C' i ^C\ r x r \ world, including, as they do, between two and three thousand names c kingdoms, cities, mountains, rivers, &c., with a short description of each and, what is extremely useful and important, the correct or customar pronunciation in all cases in which any doubt or difficulty can be felt Teachers as well as pupils will feel grateful to the author for this pai of his labours. Upon the whole, the book well deserves the popularit it has acquired, and which we have no doubt this new impression wi both maintain and extend.” — Atherueum. “ This is a very useful school-book, with several neatly-engraved maps. * — Globe and Traveller. “ It is a complete multum in parvo, and contains in a small compass . and at a small expense, more information than any volume of twice it size with which we have ever met.— As a school-book, therefore, an indeed as a book of occasional reference by adults themselves, this littl vade mecum strongly recommends itself to notice. ”— Li ver pool Albion “ A good school-book, cheap, full of information, and that informa tion well arranged.” — East Anglian. “This is an excellent Compendium of Geography.” — Livcrpoc Courier. “ No modern Compendium has obtained a higher or more deserve' celebrity than this little volume.” — Liverpool Journal. “ For neatness and portability of form, compactness of arrangement extent of geographical information, and, what is a most important iten in the catalogue of merits, its cheapness, this is one of the most attrac tive elementary books we have seen.” — Bath Herald. “ We must say of the volume before us, that it is one of the best on th subject that has hitherto come under our notice.’— Farley's Rrish Journal . FORMER EDITIONS OF THIS WORK. 3 “ We know of no work better calculated for schools, as well as pri- vate individuals who wish to become thoroughly acquainted with an interesting branch of liberal education.” — Woolmer's Exeter Gazette. “ In every page of it we find such general accuracy of information as fully accounts for the position it already occupies, and in which we think it scarcely likely soon to be supplanted.”— Exeter Flying Post. “ We recommend it as a very comprehensive and valuable work to the instructors of youth.”— Brighton Herald. “ This work appears to have been compiled with great care, and, from the plan adopted by the author, it contains a great mass of information.” —Falmouth Packet. “ We are much pleased that this useful and cheap work has reached a third edition, because it is everyway well worthy of an extensivecir- culation ; the arrangement is new and admirable, whilst the great va- riety of knowledge contained in so small a compass render it one of the most valuable small publications yet issued from the press.” — Lancaster Gazette. The disjunction of Belgium from Holland — the appointment of a sovereign for Greece — the independence of Afghanistan— the discove- ries of the Landers in Africa— a better classification of the South Sea Islands, and the last population returns — are most clearly brought into no- tice; and form, together with the other meritorious contents of the vo- lume, one of the most perfect and useful little publications of the kind that has ever issued from the didactic press.” — Taunton Courier. “ It is filled with facts, well arranged, and adapted to give quite as much instruction as any school-book we have seen.” — Leeds Mercury. “ A new school-book, which appears, from a hasty glance, to be an improvement on all its predecessors, very neatly got up, and cheap withal, the maps being on a good scale. : '—Hampshire Telegraph. “ This excellent school-book has reached a third edition within a few years, and now comes out with renewed claims to support, and increased means of usefulness.” — Newcastle Cour ant. “We know no work which will give the young reader so clear and correct an idea of the different countries of the globe and their compo- nent parts, as the present; and we are quite sure, that whoever )jjll be at the trouble to examine the volume, will say this is not exagge- rated praise.” — Durham Advertiser. (( A more comprehensive and explicit system, at so cheap a price, is not to be met with, even in these march-of-intellect days ."—Carlisle Patriot . “ We have no hesitation in saying that, for copiousness and accuracy of information, as a school-book, it surpasses all the elementary works of the same dimensions which we have seen.” — Sunderland Herald. “We have no hesitation in awarding our tribute to the manner in which it has been compiled and executed.” — Cumberland Pacquet. “ Among the numerous works which have been published for facili- tating the acquirement of geographical knowledge in our schools, we have no hesitation in pronouncing the one whose titlepage we have just quoted as claiming a very high place. — The author has evidently had recourse to the very best and approved sources of information, as will appear evident to any one conversant in matters of geographical re- search.” — Dublin University Magazine. 4 CRITICAL NOTICES, &C. “ The most recent information is uniformly, and, as far as we ex- amined, accurately given. The book is illustrated by ten maps, and is a very cheap as well as excellent Compendium of Geography.” — Dublin Literary Gazette. “ In a word, we hesitate not to say, with the fullest confidence and most perfect sincerity, that, in all those respects which can confer value on a work of the kind, the volume under consideration is the best and cheapest Compendium of Geography ever published in Europe.” — Edin- burgh Literary Journal. “ Having examined the present edition of Mr Stewart’s School-Geo- graphy with no small degree of attention, we can with the utmost con- fidence affirm, that it is at once the most valuable and cheap work of the same size on the subject ever offered to the British public.” — Edin- burgh Literary Gazette. “ This Compendium is one of the best we have seen.” — Edinburgh Weekly Journal. “We might in vain look for a better arranged or more convenient elementary System of Geography than the present.” — Edinburgh Ob- server. “ This little volume really seems to us to possess in perfection every requisite of a School- Geography. — The exercises are well selected, and must be exceedingly convenient for the teacher. — Whether we consider the great importance and utility of the information which it contains, or the manner in which it has been executed, it deserves unqualified praise, and the most extensive public patronage.” — Edinburgh Weekly Chro- nicle. “ We have rarely time to notice school-books, but this one possesses various merits which are seldom found combined. It is cheap, neatly got up, well written, well arranged, and contains a great deal of matter within a small compass. Literary talent is never better employed than in preparing good elementary works like this for the instruction of the rising generation.” — Scotsman. “Various, and almost innumerable, as treatises of this description are, we have seen no one that will bear to be compared with the pre- sent compilation.” — Edinburgh Evening Post. “ From the increased and still increasing importance of Geography as a branch of liberal education, and from the intrinsic excellence of the present treatise itself, there cannot be a doubt that it will, as it deserves, very soon become one of our most popular books upon the subject.” — Glasgow Free Press. “ Almost every page furnishes proofs of diversified research, while the lucid order observed in arranging the materials, with the simplicity and purity of the style, and the general accuracy of the information which this Compendium contains, place it immeasurably above most works of the kind. We have compared it with five contemporary ma- nuals of Geography; and we have no hesitation in awarding to it the palm of excellence.”— Scots Times. “In our estimation, it is one of the most intelligible and complete Grammars of geographical science yet published.” — Aberdeen Journal. “ We may assert, that in point of arrangement, fitness, and utility, this work stands unrivalled, and cannot fail to have a circulation com- mensurate to its great merits.” — Dumfries Courier. “ We have now before us the third edition of this excellent school- book, and after careful and minute inspection, we have no hesitation in recommending it as the most complete, yet concise, System of Geogra- phy ever issued from the British press.”