mmw.m APRIL, 1912 Number 1 Hfunalnn #tatr Normal ^rlfool lullriiii m H; School Libraries iterari 4 Vi- wmm Published Quarterly by the Lewiston State Normal School at Lewiston, Idaho. I Entered as second-class matter, August 5, 1905, at the Postoffice at Lewiston, Idaho, under Act of Congress of July 16, 1894. SCHOOL LIBRARIES ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION Prepared by Theodora R. Brewitt Librarian Lewiston State Normal School 2 How to Start a School Library It is the duty of the teacher to arouse an interest in a school library among' the people in the community. An intelligent and enthusiastic teacher can do wonders in awakening public senti- ment. Try some of the following suggestions : Collect all the useful material possible which may be obtained free. Such material will include government and state publica- tions, pictures to illustrate history, science, and geography which may be cut from old magazines, railway advertisements, circulars, etc., and clippings on debate and other topics. Make these the nucleus of the library. Publish notices of books and magazines desired in the local newspaper. Do not, however, ask for donations without specify- ing what is desired. Indiscriminate gifts are often useless or worse than useless lumber in a library. Send to the State Library Commission at Boise for a “travel- ing library.” This may be obtained free on application and at the end of four months exchanged for a new collection. Give entertainments for the benefit of the school library. Affairs of this kind are especially welcome in places where there is little social life. Interest the parents as well as the children in preparing for them. Make them feel that the library is some- thing in which they have a personal interest. Woman’s clubs will generally be glad to give assistance in so worthy a cause. Have a “library day” with a program consisting of readings about books, tableaux representing characters in books, a talk on some appropriate subject by a well known person either in or outside the community. Often the school board will agree to give as much money as the school will raise. Place of the Public Library As soon as the town is large enough to support one, an independent public library should be started. In many instances the public library has had its origin in the small school library. If the community contains a public library, the teacher’s efforts 3 should be directed toward intelligent co-operation with this in- stitution rather than toward trying to build up a rival collection which may largely duplicate the books in the public library. It is best if possible to turn over to the latter the largest part of the supplementary reading and fiction, reserving at the school only reference works and books most constantly in demand. The most sympathetic relations should exist between the teacher and the librarian. One of the chief functions of the public library is to assist the schools. Books and pictures should be loaned for as long a period as needed. Books should be purchased with the needs of the school in view. The librarian should visit the schools occasionally and talk to pupils and teachers about the library. When possible, some definite instruc- tion in the use of libraries should be given by the librarian. A library bulletin board should be placed in the school building on which may be posted lists of new books, books on special subjects, references on special days, as Decoration day, Christ- mas, etc., and other information about the library. The teacher should furnish the librarian lists of subjects to be assigned for reading far enough ahead so that the latter may have the material ready for the students when they come. Selecting Books The most important problem in connection with the school library is selecting suitable books. Because of limited knowledge of children's literature, the average teacher must rely on the advice of specialists. It should, however, be the duty of every instructor of children to learn as much as possible on this sub- ject. Make it a point to read a certain number of children's books each year. Read reviews of current books in educational journals and the best book reviewing periodicals. Many helpful lists of children's books and books for school libraries have been prepared and the teacher will find these the most trustworthy guides. The advisibility of consulting these when buying books cannot be too strongly emphasized. Of the following lists those marked with a * are especially recommended. 4 American Library Association. Booklist: monthly guide to the best new books. A. L. A. Publishing Board, 78 E. Washington St., Chicago. $1 a year. Any school library whose funds will admit of the purchase of current publications will find this most valuable. Libraries of less than 500 volumes will make their purchases from standard works and classics and will not need this guide to new books. ^'Buffalo Public Library. Graded list of books with subject index, together with a brief list of reference books for schools. Public Library, Buffalo, N. Y. 25 cents. A graded list such as this will be found very useful in school work. Hewins, C. M. Books for boys and girls, A. L. A. Publish- ing Board, 78 E. Washington St., Chicago. 15 cents. * Kennedy, H. T. Suggestive list of books for children. Wis- consin Library Commission, Madison, Wis. 25 cents. A valuable list compiled in 1910. Moore, A. C. List of books recommended for a children’s library. Iowa Library Commission, Des Moines, Iowa. Includes practical suggestions as to the selection and purchase of children’s books. ^Oregon Library Commission. List of books for school libraries in the state of Oregon. Part 1, Books for ele- mentary schools. 15 cents. Part 2, Books for high schools. 25 cents. This is perhaps the most useful guide for this section of the country. The editions listed are inexpensive. ^Pittsburgh Carnegie Library. Children’s reading; a catalog compiled for home libraries and reading clubs conducted by the children’s department of the Carnegie Library, Pittsburgh. A. L. A. Publishing Board, 78 E. Washington St., Chicago. 25 cents. “An annotated list of popular books for children, comprising picture books, books' for children beginning to read, standard stories, stories aranged by subject, books on special subjects, books on nature, etc.” A. L. A. Booklist. Pittsburgh Carnegie Library. Catalog of children’s books in the children’s department; author, title, and subject list. Carnegie Library, Pittsburgh. $1. 5 Prentice, M. H. & Power, E. L. Children’s library ; selected on behalf of the Cleveland Normal School. Burrows Bros. Co. 133 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. 25 cents. United States — Education Bureau. Teachers’ professional library. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. * Wisconsin — State Superintendent of Instruction. List of books for free high school libraries with instructions for cotaloging. State Superintendent of Instruction, Madi- son, Wis. ^Wisconsin — State Superintendent of Instruction. List of books for township libraries in the state of Wisconsin. State Superintendent of Instruction, Madison, Wis. Ordering Books It is best to buy books from one dealer, and when possible, in orders large enough to be sent by freight. Some large publish- ing houses like A. C. McClurg in Chicago, and Baker & Taylor in New York, are also jobbers and books of any publisher may be obtained through them. These large firms are often able to give larger discounts than the local dealer but there are also the delay and transportation charges to consider. Discounts from the prices listed in book lists and publishers’ catalogs may be expected except in the case of a few "net” books. These discounts will vary from 5 to 33 1-3 percent and sometimes more. Agents. Avoid all dealings with books agents. It is always more expensive to buy through them than of the regular dealers Most books sold by subscription can be bought six months or a year after their issue for half price. Expensive reference books and sets in good condition can often be purchased at much re- duced prices from second-hand dealers such as the H. R. Huntting Co. of Springfield, Mass. Editions. In selecting books from lists, be careful to order the editions recommended. There are innumerable editions of many of the children’s classics and of these perhaps only a few will be desirable. Buy inexpensive editions when possible, but never poor ones. Some of the more popular children’s books 6 may now be purchased in library reinforced bindings at a slight additional cost. Specify in your order to send library bindings when possible. Form of Order. In ordering books from a dealer give author’ name, title, number of volumes, edition or series, pub- lisher, and price. Enter the number of copies wanted at the left of the author’s name. Write all letters and orders in duplicate so that copies of orders and business letters may be kept on file Form for letter to dealer Lewiston, Idaho, A. C. McClurg & Co. May 10, 1911. 215 Wabash Ave., Chicago. Gentlemen : You will find enclosed an order for books to be sent to the Lewiston State Normal School by prepaid freight. Send rein- forced bindings when possible. Very truly yours, (Miss) Mary Brown. Form for book order Blackmore. Lorna Doone. (Everyman’s library). Dutton.... 60 Carpenter. How the world is fed. Amer. Book Co 60 Crockett. Red cap tales. Macmillan 1.50 Shakespeare. Julius Caesar; ed. by Porter & Clarke. Crowell .75 Classification By library classification is meant the system of arrangement by means of which all books on the same subject or on related subjects will stand together on the shelves. Material in the library is much more accessible if books are grouped according to subject matter. The two systems of classification most generally used are the Cutter Expansive system and the Dewey Decimal system. The latter is in use in a large percent of public libraries and is recommended as best suited to the needs of a school library. By this system all knowledge is divided into 9 classes with a 10th, or zero division, for general works which do not logically go in any one class. These classes are represented by numbers from 000 to 900. In the complete classification scheme it is necessary to use many divisions and sub-divisions of the 9 main classes represented by 100, 200, 300, etc. These are made by using the numbers be- tween 100 and 199, 200 and 299, etc., and when even finer dis- tinctions are needed, decimals are added to these numbers ; hence the name Decimal classification. Example : 900 — History, 970 — American history, 973 — United States history, 973.3 — Revolutionary war. When books have been classified and the class number written on a label on the back of each book, (see page 13) they are then arranged on the shelves numerically according to this class num- ber. Stories are given no class number but are placed together on the shelves and arranged alphabetically by the author’s surnames. The following adaptation of the Dewey classification may be used to advantage in school libraries which do not contain over 500 books. For larger libraries get Dewey’s Abridged decimal classification sold by Library Bureau, Wabash Ave. Chicago. $1.50. 000-099. General works Small school libraries will have little use for this division. The subdivisions most used are : 030. Encyclopedias. 050. Bound periodicals. 100-199. Philosophy In this division use : 150. Psychology. 170. Morals and manners, right living, etc. ex. Dewey, Ethics : stories for home and school. 200-299. Religion In this division use : 220. Bible stories. ex. Guerbcr, Story of the chosen people. 290. Myths — stories of Greek and Roman gods and goddesses and mythology of Northern Europe, ex. Guerber, Myths of Greece and Rome. 8 300-399. Sociology , A very broad class which includes all subjects which have a direct bearing on organized society. The divisions most used in this class are : 320. Government, the army and navy, etc. ex. Dole , American citizen . 370. Education. The books in this class will form the teacher’s library. ex. McMurry , Course of study in the eight grades . 398. Fairy tales, fables, folk stories. ex. Aesop's Fables, Anderson's Fairy tales, Arabian nights, Legends of King Arthur, etc. 400-499. Language 400. Use this number for g*rammars, compositions, rhetorics, dictionaries. 500-599. Science In this division use: 500. Use for all general nature books. ex. Andrezvs, Stories mother nature told her children. Hodge, Nature study and life. 510. Mathematics. 520. Astronomy. 530. Physics, Electricity. 540. Chemistry. 550. Geology, Physical geography. 560. Paleontology. 570. Biology, Prehistoric times, Evolution, ex. Clodd, Story of primitive man. Dopp, Early cave men. 580. Botany. 590. Animals, birds, insects, etc. 591. Stories about animals. ex. Carter, Stories of brave dogs. Kipling, Jungle book. 600-699. Useful arts This is the class for all occupations, trades, etc., use: 600. Inventions and general books about how things are done and made. 9 ex. Baker , Boys’ book of inventions. Moffett, Careers of danger and daring. 610. Health. Use this number for all books relating to the question of health, as hygiene, gymnastics, public health, etc. 630. Agriculture, Gardening, Forestry. 640. Domestic economy. Use for books on sewing, cooking, housekeeping, etc. 650. Business methods, such as book keeping, business letter writing, stenography, etc. 680. Manual training. ex. Wheeler, Woodworking for beginners. White, Hozv to make baskets. 700-799. Fine Arts In this class use : 700. Books about artists, pictures, drawing, etc. ex. Emery, How to enjoy pictures. Rydingsvard, Art studies for schools. 