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CLASSIC 
 
 Return this book on or before the 
 Latest Date stamped below. 
 
 University of Illinois Library 
 
 Llol — H-l 
 
Atlas of 
 Classical Portraits 
 
All rights reserved 
 
Atlas of 
 
 Classical Portraits 
 
 Roman 
 
 With Brief Descriptive Commentary by 
 W. H. D. Rouse, M.A. 
 
 Rugby School 
 Sometime Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge 
 
 London 
 J. M. Dent &P Co. 
 
 Aldine House, E.C. 
 
 1898 
 
Printed by Bai.i.antynk, Hanson Iff Co. 
 At the Ballantyne Press 
 

 Preface 
 
 THIS Album is meant to be used as a companion to school 
 histories, and to classical or Scripture reading. 
 
 Many teachers do not realise how much not only the 
 
 imagination, but the memory, may be helped by the use of pictures. 
 
 A boy beginning Roman or Greek history is confronted by a mass of 
 
 names, none of which he has ever heard before, and the result of his 
 
 labours is often an extraordinary jumble. But if, while he reads the 
 
 story of any man, he has a picture of that man before him, he will not 
 
 only keep the stories of different men apart with greater ease, but he 
 
 ^ will take more interest in the stories themselves. No boy who uses 
 
 3 this Album is likely to confuse Socrates with Sophocles • and there are 
 
 I very many of the faces here given, which are in themselves so striking, 
 
 p as to arouse a keen curiosity to learn who they were and what they 
 
 < did. Moreover, the portraits teach at a glance much about the char- 
 
 ~ acter of the man (compare together the two portraits of Nero) ; and 
 
 it would be an interesting exercise to let a pupil guess from the face 
 
 of what manner the man was, and then to see how near that guess hits 
 
 the truth. It is suggested that the Album be always kept at hand, like 
 
 a dictionary, and that any name of importance be looked up in it, until 
 
 50488 
 
Preface 
 
 the pupil is well acquainted with the portraits ; questions might occa- 
 sionally be asked about them to make sure that this is being done. The 
 portraits of the first sixteen Roman emperors have been included, in the 
 hope that they may fill a gap in the pupil's historical knowledge, since 
 this part of Roman history, in some respects the most interesting of 
 all, is not included in ordinary school work. These will also illustrate 
 Tacitus, Juvenal, and Martial ; and some are of importance for Scrip- 
 ture history — Nero, for example, and Titus. Lastly, Severus has been 
 added for his bearing on English history, and Constantine for his 
 support of Christianity. 
 
 The biographical notes are necessarily short. The facts of each 
 life are given in the barest outlines, as these may easily be found else- 
 where. But I hope that interest will be excited by the addition of 
 happy criticisms of ancient or modern writers, and some of the 
 characteristic sayings of the persons themselves. 
 
 A word is needed as to the authenticity of the portraits. By far the 
 greater number of these are genuine beyond all doubt ; but there is no 
 room here to discuss the evidence. Those who wish to go further into 
 the matter can easily do so by looking up the books cited below, 
 particularly Friedrichs-Wolters' Gipsabgiisse and Bernoulli's Iconographie. 
 References are given to the books only where there is some special 
 reason ; but they are provided with full indices, where most of the other 
 names may be easily found. The Greek portraits are, as a whole, less 
 certain than the Roman, for a Roman may often be identified with 
 certainty by the help of coins. No fault will be found, I trust, for the 
 inclusion of a few imaginary portraits, such as that of Homer : this face, 
 
Preface 
 
 for instance, is in every line the inspired seer, and excellently realises 
 the impression made upon the reader of Homeric poetry. And if the 
 probabilities are not violated, it is better to have an imaginary or 
 dubious portrait than none at all. 
 
Books referred to in Roman Section 
 
 A.-B. Griechische und Romische Portrdts. Heinrich Brunn and 
 Paul Arndt. Published by Friedrich Bruckmann, 
 Miinchen. In progress. (Cited by number of plate.) 
 
 B. Romische Iconographie. J. J. Bernoulli. Stuttgart, Berlin, 
 Leipzig: Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1882-94. 
 (Cited by volume, part, and plate, or page.) 
 
 F.-W. Die Gipsabgiisse Antiker Bildwerke in historischen Folge erkliirt. 
 Karl Friedrichs and Paul Wolters. Berlin : W. 
 Spemann, 1885. (Cited by paragraph.) 
 
 H. Die offentlichen Sammlungen Klassischer Alterthiimer in Rom. 
 Wolfgang Helbig. Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1891. 
 (Cited by paragraph.) 
 
 I.-B. Portrdtkopfe auf Romischen Miinzen. F. Imhoof-Blumf.r. 
 Leipzig : B. Teubner, 1879. (Cited by plate and number.) 
 
Portraits 
 
Agrippa: Florence, Uffizi. A.-B. 294; see also B., vol. i. pp. 
 256 ff. 
 
 Dates, 63-12 b.c. M. Vipsanius Agrippa, an able soldier. 
 Consul 37; defeated Sex. Pompey 36; aedile 33, when he spent 
 large sums in public works; in command of Augustus' fleet at 
 Actium 31. He built the Pantheon at Rome, which still stands. 
 
 Agrippina : Rome, Capitol. From B., vol. ii. 1, pi. xv. ; see p. 248. 
 
 Dates about 14 B.c-33 a.d. Daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa, 
 and Julia, daughter of Augustus. She was wife of Germanicus, 
 mother of the Emperor Caligula, and of Agrippina, the mother of 
 Nero. 
 
 Tac, A. i. 2,3 '- " Agrippina paullo commotior, nisi quod castitate 
 et mariti amore quamvis indomitum animum in bonum vertebat." 
 
 Agrippina the Younger (?) : Munich. From B., vol. ii. 1, pi. xx. ; 
 see p. 379. 
 
 Dates about 15-59 a.d. Daughter of Germanicus and Agrip- 
 pina the elder (No. 2); wife of (1) Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, 
 by whom she was mother of Nero, and (2) the Emperor Claudius, 
 whom she murdered. She was herself murdered by Nero. 
 
 Domitius, on hearing of Nero's birth, (negavit) quicquam ex se et 
 Agrippina nisi detest 'abile et ma/o publico nasci potuisse (Suet., N. 6). 
 
 Antonia the Elder (?) : Paris, Louvre. From B., vol. ii 1, pi. 
 xiv. ; see p. 225. 
 