— Fifeshire Journal. A New Edition, greatly improved, 18mo, Is. 6d. bound. MANUAL of ENGLISH GRAMMAR, Philosophical and Practical: with Exercises; adapted to the Analytical Mode of Tuition. For the Use of Schools, or Private Students. By the Rev. J. M. M £ Culloch, A. M., Minister of Kelso, Author of “A Series of Lessons progressively arranged,” “ A Course of Elementary Reading in Science and Literature,” &c. t( This is a very praiseworthy attempt to place the principles of Grammar before the pupil, in preference to its arbitrary rules. Mr M'Culloch’s Course of Ele- mentary Reading-, and his Lessons in Prose and Verse , have already distin- guished him among the teachers of the rising generation. We have no less rea- son to be'satisfied with the little work before us than with those of which we have long since expressed a favourable opinion. Under the professorship of Dr John Hunter of St Andrews, the author of this little treatise acquired correct notions of universal grammar, and, in this essay, treats the science as its import- ance merits.” — Atlas . “ This little volume is decidedly the best we have seen for the use of schools. The subject of the origin and derivation of words, so slightly alluded to in Mur- ray’s and other publications, is in this work fully illustrated as its very great importance deserves.” — Alexander's East India Magazine . * ( No school-book has of late been more wanted than a Manual of English Grammar, adapted to the improved methods of teaching, and treating the sub- ject not as an art but as a science. Most of the text-books in common use are either so meagre as to be in a great measure unintelligible, or so full of errone- ous views as to have a tendency rather to perpetuate inaccuracies of language than to preserve its purity ; while all of them have been compiled on the false principle, that it is the business of the Grammarian to prescribe arbitrary rules for the expression of thought, instead of merely collecting the usages of speech and writing, and from these deducing their general principles. It was therefore with the greatest pleasure that we saw the announcement of this little work by Mr M‘Culloch, whose experience as a public teacher, success as a compiler of school-books, and varied and extensive learning, were the surest pledges that he would bring to the composition of it the necessary practical and philological know- ledge. We regard this Manual of English Grammar as decidedly the best book of the kind in the language ; and if we are not greatly mistaken, we shall soon see it supersede the defective and inaccurate abridgments at present used in our schools.” — Presbyterian Review. “ We have examined this Manual with much pleasure ; it is sound in its prin- ciples, clear and simple in all its statements. We were especially gratified with the section on Derivation.” — Christian Journal. “ This is without exception the best English Grammar that has yet been pub- lished. For brevity of expression, and comprehensiveness of plan and arrange- ment, it is superior to every other work of the kind. We have not the least doubt that it will entirely supersede, not only Lennie’s Principles of English Grammar, but Lindley Murray’s more respectable work itself ; and become the standard Manual for elementary teaching in all schools. We very cordially recommend it to all teachers of youth. More advanced scholars will derive great improve- ment from its perusal.”— Stephen's Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal. “ We have not the least hesitation in saying, that this is by far the best Ma- nual of English Grammar at this moment extant. It is decidedly at once more full, more complete, and more judicious than any similar work with which we are acquainted. Into each of the departments new modes of illustration have been introduced, and in every instance these are singularly happy and judicious. Those that embrace Etymology and Derivation, in particular, are executed in a most masterly manner.— We have no doubt whatever that Mr M'Culloch’s little Manual will supplant every other treatise of a similar nature now in use in the schools.” — Scotsman . “ We have no doubt that it will recommend itself and become popular as a school-book wherever it is known.” — Edinburgh Advertiser . 6 CRITICAL NOTICES OF “ In this valuable little work we have a clear and satisfactory exposition of the rules of grammar, illustrated by their practical application. The author is evi- dently deeply versed in the philosophy of language, and his opinions respecting j disputed points are both original and just. The definitions and rules are eharac- [ terized by a brevity and perspicuity which render them intelligible to the most i ordinary understanding, and the work is at once so philosophical and practical, ithat it may be perused with equal advantage by the teacher and by the student. It is altogether the most able and satisfactory of any elementary production of the kind with which we are acquainted.'’ — Edinburgh Observer . (t We have seldom perused a school-book with more pleasure, and certainly never with more profit , than the Manual of English Grammar. The rules are distinguished for brevity and simplicity, and the illustrations are obvious to the dullest comprehension. To teachers, and private students, we recommend it as the only work of the kind which gives a complete and philosophical view of the English language.” — Edinburgh Evening Post. “ This is a clever little work, and seems well calculated to serve the purposes for which it is intended. It possesses several advantages over the elementary grammars in common use, in the perspicuity of its arrangement, and the clear- ness of its rules ; but, probably, its chief recommendation to the practical teacher will be found in the number and variety of its exercises. It is well worthy the attention of all who are employed in the tuition of youth.” — Glasgow Courier . " Without being a mere copyist, the author has availed himself of the labours of previous Grammarians, and in many instances he has thrown out new and striking views of portions of Grammar, which appear to have been hitherto mis- conceived or neglected. The Manual, therefore, merits, and we have no doubt will enjoy, extensive popularity.” — Scots Times . “ We recommend the present Manual for public teaching or private study, as superior to any treatise of the kind that has preceded it. It ought to be in the hands of every person who attempts to write the English language.” — Glasgow Free Press. “ The pupil who has the good fortune to study this Manual of Grammar under the direction of a well-qualified instructor, must acquire a much more extensive and accurate knowledge of the structure of language, the philosophical principles on which it rests, and the principles of English, than from any other book of the same size at present in existence.” — Glasgow Argus. “ After a careful examination, we are fully convinced of the merit of this new attempt to facilitate the study of English Grammar. — The copiousness of the de- partment which treats of the Derivation of Words, is to us one of the strongest recommendations of the volume.” — Greenock Intelligencer. “ This little work will be found to contain every thing requisite to enable an Englishman to obtain a complete knowledge of his native tongue. The rules are remarkably perspicuous and well defined, and the exercises are copious and ad- mirably fitted for the present advanced state of education. We are particularly pleased with the author’s method of simplifying the Verb, and of freeing it from the obscurities which have hitherto defaced our School-grammars ; and we are glad to see that that part of the work which treats of the Derivation of Words has received the attention so justly due to its importance.”— Dumfries Courier. “ This is another and a very valuable contribution to what may be called the system of rational education — meaning by this, that method of teaching which reasons with the pupil— which compels him to learn nothing that he does not com- prehend — which is not sati>fied with burdening the memory, without convincing the intellect — that system, in short, which deals with the disciple as a reasoning being, not as a mere mocking-bird. To this system of tuition, Mr M‘Culloch has already furnished several works of much importance, but none which, in our opinion, can be compared with the present Manual.