more pages before the first numbered -112- TRANSCRIPTION page, such pages should "be marked merely a, b, c, and so on. When the pages of the original are not numbered, it is advisable to number them according to the system set down above. If writing on manuscripts is permissible, it should be done with a medium soft lead pencil. When transcribing such additions, they should be placed within brackets. In the transcription of historical documents, a gap caused by a missing page should be indicated by placing the words "Page missing," in brackets, at the end of the last line. 7. Numbers . Numbers should be transcribed exactly as they are in the original; and they should be translated in the same manner. If the original used Romain or Arabic numbers, the same kind should be used in the transcription or translation. If numbers are spelled out in the orig- inal, they should also be spelled out in the transcription or translation. 8. Italics . In transcribing documents, words under- lined in the original should be Tinderlined in the trans- cription. In translations, three types of words should be underlined: (l) words marked foreign in the latest edition of Webster' s New International Dictionary of the English Language; (2) words that do not appear in Webster's dic- tionary; and (3) words underlined in the original. 9. Rubric , cross , stamp , and seal . Spanish writers observed the custom of supplementing their signature with a rubric, or a flourish of the pen, placed immediately be- neath their name. The rubric served to certify the signa- ture; sometimes the rubric alone was used to indicate a signature. Except by tracing or photographing, it is prac- tically impossible to reproduce rubrics in transcriptions or translations; but their presence in the original should be indicated. The word "Rubric" should be enclosed in brackets and written directly beneath the signature. Many Spanish documents have a cross printed on the top of the page. The cro?s may be indicated by writing the Word "Cross" within brackets at the exact point where the cross is placed in the original. Sometimes, persons who could not write would sign their name with a cross. In such cases the word "Mark" within brackets should be placed at the exact point where the cross was made by the signer. •113- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS Stamps and seals are commonly found on legal documents. In order to indicate a difference in transcription Tsetween a stamp and a seal, the rule has "been established that any impression seemingly placed on the paper "before it was used for writing, except a watermark, is classified as a seal; whereas, a stamp is any impression made on the paper after it was used, such as a notary's stamp, or a government stamp pasted on the document. A wax staiirp is indicated "by placing the words "Wax stsimp" enclosed in brackets at the point where the stamp occurs in the original. The words "seal" and "stamp" are also placed on a transcription or translation within brackets to indicate the existence of such impressions on the document. It is occasionally pos- sible to read the words inscribed on the seal or stamp. In such cases the inscription should be transcribed and placed within brackets immediately after the word "seal" or "stamp". 10. Marginal notes , addres?^es , and e ndorsements . Sev- eral kinds of notes appear in Spanish historical documents. Those which give a s^'ommary of the document should be placed at the beginning or at the end of the transcription, as in the original, preceded by the symbols iM.N.j in brackets and spaced as indicated here. As a rule, other notes, in- cluding those prefaced by the abbreviations P. D. ^ posdata ^ , or N. B. , nota bene j , should be placed in brackets at the end of the document. Any marginal notations which would be obviously out of place at the end of the transcription, how- ever, should be inserted on the side of the transcription at the point corresponding to the place where they appear in the original; a cordillera , or relay list, would fall in this class. Cattle brands, sketches of items introduced as court evidence and other symbols appearing in the original should be faithfully traced in pencil in the transcription and later done in India ink. A reply written on the margin of a letter, with possi- bly a different date, place of writing, and signature of its own, is a letter, not a marginal note, and should be treated as such. Addresses and endorsements should be copied at the end of the document, preceded by the bracketed word "Address" or '.'Endorsement." The address should precede the endorse- ment, for that is the order in which they were written orig- inally. ■114- TRANSCRIPTION 11. Expedientes . An expediente . is a dossier or file containing documents relating to a single administrative or judicial process wherein each of the req^uisite legal steps has documentary representation. If all the required acts to bring the process to a conclusion have "been complied with, the dossier may he said to be an expediente complete How- ever, if the process has been arrested, the expediente is incompleto . Completeness or incompleteness refer to the process not to the documentary representation. 3 Expedientes should be translated or transcribed as a unit; that is, all documents should be retained in the same order in which they appear in the original. The opening line of each sepa- rate document within the expediente , however, should start a new page; and the identification symbols, including page numbers in the expediente , should be placed at the end of each document. 12. Identification . If is customary to place at the end of each transcription or translation a symbol or series of symbols indicating the nature and origin of the document. These symbols show whether the document was printed or hand- written, whether it was in the handwriting of the author or someone else, and other necessary facts to be known about the document. The following list has been compiled from symbols employed by various institutions: Symbols Explanation A.L.S. Autograph letter signed. (The letter was written and signed by the same hand . ) A.L. Autograph letter. (The letter was not signed.) L.S. Letter signed. (The letter was in one hand; the signa- ture in another.) A.D.S. Autograph docujnent signed. (The docxament, any instru- ment, usually not a letter, •^This definition was supplied ty Mr. Ralph G. Lounstury, The National Archives, Washington, L. C. -115- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS A.D.S. (cont'd) was written and signed "by the same hand.) D.S. Document signed. (The doc- loment was written l^y one hand and signed "by another.) A.Df.S. Autograph draft signed. (The draft was written and signed by the same hand.) A.Df. Autograph draft. (The draft was not signed.) Df.S. Draft signed. (The body of the draft was written in one hand; the signature in another.) 0. Copy. (a copy of a letter or document in Spanish historical manuscripts is characterized by the use of double dashes to indi- cate paragraphs.) M.N. Marginal note. (A marginal note is usually a summary of the contents of the document. ) S. Expediente . Df. Draft. (A draft is usually recognized by interlinea- tions and deletions) P. Printed. (This symbol may be placed before some of the others listed above to indicate that the document is printed. ) P. Fragment. (This symbol may be placed after any of the foregoing symbols to indicate that the document is incomplete.) -116- TRANSCRIPTION C.S. Copy signed. (Copies are sometimes signed by the notary or the copyist.) Ex. Extract. (An extract is different from a fragment in that it is usually complete. ) L.B.C. Letter-Book copy. (A copy of a document taken from a letter "book. The date of the letter book, and the page where the copy was taken from should be given.) L.B.C.S. Letter-Book copy signed. L.B.C. P. Letter-Book copy press. (The copy was made from an old-fashioned letter- press. ) M. Memorandum. M.S. Memorandum signed. (The memorandiim was written in one hand and signed in another. ) N.S. Note signed. T.L.D. Typed letter dictated. (The typed letter was signed by the copyist.) T.L.S. Typed letter signed. (The typed letter was signed by the writer.) P.D.S. rhw. Printed Document Signed, rubric handwritten. (The signature is printed, but the rubric is handwritten.) -117- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS 13. Keyboard . A typewriter equipped with accents and other special symbols used in making transcriptions