 Dates about 36 B.C. -after 37 a.d. Daughter of M. Antonius 
 and Octavia, and thus niece of Augustus. She was wife to Nero 
 I )rusus, and mother of Germanicus (hence grandmother of Caligula), 
 Livilla, and the Emperor Claudius. 
 
1. AGRIPPA. 
 
 Ariidt-Bruckirutnn rortriits. 
 
 2. AGRIPPINA. 
 
 3 AGRIPPINA THE YOUNGER. 
 
 4. ANTONIA. 
 
5. Antoninus Pius : Naples, Museum. 
 
 Dates 86-161 a.d. Fifteenth Roman Emperor, 138-161, 
 adopted by Hadrian. He was "one of the best princes who 
 ever mounted a throne," preserved peace, and subdued the rebel- 
 lious savages on the frontier. 
 
 A column was erected in his memory by his two sons, the 
 pedestal of which now stands in the gardens of the Vatican. 
 
 He was "a second Numa," with the same love of religion, 
 justice, and peace (Gibbon, chap. iii.). 
 
 6. Augustus : Rome, Vatican. For text see No. 8. 
 
 There is a replica of this bust in the British Museum. 
 
 7. Augustus: Florence, Uffizi. A.-B. 243; see B., vol. ii. t, p. 35. 
 
5. ANTONINUS PIUS 
 Sommer Photo. 
 
 6. AUGUSTUS. 
 
 7. AUGUSTUS. 
 Arndt-Bruckmann Portrlits. 
 
Augustus : Naples, Museum. 
 
 Dates 63 B.c-14 a.d. Nos. 6, 7, and 8 are three poitraits done 
 at different ages. 
 
 C. Octavius, the founder of the Roman Empire, over which he 
 ruled from 31 B.C. to 14 ad. Son of C. Octavius, and grand- 
 nephew of Julius Caesar, who made him his heir; after which he 
 took the name C. Julius Caesar Octavianus. The title Augustus, 
 by which he is known, was given him by the people in 27 B.C. 
 After Caesar's murder, he succeeded in defeating Antony, and 
 making himself master of Rome. He was a patron of art and 
 literature, and a consummate statesman. He filled Rome with 
 magnificent buildings. The shell of the Mausoleum of Augustus 
 (built 27 B.C.) still stands, and the ruin of the Portico of Octavia. 
 
 Augustus used to boast, Urbem marmoream se relinquere, quam 
 latericiam accepisset (Suet., Aug. 28). When on his deathbed, he 
 asked, Ecquid eis videretur mi mum vitae commode transegisse? 
 (Suet, Aug. 99). 
 
8. AUGUSTUS. 
 Sommer Photo. 
 
9. Britannicus : Rome, Lateran (uncertain). See B., vol. ii. 
 i, p. 367. 
 
 Dates 42-55 a.d. Son of the Emperor Claudius 
 and Messalina; poisoned by Nero. 
 
9. BRITANNICUS. 
 
io. L Brutus (?): Naples, Museum. See B., vol. ii. i, p 2\. 
 
 The head somewhat resembles a coin with a portrait of L. Junius 
 Bmtus, struck some hundreds of years after his day. But the Romans 
 were careful to keep portrait masks of their ancestors, so there is just a 
 possibility of its being authentic. L. Junius Brutus expelled the Tarquins, 
 and founded the Roman Republic. 
 
 Epigram affixed to statue of Julius Caesar : — 
 
 Brutus quia reges eiecit consul primus faclus est : 
 Hie quia consules eiecit rex post re mo /actus est. 
 
 ii. M. Brutus: Naples, Museum. 
 
 Dates 85-42 B.C. The murderer of Caesar. After the defeat of 
 Philippi, he fell upon his own sword. 
 
 " This was the noblest Roman of them all. 
 His life was gentle ; and the elements 
 So mixt in him, that Nature might stand up 
 And say to all the world — This was a man." 
 
 — Shakespeare, J. C, Act v. sc. 5. 
 
 12. Caesar, Julius: British Museum. 
 
 Noteworthy in the head are the thinness of the jaw, which suggests 
 the artist rather than the conqueror ; and deep depressions upon the 
 temples, often seen in a great musician (as Beethoven). 
 
 13. Caesar, Julius, as augur, with head veiled. 
 
 Dates 100-44 B.C. The famous Dictator ; orator, statesman, soldier, 
 and man of letters. In his youth he was wild and extravagant. Though 
 he had seen service before, his first serious military achievements were 
 done when he was nearly forty. His seven campaigns in Gaul made 
 his reputation ; and when they were ended, he " crossed the Rubicon," 
 marched on Rome, and made himself Dictator. During his short ride 
 he effected many important reforms ; and had he lived to organise a 
 constitution, Rome might have been spared a century of misrule. He 
 was murdered by Brutus and other conspirators in 44 B.C. 
 
 Sulla said of him, Caesari multos Marios inesse (Suet.,_/. 1). At his 
 birth, it was reported, responsa esse data pertotum orbem nasci invictum 
 imperatorem (Suet. ap. Serv. ad Ae?i., 6. 799). Quintilian {hist. Or. x. 
 i. 1 14) : u Si foro tantum vacasset, non alius ex nostris contra Ciceronem 
 nominaretur." 
 
 Caesar's famous summary of his Pontic campaign is given by Suetonius 
 (§ 37)> Vem\ vidi, vici. He said of himself, when Dictator, Non tam sua 
 quam rei publicae i?iteresse uti salvus esset (86). Of his oratory, Tacitus 
 says {Ann. xiii. 3), " Dictator Caesar summis oratoribus aemulus ;" and 
 again (Or. 25), "Adstrictior Calvus, numerosior Asinius, splendidior 
 ' aesar, amanor Caelius, gravior Brutus, vehementior et plenior et 
 valentior Cicero." 
 
 When asked what kind of death was the best, Caesar replied, " Death 
 unforeseen" ; and he had Ids wish. 
 
 " Why, man, lie doth bestride the narrow world, 
 
 Like a Colossus." Shakespeare, J, C, Act i. sc. 2. 
 
10. L. BRUTUS. 
 
 tT PhotO. 
 
 11. M. BRUTUS. 
 
 12. JULIUS CAESAR. 
 
 13. JULIUS CAESAR. 
 
14. Caligula: Rome, Capitol. 
 
 Dates 12-41 a.d. Caius Caesar, third Emperor of Rome, 
 37-41 a d., son of Germanicus and Agrippina, was born in camp, 
 and nicknamed Caligula, because he wore little soldiers' boots 
 {caligae). He was suspected of murdering Tiberius. He began 
 his rule well, but soon became a monster of cruelty and vice. He 
 was murdered by conspirators. 
 