— In this little yet comprehen- sive volume, the author h^s conveyed, in plain and pleasing language, an epitome of the principles of English Grammar, as accurate and philosophical as it is simple and easily intelligible. He has produced a work which must divest Grammar of much of the repulsive character that it usually presents to the learner, and which will, .we do not hesitate to predict, very soon become widely popular, and su- THE FIRST EDITION OF THIS WORK. 7 persede all the imperfect Grammars now in use. These it surpasses alike in literary as in typographical merit— in comprehensiveness as in cheapness.”— Aberdeen Observer. “ We recommend the work to the attention of all who take an interest in the subject of elementary education* convinced, that as a School Grammar it can scarcely be equalled by any similar work ."—-Aberdeen Advertiser . “ We consider this little and cheap work a valuable present to those for whose use it is primarily designed, and we are desirous to see the rising generation ini- tiated into the Rudiments of English Grammar, upon a system which promises to make at least equally proficient scholars, with less fatigue to the teacher and corporal punishment to the pupil, than fell to the lot of both in our younger days.” — Perthshire Courier. “ The clearness of the arrangements, and the excellence of the rules and illus- trations, render it at once easy of comprehension and complete. We may con- gratulate the learned and indefatigable author on having composed the best in- troductory Manual of English Grammar that at present exists.” — Inverness Courier. “ We entertain no doubt that this Manual will, as we think it deserves to do, supersede in our schools every other compendium of English Grammar hitherto published.”— Kelso Mail . u We have much pleasure in recommending this improved, and, in a great de- gree, original little work, to all preceptors and guardians of youth ; and we can assure them, that it is admirably adapted to the analytical mode of tuition, and well suited for the use of schools and of private tutors. Sufficiently scientific in its principles, and abundantly comprehensive in its details, it meets the exigencies of the rapidly-improving method of elementary teaching.” — Fifeshire Journal . “ This is unquestionably the production of a man of very considerable talent, and who takes an accurate and profound view of his subject. Upon the whole, there is much to praise in this little work, and it will be found a valuable assist- ant to those engaged in teaching advanced students. Our limits prevent our en- tering into a minute examination of the different parts, but we assuredly wish Mr McCulloch success in his laudable undertaking.” — Dublin Christian Examiner. <( This book possesses certainly many claims to public attention, and is one of the neatest and cheapest school-books this age of cheap publications has present- ed us with.”— Saunders' News Letter. “ This is an excellent little work, clear, concise, and admirably adapted to make grammar what it ought to be,— a science rather than an art. The pupil, instead of being puzzled by a number of complex rules (of which he vaguely knows only the mere application), is, in the first stage, taught to comprehend the nature of words, as symbols of our ideas ; and secondly, their use and application in the structure of the English language. We have never met so much useful or novel information in any similar treatise.” — Dublin Satirist. ‘ * We can with confidence bestow on this elegant little volume our best recom- mendation, The author has an intimate acquaintance, not only with the con- struction and the peculiar laws of our language, but with the philosophical principles on which these laws are founded, and hence he has been enabled to in- troduce into his work a great variety of important improvements in the classifica- tion and arrangement of the various parts ; and in fact so to re-model the whole science of Grammar as to present it in an original and highly-advantageous form. The improvements introduced by Mr M‘Culloch into the Etymological and Syn- tactical divisions are so palpable as to strike, even at first sight, every person in any degree acquainted with the subject ; while in the other departments of his subject he has carried out the same happily philosophic spirit, and has concentra- ted within a small space a vast quantity of useful and interesting information.” — Belfast News Letter. m “ The author of this concise, but clear, this small, but comprehensive compen- dium of English Grammar, has succeeded in rendering that which Milton calls the * laborious steep of the liill-side of education,’ a comparative bank of flowers. The department of Etymology or Derivation is highly ingenious and instructive, and is, we think, a new feature in works of Grammar,” — Bath Herald * 8 CRITICAL NOTICES, &C. “ This is a most valuable book, and maybe studied with advantage, not by chil- dren alone, but by many of riper growth. The chief merit of this Manual con- sists in the enlarged and philosophical views of the author, whose deep research is tempered, in an eminent degree, by judgment and good sense.” — Brighton Gazette. ** We have examined this work with great attention, and think it our duty to point it out as worthy of public patronage ; it is a truly valuable addition to our now copious school literature.” — Leeds Intelligencer. “ This is a very neat and comprehensive little work, by a reverend gentleman, well known as the author of other meritorious books for the instruction of youth. The brief view we have been enabled to take of his plans, has impressed us very favourably with them, and his grammar promises to be as successful as his “ Les- sons in Prose and Verse” and “Course of Elementary Reading,” which have reach- ed third and fourth editions in no long time after their original appearance.” — Leeds Mercury. “ A work by the Rev. J. M. M'Culloch, A. M., which, for the small sum of one shilling and sixpence, contains one of the clearest and best brief expositions of English Grammar in the language.” — Cheltenham Chronicle. “ For the manner in which the author has executed the task he had undertaken, we must refer to the work itself. He has, in our opinion, executed his task very ably, and produced a Manual which must facilitate the study of Grammar, and render a road pleasant which youth generally find difficult and rugged.” — Liver- pool Albion .” “ This unpretending little Manual of Grammar is a valuable addition to the numerous works now extant, for the advancement of education upon sound and correct principles. Its examples are perspicuous and simple, and we can believe it will be found a readier instructor than several other works of the same purport, j though of different arrangement, which have obtained a great sale and celebrity.” —Sherborne Mercury. “ It is also an attempt to furnish a School-grammar, suited to the present ad- vanced and daily-improving method of elementary teaching, and we think is likely to find its way into general use.” — Exeter Flying Post. “ Having looked through this unpretending little work, we most highly recom- mend it to our readers.”— Plymouth and Devonport Weekly Journal • “ This little elementary work is worthy of all the panegyric it has elicited from the public press. The author has handled this indispensable branch of scholastic education in a somewhat new, and certainly in a very agreeable and interesting manner, and has contributed very materially to develop the peculiarities of the language, by rules less complex, and through the medium of a construction more in accordance with its intrinsic characteristics, than that which antecedently pre- vailed. We cordially recommend it, therefore, to all who have the instruction of youth intrusted to them, as a work calculated more than any other extant to forward the progress of the pupil at the least possible labour to themselves.” — Sunderland Herald. “ The Definitions and Rules are expressed with brevity and simplicity ; and the Grammatical Exercises are as copious and varied as the limits of a cheap school- book would permit. We have pleasure in recommending Mr M'Culloeh’s Manual, as well adapted to the analytical mode of tuition ; also for the use of schools or private students.”