UNIVERSITY OF AT !^' NOIS L 'BRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIQN W, HIST. SURVEY STAT-UE OF LIN-COLN, IN LIN-COLN PARK, CHIC-A-GO. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS IN WORDS OF ONE SYLLABLE flllustratefc NEW YORK, CHICAGO, SAN FRANCISCO BELFORD, CLARKE & CO. COPYRIGHT BY BELFORD, CLARKE & CO. 1888 DOHOHTTK & HENNEBKRRY. Printers and Binders, Chicago. CONTENTS. PACE. 7 10 I. Ear-ly His-to-ry of Ill-in-ois, II. The Mound Build-ers, .... III. In-dians in Ill-in--ois, - ... IV. In-dians in Ill-in-ois The Fam-i-ly, - V. In-dians in Ill-in-ois Child-hood and Youth, VI. In-dians in Ill-in-ois Hunt-ing, - VII. In-dians in Ill-in-ois War-fare, - ... VIII. In-dians in Ill-in-ois Re-lig-i-ous Views Bur-ial of the Dead IX. In-dians in Ill-in-ois Mis-cel-la-ne-ous, X. First White Men in Ill-in-ois Mar-quette and Jol-i-et, XI. La Salle and Ton-ti, - ... XII. Set-tle-ments in Ill-in-ois Mis-sion Life and Work, XIII. Ill-in-ois un-der French Rule, XIV. More In-dian Troub-les War with the Chic-a-saws, XV. The Con-spir-a-cy and Death of Pon-ti-ac, XVI. Ill-in-ois Be-comes a Brit-ish Prov-ince, XVII. George Rog-ers Clarke in Ill-in-ois, XVIII. Ill-in-ois Part of the North-west Ter-ri-to-ry, XIX. The Mas-sa-cre at Fort Dear-born, XX. Ill-in-ois be-comes a State Pi-o-neer Days, - 127 XXI. The Young State Makes Won-der-ful Pro-gress, - - 136 XXII. The Black Hawk War, 139 XXIII. Shab-bo-na, a Friend-ly In-dian, - 142 XXIV. Stir-ring, Trag-ic Days, - 144 XXV. Rap-id Strides 1846-1861, - 149 XXVI. The Gath-er-ing Storm Hon. Steph-en A. Doug-las, 152 XXVII. The War of the Re-bell-ion A-bra-ham Lin-coin, - 156 XXVIII. The War of the Re-bell-ion Grant and Lo-gan, - 165 XXIX. Men of Ill-in-ois in the War of the Re-bell-ion, - 173 XXX. Chic-a-go, the Great Mar-vel of Mod-ern Cit-ies, - 178 XXXI. The Great Fire of Chic-a-go, - 183 XXXII. Chic-a-go af-ter the Fire, - 192 XXXIII. Chic-a-go Re-built, - 197 XXXIV. Re-cent E-vents, - 203 28 3 36 43 49 57 67 72 79 90 95 103 107 "5 121 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Lin-coin's Mon-u-ment, Lin-coin Park, Chi-ca go, - ... Fron-tis-piece. Mound in South-ern Ill-i-nois, - - 12 -Mound Rel-ics, ------ 12 An Al gon-quin, ----- 15 An Ir-o-quois, - - - " - - - 16 In-dian En camp-ment on the Mis sis sip pi, 19 "Guard-ing the Corn, - - - 23 Hus-band, Wife and Daugh ter, - - 24 Pap-poose, - - - - - 26 Teach ing the * oung I-dea how to Shoot, 27 The N oung In-dian Re ceives the Ben-e-dic- tion of his Chief, - 29 In-dian Fish-ing, - - 32 In dians Hunt-ing the Buff-a-lo, - - 33 The In-dian and his Horse, - - - 35 The War Dance, - ... 37 War ri-or Ad-dress ing Braves as They Set Out on the War-Path, - - - ?,-_) Tak-ing a Scalp ! - - . - -4 Shoo-ting from be-hind a Tree, - - 42 An In-dian Grave, from a Pho to-graph, - 46 Bear-ing Wound ed from the Bat tie-field, 47 An In-dian Prair-ie Cem-e-ter-y, - - 48 In-dians in Coun-cil, - - 49 I-tah ! I-tah ! "Good Be to You," - 51 Spec-i-men of In-dian Re-cords, - - 53 How In-dians Poi-son-ed their Ar-rows, 55 "Fare-well! Fare-well!" - - - 60 Mar-quette and Jol-i-et descending the Mis-sis-sip-pi, 64 In-dians Play-ing Ball on the Ice, 65 Church at Ca ho ki a, - - - - 71 Indian Head Rock, Sa-van-na, Ill-m-ois, 75 The Ter-ri-ble Mas-sa-cre of 1729, - 87 Pon-ti ac, ------ 97 Homes Burn-ed and Fam-5-lies Driv en Out to Die in the Woods, - - 100 Bluff on the Mis-sis sip-pi, Sa-van-na, 111- in-ois, - - - 105 French Sett lers and In-dians Leav-ing 111- in-ois, ------ I0 8 The City of Pe-o ri-a, - - - - 114 Steam-boat on the Mis-sis-sip-pi, - - n6 View of Fort Dear-born, from the Riv-er, - 119 Fort Dear-born, E-rec-ted 1804, - - 122 Doug-las Mon-u ment, Chi ca go, - - 125 An Em-i-grant Train Cross-ing the Prair-ie, 129 Freight Train - - - - - - 130 Stage Coach of the Old Days, - - 131 Fac ing a Prair-ie Storm, - - - - 132 The Pi-o-neer Farm er, Fif-ty Years A-go, 134 A Prair-ie Har-vest Field in 1888, - - 135 School House of the Pi-o-neer Days, - 137 Black Hawk, ------ j^i Shab-bo-na, ------ 143 Chic a-go in 1833, 145 State House, Spring-field, - - - 147 U-ni ted States Ar-sen-al, Rock Is-land, - 151 The Hon. Steph-en A. Doug-las, - - 153 A-bra-ham Lin-coin, - - - - 157 Ear-ly Home of A-bra-ham Lin-coin, - 158 " Boys, Abe Lin-coin is the Best Fel-low in This Set-tle-ment," - ... 160 Lin-coin's Home in Spring-field, - - 161 The Lin-coin Mon-u-ment, at Spring-field, 163 U. S. Grant, - 162 Gen-er al John A. Lo-gan, - - j6S Gen-er al John A. Lo-gan at the Bat tie of At-lan-ta, - - - 171 Scene in Lin coin Park, Chic-a-go, - 175 The Lit- tie Pap-poose in Dan-ger, - 181 De-pot of the Chic-a-go and North West-ern Rail way, Chic-a-go, - 185 Map of the Burnt Dis-trict of Chic a-go, - 186 Scene in Chic-a-go the Day af-ter the Fire, 189 Post Of-fice, Chic-a go, ' 191 Scene on the Chic a go Riv-er, - 193 State Street, Chic-a-go, Look-ing South, 195 Gar-field Park, Chic-a-go, - - - 198 Board of Trade, Chic a>p - - - 199 A-ca de-my of Fine Arts, Ch ! c-a-go, - - 200 Rush Med-i-cal Col-lege, Ch c-a-go, - 201 Ex-po-si-tion Build-ing, Chic a-go, - - 202 Wash-ing ton Park Club House, Chic a-go, 204 Grand Trunk De-pot, Polk St., Chic-a-go, - 205 CHAPTER I. EAR-LY HIS-TORY OF ILL-IN-OIS. The State of Ill-in-ois has been beau-ti-ful-ly des-cribed as "The E-den of the New World." Its ear-ly his-to-ry is al-most en-tire-ly lost in the mists of long for-got-ten years. Great schol-ars, whose lives have been de-vot-ed to the stud-y of an-cient his-to-ry, have found, scat- ter-ed all over Cen-tral and North A-mer-i-ca, ru-ins of tem-ples and pal-a-ces; por-tions of brok-en col- umns and crumb-ling walls; rel-ics of pub-lie build-ings and pri-vate houses, in such num-bers, and of so vast a size, that they have been led to think, as the re-suit of the most care-ful re-search, that A-mer-i-ca 8 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. was the home of a won-der-ful civ-il-i-za-tion, man-y, man-y a-ges a-go ; and that, m-stead of call- ing A-mer-i-ca "The New World," it should more prop-er-ly be call-ed "The Old World." These learn-ed men be-lieve that in man-y pla- ces where rel-ics are found, cit-ies of great size and mag-nif-i-cence flour-ish-ed long be-fore the found- a-tions of Baal-bee, or Pal-my-ra, or Thebes, were laid. It is won-der-ful to think that long be-fore Rome was built, or the Pyr-a-mids rear-ed their lof-ty heads by the banks of the Nile, there may have been dense-ly crowd-ed cit-ies all over this fair land; and that on the fruit-ful plains of Ill-in- ois, men and wo-men, by thou-sands, liv-ed and lov-ed, suf-fer-ed and died, of whose ex-ist-ence there is scarce-ly the faint-est trace. All this seems ver-y strange ; but the men who tell us these things are much too wise and care-ful to make such state-ments with-out good rea-son. Whence these first in-hab-i-tants of A-mer-i-ca came from we shall prob-a-bly nev-er know. Some think they came from A-sia by way of Beh-ring Strait. Oth-ers cher-ish a tra-di-tion, still mam- tain-ed in Chi-na, to the ef-fect that a com-pa-ny of sail-ojs, driv-en off shore by west-er-ly winds, sail-ed man-y weeks, un-til they came to a great con-ti-nent, where the al-oe and kin-dred plants, HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. ? were found to flour-ish in great a-bun-dance. These plants we re-cog-nize at once as na-tives of Mex-i-co. It is not im-pos-si-ble that Greek or Phoe-ni-cian sail-ors may have cross-ed the At- lan-tic in those ear-ly years; but if they did, they nev-er re-turn-ed to tell the sto-ry of their strange ad-ven-tures. The Ir-o-quois In-dians have a le-gend on this sub-ject, point-ing to the very be- gin-ning of the hu-man race. Ac-cord-ing to this le-gend Ta-rhu-hia-wa-ka, the Sky-hold-er, re- solv-ed up-on the cre-a-tion of a race which should sur-pass all oth-ers in the qual-i-ties of strength, beau-ty and bra-ver-y. So, from the bo-som of a great is-land, where they had for man-y a-ges be- fore liv-ed on moles, the Sky-hold-er brought in-to the day-light six per-fect-ly mat-ed coup-les, who were set a-part as the an-ces-tors of the great-est of all peo-ples. That A-mer-i-ca is the old-est of ex-ist-ing lands man-y em-i-nent ge-ol-o-gists con- fi-dent-ly as-sert. Af-ter all our re-search in this di-rec-tion we gain but lit-tle, and noth-ing ver-y cer-tain-ly; we shall have to be con-tent to leave the first pag-es of A-mer-i-can his-to-ry con-ceal-ed in mys-ter-y. We shall nev-er know much a-bout the first A-mer-i-cans. io HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. CHAPTER II. THE MOUND BUILD-ERS. Long af-ter the an-cient race, re-ferr-ed to in the last chap-ter, had pass-ed a-way ; and long be- fore the In-dian had pitch-ed his wig-warn in the ibr-est, or float-ed his birch-bark ca-noe on the wa-ters of the riv-ers and the great lakes, a sec- ond race of peo-ple known as the Mound Build- ers, in-hab-it-ed large por-tions of Cen-tral and North A-mer-i-ca. This re-mark-a-ble race has left no sto-ries, no le-gends, no tra-di-tions, not a sin-gle word of its lan-guage, to guide us to a know-ledge of its ways of liv-ing. These Mounds on-ly re-main to give us hints ra-ther than to tell us what we de-sire to know of their build- ers. These mounds are banks of earth, thrown up and grass-ed over, form-ing earth-works or em-bank- ments, of-ten of an im-mense size. There are thou-sands of these mounds still in ex-ist-ence, man-y of them o-ver nine-ty feet in height, and a hun-dred feet in di-am-e-ter at the base. A long chain of these re-mark-a-ble build-ings was dis- cov-er-ed, be-gin-ning at Black river on the south HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. // side ot Lake On-ta-ri-o ex-tend-ing through O-hi-o, all a-long the Mis-sis-sip-pi to the Gulf of Mex-i- co. One of these mounds, in Ad-ams coun-ty, O-hi-o, rep-re-sents an e-nor-mous ser-pent 1000 feet long, which ap-pears to be a-bout to swal-low an egg-shap-ed fig-ure 164 feet long. The pres- ent site of Mar-i-et-ta, O-hi-o, is sup-pos-ed to have been one of the larg-est vil-la-ges e-rect-ed by these cu-ri-ous build-ers, hav-ing, it is be-liev-ed, at a ver-y re-mote pe-ri-od, a pop-u-la-tion of not less than 5,000 peo-ple. A-long the Mis-sis-sip-pi val-ley more than 3,000 of these mounds have been dis-cov-er-ed, man-y of them were found in North-ern and West-ern Ill-in-ois. At Ca-ho-kia, just op-po-site St. Lou-is, there are dis-tinct tra-ces of two of these homes of the an-cient Mound Build-ers. One of these mounds is 800 yards in cir-cum-fer-ence at the base, and 100 feet in height. The larg-est of these mounds is known as Monk's Mound, from the fact that the Monks of La Trappe set-tied on and a-round it. The top of this mound con-tains more than three a-cres of land. Some years a-go, in mak-ing an ex-ca-va-tion for an ice-house on the north-west part of Monk's Mound, hu-man bones and white pot-ter-y were found in large quan-ti-ties. This whole re-gion of the A-mer-i-can Bot-tom, in the neigh-bor- 12 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. hood of Ca-ho- kia, em-bra- cing part of the west-ern bor- der of Mad-i- son and St. Clair coun- ties, shows the re-mains of from 60 to 80 mounds. These mounds are of ev-er-y size and form, con-sist-ing of the re- mains of vil-la-ges, al-tars, tem-ples, i-dols, cem-e-ter-ies, camps, for-ti-fi-ca-tions, and pleas-ure grounds, as well as pri-vate homes. With-in them were of-ten found, a-mongst oth-er rel-ics, the tools of work-men- -knives, chis- els, ax-es some of them of flint and some of cop- per. Be-side these tools for the workmen of that ear-ly day, ^ .___. the mounds con-tained a great quan- ti-ty of carv- ed work,- beads, pipes and brace- MOUND RE-LICS. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. i 3 lets, vas-es, pitch-ers, and ves-sels of the most beau-ti-ful work-man-ship. The mounds were gen-er-al-ly built in a sit-u- a-tion af-ford-ing a view of the east. When, as was some-times the case, they were in-clos-ed in walls, the gate-ways were al-ways made to face the east. And the graves of these an-cient peo- ple were al-ways so sit-u-a-ted that their por-tals o-pen-ed to the ris-ingsun. Like their ear-li-er un-known an-ces-tors, the Mound Build-ers al-so, have pass-ed a-way. The names of their might-y men; the ex-ploits and ad- ven-tures in which they engag-ed; the ver-y lan- guage they spoke, all a-like are bur-ied in the graves where their bones mould-er-ed to dust man-y cen-tu-nes a-go. CHAPTER III. IN-DIANS IN ILL-IN-OIS. The or-i-gin of the In-dian tribes, the third dis-tinct race in-hab-it-ing North A-mer-i-ca, is re- ferr-ed by some to the Phoe-ni-cians and oth-er mar-i-time na-tions, whose ex-ten-sive voy-a-ges 1 4 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. must have borne them at va-ri-ous times, to the shores of ev-er-y land known and un-ex-plor-ed. Some im-ag-ine that the an-cient Hin-doos were the fa-thers of this dusk-y race, and in sup-port of their the-o-ry they point out that the Hin-doo i-dea that makes the sun a sym-bol of the Cre-a- tor of the Un-i-verse has its ex-act coun-ter-part 'in the Sun wor-ship of the In-dians. Oth-ers, a-gain, with e-qual rea-son, look up-on the In- dians as the fast wan-ing rem-nant of the "lost tribes of Is-ra-el," who "took coun-sel to go forth in-to a far-ther coun-try where nev-er man-kind dwelt." The ex-act place of the or-i-gin of the In-dian tribes will prob-a-bly nev-er be known; but the all but u-ni-ver-sal judg-ment of those who have made a care-ful stud-y of this sub-ject, is that their or-i- gin was in the sun-ny, smil-ing O-ri-ent, in some part of A-sia, from which they mi-gra-ted thous- ands of years a-go to the path-less wilds of A-mer- i-ca. For rnan-y cen-tu-ries the In-dians must have en-joy-ed a per-fect-ly un-dis-turb-ed oc-cu-pa- tion of the land. When the flow of em-i-gra-tion from Eu-rope and the East-ern World set in, the In-dian turn-ed his face to the West. He be-liev- ed that his fa-thers had come from the West, and he thought that in that bound-less realm be-yond HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. the Al-le-ghe-nies he would find his hap-py hunt-ing ground. It would be im-pos-si-ble, in the lim-its of one brief vol-ume, to deal with the va-ri-ous tribes of In-dians who dwelt in North A-mer-i-ca, and in-deed, ourbus-i- ness is main-ly with those spe- cial-ly as-so-ci-a-ted with the his- to-ry of Ill-in-ois. The on-ly great branch-es of the In-clian race claim-ing our con-sid-er-a-tion in this stud-y of the his-to-ry of the great Prair-ie State are the Al-gon-quins and the Ir-o-quois. The Al-gon-quins es-pec-ial-ly, had spread far and wide o-ver the land. Car-tier found them on the banks of the St. Law-rence. When the Pu-ri-tans came they found them fish-ing and hunt-ing all a-long the At-lan-tic coast from Maine to the Car-o-li-nas. They were tribes of the Al- gon-quins whom the French mis-sion-a-ries first found on the banks of the Mis-sis-sip-pi and the Ill-in-ois riv-ers. The Ir-o-quois had a con-fed-er-a-cy con-sist-ing of five tribes the Mo-hawks, the O-nei-das, the O-non-da-gas, the Ca-yu-gas, and the Sen-e-cas, AN AL-GON-QUIN. i6 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. to which a sixth, the Tus-ca-ro-ras, was af-ter- wards add-ed. Each tribe had a sep-a-rate po-lit- i-cal or-gan-i-za-tion in which the Sach-ems were the rul-ing spir-its. When for-eign tribes were to be con-sult-ed, or the gen-er-al in-ter-ests of the con-fed-er-a-cy re-quir-ed de-lib-er-a-tion, the Sach- ems of the sev-er-al tribes met in gen-er-al coun-cil. The Ir-o-quois were, with-out doubt, em-i-nent- ly suc-cess-ful in war, but that suc-cess was due ver-y large-ly to lo-cal and oth-er ad-van-ta-ges. They were el-o-quent, full of shrewd wis-dom, far- see-ing and cour-a-geous. But the Al-gon-quin tribes of the same re-gion of coun-try were in all re-spects their e-quals. As time went on these great ri-val fac-tions be-came more and more u-ni- ted by what may be re-gard-ed as the strange ac- ci-dent of war. The Ir-o-quois, for ex-am-ple, would re-pair their con-stant loss-es in war by a-dopt- ing the wo-men and chil-dren cap- tured from their Al-gon-quin en-e- mies. This course of ac-tion had the most de-si-ra-ble re-suits. Old feuds and quar-rels were heal-ed, and the time came when a good-ly num-ber of the a-dopt-ed Al-gon- quins be-came prom-i-nent chiefs AN IR-O-QUOIS. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 77 of the Ir-o-quois. Of the tribes of the Al-gbn- quins who for-mer-ly dwelt in Ill-in-ois, those bear- ing the name of the State were the most nu-mer- ous. The 1 11-in-ois Con-fed-er-a-cy was com-pos-ed of five tribes --the Tam-a-ro-as, the Mich-i-gan-ies, the Kas-kas-ki-as, the Ca-ho-ki-as, and the Pe-o- ri-as. CHAPTER IV. IN-DIANS OF ILL-IN-OIS LIFE AND MAN-NERS. THE FAM-I-LY. Any his-to-ry of Ill-in-ois that fails to por-tray, how-ev-er brief-ly, the life and man-ners, the modes and hab-its of the In-dians who dwelt in this State be-fore the com-ing of the white man, would be man-i-fest-ly in-com-plete. We shall, there-fore, de-vote three or four short chap-ters to this sub- ject. We shall look in at the wig-warn and note the char-ac-ter-is-tics of the fam-i-ly life of the In- dian. We shall fol-low him in his hunt-ing ex-pe- di-tions and his gen-er-al a-muse-ments. We shall note his tac-tics in war, his no-tions of re-li-gion, his strange rneth-ods of burial, and his im-per-ish- a-ble hope that if he is faithful to his tribe and i8 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. val-iant in war, he and his faith-ful dog will roam for-ev-er through the hap-py hunt-ing grounds. The homes of the In-dian were of the sim-plest and rud-est char-aoter. They gen-er-al-ly se-lect- ed the bank of a stream, or a well-shad-ed spot near some ev-er run-ning spring, as the site of their hab-it-a-tion. There they pitch-ed their wig- wams, which were com-pos-ed, not of mar-ble or brown stone, or even of good, use-ful lum-ber, but of poles and the bark of trees. They were so con- struct-ed that they could eas-i-ly be ta-ken down. It is per-fect-ly won-der-ful with what speed a whole In-dian en-camp-ment could move a-way from a giv-en spot, leav-ing on-ly the faint-est trace of ev-er hav-ing oc-cu-pied it. The homes of the great Sach-ems, or chiefs, were some-times of a more e-lab-o-rate char-ac-ter, be-ing con-struct-ed with great-er care, but of the same ma-te-ri-al. The Ir-o-quois In-dians had some rough no- tions of com-mun-ism in those ear-ly days. They built not for one fam-i-ly, but man-y. These d well-ings were call-ed the "Long House" -a wig-warn, oft-en 250 feet long and 30 feet wide, ca-pa-ble of hold-ing twen-ty to thir-ty fam-i-lies. All that was ne-ces-sa-ry to an In-dian mar-ri-age was the con-sent of the part-ties con-cern-ed, and IN-DIAN EN-CAMP-MENT ON THE MIS-SIS-SIP-PI. 20 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. of their pa-rents. Mar-ri-age was to a large ex- tent a bar-gain, the hus-band giv-ing nu-mer-ous pres-ents to the fa-ther of the bride. The hus- band might at an-y time dis-solve this tie. The In-dians had an in-sti-tu-tion known as To-tem, a sort of badge orem-blem of dis-tinc-tion of dif-fer-ent clans or tribes. This was, in-deed, a kind of caste; a strange, per-ni-cious sys-tem, which e-ven our la-test A-mer-i-can civ-il-i-za-tion seems to fos-ter ra-ther than de-stroy. These va- ri-ous clans had, for their signs or sur-names, some an-i-mal, bird, or oth-er ob-ject, such as the bear, the wolf, the ot-ter and the ea-gle. A Bear could not mar-ry a Bear, but might take a wife from the Wolf, or Ot-ter, or Ea-gle clan. In these ear-ly days the red man was the war- ri-or, the he-ro, the hunts-man, and his squaw was his slave. The men did what pleas-ed them, and the wo-men did all the drudg-er-y. The il-lus-tra-tion on the next page, of "The In-dian at Home," gives a ver-y good i-dea of the con-di-tion of af-fairs. The lords of cre-a-tion are read-y with spear and gun, with bow and ar-row, to go forth fish-ing or hunt-ing, as their fan-cy may sug-gest; or to bat-tie, if the war-whoop has sound- ed in their ears. The birch-bark ca-noe toss-es i-dly on the wa-ters, a-wait-ing their lord-ly will. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. On the right, the boys of the fam-i-ly are prac-tis- ing with bow and ar-row, for they have long a-go been taught that an In-dian who is not a skill-ful THE IN-DIAN AT HOME. marks-man is a shame to his wig-warn, and a dis- grace to his tribe. A-way to the left the wo-men of the wig-warn are wash-ing, hoe-ing corn, and with-in the wig-warns oth-ers are doubt-less cook- ing and keep-ing a-live the fires that were so pre- cious to the In-dian heart. Al-most the en-tire la-bor and drudg-er-y fell upon the wo-men. They had to plant the crops, tend the crops, and gath-er the crops. The hard- est work the men could be per-suad-ed to do in 22 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. con-nec-tion with the work of the field, was to spend the hours of day-light on a rude plat-form e-rect-ed on poles twelve or fif-teen feet high, ratt- ling to-geth-er nois-y clap-pers to scare a-way the birds from the ri-pen-ing corn. So, for a few weeks just be-fore har-vest, he was con-tent to be a liv-ing "scare-crow," or to speak more po-lite-ly, "a guard-i-an of the corn." Be-side the or-di-na-ry work of the wig-warn, and the cul-ti-va-tion of the crops, by these In- dian wo-men, they found time to make bas-kets, mats, and frill-ings and oth-er a-dorn-ments for their brave .war-rior lords. There can be noth-ing but con-dem-na-tion for this shame-ful deg-ra-da-tion of wo-men a-mong the tribes of the ear-ly In-cfians; and yet, af-ter a care-ful stud-y of the whole sub-ject, it is al-most cer-tain that the wo-men did not re-gard them- selves as in any great sense the vic-tims of op-pres- sion. We must not for-get that to see her fa-ther, her bro-ther, her lov-er, her hus-band, or her son, a brave and claunt-less war-ri-or, was the high-est am-bi-tion of an In-dian wo-man. The dtisk-y In-dian bride might be ver-y proud of the glass- bead or-na-ments her bride-groom gave her at the wed-ding feast, but her heart was stir-red to a loft- GUARD-ING THE CORN. 2^ HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. i-er pride if she could count a good-ly num-ber of scalps dang-ling at her bride-groom's gir-dle. A cow-ard, a man who was "a-fraid," had no chance with an In-dian maid-en. She would not work for him, or o-bey him. But a war-ri-or, a he-ro, she a-dor-ed, and would ac-count it a last-ing dis-grace to her-self, if she should al-low him to do any com- mon work. The drudg-er-y of HUS-BAND, WIFE AND DAUGH-TER. M j ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ her choice, not her in-ev-it-a-ble fate. Hi-a-wa-tha must be a he-ro, with the ea-gle's feath-er in his plume, a ter-ror to his foes, the en-vy of his clans- men, and the glory of his bride ! And for him to plant corn, to hew wood, to car-ry wa-ter, was out of all ques-tion. He was too god-like, toohe-ro-ic, for such me-ni-al tasks. And it may be said that in man-y in-stan-ces this de-vo-tion on the part of the wo-men was not for-got-ten. Doubt-less there was of-ten much kind-ness, and e-ven love, if but lit-tle gen-tle-ness, HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 25 in these wig-warns that fring-ed the banks of the riv-ers of North-ern and South-ern and West-ern Ill-in-ois, cen-tu-ries a-go. Man-y pleas-ant sto- ries in sup-port of this be-lief are hand-ed down from most trust-wor-thy au-thor-i-ties. A sto-ry is told, for ex-am-ple, of an In-dian who trav-el-ed for-ty miles to ob-tain some cran-ber-ries for his sick wife, who, in the ag-o-nies of fe-ver, had ask-ed for some of this fruit. On an-oth-er oc-ca-sion, when corn had grown scarce and fam-ine was star- ing a fam-i-ly in the face, a war-ri-or chief rode a hun-dred miles to get corn. And when he could on-ly get half a bush-el of corn in ex-change for his horse, he sold the horse and walk-ed home with the cov-et-ed prize. And the beau-ti-ful sto-ry of '" Hi-a-wa-tha" owes its ro-mance and charm to Hi-a-wa-tha's death-less love and de-vo-tion to Min-ne-ha-ha. CHAP-TER V. 1N-DIANS OF ILL-IN-OIS LIFE AND MAN-NERS CHILD- HOOD AND YOUTH. At first sight it would seem as if the In-dian child was born to en-dur-ance and hard-ships. The lit-tle pap-poose has hard-ly made his ac- 26 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. quaint-ance with this strange world be-fore his first rough les-son is taught. Strap-ped to a flat piece of wood the lit-tle stran-ger takes his first views of life in a pos-ture that one would think must be ver-y pain- ful. He is sus-pend-ed from a tree, or se-cur-ed by straps to the back of his hard work-ing moth- er, just as the con-ven-ience of the hour sug-gests. And yet we must not im-ag-ine that the In-dian mother was lack- ing in ten-der-ness for her young. The lit-tle red ba-by was, in the great ma-jor-i-ty of in-stan-ces, as fond-ly nur-tur-ed and as ten-der-ly cared for, as the pet-ted dar-lings of most of the civ-il-ized homes of to-day. The lit-tle In-dian's hard board era-die was made com-fort-a-ble with soft dress-ed buck-skin, and fra-grant with the sweet-smell-ing grass-es, and rib-bons of the bark of the bass and the lin-den trees. The finest bead-work that the moth-er could make was none too fine for the a-dorn-ment of her ba-by's rude era-die. And deft-ly plait-ed reed splints, and cun-ning-ly plait-ed grass, made pic-tur- esque and beau-ti-ful the bed of the for-est child. PAP-POOSE. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 2 7 Once a day the smil-ing lit-tle pris-on-er was re-leas-ed " from his bonds, and was al-low-ed to roll and play on a blank-et on the grass. This TEACH-ING THE YOUNG I-DEA HOW TO SHOOT. was the hap-pi-est hour of the day for moth-er and for child. But when the hour end-ed, and work had to be done, then board and ba-by were strap- 28 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. ped togeth-er and hung up-on the near-est tree, or plac-ed in an e-rect po-si-tion in some con-ven-i-ent cor-ner of wig-warn or lodge. At two years of age this bond-age end-ed, and then, ac-cord-ing as the child was boy or girl, the real train-ing be-gan. The girl was train-ed to drudg-er-y. When she was four or five years old she was taught to go for wood and car-ry wa-ter. When she was eight years of age she was in-struct-ed how to make up a pack, and car-ry a small one on her back. As she grew old-er she learn-ed to cut wood, to cul-ti- vate corn, to cook, to wash, and to dis-charge all the oth-er tasks that went to make up an In-dian wo-man's work. The train-ing of the In-dian boy was whol-ly dif-fer-ent. He was to be a war-ri-or, and all his ear-ly ed-u-ca-tion was di-rect-ed to that end. He was ex-cus-ed from all work. He was al-low-ed to run wild. He learn-ed to run, to jump, to swim, to wres-tle. He be-came by these ex-er-ci-ses a young ath-lete, his phys-i-cal de-vel-op-ment was al-most per-fect. He was scarce-ly ev-er pun-ish-ed for dis-o-be- di-ence. It was thought a most hu-mil-i-a-ting thing to lay the rod up-on the should-ers of one who was to be a val-iant war-ri-or. At a ver-y ear-ly age boys were put to arch- HISTORY OF ILLINOIS, 29 er-y prac-tice. At first with blunt-ed ar-rows, shoot-ing at a tar-get of hay bunch-ed at the top of a stick, or at the birds that swarm-ed a-bout the for-est and the prair-ie, or at a liv-ing squir- rel held up at a dis-tance. When the boy was a-bout sev-en years old, his first se- ri-ous les-sons were taught. He was call-ed up-on to make an all-day's watch and fast on some high peak, when smear-ed with white clay he call-ed up-on his se-lect-ed God or man-i-tou to make him a great and vic-to-ri-ous war-ri-or. These fasts and watch-ings in-creas-ed in num-ber arid se-ver-i-ty for eight or nine years. When at last these years of pre-par-a-tion were end- ed, he re-ceived the ben-e-dic-tion of the chief of THE YOUNG IN-DIAN RE-CEIVES THE BEN-E-DIC-TION OF HIS CHIEF. jo HISTORY OF ILLINOIS, his tribe, and thus start-ed forth up-on his ca-reer of man-hood. But he had no loft-y dream of life. Su-per-sti- tion, sor-cer-y, cru-el-ty, a lax mo-ral-ity, and a re- morse-less spir-it of re-venge form-ed the chief stock in trade of the young In-dian as he start-ed forth in life. CHAP-TER VI. 1N-DIANS IN ILL-IN-OIS LIFE AND MAN-NERS HUNT- ING. Hunt-ing had for the In-dian a thou-sand name-less charms. It sup-pli-ed his slug-gish mind with ar-dor and in-ter-est. It was some- thing to be done, with an end to be gained. It was oc-cu-pa-tion with a pur-pose. To be a dis- tin-guish-ed hunts-man, a man whose ar-row nev-er miss-ed its mark, was some-thing to be proud of. The for-est, the prair-ies, and the wild glens, were made for him to hunt in. Hunt-ing not on- ly sup-pli-ed the In-dian and his fam-i-ly with food, but it o-pen-ed the door to the on-ly kind of dis- tinc-tion he cared for, with per-haps the sin-gle ex-cep-tion of war. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 31 Suc-cess in kill-ing large an-i-mals re-quir-ed great skill and long years of prac-tice; but the In- dian nev-er be-grudg-ed the time it re-quir-ed. He was dog-ged, pa-tient, and per-sist-ent. The maz-es of the for-est, and the dense tall grass of the prair-ies, were the best fields for the ex-er-cise of his skill. He would search with most mi-nute scru-ti-ny for the faint-est in-di-ca-tion of the foot- prints of birds or wild an-i-mals, and then would wait and watch, or fol-low the trail, as though his whole life de-pend-ed on the re-suit. In a for-est coun-try he se-lect-ed for his pla- ces of am-bush, val-leys, be-cause they were most fre-quent-ly the re-sort of game. He would start forth at the first peep of day, and with stealth-y steps, wan-der a-long the side of the stream which threw his shad-ow from it, thus leav-ing his view un-ob-struct-ed in the op-po-site di-rec-tion. The most eas-i-ly ta-ken of all the an-i-mals of the chase was the deer. Its nat-ur-al cu-ri-os-i-ty prompted it to stop in its flight and look back at the ap-proach-ing hunt-er. The an-te-lope of the Rock-ies of to-day has just the same cu-ri-os-i-ty. Hence, all the hunt-er has to do, is to run a large white flag up a flag-pole twelve or fif-teen feet high, and lie qui-et-ly at the foot of the pole till the in- ves-ti-ga-ting an-i-mal draws near. j 2 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. The In-dians had a ra-ther in-gen-i-ous meth-od of tak-ing the deer on the small trib-u-ta-ries of the Mis-sis-sip-pi, by the use of the torch. For this pur-pose they con-struct-ed their bark ca-noes with a place in front for the re-cep-tion of a large flam- beau, whose light was pre-vent-ed from re-veal-ing the hunt-er by the in-ter-po-si-tion of a screen. As he de-scend-ed the nar-row streams, the deer see-ing on-ly the light, was at-tract-ed by it to the banks and eas-i-ly shot. In fish-ing, the In-dian was e-qual-ly ex-pert. He had all the pa-tience the fish-er-man so much re-quires, and that keen-ness of sight and hear-ing that al- low-ed no sign of the near-ness of fish to es-cape him. But the grand-est field that Ill-in-ois of-fer-ed the In-dian hunt-er for the full ex-er-cise of his pow-ers, was the wide- spread-ing prair-ies with their count-less herds of buff-a-lo. The buff-a-lo was con-fin-ed main-ly, in these days, to tem-per-ate lat-i-tudes, and was found in vast num- bers by ex-plor-ers all o-ver the grass-y plains of Ill-in-ois, In-di-an-a, South-ern Mich-i-gan and West-ern O-hi-o. IN-DIAN FISH-ING. IN-DIANS HUNT-ING THE BUFF-A-LO. 33 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. This King of the prair-ie now fast pass-ing from the face of the earth is a mag-nif-i-cent an- i-mal. With fi-er-y eyes and shag-gy mane, he prov-ed a worth-y foe-man for the In-dians pluck and prow-ess. The bow and ar-row, in the hands of the In-dian, prov-ed quite as fa-tal as the gun sub-se-quent-ly in-tro-duc-ed by Eu-ro-pe-ans. Such was the force with which their ar-rows were pro-pell-ed that the great-er part of them were gen-er-al-ly im-bed-ded in the an-i-mal, and some- times pro-trud-ed from the op-po-site side. 'One of the modes of kill-ing the buff-a-lo, prac-tic-ed by the Ill-in-ois and oth-er tribes of In- dians, was to drive them .head-long o-ver the pre- cip-i-tous banks of the riv-ers. Buff-a-lo Rock, a large pro-mon-to-ry, ris-ing fif-ty or six-ty feet high, on the north side of the Ill-in-oiSj six miles be-low Ot-ta-wa, is said to have de-riv-ed its name from this prac-tice. It was cus-tom-a-ry to se-lect an act-ive young man and dis-guise him in the skin of a buff-a-lo, pre-par-ed for this pur-pose by pre- serv-ing the ears, head and horns. Thus dis-guis- ed, he took a po-si-tion be-tween a herd and a cliff of the river, while his com-pan-ions, on the rear and each side, put the an-i-mals in mo-tion, fol-low- ing the de-coy, who, on reach-ing the pre-ci-pice, dis-ap-pear-ed in a crev-ice pre-vi-ous-ly se-lect-ed, HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 35 while the an-i-mals in front, press-ed by a mov-ing mass be-hind, were borne o-ver the brink and crush-ed to death on the rocks be-low. The In-dians of-ten caught large num-bers of the buff-a-lo when the riv- ers were fro-zen, by driv- ing them on the ice. If the weight of the an-i-mal broke the ice, they were u-su-al-ly kill-ed in the wa-ter. But if the ice was too thick, they fell up-on its slip-per-y sur-face, and be-came help-less vic-tims to the hunt-er's ar-rows. The In-dians love for his horse, ap-proach-ed ver-y near af-fec-tion of the ten-der-est sort. If he was sick he would watch o-ver him with all the ten-der-ness of a nurse, and if he died he would mourn for him many days. And why should he not? Had not his horse been his on-ly com-pan- ion through man-y drear-y days and through man-y dead-ly perils? What friend had ever been as faith-ful as his gal-lant steed! THE IN-DIAN AND HIS HORSE. j6 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. CHAP-TER VII. IN-DIANS IN ILL-IN-OIS LIFE AND MAN-NERS WAR- FARE. , The In-dian's most ex-alt-ed thought of glo-ry was suc-cess in war. There was no fame like the fame of the in-trep-id, suc-cess-ful war-ri-or. War was not a sci-ence with him; it was an en-thu-si- asm, an all ab-sorb-ing pas-sion. A know-ledge of the art of war was in his thought the high-est at-tain-ment pos-si-ble. The a-ged chief, with paint-ed face and toss- ing feath-ers, re-joic-ed to talk o-ver and o-ver a-gain the sto-ry of his ear-ly ex-ploits, while the young In-dian list-en-ed, and hop-ed that for him there might be some such op-por-tu-ni-ties to man- i-fest his pith, his cour-age, and his prow-ess. The war par-ties of the prair-ie tribes were most-ly vol-un-teers. The lead-er who was am-bi- tious e-nough to at-tempt to raise a war par-ty, must, first of all, have won great fame him-self, or he would get no fol-low-ing. His first ap-peal was al-ways to the pa-tri-ot-ism and cour-age of his friends, and then he would play up-on the su-per- HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 37 sti-tion of the braves, as-sur-ing them that the Great Spir-it had made known to him in dreams, that their en-ter-prise would be suocess-ful, and that THE WAR DANCE. their war-path would be strewn with the dead bod-ies of their foes. Paint-ing them-selves with ver-mill-ion to rep- re-sent blood, and bring-ing such troph-ies as they al-read-y had won, in the shape of scalps, they would com-mence their ter-ri-ble war dance. The war dance was a trag-e-dy in pan-to-mime. The 3 8 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. per-form-ance was an ob-ject les-son hint-ing at the va-ried in-ci-dents of a suc-cess-ful cam-paign. The braves en-ter-ing up-on the war-path ; the post- ing of sen-ti-nels to a-void be-ing sur-pris-ed by the en-em-y; the ad-vance in-to the en-em-y's coun-try; the form-a-tion of am-bus-cades to strike the un-wa-ry foe; the strife and carn-age of bat-tie; the fall of the foe be-neath the ter-ri-ble crash of the war-club or tom-a-hawk; the re-treat of the en-em-y; the scalp-ing of the slain; the feast-ing of vul-tures on the dead bod-ies; the tri-umph-ant re-turn of the war-ri-ors; all was wrought out in won-der-ful mim-ic show. Af-ter the war dance, these ex-cit-ed vol-un- teers start-ed on the war path. On the eve of their de-part-ure some ven-er-a-ble chief would ad- dress them with in-spir-ing words. Here is the re-port of a speech that was ad- dress-ed by an old war-ri-or to a com-pa-ny of young braves who were go-ing forth to war : "Now, my brothers," he said, "de-part with con-fi-dence. Let your cour-age be might-y, your hearts big, your feet light, your eyes o-pen, your smell keen, your ears at-ten-tivc, your skins proof a-gainst heat, cold wa-ter and fire. If the en-em-y should prove too pow-er-ful, re-mem-ber that your lives are-pre-cious, and that one scalp lost by you, 4 o HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. is one cause of shame brought up-on your na-tion. There-fore, if it be ne-ces-sa-ry, do not hes-i-tate to fly, and in that case be as wa-ry as the ser-pent, and con-ceal your-selves with the skill of the fox, or of the squir-rel. But al-though you run a-way, do not for-get that you are men, that you are true war-ri-ors, and that you must not fear the foe. Wait a-while and your time will come. Then when your en-em-y is in your pow-er, and you can as- sail him with ad-van-tage, fling all your ar-rows at him, and when they are all ex-haust-ed, come to close quar-ters, strike, knock down, and let your tom-a-hawks be drunk with blood." These In-dians gen-er-al-ly went forth in par- ties of a-bout for-ty, car-ry-ing with them as im-ple- ments of war-tare, bows and ar-rows, a war-club, an i-ron tom-a-hawk, a stone tom-a-hawk, and al- ways a well-sharp-en-ed scalp-ing knife. These scalp-ing knives were often of bone, but they were al-ways kept in good con-di-tion for the dis-charge of their del-i-cate tasks. Scalp-ing was the meth- od by which the war-ri-or made sure proof of his tri-umph. The num-ber of scalps hang-ing at his gir-dle was the meas-ure of his suc-cess. Scalp-ing was an ex-ceed-ing-ly sim-ple pro- cess. The In-dian seiz-ed his en-em-y by the hair, and by a skill-ful use of his knife, cut and tore HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 41 of-ten-times while his vic-tim was quiv-er-ing with life- -from the top of his head, a large por-tion of the skin. These scalps were pre-serv-ed with the ut-most care, for two rea- sons; first-ly, be- cause the con- quer-or did not want any of the mem-bers of a hos-tile tribe to lay claim to his vic-to- ries; and, sec-ond- ly, be-cause the red man be-liev-ed that the pos-ses- sion of any part of the bod-y of his foe, gave him end- less pow-er o-ver that foe, liv-ing or dead. In war-fare the In-dian's sub-tle-ty was no small se-cret of suc-cess. He had no no-tions of that sense of jus-tice that asks that a man shall meet his foe face to face. To shoot a man down from be- hind a tree was as praise-wor-thy as it was cun-ning. TAK-ING A SCALP! ^2 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. War, in-deed, ra-ther than peace, was the In- dian's glo-ry and de-light; war, not con-duct-ed as in civ-il-i-zed times, but where in-di-vid-u-al skill, en-dur-ance, gal-lant-ryand cru-el-ty were prime re-qui- sites. For such a pur-pose as re-venge, the In-dian would make great sac-ri-fi- ces, and dis-play a pa-tience and per-se-ver-ance tru-ly he-ro-ic; but when the ex- cite-ment was o-ver^ he sank back into a list-less, un-oc-cu-pi-ed, well-nigh use-less sav-age, Dur-ing the in-ter-vals of his more ex-ci-ting pur- suits, the In-dian em-ploy-ed his time in dec-or-a- ting his per-son with all the beau-ty of paint and feath-ers, and in the man-u-fact-ure of his arms and ca-noes. These lat-ter were con-struct-ed of bark, and were so light that they could eas-i-ly be car- ried on the shoul-der from stream to stream. So be-tween hunt-ing, and fish-ing, and fight-ing, the In-dian's time was pret-ty well oc-cu-pied. SHOOT-ING FROM BE-HIND A TREE. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 43 CHAP-TER VIII. IN-DIANS IN ILL-IN-OIS LIFE ANDMAN-NERS RE-LI- GIOUS VIEWS BUR-I-AL OF THE DEAD. The red man of the prair-ies and the for-ests was nat-u-ral-ly re-li-gious. Per-haps some would say that he was on-ly su-per-sti-tious. But at this long dis-tance of time we can well af-ford to ex-er- cise a lit-tle char-i-ty. We do not claim for the In-dian an ex-act and or-der-ly re-li-gious be-lief, but there were some rude el-e-ments of faith that call on-ly for our ad- mi-ra-tion. It is pleas-ant to think that in the old dark days, be-fore the birth of cul-ture and ed-u-ca-tion, the In-dian with his " un-tu-tor-ed mind," did "see God in clouds," and did "hear him in the wind." He be-liev-ed in the one Great Spirit, the might-y Man-i-tou, the Au-thor of Life, the Up-hold-er of the U-ni-verse. He be-liev-ed that this Great Spir-it was all-wise, all-pow-er-ful, and all-good. That he dwelt some-times in the sun, and some- times in the moon, and some-times in the sky. He heard his voice in the roll of the thun-der, 44 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. the crash of the cat-a-ract, and the an-gry waves of the sea. His God was a God of might, of ma-jes- ty, and of re : sist-less pow-er. But the e-vil that a-bound-ed in that ear-ly day, led him to con-elude that there must be a Bad Spir-it, sub-ject al-ways, of course, to the Great Good Spir-it. But the In- dian, who was nat-ur-al-ly fear-less, had ht-tle dread of the spir-it of e-vil; in his rude way he be-liev-ed that God was o-ver all, and that the good would sure-ly tri-umph o-ver the e-vil. An-oth-er im-por-tant point in the sim-ple faith of the In-dian, was a firm and un-shak-en con-fi- dence in the doc-trine of a fu-ture life. Un-train- ed and un-taught as he was, e-ven he was too wise to think that death was the end of the think-ing be-ing. He be-liev-ed that be-yond the grave, be- yond the glo-ry of the West-ern hills there was a land more fair and beau-ti-ful than the prair-ies or the for-ests in their rich-est bloom, or the skies in their cloud-less splen-dor. To what an ex-tent this faith in a fu-ture life laid hold up-on these ear-ly dwell-ers in Ill-in-ois may be gath-er-ed from their modes of bur-i-al. They did not con-tent them-selves with lay-ing the war-ri-or peace-ful-ly to rest, as though all was o-ver. But they laid with him in his grave, his war- club, his bow and ar-rows, his red paint; and some- HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 45 times his horse was slam up-on or near his grave, that he might be read-y to mount and pro-ceed to his place of rest in the land of glo-ry be-yond the set-ting sun. If a wo-man of the tribe died they plac-ed near her a ket-tle, ca-noe pad-dies, and such ar-ti-cles of cloth-ing as she might be sup- pos-ed to re-quire on her march to the hap-py fields of e-ter-nal rest. It was a com-mon thing a-mongst the for-est tribes, to choose as suit-a-ble pla-ces for in-ter- ment, el-e-va-ted spots a-bove the reach of floods. Ver-y of-ten the branch-es of a tree would be us-ed for this pur-pose. In the il-lus-tra-tion of an In- dian grave on page 46, it will be seen that the war-ri-or's horse has been kill-ed, and his bones left to bleach near the ex-alt-ed grave of his dead mas-ter. In a crotch of the tree the dead he-ro's drink-ing tins and oth-er u-ten-sils are plac-ed near, as though the dead man might want them a-gain at some un-ex-pect-ed mo-ment. The bod-ies of the dead were wrap-ped in man-y kinds of grave clothes, and then plac-ed, some-times at full length and some-times in a sit- ting pos-ture, in the rud-est kind of coff-in, which was most fan-ci-ful-ly paint-ed in all sorts of glar- ing col-ors. O-ver all this the dead man's blank- et was stretch-ed, and fast-en-ed to the limbs of HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 47 the trees. As long as any of the bod-y re-main-ed these graves were guard-ed with jeal-ous care. There was a deep rev-er-ence in the mind of the In-dian, both for the dy-ing and the dead. If, in the course of some con-flict, a com-rade had been BEAR-ING THE WOUND-ED FROM THE BAT-TLE FIELD. wound-ed, he was not left to die un-car-ed for and a-lone, but of-ten, at great risk, his com-pan-ions would make a rude lit-ter and bear him a-way from the field of bat-tie, that he might have his wounds dress-ed, or that at least he might die in peace. It was cus-tom-a-ry, where there was a good-ly com-pa-ny of In-dians liv-ing to-geth-er on the lev- el prair-ie lands, to se-lect some place by a riv-er HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. or stream, a lit-tle el-e-va-ted, if pos-si-ble, as the gen-er-al bur-i-al place of the tribe. These an-cient In-dian cem-e-ter-ies pre-sent-ed a ver-y re-mark-a-ble ap-pear-ance. One rea-son for the AN IN-DIAN PRAIR-IE CEM-E-TERY. el-e-va-tion of the bod-ies of the dead, was to keep them free from the on-slaught of wolves and oth-er pests of the prair-ie; and the huge flags that were plac-ed here and there o-ver bod-ies more re-cent- HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 49 i ly in-ter-red, were in-tend-ed to keep off wolves, vul-tures, and other birds of prey. CHAP-TER IX. IN-DIANS IN ILL-IN-OIS LIFE AND MAN-NERS- CEL-LA-NE-OUS. Mis- While the In-dian of this ear-ly date was a man of mark-ed in-di-vid-u-al-i-ty, he had con-sid- er-a-ble re-spect for or-gan-ized ef-fort. To fol-low the chief of his tribe, to yield o-be-di-ence to the or-ders of coun-cils, was with him a point of hon- or. There was a deep rev-er-ence in the heart of the red man for the a-ged mem- bers of his tribe. The Gen-er- al Coun-cils of the In-dians were com-pos-ed of the chiefs and old men of the tribe. When in coun-cil they sat in cir-cles round the speak-er. It was not IN-DIANS IN COUN-CIL. 50 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. thought good man-ners to ap-plaud, so the grave list-en-ers sat in sol-emn si-lence, save now and then when an ap-prov-ing grunt would es-cape some un-guard-ed lips. Be-fore be-gin-ning bus-i- ness, a brave ap-pear-ed with the sa-cred pipe, and then an-oth-er brought fire to light it, Af-ter the pipe was ful-ly a-light, it was pre-sent-ed to the heav-ens, then to the earth, then to the Great Spir- it, and last-ly, to the chiefs pres-ent, each of whom took a whiff, and then the prop-er bus-i-ness of the Coun-cil be-gan. . The lan-guage of the In-dians con-sist-ed of on-ly a few words com-par-a-tive-ly speak-ing, and so, like the an-cient Jews, they had to make up in fig-ures of speech, what they lack-ed in lang-uage. Yet, if the speech-es that were de-liv-er-ed in these coun-cils could be col-lect-ed in a vol-ume, it would form one of the most in-ter-est-ing books in the whole lit-er-a-ture of el-o-quence. One of the most gift-ed of all the great In-dian or-a-tors was Pon- ti-ac, of whom we shall hear more la-ter on. The so-cial in-stincts of the In-dians were de- vel-op-ed grad-u-al-ly as the years pass-ed on. Of a mo-rose and ta-ci-turn dis-po-si-tion, they be-came more gen-i-al and kind by in-ter-course with oth-er ra-ces of men, and in time they be-gan to man-i- fest a fine spir-it of cour-te-sy and hos-pi-tal-i-ty. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 51 Strang-ers would oc-ca-sion-al-ly vis-it their camps, and if once they were as-sur-ed that these vis-its were not with hos-tile in-tent, they would put a-side all sus-pi-cion and bid them wel-come to their wig- wams, their corn and their pipes of peace. And if, af-ter some such pleas-ant in-ter-view, these strang-ers should re- turn af-ter their bus-i- ness was com-plete, they would be sure of a most cor-di-al greet-ing. The chief of the tribe would go forth to the verge of the camp-ing ground, and with the right hand stretch-ed forth would speak the words of wel-come : "I- tah! I-tah! Good be with you! Come and eat!" But wo be-tide the man who should be- tray this hoS-pi-tal-i-ty, I ' TAH! '-H!-GOOD BE WITH YOU." as was of-ten done ; it would only be a ques-tion of time, and that not long, be-fore his scalp would hang at the belt of some brave of the in-sult-ed tribe. 52 HISTORY . OF ILLINOIS. Some-times de-tail-ed re-cords of these oc-ca- sions were kept, in crude In-dian fash-ion, es-pe- cial-ly if the trav-el-ing par-ty was a large and im- por-tant one. A care-ful ex-am-i-na-tion of the ac-com-pa-ny- ing spe-ci-men of In-dian re-cords, will serve to show, at least, that these dusk-y chil-dren of the for-est and the prair-ie were not with-out con-sid- er-a-ble bus-i-ness tact, and a keen sense of or-der. There were no news-pa-pers in those times to an- nounce, that on a cer-tain day, a com-pa-ny of white men with In-dian guides, had been en-ter- tain-ed at Ca-ho-kia, or De-ca-tur, or at Sa-van-na, a fa-vor-ite place of meet-ing, just un-der the shad- ow of In-dian Rock. Such en-ter-tain-ments were fre-quent, and the re-cords of them were care-ful-ly kept. The par-tic-u-lar ac-count here pre-sent-ed, shows that on this oc-ca-sion, a com-pa-ny of four-teen whites and two In-dians had spent the night at some giv-en point, and had far-ed well. The com-pa-ny in this case was ev-i-dent-ly a sur-vey-ing par-ty with a mil-i-tary es-cort. No. i rep-re-sents, some-what rude-ly, the com- mand-ing of-fi-cer, sword in hand; No. 2, the sec- re-ta-ry with his book; No. 3, the ge-ol-o-gist with his ham-mer; Nos. 7 and 8, are In-dian guides. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 53 SPE-CI-MEN OF IN-DIAN RE-CORDS. as is in-di-ca-ted by -their not wear-ing hats; Nos. 9 and 10, in-di-cate the white sol-diers with their arms; Nos. i i and i 2, show that, amongst oth- er things, they had en-joy-ed the lux-u-ries of prair-ie chicken and real turtle at their feast; Nos. 13, 14, 15, show that three camp fires had burn-ed in hon-or of the par-ty; and the in-cli-na- tion of the poles in the hands of the guides, show that the guests had pur-sued their jour-ney in an east-er-ly di-rec-tion. The bit-ter-ness and cru-el vin-dic-tive-ness of which the red man was some-times ca-pa-ble, was seen in his va-ri-ous modes of re-venge. In fair, o-pen fight, he was for the most part dis-pos-ed to fight fair-ly; but when it came to be a ques-tion of ven-geance, his fu-ry knew no bounds. The poi- son-ed ar-row was one of the fa-vor-ite weap-ons of his uh-bound-ed ha-tred. A ven-er-a-ble In-dian ar-row ma-ker thus ex- 54 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. plains how the In-dians used to poi-son their ar- rows:- -"First, we take a bloat-ed yel-low rat-tle- snake in Au-gust, and tie him with a fork-ed stick to a stake. Then we an-noy and tease him till he is in a great rage. We then take the liv-er of some an-i-mal--a deer or an an-te-lope. The snake will strike at it a-gain and a-gain with its poi-son-ous fangs, and very soon the liv-er will turn jet black. Ar-rows are then brought, and their i-ron heads are push-ed in-to the black liv-er up to the shaft. They are left stick-ing there for an hour, and then they are dried in the sun, and so pow-er- ful is the poi-son, that if these ar-rows but touch raw flesh, death is speed-y and cer-tain. But the In-dians have long since giv-en up the cru-el use of these dead-ly weap-ons. In con-clud-ing this sketch of In-dian life and man-ners, we must not o-mit a no-tice, how-ev-er brief, of the a-muse-ments in which es-pe-cial-ly the young-er In-dians in-dulg-ed. The pas-times of the Ln-dian were sim-ple, lim-it-ed, and crude. Yet there was no lack of real en-joy-ment, for if the games were few, the play-ers en-ter-ed in-to such plea-sure as they gave, with the great-est zest. Mr. Ell-i-ott, a great au-thor-i-ty on In-dian life and man-ners, says: "An In-dian youth, al-though in-tense-ly in-ter-est-ed in a game from the be-gin- \ HOW IN-DIANS POI-SON-ED THEIR AR-ROWS. 55 5 6 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. ning to the end, ap-pear-ed to be just as well pleas-ed, and laugh-ed just as heart-i-ly, when beat-en as when vic-to-ri-ous. If the game was a gamb-ling one, as were most of their games of skill, he would un-con-cern-ed-ly part with his last piece of cloth-ing, laugh-ing as cheer-ful-ly as when he be-gan the game." The boys had their ball games, both "shin-ny" and foot-ball ; they flew kites made of fish blad- ders ; spun their rude tee-to-tums ; play-ed at tag, hide and seek, blind man's buff, hunt the slip-per, and all such mer-ry de-lignts. The girls had their dolls, and though the boys and girls did not of-ten play to-geth-er, they might some-times be seen en- gag-ed in those time-hon-or-ed oc-cu-pa-tions of keep-ing house or wig-warn, and mak-ing pies of the rich, yield-ing mud of the prair-ies. With the men of the In-dian tribes, one of the fa-vor-ite games of the win-ter was play-ing ball or "shin-ny" on the ice. And al-though the game was some-times of a most ex-ci-ting char-ac-ter, it was gen-er-al-ly con-duct-ed with great good hu- mor. They had been brought up to re-gard a game as a thing to be en-joy-ed for its own sake. Fight-ing was one thing, play-ing was an-oth-er. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 57 CHAP-TER X. FIRST WHITE MEN IN ILL-IN-OIS- -MAR-QUETTE AND JOL-I-ET. Chief a-mongst the first white men who trod the prair-ies and sail-ed the riv-ers of Ill-in-ois, and made a def-i-nite mark on the his-to-ry of this hap-py and pros-per-ous re-gion, were Jac-ques Mar-quette, and Lou-is Jol-i-et. The for-mer was a Jes-u-it mis-sion-a-ry, born in France in 1637; the lat-ter was an ex-plor-er who was born of French pa-rents, at Que-bec, in Can-a-da, in the year 1645. Ear-ly in the Sev-en-teenth Cen-tu-ry, a-bout the time the " May-flow-er" sail-ed out from South- amp-ton wa-ter, a num-ber of de-vout French mis- sion-a-ries of the or-der of the So-ci-e-ty of Je-sus an or-der form-ed by a Span-ish Knight of the Six-teenth Cen-tury, named Ig-na-tius Loy-o-la made up their minds to come to A-mer-i-ca and tell the sto-ry of the life and teach-ings of Je-sus Christ to the In-dians. These earn-est, ho-ly men, made their, head- quar-ters at Mon-tre-al, in Can-a-da, where there 5 8 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. were a Cath-e-dral and a very large school, not so much de-sign-ed for the gen-er-al ed-u-ca-tion of the peo-ple, as for the train-ing of young men for the priest-hood, and for this great work of bear-ing the gos-pel to those who dwelt on the prair-ies, and on the banks of the riv-ers and the great lakes. One of their num-ber, Fa-ther Al-lou-ez, is said to have jour-ney-ed hun-dreds of miles far-ther west than any pre-vi-ous ex-plor-er. In the year 1667, he first heard of the Ill-in-ois In-dians, whom he great-ly de-sir-ed to vis-it. Fa-ther Al-lou-ez had a great am-bi-tion to do some-thing to-wards u-ni-ting all the In-dian tribes of the West. To this end he thought it would be a good thing to hold a con-fer-ence of the chiefs of the va-ri-ous tribes, at Green Bay. In car-ry-ing out this plan, he sent Nich-o-las Per-rot to the site on which the city of Chi-ca-go now stands, to in-vite the chiefs of an In-dian tribe liv-ing in that neigh-bor-hood to join the coun-cil of peace. Per-rot reach-ed the banks of the Chi-ca-go riv-er in the au-tumn of 1670, and was prob-a-bly the first white man who set his foot up-on the prair-ie soil of Ill-in-ois. What came of this pro-pos-ed con-fer-ence we are not told. Mar-quette and Jol-i-et set out on their long jour-ney of ex-plo-ra-tion, in which they were ver-y HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 59 anx-ious to vis-it the tribes of In-dians all a-long the banks of the Mis-sis-sip-pi, and to dis-cov-er any oth-er tribes who might be dwell-ing in-land. They left Mack-in-aw in May, 1673. Coast-ing a-long the north-ern shore of Lake Mich-i-gan they en-ter-ed Green Bay, and pass-ed thence up the Fox riv-er and Lake Win-ne-ba-go till they came to a vil-lage of the Mas-cou-tins and Mi- am-is. At this vil-lage they found a good-ly num- ber of In-dians, and what glad-den-ed them most of all was to see a cross plant-ed in the midst of the place, de-co-ra-ted with some of the most val- ued of In-dian im-ple-ments. They were in-tro- duc-ed with great cer-e-mo-ny to a coun-cil of chiefs, when Mar-quette, point-ing to Jol-i-et, said : " My friend is an en-voy from France, to dis-cov-er new coun-tries, and I am an am-bass-a-dor from God, to en-light-en them with the truths of the Gos-pel." The re-quest for guides was cor-di-al-ly re-spond-ed to, and they jour-ney-ed on their way in peace. Ar-riv-ing at the port-age, they car-ri-ed their ca- noes and scan-ty bag-gage to the Wis-con-sin riv-er, a dis-tance of three miles. At this point their guides re-fus-ed to go any far-ther. They did not want' to see the great river, for they said there were de-mons dwell-ing in the riv-er, whose aw-ful voi-ces could be heard for man-y miles. Faint of 60 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. heart, they made the most of the dan-gers of the jour-ney. If they were not de-stroy-ed by the de- mons, they said they were al-most sure to be drown-ed in the riv-er, and if the de-mons and the riv-er spar-ed them, it would on-ly be that they might fall vic-tims to the hos-tile dwell-ers on the shore. But Mar-quette and Jol-i-et were not faint of heart ; they were not to be mov-ed thus eas-i-ly from that great pur-pose to which they had con-se- cra-ted their lives. They thank-ed the guides for all their kind-ness and help, and for all the in-for- ma-tion they had giv-en them, and then pray-ed with them and said " fare-well." " Fare-well ! Fare-well ! " The guides an-swer-ed, "I-tah! I-tah! Good be with you ! " And as the last guide pass-ed from sight, he was seen to stretch forth his right hand as if in the at-ti-tude of ben-e-dic-tion. Mar-quette and Jol-i-et now turn- FARE- ed their fa-ces to the West. They float-ed gent-ly down the Wis-con-sin riv-er, pass-ing shores and is-lands of rare and match-less beau-ty. At last, came in part, the re-al-i-za-tion of their HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 61 dreams. It was a love-ly sum-mer morn-ing, the i ;th of June, 1673, when, with joy great-er than words could tell, they push-ed their frail barks out on the floods of the lord-ly Mis-sis-sip-pi, the "Great Fa-ther of Wa-ters," as the In-dian lov-ed in la-ter days to call it. For days they pass-ed a con-stant suc-ces-sion of head-lands, sep-a-ra-ted by love-ly val-leys cov-er-ed with ver-dure, and rich with flow-ers of ev-er-y hue and form. By-and-by, great herds of buff-a-lo were seen sweep-ing like clouds a-long the prair-ie, while now and then some tim-id mem-ber of the herd would stand a mo-ment and gaze, as if in de-fi-ance, at the strang-ers who dar-ed to come so near their grass-y realm. As they float-eel on, a hun-dred miles and more from the mouth of the Wis-con-sin riv-er, this ques-tion forc-ed it-self, a-gain and a-gain, up-on the at-ten-tion of Jol-i-et: "Where does this riv-er rise, and in-to what does it flow?" "We will find that out," said Mar-quette, "but we must not for-get that our mis-sion is to seek the souls of the red man of the for-est." As their barks float-ed on the rest-less wa-ters, they watch-ed, with ea-ger eyes, for the faint-est trace of the In-dian. All things come to those who watch and wait,. 62 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. and to these ear-ly voy-a-gers there came at last, what they so much long-ed to see, the sign of hu- man foot-prints on the east-ern shore of the Mis- sis-sip-pi. Care-ful-ly se-cur-ing their ca-noes by fast-en- ing them to trees, they as-cend-ed the bank of the riv-er, and fol-low-ed, with joy-ful hearts, the long sought In-dian trail. Af-ter walk-ing a-bout six miles they came to an In-dian vil-lage, from which four In-dians came out to meet them, whose friend- ly dis-po-si-tion was seen in the fact that they brought with them their pipes of peace, their cal-u- mets, bril-liant with col-or-ed plumes. As Mar- quette and his com-pan-ion drew near, the In-dians sa-luted them in the mem-o-ra-ble words- "We are Ill-in-ois! We are men!" As soon as Mar-quette told them of the mis- sion of him-self and his friend, a most hearty in-vi- ta-tion was of-fer-ed to en-ter their vil-lage and a-bide with them for a time. Here they were pre- sent-ed to the chief of the tribe, who gave them a true In-dian wel-come. "How beau-ti-ful the sun shines, oh! French- men," he said, "when you come to vis-it us." Af-ter Mar-quette --whom the In-dians call-ed "Black-gown," hav-ing ref-er-ence to his priest-ly at-tire--had more full-y ex-plain-ed to the chief HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 63 the re-li-gious motives that had led him to seek out these Sons of the For-est, the chief fur-ther re-pli-ed. "I thank the Black-gown, and thee, al-so," point-ing to Jol-i-et, ''for com-ing to vis-it us. Nev-er has the earth been so beau-ti-ful, and nev- er has the sun shone so bright-ly as to-day. Nev- er has our riv-er been so calm and so free from rocks. Your ca-noes have swept them a-way. Nev-er has our to-bac-co had so fine a fla-vor, nor. our corn so prom-is-ing as we see it to-day, now that you are with us! "Here is my son," con-tin-ued the chief, giv- ing to the French-men a lit-tle boy who had been cap-tur-ed from an-oth-er tribe, and one the chief had a-dopt-ed. "I give him to you that you may know our hearts. I im-plore you to take pit-y up-on me and all my fol-low-ers. You know the Great Spir-it who has made us all ! Ask him to give life, and come and dwell a-mong us that we may know him." The lit-tle boy was then pre-sent-ed to Mar- quette, and at the same time a rich-ly or-na-ment- ed peace pipe, the chief add-ing- "This is the sa-cred cal-u-met. Where-ev-er you bear it, it sig-ni-fies peace. All our tribes will re-spect it, and it will pro-tect you from harm ! " 6 4 HISl^ORY OF ILLINOIS. The next day a grand ban-quet was giv-en, con-s 4 ist-ing for the most part, of hom-i-ny, fish, buff-a-lo, and dog's-meat. The French-men great- ly en-joy-ed the re-past, though they ate ver-y spar-ing-ly of the dog's-meat, which some-what as- ton-ish-ed the Jn-dians, who re-gard-ed dog's-meat as a ver-y great del-i-ca-cy. Af-ter stay-ing with this hos-pit-a-ble tribe for a sea-son, Mar-quette and Jol-i-et re-solv-ed to _ fol-low the course of the Mis-sis-sip- pi. A num- ber of the In-dians ac- com-pa-ni-ed them to the riv-er bank, and bid-ding them a most kind-ly fare- well, wav-ed their arms till the boats float-ed be-yond the reach of their vi-sion. Mar-quette and Jol-i-et, and their com-pan- .ions, de-scend-ed the Mis-sis-sip-pi till they were per-fect-ly sat-is-fied that the Great Fa-ther of Wa- MAR-QUETTE AND JOL-I-ET DE-SCEND-ING THE MIS- SIS-SIP-PI RIV-ER. 66 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. * ters emp-tied its floods in-to the Gulf of JMex-i-co. They then re-turn-ed, and hav-ing reach-ed the 39th de-gree of north lat-i-tude, en-ter-ed the 111- in-ois riv-er, and fol-low-ed it to its source. The tribe of Ill-in-ois In-dians who dwelt on the banks of this riv-er urg-ed Mar-quette to stay .and live with them. But ex-press-ing a de-sire to con-tin-ue his trav-els, he was con-duct-ed by one of the chiefs and sev-er-al war-ri-ors of the tribe, to Chic-a-go, in the neigh-bor-hood of which, he re- main-ed to preach the Gos-pel to the Mi-am-is, whilst his com-pan-ions re-turn-ed to Que-bec to an-nounce their won-der-ful dis-cov-er-ies. Two years la-ter, Mar-quette en-ter-ed the lit- tle riv-er in the State of Mich-i-gan, call-ed by his name. On its ver-dant bank he e-rect-ed a rude al-tar, said mass af-ter the or-der of the Cath-o-lic church ; and be-ing left a-lone at his own re-quest, he kneel-ed down by the side of the al-tar, and of-fer-ingto the Might-i-est sol-emn thanks-giv-ing for all the guid-ing and pro-tect-ing care of Heav- en, he com-mend-ed his soul to Al-might-y God, and fell in-to the long dream-less sleep that knows nowak-ing. And as one has beau-ti-ful-ly said- "The light breeze from the lake sung his re-qui- em, and the Al-gon-quin na-tion be-came his mourn-ers.' HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 67 Jol-i-et nev-er re-turn-ed West, but de-vo-ted him-self to trade. He died in 1700. CHAP-TER XI. LA SALLE AND TON-TI. Re-ne Rob-ert Cav-al-ier de La Salle, was born in Rou-en, France, on the 22d of No-vem-ber, 1643. His ear-ly days were spent un-der the ver-y shad-ow of that great Cath-o-lic Cath-e-dral of Rou-en, that has been for cen-tu-ries the won- der and ad-mi-ra-tion of the world. In his youth, La Salle was fond of stud-y, in fact books were his chief com-pan-ions on to his ear-ly man-hood. He was train-ed for the priest- hood, and was in-tend-ed for the or-der of the Jes- u-it Mis-sion-a-ries. Af-ter his course of ed-u-ca- tion was com-ple-ted he sail-ed for Can-a-da, where he was ex-pect-ed to de-vote him-self whol-ly to mis-sion-a-ry work. He soon be-came a great fa- vor-ite with the In-dian tribes. And such was his skill and pow-er of ap-pli-ca-tion, that he soon be- came thor-ough-ly mas-ter of sev-en dif-fer-ent In- dian di-a-lects. 