780. Music. Use for music books and books about music and musicians. 790. Amusements. Use for books about all games, athletics, outdoor life, as hunting, fishing, camping, etc. 800-899. Literature 800. Classics retold for children. ex. Stories from the Faerie Queen. Stories from Chaucer. Tales from Shakespeare 808. Readers and speakers, collections of literature, ex. Blaisdell, Child life readers. LeRow, Pieces for every occasion. Masterpieces of American literature. 809. General literature. Use this number for books about the literature of different nations. ex. Botta, Handbook of universal literature. 810. English and American literature. 811. Poetry. Both poetry and books about poetry. 812. Drama. 814. Essays. 10 900-999. History, Biography, Travel and Geography 900. Biography. 910. General geography and travel, sea life, exploration and discovery, pirates. 910.1. Commercial geography. 914. Geography and travel — Europe. 915. Geography and travel — Asia. 916. Geography and travel — Africa. 917. Geography and travel— North and Central America, West Indies. 918. Geography and travel — South America. 919. Geography and travel— Australia, Artie regions, Pacific Islands. 920. History — general. 930. History — ancient. 940. History — European nations. 950. History — Asia. 960. History — Africa. 970. Indians. 973. American history. Book Numbers Books having the same class number should be arranged on the shelves alphabetically by the surname of the author. As an aid in so arranging them the author’s initial may be placed beneath the class number on the label, adding 1, 2, 3, etc., to indicate different books by the same author, or books by different authors having the same initial, as: (820-B3). In biography use for the book number the initial of the person written about and not the name of the author. Thus biographies will be arranged alphabetically by the biograph ee and all lives of one person will stand together. This combination of class number and book number is called the call number and indicates the exact position of the book on the shelves. While many books may have the same class number, no two books should have the same call number. In larger libraries it is necessary to have a more elaborate scheme for assigning book numbers so that all books in the same class may 11 he arranged alphabetically by author. The Cutter author tables (Library Bureau, $1.25) were devised for this purpose. These will not be needed unless the library has more than 500 volumes or is likely to grow rapidly. Library Routine for Incoming Books Checking with bill When new books are received, check them with the bill sent by the dealer and with your duplicate order to be sure that the shipment is correct. Accessioning The author, title, publisher, source (from whom purchased or by whom given) and price of each book is then entered in a book called the Accession record. Regular printed forms are used by larger libraries, but for the school library an ordinary stout blank book, 8x10 inches with cloth or board covers will do. Rule this as follows : (left side) Date received No. Author’s surname Title (right side) Copy or vol. [ Publisher Source | Cost | Notes 1 | | | | i | i i Rules for accessioning Enter each single volume on a line of this record, filling in the information as indicated by the headings. Number the lines consecutively and write in each book at the bottom of the page' following the title page, and on some other selected page, the number of its line. This number is the “accession number” of the book and helps to identify it. 12 Be sure that only one volume or copy is entered on a line. If there are more than one volumes or copies of the same book put cop. 1, cop. 2, etc., or vol. 1, vol. 2, etc., as the case may be in the column marked Copy or vol. In the Notes column indicate if the book is lost, destroyed, or worn out. Do not use capital letters for words in the title except the first word and proper nouns and adjectives. Use ditto marks when possible. Always use Arabic notation and not Roman. Inventory An inventory should be taken at least once a year by check- ing' the Accession record by the books in the library to see if all the books listed are accounted for. Mark of ownership The name of the school should be stamped with a rubber stamp or written neatly on the inside cover of the book and on some page in the book, as 31. Opening a new book If the following directions are observed with each new book it will wear longer. Lay the book back downward on a table or other smooth surface. Press the front cover down until it touches the table, then the back cover, holding the leaves in one hand while you open a few at the back, then at the front, alternately pressing them down gently until you reach the center of the volume. Cutting leaves All leaves should be cut before a book is put in circulation. Otherwise the children will tear them or cut them carelessly. Preparation for loaning On the inside of the back cover of each book paste a pocket which will hold the book card. Inexpensive pockets can be made of stout writing paper 4-y^x4 J / 2 inches. Fold this over the lower 13 edge and sides of the book card to get the proper size and crease with a paper cutter, then paste in the book. Manila book pockets ready for folding may be purchased from a library supply house (see list of supplies, page 20). At the top of the blank page opposite the back cover of the book, attach with a little paste along the upper edge, a blank slip 3x5 inches. This is the dating slip. Write a book card for each book. This card should be of manila paper 3x5 inches (see list of supplies). At the top of each card write the author’s surname, the title of the book on the line below it, and in the two upper corners put the call number and the accession number. This card remains in the book pocket when the book is in the library and is filed at the librarian’s desk when the book is out (see directions for loaning, P- 21). Labels On the back of each book, one inch from the bottom paste a plain round gummed label (Dennison’s A 44). Before doing this remove the glazed surface from the place where the label is to go with ammonia and a brush. On this label write with India ink in legible vertical figures the call number of the book. When the ink is dry apply white liquid shellac, allowing it to extend a trifle outside the label. In place , of labels figures may be put directly on the backs of books with black India ink or white “Letterine.” The latter may be purchased of Davis & Co., 127 Williams St., New York. It requires skill in use and is apt to become illegible. On the other hand labels will crack and become ragged. As fiction is given no class number, books of fiction will not need labels. The Card Catalog A card catalog is a catalog of books in a library made on cards instead of in book form. Most modern libraries have card catalogs in place of the old fashioned printed ones. Their advantage is that they can always be kept up to date. Cards for new books may be inserted in their alphabetical places as the books are received, while a printed catalog must be reprinted frequently at great expense in a growing library. 