of orig- inal documents is essential in this type of work. By eliminating a few sj^Tiibols on a standard keyboard and sub- stituting the desired characters, a fairly flexible key- board may be obtained, which may be suitable for the trans- cription of documents written in Spanish, French, G-erman or English. The changes indicated in the chart below have been used for several years and found to be satisfactory for a standard keyboard of 42 typebars or 84 characters. (1) " t $ 1 _ & ' ( ) I 2 3 4 5 6 7 (2) 8 9 - 9, W E R T Y U I P q w e r t (3) u i P A S E F G H J K L : a s d f g h (4) J k 1 9 Z X C V B N M ? " i zxcvbnm , . / With this arrangement the capital "0" is used for zero; the abbreviation "No." is substituted for the number mark (#) ; "per cent" is spelled out; and a serviceable asterisk can be made by striking a lowercase "x" over an "o" or hyphen at the proper point above the line of writing. The acute, circumflex, and grave accents and the tilde are placed on "dead" keys; that is, keys which do not space the carriage when struck. On some models, these accent marks must be struck before the character over which they are to appear is struck; on others the letter is struck first. The model in which the letter is struck first and then the accent has been found to be more satisfactory. Special typewriters, with additional keys, are on the market; for general use in the transcription of documents however, the keyboard shown above is the most satisfactory. 14. Page arrangement . The following suggestions are made in regard to the placement of material on the page on -118- TRAM SCRIPT I ON the assumption that transcriptions will be made on standard 8 1/2 "by 11 inches. A "balanced page of transcription should have a left margin one and one-half inches wide, and a top and bottom margin of the same width; the right margin should be only one inch wide. Only twenty-five double-spaced lines should be transcribed on a page. The page number should be typed three-fourths of an inch from the top and right edges of the paper, and no punctuation should follow it. Paragraphs are indented five spaces. When it is nec- essary to transcribe a single-spaced q_uotation, the entire quotation should be indented four spaces, and paragraphs should be indented five additional spaces; therefore, un- like double-spaced transcriptions, single-spaced paragraphs are indented nine spaces. 15. Dictionary Catalog . In cataloguing proper names taken from transcripts and translations, the entry should be made according to the best Spanish usage, which may be ascertained by consulting any Spanish encyclopedia, dic- tionary, or aother similar work. Spanish usage seldom em- ploys the initial letter of prefixes in a dictionary cat- alog. All names should be entered with their correct spelling; names mispelled in the original, however, should be entered as given with cross-reference to the correct spelling. For the convenience of readers not familiar with Spanish usage, entries should also be made of English ver- sions of Spanish names with cross-references to the correct spelling: Examples: Niliiez Cabeza de Vaca, Alvaro. Cabeza de Vaca. See, Niinez Cabeza de Vaca. De Vaca. See, Nunez Cabeza de Vaca. Vaca. See, Nunez Cabeza de Vaca. Nunez de Balboa, Vasco De Balboa. See, Nunez de Balboa. Balboa. See, Nunez de Balboa. Le6n, Luis Ponce de . Ponce de Le6n, Juan. Onate , Juan de . Le6n de la Barra, Francisco. Salcedo, Nemesio. Salzedo. See, Salcedo. -119- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS 16. Rules for transcription . In view of the fact that the number of students engaged in historical research seems to be growing rapidly, and since searchers sometimes travel from one depository of documents or transcripts to another, uniform transcription of documents is desirable. Conse- quently, certain rules have been devised to achieve uni- formity in the transcription of original documents or trans- lations. The rules given below have been compiled from various sources in an attempt to list all those that cover the most important points to be observed in uniform trans- criptions. (l). Read the original page through before transcribing it. (2). Use a 16-pound weight paper, 8 l/2" x 11". (3). Make four carbon copies of every transcription. (4). Make an exact copy of the document; place the material in the transcript in the same position ias it is in the original. (5). Double-space all copy, except single-spaced quotations. (6). Use a top, left, and bottom margin one and one- half inches wide; a right margin one inch wide. (7). Place page numbers three qioarters of an inch from the top and right edges of the paper. (8). Indicate the beginning of a new page in the doc- ument by placing two slant bars immediately before the first letter in the word of the new page. These two bars are then followed by the number of the page for recto, and the number and the letter "v" for verso; e.g.. , 2 //Montgomery, Alabama; 2v //regiment fully equipped. (9). Spell every word exactly as it is spelled out in the document, including the same capitalization. (10). Copy numbers exactly as they are written in the document; i.e., Roman and Arabic numbers should be copied exactly as used in the original; if numbers are spelled out in the document, they should be spelled out in the transcription: if figures are used in the original, figures should be used in the transcription. (11). Indicate change in handwriting thus:. yC. in h.) -120- TRANSCRIPTION (12). Any additions to the text, abtreviations spelled out, material supplied from other sources, or explanations of the condition of the original, should be enclosed in hrackets. (13). Omissions should "be indicated whether they are due to mutilation or illegihility. VThenever possible the number of words or lines omitted should be stated. Such indications may be made thus: [MS. torn] , [MS. burned], [MS. blotted), [MS. illegible] , [MS. torn: five lines,] , [MS. burned: two words j,, [Photostat dim] : when the number of words missing cannot be determined, this fact may be indicated merely by placing three spaced dots at the point where the blank space occurs if it is within the sentence; i'f it is at the end of the sentence, four dots should be used: e.g., "We arrived late and ... until the next day." "We arrived late and had to wait until ...." (14). Any error noted in the document, such as the re- petition of a word, or a wrong date, may be followed by the word sic within brackets. (15). Deleted words or lines of documents should be copied and a hyphen should then be struck over each let- ter. (16). Superscript letters and lines written between the lines in documents should be transcribed in the same manner. Although the copying of superscript letters makes the work of tremscription more costly and time consuming, for the sake of accuracy, it is advisable not to place superscript letters or interlined lines on the line of writing. (17). The presence of seals or stamps on a document should be indicated thus; [Seal] , [Stamp] , [Wax Seal), and when the inscription can be read, (Seal: State of Texas ] . (18). Indent five spaces for paragraphs. All lines of a single-spaced quotation should be started four spaces from the left margin. (19). Whenever it is possible, the copyist should add any material deemed absolutely necessary to facilitate reading a transcription. Any addition, of course, should be placed within brackets. (20). Initials of identification should be placed with- in brackets near the right margin of the last page of each document. These initials should identify the docu- ment as an autograph signed, a draft, a fragment, or -121- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS whatever it may be, according to the symbols listed in section 12 of this chapter. (21). Addresses and endorsements should be preceded by the words "Address" and "Endorsement" within brackets. ■122- APPENDIX A Translation and Transcription . The following photo- static copies of manuscripts have iDeen sSlected as typical documents of the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries in regard to su'bject matter. The first sixteenth century document presented is an interroga- tory according to which any witnesses presented "by Viceroy Don Antonio de Mendoza were to "be questioned in the course of the visita held in 1543. The second sixteenth century- document is a commission issued by Fray Alonso de Mont- ufar to Alonso Fernandez de Segura, appointing him inspec- tor general of