68 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. But he was of a rest-less mood. Nev-er long con-tent with what he had done, he was al-ways look-ing out to some-thing be-yond. Dur-ing the win-ter of 1668-9, he had en-ter-tain-ed a band of Sen-e-ca In-dians at his fort on the St. Law-ence, and they fill-ed him full of en-thu-si-asm con-cern- ing the O-hi-o riv-er, which took its rise in their ter-ri-to-ry, and ac-cord-ing to their word, flow-ed west-ward a dis-tance of nine month's trav-el by ca-noe. In the sum-merof 1669, he, with four-teen men, set out to ex-plore the O-hi-o riv-er. Af-ter much hard, earn-est work, they found that the O-hi-o emp-tied it-self in-to a great riv-er that flow-ed on and on, un-til it was lost in the far South. The four-teen men who start-ed out with him on this en-ter-prise, be-came dis-heart-en-ed, and de-sert-ed their lead-er. He was now home-less, friend-less, a wan-der-er a-mid the wilds, with-out food or shel-ter. He hv-ed on roots and such ve-ge-ta-bles as the for-est yield-ed. He trust-ed much, and not in vain, to the kind-ness of the In- dians. He went from tribe to tribe, learn-ing their dif-fer-ent lan-gua-ges, and stud-y-ing their va-ri-ous modes of life. He lov-ed the tribes of the red man, and did all he could to make his life . no-ble, and pros-per-ous, and glad. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 6 9 The fame Mar-quette had won, led LaSalle, af-ter man-y re-mark-a-ble and suc-cess-ful ex-ploits, to de-ter-mine on ex-plor-ing the in-te-ri-or of 111- in-ois, and then to push his way to the un-dis-cov- er-ed glo-ries of the Mis-sis-sip-pi Val-ley. He left a small fort he had e-rect-ed on the St. Jo-seph riv-er, in charge of ten men, and de-scend-ed the Ill-in-ois as far as Lake Pe-o-ria, where he met large num-bers of In-dians, who, anx-ious to ob- tain ax-es and fire-arms, were quite read-y to of-fer him the pipe of peace, and to prom-ise a friend-ly al-li-ance. He was glad of this heart-y and cor- di-al re-cep-tion. And when La Salle spoke of set-tling French col-o-nies in this re-gion, the joy of the In-dians knew no bounds. They were read-y to do ev-er-y-thing for him he de-sir-ed. They went so far as to of-fer to give him a safe and trust-y es-cort to the Mis-sis-sip-pi. But La Salle's means were all ex-haust-ed. He had man-ag-ed to build a fort, which he call-ed Creve Cceur La Salle, and he had al-so es-tab- lish-ed a trad-ing post at this spot. The on-ly chance he saw of pur-su-ing his ex-plo-ra-tions suc- cess-ful-ly, was for him to go to Can-a-da and get the need-ful aid. Ac-cord-ing-ly, leav-ing Ton- ti, in charge of the fort and the trad-ing post, La Salle set out on foot for Can-a-da. 7with fu-ry--a tem-pest of thun-der and fire a hail-storm of shot and shell. And when night clos-ed down the bat-tie was end- ed, and we were mas-ters of the field. Some of the reg-i-ments that went in-to that aw-ful con-flict strong, came out with but thir-ty men, and one that went in 200 strong, in the morn-ing, came out with fif-teen men! But thou-sands of the en-em-y bit the dust that day, and though com-pell-ed to to fight in front and rear, our arms were crown-ed with vic-to-ry." It would re-quire a whole his-to-ry to re-count the he-ro-ic deeds of this brave son of Ill-in-ois. One of the most re-mark-a-ble pa-ges of that his- to-ry calls back the mem-o-ry of the bat-tie of Vicks- burg, the blow-ing up of the " Mal-a-koff," and the des-per-ate hand to hand fight-ing in the cra-ter. For his val-or in this great con-flict, he had the hon-or of lead-ing the tri-um-phal en-try in-to Vicks- burg. He was al-so made Mil-i-ta-ry Gov-ern-or of the city, and was a-dorn-ed with a med-al. On an-oth-er oc-ca-sion, just af-ter the close of / 7 2 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. the war, by a bold and time-ly in-ter-fer-ence, he sav-ed the people of Ral-eigh, N. C., from the rage of a vast num-ber of U-ni-on sol-diers who were en-camp-ed near the cit-y. The news of the as- sas-sin-a-tion of Lin-coin made them mad with blind, wild fu-ry. They swore they would wreak their ven-geance on the city of Ral-eigh, and give ev-er-y soul, men, wo-men and chil-dren, to the sword. Lo-gan, with bared head and drawn sword, rush-ed in front of a crowd of these fu-ri-ous men who had start-ed, with burn-ing brands, to do this dead-ly work. He threat-en-ed with in-stant death, the first man who should lay hands on the m-no-cent and un-pro-tect-ed peo-ple. The crowd fell back, calm-er thoughts brought bet-ter feel- ings, and the peo-ple of Ral-eigh were sav-ed by the time-ly cour-age of John A. Lo-gan. Af-ter the war, Lo-gan gave his time and thought to his law bus-i-ness, and to pol-i-tics. His zeal-ous po-lit-i-cal friends were con-stant-ly sug-gest-ing his name as a suit-a-ble can-di-date for the Pres-i-den- cy. His name was pre-sent-ed to the Re-pub-li- can Con-ven-tion of 1 884. He with-drew his name in fa-vor of the Hon. James G. Elaine, and was sub-se-quent-ly nom-i-na-ted for the vice-Pres-i-den- cy. He re-ceiv-ed 779 votes, af-ter which the vote was made u-nan-i-mous. In the e-lec-tion of 1884 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. i 73 the Re-pub-li-can tick-et was de-feat-ed. Lo-gan af-ter-wards made a gal-lant fight for the Ill-in-ois Seh-a-tor-ship, in which he was suc-cess-ful. In the month of De-cem-ber, 1886,' the Gen- er-al was seiz-ed with an at-tack of rheu-ma-tism, which grew worse as the month grew old-er, yet no real dan-ger was ap-pre-hend-ed. But on Sun-day, the 26th, the daunt-less war-ri-or died. The last word he spoke was "Ma-ry," the name of his be- lov-ed and hon-or-ed wife. CHAP-TER XXIX. MEN OF ILL-IN-OIS IN THE WAR OF THE RE-BELL-ION. The world has nev-er seen a race of brav-er sol-diers, than the gal-lant "boys" sent by Ill-in-ois to fight the bat-ties of the Re-bell-ion. They were as quick to re-spond to the call of du-ty, as they were brave to do and suf-fer when the time for fight-ing came. Ill-in-ois made a most hon-or-a-ble re-cord in the case of the Mex-i-can War, of 1846. Eight thou-sand, three hun-dred and sev-en-ty men of- fer-ed them-selves, though on-ly 3,720 could be ac-cept-ed. i 7 4 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. But when the war of the Re-bell-ion came, the dif-fi-cul-ty was not to get men who were read-y for the fight, but to keep back those who were too eag-er for the fray. Dur-ing the year 1861, the re- sponse to Lin-coin's call was grand-ly an-swer-ed. The first reg-i-ment took for its name the Sev-enth Ill-in-ois, be-cause of the first six num-bers hav-ing been giv-en to the reg-i-ments of the Mex-i-can War. Reg-i-ments from the Sev-enth to the Fif-ty- sev-enth in-clu-sive, and the Fif-ty-sev-enth, Fif-ty- eighth and Fif-ty-ninth, all en-ter-ed this year, be-side the Ill-in-ois Cav-l-ry, from the First to the Thir-teenth in-clu-sive. The great mus-ter-ing cen-tres were Camp But-ler, near Spring-field, and Camp Doug-las, in Chic-a-go, at the foot of Thir- ty-fifth street where the Doug-las Mon-u-ment stands. It was need-ful to guard Cai-ro and the south- ern por-tion of the State with great care from Con- fed-er-ate in-va-sion. Dur-ing the pro-gress of the War sev-er-al boats were cap-tur-ed at Cai-ro on their way south, load-ed with arms and am-mu-ni- tion. A brave stroke of bus-i-ness was done by Cap- tain Stokes and the Sev-enth Ill-in-ois reg-i-ment at the ver-y be-gin-ning of the War. An or-der was sent from Con-gress to the Au-thor-i-ties of SCENE IN LIN-COLN PARK, CHIC-A-GO. 175 i 7 6 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Ill-in-ois to ob-tain arms from the Ar-sen-al at St. Lou-is. But St. Lou-is was over-run by Con-fed- er-ate spies; and Con-fed-er-ate troops were scat- ter-ed se-cret-ly all a-bout the cit-y. But Cap-tain Stokes, nothing daunt-ed, with 700 men raid-ed the Ar-sen-al, and seiz-ed 20,000 mus-kets, 500 car-bines and 500 pis-tols. Ill-in-ois put in-to her own reg-i-ments for the U-m-ted States Gov-ern-ment, 256,000 men. Her to-tal years of ser-vice a-mount-ed to 600,000. She en-roll-ed men from eight-een to for-ty-five years of age, when Lin-coin on-ly ask-ed for those from twen- ty to for-ty-five. Her en-roll-ments were al-ways in ex-cess of the de-mand. Be-side all the or-di-na-ry claims, Ill-in-ois sent 20,844 men for nine-ty or a hun-dred days, for whom no cred-it was ask-ed. There were strange, sad sights to be wit-ness-ed in Ill-in-ois in those days. In some coun-ties, such as Mon-roe, forex-am-ple, ev-er-y a-blebod-ied man went to the War; and all o-ver the State, moth-ers and daugh-ters went in-to the fields to raise the grain and keep the chil-dren to-geth-er, while the fa-thers and lov-ers and el-der broth-ers went to fight for the sa-cred flag of free-dom. In one case a fa-ther and four sons re-solv-ed that one must stay at home, so they pull-ed straws from a stack, and the boys man-ag-ed that the HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. *93 of Chic-a-go, neith-er is it eas-y to tell of the grand re-sponse made by the whole coun-try, and, in-deed, by the whole civ-il-iz-ed world, to these suf-fer-ers in the hour of their sore dis-tress. The gen-er-ous giv-ing that mark-ed that month of Oc-to-ber, 1871, forms a page of mod-ern his- SCENE ON THE CHIC-A-GO RIVER. to-ry of which hu-man-i-ty may well be proud, and for which Chic-a-go will al-ways be grate-ful. The fol-low-ing par-a-graph from a Chic-a-go pa-per of Oc-to-ber i3th, shows what the peo-ple of the sad cit-y felt : "THE CHRIST-LIKE CHAR-I-TY.- -The re-sponse 194 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. of the peo-ple of the U-ni-ted States to the ap-pall- ing ca-lam-i-ty which has o-ver-ta-ken our cit-y, has no par-al-lel in the his-to-ry of the world since Christ died for our sins. We can-not re-turn our thanks for their lov-ing kind-ness. Words fal-ter on our lips. On-ly our stream-ing eyes can tell how deep-ly we feel their good-ness." On Oc-to-ber gth, the Cit-y Coun-cil of Pitts- burg pledg-ed $100,000 to the Chic-a-go suf-fer- ers. St. Lou-is, Cin-cin-nat-i and other cit-ies had al-read-y done the same. At an in-for-mal meet- ing in Pitts-burg, on Tues-day, $20,000 was paid o-ver on the spot by cit-i-zens, and be-fore Wed- nes-day the a-mount had been rais-ed to $100,000. AtLou-is-ville,pri-vate sub-scrip-tions a-mount-ing to near-ly $100,000 were rais-ed in ten hours. On Mon-day, Oc-to-ber gth, be-fore the fire had ceas-ed burn-ing, Ter-re Haute, In-di-an-a, had a train load of pro-vi-sions en-route to the scene of suf-fer- ing. Sev-er-al car loads of pro-vi-sions were ship- ped from In-dian-ap-o-lis on the same e-ven-ing, and $10,000 in cash paid o-ver by the cit-i-zens for gen-er-al re-lief. Thir-ty thou-sand dol-lars more was sub-scrib-ed. Long be-fore noon on Oc-to-ber 9th, while the fire was still burn-ing, the peo-ple of Cai-ro, Ill-in- ois, were load-ing a re-lief train. Hal-li-day HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 777 home-stay-ing straw should fall in-to the fa-ther's hand. So the boys went and the fa-ther stay-ed at home. But three days la-ter, the fa-ther went in-to camp, say-ing, that moth-er and the girls "guess-ed they could get the crops in with-out him," and he'd come to fight a-long-side the boys. Man-y church-es sent ev-er-y one of their male mem-bers to the War. Where the "boys" of 111- in-ois went, they went to win. The great-est vic- to-ries were all fought in the West. When all look-ed dark, the men of Ill-in-ois were march-ing down the riv-er, and di-vid-ing the sol-id pow-er of the Con-fed-er-a-cy. When Sher-man march-ed to the Sea, he took with him for-ty-five reg-i-ments of Ill-in-ois in-fant- ry, three com-pa-nies of ar-til-ler-y, and one com- pa-ny of cav-al-ry. To all ru-mors of Sher-man's de-feat, the trust-ful Lin-coin said: "No! It is im-pos-si-ble ; there is a might-y sight of fight in 100,000 Western Men!" And so it prov-ed. For the men of Ill-in-ois brought home 300 bat-tie flags; and the first flag that was un-fold-ed to the breeze at Rich-mond, when the War was end-ed, was a ban-ner from Ill-in-ois! 178 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. CHAP-TER XXX. CHIC-A-GO THE GREAT MAR-VEL OF MOD-ERN CIT-IES. It would re-quire a vol-ume man-y times the size of this lit-tle book to sketch in mere out-line the won-der-ful his-to-ry of the cit-y of Chic-a-go. It is eas-y to see, there-fore, that with the small space at our com-mand, we can on-ly give at best a bird's-eye view of this ro-man-tic sto-ry of cit-y life. There is no ex-trav-a-gance in speak-ing of Chic-a-go as the great-est mar-vel of the Prair-ie State. An en-thu-si-as-tic writ-er, not him-self a na-tive of Chic-a-go, or of Ill-in-ois, says: "This