14 A complete card catalog will answer the following questions : Has the library a book by a given author ? Has the library a book of a given title ? Has the library material on a given subject and where is this material to be found? Each book in the library is represented in the catalog by at least one card under the author’s name, and usually by cards under the title and one or more subject headings. All these cards are arranged alphabetically in one file like the words in a dictionary. Thus a book may be found in the same file under the surname of the author, the first word of the title and under the names of the subjects of which the book treats. The average teacher will have neither the time nor the tech- nical knowledge necessary to make a complete dictionary catalog, but if the following rules are observed a useful working catalog can be made without much difficulty. The cataloger should have for reference the following pamphlets : Wisconsin State Sup’t of Instruction. List of books for free high school libraries. . .with instructions for cataloging. State Sup’t, Madison, Wis. Wisconsin State Sup’t of Instruction. List of books for town- ship libraries. State Sup’t, Madison, Wis. The above lists give class number and subject headings for each book listed, directions for cataloging and lists of suggested subject headings. As the books listed are carefully selected for school libraries, they will be found useful in book _selection as well as cataloging. Hitchler. Cataloging for small libraries. American Library Association Publishing Board. 78 E. Washington St., Chicago. Catalog cards Use the standard size catalog card, 3x5 inches (see list of supplies). In ordering specify ruled cards for manuscript cata- log, or unruled if the cards are to be typewritten. All cards should have two vertical lines as a guide for indention. General rule In cataloging do not capitalize the words of the title except the first word and proper nouns and adjectives. 15 Author card The author card is the card which has for its heading the name of the author, editor, or compiler (see sample card no. 1). The author card is called the “main card” because it contains the most information about the book. If the book has no author, editor, or compiler, the main card is made by writing the title on the first line beginning at the second vertical line (see sample card no. 5). Write the author’s surname followed by his given names (separated from surname by comma) on the first ruled line beginning at the first vertical line. Write the title of the book on the line below the author’s name beginning at the second vertical line. Succeeding lines of the title begin again at the first vertical line. About the space of four letters after the title put the publication date as found on the title page, or the latest copyright date given on the back of the title page, if no publica- tion date is given. Joint authors. If the book has two authors, enter it under the name of the first followed by the name of the second con- nected to the first by & (see sample card no. 6). If a book has more than two authors, enter it under the name of the first followed by & others. Compiler or editor as author. When a book is edited or compiled and has no author, enter it under the name of the editor or compiler and write ed. or comp, after his name (see sample card no. 7). Books having neither author nor editor. Write the title on the first line beginning at the second verticle line. Start the second line of the title at the first verticle line. Add date as in the author card (see sample card no. 5). Body as author. Many books and pamphlets are issued by the United States, state governments, societies, institutions, etc. These should be entered under the name of the body or institu- tion issuing them unless they are by some well known author. Enter the publications of government departments under the piame of the country followed by a dash and the official name of the department (see sample cards no. 8 and 9). Examples: U. S. — War dep’t; Great Britain — National gallery; New York (state); National educational association; Chicago University. 16 Title card The title card is the card whose heading is the title of the book. Make title cards for stories and all books having striking- titles (see sample card no. 2). Write the title on the first line beginning at the second vertical line. If the title occupies more space than one line begin succeeding lines one-fourth inch after the second vertical line. Put the author’s name on the first line below the title beginning at the first vertical line. Invert as on the author card and abbreviate : that is, if one forename is given write in full, if more than one forename, give initials only. Ex. Brown, John; Roberts, W. E. Subject card A subject card is a card which has for its heading the sub- ject of which the book treats. It is very essential to be able to tell just what material the library contains on different subjects, hence the value of the subject card in the catalog (see sample card no. 3). Often a book will need several subject headings, for example, Brand er Matthews, Poems of American patriotism should be found in the catalog under the subject headings Battles , Patriot- ism, Poetry collections. Write the subject in red ink on the first line beginning at the second vertical line. Write the author’s name on the first line below the subject, beginning at the first vertical line. Invert and abbreviate the author’s name as on the title card. Write the title on the line below the author’s name beginning at the second vertical line. Use great thought and care in selecting subject headings. Look over the book carefully. Select non-technical terms and ones of which students will be most likely to think ; for example, Animals rather than Zoology . Use more than one subject when the book seems to require it. Use as specific terms as possible ; for example, Bees rather than Insects. Be consistent in assigning subject headings. If you decide on one heading for a certain subject use it for all books on that subject. It is necessary to refer often to your catalog to see what headings you have use. The A.L.A. list of subject headings for use in dictionary catalogs. 