Mexico and adjoining ecclesiastical juris- diction. This commission was issued at Mexico City on April 2, 1569. These photostatic copies were made from the originals fdled in The Latin-Americar Collections of The University of Texas. From the same depository, two sample documents were taken for the seventeenth century. One of these is a royal order hy which the king instructs Francisco Ramirez Briceno, governor and captain-general of the province of Yucatan, or whoever might be in command, to provide supplies for the Jesuit establishment in M^rida. The other document is a religious oath talcen by a friar, on June 11, 1653. Copies of two documents for the eighteenth century were taken from the Spanish Archives of Texas, of The University of Texas. One is a letter written on October 2, 1760, by Phelipe de Mbago to the ayuntamiento of San Antonio in which he offers his services as the new commander at San Saba. The other document is a petition drawn up by several members of the royal presidio of San Agustin, in which they request their annual allotment of gunpowder; it is dated January 2, 1762. Only one document was selected for the nineteenth cen- tury. This docToment is a letter signed by Stephen F. Austin at San Felipe de Austin on August 28, 1826. In this letter Austin states that he has taken depositions of certain witnesses concerning Peter Ellis Bean. The letter was also taken from the Spanish Archives of Texps. These photostatic copies have been presented here as samples of the application of the principles and rules set down in the foregoing pages. After the doc\ament was care- fully read, a transcription was made, and is presented immediately following the document. A translation of the transcription is then e:iven. -123- '^ .7luy maa^ ■ J f ; T < /I In /rifijff :jUf,S'r ijue^fn trt^Mihifis r$, ytirP 'Dt^tfltiaihnit 'Dr'nic'ndt^ti "vifittty yjatiernmJir rtt/uriM^ ■pt'r'Ai nu/ut •^.t/rj rr<'/:!ff^nH^ fc'faujif'inui xt^^C aui^e^i. ■trfr^md* /r r ftro0r'ii -Jt/zi /»M v"ifk /r' pf'.^unft^p ftrfsf' vtt^a»n'^^ ,fc^tir^ ytr ^Intu-y, y/Jtit J^fa r ^t'ffft VJtiL iCff^ ,rmf{?k if6i irAs ^j./Jrf^A ^^^s^J:^ f^r^'/f^^ . / i i APPENDIX A [ THANSCRIPTION ] do Mexico: Vissita del Liz. Sandoval. Principio de una de n las Provanzas de dos cargos del Virrey d. Ant. de Mendoza: 1543. CO or H^xy mag. S. J. G. I. A los testigos que son 6 fueren presentados por parte De Don t antonio De mendoja visorrey y gouernador por su mag. Desta nueua espaiia presidents Del audienjia rreal que en ella rreside sotre los cargos De la visita que le fueron puestos y so"bre todo lo de mas contenido en el projeso De la dha visita se pregunten por las preguntas deste ynterrogatorio /• Primeramente sean preguntados si conocen al dho. Don anto- or nio de mendoja por visorrey y gou. desta nueua espana y por presidents del audienjia rreal que en ella rreside. y do CO si conojen al lie. fran. tello de sandoual del consejo t a De yndias de su mag y visitador de la dha rreal audi desta nueua espana y de que tienpo a esta parte/. Yten si sa"ben que como el dho Visorrey llego al puerto de a san juan de lua dio vara de just a martin de peralta para que solamente entre la jente q con el dho visorrey venia tuuiese cuydado especial po. cargo q entre ella no vuiese desasosiego ni alteragion -125- HANDBOOK FOR TRAHSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS por que era mucha y los mas dellos mangebos y caualleros y o por que avian de pasar por pu s de yndios para que no rrecibiesen de la dha jente malos tratamientos y para solo este efeto le dio la dha vara al dho martin de peralta y asi lo diran los testigos por q lo vieron y saben q pasa do asi lo g en esta pregunta/. Yten si saben que con aver proueydo el dho visorrey de la dha vara para el efeto dho en la preg^onta CO antes desta vuo entre don fran fajardo y don tristan de arellano q venian con el dho visorrey desde espana ciertas palahras de enojo De q. rre- sulto algun alboroto de anbas partes por q vn aguirre CO criado del dho Don tristan auia dado al dho don fran vna bofetada en la dha diferencia y sabido por el dho CO visorrey e ynformado como el delito fue pu le mando cas- tigar luego en la benta donde estaua aposentado q se dize CO de caceres cinco jornadas de la ciudad de mex digan los ts . lo que saben. jRubrica y J G I T X U [D.] -126- APPENDIX A jTEANSIATIONj Mexico City Visitation of Licentiate Sandoval. Beginning of the inves- tigation of one of the two charges by Don Antonio de Mendo- za, the viceroy. 1543. Most Magnificent Sir: The witnesses who are or shall "be presented on behalf of Don Antonio de Mendoga, Viceroy and Governor for His Maj- esty in New Spain [ and j President of the Royal Audiencia re- siding therein, shall be asked the questions in this inter- rogatory concerning the charges filed against him after the yisitation, and regarding everything else contained in the judicial report of the aforesaid visitation. First, they shall be asked whether they recognize the said Don Antonio de Mendoja as viceroy and governor of this New Spain and as president of the Royal Au- diencia residing therein, and whether they recognize the li- centiate Francisco Tello de Sandoual jas member] of His Maj- esty's Council of the Indies and Visitador of the said Royal Audiencia of this New Spain, and approximately how long [they have done soj . Likewise, whether they know that when the said viceroy arrived at the port of San Juan de Lua ^ San Ju- an de Ulua j , he gave the staff of authority to Martin de Peralta in order that he might First exercise special care solely with regard to ^ the people who were accompanying the said vice- roy so that there might not be any "unrest or commotion among them, since they were many, most of them men and boys, and, since they had to pass through Indian pueblos, in order that the [Indians] might not receive harsh treatment from the aforesaid people. For this sole purpose he gave the said staff to the said Martin de Peralta, as will testify the witnesses who saw it [all] and know it happened as stated in this question. And also whether they know that after the said viceroy had handed the said staff over for the purpose stated in the preceding question, certain angry words were exchanged between Don Francisco Fajardo and Don Tristan de Arellano, who were accompanying the said viceroy from Spain, resulting in a certain amount of disturbance on both sides, because one Aguirre, a servant of the said Don Tristan, struck the said Don Francisco during the said disagreement. When the said -127- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS viceroy learned a"bout it, and having been informed that the offence was committed in public, he ordered him pvin- ished at the inn where he had taken lodging, which is called "de C§Lceres," five days' journey ^ jornadas. , from Mexico City. Let the witnesses testify what they know. ( Rubric ] Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta Collection The University of Texas Library ■128- ^ HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS TRMSCRIPTION Provision De visitador Nos don fray alonso de montufar For la miseragion diuina argolDpo de mexico y del cojisejo de su mag &. Acatando la sufijiengia y buena congiengia de Vos El bachiller alonso fernandez De sigura nro prouisor de los yndios que "bien fiel y diligentsunente hareis y Exerciereis lo que por nos vos fuere cometido y encargado y confiando en el senor es nra mrd y voluntad de os nombrar y por la presente os nom- bramos por nro Juez visitador general en todo este nro arg- obispado de mexico y sus anexos. Para que en el podais uisitar E visiteis todas las giudades villa pueblos, minas estancias y lugares en ello y en cada uno dellos conosger y conozcais de todos los negocios causas y cosas ansi de clerigos como de legos que se ofreciere ansi de oficio como entre partes y los ofrecidos los tomar en el estado en que estan. y de los demas que se ubieren de tratar y trataren en todo el dho nro argobpdo. en visita y del estado de las yglesias E hospitales. y de todos los otros lugares dedica- dos al culto diuino. y para cue podais hazer y hagais ynfor- magion E inf ormagiones ansi contra, personas Ecclesiasticas como legas Espanoles E yndios de qualesquier estado y condi- gion que sean ansi por denungiagiones querellas como de officio y de otra qualquier manera que sea contra amanceba- dos blasfemos logreros perjures hechizeros alcahuetes ynces- tuosos y casados dos uezes como contra todos los demas que yncurrieren en qualquiera