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 LIBRA RY 
 
 O F THE 
 U N I V ERS ITY 
 or 1 LLl N O 15
 
 A CHARGE 
 
 DELIVERED TO THE 
 
 CLERGY OF THE DIOCESE OF WINCHESTER 
 
 FOURTH VISITATION 
 
 IN SEPTEMBER, 1841. 
 
 CHARLES RICHARD SUMNER, D.D. 
 
 LORD BISHOP OF WINCHESTER, 
 PRELATE OF THE MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER. 
 
 ^tcontr lEljition. 
 
 LONDON: 
 J. HATCHARD AND SON, 187, PICCADILLY. 
 
 MDCCCXLII.
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED BY G. J. PALMER, SAVOY STREKT, STRAND.
 
 CLERGY OF THE SEVERAL DEANERIES 
 
 IN THE 
 
 DIOCESE OF WINCHESTER, 
 
 PRINTED AT THEIR REQUEST, 
 IS INSCRIBED, WITH SINCERE RESPECT AND AFFECTION, 
 
 BY THEIR 
 
 FAITHFUL FRIEND AND BROTHER, 
 
 C. R. WINTON. 
 
 Farnham Castle, 
 
 November, 1 841.
 
 . uiuc Z
 
 A CHARGE, &c, 
 
 My Reverend Brethren, 
 
 The pi'ogress of years has again brought us to 
 that season when, by the providence of God, I 
 am permitted to meet you, now for the fourth 
 time, in our periodical assembly. And when 
 we thus come together face to face, and each 
 recognizes his fellow-labourers in this portion of 
 our common Lord's vineyard, we are forcibly re- 
 minded, if I mistake not, as well by those on 
 whom we look, as by the remembrance of those 
 on whom we look no longer, of the ceaseless lapse 
 of time — of the mutability of men, as well as of 
 things — of the door for ever closed on those who 
 have passed away — of the rapidly lessening vista 
 of life for those who remain. 
 
 It may be that, while I am speaking, the full 
 tide of recollection is pouring into the hearts of 
 some who hear me, and the chequered page of 
 their own pastoral history is unfolding itself visibly 
 
 B
 
 to their mind's eye; and as they review the years 
 that are gone, there flit before them the reminis- 
 cences of early aspirations to be enrolled amidst 
 the saintly band — the sanguine steps with which 
 they passed the first threshold of the ministry — 
 their later discoveries that the regions of real 
 life are very unlike the representations of poetry 
 and romance — that when their young men go out 
 into the field at eventide, it is not that they may 
 meditate, as Isaac did — or that while their shep- 
 herds are keeping watch over their flocks by 
 night, no glory of the Lord is sliining round 
 about them, and no thoughts of Bethlehem, or of 
 the thing which came to pass there, are occu- 
 pying their minds. Reflections such as these 
 may be turned to profitable account, if the re- 
 trospect is eft'ective to make us more earnest in 
 redeeming the time, more sensible of its fleeting 
 character, more diligent in working while yet it 
 is day, more accurate in bringing things present 
 and transient to the true test, the relation in which 
 they stand to things future and eternal; and, 
 above all, more full of prayer for a larger mani- 
 festation of the divine blessing ; like watchmen 
 upon the walls, " which never hold their peace 
 day nor night;" that ''give the Lord no rest till 
 he establish, and till he make Jerusalem a praise 
 in the earth."* 
 
 * Isaiah Ixii. 6, 7.
 
 Since my last visitation, not a few measures 
 affecting* the clergy have occupied the public 
 mind, and some of them have been the subjects 
 of legislation. Among the latter, I consider 
 those connected with the great question of educa- 
 tion as most important, whether as regards the 
 fundamental principles at stake, or the weighty 
 consequences involved in the issue. You are 
 well aware of the discussions which followed the 
 appointment of a Committee of Council for 
 superintending the application of any sums voted 
 by Parliament for the promotion of public educa- 
 tion. Those discussions comprehended questions 
 of the most vital character — such for instance as 
 the separation of religious and secular instruction 
 — the withdrawal of its superintendence from 
 the church — the substitution of a popular train- 
 ing on general principles in the place of that 
 specific teaching under the care of the clergy 
 wiiich has hitherto been enjoyed by all but one 
 twenty-fourth of the whole number of children 
 in the kingdom receiving daily education — and 
 the introduction of inspection into our national 
 schools, not only not emanating from ecclesiastical 
 authority, but altogether unconnected with, and 
 independent of, the National Church. 
 
 Protests, ultimately successful, were entered 
 against the views propounded by the Committee 
 of Council ; and the clearest indications were 
 
 B 2
 
 given, that those views w^ere not in accordance 
 with the sentiments entertained by the country 
 at large. There were signs not to be mistaken, 
 that the laity in general had made up their 
 minds to uphold a system of popular instruction, 
 based on sound and scriptural principles, and 
 conducted in harmony with the doctrines and 
 institutions of our Church. The clergy through- 
 out the kingdom, with an unanimit}?^ the more 
 remarkable as it was not the fruit of any precon- 
 certed plan of action, and in many instances at 
 the cost of heavy personal sacrifices, declined to 
 accept assistance encumbered with conditions 
 which threatened to control their superinten- 
 dence, and interfere with the discharge of their 
 functions as directors of religious education with- 
 in their own schools. 
 
 The result has been the satisfactory establish- 
 ment of the principles for which we contended, 
 and their recognition by the authorities of the 
 state in the minute of the Board of Education 
 adopted on the 15th of July, 1840, and approved 
 and sanctioned by the Queen in Council on the 
 10th of the following month. 
 
 I have been particular in recording this 
 summary of facts, because it is of the highest 
 importance that we should realize our true posi- 
 tion. We claim to superintend the religious in- 
 struction of the children of our Church. The
 
 country gives its testioioiiy to the validity of our 
 pretensions. The state acknowledges and rati- 
 fies them. What then are the means at our 
 command for fulfilling our trust? What ma- 
 chinery have we already at work ? What modi- 
 fications are contemplated ? What plans in 
 progress ? What are the obstacles, if any, 
 which im])ede their success ? Are those obsta- 
 cles insuperable ? 
 
 My reverend brethren — I trust there is not 
 one among you who thinks so meanly of me as 
 to impute to me a disregard of your real difl[icul- 
 ties — an ignorance of their extent, or an in- 
 difiference to the self-denial and personal sacrifices 
 which they impose upon you. I know too well 
 the struggles of many a parochial clergyman, 
 contending against the want of local support, the 
 opposition of a prejudiced or imperfectly in- 
 formed class of society, or the apath}'^ of an un- 
 educated generation, not to look with cordial 
 sympathy upon the trials of his position. No 
 one is less disposed than myself to question the 
 existence or to depreciate the amount of the 
 impediments which obstruct the usefulness of 
 your schools. I am not unjust to your many 
 labours, nor unmindful of the cheerful and dis- 
 interested spirit in which they are undertaken. 
 But I cannot conceal from myself, and you will 
 bear with me if I endeavour to press the con-
 
 6 
 
 viction of the fact on your own minds, that our 
 scholastic provision for affording a competent 
 education, religious and secular, to the youth of 
 the diocese, is at present mean and unsatisfac- 
 tory, and inadequate for the object in view. I 
 am not now about to enter into the statistics 
 of the number of schools and of children under 
 instruction. Perhaps we may have been a little 
 misled by tabular statements which have re- 
 presented, and truly represented, an extensive 
 machinery — many wheels in apparent motion — ■ 
 facilities more or less abundant, and agencies 
 more or less intelligent, in almost every parochial 
 district for training up the sons and daughters of 
 our land in Christian doctrine and useful know- 
 ledge. Suffice it to say, generally, that our 
 schools are almost as many as our churches ; 
 though I regret to observe that some have been 
 discontinued, I know not why, since my last 
 visitation ; and too many are still conducted in 
 nothing better than hired or cottage rooms— an 
 inconvenience which I hope may be remedied 
 in some cases by the provisions of the act passed 
 in the last session for facilitating the conveyance 
 of sites.* The returns, also, seem to indicate 
 that, with the exception of the more crowded 
 town-parishes, the number of children on the 
 books bears a fair proportion to the population. 
 "* See Appendix I,
 
 Whether it would appear, on more minute in- 
 quiry, that it happens here, as in army calcula- 
 tions, that the effective strength actually brought 
 into the field, falls materially below the apparent 
 number on the roll, I will not now stop to in- 
 quire. Tlie real question is — What is the com- 
 petency of the directing head ? How are our 
 troops of children officered ? We cannot have 
 efficient schools without efficient instruments to 
 conduct them. A race of incompetent teachers 
 can produce nothing better than a generation 
 of incompetent scholars. If the pretensions of 
 our masters and mistresses are of the humblest 
 kind, the acquirements of the classes must be of 
 the same humble character ; the waters which 
 flow from the fountain will not rise above its level. 
 
 You will, doubtless tell me — We admit the 
 truth of your representations — we do not question 
 the justice of their application; but in this re- 
 spect we are in the evil case of the children of 
 Israel — " There is no straw given unto thy 
 servants, and they say to us, Make brick."* 
 
 Here, then, is our first difficulty — of acknow- 
 ledged magnitude, but not, I think, insurmount- 
 able. The root of the evil is the incompetency 
 of the teacher ; let us see what can be done to 
 lessen it. Make him learn before he teaches. 
 Give him the tools of his trade, and qualify him 
 * Exodus V. 16.
 
 8 
 
 for their use. Improve the staple of his tuition. 
 Imbue him with something; more than mere 
 elementar}^ knowledge. Require from him at 
 least a decent aptitude for imparting what he 
 knows to others. Cultivate his intelligence, and 
 discipline his temper. Elevate, if you can, his 
 status in society. Forbear to place in one of 
 the most responsible situations in the parish 
 persons who have no better recommendation 
 than failure in another profession, inability of 
 physical powers, or superannuation for other 
 work. Above all, look at character — make it 
 essential and indispensable — religious character, 
 moral character. 
 
 I need scarcely tell you, that it is a primary 
 object with the Diocesan Board of Education, 
 recently established at Winchester, to provide 
 for our present exigencies in this matter by the 
 institution of training schools. In conjunction 
 with the Board formed at Salisbury for a 
 similar purpose, operations have been already 
 commenced in furtherance of this desig-n. In 
 the latter city, a training-school for mistresses 
 and at Wincliester a similar establishment for 
 masters, have been for some time opened under 
 the best auspices. A certain period must ne- 
 cessarily elapse before the fruits of their la- 
 bours can be matured ; but eventually, and, I 
 trust, at no very distant day, we may look with
 
 9 
 
 confidence, under tlie Divine blessing, for the 
 fulfilment of our reasonable expectations in the 
 benefits which the diocese at large may be ena- 
 bled to reap from these institutions. 
 
 But another practical difficulty exists, of a 
 very serious kind, which has been little adverted 
 to in the recent educational discussions. We have 
 been perpetually reminded of the excellence of 
 the elementary schools in Prussia, and have been 
 bidden to re-model our instruction for the la- 
 bouring classes, on the example of the conti- 
 nental system. But where are our scholars ? 
 On whom are we to exercise our borrowed craft ? 
 In Prussia the children are compelled by law to 
 go to school between the age of five and six 
 years, and to remain tliere until the completion 
 of their fourteenth year.* Their whole course 
 of instruction is divided into four periods, each 
 comprehending no less than two years. Under 
 the present circumstances of social life in this 
 country, it is obvious that a voluntary sacrifice 
 on the part of parents, to a similar extent, is im- 
 ])racticable. It is the universal complaint of our 
 masters that the children of both sexes are with- 
 drawn from school at the earliest moment that 
 a benefit, however inconsiderable, can be derived 
 
 * Wittich's Account of the Former and Present Condition of 
 Elementary Schools in Prussia. First publication of the Cen- 
 tral Society of Education, p. 166. Cousin's Report of the 
 State of Public Instruction in Prussia, pp. 24—30.
 
 10 
 
 from tlieir labour. And the effect is, that so 
 far from being able to carry out a course of in- 
 struction, and exercise the control of a steady 
 and consistent discipline on the faculties and 
 tempers of our youth, we are compelled to aban- 
 don them to the unruliness of their own passions 
 at the very period when their minds are just 
 opening to culture, when training might be 
 effectual, and improvement in knowledge ren- 
 dered permanent. Let a stranger visit our na- 
 tional schools, and he might take them for the 
 nurseries of our youngest population. Tell him 
 that they are the chief seminaries of sound 
 learning and religious education for the offspring 
 of our peasantry, and that the infants whom 
 he sees before him, who will become in a few 
 short years the industrial classes of our land, are 
 there receiving, so far at least as the school is 
 concerned, the whole of that early training which 
 is to have an influence upon their future charac- 
 ter, and are laying in the whole store of intellec- 
 tual intelligence which is to fit them for common 
 life, — he might well ask what harvest can be 
 anticipated from such a scanty sowing ? or rather 
 whether it is not to be apprehended that instead 
 of " a thousand vines at a thousand silverlings," 
 " all the land shall become briers and thorns ;" 
 and in the place of pleasant and fruitful fields, 
 shall grow up a noxious and unprofitable vegeta-
 
 11 
 
 tion. Of the many difficulties with wliicli we 
 have to grapple, I know of none more formida- 
 ble ; because I must frankly confess that, al- 
 though we may do something by our adult 
 schools, and something by our Sunday schools, 
 where we can attract to them such of the elder 
 children as have left our daily instruction, yet, 
 imder existing circumstances, I see for the evil 
 in question no adequate remedy.* 
 
 One thing, however, is clear, to my mind at 
 least. The very inconvenience to which I have 
 adverted, distinctly marks our present duty. We 
 must not lose the season. We must sedulously 
 employ all the intelligence within our reach upon 
 the brief seed-time at our command. We must 
 sow as much as we can in the earliest dawn of 
 the morning, for our occupation is gone, and our 
 work is done before the dew is off, and the sun 
 has fully risen. 
 
 I turn, however, to a subject on which our 
 prospects are brighter — the increase of church - 
 accommodation throughout the diocese. No- 
 thing has yet occurred to check the impulse given 
 by the formation of the Diocesan Church-build- 
 ing Society. The committee have proceeded 
 steadily in their work, stimulating by their grants 
 a far more considerable local outlay, and aiding in 
 the provision of about 6,000 additional sittings 
 * Appendix II.
 
 12 
 
 annually, of which from one lialf to two-thirds are 
 free.* Since the year 1828, 83 churches have been 
 consecrated, of which 56 are additional ; 17 more 
 are now in progress, and 6 are rebuilding. And 
 thus it has come to pass that many wild spots 
 have been gladdened by the sound of the church- 
 going bell ; many yet wilder hearts have been 
 tamed by the blessing of God upon the ordi- 
 nances of the church ; many have been spared 
 the temptation of swelling the ranks of an almost 
 involuntary dissent ; and not a few, who had 
 gone out from us, have been brought back re- 
 joicing within the pastures of our own fold. 
 Glad tidings these, after a da}'^ of rebuke and blas- 
 phemy ! — a call to thank God and take courage ! 
 ■ — a motive for renewed energy, and self-devotion, 
 and self-denial, on the part of the servants of 
 the Lord to arise and build ! 
 
 * The Society was established in March, 1837 : since 
 which period it has expended in aid of funds for building, 
 rebuilding, and enlarging churches and chapels, the sum of 
 £ 15,700, whereby it has encouraged an additional outhxy 
 from other sources of £70,122. The fruit of this outlay 
 has been an increase of church-accommodation to the extent 
 of 19,315 additional sittings, of which number 11,350 are 
 free and unappropriated. The population of the parishes 
 which have thus received assistance, amounts in the aggre- 
 gate to about 140,000, according to the census of 1831, and 
 their churches contained 35,959 sittings, of which only 8,068 
 were unappropriated. — See Appendix III.
 