17 A. L. A. Publishing Board, $2.00, will be found very useful in assigning subject headings. Subject analytic card Beside the cards which have for their headings the main sub- ject or subjects of a book, cards should' be made for subjects treated on certain pages in the book, if these subjects are ones which would not ordinarily be looked for in the book. For example: Our little Alaskan cousin contains useful material on Eskimos, pages 119-128; Gold, pages 108-118; Reindeer, pages 129-136 (see sample card no. 4). Write the subject in red ink on the first line beginning at the second vertical line. Write the author’s name on the first line below the subject, inverted and abbreviated as on the title card and beginning at the first vertical line. Write the title of the book on the line below the author’s name beginning at the second vertical line. Write the inclusive paging at the right of the title with a comma after the title. Cross reference cards A cross reference card is one which directs attention to another card. Its object is to refer the catalog user from the heading under which he looks to the heading under which the book is cataloged, or to other headings under which material bearing on the same subject will be found. Example: Naviga- tion, sec also Commerce ; Municipal improvement, see Civic im- provement ; Twain, Mark see Clemens, S. L. A small school library will need few cross references. Tracing On the back of the main card write the headings of all the cards you have written for that book. Invert the tracing as compared with the writing on the front of the card so that 4 may be easily read by turning the card forward in the file. Class number Each card in the catalog should have the class number of the book written in red ink in the upper left hand corner. This tells where to find the book on the shelves. 18 Handwriting Cards should be written in plain round vertical hand. Use black ink. File for catalog Catalog cases with drawers which the standard catalog card will fit can be purchased from library supply houses. These are expensive and the smaller libraries can manage very nicely with pasteboard filing drawers which can be purchased from the local book store or office supply firm. Arrangement of cards Cards in the catalog should be in alphabetical order, with subject, author, and title cards in the same alphabet. Alpha- betize authors by the surname first, then by the Christian name or initials. Consider abbreviations like Me and St as if spelled out. Books by the same author should be arranged alphabeti- cally by the first word of the title not an article. A person’s name as subject should come after his name as author. Guide cards Bristol guide cards (see list of supplies) should be placed in the catalog and lettered in India ink with the letters of the alphabet. Sample cards 919 P ike, Henry Lee Mitchell P Our little Panama counsin. 1906. 1. Author card. I 918 Our little Panama cousin P P ike, H. L. M. 2. Title card. 19 918 | Panama — Description and travel P P | ike, H. L. M. I Our little Panama cousin. 3 . Subject card. 918 Pirates P P ike, H. L. C. Our little Panama cousin, p. 36-59. 4 . Subject analytic. 917. 7 1 Southern stories retold from St. Nicholas. S |19|07 Main card for book without author or editor. | 1 800 |B1 aisdell, Etta Austin & Blaisdell, Mary Frances B 1 Boy Blue and his friends. 1907. 1 .1 Joint authors. 821. 8J R|epplier, Agnes, ed. R | | A book of famous verse. cl892. 7 . Main card under editor. 901 1 l U S. — Congress G 1 Proceedings on the occasion of the reception |an 1 d acceptance of the statue of Ulysses S. Grant 8 . Government as author. 630.6 U S. — Agriculture dep’t. U Year book. Library has 1904 1905 1906 9 . Government as author with form used for annual publications and bound periodicals. 20 Summary of Library Routine The following are the processes through which the book must go before it is ready for circulation. 1. Order. 2. Check with bill when books arrive. 3. Accession. 4. Put in mark of ownership. 5. Open and cut leaves. 6. Pocket. 7. Paste in dating slip. 8. Classify and write call number in book. 9. Write book card. 10. Label and write call number on label. 11. Catalog. Supplies Needed in Organizing School Library The following supplies may be purchased from Democrat Printing Co., Madison, Wis., or Library Bureau, Wabash Ave., Chicago. Write for the catalogs of these firms before purchasing. Book pockets, plain or printed with library rules. Book cards, manila paper. Date slips, plain. Dennison circular book labels, No. A44 (special library stock) Linen catalog cards. Buff bristol guide cards. Book supports. Wooden tray for charging system. Get the following from your local dealer. Stout blank book, 8x10 inches, for accession record. Higgins’ American India ink. Brushes for paste and shellac. Rubber stamp with name of school or number of district. Filing box for catalog. Paste. Shellac. Ammonia. Red ink. Pens. 21 Aids in Organizing School Library Dewey, Melvil. Abridged decimal classification. Library Bureau. $1.50. Get this if library has 500 vloumes or more. For smaller libraries the scheme outlined in these lessons will be sufficient. Stearns, L. E. Essentials in library administration. American Library Association Publishing Board. 78 E. Washing- ton St., Chicago. 15 cents. Hitchler, Theresa. Cataloging for small libraries. American Library Association Publishing Board. 15 cents. Wisconsin — State Sup’t of Instruction. List of books for free high school libraries with instructions for cataloging. State Sup’t, Madison, Wis., free. Wisconsin — State Sup’t of Instruction. List of books . for township libraries. State Sup’t, Madison, Wis. These last two lists give subject headings for cataloging and useful chapters on library methods. National Educational Association. Report of the committee on instruction in library administration in Normal schools. Irwin Shepard, Secretary N. E. A., Winona, Minn. 10 cents. Dana, J. C. A library primer. Library Bureau. $1.00. Loaning Books The pocket, book card, and dating slip in the back of each book is for the loan system. When a student wishes to take a book from the library, remove the card from the book pocket. Write on it in pencil the pupil’s name and the date he is to re- turn the book. Write the same date on the dating slip in the back of the book. At the end of the day file all the cards for books loaned behind guides bearing the date due. These guides may be cut from cardboard one half inch longer than the book cards. Num- ber these in black ink from 1 to 31 for the days of the month. Thus the librarian will have a complete card file of all the books out of the library giving the names of the persons to whom loaned and arranged according to the date they are due. When a book is returned, put the card back in the pocket and return book to the shelves. Suggested rules Books may be kept one week with the privilege of renewal at the end of that time unless desired by some other student. Some school libraries allow students to keep books for two weeks. When the resources of the library are very limited, students may be restricted to one book at a time. Do not make this a hard and fast rule, however, as occasionally