de los casos y cosas que Pertene- gen a la Jurisdigion Ecclesiastica y hechas primero. las ynf ormagiones prendereis los cuerpos a los culpados. y siendo necesario pa. ello podais pedir y demandar el auxilio de la Real Justicia y para que en todos los pleitos y causas que ante vos se trataren y pendieren podais oyr E oygais de Justigia a las partes. Eoydas las podais de terminar dando y pron^ongiando en ellas y Sn cada una dellas la sent- engia o sentengias que os paresciere. y por derecho hall- p.rdes que conuiene guardando. en todo Justigia a las partes, y para que podais dicernir E digernais vras. cartas y cen- suras sobre qualesquier cosas y casos que se ofrecieren y necesario fuere de se discernir las quales sean obedegidas cunplidas y Executadas como cartas y censuras de tal nro. Juez E visitador general y para que podais conosger de todos los negogios y causas que por qualquier via. y manera se -130- APPENDIX A ofregieren hasta los concluir diff initiuamente . (y en los negocios que se ofresgieren tocantes al pancto officio hazer la ynformacion E ynf ormagiones que conuenga. y hechas Remitir nos las gerradas y selladas.) y para todo lo demas que dicho es cada cosa y parte dello os damos nro. poder cumplido con todas sus yngidenjias y de Pendengias anex- idades segun y como de derecho en tal caso se Requiere y p^. que podais en la dicha visita criar y lleuar convos vn alguazil fiscal notario E ynterprete con que en su non- bramy: guardeis la forma segun y como de derecho en tal caso se Requiere y por el trabajo que en lo suso dh9 aveis de tener vos y vros offigiales mahdamos que a costa de cul- pados y gastos. de justigia de mas de los derechos que por aranzel se deuiere. ayais y lleueis de salario en cada un dia de los que en la visita os ocuparedes. dos pesos de mi- nas y El notario un peso de minas. y El fiscal un peso de tipuzque y El interprete un peso de tipuzque. en fe de lo qual OS mandamos dar E dimos la presente prouision firm- ada de nro nombre y sellada con nro sello y Refrendada de nro seCretario la qual mandamos que ualga por el tiempo que fuere nra voluntad. dada En m^xico a dos dias del mes de abril de mill E quinientos y sesenta y nueue anos/. Fr. A. archopo. Mex. Conqt. do a ma Por m . de Su S. E . D. diego maldonado Su Secret. [Rubricaj iD.S., ■131- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS [ TRANSITION ] Inspector's Commission. We, Eon Fray Alonso de Montufar, by divine mercy Arch- bishop of Mexico, and [memberj of the coiincil of His Maj- esty, etc. , holding in high esteem your loyalty and good character, Bachiller Alonso Fernandez de Sigura, our Vicar General of the Indies ^ prouisor de los yndios , , [believ- ing that] you will faithfully and diligently carry out and execute whatever we should commit and entrust unto you, [and] confiding in the Lord, it is our will and pleasure to appoint you, and by this writ we do appoint you, as our Judge inspector general [ Juez visitador general j for all of our bishopric of Mexico and bishoprics adjoining thereto. Therein you may visit, and you shall visit, all the cities, villas . towns, mines, ranches [ estancias . , and villages, and in each of them you may investigate, and you shall investigate, all matters, causes, and things con- cerning both clergymen and laymen, both officially and as between private parties; and those that have already- been filed, you will accept in the condition in which you may find them; [you shall] also [investigate] others that should be considered, and that may be considered, in all our aforesaid bishopric in a visitation; and j you shall ex- amine] the condition of churches and hospitals and all other places dedicated to divine worship. You are hereby empow- ered to file, and you shall file, a charge or charges against all persons, religious as well as lay, Spanish or Indian, of whatever rank and condition, who are fornicators, blasphemers, usurers, perjurers, witches, procurers, prac- tisers of incest , bigamists , as well as against all other persons who may fall into any of the cases or things that pertain to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, whether [Such charges] arise from denunciations, complaints, or from official or any other source whatsoever. After charges have been filed, you shall seize the persons of the accused parties; and, if it should be necessary, you are empowered to ask for and demand the aid of the royal police in order that, in all lawsuits and cases that may be pleaded and tried before you, you may hear, and you shall hear, the parties as a Judge. Once they are given a hearing, you may adjudge them, pronouncing upon each and every one of them whatever sentence or sentences you may deem advisable and which you may find agreeable according to law dealing Just- -132- APPENDIX A ice to all parties concerned. [You are further empowered) to adjudge, and you shall adjudge, your letters and censures on any matters or cases that may come up and which it may be necessary to adjudge; they shall be obeyed, fulfilled, and executed as letters and censures of our judge and Inspec- tor G-eneral. [You are empowered] to investigate any matters or causes that may be presented through any channel or in any manner whatsoever until they have been definitely con- cluded. (In matters that may come up concerning the Inquis- ition [S anto officiO ]^ you shall file any charge or charges deemed advisable; after they are filed, you shall forward them to us closed and sealed.) In everything else stated above, in each item and portion thereof, we do hereby grant you full power, together with all those ^ powers j de- pendent, incident, and annexed thereto, according to and as required by law in such cases. [We further e;npower you ] to appoint and take with you on the aforesaid vi'sitation one alguacil , one fiscal , one notary, and one interpreter pro- vided that, in their appointment, you observe the form re- quired by law in such cases. For the work that you and your officials must perform, as stated above, we hereby order that, out of court costs and proceeds derived from judgments in addition to any standard rates, you shall earn and receive a salary of two pesos de minas for each day you may be engaged in this visitation; the notary (Shall receive] one peso de mina; the fiscal , one peso de tipuzque ; and the interpreter, one peso de tipuzque . In witness whereof we hereby order given you, and we do give you, the present commission, signed with our names and sealed with our seal, and countersigned by our secretary, which commission we hereby decree to be valid for such time as it shall be our will. Given in Mexico City on the second day of the month of April, fifteen hiindred and sixty-nine. -133- ttrJiitJe /eJ^'^.^l>'--^'->Ueapr' ^ulhduuHt y'^^t'^utu^,ano-/a'Jitai- VttMilUicat^r^. e^jMa-Ja/^l^' ctxcumATa^cl^j' /o ^'"'^ ^O "^^ ^^<{^\ ^Cyr/iS'/^mcj titins.Jrf ^yu C0U3 y.a^oyn^i).>.ii JO. s4 APPENDIX A ( TEANSCRIPTION] EL EEY CO 1 Fran Ramirez "brigeno mi Gobernador y Capitan Or de la prouinzia de yucatan o a la Persona a cuyo cargo fuere su govierno francisco de figueroa de la compania de Jesus pro- 1 curador G-r de las yndias me a hecho Relagion que la dha Compania a fundado casa en la jiudad Demerida de esa pro- uinjia poco tiempo ha y Respecto de su necesidad no tiene e yglesiani con q sustentarse los Religiosos que ay en Ella ni probeerse demuchas cossas negessarias al seruicio del e culto diuino ni con q Comprarbino y aceyte para gelebrar y alumbrar El santissimo sacramento y que la haziendaquedejo vnvegino para la dha fundacion Rentamilly tregientos pesos one supp atento a ello (se hiciese limosna del dicho bino y e aceyte enlaforma q sea mandado dar a otras Religiones y hauiendose Visto por los demi consejo Real de las yndias e fue acordado q debia mandar darestami gedula por la qual e e OS mando q con ynterbenjion de los offigiales de mi R Hazienda de esa prouinzia hagays Ynformagion de la pobrega de la dha cassa de la conpania deJesus de la dha ciudad y e si es tan grande q si no se le socorre con El dho bino y aceyte cesara El culto diuino Y si fuere desta calidad y e concurrieren en Ella las dhas gircumstangias lo q Para -135- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS probeerle dello os constare por gertif igacion de los dhos s mis officiales R que es negesario) conforme lo que se acos- tumbra lo situeys de pinsion enbacantes de encomiendas deyn- dios Y hareis que se acuda con Ello al superior de la dha e cassa a quien tubiere