 13 
 
 To arise and build — for as yet most inade- 
 quate is our provision to the exigency of our 
 need. Not as yet have we prepared abundantly, 
 like David, for the house which it was in his 
 heart to build ; "an hundred thousand talents of 
 gold, and a thousand thousand talents of silver ; 
 and of brass and iron without weight." Not as 
 3^et have we seen a simultaneous and collective 
 effort, as of old, when " they came, every one 
 whose heart stirred him up, and every one whom 
 his spirit made willing," and when the people 
 brought " much more than enough for the ser- 
 vice of tlie work, which the Lord commanded 
 to make."* We have as j'et done little more 
 than attempt by a few desultory exertions the 
 repair of some of the worst breaches in our Zion. 
 We have not advanced beyond the day of small 
 thino:s. Here and there the dormant zeal of some 
 one has been awakened, of whom his neighbour- 
 hood will testify, as of the centurion of old, " he 
 loveth our nation, and he hath built us a syna- 
 gogue." Here and there " the people have had 
 a mind to work," and they have come, " both 
 men and women, as many as were willing- 
 hearted, and brought bracelets, and earrings, and 
 rings, and tablets, all jewels of gold."t Here 
 and there some worthier structure has arisen, 
 
 * 1 Chron xxii. 14; Exod. xxxv. 21 ; xxxvi. 5. 
 -[- Nehem. iv. 6. Exod. xxxv. 22.
 
 14 
 
 emulous of those enduring monuments of other 
 ages, the glory of our land ; on which the tra- 
 veller, as he looks may sa}^, ''What manner 
 of stones are here ?" But many a waste yet 
 lies uncultivated; many a distant hamlet still 
 remains unvisited by the beautiful feet of them 
 that preach the gospel of peace ; and many a 
 dense massof population still presentsits thousands 
 and tens of thousands of living beings, tended 
 habitually by no spiritual pastor, and for whom 
 none statedly performs any office of the church, 
 except perliaps the last, when the soul is gone to 
 its account. 
 
 But then, I must ask with Holy Scripture, 
 " How shall they preach, except they be sent ?" 
 Our most pressing want at the present moment, 
 is increased efficiency of pastoral superintend- 
 ence. Fields of immense extent lie spread out 
 to the prospect, far as the eye can reach, and 
 white for the harvest, but mocking the puny ef- 
 forts of the single reaper. We must send more 
 labourers. We must strive to hasten the time 
 when the universities of our land shall strengthen 
 their high claims on the gratitude and confidence 
 of the country, by superadding to their present 
 course the training of young men for the minis- 
 try of the church ; as well by direct encourage- 
 ment of theological reading, as by instruction in 
 the experimental branches of clerical education ;
 
 15 
 
 in the details of parochial machiner}'^, the com- 
 position and delivery of sermons, the prepara- 
 tion for the effective discharge of the manifold 
 duties of the parish priest.* We must exact 
 from our spiritual husbandmen no more work 
 than they can safely and permanently perform. 
 We must make a better provision for their sup- 
 port ; such a provision, at least, as shall suffice 
 for the decent maintenance of one who is worthy 
 of his hire, and whose sacred calling- restricts 
 him from having recourse to the ordinary sources 
 of emolument. 
 
 For what are the necessities of our present 
 condition ? We build a church in the midst 
 of the poorest and densest part of some populous 
 parish. We are constrained to station there, in 
 the very front of the battle, one whose armour 
 is yet untried ; some young and inexperienced 
 
 * Mr. Perry suggests the appointment of a professor of 
 pastoral theology, to whose office it would belong " to instruct 
 his class in matters relating directly to their future pas- 
 toral duties, rules as to the composition and delivery of 
 sermons, the reading of the lessons and liturgy, the inter- 
 pretation of the rubrics and canons, the knowledge of the 
 more important particulars of the ecclesiastical law, and such 
 general rules as can be given in a lecture-room, for the ma- 
 nagement of parochial schools,'' &c. — " Clerical education, 
 considered with an especial reference to the Universities ; in 
 a letter to the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Lichfield, by 
 the Rev. Charles Perry, M.A., Fellow and late Tutor of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge."
 
 IG 
 
 man (perhaps a deacon) who feels, more keenly 
 tlian others can do, his unfitness for such a post, 
 his need of direction. We force him to occup}^ 
 at once a foremost and independent position ; 
 we assign to him the most difficult of all minis- 
 terial tasks — a duty which requires all the sound 
 judgment and discretion of the wisest head, 
 with all the fire and energy of the most zealous 
 spirit — that of gathering a congregation out of 
 materials unused alike to doctrine and discipline 
 — of retaining it, after the first impulse of novelty 
 has suhsided — and of raising, out of its good 
 will, or its sense of duty, the means for providing 
 all those charitable and benevolent institutions 
 which ought to spring up necessarily, and be 
 connected inseparably^, witli the ministrations of 
 the sanctuary. And then he toils on for a time, 
 and casts his bread upon the waters, and plows 
 upon the sand which retains no trace of his labours 
 visible to mortal eye, thougli it may be that some 
 seed fallen from his hand, long unseen and dor- 
 mant, may yet germinate and spring up, and bud 
 and blossom in its season, and its fruit be gathered 
 finally into the garner of the great Husbandman. 
 Meanwhile, he, the sower, uncheered with tlie 
 promise of future harvest, retires, after a few short 
 months or years, with sinking health and ex- 
 hausted spirits, to make room for a succession 
 of similar novices in the pastoral charge, in-
 
 17 
 
 competent, like himself — not from any fault of 
 their own, but by reason of inex|Derience, to make 
 full proof of their ministries, and unsupported 
 by weight of personal character— not from lack 
 of character — but because character cannot ac- 
 quire its just influence till people have had time 
 to know, appreciate, and love it. 
 
 Or take the case of some rural district remote 
 from the busier haunts of the town or the fac- 
 tory, where the ties of parochial relationship 
 are so relaxed as to be practically unknown, and 
 the peasant knows no observance of days or 
 mark of holy seasons, reckless alike of the terrors 
 of the Lord and of the consolations of religion. 
 While he lives, no man cares for his soul ; and 
 when he perishes, no man layeth it to heart. 
 Suppose a fold provided for these few sheep 
 in the wilderness, and a pastor allotted to tend 
 and feed them. He cannot go in and out, and 
 visit them from house to house, in season and out 
 of season, for not so much as a tent is set up for 
 him in the midst of his people. He cannot, like 
 George Herbert's Country Parson, make his home 
 a copy and model for his parish, for his nearest 
 dwelling-place is a Sabbath-day's journey dis- 
 tant. And yet we expect from a superintend- 
 ence so defective, all the benefits of the parochial 
 system ; from ordinances so imperfectly ad- 
 ministered, all the blessings which Christ has 
 
 c
 
 18 
 
 covenanted to his church ; we are disappointed 
 if no miracles spring out of this mockery of a 
 cure ; we marvel if the dry ground become not 
 suddenly fertile, as the garden of Eden, and 
 the desert fail forthwith to rejoice and blossom as 
 the rose. 
 
 My reverend brethren — these things ought not 
 to be, in a wealthy Christian community like 
 our own. And there are indications, if I mistake 
 not, of an increasing sense of our duty, in our 
 public and our private character, in this respect. 
 Individual gifts are liberal, beyond any modern 
 precedent. The collections in our churches are 
 higher in character and amount ; and might, 
 perhaps, be increased beyond our expectations, 
 if they were more frequent ; or even if opportu- 
 nity were afforded, so that every man who is 
 so minded, might lay by in store, according to 
 the apostolical injunction, " upon the first day 
 in the week, as God hath prospered him." 
 Such a plan has been introduced with success 
 in more than one instance in this diocese. In 
 one church, where means are provided for re- 
 ceiving contributions towards a specific object — 
 the erection of a new parochial chapel — the 
 experiment has produced above £300,* by spon- 
 
 * I learn that the whole sum collected between March 29, 
 1840, and December 26, 1841, amounts to £380 2s. 6d.
 
 19 
 
 taneous and anonymous offerings, within a period 
 of less than eighteen months. 
 
 I may be told, however, that the operation of 
 the act for the reduction of the cathedral esta- 
 blishments will materially benefit the incomes 
 of the new churches, as well as the old class of 
 ill-endowed cures throughout the kingdom. On 
 the principle and policy of the act itself I wish 
 to abstain from making any remark whatever. 
 My objections to the measure are well known, 
 and were shared, as I have reason to believe, 
 by many of you. I have pleasure in reflecting, 
 that although the opposition to the bill, both 
 within and without the walls of Parliament, was 
 unavailing, the modifications introduced into the 
 original draft have been neither few nor unim- 
 portant. And as it has pleased the Legislature 
 to pass it into a law, it now becomes our duty 
 to assist in making its provisions as efficient as 
 possible for producing the utmost amount of 
 beneficial result which can be derived from it. 
 We are not, liowever, to look for results which 
 the ecclesiastical commissioners have not only 
 not expected themselves, but have studiously 
 discouraged others from anticipating. They 
 state distinctly in their second report, that the 
 resources which the Established Church pos- 
 sesses, in whatever way they may be husbanded 
 or distributed, are evidently quite inadequate 
 
 c 2
 
 20 
 
 to the exigency of tlie case. They disclaim all 
 desire of holding out any expectation of a large 
 immediate accession to the funds now available 
 for the augmentation of poor benefices, and the 
 creation of new ones. And with good reason. 
 In the year 1836, it was certified that of 10,478 
 benefices from which returns had been received, 
 3,528 were under £150 per annum ; that of this 
 number 13 had a population of more than 10,000, 
 51 of from 5,000 to 10,000, 251 of between 2,000 
 and 5,000, and 1,125 of between 500 and 2,000. 
 Of the same 3,528 poor benefices, it further ap- 
 peared that 297 were under £50 per annum ; 
 1,629 between £50 and £100 ; and 1,602 be- 
 tween £100 and £150. Assuming, therefore, 
 that the entire fund to be derived from the cathe- 
 drals is applied exclusively to raise the smaller 
 existing livings into anything like a decent 
 maintenance for the holders, and that no ad- 
 dition is made to the income of benefices having 
 a population below 500, it will take no less a 
 sum than £235,000 per annum to raise all bene- 
 fices having a population of between 500 and 
 2,000 to the annual value of £200 ; those having 
 a population of 2,000 and upwards, to £300; 
 and those having 5,000 and upwards, to £400 
 per annum. Now the whole revenue which the 
 Commissioners originally calculated would be ul- 
 timately at their disposal, amounts to little more
 
 21 
 
 than £130,000,* leaving an annual deficiency not 
 short of £100,000 for the augmentation of this 
 class of livings alone. Or again, on the sup- 
 position that the whole of the cathedral fund is 
 devoted to the endowment of new churches, its 
 inefficiency will be no less apparent. More 
 than 30 years must elapse before the £130,000 
 can be fully realized ; and by the time that 
 period arrives, as the population of the country 
 increases at the rate of 200,000 per annum, 6 
 millions will have been added to the present 
 number. Now, allowing one church to be built 
 for every 3,000 souls, the entire revenue to be 
 derived from the cathedrals will afford an en- 
 dowment of no more than £65 per annum for 
 each church. 
 
 It is plain, then, that we can look for no ade- 
 quate substantial endowments from this source, 
 even when all the proceeds which can be realized 
 shall have accrued. The utmost that we can 
 anticipate is nothing better than a palliation of 
 the evil in some of its most pressing cases. We 
 must accustom ourselves to view the subject 
 steadily in this light, lest the very palliation 
 make the evil worse, and the relief itself, partial 
 and inadequate as it is, prove an obstacle to the 
 
 * Second Report, p. 7G. The sum actually received will 
 probably exceed this estimate ; but not, I fear, in a ratio 
 which will materially affect the argument.
 
 22 
 
 adoption of a more sufficient remedy. At present 
 the available funds of the Commissioners have 
 only permitted them to recommend the granting 
 of such augmentations as may be requisite to 
 secure an average annual net income of £150 
 to the incumbent of every benefice or church, 
 with cure of souls, having a population amount- 
 ing to 2,000, and being in public patronage. 
 They also profess themselves ready to receive 
 for consideration any offer of a benefaction to 
 meet an augmentation of any benefice, whether 
 in public or private patronage, having a like 
 amount of population, and an average annual 
 net income below £200. 
 
 It remains to be seen whether the sacrifices, 
 by which this small amount of relief has been ob- 
 tained, will have the effect of stimulating national 
 or individual benevolence towards the more 
 effectual accomplishment of the desired ends. 
 Meanwhile, it is our plain duty to be " ready to 
 distribute, willing to communicate," to be in the 
 front ranks of Christian charity, as well by ex- 
 ample as by exhortation. And in connexion with 
 tliis subject, I wish to take this opportunity of 
 suggesting a general appeal in every church of 
 the diocese on a given day, in aid of the now ex- 
 hausted funds of the Diocesan Church Building 
 Society. It is the prerogative of the crown to 
 require — I can only recommend — but I per-
 
 23 
 
 suade myself that there are none of my reve- 
 rend brethren, who will not gladly afford their 
 services in promoting this good object. I think 
 there are many who will rejoice in an occasion 
 which will unite all parts of the diocese, at one 
 and the same time, in one and the same pious 
 work of charity. May we not look for the divine 
 blessing on this simultaneous effort? May we 
 not hope that it will be instrumental in knitting 
 us together, as brethren of one house, in a closer 
 union, and a more intimate mutual sympathy ? 
 May it not profitably remind us that we are all 
 members of one body, and '' whether one mem- 
 ber suffer, all the members suffer with it; or one 
 member be honoured, all the members rejoice 
 with it?" I would propose for this purpose the 
 last Sunday In November, being Advent Sunday, 
 as an appropriate season for the ministers and 
 stewards of Christ's mysteries to prepare and 
 make ready the way of Him whose birth in the 
 flesh they will so soon after celebrate, by exciting 
 their congregations to arise and build to his 
 honour.* 
 
 * Since the first edition of this charge was printed, re- 
 turns have been received by the Rev. W. H. Gunner, the 
 treasurer, of the collections made in 418 churches on the 
 day appointed, and the amount is stated to be 2,208/. 12^. 
 7|c?. The returns from the remaining churches have not yet 
 been sent in. — Dec. 30, 1841.
 
 24 
 
 On the subject of church rates, I desire to 
 record my entire concurrence with what has been 
 recently stated in both counties of the diocese 
 by the Archdeacons of Winchester and Surrey 
 at their last visitations. The importance of the 
 judgment in the Exchequer Chamber, lately 
 delivered by Lord Chief Justice Tindal, will 
 not have been overlooked by you. The main 
 question which came under the consideration 
 of the court on that occasion, was this — Whether 
 the churchwardens of a parish, after a rate for 
 the necessar}'^ repairs of the parish church has 
 been proposed by them to the parishioners, at a 
 vestry meeting duly convened for that purpose, 
 and has been refused by a majority of the parish- 
 ioners there assembled, can, of their own sole 
 authority, at a subsequent time, by themselves, 
 and not at any parish meeting, impose a valid 
 rate upon the parishioners ? This question the 
 court unanimously decided in the negative.* 
 
 This judgment, it will be seen, does not involve 
 the consideration of the question, whether a 
 rate be valid which is made by the wardens and 
 
 * It must be observed that this decision does not touch the 
 case of a vestry duly summoned, at which none of the parisli- 
 ioners have thought fit to attend and express an opinion. 
 Under such circumstances the Churcliwardens, though stand- 
 ing alone, do in effect constitute the whole vestry, and have 
 authority to bind the absent parishioners.
 
 25 
 
 a minority at a vestry duly called ; but the ob- 
 servations which fell incidentally from the court, 
 and the inferences fairly deducible from the 
 whole tenor of reasoning employed by the 
 learned Judge, lead to the belief that such a rate 
 would be legal. Proceedings have been since in- 
 stituted with the view of obtaining a decision on 
 this point. But be this decision what it may, 
 the spiritual court has clearly cognizance in pro- 
 ceedings against parties who refuse a rate ; and 
 on their contumacy being duly signified to the 
 Court of Chancery, that court — and not the 
 Spiritual Court — will punish with imprisonment, 
 from which discharge can only be obtained by re- 
 tractation of contumacy and payment of the costs. 
 Meanwhile Chief Justice Tindal has established 
 authoritatively a most important position. He 
 stated, with the unanimous concurrence of the 
 whole court,* " that the obligation by which the 
 parishioners, that is, the actual residents within, 
 
 * Present : Lord Chief Justice Tindal, Lord Abinger, Mr. 
 Baron Parke, Mr. Justice Bosanquet, Mr. Baron Alderson, 
 Mr. Justice Coltman, Mr. Baron Rolfe, and Mr. Justice 
 Maule. The case on which the Chief Justice of the Court 
 of Common Pleas delivered this judgment, was on a writ of 
 error from the Court of Queen's Bench. The Judges of that 
 Court, by Lord Chief Justice Dennian, had previously de- 
 clared, in as strong terms, the obligation of the parishion- 
 ers ; so that all the Judges of all the Courts, without excep- 
 tion, have concurred in this point.
 