 It was said of him, Nee servitm meliorem ullum, nee deteriorem 
 dominum firisse (Suet., Cal. 10). Sayings of Caligula's are: 
 Oderint dum metuant {id. 30) ; Utinam Papains Romanus imam 
 eervieem ha be ret I {ibid.). 
 
 15. Cicero: Rome, Capitol. See B., vol. i. pi. xii. and p. 139. 
 
 Dates 106-43 BC - M. Tullius Cicero, greatest of Roman 
 orators, was also a philosopher and man of letters. He had much 
 to do with politics, and in 63 was Consul, when his vigour crushed 
 the conspiracy of Catilina. He took the side of Pompey against 
 Caesar, but Caesar pardoned him. The Triumvirate proscribed 
 Cicero, and by Antony's orders he was put to death. 
 
 A'oma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit (Juv. viii. 244). A 
 verse of Cicero's own is : Cedant arma togae, concedat laurea linguae. 
 Quintilian's judgment is (Inst. Or. x. 1): " Mihi videtur M. Tullius 
 . . . effinxisse vim Demosthenis, copiam Platonis, iucunditatem 
 Isocratis." 
 
 16. Claudius (?): Rome, Capitol. See B., vol. ii. 1, p. 348. 
 
 Dates 10 H.a-54 a.d. Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Ger 
 manicus, fourth Roman Emperor, 41-54, was a fool. He was a 
 learned antiquarian, but weak in character; he was made Emperor 
 by the soldiers almost as a joke, and murdered by Agrippina, his 
 fourth wife, who was also his niece. Juv. v. 147 : Boletus . . . 
 q it dies Claud ins edit ante ilium axon's, post (jucm nil amplius edit. 
 
 I lis mother Antonia said he was portentum hominis, nee absolutum 
 a natura, sed tan turn incohatum (Suet., CI. 3). 
 
 12 
 
14. CALIGULA. 
 
 5. CICERO. 
 
 16. CLAUDIUS. 
 J 3 
 
17. Constantine the Great (?) : Florence, Uffizi. See B., vol. ii. 3, 
 
 p. 219. 
 
 Dates 272-337 a.d. Emperor of Rome, 306-337 ; son of 
 Constantius Chlorus and Helena. He served in Britain against 
 the Picts ; and on his father's death, declared himself Emperor at 
 York. He removed the capital of the empire to Byzantium, which 
 he named, after himself, Constantinople, and he was converted to 
 Christianity, which he made the State religion. 
 
 He was in his early life chaste and temperate, but afterwards 
 much degenerated. Gibbon calls him a "consummate general" 
 (chap, xviii.). 
 
 18. Corbulo : Rome, Capitol. From B., vol. i. pi. xxiii. p. 273. 
 
 Cn. Domitius Corbulo, a most distinguished general under 
 Claudius and Nero, and a stern disciplinarian. Nero rewarded 
 him by condemning him to death, on which he stabbed himself, 
 
 67 A.D. 
 
 14 
 
17. CONSTANTINE. 
 
 18. CORBULO. 
 
i9- Domit-ian : Rome, Vatican. See B., vol. ii. 2, pi. xix. and p. 55. 
 
 Dates 51-96 a.d. T. Flavius Domitianus Augustus, eleventh 
 Roman Emperor, 81-96, was the younger .son of Vespasian, and 
 brother of Titus. He probably compassed his brother's death. 
 He began his reign well, but soon became a cruel tyrant, and was 
 finally murdered, with the connivance of his own wife. 
 
 Juvenal speaks of the time cum calvo serviret Roma Neroni 
 (iv. 38), and says of him, Sed periit postquam cerdonibus esse 
 timendus coeperat (iv. 153). Tacitus, Agr. 45: " Nero tamen 
 subtraxit oculos, iussitque scelera, non spectavit : praecipua sub 
 Domitiano miseriarum pars erat videre et aspici, cum suspiria 
 nostra subscriberentur, cum denotandis tot hominum palloribus 
 sufficeret saevus ille voltus et rubor, quo se contra pudorem 
 muniebat." 
 
19. DOMITIAN. 
 
20. Drusus Senior: Rome, Lateran. From B, vol. ii. i, pi. xiii. 
 
 Dates 38 B.C. -9 a.d. Nero Claudius Drusus was son of Tiberius, 
 and Livia, afterwards wife of Augustus. He was a brilliant soldier, 
 and inflicted dire destruction on the Germans. He was enthusi- 
 astically beloved by his soldiers, and a favourite with the people, 
 and a faithful and devoted husband. 
 
 Tacitus, Ann. i. 33 : " Drusi magna apud populum Romanum 
 memoria, credebaturque, si rerum potitus foret. libertatem red- 
 diturus." 
 
 21. Drusus Junior: Copenhagen, Jakobsen's Collection, No. 1250. 
 
 A.-B. 17. 
 
 Drusus Caesar was son of the Emperor Tiberius. He was 
 husband of Livia, the sister of Germanicus. At the suggestion 
 of Sejanus, he was poisoned by his wife, a.d. 23. 
 
 Tacitus, Ann. i. 29 : "Promptum in asperiora ingenium Druso 
 erat." 
 
 22. Galba : Rome, Capitol. 
 
 Dates 3 B.c-69 a.d. Ser. Sulpicius Galba, sixth Roman 
 Emperor, 68-69, was, as Tacitus said, Omnium consensu capax 
 imperi, nisi imperasset {Hist. i. 49). He was a strong man, and 
 had had great experience both as general and as governor, when 
 he rebelled against Nero, because Nero had given orders to 
 murder him. Perhaps he was too old to rule; be that how it 
 may, he got under the thumb of favourites, was severe and ava- 
 ricious, and was finally murdered. 
 
 Tiberius prophesied of him (Tac, Ann. vi. 20), " Et tu, Galba, 
 quandoque degustabis imperium." His character is vividly sketched 
 by Tacitus {Hist. i. 49), who says, "Ipsi medium ingenium, magis 
 extra vitia quam cum virtutibus." 
 
 ■ x 
 
20. NERO DRUSUS. 
 
 21. DRUSUS JUNIOR. 
 A rndt-Britckmann Portrdts. 
 
23. Gekmanicus : Rome, Lateran. 
 
 Dates 15 B.c-19 a.d. Germanicus Caesar was son of Nero 
 Claudius Drusus and his wife Antonia. He served against the 
 Germans, finally defeating Arminius (17 a.d.). He was a favourite 
 with the soldiers, who offered to make him Emperor, but he would 
 not. He died, poisoned, as it was believed, by Piso, when in 
 command in Asia Minor. 
 