— Sheffield Iris. “ The accuracy and talent with which this little work has been prepared, call for the patronage of the teacher and the public at large. The author has with much judgment given as notes a mass of information which the adult of any rank, or of any degree of education, however high, will, in some respects, find both agreeable and profitable.”— Tyne Mercury • “ This is an admirable Manual of English Grammar, and well calculated for the object set forth in its title. It is scientific, yet simple; and for elementary teaching it must prove invaluable. We cordially commend it to the notice of schools.” — Carlisle Patriot. “ This is a very excellent Manual, and may be studied with advantage by either juniors or seniors.” — Durham Advertiser . A COMPENDIUM OP MODERN GEOGRAPHY; WITH REMARKS ON THE PHYSICAL PECULIARITIES, PRODUCTIONS, COMMERCE, AND GOVERNMENT OF THE VARIOUS COUNTRIES; QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION AT THE END OF EACH DIVISION ; AND DESCRIPTIVE TABLES, IN WHICH ARE GIVEN THE PRONUNCIATION, AND A CONCISE ACCOUNT OF EVERY PLACE OF IMPORTANCE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. illustrate** fcg Kzw Neto JHaps, AND AN ENGRAVING, SHOWING THE HEIGHTS OF THE PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS ON THE GLOBE. BY THE REV. ALEX. STEWART, Author of “ The History of Scotland,” &c. FIFTH EDITION, CAREFULLY REVISED AND ENLARGED. EDINBURGH: PUBLISHED BY OLIVER & BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT ; AND SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO., LONDON. 1835. [Price Three Shillings and Sixpence bound.] ENTERED IN STATIONERS’ HALL. Printed by Oliver & Boyd, Tweeddale Court, High Street, Edinburgh. W St^L /$ 34 " PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION. In preparing the present Edition of this Compendium for the press, neither labour nor expense has been spared to render it still more deserving of the prefer- ence which has been given to it both by Teachers and by the Public. Every part of it has been minutely and carefully revised, and the utmost attention has been bestowed on the facts and descriptions, with the view of maintaining its character for accuracy of detail. Besides various improvements throughout, this im- pression will be found to embrace a great deal of valu- able geographical knowledge, derived from the most recent and authentic sources, Foreign as well as British ; the extent of which can only be fully appreciated by an examination of the Work itself. The Descriptive Tables are considerably enlarged, and to all the more important cities, seaports, capes, &c., the latitude and longitude have been added. The description of the American Continent, besides being enriched with much additional information, is now endered more conformable to the general plan. An accurate set of Maps has been prepared, strictly C"- N 4 PREFACE. Upon the whole, this Edition is sent forth in the con- fident expectation, that it will be found still more en- titled than any of its predecessors to the high degree of popular favour with which the work has been every where received. In submitting a suggestion concerning the manner of teaching by this Compendium, the Author re- commends that the pupil should read over the De- scriptive Tables, in such portions as the Teacher may find convenient, before committing to memory the geographical detail of the countries to which they re- spectively refer. Young persons will thus acquire the correct pronunciation of the names of the places in the text; and the ideas associated with these names will facilitate the task of learning them. June 1835. CONTENTS. Page Principal Mountains on the Globe, 7 Principal Rivers in the World, 11 Of the Figure and Revolutions of the Earth, 13 Of the Solar System, 14 Geographical Terms, 15 Divisions of the Earth’s Surface, 17 EUROPE — Page 21 British Empire — E ngland and Wales, 23 Scotland, 45 — Ireland, 60 Norway, 71 Sweden, 72 Denmark, 70 Holland, 83 Belgium, 91 France, 95 Spain, Ill Portugal, 119 Switzerland, 122 Italy, 127 Turkey in Europe, 135 Greece, 142 Russia in Europe, 146 Prussia, 159 Germany, 164 The Austrian Empire, 174 ASIA — 181 Turkey in Asia, 183 Arabia, 185 Persia, 187 Afghanistan, 189 a 3 6 CONTENTS. Page Hindostan, 190 The Eastern Peninsula, 195 China, 197 Thibet, 200 Eastern or Chinese Tartary, 202 Western or Independent Tartary, 203 Asiatic Russia, 205 Japan, 207 The East Indian Islands, 209 Australia, 210 South Sea Islands,.. 212 Descriptive Table of Asia, 213 AFRICA— Page 238 Barbary, * 240 Western Africa, 242 Southern Africa, 244 Eastern Africa, 245 Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia, 240 Central Africa, 249 Descriptive Table of Africa, 251 AMERICA— 260 North America, 262 The Russian Territory, 263 British America, 264 United States, 267 Mexico and Guatimala, 273 The West India Islands, 276 Greenland, ...280 Descriptive Table of North America, 281 South America, 296 Descriptive Table of South America, 300 Terrestrial Globe, 306 Problems on the Terrestrial Globe, 308 Celestial Globe, 318 Problems on the Celestial Globe, 319 Table of Longitude, 324 PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS ON THE GLOBE. EASTERN HEMISPHERE. EUROPE. The Mountains marked * are Volcanoes. Feet above Mountain. Situation. Country. the sea. 1. Mont Blanc Alps Savoy 15,668 2. Monte Rosa. Alps Switzerland 15,527 3. Schrekhorn Alps Switzerland 13,310 4. Ortler Spitz Alps Tyrol 12,852 5. Mulhacen Sierra Nevada... Spain 11,878 6. Simplon Alps Switzerland 11,542 7. Maladetta Pyrenees Spain 11 ,436 8. Mont Perdu Pyrenees France 11,168 9. *Etna Sicily 10,870 10. St Gothard Alps Switzerland 10,605 11. Ruska Carpathians Hungary 9,912 12. Monte Corno Apennines Italy 9,523 13. Lomnitz Carpathians Hungary 8,133 14. Sneehaetta Dofrines Norway 8,122 15. Olympus Turkey 6,504 16. Puy de Sancy Auvergne France 6,224 17. Mezenc.. Cevennes France 5,820 18. Parnassus Greece 5,750 19. *Hecla Iceland 5,010 20. Ben Nevis Grampians Scotland 4,370 21. Ben Macdhui Grampians Scotland 4,362 22. Cairngorm Grampians Scotland 4,060 23. * Vesuvius Naples 3,932 24. Snowdon Wales 3,571 25. Cader Idris Wales 3,550 26. Magillicuddy’s Reeks Ireland 3,412 27. Helvellyn England 3,313 28. Ben Lomond Grampians Scotland 3,262 29. Skiddaw England 3,022 ASIA. 1. Chimularee Himmalehs N.of Hindostan.29,000 2. Dhawalagiri Himmalehs N.of Hindostan.28,074 3. Javaher Himmalehs N.ofHindostan.25,800 4. Highest Peak of Hindoo-Coosh ....N. of Cabul 20,000 5. Elburz Caucasus Circassia 18,350 6. Ararat Armenia 1 7 ? 260 7. Mowna Roa Sandwich Isl- ands ...15,988 8. Ophir Sumatra 13,840 9. Highest Peak of Lebanon Palestine 11,050 1 0. I talitzkoi Altai Siberia 10,735 11. *Awatsha Kamtschatka ... 9,600 12. Olympus Asia Minor 9,100 8 Feet above Mountain. Situation. Country. the Sea. 13. Highest Peak of Neilgherries Hindostan 8,835 14. Sinai Arabia 7 5 887 15. Adam’s Peak Ceylon 6,650 16. Ida Asia Minor 5,292 17. Carmel Palestine 2,250 AFRICA. 1. Mount Hentet Atlas Range.... Morocco 15,000 2. Highest Peak of the Cameroons W. Africa 13,000 3. *Peakof Teneriffe Canaries 12,176 4. Compass Snowy Mountains.. S. Africa. 10,250 5. PicoRuivo Madeira 6,233 6. Table Mountain C.ofGrood Hope 3,582 7. Diana’s Peak St Helena 2,710 Ascent of Gay Lussac, at Paris, in 1804, the greatest height ever attained by a balloon 23,040 Greatest height attained on the Himmalehs by Dr Gerrard 20,000 Height of Snow-line on the N. side of the Himmalehs 17,000 Mansarowara Lake, in Thibet 14,500 Height of Snow-line on the Alps 10,800 Convent of the Great St Bernard, Alps 8,180 Pass of the Little St Bernard, Alps 7,192 WESTERN HEMISPHERE. AMERICA. 1. Sorata ..Andes .25,250 2. Illimani .Andes .24,200 3. Chimborazo .Andes .21,436 4. *Cayambe .Andes .19,025 5. * Antisana .Andes .19,136 6. * Cotopaxi .Andes .18,858 7. Mount St Elias.. .17.863 8. * Popocatepetl... .17,780 9. * Orizaba .17,990 10. *Pichincha ..Andes .15,924 11. Mount Fair weather.. ..14,730 12. Coffre de Perote. .13.275 13. James* Peak ..Rocky Mts... .11,500 14. Highest Peak of Blue Mountains. .Jamaica . 7,278 15. Mr. Washington.. Alleghanies ... . 