su poder para q en el seruigio del culto diuino no ay afalta y mi hazienda quede rrelebada on desta carga y obliga fecha en madrid a veynte demarjo de- os mill y seys y veynte anos. YO EL EEY I Riibrica ] do Por" man del Rey nro senor Pedro de ledesma ( Rilbrica) ( Rubrica j e Al Gobernador de joicatan sobre la aberiguagion q se a de hager gerca de la nejesidad de la cassa de la compania de Jesus de aquella prouinzia Y si fuere tal le situe en bacan- os e tes de yn lo q fuere menester para Vino Y aceyte para celebrar y alumbrar el santissimo sacramento da corr GAHCIA T X U ,D. S., -136- APPENDIX A I TRANSLATION j [To] Francisco Ramirez Brigeno, my Governor and Captain General of the Province of Yucatan, or to the person in whose charge the government may be: Francisco de Figueroa, of the Jesuit Company, Attorney General for the Indies, has reported to me that the afore- said company has recently established a house in the city of Merida in that province, and that, because of the poverty [Of this house J it has neither a church nor the means for the sustenance of the religious stationed there, nor [the meanS] to provide itself with many things necessary to de- vine worship; nor [does it havej the means for purchasing wine and oil for the celebration and illumination of the holy sacrament; and jhe stated further] that the f\iiids left by a settler for the aforesaid establishment, an [annual] income of one thousand three hundred pesos, presupposes, in view thereof, that the aforesaid wine and oil should be donated in the manner in which they have been ordered do- nated to other religious orders. After this [report j was examined by the members of the Royal Council of the Indies, it was agreed that I should cause this cedula to be issued whereby I do command you with the aid of the officers of my royal treasury in that province to make an investigation of the poverty of the aforesaid house of the Jesuit Company. If it should be so great that failure' to furnish it with the said wine ajid oil would cause divine worship to cease — if it should be so great and the said circumstances should prevail therein — such (Conditions] will be considered suf- ficient for you to provide them therewith, through a certif- icate given by my said royal officials, which is necessary according to custom; you shall draw this jaid] as a pension from a vacancy in Indian encomiendas . . You shall cause this aid to be given to the superior of the said house or to whomsoever should have charge of it in order that there may be nothing lacking for divine worship, and in order that my royal treasury may be relieved of this charge and obli- gation. Dated at Madrid, on the twentieth day of March, in the year sixteen hundred and twenty. I the King -137- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS ( Rubric ] Duplicate By order of the King Our Lord Pedro de Ledesma I Rubric ] I Rubric ] To the governor of Yucatan concerning the investigation which is to be made concerning the needs of a house be- longing to the Jesuit Company of that province, and if it should be in need, he is to charge whatever may be neces- sary for wine and oil to celebrate and illuminate the holy sacrament to (the fund arising from] vacancies in Indian r -encomiendas i . -138- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS I TRANSCRIPTION j YN NOMINE DOMINI NOSTRI JESUCRISTI BENEDICTI AMEN [Varios dibujos religiosos j Yo fr. Joan De Los Rfos hijo legitime de el Doctor Joan De ca Los Rios difunto, y de Dona fran De Bargas Su Legftima CO muger Vezinos de Mex. hago profession y prometo obedien- r a cia a Dios nro. s. y a la gloriossa Virgen Marfa nra. s. y a e n do e nro. Gloriosso P. S. Avg. y a vos el R . P. M. fr. Miguel to e n CO de Leon Prior de este conv. de n7o. P. S. Avg. de Mex. en esta Provinzia del santissimo nombre de Jhs. de la nueva mo e Espana, en nombre y Vez de el R. P. M. fr. Phelipe Vis- al en conti Prior gen. de los hermitanos de nro. P. S. Avg. y de sus Canonicos subcessores, y de Viuir Sin proprio y en e n castidad hasta la muerte segun la regla de nro. P. S. Avg. que es fecha en onze d£as de el mes de Junio de Murio. mill y seisjientos y Cinquenta y tres aHos fr. Ju. de los Rios ( Rilbrica ] fr. Miguel de leon Prior [ Rubrica j Fray Ju. de Ajite mi — espinosa m. fr. Feliciano de la fuente -140- APPENDIX A CO de nouicios [Rubricaj Hos. App. (Rubricaj GARCIA T X U (D. S.] -141- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS I TRANSLATION J IN THE NAME OF OUR BLESSED LORD JESUS CHRIST AMEN [Various religious sketches] I, Fray Joan De Los Rfos, lawful son of Doctor Joan de Los Rfos, deceased, and Dona Francisca De Bargas, his lawful wife, residents of Mexico, do hereby make [my] profession and promise obedience to God, Our Lord, and to the glorious Virgin Mary, Our Lady, and to our glorious Father Saint Augustln, and to thee. Reverend Father Master Fray Fhelixie Visconti, Prior General of the hermits of Our Father Saint Augustfn, and to his canonical successors, to live without worldly goods and in chastity until death, according to the rule of Our Father Saint Augustin. Done on the eleventh day of the month of June , one thousand ^® ^^®^ six hundred and fifty- three. Fray Juan de los Rios J Rubric ] Fray Miguel de leon. Prior [•Rubric ] Fray Juan de Before me: espinosa. Master Fray Feliciano de la fuente. of Novices j Rubric ] Apostolic Hospitaler ( Rubric ] GARCIA Collection The University of Texas Library ,D. S., -142- ""*■' ■.'•;■ i ' ^' .•■• -«*".'';'^'' <: » V. 1/ f\ ■•".V (^'^ (P. //■T ^* (/A^t*rc 7 tti . ...X. / /.I ,/ ■/.■? HANDBOOK FOR TRAHSLATORS OF SPAKISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS [ TRANSCRIPTION J or Mu.i S rrJo: Participo a V.S. Auer venido restituido, al te erapleo de capitan y comm deesste Presidio, del que tom^ Posecion el dia de Ayer, lo que pongo en su inteligencia, ofreciendo aladissposicion de V.S. mi perssona, y facultades del empleo desseando orns de su agrado en que executar e el buen afecto q les professo y enel interin lo conssigo e desseo a V.S. lamas perfecta Salud y q en su continuacion e s s e Nro Senor g. la vida de V.S. los m y feliz , aiios q n e puede y le desseo S Sabas Oct. 2, de 1760. or BlaM de V.S. su m Serv. Phelipe de Rabago f Rdbrica] e a to M.Yll. Cauildo Jusst. y Rexim. [L.S.j ■144- APPENDIX A [THMSIATION] My dear Sir: I hereby inform Your Lordship that I have been restored to the position of captain and commandant of this pres- idio, of which I took possession yesterday. I am report- ing this fact to Your Lordship in order to place myself and the faculties of my office at your disposal, and hoping to receive any orders from jYour Lordship j by which I may exercise the good will I bear towards fYour Lordship.j. In the meantime, I wish Your Lordship the most perfect health and that, in view thereof. Our Lord may guard the life of Your Lordship the many happy years He can, as I wish. San Sabas, October 2, 1760. The least of your servants kisses [the] hand of Your Lordship. Phelipe de Rabago ( Rubric j Right Honorable Municipal Corporation. (L.S.] -145- >1 ^lOt/r^- Ujbjotjut^ 1tam^x>>/ r^'^^^ Xa^-rtOu; <^juim. ^X -iA.'^x^^'^y/iiiicliai Ojx. ,0\XAjSZobou. ?enc£/z,S(/rr^y-i. JtL'i'i-o^err^, *U<<^riCLtLyjtio.Cx*MZ,^Or^ CO yjCJ^/^coi/~io. , SjCicxTMuiJi yJca-UiKT to. ^i^ jcjCanuoL CcXfi.Locx/*^^cLe.yAAa/n ajTcc r-^ccciaJ' CLCa.cu>- .>-t<:uc:<3--< tnu&puji. ^JCt-LUuT rUx^ciOU^ocuxcujLo q^ioCfU^'ZU^«'»xo x>cvtc*rvcrv/ (>)^^^»-^o9« ^; ^ (^ •'J-c.»