 26 
 
 or the occupiers of land and tenements in every 
 parish, are bound to repair the body of the parish 
 church, whenever necessary, and to provide 
 all things essential to the performance of 
 divine service therein, is an obligation imposed 
 on them by the common law of the land.'* 
 " The repair of the fabric of the church is a 
 duty which the parishioners are compellable to 
 perform, not a mere voluntary act which they 
 may perform or decline at their own discretion ; 
 the law is imperative upon them absolutely that 
 they do repair the church ; not binding on 
 them in a qualified limited manner only, that 
 they may repair or not, as they think fit ; and 
 when it so happens that the fabric of the church 
 stands in need of repair, the only question which 
 the parishioners, when convened together to 
 make a rate, can by law deliberate and deter- 
 mine, is, not whether they will repair the church 
 or not, (for upon that point they are concluded 
 by the law,) but how and in what manner the 
 common law obligation, so binding them, may 
 be best and most effectually, and, at the same 
 time, most conveniently, performed and carried 
 into effect. The parishioners have no more power 
 to throw off the burthen of the repair of the 
 church, than that of the repair of bridges and 
 highways ; the compelhng of the performance 
 of the latter obligation belonging exclusively
 
 27 
 
 to the temporal courts, whilst that of the former 
 has been exercised usually, though perhaps not 
 necessarily exclusively, by the spiritual courts, 
 from time immemorial." * 
 
 This valuable judgment reduces the question 
 to a very simple issue. It may have happened 
 hitherto, and I have no doubt it has happened, 
 that a rate for the repair of the church fabric 
 has been resisted by honourable men, in perfectly 
 good faith — that they really believed the obliga- 
 tion rested on other parties — or, at least, that 
 they, the recusants, were legally at liberty to 
 refuse a rate, if they chose. I would desire to 
 attribute the few cases of opposition which have 
 occurred in this diocese to one or other of these 
 causes — or at least to an ignorance or misappre- 
 hension of the law which rendered them excusable. 
 I have no complaint to make, if any opposi- 
 tion, influenced by such motives, has been made 
 hitherto. But the question has now assumed 
 a new position. It now appears that repair is 
 not a matter of option, but of legal necessity — 
 that it is an obligation not shifted from the 
 shoulders of others, but inherent in, and of rioht 
 belonging to the parishioners themselves — that 
 
 * The judgment delivered In the Braintree Church-rate 
 case, by the Lord Chief Justice Tindal, in the Court of 
 Exchequer Chamber, Feb. 8, 1841. Taken from Mr. 
 Gurney's Short-hand Notes.
 
 28 
 
 it is laid on them not by the bishop, not by the 
 clergy, not by the Spiritual Court, but by the 
 common Jaw of the land. It pronounces that 
 it is their duty to repair, and that they cannot 
 legally rid themselves of the burthen. For the 
 future, therefore, the whole matter is brought to 
 the test of honesty or dishonesty. All future 
 recusants are placed in the position of parties 
 who know their obligations, and yet seek, for 
 interested purposes, to evade them. Such oppo- 
 nents may, perhaps, interpose for a little while 
 technical difficulties, the cost of removing which 
 must in the end come back upon the parish ; 
 they may temporarily embarrass the wardens, 
 and increase the rate ; but I believe that they 
 will find no countenance in the honourable 
 and honest feeling of the country at large. I 
 entertain no doubt that the sound sense and 
 upright principle of the great majority of the 
 community will cheerfully discharge the obliga- 
 tions to which a competent authority has pro- 
 nounced them liable by the common law of 
 England, when limited to the proper objects, 
 and confined within those reasonable bounds 
 which moderation and propriety prescribe. The 
 mass of the people may be easily led to mis- 
 understand the law, and then to act in opposi- 
 tion to it ; but the law once declared by its 
 legitimate and recognized expounders, they will
 
 29 
 
 have no sympathy with men who knowingly and 
 wilfully array themselves against it. 
 
 It will doubtless hajDpen that, whilst we thus 
 defend the outworks of our Zion, and vindicate 
 her endowments, and maintain the privileges 
 with which she has been invested, not, be it re- 
 membered, for the benefit of the clergy, or of 
 any separate class, bat for the general good of 
 the community, we shall be taunted with the 
 vulgar cry of a kingdom of this world, and 
 stigmatized as members of nothing better than a 
 law-church. Interested motives may be imputed. 
 The purity and simplicity of the Gospel may- 
 be denied to us. Be it so : provided only that 
 within the citadel are true-hearted men, imbued 
 with the spirit of a sound mind, " strong in the 
 Lord, and in the power of his might," and able 
 to give a reason of the hope that is in them. 
 Be it so : so long as the trumpet from our 
 battlements gives no uncertain sound, and the 
 watchmen on our towers hear the word at the 
 Lord's mouth, and warn the people from him. 
 It is the church's praise that her beauty and her 
 strength are internal and spiritual. " The king's 
 daughter is all-glorious within." Rob her of this 
 majesty, sully her white vestments, divest her of 
 her inward adorning, the robe of righteousness 
 and salvation, and you defraud her of her 
 power and grace ; her fine gold is tarnished,
 
 30 
 
 her crown is humbled in the dust, and she 
 stands before her enemies resourceless and dis- 
 honoured. 
 
 Are we tlien, as a churcli, in risk of incurring 
 any such danger? Is our glor^'^ in any jeopardy ? 
 Is there heard, as it were, something of a con- 
 fused sound of voices at a distance, which might 
 make some Eli, sitting in the gate, to tremble 
 for the ark of God ? If there be in the horizon 
 as much as the earliest rising of a little cloud, 
 you have a right to expect from one in the posi- 
 tion which the duty of my office bids me dis- 
 charge this day, the explicit declaration of my 
 fears. And you will give me your candid atten- 
 tion a little longer, while I attempt in honest 
 jealousy for what I deem the truth, to point out 
 some of the grounds of my apprehension. 
 
 There is reason, as it seems to me, for fearing 
 injury to the distinctive principles of our church, 
 if a cloud be raised again around that great 
 doctrine, which involves the mode in which we are 
 " accounted righteous before God ;" if it be even 
 called in question whether *' the Protestant doc- 
 trine of justification " be '' a fundamental of 
 faith ;" if instead of the satisfaction of Christ, 
 singly and alone, as the ground of acceptance, 
 a certain inherent meetness of sanctification be 
 so connected with the qualification ah extra, as 
 to confound the operation within with the work
 
 31 
 
 of Christ without. Let him to whom univer- 
 sal consent has assigned the praise of judicious, 
 pronounce his opinion. " This maze the Church 
 of Rome doth cause her followers to tread, when 
 they ask her the way of justification." * 
 
 There is ground, I think, for fear, if a system of 
 reserve in communicating religious knowledge be 
 introduced, and we are taught to treat salvation 
 by grace as "a great secret," to be kept out of 
 the sight of the ungodly for fear of an " indeli- 
 cate exposure of religion," and that " to require 
 from both grown persons and children an ex- 
 plicit declaration of a belief in the atonement, 
 and the full assurance of its power, appears 
 equally untenable.''^ Is this conclusion drawn 
 from the analogy of our blessed Lord's own 
 teaching ? We, 1 trust, have not so learned 
 Christ. We remember how, in the very earliest 
 days of his ministry, he did not hesitate to 
 bring forward some of the highest doctrines. At 
 the first passover, he assumed a right over his 
 Father's house by cleansing the temple— a de- 
 claration of the Divine prerogative of the strong- 
 est kind. His discourse with Nicodemus is based 
 upon the doctrine of regeneration — the deepest 
 theological truth. His conversation with the 
 woman of Samaria revealed that God is a spirit 
 — the most abstract metaphysical truth. In de- 
 * Appendix IV. f Appendix V.
 
 32 
 
 daring to the people of Nazareth that to none 
 of the widows in Israel was Elias sent, " save 
 unto Sarepta, a city of Sidon, unto a woman 
 that was a widow," he taught the doctrine of 
 election, the most mysterious of the Divine pur- 
 poses. We remember how, some months before 
 his crucifixion, he intimates the sacrifice itself 
 and its object : " Destroy this temple ;" " The 
 Son of man must be lifted up ;" " The bread that 
 I give is my flesh, which I will give for the life 
 of the world." And it was his last care, imme- 
 diately before the ascension, to enter with the 
 eleven into the full explanation of his expiatory 
 sacrifice, referring to his former discourses, and 
 interpreting their meaning, that the apostles, 
 and after them in turn their successors, might 
 be competent expounders of this important doc- 
 trine.* 
 
 Neither have we so learned the practice of the 
 apostles. It was not by throwing a veil over the 
 cross of Christ that St. Paul showed his reverence 
 for that high and holy mystery. " I determined 
 not to know anything among you, save Jesus 
 Christ, and him crucified." " I delivered unto 
 you first of all that which I also received, how 
 that Christ died for our sins according to the 
 
 * John ii. 19; iii. 14 ; vi. 51. Luke xxiv. 44— 47. See 
 iM inisterial Character of Christ, p. 169.
 
 33 
 
 scriptures." He takes the Galatians to witness 
 that Jesus Christ had been evidently set forth 
 before their eyes, crucified among them. So 
 far is he from shrinking from the theme, as 
 too sacred and awful for speech, that he glories 
 in giving it explicit prominence even in the 
 midst of those who could not receive the 
 truth. " We preach Christ crucified, unto the 
 Jews a stuniblingblock, and unto the Greeks 
 foolishness." * 
 
 Neither have we so learned the requirements of 
 our church, wliich expects that out of the mouths 
 of the very babes and sucklings God will perfect 
 praise. The earliest christian lesson which she 
 bids us teach our children, is that " God the Son 
 hath redeemed us." 
 
 Neither have we so learned in the school of ex- 
 perience. The whole history of the church, in 
 every age, tends to prove the utter ineflSciency of 
 a ministry which is not faithful in honouring the 
 
 * 1 Cor. xi. 2; XV. 3. Gal. iii. 1. 1 Cor. i. 23. A 
 very peculiar interpretation is given in Tract 80, 73 — 75, 
 the expressions " Christ crucified," &c., namely, that when 
 St, Paul says " we preach Christ crucified," it means '^ the 
 necessity of our being crucified to the world, and our humilia- 
 tion together with him." Professor Scholefield, in the ap- 
 pendix to his Second Sermon on Scriptural Grounds of 
 Union, preached before the University of Cambridge in 1840, 
 has critically examined this interpretation, and convincingly 
 shows its untenableness. 
 
 D
 
 34 
 
 Saviour by a full exhibition of his grace and 
 love, in pointing- to the light which beams from 
 the cross, and in proclaiming openly, " Behold 
 the Lamb of God." The experiment has been 
 often tried. It has been tried upon individuals ; 
 it has been tried upon parishes ; it has been tried 
 upon whole countries ; and many a conscientious 
 pen has been constrained to write the record of 
 its utter failure.* Could it be otherwise, when our 
 Master has said, " I, if I be lifted up, will draw 
 all men unto me ?" Could it be otherwise, " lest 
 the cross of Christ be made of none effect ?" 
 
 There is ground again for fear, if we are in 
 peril of losing sight of the opinion of Bishop 
 Hall, that the chief ground of all the errors of 
 the Church of Rome is the overvaluing of tradi- 
 tion ; or of the cautious warning of Bishop 
 Jewell, that we may in no wise believe the 
 churches themselves, unless they say such things 
 as are agreeable to the scriptures ; — if we dero- 
 gate from the exclusive supremacy of the Word, 
 as containing all things necessary to salvation, by 
 a phraseology which in effect gives a co-ordinate 
 authority to the interpretation of antiquity, in- 
 stead of making the Church, with our article, 
 " a witness and a keeper of holy writ ;" — or if, 
 finally, instead of taking holy scripture, with 
 Bishop Taylor, as " a full and sufficient rule to 
 * See Ministerial Character of Christ, pp. 442, 443.
 
 35 
 
 Christians because there is no other,"* 
 
 we distinjzuish " two instruments of christian 
 teaching, holy scripture and the church :" and 
 after adjusting their respective offices, so as to 
 establish, not an exclusive, but a combined or 
 joint rule of faith, conclude that in the sense 
 in which the phrase " is commonly understood 
 at this day, scripture, it is plain, is not, on An- 
 glican principles, the rule of faith." What is 
 this, but to imply, in spirit, if not in terms, a 
 double revelation ? f 
 
 There is ground again for fear, if, on the one 
 hand, it becomes habitual among us to extenuate 
 and speak in soft language of the deep corrup- 
 tions of the Church of Rome, J dwelling upon 
 her " high gifts and strong claims on our admi- 
 ration, reverence, love, and gratitude ;" § attri- 
 buting to her, of all other religious communions, 
 the exclusive possession of that something, to 
 which the age is moving ; || and characterizing 
 
 * Second part of the Dissuasive from Popery, sect. II., 
 Works, vol. X. p. 384. See also the Rule of Conscience, book 
 II. chap, iii. rule xiv. " That the Scriptures are not a per- 
 fect rule of faith and manners, but that tradition is to be 
 added to make it a full repository of the divine will, is affirm- 
 ed by the Church of Rome." Works, vol. xiii. p. 97. 
 
 t Tract 90, pp. 5, 7, 11. See Appendix VI. 
 
 X Appendix VII. 
 
 § Tract 70, No. 24, p. 7. 
 
 II *' In truth, there is at this moment a great progress of 
 
 d2
 
 3G 
 
 simply as an " event in providence "* that Papal 
 supremacy, of which Bishop Taylor writes that 
 it " will not be necessary to declare the sen- 
 tence of the Church of England and Ireland, 
 because it is notorious to all the world ; and is 
 expressly opposed against this Romish doctrine, 
 by laws, articles, confessions, homilies, the oath 
 of allegiance and supremacy, the book of Chris- 
 tian Institution, and many excellent writ- 
 ings ;" f — and if, on the other hand, in the 
 same breath, we accustom ourselves to speak 
 slightingly and disparagingly of those great 
 and venerable names of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, of whom one of the ablest and wisest of 
 modern authorities has said, that " we shall search 
 in vain, either in ancient or modern history, for 
 examples of men more justly entitled to the 
 
 the religious mind of our Church to something deeper and 
 
 truer than satisfied the last century." " The age is 
 
 moving towards something, and most unhappily the one reli- 
 gious community among us which has of late years been 
 practically in possession of this something, is the Church of 
 Rome. She alone, amid all the errors and evils of her prac- 
 tical system, has given free scope to the feelings of awe, 
 mystery, tenderness, reverence, devotedness, and other feel- 
 ings which may be especially called Catholic." — Letter to Dr. 
 Jelf, by the author of Tract 90, pp. 25, 26. 
 * Tract 90, p. 77. 
 Dissuasive from Popery, vol. x. p. 260. See Appendix 
 VIII.
 