a student’s work will require reference to several books at once. A fine of one or two cents a day may be charged for books that are overdue. This may not be necessary in a small library but will greatly aid in getting books back on time. The money collected should be used to buy new books. Any damage to books other than ordinary wear and tear should be paid for. Where there is no public library residents of the district should be allowed to borrow books not needed in the school work. Large reference works, as dictionaries and encyclopedias should not be taken from the library. Books in which special references have been assigned for class work should not be taken from the library during school hours. Care of Books The life and good appearance of a book may be greatly pro- longed by the observation of certain rules in handling and prompt mending. Teach children to respect the physical side of books by telling them in as interesting a manner as possible something about the process of book making; how they are printed and bound, the different methods of illustration, etc. Post near the library shelves the following rules: Do not turn down the corners of the pages. Never handle books with soiled hands. 23 Always protect them from rain and snow. Do not wet your fingers to turn a page. Do not use a thick book mark. It strains the binding. Do not lay a book open face downward, or do not place one book on another when they are open. Never mark with pen or pencil. Books should not be replaced on the library shelves after having been loaned without examining carefully for loose leaves, tears, marks, etc. Books with very light covers should be given a thin coat of white shellac to keep them from showing soil. Keep books upright on the shelves by means of book supports. Do not crowd them. Leave enough space on each shelf so that new books may be inserted with their class. Do not allow books to rest on their front edges as it strains the backs. If a book is too large to stand upright, lay it on its side. Book Mending The following directions for book mending are taken from the List of books for free high school libraries in the State of Wisconsin (see page 21 of this pamphlet). Cleaning books Soiled pages can be cleaned with powdered pumice stone rubbed on with a piece of clean cheese cloth. Book covers can be cleaned with powdered pumice stone, ivory soap, and water, or vinegar and water. For the latter take two parts of vinegar and one part water ; apply with clean unbleached muslin and rub hard until dirt is removed. Vinegar should not be used on leather binidng. Tom leaves Place a loose sheet of waste paper under the torn leaf, tear or cut with an ivory folder or a very dull knife, a piece of onion skin paper in the size and shape to correspond witn the tear, and 24 about one half or three fourths of an inch wide. Apply a very thin smooth coat of paste to this strip and carefully paste over the tear. Place a loose sheet of paper over this, close the book, weight and let dry. Loose leaves To “tip in” a loose leaf, apply a thin coat of paste to about one-eighth of the inner margin and carefully insert the leaf in its proper place in the book. Care should be taken that the leaf should not project beyond the other leaves in the book. If the leaf to be replaced is of very heavy paper which may not hold by tipping in, take a strip of paper one half inch wide and of the same length as the leaf ; carefully fold this .strip down the center, apply a thin coat of paste to side of the hinge thus formed, and paste on the inner margin of the leaf. When this has dried sufficiently, apply a very thin coat to the other half of the same side of the hinge and put the leaf in its proper place in the book. Always trim the projecting* edges of a replaced leaf. Joints By joint is meant the hinge by which the cover is attached to the body of a book. It pays to repair loose joints by pasting along the joint a strip of white cambric, one and one half inches wide. Fold the cambric through the center, paste and apply one half of it to the inside of the book cover and the other half of it to the fly leaf. Place a piece of oiled paper between the hinge formed by the muslin ; close the book, weight and dry. Cut the cloth joint lengthwise of the goods. Loose sections To sew in a loose section, use a long needle with linen thread, no. 40. Pass needle through hole at top of section to back of book. Drop needle and thread through the loose back. Bring needle through hole at bottom and tie securely in the center of the section. Trim any projecting edges. 25 Binding Books that are loose at the back and whose covers are worn may be rebound to advantage provided the book is worth while from the point of view of subject matter and the pages are in good condition. A rebound book will wear two or three times as long as in the original binding. As a rule do not rebind a book which costs less than 60 or 75 cents as it will be cheaper to buy a new copy. Foster & Futernick Co. in Tacoma do satisfactory library binding. Supplies for mending Scissors, soft pencil eraser, powdered pumice stone, linen thread no. 45, paper cambric for joints, thin paper for tears (rice paper or onion skin), paste, oiled paper to put in mended place when drying. Gaylord Bros., Syracuse, N. Y., sell thin gummer paper and other mending materials such as gummed cloth hinges, etc. Recipe for paste One tablespoonful alum, one quart water, one half pint of flour. Mix flour with small quantity of water and stir into a cream. Dissolve the alum in the water and bring to a boil, stir in the cream and cook for twenty minutes. Stir while cooking, strain, and add twenty drops of oil of cloves. This is better than prepared paste because it does not dry so quickly. Reference Books Every school library should have at least a few well chosen reference books as the nucleus of the school collection. By reference books is meant the larger, more expensive works which are very inclusive in subject matter, and so arranged that the material in them is easily accessible. Examples are, general encyclopedias, encyclopedias on special subjects, as Bliss's Ency- clopedia of social reform , dictionaries , atlases, etc. In looking up any unfamiliar subject in the library it is best to go first to one of these reference works. All the information needed may be found there, or if this is not the case, the searcher 26 will gain a clearer idea of the scope of his subject which will aid him in finding more material. It is most important to teach children how to use reference books. In order to do this the teacher must know them himself. That is, he should know what books to consult for certain kinds of information ; he should understand the arrangement of the material, the abbreviations and cross references used, etc. The following list of reference books is arranged in the order in which they are recommended for purchase. Webster. New international dictionary, Merriam. $12. New international encyclopedia. 