 Tacitus (Ann. ii. 73) compares him with Alexander the Great, 
 adding of Germanicus, " Sed hunc mitem erga amicos, modicum 
 voluptatem, uno matrimonio, certis liberis egisse, neque minus 
 praeliatorem." Both, he observes, were "corpore decoro, genere 
 insigni." 
 
23. GERMANICUS. 
 Hdizioiie Rrng-j. 
 
24- Hadrian: Rome, Vatican. H. 298. This portrait was found in 
 the Mausoleum built by Hadrian for himself, now the Castle 
 of St. Angelo. 
 
 Dates 76-138 A.D. P. Aelius Hadrianus, fourteenth Emperor of 
 Rome, was a distinguished statesman. The empire had power in his 
 days, and he devoted himself chiefly to legal reforms and to building 
 magnificent works. He visited all parts of the empire, and was a patron 
 of learning and the arts. 
 
 " By turns an excellent prince, a ridiculous sophist, and a jealous 
 tyrant" (Gibbon, chap. iii.). 
 
 25. Hannibal: Naples, Museum. Uncertain. We know that copies 
 
 of Hannibal's bust were preserved at Rome and elsewhere ; 
 and this is a warrior, and certainly not a Roman ; it resembles, 
 moreover, an inscribed medallion with portrait of Hannibal. 
 The rapt and almost inspired expression suits Hannibal's 
 character. The bust was found at Capua. 
 
 Dates 247-183 B.C. A Carthaginian, son of Hamilcar Barca, and one 
 of the great captains of the world. He was trained by his father in 
 'Spain, whence he set out in 218 for Italy. He crossed the Alps, and 
 defeated the Romans at the Trebia, 218; Lake Trasimenus, 217; 
 Cannae, 216. He kept his grip on Italy until 203, when he was com- 
 pelled to cross to Africa ; and in 202 Scipio defeated him at Zama. 
 
 Livy says of him, in his youth (xxi. iv.), Equititm peditumque idem 
 lo7ige primus erat : princeps in praelium i&af, ultimus co?iserto proelio 
 excedebat. Of his plan for invading Italy, Napoleon said {Corr. xxxi. 
 349), "No more vast, more far-reaching plan has ever been carried out 
 by man." See also the remarkable criticism in Corr. xxxii. 307. 
 
 26. Hortknsius : Rome, Villa Albani. B, vo 1 . : . pi. vi. and p. 98. 
 
 Inscribed. 
 
 Dates 1 14-50 B.C. Q. Hortensius, a Roman orator, and a stout anta- 
 gonist of Cicero. 
 
 27. Livia : Naples, Museum. B., vol. ii. 1, pi. v. and p. 90. Along 
 
 with this statue an inscription is said to have been found : 
 Augustae Juliae Liviae Drusi Fil. Augusti dd. If true, this 
 should set doubt at rest as to the portrait. 
 
 Dates about 56 B.C. -29 A.n. Livia Drusilla, wife of (1) Tib. Claudius 
 Nero, and (2) Augustus, who forced her first husband to divorce her. 
 She was the mother, by her first husband, of the Emperor Tiberius. 
 She had great influence over Augustus, and was beloved by him until 
 hi^ death. 
 
 Tai it us (, /////. v. i.) says of her, " Sanctitatc domus priscum ad morem, 
 ( omis ultra quam antiquis feminis probaturh, mater impotens, uxor facilis, 
 c\ 1 mn artibus mariti, simulatione filii bene composita." 
 
 22 
 
24. HADRIAN. 
 
 25. HANNIBAL. 
 Som titer Photo. 
 
 56. HORTENSIUS. 
 
 ^3 
 
 27. LIVIA. 
 
28. Marcellus : Aries, Museum. From B., vol. ii. i, p. 124. 
 
 Dates 43-23 B.C. M. Marcellus was son of C. Claudius 
 Marcellus, and Octavia, sister of Augustus. He was adopted by 
 Augustus in 25, and married to his daughter Julia. He died, or 
 was poisoned, in 23, and buried in the Mausoleum of Augustus. 
 He was a lad of great promise, and his death was mourned by 
 the whole people as a calamity. He is immortalised in Vergil, 
 Aen. vi. 860-886. 
 
 " Heu miserande puer ! si tu fata aspera rumpas, 
 Tu Marcellus eris."— Aen. vi. 883. 
 
 29. Marcus Antonius : Rome, Vatican. 
 
 Dates about 83-30 b.c Marcus Antonius the Triumvir, a 
 partisan of Caesar and personal enemy of Cicero. He saw a 
 good deal of military service, being with Caesar in Gaul, and in 
 command of the left wing at Pharsalia, 48. After Caesar's murder, 
 Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus made themselves a Triumvirate, 
 and they won the battle of Philippi. Antony became enamoured 
 of Cleopatra, and degenerated quickly. Octavianus (Augustus) 
 finally crushed him at Actium, 3 1 ; and he fled to Egypt, the 
 next year putting an end to his own life. 
 
 See Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, Act i. sc. 1. 
 
 30. Marcus Aurelius : Naples, Museum. 
 
 Dates 1 2 1- 1 80 ad. M. Aurelius Antoninus, sixteenth Roman 
 Emperor, was no mean soldier, but was more philosopher than 
 anything else. He was a man of most estimable character, and 
 merciful as well as upright ; yet he instituted two persecutions of 
 the Christians. His Meditations, written in Greek, are still widely 
 read. A column erected by him in 176 after his victories over 
 Germans and Dalmatians is still standing. 
 
 " His life was the noblest commentary on the precepts of Zeno " 
 (Stoicism) : Gibbon, chap. iii. 
 
 From his Meditations : ycyovafxev yap npbs <rvvepyiav, &$ 7roSes, 
 ws ^elpes, a>s fiX(.(\)(i.pa, 0)5 ol (TToiyoi tmv ai'io Kcu kut(o oSovtojv' 
 to ovv avTiirpdowew uAAr/Aois irapa <f>v(riv (ii. 1). ms y&r) Svvarov 
 oitos kfcikvai top fli'ov, oijtws e/eaora ttoulv Kal Xtyeiv k<u 8iavo€Lcr9aL 
 
 Oi. 11). 
 