mys-te-ri-ous, ma-jes-tic ? might-y cit-y, born first of wa-ter and next of fire ; sown in weak- ness, and rais-ed in pow-er; plant-ed a-mong the wil-lows of the marsh, sleep-ing on the bo-som of the prair-ie, and rock-ed on the wa-ters of the lake ; with schools e-clips-ing Al-ex-an-dria and Ath-ens; with lib-er-ties great-er than those of the old re-pub- lics, with a he-ro-ism e-qual to that of Carth-age, and a sancrti-ty sec-ond on-ly to that of Je-ru-sa- lem ; set your thoughts on all this,--lift-ed in-to HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. i 79 the eyes of all men by the mir-a-cle of its growth, il-lu-min-a-ted by the flame of its fall, and trans-fig- ur-ed by the di-vin-i-ty of its res-ur-rec-tion,--and you will feel .as I do, the ut-ter im-pos-si-bil-i-ty of com-pass-ing this sub-ject as it de-serves." The first set-tier in Chic-a-go is said to have been Jean Bap-tis-te Pointe au Sa-ble, a mu-latt-o from the West In-dies, who came and be-gan to trade with the In-dians in 1796. John Kin-zie be-came his suc-cess-or in 1804, when Fort Dear- born was built. From that time till a-bout the time of the Black Hawk War in 1832, Chic-a-go was on-ly a trad-ing post. And there are those liv- ing to-day who can re-call some of the quaint-est and most prim-i-tive scenes in the ver-y streets where now a com-merce, em-brac-ing in its deal-ings the whole civ-il-iz-ed world, sways its mag-ic pow-er. Man-y strange sights were seen in these ear-ly Chic-a-go days, that if seen now, would cre-ate quite a sen-sa-tion. For ex-am-ple: a com-pa-ny of wan-der-ing In-dians would come a-long, to dis- pose of their bead-work and oth-er pro-ducts, and to buy their win-ter stores. A large bas-ket on one arm, and a fair-siz-ed chub-by pap-poose in the oth-er, was a heav-y bur-den for the In-dian moth-er, who would some-times lean her dus-ky ba-by a-gainst the wall, and some-times, when the i8o HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. dogs came a-long and lick-ed the ^face of the help- less child, she would hang her lit-tle trea-sure to the sad-die horns of the near-est po-ny. Then in sheer mis-chief the mer-ry young fel-lows of the lit-tle trad-ing post, would un-fast-en the po-ny and set him trot-ting, just for the fun of see-ing the half fran-tic squaw rush wild-ly to the res-cue of her child. Some times these prac-ti-cal jokes would end in a quar-rel, es-pe-cial-ly if the pap-poose was in-jur-ed in any way, but gen-er-al-ly the po-ny was caught be-fore an-y harm was done. Of course, Chic-a-go owes much to its ge-o- graph-i-cal po-si-tion. The Chic-a-go nv-er, of those ear-ly days, reach-ed back in-to the prair-ie with-in a ver-y short dis-tance of the Des Flames, with which it has since been u-ni-ted, leav-ing on-ly a short port-age to be made in a jour-ney from the far east-ern lakes to the mouth of the Mis-sis-sip-pi. And la-ter, when the North-west took on its mar- vel-ous de-vel-op-ment, in-vi-ting the great rail-ways of the East in-to har-vest fields al-read-y ripe, there was no route a-vail-a-ble for them but that a-round Lake Mich-i-gan, and through the strug-gling young town just be-yond the foot of the lake But the ear-ly res-i-dents of the place nev-er dream-ed that it would at-tain com-mer-cial prom-i-nence, and the time is still with-in mem-o-ry, when the THE LIT-TLE PAP-POOSE IN DAN GER. 181 182 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. in-hab-i-tants fear-ed the ru-in-a-tion of their town by ca-nals and rail-ways! To-day, how-ev-er, it is the cen-tre of a full third of the rail-way mile-age of the*U-ni-ted States, and the most rap-id-ly pros- per-ing cit-y on the con-ti-nent. The cease-less growth of Chic-a-go is best seen by a glance at the fol-low-ing set of fig-ures. The in-crease from 70 in 1830, to 800,000 in 1888, has come a-bout in this or-der: 1830, - 70 1840, 4,853 1850, - 29,963 1860, - 112,172 1870, - 298,907 1880, - 503.185 1888, :.-'; 800,000 Who can tell to what great di-men-sions this cit-y may yet spread ! At this rate of growth, it is al-most cer-tain that when the Twen-ti-eth Cen-tu-ry dawns up-on the world, Chic-a-go will pos-sess more than a mill-ion in-hab-it-ants. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 183 CHAP-TER XXXI. THE GREAT FIRE OF CHIC-A-GO. Who has not heard of the Great Fire of Chic- a-go? All the world stood in ter-ror and a-maze- ment when the ti-dings of that aw-ful scourge were told from land to land. Who shall un-der-take to tell that aw-ful sto-ry ? The sto-ry nev-er can be per-fect-ly told. For the sketch that fol-lows we are great-ly in-debt-ed to Dres-bach's "His-to- ry of Ill-in-ois," and to the news-pa-per re-ports that have been pre-serv-ed : Fig-ures give but a faint i-dea of this tre-men- v dous ca-lam-i-ty. More than two hun-dred per- sons lost their lives in this aw-ful trag-e-dy. Near-ly one hun-dred thou-sand per-sons found them-selves with-out eith-er homes or the means of ob-tain-ing homes, while no less than 17,450 build-ings, man-y of them ex-treme-ly val-u-a-ble, were de-stroy-ed. The total loss was fig-ur-ed at $190,000,000, up-on which the in-sur-ance com-pa- nies were on-ly a-ble to pay $44,000,000. Thus, the val-ue of $146,000,000 was melt-ed out of ex- ist-ence. The burn-ed a-rea was a to-tal of three 1 84 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. and a third square miles, and the des-ola-tion was so com-plete, that men stood a-round and said, "Chic-a-go is de-stroy-ed; there is no fu-ture for the cit-y at all." On the e-ven-ing of Sun-day, Oc-to-ber 8, 1871, a wo-man, hav-ing to milk at a late hour, took a lamp to the sta-ble with her. By some mis-hap- the sto-ry goes the cow kick-ed, the lamp was over-turn-ed ; the hay caught fire, then the sta-ble; the blaze spread to ad-join-ing sta-bles, sheds and hous-es, kind-ling one of the great-est con-fla-gra- tions re-cord-ed in any cit-y's his-to-ry. A gale was blow-ing from the south-west; there had been a prev-a-lent drouth for some time, and the sec-tion from which the fire had o-rig-i-na-ted was fill-ed with light frame struc-tures, all of which were fa- vor-a-ble for a rap-id ad-vance of the flames. The start-ing point was in the vi-cin-i-ty of DeKo-ven and Jef-fer-son streets, in the West Di-vis-ion, and in the south-west quar-ter of the cit-y, the gen-er- al ad-vance be-ing in a north-east-er-ly di-rec-tion. The flames leap-ed a-cross the riv-er a-bout mid- night. The fire then ad-vanc-ed in a ma-jes-tic col-umn, flank-ed on the right and on the left by less-er col-umns a lit-tle in the rear. The Cham-ber of Com-merce was burn-ed a-bout i o'clock and the Court House iol-low-ed /S6 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. short-ly af-ter. Pris-on-ers con-fin-ed in the base- ment of the lat-ter, hav-ing been freed to save their lives, show-ed their grat-i-ude or de-prav-ed na-tures by plun-der-ing a jew-el-ry store near by. The great bell in the dome went down, sound-ing its own death knell as it fell, and at a-bout the MAP OF THE BURNT DIS-TRICT OF CHIC-A-GO. same hour, 3 o'clock, the large gas-o-me-ter ex- plod-ed with ter-rif-ic vi-o-lence. The Times and Tnb-une build-ings, Cros-by's mag-ni-fi-cent Op- e-ra House, Sher-man, Tre-mont and Palm-er Ho-tels, U-ni-on Bank, Mer-chants' In-sur-ance Build-ing, of-fice of the West-ern U-ni-on Tel-e- graph, Post-of-fice, McVick-er's The-a-tre, and HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 187 nu-mer-ous oth-er ed-i-fi-ces crum-bled be-fore the fur-nace heat of ad-vanc-ing flames. Not less than $2,000,000 worth of treas-ure was de-stroy-ed in the post-of-fice vaults. While the peo-ple in the North Di-vi-sion were gaz-ing up-on the burn-ing dome of the Court House, ex-press-ing sym-pa-thy for the pit-i-a-ble con-di-tion of the wretch-ed and their home-less friends, they were sud-den-ly a-wa-ken-ed to a sense of their own per-51- -the fire, by un-ac-count-a-ble means, reach-ed the en-gine house of the wa-ter- works, thus cut-ting off that means of fight-ing the fire, and hem-ming in a vast re-gion, with fire on the south. The flames swept on till they spent them-selves on the north ; were stop-ped by the beach along the lake, and were ar-rest-ed from go- ing far-ther south-ward by blow-ing up build-ings. It is said this work was su-per-in-tend-ed by Gen- er-al Sher-i-dan. On-ly two build-ings,- -Lirid's block, a brick ed-i-fice with i-ron shut-ters, stand- ing by it-self in the South Di-vi-sion, and the res-i- dence of Mah-lon Og-den, in the North Di-vi-sion, were left in all the scourg-ed re-gion. No lan-guage is ad-e-quate to de-scribe the hor- rors and mis-er-y of the night of the 8th and the fol-low-ing day. A hun-dred thou-sand peo-ple were driv-en from their homes to es-cape, if pos-si- 1 88 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. ble, the mad, seeth-ing fire, on-ly to be im-pe-ded by the e-qual-ly mad and fran-tic throng. In the vi-cin-i-ty of Gris-wold, Quin-cy, Jack-son and Wells streets, where pov-er-ty, mis-er-y and vice were heap-ed to-geth-er in squal-id, rick-et-y hous-es, the scene was ap-pall-ing. Peo-ple rush-ing half clad through the streets; curs-es, pray-ers, shouts, screams, and rude mer-ri-ment, blend-ing their weird sounds ; stores and sa-loons were thrown o-pen by own-ers, or bro-ken in-to by thieves. Here they fought o-ver spoils un-til driv-en on-ward by ap-proach-ing fire, then rush-ed in-to a sway-ing crowd craz-ed with ex-cite-ment or li-quor, on-ly to in-crease the hor-ror of the sur-round-ings. The low-est fig-ure at which a hack or con-vey- ance could be ob-tain-ed was $10, and reach-ing as high as $50. It not un-fre-quent-ly hap-pen-ed, e-ven at the last price, a driv-er would start with a load of ar-ti-cles, drive a short dis-tance, then stop and in-crease the price, or de-mand im-me-di-ate pay-ment. If the de-mand was not com-pli-ed with, off went the goods in-to the street to be pil- lag-ed by ''roughs," tram-pled un-der foot, or con- sum-ed by the flames. Oc-ca-sion-al-ly the own-er brought the heart-less dri-ver to a sense of his du-ty by dis-play-ing a re-volv-er. E.I. Tink-man, cash-ier of one of the banks, paid an ex-press-man CN oo i 9 o HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. $1,000 for con-vey-ing a box, con-tain-ing val-u-a- bles worth $600,000, from its vault to a de-pot in the West Di-vi-sion. No law, no or-der, no au- thor-i-ty, seem-ed to ex-ist; the po-lice were pow- er-less, and ter-ror, de-struc-tion, av-a-rice and con- fu-sion, reign-ed su-preme. The bridg-es were throng-ed with ev-er-y va-ri- e-ty of ve-hi-cle and foot pas-sen-ger, all bear-ing heav-y loads. An un-der-ta-ker, with his em-ploy- ees, was no-tic-ed, each car-ry-ing a cof-fin ; next, an J-rish wo-man trudg-ing a-long, lead-ing a goat by one hand, while with the other she clutch-ed a roll of silk. Oc-ca-sion-al-ly an or-der would be giv-en for a bridge to be turn-ed for the pass-age of a ves-sel seek-ing cool-er climes, when a cry of in-dig-na-tion or de-spair would go up from the anx-i-ous mul-ti-tude. A nar-row stretch of shore, bor-der-ing up-on a por-tion of the lake, pro-tect-ed by a break-wa-ter, ap-pa-rent-ly of-fer-ed a place of re-fuge. To this man-y flock-ed, car-ry-ing with them ar-ti-cles of ev-er-y de-scrip-tion, sav-ed in their hur-ri-ed de- par-ture from burn-ing homes. Here, a frail wo- man car-ry-ing a sew-ing ma-chine; there, two daugh-ters bear-ing an in-val-id and faint-ing moth- er; not far be-yond, a girl jeal-ous-ly guard-ing her small bun-die, when a ruf-fi-an knocks her down HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. and se-cures the prize. As the fire ap-proach-es near-er, the crowd up-on this nar-row strip of land is forc-ed in-to the wa-ter, where, by con-stant-ly drench-ing them-selves, they are en-a-bled to with- POST OF-FICE, CHIC-A-GO. stand the fierce heat. Many moth-ers thus stood for hours and sup-port-ed a child a-bove wa-ter. A-long the san-dy beach to the north-ward thou-sands of rich and poor or all a-like poor took re-fuge in a sim-i-lar man-ner. Some were drown-ed by be-ing crowd-ed be-yond their depth. The old cem-e-ter-y, once a part of Lin-coin Park, al-so of-fer-ed a re-treat for at least 30,000 peo-ple, i 9 2 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. who hud-dled to-geth-er in this cit-y of the dead. Chil-dren were there cry-ing forpar-ents, hus-bands dis-tract-ed over the loss of a wife, broth-ers hunt- ing sis-ters or pa-rents chil-dren. Here a group of girls weep-ing for their moth-er who was too ill to be mov-ed and had to be a-ban-don-ed ; there a la-dy a-lone with a bun-die of fine dress-es thrown o-ver her arm ; close by, a bank-er with bow-ed head sit-ting on a grave look-ing in-to a fry-ing- pan he had un-con-scious-ly sav-ed from de-struc- tion ; a man with an ice pitch-er de-clar-ed it was all he pos-sess-ed in the world, while scores of men, wo-menvand chil-dren were care-ful-ly shield- ing some pet ca-na-ry, par-rot or poo-die. The prair-ie west of the cit-y was al-so