20 v. Dodd. Because of expense it may be impossible to gel this among the first reference books. A good substitute for small school libraries is the following : Aiton’s encyclopedia. Welles Bros. & Co., Minneapolis. 5 v. 920. Champlin. Young folks’ cylopedia of common things. Holt. $2.50. World almanac. N. Y. Press Pub. Co. 40 cents. Lippincott’s new gazetteer of the world. Lippincott. $8. Very comprehensive. Arranged alphabetically. Gives descrip- tions and information about almost every place in the world. In- cludes cities, rivers, lakes, mountains, etc. Mill. International geography. Appleton. $3.50. A valuable general reference book in geography. Peck. Harper’s dictionary of classical literature and antiquities. Amer. Bk. Co., $6. Best reference work for classes in ancient history, Greek and Roman mythology, and Latin. Hoyt & Ward. Cyclopedia of practical quotations. Funk & Wagnalls. $6. ‘ Useful for finding quotations on special subjects and for author- ship of quotations. Brookings & Ringwalt. Briefs for debate. Longmans. $1.25. Gives many popular topics for debate with briefs and references on both sides. Bliss. Encyclopedia of social reform. Funk & Wagnalls, $7.50. Includes all important social and economic topics giving brief accounts. 27 Eclectic catalog: an author and subject index to 20 maga- zines and recent government publications. H. W. Wilson Co., Minneapolis. $4 a year. This index to magazines will be invaluable in a library where one-third of the magazines indexed are subscribed for. Rand-McNally’s imperial atlas of the world. Rand-McNally, $2.50. Public Documents The United States government publishes many books and pamphlets on various subjects which may be obtained free or at a small cost. Send to the departments which issue them, the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. or apply to your congressman. The following are some of the most useful ones : Department of agriculture. Farmers’ bulletins. Pamphlets on all subjects of interest to the farmer treated in a simple non-technical manner. They contain a good deal of material useful in school work. Apply to your congressman or the Agricul- ture department. Department of agriculture. Yearbook. Good for commercial geography and other topics. Congressional record. Daily record of debates and proceedings in Congress. Very use- ful for debates. Apply to your congressman. Education bureau. Annual report of the commissioner of education. One of the most important educational publications in the country. Apply to your congressman. A. L. A. catalog: 8,000 volumes of a popular library with notes. A most valuable aid in cataloging, classification and book selec- tio.n Can be purchased of Superintendent of documents for $1.00. Egleston, N. H. Arbor day, its history and observance. Issued by the Department of agriculture. Forest service. Primer of forestry, 2v. Census bureau. Abstract of the last census. Smithsonian institution. Annual report. Illustrated articles on scientific subjects. 28 Picture Collection Pictures to be used in illustrating lessons are an important part of the school equipment. Costumes of different nations, commercial products, pictures of various industries, as mining, lumbering, etc., views of places, birds, etc., are a few of the sub- jects much used in picture collections. The illustrations in such periodicals as the National geo- graphic magazine , World's work, Harper's weekly , etc., will be found useful to illustrate geography, industries, and current events. Pictures should be classified by subject and placed in envelopes with the subject written clearly on the outside. Those most in use should be mounted. Send to the following addresses for catalogs of their picture collections. G. P. Brown, 38 Lovett St., Beverly, Mass. Pictures similar to the Cosmos and Perry pictures, 1 cent each. Cosmos Pictures Co., 296 Broadway, N. Y. 25 cents for ten or $1 for 50. Detroit Photographic Co., Detroit, Mich. A. W. Elson & Co., 146 Oliver St., Boston. 10 cents each. W. B. Harrison, 47 Broad St., N. Y. Inexpensive pictures illustrating ancient and modern history. Hood & Co., Lowell, Mass. Photographs of the world. 60 cents per hundred. A. W. Mumford, 63 Washington St., Chicago. Colored pictures of birds and animals. Very useful in school work. 2 cents each or $1 per hundred. Perry Pictures Co., Malden, Mass. 1 cent each in lots of 25, or 120 for $1. Prang Education Co., Fine Arts Building, Chicago. Earl Thompson Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Pictures illustrating scenes from books. Vary in price from 1 to 60 cents. Clippings Keep a file of clippings on much used topics, such as subjects used for debate, poems, stories, entertainments suitable for holi- 29 days and other special days, articles about famous people, etc. Cut these from periodicals and newspapers as they are found and file them by subject. Current periodicals are a valuable source of reference material which the teacher can not afford to overlook. School libraries should subscribe for as many of the best of these as their finances will allow. They should be tied neatly into volumes and kept where they are convenient for use, or, better still, bound. Current Periodicals and Indexes Material in current magazines is made accessible by means of periodical indexes. The Eclectic catalog (see p. 26) is the index best adapted to the needs of the small school library. It is advisable to have this if the school subscribes for a third of the magazines indexed. It is best to subscribe for magazines through a periodical agency as these offer club rates when a number of periodicals are ordered. The following magazines are recommended : McClure’s magazine $1.50 Outlook (weekly) 3.00 Youth’s companion (weekly) 1.75 World’s work 3.00 St. Nicholas 3.00 Scientific American Supplement (weekly) 3.50 Education 3.00 Harper’s monthly 4.00 School arts book 1.00 Eclectic catalog 4.00 Popular mechanics 1.00 National geographic magazine 2.50 30 Special Lists •The following lists contain useful books on various special subjects of interest to teachers. Those marked with * are especially recommended. Books about children’s literature *Field, W. T. Finger posts to children’s reading. McClurg. $ 1 . Essays on various phases of children’s reading, including a list of books for home reading and list for school and Sunday school libraries. Moses, M. J. Children’s books and reading. Mitchell Ken- nerley, New York. $1.50. Deals for the most part with the historical phase of children’s literature. Selected lists are given in the appendix. Aids for story telling Bailey, C. S. & Lewis, C. M. eds. For the children’s hour. Bradley, $1.50. A compilation of stories covering a large variety of subjects. *Bryant, S. C. How to tell stories to children. Houghton. $1. Bryant, S. C. Stories to tell to children. Houghton. $1. A collection of stories to tell, with suggestive introductory chapters on story telling. ^Pittsburgh Carnegie Library. A list of good stories to tell to children under twelve years of age. Carnegie Library, Pittsburgh, Penn. This refers to books where the stories can be found. Tt will be most helpful to teachers. Pittsburgh Carnegie Library has other pamphlet material on story telling which can be obtained by apply- ing to the library. *Poulsson, Emilie. In the child’s world: morning talks and stories for kindergartens, primary schools, and homes. Bardley. $2. Salisbury, G. E. & Beckwith, M. E. Index to short stories: an aid to the teacher of children. Row. 50 cents. A very useful index arranged by subject, to the best stories in more than a hundred books. *Wiggin, K. D. & Smith, N. A. The story hour: a book for the home and kindergarten. Houghton. $1. Stories for telling or reading aloud. 