6,634 Greatest altitude attained by Humboldt and Bonpland on Chim. borazo, in 1802 Height attained on Illimani by Pentland Height of Snow-line on Chimborazo Heights of Assuay, the ancient Peruvian Koad, Colombia ... Lake Titicaca, Upper Peru Farm of Antisana, the highest inhabited spot on the Andes.. City of Potosi, Bolivia, or Upper Peru City of Quito, Colombia City of Mexico 19,798 19.000 ,15,800 15,540 14.000 13,457 13,350 9,542 7,476 Comparative Heights of the Principal Mountains on the Globe. ' •• " :v .... ... . „ hags ai&sfi ■ - ; ...•■iViS-s'i. viaji - -'•J' . ^ sifii'i • ... ,,, V.- . : - : ' . * cV'h-,y>J 'to i;j •..,,c.., • > ; a** -v t • .. \ . ><<*->eoi>flAb09£l... • - ••• ■ • i--' ^ = -■■** ■■■fi ... ■ • r ' .'hS 5 hi ■ '• PRINCIPAL RIVERS IN THE WORLD. EUROPE. Name. Country. Length in Termination. miles. Volga ...Russia .Caspian Sea .2040 Danube ...Germany, &c... . Black Sea .1800 Dnieper ..Russia .Black Sea .1150 Don ...Russia .Sea of Azof .1020 Rhine. ...Switzerland, Ger- Dwina many,&HollandNorth Sea ..Russia .White Sea . 750 Dniester .Black Sea .. 700 Elbe ...Germany .North Sea . 670 Vistula .Baltic Sea .. 650 Loire ...France .Bay of Biscay..., Oder ...Prussia .Baltic Sea Tagus tugal .Atlantic Ocean.., ,. 550 Rhone ..Switzerland and France Mediterranean Sea 540 Guadiana ..Spain .Gulf of Cadiz..., Douro ...Spain and Por- tugal .Atlantic Ocean... . 455 Seine ...France .English Channel. ,. 450 Po ..Italy .Adriatic Sea ,. 410 Ebro ...Spain .MediterraneanSea 400 Garonne ...France .Bay of Biscay.... . 400 Guadalquiver ...Spain .Gulf of Cadiz.... . 300 Thames ...England .North Sea Severn ...England ..Italv .Bristol Channel.. . 210 Tiber .MediterraneanSea 210 Shannon ...Ireland .Atlantic Ocean.. . 200 H umber ...England .North Sea . 160 Tay ...Scotland .North Sea . 120 Forth ...Scotland .North Sea . 115 Clyde ...Scotland .Frith of Clyde ... . 100 Yang-tse-kiang ASIA. .Pacific Ocean.... .3000 Yenisei .Northern Ocean.. ..2900 Oby and Irtish .Northern Ocean. .2800 H oang-ho .Pacific Ocean.,.. Lena ...Siberia .Northern Ocean.. 2000 Amur, or Sagalien.. .Sea of Okhotsk.. .1900 MaykiangorCambodiaThibet, &c .Chinese Sea Indus, or Sinde .Indian Ocean .1700 Ganges ...Hindostan .Bay of Bengal... 1600 Euphrates .Persian Gulf .1600 Brahmapoutra .Bay of Bengal... .1500 12 Name. Oxus, or Jihon Sihon, or Jaxartes Irrawady Hong-kiang Ural Tigris Meinavn Godavery Length in Country. Termination. miles. Bokhara Sea of Aral 1300 . W estern Tartary Sea of Aral 1200 .Thibet and Pegu. Bay of Bengal.... 1100 .China Chinese Sea 1050 .Russia Caspian Sea 1020 Turkey in Asia.. Euphrates 920 .Siam Gulf of Siam 850 .Hindostan Bay of Bengal.... 800 Nile Niger, or Quorra ., Congo, or Zaire... Orange, or Gareep. Zambezi Senegal Gambia AFRICA. .Nubia & Egypt. MediterraneanSea2750 Nigritia Gulf of Guinea. ..2300 .Congo Atlantic Ocean... 1400 .Namaqualand ...Atlantic Ocean... 1050 Mozambique Indian Ocean 950 .Senegambia Atlantic Ocean ... 950 .Senegambia Atlantic Ocean... 700 AMERICA. Amazon, or Maranon. Brazil Atlantic Ocean.. ..3300 Mississippi United States.... Gulf of Mexico. ..3160 From the source of the Missouri 4265 La Plata, or Parana... Brazil and La Plata Atlantic Ocean... 21 30 St Lawrence (includ- ing the lakes) Canada G. ofStLawrence.2000 Arkansas U nited States. . . . M ississippi 2000 Madeira. Peru and Brazil. Amazon 1800 Mackenzie British America. Northern Ocean.. 1600 Para, or Tocantin Brazil Atlantic Ocean ...1500 Rio Roxo, or Red River United States. . . . Mississippi 1 500 Orinoco Colombia Atlantic Ocean ...1480 Rio del Norte Mexico Gulf of Mexico... 1400 San Francisco Brazil Atlantic Ocean.... 1275 Paraguay Brazil and La Plata Parana 1200 Ohio United States.... Mississippi 1200 Rio Negro Brazil Amazon 1150 Columbia, or Oregon.. United States ....Pacific Ocean 1090 Mendoza, or Colorado.La Plata Atlantic Ocean... 1080 Nelson British America. Hudson’s Bay.... 900 Magdalena Colombia Caribbean Sea 820 Rio Colorado Mexico Gulf of California. 700 Susquehannah United States .... Chesapeak Bay ... 460 Ottawa Canada St Lawrence 420 Essequibo Guiana Atlantic Ocean ... 400 Delaware United States.... Atlantic Ocean... 355 Hudson United States.... Atlantic Ocean... 320 INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. The earth which we inhabit is not, as was long sup- posed, a vast extended plain ; it is a ball or globe, nearly round, but a little flatter at two points, called the Poles, than in any other part of its circumference. The inequalities arising from the loftiest mountains, or the deepest caverns, no more affect the globular form of the earth, than the roughness of the skin of an orange takes from its entire roundness. If you imagine a straight line to pass through the centre of the earth, and to terminate at two opposite points of its circumference, such a line is called a Diameter of the earth ; and that Diameter which terminates at the Poles is called the Axis. The one Pole is called the Arctic or North ; and the other the Antarctic or South Pole. The mean diameter of the earth is about 7912 Eng- lish miles ; and its circumference 24,856 miles. Our world, although it appears to stand still, is in constant and rapid motion. It is only one of a number of globes or planets, which revolve round the sun, at different distances, and in different periods. The nearly circular path, which a planet describes round the sun, is called its Orbit ; and the time in which it completes this revolution varies according to its dis- tance. The earth, which is 95 millions of miles from the sun, performs its revolution round it in 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 48 seconds ; and its progress in this revolution, and its various positions in relation to the sun, occasion the variety of the seasons, and the difference in the respective lengths of the day and night. Besides this motion, it is perpetually whirling round, or revolving on its axis, and performs a complete revolution of this kind in twenty-four hours. During this rotation of the earth from west to east, part of it is A INTRODUCTION. 14 towards the sun, and part of it turned from it, — and this is what causes day and night. The Sun, with the planets which revolve round it, constitutes the Solar System. The sun is an immense globe placed near the centre of this system, and dis- pensing light and heat to the planets that revolve around him : he is nearly one million four hundred thousand times larger than the earth. The planets are either primary or secondary . The primary planets revolve round the sun only : the secondary planets revolve round other planets, as the moon round the earth ; and, by the motion of their primary planets, are car- ried round the sun also. There are eleven primary planets. Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Vesta, Juno, Ceres, Pallas, Jupiter, Saturn, and Ura- nus or the Georgium Sidus. There are eighteen secondary planets, called also moons or satellites ; of which the Earth has one ; Jupiter, four ; Saturn, seven ; and Uranus, six. Saturn is also surrounded with two luminous rings. Comets are luminous bodies, which move round the sun in a very eccentric manner — the length of their orbit in general greatly exceeding its breadth. The number of comets belonging to the Solar System has not been ascertained, but the orbits of 130 have been determined with tolerable precision, while the * periodical return of two has been found to agree ex- actly with the calculation. But the solar system forms only a very small part of tlie universe. All the fixed stars, with which the heavens are adorned, are supposed to be suns, around which planets revolve. Of these, upwards of a thou- sand are visible to the unaided eye. But,, with the aid of telescopes, they are found to be innumerable; extend- ing through the immensity of space, and, as the agents of the Infinite Creator, imparting light and life to the inhabitants of an inconceivable number of worlds. EXERCISES. Of what figure is the earth ? What is called a diameter of the earth ? What is the axis ? What are the poles ? By what names are the poles distinguished ? Of what extent is the INTRODUCTION. 