 31. Messalina (?) : uncertain. See No. 32. 
 
 24 
 
28. MARCELLUS. 
 
 29. MARCUS ANTONIUS. 
 
 30. MARCUS AURELIUS. 
 Sommer Photo. 
 
 31. MESSALINA. 
 
 -5 
 
32. Messalina and the youn'g Britannicus: Paris, Louvre. See 
 B., vol. ii. i, p. 360. 
 
 Valeria Messalina, third wife of the Emperor Claudius, mother 
 of Britannicus and Octavia. She was a byword for profligacy 
 and cruelty in a cruel and profligate age. Put to death in the 
 name of Claudius, by his freedman Narcissus, 
 
 Indulsit Caesar cut Claudius omnia, cuius 
 Paruit imperiis uxorem occidere nissus. 
 
 — Juv. xiv. 330. 
 
 16 
 
32. MESSALINA AND BRITANNICUS. 
 
 = 7 
 
33- Nero as a Child : Florence, Uffizi. 
 
 The comparison of these two portraits is instructive, and in the 
 whole series of Nero's portraits it is easy to trace the degeneration 
 of his character. 
 
 34. Nero : Paris, Louvre. B., vol. ii. 1, pi. xxv. ; p. 396. 
 
 Dates 37-68 a.d. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, son of Cn. 
 Domitius Ahenobarbus, adopted by the Emperor Claudius. He 
 took the name of Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. Fifth 
 Emperor of Rome, 54-68. For five years he governed well, then 
 broke out into all sorts of excesses, and indulged his cruelty and 
 greed unchecked. He it probably was that caused Rome to be 
 burnt. He was absurdly vain, and cared more about being 
 thought a poet, musician, or dancer, than being a strong and just 
 ruler. When the world grew weary of him, and Galba revolted, 
 Nero died like a coward, uttering the words, "Qua/is artifex pereo!" 
 (Suet., N. 49). 
 
 Juvenal says of him, Cuius supplicio non debuit una parari simia 
 7iec serpens unus nee adieus unus (viii. 213); this was the punish- 
 ment of parricide, which Nero had earned more than once. 
 Tacitus calls him incredibilium cupitor {Ann. xv. 42). In his days 
 inertia pro sapient 'iafuit (lac, Agr. 6). 
 
 z8 
 
33. NERO. 
 Edizione Brogi. 
 
 34. NERO. 
 2 9 
 
35- Nerva : Rome, Vatican. 
 
 Dates 32-98 a.d. M. Cocceius Nerva, twelfth Roman 
 Emperor, 96-98, was a just and virtuous ruler, but lacked vigour. 
 Perhaps the best act of his short reign was his choice of Trajan 
 as his successor. 
 
 30 
 
35. NERVA. 
 
 5 1 
 
36. Nerva : Rome, Vatican. Inscribed. 
 
 37. Octavia : Paris, Louvre, No. 2421. Uncertain. From a photo- 
 
 graph made specially for this book. See B., vol. ii. r. p. 119. 
 
 Octavia was daughter of C. Octavius, and of Atia, the sister of 
 Augustus. She married (1) C. Marcellus, to whom she bore the 
 ill-fated M. Marcellus, and (2) M. Antonius, who deserted her for 
 Cleopatra. She was famed for her beauty and goodness. 
 
 38. Otho. 
 
 Dates 32-69 a.d. A profligate dandy, and a boon-companion 
 of Nero, and seventh Emperor of Rome, 69. When Galba had 
 overthrown Nero, Otho got up a conspiracy against Galba, and 
 made the soldiers proclaim him Emperor. But he only remained 
 so for three months ; when, being defeated by Vitellius's army, he 
 committed suicide. 
 
 He said of himself. Nihil referre ab hoste in acie an in foro sub 
 creditoribus caderet (Suet., Otho 5). Tacitus says of him (Hist. i. 22), 
 " Non erat Othonis mollis et similis corpori animus." 
 
 3* 
 
36. NERVA. 
 
 38. OTHO. 
 
 37. OCTAVIA. 
 
 55 
 
39- Ovid(?): Florence, Uffizi. 
 
 Dates 43 B.C.-18 a.d. A polished versifier, who wrote amatory 
 verses, poetical epistles, and poems on traditions and mythology. 
 
 Quintilian {Inst. Or. x. i. 88) : " Lascivus quidem in herois 
 quoque Ovidius et nimium amator ingenii sui, laudandus tamen 
 in partibus." 
 
 40. Pompeius : Naples, Museum. 
 
 Dates 106-48 b.c. Cn. Pompeius Magnus was a very successful 
 military leader. He took part with Sulla against Marius, but after 
 Sulla's death he played the part of a popular hero. In 67 he was 
 invested with supreme command against the pirates, whom he 
 swept off the seas in three months, and destroyed their strongholds. 
 He was one of the Triumvirate with Caesar and Crassus, and 
 married Julia, the daughter of Caesar. He afterwards became 
 Caesar's rival, and was conquered by Caesar at Pharsalia, 48. 
 
 Tacitus, after speaking of Marius and Sulla, adds {Hist. ii. 38) : 
 "Post quos Cn. Pompeius occultior, non melior." 
 
 31 
 
39. OVID. 
 
 F.diziojti Brogi, 
 
 40. POMPEIUS. 
 35 
 
4i. Pompeius, Sextus : Paris, Louvre, No. 2438. From a photograph 
 made specially for this book. 
 
 Dates 75-35 B.C. Sex. Pompeius Magnus, son of Cn. Pom- 
 peius (No. 40), took up his father's cause after his death in 48. 
 He gathered a fleet and took Sicily. Agrippa defeated this fleet, 
 and Sextus fled to Asia, where he was captured and put to death. 
 
 i« 
 
41. SEXTUS POMPEIUS. 
 
 37 
 
42. Scipio : Naples, Museum. See B., vol. i. p. 38. 
 
 Dates about 235 to about 183 b.c. P. Corn. Scipio Africanus 
 stormed New Carthage in 210, Gades, 206; and then crossing over 
 to Africa, defeated Hannibal at Zama, 202. His family was old 
 and famous. The family tomb has been discovered on the Appian 
 Way, within the modern gate. 
 
 His answer to a public impeachment was : " On this day I con- 
 quered Hannibal : now, therefore, I will ascend the Capitol to 
 sacrifice. Let him who will record his vote against me." He 
 used to say : Numquam se minus otiosum esse quam cum otiosus, nee 
 minus solum quam cum solus esset (Cic, Off. iii. 1). 
 
 43. Seneca (?) : Naples, Museum. There is no ground for calling this 
 
 bust Seneca, but that the face suits the character closely. 
 There are several replicas. 
 