throng- ed by a home-less mul-ti-tude, while man-y took shel-ter with friends in por-tions not de-stroy-ed. At 2 o'clock, Tues-day morn-ing, came a wel-come rain. It add-ed to the mis-er-y for the time, yet it was hail-ed with joy. CHAP-TER XXXII. CHIC-A-GO AF-TER THE FIRE. If it is not eas-y to find words that will fit-ly de-scribe the ter-rors and ru-in of the Great Fire JUS TORY OF ILLINOIS. Broth-ers, gave 100 bar-rels of flour, and the cit-i- zens fill-ed sev-er-al cars with cook-ed food. This train reach-ed Chic-a-go ear-ly on Tues-day morn- ing, when its con-tents were most ur-gent-ly need- ed. Car loads from Nash-ville and Mem-phis were sent for-ward. On one of the cars was the in-scrip-tion NO NORTH, NO SOUTH, WHEN OUR PEL-LOW MEN ARE IN DIS-TRESS. Kan-sas Cit-y was rais-ing sub-scrip-tions be- fore the fire reach-ed Lin-coin Park; so were the peo-ple of Os-we-go, New York; Leav-en-worth, Kan-sas ; Bos-ton, Fort Wayne, To-le-do, Bal-ti- more, Al-ba-ny; Ev-ans-ville, In-di-an-a; Wheel- ing, West Vir-gin-i-a; Co-lum-bus, O-hi-o*; Wash- ing-ton, D. C.; Pe-o-ri-a, Ill-in-ois; and man-y oth-er points. On the i ith of Oc-to-ber, twen-ty-two car loads of pro-vi-sions reach-ed Chic-a-go from St. Lou-is, and on the next day 10,000 blan-kets came from that gen-er-ous cit-y. A Chic-a-go Re-lief and Aid So-c^e-ty was at once or-gan-iz-ed, and be-fore the sun set on the HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 797 1 8th of No-vem-ber on-ly six brief weeks the great sum of $2,508,810.39, had been con-trib-u- ted to the cit-y that sat in dark-ness, and al-most in de-spair, from the States and Ter-ri-to-ries of the U-ni-on. CHAP-TER XXXIII. CHIC-A-GO RE-BUILT. If there was, as has of-ten been said, a cer-tain ro-mance of sor-row and de-spair in the great fire that laid waste the fair cit-y of the Lake, there was al-so a grand ro-mance of hope and cour-age, in the way in which the men of Chic-a-go rose from the ash-es of their homes and the rel-ics of their for- tunes, and pluck-ed from the ver-y heart of dis-as- ter, the for-tunes of com-ing days. The ill winds of that sad Oc-to-ber blew ben-e- dic-tions in dis-guise. The cit-y of wood soon be- came a cit-y of stone and i-ron. The fire taught some wise and last-ing les-sons. The "Gar-den Cit-y" of twen-ty years a-go has be-come a cit-y of Pal-a-ces and Tem-ples, com-par-ing most fa-vor-a- bly with an-y cit-ies of the Old World or of the Its homes of cost-ly splen-dor; its beau-ti-ful i 9 8 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. tem-ples ; its pal-a-ces of com-merce, of lit-er-a-ture and art, make Chic-a-go the pride of its cit-i-zens, and the won-der and ad-mi-ra-tion of vis-it-ors from oth-er lands. The parks and bou-le-vards that gir-dle the cit-y, are scenes of grow-ing beau-ty, con-trib-u-ting at once to the el-e-va- tion of the taste, and to the good health of the peo- ple. The parks pro-per, in-clude 1,879 a-cres of land, and are mam-tain-ed at an al-most fab-u-lous cost. No cit-y in the mod-ern world has so man-y ad- van-ta-ges of this kind to boast of. The com-mer-cial cen-tre of the cit-y is the new Board of Trade Build-ing, that cross-es La Salle street, near Jack-son. The lof-ty tow-er ris-es 200 feet, and com-mands a per-fect view of the cit-y. GAR-FIELD PARK, CHIC-A-GO. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 199 The main hall is 175 x 155 feet, and 80 feet high. The to-tal cost of this mag-nif-i-cent build-ing was a-bout $1,700,000. Chic-a-go con-tains a great-er num-ber of res-i- dent ar-tists than an-y oth-er West- ern cit-y some two hun-dred and there are in the cit-y a num-ber of ver-y fine pic- tures; but un-til re-cent-ly the cause of art ed-u- ca-tion has on-ly man-ag-ed to strug-gle a-long since the fire. Now, at last, how- ev-er, the Art In- sti-tute has ob- tain-ed a foot-hold which prom-i-ses BOARD OF TRADE, CHIC-A-GO. sta-bil-i-ty, in the new A-cad-e-my of Fine Arts, a hand-some brown- stone build-ing at Mich-i-gan Av-e-nue Bou-le-vard and Van Bur-en street. The I n-sti-tute is at-tend-ed 2OO HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. dur-ing the year by a-bout four hun-dred pu-pils, and is self-sup-port-ing. Ex-hi-bi-tions are held A-CAD-EM-Y OF FINE ARTS, CHIC-A-GO. here fre-quent-ly, and there is a ver-y cred-it-a-ble nu-cleus of a per-ma-nent col-lec-tion. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 201 The Med-i-cal Col-leg-es are sev-en in num-ber, the most no-ta-ble be-ing the Col-lege of Phy-si- cians and Sur-geons, and the Rush Med-i-cal Col- RUSH MED-I-CAL COL-LEGE, CHIC-A-GO. lege, both ad-join-ing Cook Coun-ty Hos-pi-tal. Rush Med-i-cal Col-lege was built in 1875. This Col-lege is the fa-vor-ite re-sort of med-i-cal stu- dents of the West. The thor-ough-ness of the med-i-cal ed-u-ca-tion here giv-en has made Rush Col-lege fa-mous through the whole State, and far be-yond. 2O2 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. The Church-es of Chic-a-go are a-mongst the most im-pos-ing church build-ings of the land. To e-nu-mer-ate them on-ly, would re-quire more space than we have at our com-mand. The Ex-po-si-tion Build-ing, on the Lake Front, is an-oth-er im-pos-ing struc-ture that has, EX-PO-SI-TION BUILD-ING, CHIC-A-GO. in the course of a few years, be-come his-to-ric. Here the Great Na-tion-al Con-ven-tions were held on sev-er-al im-por-tant oc-ca-sions. It is ca-pa- ble of hold-ing sev-en or eight thou-sand peo-ple, and of late years the cel-e-bra-ted Sum-mer E-ven- ing Con-certs, led by Mr. The-o-dore Thom-as, have been held in this vast hall. Once a year a grand ex-hi-bi-tion of the pro-ducts of this and oth-er States has been held with-in its walls. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 203 CHAP-TER XXXIV. RE-CENT E-VENTS. The Hon. John M. Pal-mer, who was Gov- ern-or of Ill-in-ois dur-ing the e-vent-ful pe-ri-od of the Chic-a-go fire, was suc-ceed-ed, in 1873, by Rich-ard J. O-gles-by as Gov-ern-or, and John L. Bev-er-idge as Lieu-ten-ant-Gov-ern-or. At the Grand Cen-ten-ni-al Ex-po-si-tion in Phil-a-del-phi-a, in 1876, the State of Ill-in-ois made a spe-ci-al-ly fine dis-play in the ag-ri-cul-tu- ral de-part-ment, for which a beau-ti-ful med-al was a-ward-ed. In 1877, La-bor dif-fi-cul-ties a-rose through- out the U-ni-ted States. Bus-i-ness was block-ed by strikes. At East St. Lou-is a mob of 10,000 men threat-en-ed the peace and safe-ty of the cit-y. Chic-a-go was plac-ed in charge of Gen-er-al Du-cat. Be-fore these trou-bles end-ed, they had cost the State $87,000. On the 26th of Sep-tem-ber, 1881, Ill-in-ois, and Chic-a-go in par-tic-u-lar, took part in the Na-tion-al fu-ner-al of Gen-er-al Gar-field. The Hon. Shel-by M. Cul-lom was e-lect-ed 204 iIISJORY OF ILLINOIS. Gov-ern-or in 1881, with John M. Ham-il-ton as Lieu-ten-ant-Gov-ern-or. In Jan-u-a-ry, 1883, Gov-ern-or Cul-lom was e-lect-ed to fill a va-can-cy in the U-ni-ted States Sen-ate. Lieu-ten-ant-Gov- ern-or Ham-il-ton be-came Gov-ern-or dur-ing the rest of the term. In 1885, Rich-ard J. O-gles-by, the pres-ent Gov-ern-or, en-ter-ed on his third ., term of of-fice, with John C. Smith as Lieu-ten-ant-Gov-ern-or. WASH-ING-TON PARK CLUB HOUSE, CHIC-A-GO. In the early part of 1886, more la-bor trou-bles dis-turb-ed the peace of Ill-in-ois. A se-cret or- 206 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. gan-i-za-tion of An-arch-ists stir-red up the feel- ings of the dis-sat-is-fied class-es. At one of their most vi-o-lent meet-ings, as-sem-bled on the 5th of May on Hay-mar-ket Square, Chic-a-go, a dyn-a- mite bomb was thrown, and re-volv-ers fired, in re-ply to the or-ders of the po-lice to dis-perse. One po-lice-man was kill-ed out-right, six-ty were wound-ed, of whom six died la-ter. Af-ter a pro- tract-ed tri-al, Au-gust Spies, A-dolph Fisch-er, A. R. Par-sons, and George En-gel, the lead-ers of this or-gan-i-za-tion, were hang-ed at the Cook Coun-ty jail, Chic-a-go, on the i ith of No-vem-ber, 1887. One of their num-ber, Lou-is Lingg, com- mit-ted su-i-cide in the jail the day be-fore. Mi- chael Schwab and Sam-u-el Field-en were sent to the State Pris-on for life. On the 22d of Oc-to-ber, 1887, a mag-nif-i-cent mon-u-ment to the mem-o-ry of A-bra-ham Lin- coln, pro-vi-ded for in the will of the late Eli Bates, one of the most no-ta-ble of the ear-ly cit-i- zens of Chic-a-go,- -was un-veil-ed in Lin-coin Park, Chic-a-go, by his grand-son, "Lit-tle Abe," son of the Hon. Rob-ert T. Lin-coin. Af-ter a speech by Leon-ard Swett, one of Lin-coin's old-est friends, May-or Roche made the fol-low-ing im- press-ive re-marks: " Here, in the me-trop-o-lis of the great State that nur-tur-ed him from boy-hood HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 207 to ri-pen-ed man-hood, and saw him by the na- tion's suf-frage, con-se-cra-ted to lead-er-ship, and in-vest-ed with more than king-ly pow-er; here in the beau-ti-ful park, com-mem-o-ra-ting his name, by the wa-tersof this great in-land sea, it is fit-ting that we raise a mon-u-ment to his mem-o-ry, where fu-ture gen-er-a-tions may come and see the like- ness of the he-ro who died lor lib-er-ty." At this point, " Lit-tle Abe" step-ped to the base of the stat-ue, and un-loos-ing the string that held the A-mer-i-can col-ors, re-veal-ed the rug-ged but state-ly form of Lin-coin to the gaze of ap-plaud- ing thou-sands. An il-lus-tra-tion of that life-like stat-ue forms the fron-tis-piece to this his-to-ry. On this same day, Sat-ur-day, Oc-to-ber the 22d, 1887, and while yet the can-non were boom- ing in hon-or of Lin-coin, the Hon. E-li-hu B. Wash-burne, one of the most dis-tin-guish-ed men of his coun-try and his age, died in Chic-a-go at the res-i-dence of his son, Hemp-stead Wash-burne. Mr. Wash-burne was the friend of Lin-coin and Grant all through the dark days of the War. He will, how-ev-er, be best re-mem-ber-ed as U-m-ted States Min-is-ter to France dur-ing the try-ing pe-ri-od of the Fran-co-Ger-man War. How sue- cess-ful-ly he con-duct-ed the del-i-cate du-ties of his of-fice we may judge, from the fact, that he so 208 HISTORY QF ILLINOIS. won the con-fi-dence of men of all par-ties, that at their re-quest, and with the joint con-sent of the Gov-ern-ments at Wash-ing-ton and at Par-is, the Ger-mans and oth-er for-eign-ers then in Par-is, plac-ed them-selves under his of-fi-cial care. And when his term of of-fice end-ed, he had won the u-ni-ver-sal ad-mi-ra-tion of Eu-rope, and made the name of A-mer-i-can an hon-or-ed name in all the courts of the Old World. Mr. Wash-burne has left two port-ly vol-umes de-tail-ing the sto-ry of these e-vent-ful days, which form a grand con-tri- bu-tion to mod-ern his-to-ric lit-er-a-ture. On Tues-day, Oc-to-ber the i6th, 1888, John Went-worth, one of the old-est in-hab-i-tants of Chic-a-go, and one of the best known men in the State, died at the Sher-man House, Chic-a-go, in the 74th year of his age. Mr. Went-worth was a man of great stat-ure, and was on that ac-count known as "Long John." He was al-so a man of rug-ged, men-tal char-ac-ter. He was a pro-duct of the pi-o-neer days in which he play-ed a vig-or- ous part. He a-mass-ed a large for-tune in real es-tate, and was one of Chic-a-go's mill-ion-aires. He was twice may-or of Chic-a-go, and serv-ed twelve years as mem-ber of Con-gress. UISXINCXI VEX. Y AMERICAN T The Gem of the Juveniles. RELFORD'S A rnm HISTORY OF ILLINOIS NEW YORK AN AMERICAN BOOK FOR AMERi.,...? 0112 25380244 Edited by THOMAS W. HANOFORD, and ILLUSTRATED WITH 1 ^ => ORIGINAL DRAWINGS .--.--. Jff% *. ^1^ , ---- _ TM - ___________ ______ -_,-!_ _____ i _____ _-___ ,-, _ By TRUE WILLIAMS, M. N. CADY, ARTHUR VAUGHAN, CHARLES M. BOWLES, and others. WITH A.:N KLvABCmATB COLORED RROr Worthy a Place in Every Household in America. Full of STORIES, SKETCHES, FABLES, FAIRY TALES, POEMS, etc,, etc,, H) JA.MF.S 1JISSI.U; LOWELL, THEO )() iK KOOSE7ELT, J VMKS T. FIELDS, KUiJENE F1ELI>, JAMES WHIT- KILI;Y. JOAonx FILLER, F,E\. LEW WALLACE. ,:. i\ KOE, XOKV I-KHRV, LUCY LARCOM, NEIM'IE >I. TIIIIti)>, *MUXI!i:S E. WILLAKI), ELLA J'TXE UK4DE, LAUltA E. KICHABDS, MKS. ELLA WI1KFLKK WILCOK, I |{AX< ES OS(JOOn, e'<-., etc., etc., t-K. A Treasure for all the Year Round. Larg-e qasrta, 266 pages, bound in Illuminated Chromo-Lith- ogrraph Covers, in elaven colors. 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A Hagaz ; ne Devoted to Politics, Poetry, General Literature, Science and Art. IJKIJ KURD'S MAGAZINE advocates a reduction of the Tariff, with relief for the people from tin? burden of unnecessary taxation. The department of fiction is exceptionally full. Instead >;' a serial story, dragging its slow length rhroujfh several months and exhausting the patience of tlr. 1 reader, a complete novel is published, and ndi issue also contains one or more short stories. In all the departments flu' vi-ry best talent has ) ecu enlisted. SOMK OF THK TONTRIBl'TOUS. David A. Uelli's, Hon. Frank H. Hurd, Prof. >V. en. Hermann l.ioli, Julian Haw- thorne. Edgar Salt us. John James I'ialt. Thomas 41. Shearman, <