15 earth’s mean diameter ? What is the extent of its circumfer- ence ? Is the earth at rest, or in motion ? Does the earth alone revolve round the sun ? What is the orbit of a planet ? What is the distance of the earth from the sun ? In what time does the earth complete its orbit ? What occasions the variety of the seasons, and the difference in the lengths of the day and night ? Has the earth any other motion ? What effect does this motion produce ? What constitutes the solar system ? What is the sun ? How many times is he larger than the earth ? What is the difference between primary and secondary planets ? How many primary planets are there ? Name them. How many secondary pla- nets are there ? To what primary planets do they belong ; and how many to each ? What are comets ? Of how many comets have the orbits been ascertained ? What are all the fixed stars which adorn the heavens sup- posed to be ? How many of them are visible to the unaided eye ? CHAPTER II. GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS. Geography is a term derived from two Greek words, signifying a “ description of the earth ” It teaches the position, names, and figure of the several parts of the world, as divided into Land and Water. That the position of places might be more conve- niently and accurately determined, it has been found expedient to suppose a number of circles or lines traced on the surface of the globe. These circles are either great or small. A great circle divides the globe into two equal parts ; a small circle into two unequal parts. Every circle is divided into 360 equal parts, called degrees ; each degree is subdivided into 60 equal parts, called minutes; and each minute into 60 equal parts, called seconds ; these are marked by the characters ° ' thus 28° 44' 47", means 28 degrees, 44 minutes, and 47 seconds. The degrees vary in extent, according to the magni- tude of the circles. On the great circles, a degree, being the 360th part of the earth’s circumference, is equal to 60 geographical miles, or about 69^ English miles. Of the great circles, the most remarkable are the Equator , the Ecliptic , the Meridian, and the Horizon, The Equator is a circle round the globe, which di- INTRODUCTION. 16 vides it into the northern and southern hemispheres, each point of which is equally distant from the Poles. The Ecliptic is a circle which cuts the equator obliquely at two opposite points, and represents the sun's apparent path in the heavens. A Meridian is a great circle passing through the poles, and every place on the earth has its meridian. Thus a circle drawn through Edinburgh, and passing through the poles, is the meridian of Edinburgh ; a circle drawn through London, or Paris, or Madrid, and pass- ing through the poles, is the meridian of London, of Paris, or of Madrid. The Horizon is either Rational or Sensible. If, placed at the centre of the globe, we could take within our view one-half of the heavenly sphere, a large circle would appear to cut the globe into two equal parts, and that circle would be the Rational horizon. The Sensible horizon is the circle that bounds our view, where the earth and sky appear to meet. The meridian, from which we calculate the distance of places east or west, is called the first meridian ; and that distance is the longitude of a place. The degrees of longitude diminish in length as they advance towards the poles. The latitude of a place is 'its distance north or south from the equator. Parallels of latitude are small circles parallel to the equator, and diminishing in size as they approach the poles. Of these parallels, the most remarkable are the Polar or the Arctic and Antarctic Circles , the Tropic of Cancer , and the Tropic of Capricorn. The Arctic Circle is 23^ degrees from the north pole ; the Antarctic Circle is 23^ degrees from the south pole; the Tropic of Cancer is 23^ degrees north of the equator ; the Tropic of Capricorn is 23^ degrees south of the equator. The spaces comprehended between the Polar Circles and the Poles are called the Frigid Zones ; those be- tween the Polar Circles and the Tropics, the Temper- ate Zanes ; and that between the Tropics, the Torrid Zone. The earth may be represented either by a globe or INTRODUCTION. 17 sphere, which corresponds very nearly to its real figure ; or by maps, which exhibit the whole, or some part of its surface, delineated on a plane. On maps, latitude is expressed by figures at their sides ; and longitude, by figures at the top and bottom. The top of a map is north ; the bottom, south ; on the right hand is the east; and on the left hand, the west. EXERCISES. What is geography ? For what purpose do geographers suppose a number of circles or lines traced on the surface of the globe ? Of what kinds are those circles ? Into how many degrees are those circles divided ? What occasions a difference in the extent of degrees ? What is the extent of a degree on one of the great circles ? What are the most remarkable of the great circles ? Describe the equator. Describe the ecliptic. What is a meridian ? What is the meridian of Edinburgh, London, Paris, or Madrid ? What is the horizon ? What is the rational horizon ? What is the sensible horizon ? What is meant by the first meridian ? What is longitude ? What is latitude ? What are parallels of latitude ? What are the most remarkable of those parallels ? How far are the Arctic and Antarctic circles distant from the north and south poles ? How far are the tropics distant from the equator ? What spaces are called the frigid zones ? What the temperate zones ? What the torrid zone ? By what means is the earth represented ? How are latitude and longitude expressed on maps ? Which part of a map is north ? Which south ? Which east ? Which west ? CHAPTER III. The surface of the earth presents the two grand divi- sions of Land and Water . These divisions are com- prehended under the following names : — Land. Water. Continent. Ocean. Country. Sea. Island. River. Peninsula. Lake. Promontory. Gulf. Cape. Bay. Isthmus. Creek. Coast or Strait. Shore. Channel. A Continent is a very extensive portion of the globe. A Country is a smaller portion of land distinguished 18 INTRODUCTION. SKETCH, ILLUSTRATING THE GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE GLOBE. INTRODUCTION. % 19 by a particular name, people, and form of government. An Island is land entirely surrounded by water. A Peninsula is land almost surrounded by water. A Pro- montory is a large portion of land jutting out into the sea. A Cape is a narrow portion of land stretching into the sea, and appearing to terminate in a point. An Isthmus is a narrow neck of land joining two larger portions between seas. A Coast or Shore is that part of the land which borders upon the sea. An Ocean is a very large extent of salt water. A Sea is a smaller portion of salt water. A River is a stream of fresh water flowing through the land until it dis- charges itself into the sea or into a lake. A Lake is a body of water wholly surrounded by land.* A Gulf is a body of water almost surrounded by land. A Bay is a portion of sea running into but not nearly surrounded by land. A Creek is a narrow portion of water running up into the land. A Strait is a narrow passage of water unit- ing two seas. A Channel is a wider kind of strait. t The surface of the earth is composed of Mountains, Hills , Valleys, and Plains ; the residences of men are called Cities , Towns, and Villages . The principal Points of the Compass are four, — North. West. East. South. These terms mean the four opposite points of the earth or the heavens. They are called points of the compass from the valuable instrument called the Mariner s Compass, by means of which, at night, or when the sun does not appear, the several points may be found. * Lakes are often in Ireland called loughs and in Scotland lochs , though these terms are frequently, in both countries, applied to arms of the sea. f Small portions of the sea are also distinguished by the terms road , port , harbour , haven. A road affords anchorage a little way off the land, with partial shelter from winds. A port , a haven , or harbour , is a place where ships may lie in security. When the mouth of a river widens at its junction* with the sea, it is called an estuary or frith . Some of these definitions, it must be confessed, are not very precise, though we have endeavoured to state them as accurately as possible. Thus, gulf and bay, promontory and cape , and some others, are often used as convertible terms, from their not possessing any established magnitude or figure. Naze, ness , head, and point , are also often used as nearly synonymous with cape . INTRODUCTION, 20 0 The great continents of the globe are Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and South America.