/?'» '^'«- -»; APPENDIX A ( TEANSCRIPTION ] n D Dom del Rio: Christobal de Cordova, Ygnacio del Razo n Lucas f lores Juaq. del Rio, Mathias del Rio Manuel f lores, Z CO Marcos hern. Miguel Ramos fran. ramos, J\ian Jph Q,uiros n y baldes Joaq. Venites, Manuel delgado Juan Ant. floras, n Jph Joaq. de estrada, Christobal Perez, Simon de Aragon, Manuel de la Cruz, Dom diego de Acosta, Manuel de acosta 1 Jph de Lara Carlos grande , Man. Mendes Jph Ponziano trejo CO CO n Fran Losoia Fran. Ant. Guerrero, Jph Candido de S 1 Miguel, Manuel de alcal4, Man. de Villa franca, Juan de Aranbula, Juan Jph de Cordova, todos ofiziales y soldados de la dotasion de este Real Pres. puestos con el deuido to r a acatam. p. medio de este memorial a los pies de Vex. e d e s dezimos q. su Mag. (q. D. G-ue) tiene asignadas acada a a indibiduo de esta Comp. p. sus necesarios seis libras de r e polbora p. ano : y auiendo en el q. acaba de espirar de- on e e bengado estaguarniz. la q. le Corresponde q. son sien- to to y ochenta y seis libras suplicamos con el maior rendim. a aVexc. se digne en su bista mandar librar la necesaria pro- e bidencia a fin de q. se entregue de ellas ntro apoderado e n 1 q. lo es d. Man. de Cozuela Vez. y del comers, de esa a e on r n 1 ciudad; p. q. teniendolas ala dispocis. del S. d. Ang. or n de Martos y Navarrete ntfo Gov. y Capp. Grfil surtan efec- -147- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS e to las prevensiones q. su seSoria le tiene hechas en Irn e aq. internen con la maior brevedad a este Pres. en la on e ocas. q. mas oportuna se proporcionare r a Nt7o S. prospere la Ymportante Vida de Vex. en su za s s s 1 maior grand. dilatad. a. como le pedim. R. Pres. de n n S. Ag. y hen. 2 de 1762. domino del rio [R-dbricaj Christoval de Cordova ( Rubrica] CO Fran Antonio Gerero [ Rubrica J Carlos grande [ Rlibrica] e por los ausentes, y los q. no saben Christobal de Cordova f Rtibrica] -148- APPENDIX A TRANSLATION] Don Domingo del Rio: Chris total de Cordova, Ygnacio del Razo , Lucas Flores, Juaquin del Rio, Mathias del Rio, Man- uel Flores, Marcos Hernandez, Miguel Ramos, Francisco Ramos, Juan Joseph Q;uiros y Baldes, Joaquin Venites, Manuel Del- gado, Juan Antonio Flores, Joseph Joaquin de Estrada, Christobal Perez, Simon de Aragon, Manuel de la Cruz, Dom- ingo Diego de Acosta, Manuel de Acosta, Joseph Ponziano Trejo, Francisco Losoia, Francisco Antonio Guerrero, Joseph Candido de San Miguel, Manuel de Alcala, Manuel de Villa- franca, Juan de Aranhula, J-uan Joseph de Cordova, all of us officers and men of the detachment of this royal pres- idio, with due respect, place ourselves at your feet hy means of this memorial to state that His Majesty (May God guard fhimj) has allotted to each memher of this com- pany for his needs six pounds of gunpowder per year. In- asmuch as this garrison has earned the [gunpowder] due it for the f year J just ended, which is one h-andred eighty- six pounds, we humhly "beg Your Excellency in view thereof to order the necessary [amount] issued so that Don Manuel de Cozuela, our representative, a resident and merchant of that city, can receive it and hold it there for Don Angel de Martos y Navarrete, our governor and captain general, in order that the instructions that his lordship gave him to the effect that the [gunpowder 3 should he transported to this presidio, as soon as possible and at the most oppor- tune moment, may he carried out. May Our Lord make the important life of Your Excellency flourish to its utmost greatness for many years, as we im- plore Him, Royal Presidio of San Agustin, January 2, 1762. domingo del rio [ Rubric | Christoval de Cordova f Rubric j CO fran Antonio gerero fRubric. i^- ^-^ -149- mm fV>«^* O*^' .>^- 45*<»- ^^^ ■tti HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS I TRANSCRIPTION] to En Cujnplim Con el oficio o7n de V. S. fha 27 de Julio p. p. en que me ordena averiguar ciertos particu- lares relative al Casamiento y Caracter de Elis Bean he tornado la declaracion de los Yndividuos sobre la materia incluido Con este, Uno de dhos Yndividuos Martin Allen es habitante de esta Colonia y hombre respetable y honor- able y el otro Sterling C. Robertson es un Anglo Americano del Estado de Tenesf hombre muy respetable y bien Cono- cido. Iv Como la familia de Bean vive sobre el Rio de los // Nechez Cinquenta leguas de aqui no he podido hallar aqui muchos hombres que tiene Conocimiento de el Motivo por que no he tornado mas declaraciones sobre la materia. Dios y Libertad Sanfelipe de Austin 28 de Agosto de 1Q26 Estevan F. Austin to Sor Gefe del Departam C Jos6 Antonio Saucedo [ Rllbricaj jL.S.j -152- APPENDIX A (TEAHSLATION] In compliance with your official order dated last July 27, in which (Your Lordship^ orders me to investi- gate certain matters relative to the marriage and charac- ter of Ellis Bean, I have taken the depositions of two persons in regard to the matter set forth therein. One of the aforesaid persons, Martin Allen, is a settler in this colony, and a respectahle and honest man; the other. Sterling C. Robertson, is an Anglo-American from the state of Tennessee, a very respectable and well known man. Iv Since Bean's family lives on the //Nechez River, fifty leagues from here, I have not been able to find here many men who have knowledge of him; for this reason, I have not taken more depositions on .the matter. God and Liberty. San Felipe de Austin, Au^st 28, 1826. Estevan F. Austin J Rubric j Citizen Jose Antonio Saucedo, Chief of the Department. rL.S., -153- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS APPENDIX B Specimens of handwriting from the Iberian to the italics of the nineteenth century are here presented to show the development of the Spanish hand. Specimens nximbers 2-6, 8, and 11, were taken from the Handbook of Greek and Latin Palaeography by Edward Maunde Thompson; the others were taken from Manual de Paleografia Diplo- mat ica Espanola de los Siglos XII al XVII by Don Jesus Mun6z y Rivero. -154- AJUIUJ kKQRJCJ RUNJRM MREJ ARERCJ Iberian IDALL\ELVCOSVBIM FLOMBVS'ETDVLCIA.D l\MQ:lBAl"DICTOPA.R IDALIAE LUCOS UBI McOLLISj FLORIBUS ET DULCI AD lAMQUE IBAT DICTO PARcENSj Roman Square Capitals S«lHONiKSQ.NiUUti)»M»5\UftlKA!U5K NON ILLIUM NOSTRI POSSUNT MUTARE LABOcRESj NEC SI FRiaORIBUS MEDIIS. HEBRITMQUE BIBAMfUSj, ilTHONIASQUE NIVES. HIEMS SUBEAMUS AtQUOSAEj. NEC SI CUM 40RIENS. ALTA LIBER ARET IN ULcMOj. Roaian Rustic Capitals qUJ50KlX>0£< fUlXILCMdCS? TellxRcsoUxr quo5e>KUircopirnGiMumiwwoccrJc Ktan>hSoHadfilnlocjiMTriCo(5 DAMNATIONEM FIDEI ESSE TE ABOLETUR PER ALTERAM RURSUS ABOLENDA EST CUcIUSj cLINjaUAM NON AD FALSILOQUIUM COEtaiSTI , Roman Seai<-Unolal 6. Viif^*^ ^'if QUANTUM SUPRA SCRIPTO EMPTORI INTERFUERIT VANCIPATIONIQUE REI SUPRA SCRIPTAE DOLjUMj QUE ESSE VI liETU ET CIRCUMSCRIPcTIONE j UNCUS SUPERIUS DESIONATIS SIPI SUPRA SCRIPTUS Roman Cursive 7. +IHHOKlHit)HICOHSraA TAKUSlASCTtMAir IHCAPUC^MrPflUl^ (JViAPRlUSAHHorUf IN NOMINE DcOMIjNI CONSECRA TA ECLESIA ScANjCTcAjE MARIE IN CATOLICO DIE PRIDIE IDUS APRIUS ANNO FELI CITER PRIMO REONI DjOMljNI NOSTRI QLORIOSISSIMI FL RECCAREDI REGIS ERA DCXXX Vlslgothlc Capital e. SUNT NOVA. TE3TAMENTUM AUTEM NOVUM. IDEO NUNCUPATUR. OUIA INNOVAT., NON ENIM ILLUM DISCUNT NISI HOMINES RENOVATI EX VETU3TATE ?ER ORATIAli ET PERTI Vl8l(50thlc Uncial 9. QUIA NON ERIT LICENTIA EPj IS jCtOjPIS ScANjCcTjIS IN UNUM CONVEMIRE NISI ETKPORE SUPRA DICTI IfcTERATORIS IPSE ENIM VlBlgothlc Mlnlecule ic. Vlsigothio Cursive 11. C?Cubcmb:c<3L-prA.ru.>n ^uucouiumpA.r TiSLncaier^ei m 1 ra.cc4.lo idquodip/^ COT^<*.r uertc4.r^^ccc^\imur^ Hon EX UBERIBUS CAPRARUM AUT OVIUM PAS TORUM MANU PRAESSIS. LONGA LINEA COPIOSI LACTIS EFFLUERE. PUEP , SUR REXIT INCOLOMIS. NOS OBSTIIPEFACTI TANTAE REI MIRACULO. ID QITOD IPSA COGEBAT VERITAS FATEBAMUR . NON Caroline Mlniecule 12, r ' 1/ A/ ^=— -^ Don Sancho por la graoia da Dloe Rey de Caetiella de Toledo de Leon de Oallisia de Seuilla de Cordoua de Murcia de Jahen e del Algarbe a loa fazedoree de los padronee de los peohos e a los que fueren cogedoree e sobreoogedoree en liadrlt Salute gracia Sepadee que por faeer blen e (ceroed a los duenos del monesterio de Santo doningo de Uadrlt que toue por blen que ouiessen cadanno un zapatero Albalaes 14. -tW<-«.y M«».»- (* *5*^£^ 'f^ ***" ^^ ** *^**' y **•'■ ^**^ *** *^ el orden de Cytele embia sue embaxadores a nueetro muy Sancto padre eobre algunoe agraulos que en eesa corte le son fechos y porque eeta orden ee tal que no es razon que sea prejudlcada st-reulmos a nueetro .-nuy sancto padre al colleglo de los ReuerendislKOS cardenales qule ran remedlar loe dlchoe agrauios a Vuestra Reverendls slma paternldat muy aff ectuosamente rogamos que per contemplazlon nuestra qulera trabajar en todo lo que loe Itallca 15. arpot) \ s\) o o o>ovSp o ootiiopeilrxjbo gcvr Lo S t>cb bo S quo. fi3 1 eron S us cN-n t « ces oze s ap lOtJclaiglesiam a s\ cv s aueno f\jLer«Tiftcba.Sc\.pio^clcci.5le fu\po^gaerLla.slosr)ere6eros6€,U qaelcs.S h'so en otvlcuL^les to. , — , argoblBpo o oblepo o otro perlado de eancta ygleela sea tenudo de pa gar loe debdoe que fizleron sub an teoeeoree a pro de la Iglesla mas lae que no fueren fechae a pro de la Igle ela paguenlae loe herederoe del que lae flzo e non la Iglesla Redonda 16. muerU: o enram^a'D Anraan'oa. Za que- e? ferbapOTTnatibapue bala aque\ queU f\5obaTaotry o mena\a.parafvf^ qti\ i. «. >^ C c >•«■ «w * e. cc ci. ;i B \ V u I. G a c c c c c «. D AS a s § '^ b *5 a 9>^ E e e e e- e- c e e- F n ^ ^// J ^^^ a ^s ;^^^ >* ^'(y Z *^ ?