 37 
 
 praise of splendid talents, sound learning, and 
 genuine piety ;''* — or if we learn to designate the 
 blessed Reformation itself as " that great schism'" 
 which " shattered " the sacraraentum unitatis, 
 since which era " truth has not dealt simply and 
 securely in any visible tabernacle ;" t — oi* if ^^ 
 undervalue our own liturgy and formularies 
 and homilies ; '^ — or put interpretations on our 
 articles at variance with what has been gene- 
 rally received as the intentions of their compilers, 
 and inconsistent with the royal declaration, that 
 " no man . . . shall put his own sense or com- 
 ment to be the meaning." § 
 
 And, lastly, I cannot but fear the consequences 
 for the character, the efficiency, and the very 
 truth of our church, if a system of teaching 
 should become extensively popular, which dwells 
 upon the external and ritual parts of religious 
 service, whilst it loses sight of their inner 
 meaning and spiritual life ; — which defaces the 
 brightest glory of the church, by forgetting 
 the continual presence of her Lord, seeming in 
 effect to depose him from his rightful pre-emi- 
 nence ; — which speaks of the sacraments, not as 
 
 * Bp. Van Mildert's Lectures, vol. i. p. 288. 
 
 t Tract 71, p. 29. See Appendix IX. 
 
 :j; Appendix X. ' a 
 
 § Appendix XI.
 
 38 
 
 seals and pledges, but as instruments of salva- 
 tion in a justificatory and causal sense ; — not as 
 eminent means of grace ; inasmuch as " faith is 
 confirmed and grace increased " in them, as our 
 article speaks : — not as that they " be not only 
 badges or tokens of christian men's profession, 
 but rather certain sure witnesses and eflfectual 
 signs of grace,'' as our article speaks again ; — but 
 as if they were the only sources of Divine grace, 
 to the exclusion of any other ; — the means ; — 
 the keys of the kingdom;* — deprecating, as 
 superstitious, an " apprehension of resting in 
 them," t and investing them with a saving intrin- 
 sic efficacy, not distinguishable by ordinary un- 
 derstandings, from the opus operatum ;:{: — which 
 tends to substitute, at least in unholy minds, 
 for the worship in spirit and in truth, the 
 observance of " days and months and times 
 and years ;" — for the cheerful obedience of filial 
 love, an aspect of hesitation, and trouble, and 
 doubt ; — for the freedom of the Gospel, a spirit 
 of bondage ; — for the ways of pleasantness, and 
 the peace which passeth all understanding-, the 
 
 * " The keys that can open and shut the kingdom of hea- 
 ven, we, with St. Chrysostom, call the knowledge of the 
 Scriptures : with Tertullian, the interpretation of the law ; 
 with Eusebius, the word of God." Jewell's Apology. 
 
 f Advertisement to vol. ii. of Tracts for the Times, p. 5. 
 
 X Appendix XII.
 
 39 
 
 valley of Baca and a body of death ; — which 
 works out salvation, indeed, with fear and trem- 
 bling, but without any foretaste of the rest that 
 reraaineth for the people of God, and without joy 
 in believing. 
 
 Such, my reverend brethren, is the view which 
 I submit to you, not in a spirit of dogmatism, 
 not as desiring to have dominion over your faith, 
 not as lording it over God's heritage, but with an 
 anxious and paramount desire for the preva- 
 lency of truth. I speak as unto wise men ; judge 
 ye what I say. If it be substantially correct, 
 there are two special duties, the corollaries, as it 
 were, of our present position, which seem to press 
 imperatively upon men bound by sacred pro- 
 mises, vowed at the most solemn moment of our 
 lives, to banish and drive away all erroneous and 
 strange doctrines, contrary to God's Word. 
 
 I. Contend earnestly for the faith once 
 DELIVERED TO THE SAINTS. It is the talisman 
 of our ministry. God does not bless an adulte- 
 rated Gospel. It is when his Word has free 
 course, that he is glorified in the healing of the 
 nations. 
 
 Nothing can be more explicit than the witness 
 borne by our Church to the primary importance 
 of this truth. From first to last, in all her offices, 
 she contends for the liberty of calling no man 
 master but Christ. She loses no opportunity of
 
 40 
 
 magnifying Holy Writ. In the coronation of 
 our princes, when the Churcli presents the sove- 
 reign with the book of life, it is characterized as 
 the most valuable thing which this world affords. 
 And then follows that noble commendation' — 
 " Here is wisdom. This is the royal law. These 
 are the lively oracles of God. Blessed is he that 
 readeth, and they that hear the words of this 
 book ; that keep and do the things contained 
 in it ; for these are the words of eternal life, able 
 to make men wise and happy in this world, naj'^, 
 wise unto salvation, and so happy for evermore, 
 through faith that is in Christ Jesus." In the 
 consecration of her bishops, on the delivery of the 
 Bible, she addresses them almost in the very 
 words of St. Paul to Timothy : " Give heed unto 
 reading, exhortation, and doctrine. Think upon 
 the things contained in this book." And, when 
 she ordains her ministers to the holy functions of 
 their office, she sends them out on their sacred 
 mission with a special and significant injunction 
 as to the matter of their doctrine; " Take thou 
 authority to preach the word of God." For other 
 preaching they have no license. If they lay 
 other foundation than that is laid, it is in contra- 
 vention of their credentials. The Church's com- 
 mission is express, and exclusive — " Take thou 
 authority to preach the word of God." 
 
 And when this word goes forth in all its free-
 
 41 
 
 dom and integrity, building up the individual 
 members of the flock in the principles of our 
 most holy faith, and shielding them with the 
 doctrine and discipline of the church, can any 
 one mistake the blessing which attends it? Can 
 there be any question of the prosperity ? any 
 doubt whether the gracious dew has descended 
 from heaven, and moistened the whole fleece? 
 Mark the results. Dissent stayed ; the churches 
 filled ; apathy roused ; formality shaken ; inquiry 
 awakened ; a spirit of intelligence engendered 
 in the congregation : the Lord's day observed more 
 decently ; the liturgy more highly appreciated ; 
 respect for the ordinances increasingly cultiva- 
 ted ; the sacraments duly estimated : baptism 
 honoured in the presence of the Church and the 
 pleading for the mercies of the covenant, pro- 
 mised by our Lord Jesus Christ in his Gospel ; 
 more frequent biddings to the holy communion ; 
 fewer refusals, a less chilling negligence, and a 
 return to a better mind on the part of them that 
 are bidden ; domestic praj^er more prevalent ; 
 an approach to something of godly discipline 
 in the christian family and the christian com- 
 munity ; catechetical teaching rendered interest- 
 ing, and appreciated by parents and children ; 
 the rite of confirmation rescued from the dis- 
 grace of unmeaning profession or formal igno- 
 rance, and elevated into a season of profitable
 
 42 
 
 instruction ; churches and schools planted, and 
 flourishing, as the need of an increasing popula- 
 tion may demand ; resort to the pastor, as a 
 spiritual and temporal adviser, the friend and 
 physician of soul and body, consistent in his 
 walk, wise in his counsels, cheerful and ac- 
 cessible in manner ; the recognition of a purer 
 standard of holiness ; of the details of christian 
 duty ; of the obligations of the divine law ; of 
 the doctrine of love to God and man in all its 
 enlarged bearing ; an increase of zeal for the 
 dissemination of scriptural knowledge ; the incul- 
 cation of the word of God ; the planting of 
 missions ; the abolition of many old unchristian 
 usages; the Gospel, however imperfectly obeyed, 
 recognized as authoritative ; christian sympathy 
 and christian forbearance called into action ; 
 a spirit of charity more deeply cherished ; the 
 highway of our God marked out, a way of holi- 
 ness opened, of holy worship and of holy con- 
 versation. These, we think, are among the 
 visible and obvious effects of the ministrations 
 of our church which exhibit in their doctrine, 
 simply and prominently, free justification through 
 the grace that is by Christ Jesus. These, we 
 think, are the answers given to the faithful 
 proclamation of the message of reconciliation. 
 These, we think, are the fruits of the good tree — 
 the products of the branch which draws life
 
 43 
 
 from Christ, the true Vine. These are the seals 
 of a ministry, which divine grace has made 
 effectual for turning the hearts of the disobedient 
 to the wisdom of the just; for bringing peace 
 to burdened consciences ; for uniting men by a 
 living faith to Christ their true head ; for 
 nourishing them in the church of the redeemed 
 to the full measure of unity, strength, and holi- 
 ness. Therefore I repeat — "contend earnestly 
 
 FOR THE FAITH ONCE DELIVERED TO THE SAINTS.'' 
 
 II. The other duty to which the circumstances 
 of the times and of the Church seem specially to 
 invite you, is the cultivation of a spirit of 
 UNITY. The apostolic injunction sent by Epaphro- 
 ditus to " all the saints at Philippi, with the 
 bishops and deacons," we may well conceive St. 
 Paul addressed with peculiar emphasis to thatlatter 
 class of which we are members — " Fulfil ye my 
 joy, that ye be likeminded, having the same 
 love, being of one accord, of one mind."* 
 
 " Sirs, ye are brethren." Let the world see 
 the glorious example of a house in harmony 
 with itself — a band of brothers, united by holy 
 ties of sympathy and affection. The divisions of 
 the whole body are too apt to neutralize indivi- 
 dual usefulness — against our own will men rank 
 us as partizans, followers of Paul, or Apollos, 
 or Cephas — prepossessions, or prejudices are pre- 
 
 * Phil. i. 1 ; ii. 4.
 
 44 
 
 sumed with little accuracy, and yet more often 
 with no foundation at all ; — differences are mag- 
 fied or invented ; — shibboleths are applied as 
 tests of opinion ; — fathers are set up against re- 
 formers, and reformers against fathers ; —societies 
 against "societies"; — one christian truth, or one 
 portion of holy scripture, against another. 
 Meanwhile the bonds of christian fellowship are 
 rent asunder ; tlie unity of Christ's church is 
 broken ; the charities, and sympathies, and 
 mutual benevolences of brotherhood are violated; 
 the present communion of saints is blotted, as it 
 were, out of our very creed ; it is forgotten that 
 " there should be no schism in the body, but that 
 the members should have the same care one for 
 another." * 
 
 And we may find, if I mistake not, an addi- 
 tional call for unity in the aspect of the times. 
 For, although on former occasions of addressing 
 you I have never felt it necessary to adopt the 
 language of despondency and alarm, I may be 
 permitted now to invite you to rejoice in the 
 favourable appearances which surround our Zion. 
 We may look back on the storm that has passed, 
 and thank the great Head of the church that so 
 few wrecks are seen to strew the surface. " Sure- 
 ly the wrath of men shall praise thee : the re- 
 
 * 1 Cor. xii. 25.
 
 45 
 
 mainder of wrath thou shalt restrain. '* We 
 may call to mind the cry that was echoed from 
 one end of the kingdom to the other, as from the 
 children of Edom of old, " Rase it, rase it, even 
 to the foundation thereof,'' — and may appeal for 
 all reply to the increased love of our people, the 
 unequivocal marks of their confidence, the wit- 
 ness w^hich has been borne to the fundamental 
 principles of the church, and to the general faith- 
 fulness of the clergy in fulfilling, according to 
 their means, that high trust which has been 
 committed to their keeping. We would fain 
 hope that a quieter day is at hand, when we may 
 no longer be compelled to fight, as it were, our 
 way, with a weapon of warfare in one hand, and 
 the word of truth in the other, — when our exer- 
 tions may not be paralysed by the necessity of 
 repelling attacks, and our energies may be direct- 
 ed, not to the defence, but to the extension of the 
 church's boundaries. At home and abroad we 
 have a mighty work in progress. A spirit, 
 through God's mercy, has been awakened in the 
 country, which while it shall provide the means 
 of grace for the brother at our own door, will not 
 rest until our ecclesiastical constitution be esta- 
 blished, in all its integrity, in every colony con- 
 nected_with our land. We want the co-operation 
 of every hand and heart for giving efficiency to 
 this work. Union is power — and, under the
 
 46 
 
 divine blessing, may prevail ; but the desultory 
 efforts of a distracted and divided house cannot 
 issue in good. Our Jerusalem, if constructed on 
 the ancient model, must be " builded as a city 
 that is compact together" — " at unity with 
 itself." 
 
 " Therefore,'^ my beloved brethren, " I beseech 
 3^ou that ye walk worthy of the vocation where- 
 with ye are called, with all lowliness and meek- 
 ness, with long-suffering, forbearing one another 
 in love; endeavouring to keep the unity of the 
 spirit in the bond of peace." * 
 
 * Eph. iv. 1—3.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Appendix I. — page 6. 
 
 On the new Act (4 c^ 5 Vict. cap. xxxviii.) respecting tlie 
 Conveyance and Endowment of Sites for Schools. 
 
 IX A LETTER TO A PAROCHIAL CLERGYMAN. 
 
 Reverend Sir, — Let me request your particular atten- 
 tion to an Act of Parliament passed at the close of the last 
 session, and of the utmost importance to the cause of National 
 Education. Some of its most valuable provisions being 
 necessarily expressed in verbose and technical phraseology, 
 might escape a casual observer, unaccustomed to legal 
 forms : though they will be found, after a few explanatory 
 remarks, deeply interesting to all the clergy throughout the 
 kingdom, whether promoters of new schools, or managers 6f 
 schools already established. For I take for granted, that 
 every clergyman is included in one or' other of these two 
 categories : he either has a school, or intends to build one. 
 
 The first section requires no comment. It repeals the 
 former school-site Act (6 and 7 Will. IV. cap. Ixx.) Even 
 such matters and things as have been commenced in pur- 
 suance of that act, are to be continued according to the pro- 
 visions of this new statute, so far as they shall be applicable; 
 it is, therefore, to this new statute alone that we must hence-
 
 48 
 
 forward look for direction and assistance in the establish- 
 ment of our schools. 
 
 The Act sets out by showing under what circumstances 
 land may be conveyed for the site of a school ; and it will 
 doubtless gratify you to see, that land held by almost any 
 tenure is available for that purpose, whether freehold, copy- 
 hold, or customary (sec. ii.) ; waste lands (sec. ii.) ; lands be- 
 longing to the duchy of Lancaster or Cornwall (sec. iii. iv.) ; 
 lands held under trust (sec. v.) ; lands possessed by married 
 women, infants, or lunatics (sec. v.) ; lands held by corpo- 
 rations, ecclesiastical or lay, sole or aggregate, including 
 among corporations sole the incumbent of the parish for the 
 time being (sec. vi.) ; lands held for public, ecclesiastical, 
 parochial, charitable, or other purposes (sec. vi.) ; lands 
 granted, whether by way of gift or otherwise, to her Ma- 
 jesty's Commissioners for building new churches (sec. xix.) 
 In each of these several cases there are conditions and 
 limitations, which it will not be necessary for you to study 
 until you have ascertained which of the above holdings you 
 are likely to be in treaty for. 
 
 In one case only the restriction stated in the Act seems 
 to require explanation. It is provided that, when a site is 
 conveyed by a person seized for life only in the land, but 
 not in fee simple or fee tail, the next in remainder {if legally 
 competent) must be a party to the deed. The object of this 
 proviso is to prevent land from being alienated contrary to 
 the wishes of an heir, who, in the eye of the law, is capable 
 of forming an opinion as to the fitness of the grant. But 
 should the heir be an infant, his concurrence is unnecessary ; 
 and the person seised for life only is armed with full powers. 
 
 Next to the parties from whom school-sites may be ob- 
 tained come the trustees, or parties to whom they may be 
 conveyed. And here again you will not be sorry to find, 
 that the trustees may be almost as various as the donors.
 
 49 
 
 They maj' be any corporation sole or aggregate, or sever a 
 corporations sole (i. e. the incumbents of several parishes for 
 the time being) ; or they may be any trustees whatsoever, 
 particularly the minister, and church or chapehvardens and 
 overseers of the poor, who are made a corporation for the pur- 
 poses of this Act (sec. vi.). In the case of glebe land, un- 
 less the last-mentioned parties are chosen, the trustees must 
 be named in writing by the Bishop of the diocese. 
 
 The quantity of land that may be alienated for a school-site 
 (sec. ii.) is no longer limited to half an acre, but is ex- 
 tended to twice that quantity ; a provision of great conse- 
 quence, not only to the founders of new schools, but to 
 the managers of schools already in existence, who in many 
 cases may be able to obtain a second half- acre for a school- 
 residence, play ground, or garden, either from the original 
 donor, or from a new benefactor in the parish. 
 
 In connexion with this point it is important to observe 
 (sec. ix.), that any number of sites for separate schools or 
 school-residences may be alienated by the same proprietor, 
 provided one acre only is situated in the same parish. 
 