 Dates (?) 10 B.c-65 a.d. L. Annaeus Seneca was a Spaniard, 
 like several other literary contemporaries. He was a Stoic philo- 
 sopher, and acted as tutor to Nero ; but he had no good influence 
 over Nero — indeed, he rather encouraged his vices than otherwise. 
 He was rich, and Nero found an excuse for sentencing him to 
 death. He wrote Letters, and many philosophical works. He left 
 behind him a biting satire upon the Emperor Claudius, called the 
 Apoco/ocyntosis, or Pumpkinification, in ridicule of the Apotheosis 
 (Deification) of these brutal beings after their death. Gallio, the 
 "prefect of Achaia" (Acts xviii. 12), was Seneca's brother. 
 
 Quintilian {Inst. Or. x. i. 129) : "In philosophia parum diligens, 
 egregius tamen vitiorum insectator. Multae in eo claraeque 
 sententiae, multa etiam morum gratia legenda ; sed in eloquendo 
 corrupta pleraque atque eo perniciosissima, quod abundant 
 dulcibus vitiis." 
 
 Montaigne (Essays, iii. ch. 8): "I deem Tacitus more sinewy, 
 Seneca more sharp.'' 
 
 44. SeverUS: Paris, Louvre. 
 
 Dates 146-21 1 a.d. Septimius Severus was Emperor of Rome, 
 193 211. Campaigns in the East, 194 202. In 208 he went to 
 Britain, fought against the Caledonians, built the Wall of Severus 
 from the Solway to the mouth of the Tyne, and died at York. 
 
 3* 
 
42. SCIPIO. 
 
 So»nncr Photo. 
 
 43. SENECA. 
 Somnter Photo. 
 
 44. SEVERUS. 
 39 
 
45- Sulla : Paris, Louvre, No. 2440. From a photograph specially 
 made for this book. See B., vol. i. p. 91. 
 
 Dates 138-78 B.C. L. Corn. Sulla Felix in his youth lived a 
 wild life ; but he served with success in Africa under Marius, 
 and elsewhere. Sulla and Marius became deadly enemies, and 
 each conquered in turn, each proscribing the leaders of the other 
 party, who were ruthlessly murdered. Sulla represented the 
 aristocracy, Marius the plebeians. After Marius' death, Sulla 
 was made Dictator, and carried out a number of legal reforms. 
 He then retired from public life for ever. 
 
 Tacitus calls him [Hist. ii. 38) nobilium saevissimus. His epi- 
 taph declared that no man had ever outdone him either in doing 
 good to his friends or in doing mischief to his enemies (Plut., Sulla, 
 s. fin.). 
 
 " Sulla potens Mariusque ferox et Cinna cruentus." 
 
 — Lucan, iv. 822. 
 
 40 
 
45. SULLA, 
 
 41 
 
46. Tiberius : Rome, Vatican. The attitude of ihis statue recalls that 
 of Augustus, No. 8. 
 
 Dates 42 B.a-37 a.d. Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar, second 
 Roman Emperor, 14-37 a - d -j son of T. Claudius Nero, and Livia, 
 who afterwards married Augustus. He was handsome in person, 
 but in character crafty, jealous, and full of suspicion. He saw 
 some military service in Armenia (b.c. 20), with his brother Drusus, 
 against the Rhaeti (15), in Dalmatia and Pannonia, Germany 
 (a.d. 4), and Illyricum (a.d. 9), and in 12 a.d. he enjoyed a 
 triumph. He showed great cruelty in his rule, and it was believed 
 that he had Germanicus removed by poison, as a possible rival, 
 and this although Germanicus had been loyal when the soldiers 
 would have tried to make him emperor. For nine years he gave 
 all real power in the state to Sejanus ; but finally being convinced 
 of his treachery, had Sejanus put to death. The last years of his 
 life he spent in seclusion at Capreae, near Naples (now Capri), in 
 unrestrained debauchery. 
 
 Tacitus describes him thus (Ann. iv. 57): "Illi praegracilis et 
 incurva proceritas, nudus capillo vertex, ulcerosa facies." 
 
 He was so fond of carousing that on his first campaign the men 
 called him Biberius Caldius Mero (Suet., Tib. § 42). Augustus 
 said of him, Miserum populum Romanum qui sub tarn lentis maxillis 
 erit (§ 21). An epigram made of him during his reign is this 
 
 (§59):- 
 
 " Fastidit vinum, quia iam sitit iste cruorem : 
 
 Tarn bibit hunc avide quam bibit ante mcrum." 
 
 At his death the street cry was Tiberium in Tiberim I (§ 75). 
 
46. TIBERIUS. 
 
 43 
 
47- Titus : Naples, Museum. 
 
 Dates 40-81 a.d. Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, tenth 
 Roman Emperor, 79-81. He took Jerusalem, 70, and the Arch 
 of Titus at Rome, built to commemorate the capture, has. repre- 
 sentations of the Golden Candlestick and Table of Shewbread. 
 He completed the Colosseum begun by Vespasian. His rule was 
 happy, perhaps because he had no time to degenerate. 
 
 He used to say, Non oportere quemquam a sermone principis 
 tristem dicedere (Suet., Tit. § 8); and periturwn se potius quam per- 
 diturum (§ 9). Tacitus thus describes him (Hist. ii. 1) : " Augebat 
 famam ipsius Titi ingenium quantaecunque fortunae capax, decor 
 oris cum quadam maiestate." 
 
 44 
 
47. TITUS. 
 Sommer Photo. 
 
 45 
 
48. Trajan : Paris, Louvre. 
 
 Dates 52-117 a.d. M. Ulpius Trajanus, thirteenth Roman 
 Emperor, 98-117, adopted by the Emperor Nerva. He assisted 
 Nerva during the latter years of his reign, and succeeded on 
 Nerva's death. A distinguished soldier; he subdued the Dacians, 
 10T-106, and his title Dacicus was assumed therefore. Con- 
 quered Parthia in two campaigns, n 5-1 16, and died on the way 
 home. Built the Forum Trajanum, and the Column of Trajan in 
 it to commemorate his victories over the Dacians. This column 
 still stands, and is inscribed with names of visitors, the list be- 
 ginning twelve hundred years ago. 
 
 His goodness was proverbial; and 150 years after his death the 
 Senate uttered a wish that the new Emperor might be "felicior 
 Augusto, melior Traiano " (Eutrop., viii. 5). 
 
 " He was more 
 Than a mere Alexander, and unstain'd 
 With household blood and wine, serenely wore 
 His sovereign virtues : still we Trajan's name adore." 
 
 — Byron, Childc Harold, iv. in. 
 