* Its oceans are the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Northern Ocean, the Southern Ocean. The surface of the globe contains about 196 millions of square miles ; and nearly three-fourths of it is occu- pied with water. The habitable parts of the earth are calculated at 50 millions of square miles ; of which Europe contains about 4 millions; Asia, 20 millions ; Africa, 1 1 millions; and America, 15 millions. The po- pulation of Europe is about 230 millions ; of Asia pro- bably 460 millions ; that of Africa is very uncertain, but may perhaps be reckoned at 70 millions; North America may contain 27 millions ; South America, 13 millions. This will make the number of inhabitants in the whole world amount to 800 millions. EXERCISES. What grand divisions does the surface of the earth present ? How is the land divided ? How is the water divided ? What is a continent ? What is a country ? What is an island ? What is a peninsula ? What is a promontory ? What is a cape? What is an isthmus? W r hat is a coast or shore? Point out on the map a continent, a country, an island, a peninsula, &c. W T hat is an ocean? What is a sea? What is a river? What is a lake ? What is a gulf ? What is a bay ? What is a creek or harbour ? What is a strait ? What is a channel ? Point out on the map an ocean, a sea, a river, a lake, &c. Of what is the surface of the earth composed ? What are the residences of men called ? What are the principal points of the compass ? Describe them. Why are they called points of the compass ? * Till lately, in Systems of Geography, the earth was considered as divided into four quarters— Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. Other classifications are now common— as Europe, Asia, Africa, America, .-ind Oceardca ; which last comprehends the very large island of New Holland, with the numerous smaller islands lying in the great ocean between America, Asia, and Africa. Another division is as follows : viz. — Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Australasia or South Asia, which last comprehends several of the great islands, particularly New Holland, which are usually considered as be- longing to Asia. To this last arrangement some have added a seventh, which they denominate Polynesia , — a term signifying many islands. It embraces all the smaller islands (exclusive of New Holland and two or three others adjoining) which are scattered over the great expanse of the Pacific Ocean. I EUROPE. 21 Name the great continents of the globe. Name its oceans. What number of square miles does the surface of the globe contain ? What proportion of it is occupied with water f At how many square miles are the habitable parts of the earth calculated ? What proportions do the different divisions of the globe contain ? What is the population of Europe ? Of Asia ? Of Africa ? Of North America ? Of South Ame- rica ? Of the whole world ? EUROPE Is bounded N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by the Atlantic Ocean ; S. by the Mediterranean ; E. by Asia, the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmora, and the Archipelago. The superficial area has been estimated at 3,700,000 square miles ; and its population at 230 millions. Countries. — England, Scotland, and Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Russia, Prussia, Germany, Aus- tria. Seas and Gulfs — Mediterranean Sea, Gulfs of Lyons, Genoa, and Taranto, Adriatic Sea or Gulf of Venice ; Archipelago, Sea of Marmora, Black Sea, Sea of Azoph, Bay of Biscay, English Channel, German Ocean or North Sea, St George’s Channel, Irish Sea, North Channel, Baltic Sea, Gulfs of Bothnia, Finland, and Riga ; Skager Rack, Cattegat, White Sea. Straits. — The Straits of Waigatz, the Sound, the Great Belt, the Little Belt, the Straits of Dover, the Straits of Gibraltar, Straits of Bonifacio, Straits of Messina, the Hellespont or Straits of the Dardanelles, Straits of Constantinople, Straits of Caffa or Enikale. Islands. — Great Britain and Ireland; Nova Zem- bla, Spitzbergen, Iceland, Zealand, Funen, Laaland ; Candia, the Cyclades, the Ionian Isles, Sicily, Malta, Corsica, Sardinia, Majorca, Minorca, Ivi^a.^ Peninsulas — Spain and Portugal, Norway and Sweden, Jutland in Denmark, Morea in the south of Greece, Crimea or Taurida in the south of Russia. Capes. — North Cape in Lapland ; Naze, S. of a 2 EUROPE. 22 Norway; Skaw, N. of Denmark ; Dunnet Head, N. of Scotland ; Cape Clear, S. of Ireland ; Land's End, S. W. of England ; Cape La Hogue, N. W. of France ; Capes Ortegal and Finisterre, N.W. of Spain ; Cape St Vincent, S.W. of Portugal ; Cape Spartivento, S. of Italy ; Cape Matapan, S. of the Morea. Mountains. — Alps, separating Italy from Germany, Switzerland, and France ; Apennines , in Italy; Hce - mus or Balkan , in Turkey ; Carpathian Mountains , in the north of Hungary; Pyrenees , between France and Spain ; Dofrine or Dovrefeld Mountains , be- tween Norway and Sweden ; Ural Mountams , in the north-east of Russia, between Europe and Asia. Rivers. — Wolga, Danube, Dnieper, Don, Vistula, Elbe, Rhine, Rhone, Po, Loire, Ebro, Tagus, Thames. Lakes. — Ladoga, Onega, Wenner, Wetter, Geneva, Constance. REMARKS. Europe extends from 36° 20' to 71° 10' N. lab ; and from 9° 30' W. to 64° 20' E. long. Its length, from Cape Matapan in Greece to the North Cape in Lapland, is 2400 miles ; and its breadth, from the west of France to the river Don in Russia, is nearly 2200 miles. Although the smallest of the grand divisions of the world, it is the second in population, and by far the most import- ant, from the ingenuity, industry, and intelligence of its inhabitants, and their progress in learning, science, and arts. Situate within the temperate zone (except a small part of Norway, Sweden, and Russia), its climate is more agreeable, and better adapted to the health and vigour of the human frame, than that of any other portion of the globe of equal extent. The Christian religion, comprehended under the three divisions of the Protestant, the Roman Catholic, and the Greek Churches, prevails in every part of Europe, except Turkey ; and even there, one-half of the inhabitants are Christians. EXERCISES. Name the boundaries of Europe. What is its superficial area ? What countries does it contain ? Name its seas and gulfs. Point them out on the map. Name its straits. Point them out. Name its principal islands. Point them out. Name and point out its peninsulas. Name its capes, and point out ENGLAND AND WALES. 23 their situation. Describe the situation of its principal moun- tains. Name its principal rivers, and trace them on the map. Name and point out its principal lakes. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What is its length and breadth ? What proportion does Europe bear, in extent and population, to the other grand divisions of the globe ? In what respects is it the most important? What advantage does it possess in point of climate ? What are the three leading divisions of the Christian religion in Europe? What is the only country of Europe where the Christian religion is not established ? What proportion of the inhabitants are even there Christians ? CjtE BRITISH EMPIRE. ENGLAND AND WALES. Boundaries. — N. by Scotland ; W. by the Irish Sea, and St George’s Channel ; S. by the English Channel ; E. by the German Ocean or North Sea. Extent and Population. — The superficial area is 67,960 square miles. The population in 1831 amounted to 13,894,572, exclusive of the army and navy, which amounted to 277,017. England. Counties. Chief Towns. Northumberland. ..Alnwick, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Berwick, Morpeth, Tynemouth, North Shields. Cumberland... Carlisle, Whitehaven, Penrith, Working- ton, Keswick, Wigton. Durham Durham, Sunderland, Stockton, South Shields, Darlington. W estmoreland Appleby, Kendal. Lancashire Lancaster, Liverpool, Manchester, Pres- ton, Blackburn, Bolton, Wigan, Old- ham, Warrington, Rochdale, Ash ton - under-Line, Bury. York York, Leeds, Sheffield, Hull, Halifax, Scarborough, Bradford, Huddersfield, Wakefield, Doncaster, Whitby. Lincoln Lincoln, Boston, Stamford, Gainsborough. Nottingham or Notts Nottingham, Newark, Mansfield. Derby Derby, Matlock, Buxton, Chesterfield. Cheshire Chester, Macclesfield, Stockport, Congle- ton. Shropshire or Sa- Shrewsbury, Bridgenorth, Ludlow, Wel- lop ling ton. 24 ENGLAND AND WALES. Counties. Chief Towns. Stafford Stafford, Litchfield, W