 To diminish legal expenses, and obviate the risk of mis- 
 takes, a form of conveyance, brief, simple, and intelligible, 
 is provided by the Act (sec. x.). The conveyance is not 
 necessarily by bargain and sale, and therefore does not re- 
 quire to be written on a £5 stamp, formerly indispensable. 
 
 Provision is at the same time carefully made, that the 
 constitution or government of the school shall not be deter- 
 mined by this form of conveyance (sees. vii. x.) A 
 blank is left for setting forth the mode in which, and the 
 persons by whom, the school is to be managed, directed, and 
 inspected. The constitution of a school may be as various 
 as that of any form of political government. The clergy- 
 man may be sole manager, or he may be associated with the 
 lord of the manor, with the churchwardens, or w ith subscribers 
 
 E
 
 voting equally in proportion to their subscriptions. Care 
 should, of course, be taken that managers should not be in- 
 conveniently numerous, and that they shall all be members 
 of the Church. In the case of district-schools for several 
 parishes, the incumbent of each should be included in the 
 coQimittee of management. Where only two parishes form 
 the district, the archdeacon or rural dean is sometimes 
 added, to give a casting vote in case of any difference of 
 opinion. Under all circumstances, the following clause, as a 
 security for Church-education, should be carefully inserted ; 
 — " To be always in union with the National Societ}', and con- 
 ducted according to its principles, and towards the advance- 
 ment of its end and designs." Care should be also taken to 
 specify the mode in which the master or mistress is to be 
 appointed and dismissed. 
 
 As a saving of expense where glebe land is granted, pro- 
 vision is made (sec. xiii.) that a professional surveyor may 
 be dispensed with, and that a certificate under the hands of 
 three beneficed clergj'raan of the diocese as to the extent of 
 the land shall be sufficient. 
 
 Doubts having been expressed by the most eminent legal 
 authorities, whether conveyances under the late act to the 
 minister or incumbent, and the church or chapel-wardens, of 
 certain parishes or places, were effectual for conveying the 
 fee-simple, and for vesting it in them and their successors in 
 office, the present Act (sec. xv.) removes all doubt upon the 
 subject, and provides that their successors in office shall 
 succeed them in the trust. 
 
 Trustees for school-sites, whether under the late or present 
 Act, are empowered (sec. xiv.) to sell or exchange them, 
 wholly or in part, for other sites more convenient or eligible. 
 The consent of the managers is indispensable in all cases ; 
 that of the bishop, in the case of glebe land ; and that of the
 
 51 
 
 secretary for the liome department, in the case of schools 
 aided by the ParHamentary vote. 
 
 Since conveyances of ground for school-building under the 
 late Act have sometimes, through inadvertency, not been 
 enrolled in Chancery, (an omission fatal to their validity,) 
 it is provided (sec. xvi.) that they may be enrolled within 
 tn-elve months from the passing of this Act. You will not 
 fail to observe, that if this last opportunity be neglected, the 
 case is left without remedy. 
 
 I ought, perhaps, to have before observed, that the con- 
 veyance of land for a school-site includes (sec. vii. x.) any 
 buildings which may happen to be erected upon it. 
 
 Another circumstance which enhances the value of this 
 Act, is the facility it affords for displacing imcompetent teach- 
 ers (sec. xvii.) You are well aware how often a refractory 
 master or mistress has given trouble to school managers, by 
 retaining possession of the premises after being dismissed. 
 To remedy this evil, the Act declares, that no master or 
 mistress appointed under its provisions shall acquire an inte- 
 rest for life by virtue of such appointment, but shall, "in 
 default of any specific engagement, hold the office at the 
 discretion of the trustees." It was probably by an oversight 
 that the word trustees is here introduced; because by the 
 spirit of the Act all authority is vested in the managers. 
 Dismissal, however, in default of any specific engagement, 
 depends on the trustees. 
 
 But the Act, in the next section (xviii,) goes yet further, 
 and provides for the more immediate and more effectual re- 
 covery of any premises belonging to any school below a 
 grammar-school ; and authorises the justices of the peace in 
 petty sessions, or any two of them, to command the consta- 
 ble, within twenty-one clear days from the date of such 
 warrant, to enter into the premises, and give possession to 
 
 E -2
 
 52 
 
 the trustees or managers, or their agents. This clause may 
 in many instances be very usefully applied, where the master 
 of an endowed charity-school retains possession of the pre- 
 mises, although he has been dismissed, or has ceased to hold 
 his office. 
 
 Another point altogether distinct from all that I have stated, 
 is the perpetuation of trusts (sec. viii.) You are well aware 
 that trusts conveyed to individuals must, from time to time, 
 be renewed on the death of the trustees. To prevent this 
 trouble and expense, it is enacted, that when sites for schools 
 or school-residences have been conveyed to individuals not 
 having a corporate character, those individuals may transfer 
 their trust once for all to the minister and churchwardens 
 and overseers of the parish; and in the case of an ecclesi- 
 astical district, to the minister and church or chapel-wardens, 
 subject to the existing trusts and provisions. It may, how- 
 ever, be sometimes worthy of serious consideration, whether 
 such a transfer to the particular trustees named in the former 
 case is desirable. 
 
 The only further remark I have to offer is, that provision 
 is made for removing any reluctance on the part of land- 
 owners to alienate a school-site from a suspicion that their 
 beneficence may at some future period be abused or mis- 
 applied ; clauses are introduced (sees, ii., iii., iv.,) providing, 
 in various cases, that the lands conveyed under this Act 
 shall revert to the donors, on ceasing to be used for the pur- 
 poses of the Act. 
 
 I have the honour to be, 
 Reverend Sir, 
 
 Your faithful servant, 
 JOHN SINCLAIR. 
 
 London, \&th July, 1841.
 
 53 
 
 FORM OF CONVEYANCE 
 
 CONTAINED IN THE ACT 4TH AND 5tH VICT., CHAP. XXXVIII. 
 
 With a ftiv Hints how to fill it up. 
 
 "I [or we, or the corporate title of a corporation"], under the 
 authority of an Act passed in the year of the reign of 
 
 her Majesty Queen Victoria, intituled ' An Act for affording 
 further faciUties for the Conveyance and Endowment of 
 Sites for Schools,' do hereby freely and voluntarily, and 
 without any valuable consideration \or do, in the considera- 
 tion of the sum of to me, or us, or the said 
 paid], grant [ahenate], and convey to all [descrip- 
 tion of the premises'], and all [my, or our, or the right, 
 title, and interest of the ], to and in the same 
 and every part thereof, to hold unto and to the use of 
 the said , and his, or their [heirs, or executors, 
 or administrators, or successors], for the purposes of the 
 said Act, and to be applied as a site for a school for poor per- 
 sons of and in the parish of , and for the residence 
 of the schoolmaster [or schoolmistress] of the said school, 
 [or for other purposes of the said school'], and for no other 
 purpose whatever ; such school* to be under the manage- 
 ment and control of [set forth the mode in ichicli, and the 
 persons by ivhom,the school is to be managed,\ directed, and 
 inspected]^ [In case the school be conveyed to trustees, a 
 
 * Here insert the following claxise : — " to be always in union with the 
 National Society for promoting the Education of the Poor in the Princi- 
 ples of the Established Church, and conducted according to its principles, 
 and for the furtherance of its end and designs." The school to be under 
 the management, &c. &c. 
 
 t For suggestions as to the management of the school, see the eighth 
 paragraph in the foregoing letter. 
 
 Jin case a grant has been obtained from government, the clause hero 
 will be — " to be opea at all reasonable times to the inspector or inspectors
 
 54 
 
 clause providing for the renewal of the trustees, and incases 
 where the land is purchased, exchanged or demised, usual cove- 
 nants or obligations for title, may be added.l In witness 
 whereof, the conveying and other parties have hereunto set 
 their hands and seals this day of • Signed, 
 
 sealed, and delivered by the said , in the presence 
 
 of of 
 
 Appendix 11.— page 11. 
 
 The difficulty of bringing pastoral instruction to bear on 
 lads and young men in purely agricultural districts, is a most 
 serious impediment to ministerial usefulness. The incum- 
 bent of a parish in Hampshire describes this evil very feel- 
 ingly. 
 
 " In this agricultural county the position of the labourers 
 who live in farm-houses deserves attention. While in this 
 peculiar service they are not often married, but the system 
 under which they live, and the habits they acquire, operate 
 extensively and prejudicially to the lower ranks of society, 
 with whom they form alliances from time to time. 
 
 " Their numbers are considerable, as may be judged of by 
 this fact : — My parish contains above 2,000 acres, population 
 220. It has five farms and twenty such labourers. These 
 men lead very unsettled lives ; they are hired by the year, 
 and change masters at the end of that period. The excep- 
 tions to the yearly change are rare. What little education 
 they possess is commonly neglected from the time they are 
 
 appointed by her Majesty in Council, conformably to the Order in Coun- 
 cil, dated the 10th day of August, 1840." 
 
 A clause should also be inserted, to provide that the schoolmaster or 
 schoolmistress shall be liable to be dismissed by the Managers at their 
 discretion.
 
 55 
 
 hired. Books are rarely provided for them, or encourage- 
 ment given for reading. If these difficulties are removed, 
 and their inchnation would lead them to improve themselves, 
 they have to encounter the mockery of their companions. 
 Sleep (commonly in the stable) or the lowest description of 
 conversation is their usual resource after work. Being pro- 
 vided with food, excess in eating and drinking are common 
 among them ; many of them take pleasure in waste, as a 
 method of retaliating on their master for any orders or con- 
 duct they may dislike ; and acts of dishonesty are not un- 
 common, especially in purloining food, which they are 
 allowed to take out for dinner in the fields, but which they 
 take in sufficiency for supplying fellow-labourers who live at 
 home and are paid for maintaining themselves. A respect- 
 able farmer states to me that there is scarcely such a thing 
 as speaking truth among them. 
 
 " These ignorant people are much removed from the reach 
 of pastoral visits. They are in the stable or the field at four 
 or five in the morning, not at home again till four or five in 
 the afternoon for supper; with the care of the horses afte 
 this ; and then very early to bed. 
 
 " The farmers are too apt to treat them as so much stock 
 for working the farm. They are seldom invited to family 
 reading or prayers, if such things are practised in the farm- 
 house. If the farmer professes to have meals with his men, 
 it is seldom more than in profession, except where he is of a 
 description to like to associate with them, and in such cases 
 the men often have the upper hand ; no control is exercised 
 by a superior mind over them. The better class of farmers 
 live apart from the men, and are superior to them, but still 
 these want the education and the sense of responsibility, 
 which (with many of the higher classes) make the em- 
 ployer look to the welfare of those under his charge. Where 
 farmers urge the men to go to church on Sundays, or insist
 
 56 
 
 upon their doing so, (as I have known them do,) they com- 
 monly act with indiscretion, laying down rules which are 
 never kept, and using violence of manner or language which 
 defeats the object it is designed to promote." 
 
 Appendix III. — page 12. 
 
 The following additional churches have been built since 
 the year 1828 :— • 
 
 Hampshire. 
 
 Sittings. Cost. 
 
 All Saints, parish of Portsea . 1,739 £13,164 
 
 Holy Trinity, ditto . . 1,200 3,447 
 
 St. James's, Milton, ditto . . 344 830 
 
 Shidfield, Droxford . . 327 1,340 
 
 Holy Trinity, St. Mary's, Southton 600 1,600 
 
 St. George's, Lane-End, extra-paro- 
 chial ... 530 
 
 St. John's, Forton, Alverstoke . 1,169 3,770 
 
 Holy Trinity, West Cowes, North- 
 wood . . .833 2,932 
 
 St. James, East Cowes, Whipping- 
 ham .... 
 
 St. Mary's, North Eling . 
 
 Holy Trinity, Fareham . 
 
 St. Paul's, Sarisbury, Tichfield 
 
 St. James's, Shirley, Milbrook 
 
 Curdridge, Bishop's Waltham 
 
 St. John's, Carisbrook 
 
 St. Catherine's, Ventnor, Isle of 
 Wight 
 
 Newtown, Calbourne, Isle of Wight 
 
 Holy Trinity, Hawley, Yately 
 
 668 
 
 2,315 
 
 535 
 
 2,286 
 
 1,000 
 
 4,331 
 
 450 
 
 1,550 
 
 1,080 
 
 3,600 
 
 350 
 
 1,250 
 
 830 
 
 4,404 
 
 510 
 
 3,371 
 
 130 
 
 1,030 
 
 306 
 
 961
 
 57 
 
 St. Jolm's, Redhill, Havant 
 St. James's West-End, South Stone- 
 ham 
 St. Luke's, Svvay, Boldre . 
 St. Mark's, Pennington, Milford 
 St. John Baptist, Burley, extra- 
 parochial 
 St. Mary's, Partsmouth . 
 St. Paul's, Beaulieu-Rails, Boldre 
 St. James's, Emsworth, Warblington 
 St. Mark's, Anfield, Hursley 
 St. James's, Beauworth, Cheriton 
 Christchurch, Crookham, Crondall 
 
 Sittings. 
 
 Cost. 
 
 372 
 
 600 
 
 690 
 
 2,460 
 
 380 
 
 1,100 
 
 280 
 
 1,000 
 
 290 
 
 
 1,200 
 
 3,030 
 
 337 
 
 900 
 
 566 
 
 1,500 
 
 306 
 
 
 160 
 
 1,300 
 
 444 
 
 2,244 
 
 Surrey. 
 
 St. George's, Battersea . . 900 3,100 
 St. Mary's, Lambeth . . 2,000 8,000 
 Holy Trinity, ditto . . 1,000 3,600 
 St. Michael's, ditto . . 1,200 5,000 
 St. James's, Bermondsey, inclu- 
 ding cost of burial-ground) 1,850 28,738 
 St. James's, Clapham . . 1,252 9,815 
 St. John's, Richmond . . 1,250 5,800 
 St. Andrew's, Ham, Kingston-on- 
 Thames . . . 528 4,100 
 St. Paul's, Hook, ditto . . 202 1,137 
 St. Andrew's, Kingswood, Ewell . 166 1,150 
 St. John's, Milford, Witley . 230 950 
 Holmwood, Dorking . . 304 968 
 Christchurch, Camberwell . 1,194 4,550 
 St. Mary Magdalen, Peckham, ditto 1,100 4,500 
 Christchurch, Virginia Water, Eg- 
 
 ham . . .430 2,100
 
 58 
 
 Holy Trinity, Rotherhithe . 
 
 Christchurch, ditto 
 
 All Saints, ditto . 
 
 St. Paul's, Addlestone, Chertsey . 
 
 St. Peter's, Southwark, St. Saviour's 
 
 Holy Trinity, Hersham, Walton-on- 
 
 Thames 
 St. Peter's, Wrecclesham, Farnham 
 Holy Trinity, Cleygate, Thames 
 
 Ditton 
 Holy Trinity, Streatham . 
 
 Sittings. 
 
 Cost. 
 
 1,000 
 
 4,770 
 
 1,000 
 
 3,920 
 
 1,000 
 
 4,153 
 
 780 
 
 3,600 
 
 1,200 
 
 5,800 
 
 472 
 
 2,363 
 
 368 
 
 1,211 
 
 284 
 
 1,675 
 
 1,150 
 
 8,000 
 
 Channel Islands. 
 
 St. John's, Guernsey 
 All Saints, Jersey . 
 Gorey, ditto 
 
 600 
 
 The churches of the following parishes have been rebuilt 
 since 1828. 
 
 
 Hampshire. 
 
 Appleshaw 
 
 
 271 
 
 Botley 
 
 
 504 
 
 Bramshot . 
 
 
 290 
 
 Bossington 
 
 
 100 
 
 Burghclere 
 
 
 440 
 
 Chaw ton . 
 
 
 200 
 
 Harbridge 
 
 
 300 
 
 St. Helen's 
 
 
 380 
 
 Holdenhurst 
 
 
 201 
 
 Hordle . 
 
 
 373 
 
 Ibsley 
 
 
 260 
 
 Itchenstoke 
 
 
 226 
 
 £1,139 
 
 £2,759
 
 59 
 
 
 
 Sittings. 
 