 4'' 
 
48. TRAJAN. 
 
 4~ 
 
49- Vergil (?) : Rome, Capitol. No authentic portraits of Vergil exist. 
 See B., vol. i. pp. 246 ff. 
 
 Dates 70-19 B.C. P. Vergilius Maro, born at Mantua. Epic 
 and didactic poet : wrote Aeneid, Georgics, Eclogues ; and a few 
 other poems are ascribed to him. He was famed, not for genius 
 only, but for his beautiful character, which gave him at Naples the 
 pet name Parthenias (Donatus, Life of V., 57). Horace speaks of 
 his anitna Candida (Sat. i. 5. 41). From the time of Hadrian 
 down through the Middle Ages his works were used for inquiring 
 into the future ; they were opened at random, as is done by some 
 with the Bible, and omens taken from the line first seen (Sortes 
 Vergilianae). Vergil is a prominent figure in mediaeval legend. 
 
 "Princeps carminum Vergilius" ( Veil. Paterc. ii. 37). 
 
 50. Vespasian: Naples, Museum. See B., vol. ii. 2, p. 23. 
 
 Dates 9-79 a.d. T. Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, of humble 
 birth, ninth Roman Emperor, 69-79; founder of the Flavian 
 Dynasty, 69-96 ; was a distinguished soldier. Served in Ger- 
 many, and in Britain, when he reduced the Isle of Wight, 43. 
 Conducted the Jewish War, 66-69 \ Dut returned on being pro- 
 claimed Emperor, and left Titus to finish the war, 70. Vespasian 
 and Titus triumphed in 71. Under his orders Agricola conquered 
 N. Wales and other parts of Britain, 78-85. 
 
 His character is sketched by Tacitus (Hist. ii. 5) in these words : 
 " Acer militiae, . . . cibo fortuito, veste habituque vix a gregario 
 milite discrepans : prorsus si avaritia abesset, antiquis ducibus 
 par." He rose from his seat to die, in accordance with a favourite 
 saying of his : Imperatorem s tan tern mori oportet (Suet, Vesp. § 24). 
 
 51. Vitellius : Rome, Capitol. 
 
 Dates 15-69 a.d. A. Vitellius, eighth Roman Emperor, for 
 about one year, 69. He had no military talent, but his great 
 talent was for eating and drinking. The soldiers made him 
 Emperor on the death of Otho. 
 
 His character may be estimated from a saying of his : Optime 
 olere occisum nostem, et melius civem (Suet., Vitell. % 10). Tacitus 
 calls him adulatione promptissimus (Ann. xiv. 49), inpar curis 
 gravioribus (Hist. ii. 59), and speaks of his inexplebiles libidines 
 (I list. ii. 95). 
 
 48 
 
49. VERGIL 
 
 50. VESPASIAN. 
 Somtnet Photo. 
 
 VITELLIUS. 
 49 
 
Coins and Gems 
 
ROMAN COINS 
 
 * # * The legends of the coins are printed in capitals : where part of any such 
 legend is in small letters this fills up an abbreviation. 
 
 i. Agrippa : B., vol. i., coin-plate v. 103. 
 
 M • AGRIPPA • Lucii • Filius • COS • III. (Consul for the third 
 time, when he built the Pantheon.) 
 
 2. Antoninus Pius : B., vol. ii. 2, coin-plate iv. 6. 
 
 ANTONINVS • AVGVSTVS • PIVS. 
 
 3. M. Brutus : B., vol. i., coin-plate 111. 75. 
 
 Coin of Macedonia, struck when Brutus was Quaestor. 
 
 4. J. Caesar : B., vol. i., coin-plate in. 69. 
 
 DIVOS JVLIVS. Struck after his death. 
 
 5. Cicero : B., vol. i., coin-plate 11. 49. 
 
 Magnesia. MAPK02 TYAAI02 KIKEP12N. Struck when 
 Cicero was Proconsul. 
 
 6. Cicero: B., vol. i., coin-plate 11. 50. 
 
 Engraved gem. This head bears a strong likeness to the por- 
 trait No. 15 above. 
 
2 Antoninus Pius 
 
 3. M Brutus. 
 
 4 J Caesar 
 
 «vi 
 
 6. Cicero 
 
 5 3 
 
7. Children of Claudius : B., vol. ii. i, coin-plate xxxiv. 17. 
 
 Antonia Britannicus, and Octavia. LIBERIS AVGusti COLonia 
 Augusta Aroe Patrensis (Patrae in Achaia). The cornucopiae, or 
 horns of plenty, signify the fruitfulness of the royal house. 
 
 8. Cleopatra: I.-B. (Greek Section), vm. 15. 
 
 BA2IAI22A KAEOIIATPA OEA NE12TEPA. M. Antony, 
 the Triumvir, appears on the reverse. 
 
 Dates 68-30 b.c. Daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and beloved 
 by Caesar (to whom she bore a son, Caesarion) and Antony. She 
 was famous as the most beautiful woman of her day. 
 
 " Whom everything becomes : to chicle, to laugh, 
 To weep : whose every passion fully strives 
 To make itself in thee fair and admir'd." 
 
 — Shakespeare, Ant. and 67., Act i. sc. 1. 
 
 9. Cunobelinus of Britain (Cymbeline): I.-B. (Greek Section), vm. 23. 
 
 CVNOBELINVS. He was King of the Catuvellauni, and his 
 chief city was Colchester, where he ruled after the departure of 
 Caesar from Britain. 
 
 10. Domitian : B., vol. ii. 2, coin-plate 11. 10. 
 
 CAESar DIVI AVGusti VESPasiani Filius DOMITIANus 
 COS VII. (Consul seventh time.) 
 
 11. Drusus Junior : B., vol. ii. 1, coin-plate xxxm. 2. 
 
 DRVSVS • CAESAR • TIberii • AVGusti ■ Filius- DlVi- AVGusti 
 
 • Nepos. 
 
 12. Galba: P>., vol. ii. 2, coin-plate 1. 4. 
 
 IMPerator SERvius GALBA AVGustus TRibunicia Potestate. 
 
 54 
 
w 
 
 
 / 
 
 7 Claudius' Children 
 
 9. CUNOBELINUS. 
 
 8. Cleopatra. 
 
 10. Domitian. 
 
 azuifiyf-, 
 
 
 11. Drusus Junior. 
 
 55 
 
13- Galba : B., vol. ii. 2, coin-plate i. 2. 
 
 IMPerator ■ SERvius • GALBA • AVGustus. 
 