^ ^l i 3. Snail letters: 15th-17th oenturies. 15tb 16th 17 th k «: «^ >« «< c/t c %c A «. Jl « & ^ C c .^ * -« 1? -d e-t -c T^ « D s ^^ r^^ «9i-«^ Jb»^ A rS-S -a «^ S t e •• t C •<. eOu * e e -e « ^ 1 F f (fJf /^ f /// a tries' i^-e ^ ^- ^zr^j- I k. 7 I £-« -€ 6 -^^ 1. i -€ I t^ ^ L M »*v »w rww nnx. -*!, H *\ w -w >v -rv >t. •« ©.•-we. O (2 v9 i' P pr -a- p rr '^^ -if^r Q ^ J 6 \ 1 «9 ^ OC5 §.^ 1 R ».^tH•/^ r X r t X X •X X -z T- B f 5 C <«. f j»f c «^ j «t 1 f -tr * « X •«^>: 4 "V. 2. <= r ^ 6 ^ ^ -3. V •^V4A> WK '»V -NA. c^ -u. V V% 4 -^ •>>, ■f' '\i -o X 2'/2«"C nf»T^2^ ^'ey^'^ Y ycy^ e/ yz^vif t Cf Z li^ in 5 3 i.; 4. Capitals: 18th, 19th c 18th century enturiee. lyth century A ^^ A r a rd/ B s B ^ C c/ ^ ^ C e D p ^ (n> D 9 E ^££i'^crc E ' '6 F cfjj" /-^ F J" y- \ a ^^ J f p G G f ^ i H /^^ H I y I 5. Capitals: 18th, 19th 18th century centuries. 19th century J y) 9 J J- ?r J c^^ K K L /S 1 L ^(\jy U /^cM M :^ m N A^ JC (k N -jr- o P fj> ^ ^ P T (ff (i G ^2 S J R ^ ^^ ^ Jl R fi z 6. Capitals: 18th, 19th oenturles. 18th century igth centurv 8 J" ^ iS y) 8 s y -^ T 'f ^ X G/ T 3- U V ^ U ^ ^ V ^ rr V J^ V ^ / - y X X 3c ! 1 Y ^ ^ Y y ^ ! Z Z Z X ^ _^ I 7. Small letters; IBth, 18th century 19th oentvirles. 19th century A a A CxJt B iy B f C c C - D ^ 3 ^ D ?) £ C <2x E V H >ri. N n. 'Kt N 'n o »- P f / P / Q f e ^ t R ^ -%- ^ R r ^ 9. Small letters: 18th, 19th centuries. 18th century 19th century 3 f J ^ s <» J- T f "l -fr T ^ t U c^ 2/ V U U. V V iT V XT X X >3 X X y- Y y J Y i Z } ' Z z BIBLIOGRAPHY I. Articles Adams, E. W. , "Translation and the Translator," English Review . Vol. 43 (October, 1926), pp. 413-418. Alvord, Clarence W. , "Planning the Publication Work of Historical Agencies," American Historical Association Report, Vol. 1 (1913), pp. 217-224. American Historical Association, Suggestions for the Printing of Documer-ts Relating to American History . Historical Manuscripts Commission, Vol. 1 (1905) , pp. 45-48, Washington: Government Printing Office. Anglo-American Historical Committee, "Report on Editing Historical Documents," Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, Vol. 1 (June, 1923), pp. 6-25. "Report on Editing Modern Historical Documents," Ibid . , Vol. 3 (June, 1925), pp. 13-26. Arneson, Edwin P. , "The Early Art of Terrestrial Measure- ment and Its Practice in Texas," Southwestern Histor - ical Quarterly . Vol. XXIX, pp. 79-97. Austin, Mary, "Geographical Terms from the Spanish," American Speech , (October, 1933). Bello, Andres, "Unif ormidad de Medidas i Pesos. Base del Sistema Metriko Dezimal. Istoria de su Origen i Ben- tajas ke Presenta," Obras Completas, Vol. 8, pp. 337-352. Belloc, H. , "On Translation," New Statesman . Vol. 15 (May 15, 1920), pp. 164-165. Belloc, H. , "On Translation," London Mercury . Vol. 10 (June, 1924), pp. 150-156. Bendikson, L. , "Cycle of Ultra-Violet Light Sources for Various Uses," Library Journal . Vol. 61 (January, 1936), pp. 16-17. Bendikson, L. , "Phototechnical Problems: Some Results Obtained at the Huntington Library," Library Journal , Vol. 57, (October, 1932), pp. 789-794. -179- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS Bendikson, L. , "Some Phototechnical Methods for the Preservation and Restoration of Lociiments , " Library Journal , Vol. cO, (October, 1935), pp. 745-746. Bendikson, L. and Haselden, R. B. , "Detection of Manu- script Forgeries," Library Journal . Vol. 59 (May 15, 1934), p. 442. Bonnard, A., "Traductions," Journal de Debats , Vol. 41, Pt. 1 (June 29, 1934), p. 1048f; Vol. 31, Pt. 2 (December 26, 1934), pp. 1137-1138. Byrne, Muriel St. Clare, "Elizabethan Handwriting for Beginners," Review of English Studies , Vol. 1, No. 2 (1925) , pp. 193-209. Denkhardt, Robert M. , "The Truth about Cortes's Horses," The Hispanic American Historical Review , Vol. XVII, No. 4 (November, 1937). Dodd, L. V. , "Exam.ination of Documents and Paintings by Ultra-Violet Rays," Art and Archeology . Vol. 30 (July, 1930) , pp. 30-35. Espinosa, Aurelio M. , "Cuentitos Populares Nuevomejicanos y pu Transcripcidn Pon^tica," Bulletin de Dialectologie Romane, (December, 1912). Espinosa, Aurelio M. , "Nombres de Bautismo Nuevomejicanos," Revue de Dialectologie Romane . (December, 1913). Espinosa, Aurelio M. , "Palabras Espanolas e Inglesas," Hispania . (October, 1922). Espinosa, Aurelio M. , "Studies in New Mexican Spanish," Revue de Dialectologie Romane, (1909-1915) . Fontainas, A., "L'office International de Traduction," Mercure de France . Vol. 196 (June 15, 1927), pp. 732- 735. Grasset, B. , "Traduction et Traducteurs , " Revue des Deux Monde s . s8. Vol. 46 (July 15, 1938), pp. 459-466. Hale, Edward E., "Geographical Terms in the Far West," Dialec t Notes . Vol. VI., Pt. IV., (1932). -180- BIBLIOGRAPHY Haselden, Reginald Berti, "Notes on the Use of Polarized Light for the Examination of Manuscripts and Printed Books," Library Journal , Vol. 51 (December, 1936), p. 906. Heawood, Edward, "The Use of Watermarks in Dating Old Maps and Documents," The Geographical Journal, Vol. LXIII, No. 5 (May, 1924), pp. 391-412. Hill, E. C. , "New Mexican Spanish," Hispanic Studies , Stanford University, 1929. Jenkinson, Hilary, "Elizabethan Handwritings," The Library . s4, Vol. Ill, No. 1 (J\ine 1, 1922), pp. 1-34. Jenkinson, Hilary, "On Autographs," History . (July 1, 1923), p. 98. Jenkinson, Hilary, "Representation of Manuscripts in Print," London Mercury, Vol. 30 (September, 1934). pp. 429-438. Kerchiville, F. M. , "A Preliminary Glossary of New Mexi- can Spanish," Bulletin of the University of New Mexico, Language Series, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 1-68. Lynd, R. , "Meaning," New Statesman and Nation . Vol. 1 (March 7, 1931), pp. 56-57. McSpadden, George E., "Some Semantic and Philological Facts of the Spanish Spoken in Chilili, New Mexico," Bulletin of the University of New Mexico, Language Series, Vol. 5, No. 3 pp. 73-102. Matthews, Albert, "Proper Editing of Old Documents and Books," in Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Publi - cations . Vol. 10 (1907), pp. 7-12. Metcalf, Keyes D. , "Care and Cataloging of Microfilms," Bulletin of American Library Association, Vol. 31 (February, 1937), pp. 72-74. Mori son, S. R. , "Texts and Translations of the Journal of Col'jjnbus' s First Voyage," Hispanic American His - torical Review . Vol. 19 (August, 1939), pp. 235-261. Pearce, Thomas Matthews, "The English Language in the Southwest," New Mexico Historical Review . Vol. 7, No. 3 (July, 1932). _igi_ HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS Penaredonda, Manuel de , "Valor de los Maravedfs en 1487 y su Equi Valencia de la Moneda en 1800," Boletln de la Historia , Vol. 77, pp. 422-436. Phillimore, J. S., "Some Remarks on Translators," English Association Pamphlets , No. 42, (January, 1919). Q;ualia, Charles B., "Mexican Spanish," The Spani sh Teacher , Vol. 3, No. 8 (May, 1935). Sanz Arismendi, C, "Las Primeras Acunaci6nes de los Rayes Cat6licos," Revista de Archives . Bihliotecas x Museos . 3a Epoca, Vol. 41, pp. 68-80. Sayous , Andr^ E. , "Orlgenes de las Instituci6nes Econ6- micas en la America EspaHola," Boletln del Institute de Investigaci6nes Hist6ricas, Year VII, No. 37, Buenos Aires, (July-Septemher , 1928). Sentenach, Narciso, "El Maravedl — su G-randeza y Decaden- cia," Revista de Archivos . Bihliotecas .y Museos , (1905). pp. 195-220. Sentenach, Narciso, "Monedas de Oro Castellanas ," Ibid . , Pt. 2 (1905) , pp. 180-199. Sentenach, Narciso, "Monedas de Plata y de Vell6n Caste- llanas," Ihid . , (1906), pp. 329-345. Smith, J. M. P., "Some Difficulties of a Translator," Journal of Religion . Vol. 5 (March, 1925), pp. 163-171. Sprengling, M. , "Translation from the Arabic." American Journal of Semitic Language s . Vol. 39 (April, 1923) , pp. 197-207. Svedberg, Theo , and Anderson, Jugo , "Fluorescence Pho- tography by Means of the New Wratten Ultra-Violet Filter," The Photographic Journal , Vol. LXIII, No. 1 (January, 1923) . Thursfield, H. , "Translation," Cornhill . Vol. 153 (April, 1936) , pp. 482-486. ■182- BIBLIOGRAPHY Tozzer, Alfred M. , "The Value of Ancient Mexican Manu- scripts in the Study of the General Development of Writing," Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, (l91l), pp. 493-506. Usher, A. P., "The General Course of Wheat Prices in France," Review of Economic Statistics , Vol. XII, p. 164. Usher, A. P., "Prices of Wheat and Commodity Price Indexes for England, (1257-1930) ," Review of Economic Statistics . Vol. XIII, p. 104. Vince, C, "Untranslatable Phrase," New Statesman , Vol. 25 (September 26, 1925), pp. 664f. Walker, L. V., "Psychology of Sight Translation," Class Journal Vol. 20 (May, 1925), pp. 286-288. Warren, Thomas Herbert, "The Art of Translation," Essay of Poets and Poetry , Ancient and Modern , (1909) , p. 110. Weber, Charles G. and Hill, John R. , "Care of Film Slides and Motion Picture Films in Libraries," Research Paper by the United States Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, p. 942. Whitaker, A. P., "Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa's Prologue . . . 