 Cost. 
 
 St. John Baptist 
 
 Chapel, Winchester 
 
 175 
 
 416 
 
 xMilton 
 
 . 
 
 600 
 
 
 Northington 
 
 . 
 
 300 
 
 
 Otterbourne 
 
 
 426 
 
 
 Privett 
 
 . 
 
 263 
 
 
 West Tytherly 
 
 . 
 
 280 
 
 
 Surrey. 
 
 Dorking 
 
 Evvhurst 
 
 Gatton 
 
 Guildford, St. Nicholas 
 
 St. Saviour's, Southwark 
 
 Streatham 
 
 Tooting 
 
 Woldingham . 
 
 1,026 
 
 260 
 
 100 
 
 900 
 
 1,600 
 
 ],035 
 
 1,000 
 
 60 
 
 St. Mary's, Isle of Sark. 
 
 Additional churches are now building at the following 
 places. 
 
 Hampshire. 
 
 Anglesea Parish of Alverstoke. 
 
 Barton's Village . Whippingham. 
 
 Bisterne . 
 Bourne Mouth . 
 Golden Common 
 HighclifF . 
 St. Helen's 
 Marchwood 
 Ryde 
 
 Ring wood. 
 
 Christchurch. 
 
 Twyford. 
 
 Christchurch. 
 
 Isle of Wight. 
 
 Eling. 
 
 Isle of Wight.
 
 60 
 
 Surrey. 
 Blindley Heath, Godstone. 
 Camberwell. 
 Chobham. 
 Clapham. 
 
 Norbiton, Kingston-on-Thames. 
 St. George's, Southwark. 
 Woking. 
 
 Jersey. 
 
 St. Helier's. 
 
 The Churches of the following places are now in course 
 of rebuilding. 
 
 Hampshire. 
 Andover* 
 Portsea. 
 
 St. Lawrence, Southampton. 
 St. Maurice, Winchester. 
 
 Surrey. 
 
 Albury. 
 Camberwell. 
 
 Parsonage-houses have been built or purchased in the 
 following parishes since 1828. 
 
 Hampshire. 
 
 Beaulieu. Milton. 
 
 Bembridge. Morestead. 
 
 Binstead, Isle of Wight. Owslebury. 
 
 Blend worth. Penton Mewsey. 
 
 Calborne. Portsea. 
 
 Dogmersfield. Redhill, Paris!", of Havant. 
 
 East Tistcd. Sarisbury.
 
 61 
 
 Ellisfield. 
 
 Fifield. 
 
 Hartley Wespall. 
 
 Hartley Wintney. 
 
 Hayling. 
 
 Ibsley. 
 
 Itchenstoke. 
 
 Kingsworthy. 
 
 Lichfield. 
 
 Addlestone. 
 
 St. George's, Battersea. 
 
 Byfleet. 
 
 Dorking, 
 
 Farley. 
 
 Frimley. 
 
 Holy Trinity, Guildford. 
 
 St. Nicholas, Guildford. 
 
 Ham. 
 
 Sherfield English. 
 
 Shidfield. 
 
 Shirley. 
 
 Sway. 
 
 Ventnor. 
 
 West Meon. 
 
 Whitchurch. 
 
 St. Bartholomew, Winchester. 
 
 Woodhay East. 
 
 Surrey. 
 
 Holmwood. 
 
 St. Mark's, Kennington. 
 
 Kingswood. 
 
 Oxtead. 
 
 Thorpe. 
 
 Christchurch, Virginia Water. 
 
 Wandsworth. 
 
 Woking. 
 
 Wrecclesham. 
 
 Parsonage-houses are now in progress in the following 
 parishes. 
 
 Hampshire. 
 
 Barton Stacy. North Waitham. 
 
 Empshott. 
 
 Surrey. 
 Beddington. Coulsden. 
 
 Appendix lY.^page 30. 
 " I conceive, then, that Hooker makes for the foregoing 
 statements as truly as Taylor and Barrow ; for he shows 
 us, as in an instance, that a divine cannot make the Protes- 
 tant doctrine of justification a fundamental of faith, without
 
 62 
 
 involving himself in an accusation of those, vv^ho together 
 form an authority greater than even the greatest individual 
 teacher." — Lectures on Justification^ by Rev. J. H. Newman, 
 Appendix, p. 453. 
 
 " It is a distinct question altogether, whether ivith the 
 presence of God the Holy Ghost we can obey unto justifica- 
 tion ; and while the received doctrine in all ages of the 
 Church has been, that through the largeness and peculiarity 
 of the gift of grace we can, it is the distinguishing tenet of 
 the school of Luther, that through the incurable nature of 
 our corruption we cannot." — lb. p. 68, 69. 
 
 " On the whole, then, I conclude as follows : that though 
 the gift which justifies us is, as we have seen, a something 
 distinct from us, and lodged in us, yet it involves in its idea 
 its own work in us, and (as it were) takes up into itself that 
 renovation of the soul, those holy deeds and sufferings, which 
 are as if a radiance streaming from it." — lb. p. 204. 
 
 Compare this with the language of the eleventh article. 
 " We are accounted righteous before God, only for the 
 merit of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ by faith, and 
 not for our own works or deservings. Wherefore, that we 
 are justified by faith only is a most wholesome doctrine, and 
 very full of comfort, as more largely is expressed in the 
 Homily of Justification." 
 
 Observe, also, the language to which such views of Jus- 
 tification lead. " Our chief strength must be the altar ; it 
 must be in sacraments and prayers, and a good life to give 
 efficacy to them ; and in secret alms to the poor to buy their 
 prayers, which have great power with God." — Tracts for 
 the Times. No. 80, p. 125. " Some Catholic verities there 
 are which are rather impressed upon the surface of Holy 
 Scripture than involved in the depth of its meaning; such 
 we would maintain to be among others the doctrine of 
 justification by works." — British Critic, No. Ix. p. 42.
 
 63 
 
 The passage of Hooker, referred to in the Charge, is as 
 follows : — 
 
 " This is the mystery of the man of sin. This maze the 
 church of Rome doth cause her followei's to tread, when 
 they ask her the way of justification, I cannot stand now 
 to unrip this building, and to sift it piece by piece ; only I will 
 set a frame of apostolical erection by it in few words, that it 
 may befal Babylon, in presence of that which God hath 
 builded, as it happened unto Dagon before the ark. 
 
 6. " Doubtless," saith the apostle,* " I have counted all 
 things loss, and I do judge them to be dung, that I may win 
 Christ ; and be found in him, not having mine own righteous- 
 ness, but that w^hich is through the faith of Christ, the 
 righteousness which is of God through faith." Whether 
 they speak of the first or second justification, they make 
 the essence of it a divine quality inherent, they make it 
 righteousness which is in us. If it be in us, then it is 
 ours, as our souls are ours, though we have them for God, 
 and can hold them no longer than pleaseth Him ; for if he 
 withdraw the breath of our nostrils, we fall to dust; but the 
 righteousness wherein we must be found, if we will be justi- 
 fied, is not our own ; therefore we cannot be justified by any 
 inherent quality." — Hookers Works, Keble's Edition, vol. 
 iii. p. 489, 490. 
 
 Appendix V. — page 31, 
 
 " The great doctrines which of late years have divided 
 Christians, are again of this kind (secret) very peculiarly, 
 such as the subjects of faith and works of the free grace 
 of God, and obedience on the part of man. They seem to 
 be left in Scripture in a way to give rise to all these dis- 
 putations among (if I may so speak) the multitude who are 
 with out ; I mean to say, among those who do not labour to 
 * Phil. iii. 8, 9.
 
 64 
 
 obtain the knowledge of them by obedience, and a practical 
 seriousness of mind (i. e. the disciples of whom it is written, 
 He said, " Follow me ;" and " they followed Him.") For 
 they appear to be great secrets, notwithstanding whatever 
 may be said of them, only revealed to the faithful. What 
 I would say is, that fully to know we are saved by faith in 
 Christ only, and not by any works of our own, and that we 
 can do nothing excepting by the grace of God, is a great 
 secret, — the knowledge of which can only be obtained by 
 obedience — as the crown and end of great holiness of life." 
 — Tract 80, p. 48, 49. 
 
 « Not to adduce other proofs of this, we have the memo- 
 rable one in this country, when there broke in upon us 
 an age, which has been well called one of " light, but not 
 of love ;" when the knowledge of divine truths was forced 
 upon men of corrupt lives, and put forward without this 
 sacred reserve. The consequence of this indelicate expo- 
 sure of religion was, the perpetration of crimes almost un- 
 equalled in the annals of the world." — lb. p. 60. 
 
 " And not only is the exclusive and naked exposure of so 
 very sacred a truth unscriptural and dangerous, but, as 
 Bishop Wilson says, the comforts of religion ought to be 
 applied with great caution. And, moreover, to require, as 
 is sometimes done, from both grown persons and children, 
 an explicit declaration of a belief in the atonement, and the 
 full assurance of its power, appears equally untenable. For 
 if, in the case of Abraham, and many others of the most 
 approved faith in Christ, there was no such explicit know- 
 ledge, it may be the case now. If a poor woman, ignorant 
 and superstitious, as might be supposed, was received by our 
 Lord by so instant a blessing for touching the border of his 
 clothes, may it not have been the case that, in times which 
 are now considered dark and lost to Gospel truth, there 
 might have been many such ? That there might have been
 
 65 
 
 many a helpless person, who knelt to a crucifix in a village 
 churchj^ard, who might have done so under a more true 
 sense of that faith which is unto life, than those who are 
 able to express the most enlightened knowledge. And, 
 therefore, though such as would be now considered in a state 
 of darkness, had more fully arrived at those treasures of 
 wisdom which are hid in Christ." — Ih, p. 77. 
 
 *' We now proceed to the consideration of a subject most 
 important — the prevailing notion that it is necessary to bring 
 forward the atonement explicitly and prominently on all oc- 
 casions. It is evidently quite opposed to what we consider 
 the teaching of Scripture ; nor do we find any sanction for it 
 in the Gospels. If the epistles of St. Paul appear to 
 favour it, it is only at first sight." — Ih. p. 73. 
 
 " To suppose, therefore, that a doctrine so unspeakable 
 and mysterious as that of the atonement, is to be held out 
 to the impenitent sinner, to be enforced in some manner to 
 move the affections, is so unlike our Lord's conduct, that 
 it makes one fear for the ultimate consequences of such a 
 system." — lb. p. 65. 
 
 " With regard to the notion that it is necessary to ' bring- 
 forward the doctrine of the atonement on all occasions, pro- 
 minently and exclusively,' it is really difficult to say any- 
 thing in answer to an opinion, however popular, when one 
 is quite at a loss to know on what grounds the opinion is 
 maintained. Is it from its supposed effects ? Pious frauds 
 
 might be supported on the same principle Is it 
 
 the popularity of the opinion ? this is not a test of truth, 
 
 but an argument of the contrary Is it from Scripture ? 
 
 we have shown that the tone and spirit of Holy Scripture 
 is quite opposed to it." — Tract 87, p. 51. 
 
 " In whatever way we consider it, there is no scriptural 
 sanction for the necessity of our always thrusting forward 
 the doctrine of the atonement without reserve.'' — lb. p. 69. 
 
 F
 
 6(\ 
 
 See the whole of Tracts 80 and 87, in which the principle 
 of reserve in communicating religious knowledge is elabo- 
 rately defended. See particularly the practical carrying 
 out of this principle in its application to the erection of 
 churches — " which from commodiousness and easiness of 
 access are to invite, and from their little cost partake more 
 of a low contriving expediency than of a generous love of 
 God;" — to the indiscriminate distribution of bibles and reli- 
 gious publications, and to national schools. — Tract 80, p. 67 
 —71 ; 87, p. 121. 
 
 A writer in the British Critic carries the principle of 
 reserve a step further, and specifies it as peculiarly to be 
 observed in missionary preaching among the heathen. " The 
 same thought reconciles us in some measure to a more ex- 
 citing tone of preaching than is consistent with the perfect 
 theory of the Catholic system. Not, indeed, to the promi- 
 nent exhibition in preaching of the christian mysteries, (for 
 this were inadmissible under far more extreme circum- 
 stances, and even upon the supposition of our congregations 
 being literally heathen ; indeed the more inadmissible, the 
 farther the hearers receded from the perfect state,) but to 
 a more alarming tone than would be necessary or right under 
 a stricter administration of the church." — British Critic, 
 vol. xxvii. p. 261. " We would not hazard an unqualified 
 objection even against the crucifix as an object for very 
 private contemplation under certain trying circumstances ; 
 say, for instance, a surgical operation .... The crucifix, 
 openly exhibited, produces the same sort of uncomfortable 
 feeling with certain Protestant exposures in preaching of 
 the mystery which it represents." — lb. p. 271. 
 
 Appendix VI. — Page 34. 
 
 Take first the language of the Tracts in the order of their 
 appearance.
 
 6; 
 
 " The intelligible argument of Ultra-Protestantism may 
 be taken, and we may say, ' the Bible, and nothing but the 
 Bible;' but this is an unthankful rejection of another great 
 gift, equally from God, such as no true Anglican can tole- 
 rate." — Tract 71, p. 8. 
 
 " Catholic tradition teaches revealed truth, Scripture 
 proves it ; Scripture is the document of faith, tradition the 
 witness of it ; the true creed is the Catholic interpretation 
 of Scripture, or scripturally proved tradition ; Scripture 
 by itself teaches mediately and proves decisively ; tradition 
 by itself proves negatively and teaches positively; Scripture 
 and tradition taken together are the joint rule of faith." 
 — Tract 78, p. 2. In this, to use the language of Bishop 
 Meade, "there is one great defect, that it puts Scripture in 
 the back-ground, whereas the Church should teach chiefly 
 by it, and not merely keep it for proof." — Sermon at the 
 consecration of the Right Rev. Stephen Elliott, by the Right 
 Rev. William Meade, D.D., Assistant Bishop of Virginia. 
 Appendix, chap. ii. p. 48. 
 
 " As to the nondescript system of religion now in fashion, 
 that nothing is to be believed but what is clearly in Scrip- 
 ture, that all its own doctrines are clearly there and none 
 other, and that as to history it is no matter what it says 
 and what it does not say, except so far that it must be used 
 to prove the canonicity of Scripture, this will come before 
 us again and again in the following lectures. Suffice that 
 it has all the external extravagance of latitudinarianism 
 without its internal consistency. Latitudinarianism is con- 
 sistent, because it is intellectually deeper. Both, however, 
 are mere theories in theology, and ought to be discarded by 
 serious men." — Tract 85, p. 25. 
 
 *' All Protestants, then, in this country. Churchmen, Pres- 
 byterians, Baptists, Arminians, Calvinists, Lutherans, Friends, 
 Lidependents, Wesleyans, Unitarians, and whatever other 
 
 F 2
 
 68 
 
 sect claims tlie Protestant name, all who consider the Bible 
 as the one standard of faith, and much more if they think 
 it the standard of morals and discipline, are more or less in 
 this difficulty."— 76. p. 29. 
 
 " Both the history of its composition (of the Bible) and 
 its internal structure are against its being a complete de- 
 pository of the Divine will, unless the early church says that 
 it is. Now the early Church does not tell us this. It does 
 not seem to have considered that a complete code of morals, 
 or of church government, or of rites^ or o^ ducipline, is in 
 Scripture ; and therefore, so far, the original improbability 
 remains in force. Again this antecedent improbability tells, 
 even in the case of the doctrines of faith, as far as this, but 
 it reconciles us to the necessity of gaining them indirectly 
 from Scripture, for it is a near thing (if I may so speak) 
 that they are in Scripture at all ; the wonder is, that they 
 are all there ; humanly judging, they would not be there 
 but for God's interposition ; and, therefore, since they are 
 there by a sort of accident, it is not strange they shall be 
 but latent there, and only indirectly producible thence." 
 Ih. pp. 33, 34. 
 
 " The voice of God, whether oral or written, ' the tradi- 
 tions which we have been taught, whether by word or 
 epistle,' St. Paul has pointed out as the anchor we are to 
 hold by." Tract 86, p. 40. 
 