31 School entertainments Plays Johnson, E. L. & Barnum, M. D. Book of plays for little 'actors. American Book Co. 30 cents. Dalkeith, Lena. Little plays. Dutton. 50 cents. *Gould, E. L. Little men play. Little. 50 cents. *Gould, E. L. Little women play. Little. 50 cents. Two plays adapted from Miss Alcott. Gunnison, Binny, ed . . New dialogues and plays, primary, in- termediate, and advanced, adapted from the popular works of well known authors. Hinds. $1.50. *St. Nicholas book of plays and operettas. Century. $1. Seton, E. T. Wild animal play. Doubleday. 50 cents. Adapted from “Wild animals I have known.” Selections for holiday celebrations and other entertainments Blackstone, Harriet. New pieces that will take prizes in speaking contests. Hinds. $1.25. Bugbee, W. W. Successful entertainments : a variety of unique and pleasing entertainments including Japanese frolics, holiday and seasonal plays, historic dialogues, to- gether with literary and legendary exercises. Penn. 25 cents. Cumnock, R. M. School speaker: rhetorical recitations for boys and girls. McClurg. 75 cents. Gowdy, J. L. Special days in school, with literary selections. School Education Co. 65 cents. Hyde, W. D. The school speaker and reader. Ginn. 80 cents. Irish, Marie. Days we celebrate. Dennison. 25 cents. *Kellogg, A. M. New year and mid- winter exercises for children from ten to fifteen years, including recitations, quotations, authors’ birthdays, and special programs for celebrating New Year and mid-winter days in the school room. Penn. 25 cents. Kellogg, A. M. Primary recitations : 100 selections for pat- riotic and general occasions. Kellogg. 25 cents. Kellogg, A. M. Special day exercises. Kellogg. 25 cents. Kellogg, A. M. Spring and summer school celebrations. Kellogg. 25 cents. 32 *Le Row, C. B. Pieces for every occasion. Hinds. $1.25. Rice, S. S. Holiday selections for reading- and recitations. Penn. 30 cents. Shoemaker, C. C. Holiday entertainments, containing -short dramas, dialogues, tableaux, stories, recitations, etc., adapted to all holidays. Penn. 30 cents. *Stevenson, B. E. Days and deeds : prose for children’s read- ing and speaking. Baker. $1. Bibliographic aids for holiday celebration *Hazeltine, M. E. Anniversaries and holidays: suggestions and references. League of Library Commissions. Apply to Clara F. Baldwin, Minnesota Public Library Commis- sion, St. Paul, Minn. 25 cents. Gives in calendar form, the birthdays of great men, saints’ days, holidays, etc., with references showing where material about them may be found. McCurdy, R. M. A bibliography of articles relating to holi- days. Boston Book Co. 25 cents. Nebraska — Department of Public Instruction. Suggestive programs for special day exercises, issued for the schools. State Superintendent, Lincoln, Nebraska. Debate material * Brookings, W. D. & Ringwalt, R. C. eds. Briefs for debate on current political, economic, and social topics. Longmans. $1.25. Matson, Henry. References for literary workers, with intro- ductions to topics and questions for debate. McClurg. $2. Ringwalt, R. C. Briefs on public questions. Longmans. 2. University of Wisconsin. Debate leaflets. University of Wis- consin — Extension division, Madison, Wis. These give a series of questions for debating with references. Wilson, H. W. Co. 1401 University Ave. S. E. Minneapolis, will loan at a small weekly rental, selected clippings on various subjects useful for debate. Oregon Library Commission. Debate libraries (School cir- cular No. 7) Oregon Library Commission, Salem, Ore. This small pamphlet gives lists of books useful in debate and a list of suggestive topics. 33 Congressional Record which is the daily record of proceed- ings in Congress will be found most useful for debates on current topics. This may be obtained by applying to your congressman. Some useful books on manual training Freeman, S. J. Elementary book making and book binding. Teachers’ College, Columbia University, N. Y. 30 cents. A syllabus of work along the lines of paper folding and simple book making. McGlauflin, I. B. Hand work for girls. Manual Arts Press. $1. A book detailing a five years course in sewing for girls in the public schools. Includes chapters on stitches, fibers and fabrics, cloth and cardboard construction, basketry, dress in its relations to art, and home furnishing. Park, J. C. Educational wood work for home and school. Macmillan. $1. A work which takes up the subject of wood working tools, describing each in detail ; also the study of wood as material for construction, devices used in wood construction, for fastenings, wood finishing, and problems to be made of wood. Sage, E. & Cooley, A. M. Occupations for little fingers. Scribner. $1. Includes suggestions for the use of cord, string, raffia, and clay; sewing, paper cutting and folding, weaving, crocheting, and knitt- ing, and the furnishing of a doll’s house. Especially helpful in primary grades. Selden, H. F. Elementary cabinet work. Rand-McNally Co. $1.25. A book dealing with furniture making, the equipment necessary, the correct use of tools, and the general principles of furniture construction. Try born, J. H. & Heller, R. R. Correlated hand work; book 1. Speaker Printing Co. Detroit. $1.25. A book dealing with the constructive work for the primary grades, using primarily the materials paper, cardboard, and clay. As the title indicates, its develops the subject, correlating it with other subjects in the curriculum. Van Deusen, C. S. Beginning wood work at home and in school. Manual Arts Press. $1. A description in detail of the fundamental processes of element- ary bench work in wood. This description is given through directions for making a few simple and useful articles. 34 White, Mary. How to make baskets. Doubleday. $1. A book which deals with elementary work with reed and raffia. Some simple baskets are described in detail.