1749 , " Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 18 (November, 1838), pp. 507-513. Wilson, H. R. , "Translation in Relation to the Originals," The Classical Journal . Vol. 18 (February, 1923), pp. 261-273. Wilson, P, W. , "Forgeries That Have Made History," Current History . Vol. 33 (November, 1930), pp. 187-194. II. Books Academia Esparto la, Diccionario de la Lengua EspaHola , Madrid: Espasa-Calpe , 1936. Alcantara, Jos6 Godoy, Ensayo Hist6rico Etimol6gic o Filo - l6gico sobre los Apellidos Castellanos , Madrid: Im- prenta y Estereotipica de M. Rivadeneyra, Calle del Duque de Osuna, Numero 5, 1871. -183- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS Alcedo, Antonio de , Diccionario Geogrdf i co-Hi st6rico de las Indias Occidentales o America . (Translated "by G. A. Thompson), 5 Vols., London, 1812-1815, Madrid: 1786- 1789. Aldrete, Doctor Bernardo, Del Orlgen £ Principio de la Lengua Castellana £ Romance que Oi Se Usa en Espaila . Rome: 1605. Alvarez, Juan, Temas de Historia Econ6mica Argentina : Equivalencia Actual de las Monedas Usadas en el Terri- torio Argentino (1492-1928 ) . Buenos Aires, Arg. : W. M. Jackson, Inc., Maipu 257, 1929. Alvarez , Luis G. , Tablas para Encontrar el Valor Intrin - sico Legal Mexicano de Cualquier Cant i dad de Plata de Cualquiera Ley del Sistema Metrico Decimal , Mexico, D. F. : Tipografla de la Oficina Impresora del Timbre, 1899. Anos, Flora Ross, Early Theories of Translation , New York: Columbia University Press, 1920. Anderton, Basil, Sketches from a Library Window , New York: D. Appleton, 1923. Arbuthnok, Charles, Tables of Ancient Coins , Weight , and Measures , Explained and Exemplified in Several Disser- tations , London: (1727). ArgUelles, Don Jos^ Canga , Diccionario de Hacienda , Con Aplicaci6n a E spana , 2 Vols. , Madrid: Imprenta de Don Marcelino Calero y Portocarrero , (1834). Arthur, William, An Etymological Dictionary of Family and Christian Names , New York: Sheldon, Blakeman, & Co., (1857). Astle, T. , The Origin and Process of Writing , London: Chatto, (1876). Aug^, Claude, Pequeno Larousse Ilustrado . Paris: Librarie Larouse, (1924). •184- I BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayala, Manuel Josef de , Diccionario de Gobierno x. I^egis- laci6n de Indias , Vol. IV of Colecci6n de Dociuaentos Inlditos para la Historia de Ibero-Am^rica , Madrid: Compania Ibero-Americana de Publicaci6nes , S. A., 1929. Balbin, Valentin, Sistema de Medidas x. Pesas de la Repu blica Argentina , Buenos Aires: Tipografla de M. Biedma (1881). Barcia, Don Roque, Primer Diccionario General Etimol6|g:ico de la Lengua Espanola , Edited by F. Seix, Calle de San Agiistin, 5 y 7, 5 vols., Barcelona, Spain: (1879). Baring-Gould, Sabine, Fami 1 y Names and their Story . London: Seeley&Co., Ltd., (1910). Bassett, Ralph E. , Spanish Pronunciation Adapted to Copious Oral Exercises . Published for the Author by the Abington Press, Cincinnati, Ohio, (1914). Bates, Ernest Stuart, Modern Translation , London: Oxford Press, (1936). Batteux, Charles, Principles of Translation , Edinburgh: Sands, Donaldson, Murray, and Cochran, (1760). Bean, M. E. Handbook of Spanish-English and English- Spanish Legal Words and Phrases , New York: D. Appleton and Company, (1933) . Benot , Don Eduardo, Diccionario de Modismos , Madrid: Li- breria de Antonio Romero, Calle de Preciados, Numero 23, n. d. Bentley, Harold W. , A Dictionary of Spanish Terms in English with Special Rererence to the American Southwest , New York: Columbia University Press , (1932). Beveridge, Sir William, Prices and Wages in England , from the Twelfth to the Nineteenth Century , Vol. I. , New York, N. Y. , Longmans, Green & Co., (1939). Birch, Walter de Gray, Seals , London: Methuen & Co., (1907). Black, Henry Campbell, Black's Law Dictionary . St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., (1933). -185- HANDBOOK FOR TRANSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS Bolton, Herbert Eugene, Anza' s California Expeditions . 5 Vols., Berkeley, California: University of California Press, (1930). Bolton, Herbert Eugene, Font's Complete Diary , A Chronicle of the Founding of San Francisco , Berkeley, California: University of Calif ornia Press , (1931). Bcurmont, Comte de Am^d^e, Lectures et Transcription des Vielles Ecritures , Manuel de Pale6graphie des XVI ? XVIl ! XVIIIf Si^cles ... Blanc-Hardel, Caen, (1881). Brial, Bichel, Semantics , New York: Henry Holt & Co., (1900). Briquet, C. M. , Les Filigranes , 4 Vols., Paris: A. Picard 6 Fils, (1907). Burnam, J. M. , Paleographia Iberica , 2 Vols. , Paris: Champion, (1912-1925). Canga, Argtlelles J. , Diccionario de Hacienda , Madrid: Im- prenta de M. Calero y Portocarrero , (1833-1834). Carvalho, David N. , Forty Centuries of Ink , New York: The Banks Publishing Co. , (1904). Chassant Alphonse Pal^ographie des Chartes et des Manuscrits du XI? au XVII f Si^cle , Paris: Auguste Aubry, Libraire- Editeur, Rue Dauphine 16, (1868). Chicago University Press, A Manual of Style . Chicago Press (1937). Christopher, H. G. 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Cubi y Soler, Mariano, El Traductor Espanol . n.p. n.d. Cuervo, Refugio Jos^, Diccionario de Con3trucci6n x. Regimen de la Lengua Castellana Paris: A. Roger y F. Chernoniz. (1886-1893). Cuervo, Refugio JosI, El Castellano en America , Bogot£: Editorial Minerva, (1935). Cumplido, Ignacio, Colecci6n de Articulos del Siglo XIX, sobre Alzamiento de Prohibici6nes , Mexico, D. F. : Im- prenta de Ignacio Ciamplido, Calle de los Rebeldes, Numero 2, (1851). Cutter, Charles A. , Rules for a Dictionary Catalog . 4th. ed. , Washington: Government Printing Office, (1904). Cuy^s , Arturo , Apple ton' s New Spani sh-Engl i sh and English- Spanish Dictionary . New York: D. Appleton-Century Co. , (1928). D'Avenel, le Vicomte G. , Histoire Economique de la Propriety des Salaires , des Denr^es et de Tous les Prix en General Depui s L'an 1200 Jusque en L'an 1800, 5 Vols. , Paris: Ernest Leveux, 28, Rue Bonaparte VI? (1913). -187- HANDBOOK FOR TRASSLATORS OF SPANISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS Direcci6n General del Institute Geogrdfico y Estadistico, Equivalencias entre las Pesas x. Medidas Usadas Antigua - mente en las Diversas Frovincias de Espana x. Isis Legale s del Sistema M^trico-Decimal . Madrid: Iraprenta de la Direcci6n General del Institute Geogr^fico y Estadistico, (1886). English, James H. , The Alternation of H and F in, Old S-pani sh , New York: Institute de las Espanas in los Estados Unidos, (1926). Entwistle, William J. , The Spani sh Language Together with Portuguese , Catalan , and Basque , London: Faber & Faber Ltd., 24 Russell Square. (1926). Erro, Juan Bautista jy Azpiroz] , The Alphabet of the Primi- tive Language of Spain , and a Philosoiphical Examination of the Antiquity and Civilization of the Basque People: An Extract from the Works of Don Bautista de Erro , Boston: Press of I. R. Butts, (1829). Escriche, Don Joaquin, Diccionario Razonado de Legislaci6n X Jurisprudencia , 4 Vols., Bajo: Imprenta de Ed^^ardo Cuesta, Rollo 6, (1874) . Escriche, Don Joaquin, Manual del Abo gad o Americano . Paris: Librerla de Garnier Hermanos, (1863). Escriche y Martin, Joaquin, Diccionario Razonado de Legis- laci6n Civil , Penal , Comercial x. Forense ; etc. , Valencia, Spain: Don Joaquin Escriche , (1838). Caracas: Imprenta de V. Espinal (revised 1840). Espasa-Calpe , S. A. , Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana , 70 Vols., Madrid: Rio Rosas 24, (1930). Fearnley, A. L. , Guide to the Inspection of Deeds , London: Sir I. Pitman & Sons, Ltd., (1933). Fitzpatrick, John C. , Notes on the Care . Cataloguing , Calendaring , and Arranging of Manuscripts . 3rd. ed. , Washington: Government Printing Office, (1928). Fomento, Secretarla de , Exposici6n del Sistema M^tric o De - cimal y Tables de Equivalencia , Mexico, D. 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