 " Scripture was never intended to teach doctrine to the 
 many." — Newman on Romanism, p. 189. 
 
 " She fthe Church) is ever divinely guided to teach the 
 truth ; her witness of the christian faith is a matter of pro- 
 mise as well as duty ; her discernment of it is secured by 
 a heavenly as well as human rule. She is indefectible in 
 it, and .... not only transmits the faith by human means, 
 but has a supernatural gift for that purpose." — lb. pp. 232, 
 233.
 
 69 
 
 " The Church Catholic is unerring in its declarations 
 
 of faith on saving doctrines will never depart from 
 
 those outlines of doctrine which the apostles formerly pub- 
 lished." lb. pp. 259, 260. 
 
 " Scripture is the foundation of the creed ; but belief in 
 Scripture is not the foundation of belief in the creed." lb. 
 p. 290. 
 
 " I cannot allow that a revelation, if made, must necessa- 
 rily be plain, or that faith requires clear knowledge ; and 
 that in consequence the uncertain character, supposing it, of 
 Catholic Tradition is a decisive objection to its being con- 
 sidered a divine informant in religious matters." — lb. p. 329. 
 
 " If one external means of information (the Word) is ad- 
 mitted as intervening between the Holy Ghost and the soul, 
 why not another (the Church)" ? Newman's Lectures on 
 the Church, p. 87. 
 
 " The divinity of traditionary religion." Newman's 
 Arians, p. 87. 
 
 " Your trumpery principle about Scripture being the sole 
 rule of faith in fundamentals (I nauseate the word; is but a 
 mutilated edition, without the breadth and axiomatic cha- 
 racter of the original." — Froudes Remains, vol. i. p. 294. 
 
 I add some anonymous extracts, in which the progress of 
 the theory is very observable. 
 
 " He (Mr. Froude) was one of those who, feeling strongly 
 the inadequacy of their own intellects to guide them to 
 religious truth, are prepared to throw themselves unre- 
 servedly on revelation, wherever found, in Scripture or an- 
 tiquity." British Critic, No. 54, p. 224. And again, after 
 speaking of his studying Hebrew, and the Ante-Nicene 
 Fathers — " It is most striking to observe a mind like the 
 author's .... prepared on principle to submit himself almost 
 unlimitedly to the unproved dicta of superior goodness, or 
 to what was — or was likely to be — the voice of revelation." 
 lb. p. 213.
 
 70 
 
 " We wish our author (the writer of Tract 86) had entered 
 a more decided protest than he has against the common 
 Protestant objection to the practice of extreme unction. 
 The case of that practice is a proof of the danger of going 
 by Scripture only. The real disproof of it is surely in the 
 want of Catholic consent ; for as to the passage of St. James 
 on which Protestants are apt to insist, we confess it seems 
 to us, as far as it goes, to make for, and not against, the 
 practice." — lb. vol. xxvii. p. 259. 
 
 " Now to the Catholic Christian, as we have already in- 
 timated, the uncatholic appearance of Scripture, putting it 
 at the highest, is a subject of not even momentary per- 
 plexity He does not, like the Protestant, profess that the 
 Bible only is his rule of faith and practice ; he interprets it 
 by the Church, as well as the Church by it. The faith and 
 practice of the Church universal he knows it cannot really 
 discredit, for, as we have said, the language of the Spirit 
 is but one ; and the unequivocal voice of Christendom is as 
 certainly the expression of the ' mind of the Spirit,' as Holy 
 Scripture itself. The Scripture appears to go against the 
 Church, he distrusts, not the Church, not the Scripture, 
 but his own erring judgment ; and when he comes to look 
 more deeply into Scripture itself, with the help of the light, 
 without which it was never meant to be examined, he is 
 satisfied of the shallowness of his first criticism. But be- 
 sides this, he has much more reason to trust the voice of 
 the Church than his first off-hand judgment of the Scripture 
 text. He has known the Church longer than the Scriptures ; 
 the Scriptures, perhaps, ' from a child,' but the Church 
 from an infant. He is born into the Church, when a few 
 days or a few weeks old, his eyes open upon a visible 
 system ; and he comes, when he comes, to the study of the 
 Bible, with a heart pre-engaged to the Church, and a mind 
 pre occupied with Catholic impressions. He does not apply
 
 71 
 
 himself to the Bible, with the view of testing the religious 
 discipline in which he has been nurtured ; as well might 
 we think of his proceeding to investigate, upon scriptural 
 principles, the claims of his parents or instructors. On the 
 contrary, he is led to the Scriptures by tiie hand of his 
 spiritual mother, and reads them under her eye. He has 
 been long encompassed by ecclesiastical associations, which 
 haunt him along the path of religious study, correct his 
 critical impatience, and solve many Scripture difficulties, 
 far better than the best of individual commentators. As 
 long as he can remember anything, he has said his prayers on 
 his knees ; the world has not looked to him quite the same on 
 holy days as on work days; nor would it have seemedso natural 
 to him to talk loud in a church or in a room." — lb. No. 
 60, pp. 435, 436. See also On Romanism:, pp. 308 — 310. 
 
 " If it were His purpose to appoint two conditions of spi- 
 ritual light, it would seem quite in keeping with the ways 
 of his Providence, that He should put his servants upon the 
 use of both necessary helps to the understanding of his will, 
 by forcing upon their notice the inadequacy to this end 
 of the one without the other." lb. pp. 436, 437. 
 
 " That the Bible, then, is in the hands of the Church to 
 be dealt with in such a way as the Church shall consider 
 
 best for the expression of her own mind at the time 
 
 this may surely be considered as a Catholic axiom." //*. 
 p. 453. This disposes at once of one of the constituents of 
 the famous axiom — " Quod semper/' &c. 
 
 Compare with the foregoing extracts the following 
 remarks by Bishop Marsh on the sixth Article of our 
 Church. 
 
 " Our sixth Article .... instead of describing the total 
 rule of faith, as composed of two partial rules of faith, viz. 
 Scripture and tradition, — instead of describing tradition, or 
 the unwritten word, as equal in authority with Scripture, or
 
 72 
 
 the written word — gives the whole authority to Scripture 
 alone." Comparative View, p. 22. And again — " The 
 Council of Trent had acknowledged two equal and inde- 
 pendent authorities, as foundations of doctrines. Our sixth 
 Article declares that there is only one such authority, and 
 rejects entirely and absolutely tradition as a rule of faith. 
 The twentieth and twenty-first Articles are no less decisive." 
 " The rejection of tradition, as a rule of faith, was the 
 vital principle of the Reformation." 
 
 Appendix VII. — Page 85. 
 
 " There will ever be a number of refined and affectionate 
 minds, who, disappointed in finding full matter for their de- 
 votional feelings in the English system, as at present con- 
 ducted, betake themselves, through human frailty, to Rome." 
 — Tract 71, p. 4. 
 
 " The intrinsic majesty and truth which remain in the 
 Church of Rome, amid all its corruptions." 
 
 " I consider its existing creed and popular worship to be 
 as near idolatry as any portion of that Church can be, from 
 which it is said that ' the idols ' shall be ' utterly abo- 
 lished.' " — Letter to Dr. Jelf, p. 7. Compare this language 
 with that of Bishop Horsley, " I set out with this principle, 
 that tile Cliurch of Rome is at this day a corrupt church, 
 a church corrupted with idolatry ; with idolatry very much 
 the same in kind and degree with the worst that ever pre- 
 vailed among the Egyptians or the Canaanites, till within 
 one, or two centuries at the most, of the time of Moses." — 
 Dissertation on the Prophecies of the Messiah,' dispersed 
 among the Heathen, p. 38. 
 
 I quote only one other example. 
 
 " To take the instances of the adoration of images and 
 the invocation of saints. The Tridentine Decree declares
 
 73 
 
 that it is good and useful suppliantl)' to invoke the saints, 
 and that the images of Christ, and the Blessed Virgin, and 
 tlie other saints, should « receive due honour and veneration ;' 
 words which themselves go to the verge of what could be 
 received by the cautious Christian, though possibly admit- 
 ting of an honest interpretation. Now we know, in matter 
 of fact, that in various parts of the Roman Church a 
 worship approaching to idolatrous is actually paid to saints 
 and images, in countries very different from each other, as 
 for instance, Italy and the Netherlands, and has been 
 countenanced by eminent men and doctors, and that with- 
 out any serious or successful protest from any quarter." — 
 Tract 71, p. 17. Dr. Wiseman has reason to say, when he 
 reads this tender comment on the corruptions of Rome — "It 
 seems impossible to read the works of the Oxford divines, and 
 especially to follow them chronologically, without discover- 
 ing a daily approach towards our holy Church, both in 
 doctrine and in affectionate feeling. Our saints, our popes, 
 have become dear to them by little and little ; our rites and 
 ceremonies, our offices, nay our very rubrics, are precious 
 in their eyes, far, alas ! beyond what many of us consider 
 them ; our monastic institutions, our charitable and educa- 
 tional provisions, have become more and more objects 
 with them of earnest study ; and everything, in fine, that 
 concerns our religion, deeply interests their attention. I 
 know what some will say — that all this interest is of an vi^ 
 terested character , that they wish to take so much from 
 us as may serve to give consistenc}' to their own Church, 
 but have no idea of advancing farther, or aiming at re- 
 union with us. This suspicion is, I conceive, unjust and 
 ungrounded ; it is based upon ignorance of the true character 
 and feelings of these writers. Their admiration of our 
 institutions and practices, and their regret at having lost 
 them, manifestly spring from the value which they set upon
 
 74 
 
 everything Catholic ; and to suppose them (without an insin- 
 cerity which they have given us no right to charge them 
 with) to love the parts of a system, and wish for them, 
 while they would reject the root, and only secure support of 
 them — the system itself — is to my mind revoltingly contra- 
 dictory." — Letter on Catholic Unity, addressed to the Riyht 
 Ho7i. the Earl of Shrewshurij, pp. 13, 14. 
 
 Appendix VIII. — Page 36. 
 
 " It will do us little good with the common run of men, 
 in the question of the Pope's power, to draw the distinction, 
 true though it is, between his primacy in honour and autho- 
 rity, and his sovereignty or his universal jurisdiction. The 
 force of the distinction is not here questioned, but it will be 
 unintelligible to minds unpractised in ecclesiastical history. 
 Either the Bishop of Rome has really a claim upon our de- 
 ference, or he has not ; so it will be urged ; and our safe 
 argument at the present day will lie in waiving the question 
 altogether, and saying that, even if he has, according to the 
 primitive rule, ever so much authority, (and that he has 
 some, e. g. the precedence of other bishops, need not be 
 denied,) that it is in matter of fact altogether suspended 
 and in abeyance, while he upholds a corrupt system, against 
 which it is our duty to protest. At present all will see he 
 ought to have no ' jurisdiction, power, superiority, pre-emi- 
 nence, or authority, within this realm.' It will be time 
 enough to settle his legitimate claims, and make distinctions, 
 when he removes all existing impediments to our acknow- 
 ledging him." — Tract 71, p. 8. 
 
 It will be observed that in quoting above from the oath of 
 supremacy, the words " ecclesiastical or spiritual '' are 
 omitted. The oath runs thus : " pre eminence or authority,
 
 15 
 
 ecclesiastical or spiritual, within this realm." Mr. Golightly 
 has remarked upon a similar omission in Tract 90, which 
 has led Dr. Pusey into error. 
 
 " The Primate of Christendom, or of England, deems it 
 (rightly or wrongly) no infringement of the Divine prero- 
 gative to accept, as God's representative on earth, the 
 reverence and affection of his children, and to be st}]ed 
 * Father.' Either the one or the other, then, might vindicate 
 on behalf, not of himself, but of the Church in his person, 
 the ' uppermost place at feasts, or the chief seat in the syna- 
 gogue ;' while objectors would be at hand to say that, 
 because he occupied tliera (as he ought), therefore he ' loved ' 
 them for their own sake (which he ought not)." — British 
 Critic,^o. 60, p. 431. 
 
 " Other points of doctrine, more or less Catholic, which 
 occur at the moment as answering to this description, (of 
 Catholic verities impressed upon the surface of Holy Scrip- 
 ture,) are the following : baptismal regeneration, the sacred 
 presence in the eucharist, the oneness of the visible church, 
 the primacy of St. Peter." — lb. p. 423, Note. 
 
 Appendix IX. — Pacje 36. 
 
 " We are reformed ; we have come out of Babylon, and 
 have rebuilt our Church ; but it is Ichabod ; " the glory is 
 departed from Israel." — Tract 31, p. 2. 
 
 " The English Church, as such, is not Protestant, only 
 politically, that is externally, or so far as it has been made 
 an establishment, and subjected to national and foreign in- 
 fluences. It claims to be merely Refoimed, not Protestant, 
 and it repudiates any fellowship with the mixed multitude 
 which crowd together, whether at home or abroad, under a 
 mere political banner." — Tract 71, p. 32.
 
 76 
 
 '* Although the details of the early ritual varied in im- 
 portance, and corrupt additions were made in the middle 
 ages, yet, as a whole, the Catholic ritual was a precious 
 possession ; and if we, who have escaped from Popery, have 
 lost not only the possession, but the sense of its value, it is 
 a serious question whether we are not like men who recover 
 from some grievous illness, with the loss or injury of their 
 sight or hearing ; whether we are not like the Jews returned 
 from captivity, who could never find the rod of Aaron or 
 the ark of the covenant, which, indeed, had ever been hid 
 from the world, but then was removed from the temple 
 itself." — Tract 34, p. 7. " To say that the depth and 
 richness of the ancient services of the Universal Church 
 have no parallel in modern times, were to bring into a painful 
 comparison what is far too sacred for human criticism," — 
 British Critic, vol. xxvii. p. 251. "On the side of need, 
 there is the actually penitential condition of the later 
 Church, bewailing the sins of a former age, and suffering 
 their penalties. She seemed to say at the Reformation, 
 'Make me as one of th}' hired servants,' and she has been 
 graciously taken at her word ; lowered from her ancient and 
 proper place, as the ' king's daughter, whose clothii)g is of 
 wrought gold,' whose ' walls the sons of strangers should 
 build, and unto whom their kings should minister,' into the 
 condition of a slave at a table where she should preside. 
 How then does ' melody ' suit with her ' heaviness ;' the 
 songs of Zion with the fetters of Babylon ? Lower strains 
 befit her depressed condition ; and with such, in the Eng- 
 lish liturgy, she is actually provided." — lb. p. 254. *' The 
 Church has sullied her baptismal robe of purity ; she is not 
 permitted to come into the Divine presence at all, until she 
 has done penance ; nor, when admitted, is she privileged to 
 raise her voice in the language of joy and confidence, with- 
 out many a faltering note of fear and self-reproach." — lb. 
 p. 255.
 
 / / 
 
 " The tone of our services has been simultaneously lowered. 
 We were not instrumental in lowering it. Putting, by May 
 of hj'pothesis only, the extreme case, and saying with the 
 Roman Catholic, ' Fieri non debuit,' still it may be that ' Fac- 
 tum valet.' It is of course one thing to have originated the 
 Reformation, whether on the whole, or in any of its details ; 
 another to continue in the Reformed Church as things are ; 
 which may surely be said without necessarily implying that 
 even the former act was unjustifiable. As it is, we Eng- 
 lish Christians, irresponsible altogether for the original 
 changes, and, as we hope, in a measure, for the state of 
 things which leads us even thankfully to acquiesce in them, 
 find ourselves members of the Church in its present em- 
 barrassed and so far degenerate condition. A liturgy is 
 put into our hands, in which all the essentials of Catholic 
 truth are preserved, with the loss, here and there, of the 
 more jubilant and filial language, together with some of the 
 more ennobling privileges of a former period. What so well 
 befits us as gratitude to Him, who has so wonderfully, by 
 the instrumentality of whatever means, adapted our prayers 
 to our wants, and denied us such privileges only as we are 
 unfit to enjoy ? And if even slaves, according to St. Paul, 
 should prefer slavery, which is God's appointment, to liberty 
 of their own seeking, we surely, who for our sins, or for 
 those of our forefathers, have ' ashes ' given us for ' beauty,' 
 ' mourning ' for ' the oil of gladness,' and ' the sp'uh of 
 heaviness ' for ' the garment of praise,' should wear our 
 fetters dutifully, loj'ally, and even thankfully, not seeking 
 impatiently to be rid of them. And then, as this Tract 
 (the 86th) observes, < we may hope that the loss will, by 
 degrees, be made up to us. Privileges are multiplied upon 
 the meek and dutiful ; and the way to more light is the 
 thankful use of what we have. And while our duty lies in 
 the way of patience and obedience, we cannot but humbly
 
 76 
 
 trust that the practice of our Church is brought more and 
 more into accordance with its theory, and as it is gradually 
 relieved of those chilling, cramping influences, secular and 
 political, which shrivel up its strong arm of power, and mar 
 its fair proportions, we may be judged meeter for the 
 language of high joyfulness, in a sinner's mouth so dissonant." 
 British, Critic, vol. xxvii. pp. 261, 262. "True though it 
 be, that it is hard for our Church, in her present state of 
 -depression and embarrassment, to realize all her privileges 
 and to assert her true place among the nations, yet let us be 
 thankful that, though in a garb of sackcloth, she is still 
 'glorious within.' " — lb. p. 276. 
 