 14. Germanicus : B., vol. ii. 1, coin-plate xxxm. 15 
 
 GERMANICVS CAESAR TIberii AVGusti Filius DIVI 
 AVGusti Nepos. 
 
 15. Hadrian: B., vol. ii. 2, coin-plate IN. 16. 
 
 HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS. 
 
 16. Horace : B., vol. i., coin plate v. 116. 
 
 HORATIVS. A "contorniate medal"; such were struck for 
 some unknown reason in connection with public games. 
 
 Dates 65 B.C. to 8 B.C. Q. Horatius Flaccus, lyric poet and 
 satirist, was a freedman's son. He was well educated, and enjoyed 
 the best society of the Augustan age. His chief friend and patron 
 was Maecenas. His works are, Odes, Epistles, Satires, Epodes, 
 and Ars Poetica. Part of his " Carmen Saeculare " has been found 
 at Rome engraved on marble. 
 
 " Horati curiosa felicitas" (Petron., Sat. 118). 
 
 17 Lepidus : B., vol. i., coin-plate iv. 99. 
 
 Marcus LEPIDVS IIIVIRRPC {trium virorum rei publicae 
 constitue?idae : coin of the Triumvirate, 43 B.C.). 
 
 18. Marcellus : B., vol. i., coin-plate 1. 16. 
 
 MARCELL1NVS. Head of Marcellus, five times Consul, who 
 conquered Sicily 214-212 B.C.; the triquetra, or device of three 
 legs (like that of the Isle of Man), seen behind the head, refers 
 to Sicily — Trinacria, as the island was often called. On the reverse 
 is Marcellus offering in the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius the spolia 
 opima he won from a Gaulish chief Viridomarus in 222 isc. 
 
 " Aspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis 
 Ingreditur, victorque viros supereminet omnes ! 
 Hie rem Romanam magno turbante tumultu 
 Sistet, eques sternet Poenos Gallumque rebellem 
 Tertiaque arma patri suspendct capta Quirino." 
 
 Vergil, Aen. vi. 855. 
 56 
 
1 
 
 13. Galba 
 
 14, Germanicus. 
 
 15. Hadrian. 
 
 7. Lepidus. 
 
 .8. Marcellus. 
 
 37 
 
19. Marcus Antonius : B., vol. i., coin-plate iv. 84. 
 
 Egypt. ANT12NI02 AYTOKPAT12P TPITON TPI12N ANAP12N : 
 Antonius, Imperator for the third time, one of the Triumvirs. 
 
 20. Mithradates the Great (Eupator) : I.-B. (Greek Section), v. 3. 
 
 King of Pontus 120-63 B - c - \ Dorn l 3 l > a great soldier, who 
 for many years successfully resisted the Romans. 
 
 21. Nero : B., vol. ii. 1, coin-plate xxxv. 10. 
 
 NERO CLAVDius CAESAR AVGustus GERmanicus Ponti- 
 fex Maximus TRibunicia Potestate IMPerator Pater Patriae. 
 
 22. Nero Drusus : B., vol. ii. 1, coin-plate xxxm. 6. 
 
 NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMANICVS IMPERATOR. 
 
 23. Nerva : B., vol. ii 2, coin-plate 11. 17. 
 
 NERVA CAESAR AVGustus Pontifex Maximus TRibunicia 
 Potestate COS II (Consul the second time) Pater Patriae. 
 
 24. Otho : B , vol. ii 2, coin-plate 1. 6. 
 
 IMPerator OTHO CASAR AVGustus 
 
 58 
 
19. Marcus Antonius. 
 
 20. MlTHRADATES THE GREAT. 
 
 23. Nerva. 
 
 22. Nero Drusus. 
 
 59 
 
25. Pompeius : B., vol. i., coin-plate n. 38. 
 
 NEPTVNI (filius) : trident and dolphin, symbols of Neptune. 
 This is a coin of Sex. Pompeius, who calls himself son of Neptune, 
 in allusion to his father's maritime victories. The head is that of 
 Pompey the Great. 
 
 26 Q. Pompeius Rufus : B., vol. i., coin-plate 1. 26. 
 
 RVFVS • COS (Consul) : Q. POM. RVFI. Consul 88 B.C. 
 with Sulla. 
 
 27. Poppaea : B., vol. ii. 1, coin-plate xxxv. 19. 
 
 nOIIIlAIA. Poppaea, wife of Otho, had unlimited influence 
 over Nero, and persuaded him to murder his mother Agrippina, 
 and his wife Octavia, whereupon he married Poppaea. 
 
 28. Scipio Africanus (?) : B., vol. i., coin-plate 1. 18. 
 
 CN. BLASIO CN. F. (Gnaeus Blasio Gnaei filius), who struck 
 the coin as quaesto r . 
 
 29. Sulla : B., vol. i., coin plate 1. 25. 
 
 SVLLA COS (Consul). 
 
 30. Terence: B., vol. i., coin-plate v. 114. 
 
 TERENTIVS. A "contorniate medal." See under Horace. 
 
 60 
 
25. Pompeius 
 
 26. Q. Pompeius Rufus 
 
 27. Poppaea. 
 
 28. Scipio. 
 
 30. Terence. 
 
31. Titus : B , vol. ii. 2, coin-plate 11. 2. 
 
 T. CAESAR VESPASIANus IMPerator PON TRibunicia 
 POTestate COS II (Consul second time). 
 
 32. Titus Flamininus (?) : B., vol. i., coin-plate 1. 20. 
 
 Reverse has T. QUINCTI. T. Quinctius Flamininus was Consul 
 198 B.C. ; conducted a campaign in Greece. 
 
 33. Trajan: B., vol. ii. 2, coin-plate ill. 3. 
 
 IMPerator CAESar NERVA TRAIANus AVGustus GERMa- 
 nicus DACICVS Pater Patriae. 
 
 34. Vercingetorix of Gaul : I.-B. (Greek Section), vm. 22. 
 
 VERCINGETORIXS. 
 
 35. Vespasian: B., vol. ii. 2, coin-plate I. 15. 
 
 IMPerator CAESar VESPASIANus AVGustus Pontifex Maxi- 
 mus Tribunicia Potestate COS II. 
 
 36. Vitellius : B, vol. ii. 2, coin-plate 1. 9. 
 
 A. VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMPerator AVGustus Ponti- 
 fex Maximus Tribunicia Potestate. 
 
 r,» 
 
mm 
 
 33. Trajan. 
 
 
 32. Flamininus. 
 
 34. Vercingetorix 
 
 m&m 
 
 35 Vespasian 
 
 36. Vitellius. 
 
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