 Appendix X. — Page 30. 
 
 «' I can see no other claim which the Prayer-book has on a 
 layman's deference as the teaching of the Church, which 
 the Breviary and Missal have not in a far greater degree." — 
 Froudes Remains, p. 403. 
 
 Of the four ancient Liturgies, the Roman, the Oriental, 
 the Egyptian, and the Gallican, after commending the view 
 taken in them of the eucharist to the consideration of such 
 Protestant bodies as have rejected them, it is added : " It 
 may perhaps be said, without exaggeration, that next to the 
 Holy Scriptures, they possess the greatest claims on our 
 veneration and study." — Tract 63, p. 16. 
 
 " The services of our Church are characterized by a pe- 
 culiar tone of sadness and humiliation ; and we are through- 
 out made thereby to use the language of those who have 
 fallen away from the richer inheritance and the privilege of 
 sons.'' — Tract 86, p. 66. 
 
 " Our own service. Catholic as it is, is not without this in- 
 convenience. Thus, the daily routine of second lessons
 
 79 
 
 serves occasionally to bring before the casual and undis- 
 ciplined hearer (and on Sunday too) chapters, of a subject 
 so oppressively awful, and, we will add, out of character 
 with the time, as Matt, xxvi , xxvii. or John xviii. xix." — 
 British Critic, No. 60, pp. 452, 453. 
 
 " It is a very serious truth that persons and bodies who 
 put themselves into a disadvantageous state, cannot at 
 their pleasure extricate themselves from it. They are 
 unworthy of it ; they are in prison, and Christ is the 
 keeper." . . . . " Till her members are stirred up to this 
 religious course, let the Church sit still ; let her be content to 
 be in bondage ; let her work in chains ; let her submit to 
 her imperfections as a punishment; let her go on teaching 
 with the stammering lips of ambiguous formularies, and in- 
 consistent precedents, and principles but partially deve- 
 loped. We are not better than our fathers ; let us bear to 
 be what Hammond was, or Andrews, or Hooker ; let us not 
 faint under that body of death, which they bore about in 
 patience ; nor shrink from the penalty of sins which they 
 
 inherited from the age before them." " Our articles, 
 
 the offspring of an uncatholic age, are, through God's good 
 providence, to say the least, not uncatholic." — Introduction 
 to Tract 90, pp. 3, 4. It is right to add, with reference to 
 the phrase " ambiguous formularies," in the foregoing ex- 
 tract, that the author withdraws it. " In the expression 
 * ambiguous formularies,' I did not think of referring to the 
 Prayer-book. And I suppose all persons will grant that if 
 the articles treat of predestination, and yet can be signed 
 by Arminians and Calvinists, they are not clear on all 
 points. But I gladly withdraw the phrase. And I express 
 now, as 1 have often done before, my great veneration for 
 those ancient forms of worship, which, by God's good pro- 
 vidence, have been preserved to us." — Postscript to Letter 
 to Dr. Jelf, p. 30. After the first edition, the words
 
 80 
 
 " through the medium of indeterminate confessions," were 
 substituted for " the stammering lips of ambiguous formu- 
 laries." 
 
 A subsequent writer in support of No. 90, after quoting 
 some of the expressions in the preceding extract, adds, " In 
 the note it not obscurely instructs us to look at ' the judg- 
 ment of King Charles's murder,' as ' brought down by the 
 crying sins' of the Reformation, (p 5). Is Mr. Newman, 
 (^so cautious and guarded in his statements, as all admit him 
 to be,) is he to be supposed to use words of such unprece- 
 dented strength as these without meaning, and at random ? 
 or is it conceivable that he could use them, if he thought 
 our articles fair and adequate exponents of Catholic truth ? 
 How could he speak and think as he does of the English 
 Reformation, if he supposed that the formulary then ori- 
 ginated was even as naturally susceptible of Catholic as of 
 Protestant interpretation ? No I he would acknowledge, I 
 apprehend, that as it has been expressed, while it is patient 
 of a Catholic, it is ambitious of a Protestant sense ; that 
 while it was never intended to exclude Catholics, it was 
 written by, and in the spirit of Protestants ; that in conse- 
 quence of it, the English Church seems at least to give an 
 uncertain sound, that she fails in one of her very principal 
 duties, that of witnessing plainly and directly to Catholic 
 truth ; that she seems to include whom she ought to repel, 
 to teach what she is bound to anathematize ; and that it is 
 difficult to estimate the amount of responsibility she year by 
 year incurs on account of those (claiming, as many of them 
 do, our warm love for a zeal and earnest piety, worthy of a 
 purer faith) who remain buried in the darkness of Protes- 
 tant error, because she fails in her duty of holding clearly 
 forth to them the light of Gospel truth. 
 
 " If it appears undutiful in a member of the English 
 Church to speak so strongly of her defective state, let it be
 
 81 
 
 imputed to a strong conviction, that, till we have the grace 
 of humility in a far greater degree than we seem in general, 
 since the schism of the sixteenth century, to have had it, 
 there is little hope of our Church taking its proper place, 
 whether in England or Christendom. Let those whose 
 love for her is lukewarm, content themselves with mourning 
 in private over her decayed condition, her true and [faithful 
 children will endeavour to waken the minds of their bre- 
 thren to a sense of her present degradation." — A Few More 
 Words in support of No. 90 of the Tracts for the Times, by 
 the Rev. William George Ward, M.A., p. 28—30. 
 
 " How accurate a description is the above of many ami- 
 able persons of the present day, who instead of a single and 
 noble maintenance of catholic truth, try to unite in their 
 creed things incompatible, and are ever spoiling their own 
 excellence by timidity, weakness, or presumption ! Nay, 
 how true a description is it of our Church itself, not as it 
 was intended to be, but as it actually has become in these 
 dark and secular days I Do not we hover about our ancient 
 home, the house of Cyprian and Athanasius, without the 
 heart to take up our abode in it, yet afraid to quit the sight 
 of it ; boasting of an episcopacy, yet unwilling to condemn 
 separation ; claiming a descent from the apostles, yet doubt- 
 ing of the gifts attending it ; and trying to extend the 
 limits of the Church for the admission of Wesleyans and 
 Presbyterians, while we profess to be exclusively primitive ? 
 Alas I is not this to witness against ourselves, like coward 
 sinners, who hope to serve the world, without giving up 
 God's service 1" — Tracts, vol. ii. Records of the Church, 
 No. 25, pp. 2, 3. " Now that Rome has added, and we 
 have omitted, in the catalogue of sacred doctrines, what is 
 left to us but to turn our eyes sorrowfully and reverently to 
 those ancient times, and, with Bishop Ken, make it our 
 profession to live and ' die in the faith of the Catholic 
 
 G
 
 82 
 
 Church before the division of the East and West.' " — lb. 
 p. 11. 
 
 " In our own day indications of something like persecution 
 against the Church have been accompanied by a simulta- 
 neous movement within her, not only to fortify and repair 
 her strong-holds, to go about and mark her bulwarks, but 
 after those higher privileges, those pleasant fields which 
 are hers by inheritance ; as if she had begun to look out 
 upon them from the windows of her prison-house, and to 
 inhale their refreshing fragrance." — Tract 86, p. 70. See 
 also Tract 71, p. 3. 
 
 It is impossible not to admit the truth of Dr. Wiseman's 
 comment on language of this kind. 
 
 " General dissatisfaction at the system of the Anglican 
 Church is clearly expressed in the words of these authors ; 
 it is not a blame cast on one article or another, it is not 
 blemish found in one practice, or a Catholic want in a second, 
 or a Protestant ascendency in a third ; but there is an im- 
 patient sickness of the whole ; it is the weariness of a man 
 who carries a burthen, it is not of any individual stick of 
 his fagot that he complains, it is the bundle which tires and 
 worries him. The dependence of the Church on the State, 
 its Egyptian taskmaster and oppressor, (as they deem it,) 
 the want of a proper influence of the clergy in the appoint- 
 ment of their bishops, and of power in the Church in en- 
 forcing spiritual measures ; the destruction of all conciliary 
 authority in the hierarchy ; the Protestant spirit of the 
 articles in the aggregate, and their insupportable uncatho- 
 licism in specific points ; the loss of ordinances, sacraments, 
 and liturgical rites ; the extinction of the monastic and 
 ascetic feeling and observances ; the decay of ' awe, mys- 
 tery, tenderness, reverence, devotedness, and other feelings 
 which may be specially called Catholic ;'* the miserable 
 * Letter to Dr. Jelf, p. 26. Second edition.
 
 83 
 
 feeling of solitariness and separation above described ; — these 
 are but a portion of the grievances whereof we meet com- 
 plaints at every turn, the removal of which would involve so 
 thorough a change in the essential condition of the Anglican 
 Church, as these writers must feel would bring her within 
 the sphere of attraction of all-absorbing unity, and could 
 not long withhold her from the embrace of its centre." — 
 Letter to the Earl of Shreiusbury, pp. 16, 17. The whole 
 of this letter is very instructive, as showing the view taken 
 by a shrewd and able Roman Catholic, of the results to 
 which the doctrines of the Tracts are leading. I extract two 
 more short passages. 
 
 " That the feelings which have been expressed, in favour 
 of a return to unity by the Anglican Church, are every 
 day widely spreading and deeply sinking, no one who has 
 means of judging, I think, can doubt. Those sentiments 
 have a silent echo in hundreds of sympathising bosoms, and 
 they who receive them as sounds dear to them, are not idle 
 in communicating their own thoughts to many more over 
 whom they have influence ; and thus has a far more general 
 sense been awakened, than appears at first sight, to the religious 
 state of things. There are many evidences (which it would 
 be hardly proper to detail) that Catholic feelings have pene- 
 trated deeper into society than at first one would suspect. 
 Whole parishes have received the leaven, and it is ferment- 
 ing ; and places where it might least be expected, seem to 
 have received it in more secret and mysterious ways." — 
 Letter, p. 21. And again : " Experience has now shown 
 that the country population are ready to receive without 
 murmuring, indeed with pleasure, the Catholic views pro- 
 pounded from Oxford, and indeed, even more, when taught 
 through regular parochial instruction."— pp. 40, 41
 
 84 
 
 Appendix XI. — Page 36. 
 
 " No man shall either print or preach to draw the article 
 aside any way, but shall submit to it in the plain and full 
 meaning thereof; and shall not put his own sense or com. 
 ment to be the meaning of the article, but shall take it in 
 the literal and grammatical sense." — Royal Declaration 
 prefixed to the Articles. It would seem difficult to frame 
 language more suited to the case, if it were desired now to 
 draw up a declaration condemnatory of the reasoning em- 
 ployed in Tract 90. 
 
 " Whereas it is usual at this day to make the particular 
 belief of the writers their true interpretation, I would make 
 the belief of the Catholic Church such." .... "I 
 would say the articles are received, not in the sense of their 
 framers, but (as far as the wording will admit or any am- 
 biguity requires it) in the one Catholic sense." — Letter to 
 Dr. Jelf bij the Author of Tract 90, p. 24. 
 
 " I would do what our Reformers in the sixteenth century 
 did. .... I would do the same thing now, if I could; 
 I would not change the articles, I would add to them ; 
 add protests against the erastianism and latitudinarianism 
 which have incrusted them. I would append to the Catechism 
 a section on the power of the Church." " Corruptions are 
 pouring in, which sooner or later, will need a Second Re- 
 formation." — T?'acf 41, pp. 3, 12. See also Tract 38, p. 2. 
 
 Appendix. XII. — Page 38. 
 
 " Hence we have almost embraced the doctrine, that God 
 conveys grace only through the instrumentality of the mental 
 energies, that is, through faith, prayer, active spiritual contem- 
 plations, or (what is called) communion with God, in contra- 
 diction to the primitive view, according to which the Church 
 and her sacraments are the ordained and direct visible means
 
 85 
 
 of conveying to the soul what is in itself supernatural and 
 unseen. For example, would not most men maintain, in 
 the first view of the subject, that to administer the Lord's 
 Supper to infants, or to the dying and insensible, (apparently 
 insensible — second edition,) however consistently pious and 
 believing in their past lives, (under all circumstances, and 
 in every conceivable case — second edition,) was a supersti- 
 tion ? and yet both practices have the sanction of primitive 
 usage. And does not this account for the prevailing indis- 
 position to admit that baptism conveys regeneration ? In- 
 deed, this may now be set down as the essence of sectarian 
 doctrine (however its mischief may be restrained or com- 
 pensated in the case of individuals) to consider faith and 
 not the sacraments as the instrument (the proper instrument 
 — second edition) of justification, and other gospel gifts." — 
 Advertisement to Vol. ii. of Tracts. 
 
 " As well might we pretend the sacraments are not 
 necessary to salvation, while we make use of the offices of 
 the liturgy : for when God appoints means of grace, they 
 are the means.'' — Advertisement to Vol. i. of Tracts, p. '3. 
 
 " Had he been taught as a child, that the sacraments, not 
 preaching, are the sources of divine grace." — Advertiseinent 
 to Vol. i. p. 4. 
 
 " Then you will honour us with a purer honour than you 
 do now, (many men do now — edition, 1639,) namely as 
 those who are intrusted (as those [iflmaysay soj who 
 are intrusted — edition, 1839,) with the keys of heaven 
 and hell, as the heralds of mercy, as the denouncers of woe 
 to wicked men, as intrusted with the awful and mysterious 
 gift of making the bread and wine Christ's body and blood, 
 (mysterious privilege of dispensing Christ's body and blood 
 — edition, 1839,) as far greater than the most powerful and 
 the wealthiest of men in our unseen strength and our hea- 
 venly riches. '—rraci 10, p. 4.
 
 86 
 
 " Something beyond the ministration of the word is com- 
 mitted to the care of the pastors, when our Lord speaks of 
 ' the keys of heaven,' viz. the ministration of the sacra- 
 ments." — Tract 35, p. 1. "Compare with this view the 
 passage Matthew xvi. 19, and compare with it also the 
 view of our Church, which will not be suspected of un- 
 dervaluing the sacraments ; yet the language of the Rubric 
 at the end of the Communion of the Sick is as follows : 
 * But if a man, either by reason of extremity of sickness, 
 
 &c do not receive the sacrament of 
 
 Christ's body and blood, the curate shall instruct him, that 
 if he do truly repent him of his sins, and stedfastly believe 
 that Jesus Christ hath suffered death upon the cross for 
 him, and shed his blood for his redemption, earnestly re- 
 membering the benefits he hath thereby, and giving him 
 hearty thanks therefore, he doth eat and drink the body 
 and blood of our Saviour Christ profitably to his soul's 
 health, although he doth not receive the sacrament with his 
 mouth." — Professor Schole/icld's Five Sermons, p. 119, 
 Note 32. 
 
 LONDON : 
 PRINTER BY O. J. PALMER, SAVt)Y SI REET, STBAND.
 
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