olverhampton. New- castle-under-Line, Stoke-upon-Trent, Bilston, Walsall. Leicester Leicester, Loughborough, Harborough, Bosworth. Rutland Oakham, Uppingham. Northampton Northampton, Peterborough, Daventry. Bedford Bedford, Dunstable, Woburn. Huntingdon../ Huntingdon, St Neots, St Ives. Cambridge Cambridge, Ely, Newmarket, Wisbeach. Norfolk Norwich, Yarmouth, Lynn Regis. Suffolk Ipswich, Bury St Edmunds, Sudbury, Woodbridge. Essex Chelmsford, Colchester, Hanyii&hr^ Hertford or Herts.. Hertford, St Albans, Ware. Middlesex London, Westminster, Brentford. Buckingham or Buckingham, Aylesbury, Great Marlow, Bucks High Wycombe, Eton, Olney. Oxford Oxford, Banbury, Woodstock, Henley, Witney. Warwick Warwick, Birmingham, Coventry, Strat- ford-on-Avon, Leamington. W orcester Worcester, Kidderminster, Dudley, Droit- wich, Stourbridge. Hereford Hereford, Leominster, Ledbury. Monmouth Monmouth, Chepstow, Newport, Ponty- pool. Gloucester Gloucester, Bristol, Tewkesbury, Stroud, Cirencester, Cheltenham. Wilts Salisbury, Devizes, Bradford, Chippen- ham, Marlborough, Wilton. Berks Reading, Windsor, Abingdon. Surrey Guildford, Croydon, Kingston, South- wark, Lambeth, Farnham. Kent. Maidstone, Canterbury, Rochester, Green- wich, Woolwich, Deptford, Chatham, Margate, Ramsgate, Deal, Dover, Tun- bridge. Sussex Chichester, Lewes, Brighton, Hastings. Hampshire, Hants, Winchester, Southampton, Portsmouth, or Southampton Lymington, Gosport, Newport. Dorset Dorchester, Weymouth, Poole, Lyme Regis. Somerset Taunton, Wells, Bridgewater, Bath, Frome. Devon Exeter, Plymouth, Barnstaple, Tavistock, Tiverton, Dartmouth. Cornwall, Launceston, Bodmin, Truro, Falmouth, St Ives, Penzance, Redruth. 25 ENGLAND AND WALES. Wales. Counties. Chief Towns. Flint Flint, Mold, Holywell, St Asaph. Denbigh Denbigh, Wrexham, Llangollen, Ruthin. Carnarvon Carnarvon, Bangor, Conway. Anglesea Beaumaris, Holyhead, Amlwch. Merioneth Dolgelly, Bala. M on tgomery Mon tgome ry , VFelch pool, N e w to wn, Llan - idloes. Radnor New Radnor, Presteign, Knighton. Brecknock Brecknock or Brecon, Builth, Hay. Cardigan Cardigan, Aberystwith. Pembroke Pembroke, Milford, Haverfordwest, Ten- by, St David’s. Carmarthen.". Carmarthen, Llanelly, Kidwely. Glamorgan Cardiff, Merthyr Tydvil, Swansea, Landaff. Islands. — Man, in which are the towns of Douglas, Ramsey, Peel, and Castleton ; Anglesea ; Scilly Isles, the principal of which is St Mary's ; Isle of Wight, in which are Newport and Cowes ; Jersey, Guernsey, Al- derney, and Sark (near the coast of France), in the two first are St Helier and St Pierre ; Sheppey ; Thanet ; Coquet ; Holy Island or Lindisfarne. Bays. — Bridlington Bay, Humber Mouth, the Wash, Y armouth Roads, the Downs, Spithead, Torbay, Mounts Bay, Bristol Channel, Swansea Bay, Carmarthen Bay, Milford Haven, St Bride's Bay, Cardigan Bay, Carnar- von Bay, Menai Frith, Morecambe Bay, Solway Frith. Sand-banks. — Dogger Bank, in the German Ocean, between the Yorkshire coast and Jutland; Goodwin Sands, on the east of Kent. Capes. — Flamborough Head, Spurn Head, North Foreland, South Foreland, Dungeness, Beachy Head, Needles, St Alban’s Head, Portland Point, Start Point, Lizard Point, Land's End, Plartland Point, Worm's Head, Gowen's Point, St David's Head, Strumble Head, Great Ormes Head. Mountains. — Cheviot Hills, between Northumber- land and Scotland ; Skiddaw and Seafell, in Cumber- land ; Helvellyn, between Cumberland and Westmore- land ; Whernside, Ingleborough, and Pennygant, in the N. W. of Yorkshire ; the Wrekin, in Shropshire ; ^Snowdon, in Carnarvonshire; Arran Fowddy, Cader ENGLAND AND WALES. 26 f Idris, in Merionethshire ; Plinlimmon, in the S. W. of Montgomery ; Vann or Brecknock Beacon ; Peak, in Derbyshire. Lakes.-— Derwentwater or Keswick Lake, Ullswater, Windermere, Wittleseam^re. Rivers. — The Tyne, the Wear, the Tees, the Eden, the Yorkshire Ouse, the Humber, the Mersey, the Dee, the Wye, the Severn, the Trent, the Witham, the Great Ouse, the Thames, the Medway, the Avon, the Exe, the Lower Avon. Foreign Possessions. — In the North Sea, Heli- goland ; in the Mediterranean, Gibraltar, JVIalta ; in North America, Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland ; in the West Indies, Jamaica, Barba- does, Trinidad, &c. in South America, Demerara, Berbice ; in the Atlantic, St Helena ; in Africa, Sierra Leone, Cape of Good Hope ; in the Indian Seas and Asia, Mauritius, Ceylon, Arracan, Port Amherst, Ma- lacca, Penang, Sincapore, the greater part of Hirrdostan ; in the Pacific, Van Diemen's Land, New South Wales, <&c.. The British monarch is also King of Hanover. REMARKS. England, including Wales, extends from 49° 58' to 55° 46' N. lat., and from 5° 40' W. to 1° 45' E. long. Its length, from Berwick to the Isle of Wight, is 360 miles, and its breadth, from the North Foreland in Kent to the Land’s End in Cornwall, is 300 miles. Although England cannot be considered a mountainous country, its aspect is sufficiently varied to exhibit almost every feature requisite to beauty in landscape. The ten- dency to moisture in the climate clothes the plains in almost perpetual verdure; luxuriant plantations and rich corn- fields give to the cultivated districts an air of comfort and opulence ; while mountains and rugged rocks, narrow dells and roaring torrents, exhibit in other districts a resemblance to the rude grandeur of the scenery of the Scottish High- lands. In Wales, indeed, which may be regarded as the Highlands of South Britain, mountain-scenery of the most picturesque description every where occurs ; while the lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland vie in beauty, if not in magnificence, with the enchanting lakes which give so ro- mantic a character to some districts in Scotland. ENGLAND AND WALES. 27 ^ The climate of England, owing to its insular situation, is extremely variable. The western counties are exposed to heavy and frequent rains from the Atlantic ; the eastern en- joy a drier atmosphere, but suffer, on the other hand, from cold and ungenial east winds. In consequence of this dif- ference of climate, pasturage is more attended to in the west, and tillage in the east. In every part of England the effect of industrious and skilful culture is apparent ; and there are few countries where so small a portion of the soil is allowed to lie waste and unproductive. In general, the soil is either naturally good, or has been rendered highly fertile by culture ; al- though there are some extensive moors, particularly in the northern counties, which seem to bid defiance to the power of cultivation. The industry which has thus enriched and adorned the country, has produced still more astonishing effects in ma- nufactures and commerce. By the invention of machinery, every species of manufacture has been increased to an ex- tent which enables England to supply every quarter of the globe with articles of commerce and luxury ; while the pro- duce of every foreign clime is wafted to her ports in return. In consequence of this extended commerce, England has attained such a degree of maritime greatness, that her navy rides triumphant in every sea, and constitutes the great bulwark of the nation. This maritime greatness has enabled her to establish colonies, and acquire large possessions in the remotest regions of the earth ; and although, in the ex- tent of her home-territory, and the amount of her popula- tion, England ranks but as a small European state, her foreign dominions, and the population over which her power extends, estimated at 150 millions, place her very high in the scale of nations; while, in the magnitude of her re- sources, the intelligence, activity, and valour of her inha- bitants, she holds almost the first place. To a great commercial country, such as England, improved facilities by internal communication are of the first import- ance ; and, perhaps, nothing has tended more to her pros- perity than the canals and railroads which have been con- structed, most of them within little more than half a cen- tury. The Duke of Bridgewater’s Canal, executed in 176'G, was highly successful, and first roused the nation fully to appreciate the advantages of canal-navigation. It was fol- lowed in 1777 by the Grand Trunk Canal, which, by unit- ing the Trent and the Mersey, connected Liverpool with 28 ENGLAND AND WALES. Hull, and the Eastern with the Western Seas. By means of this canal, and its numerous branches and railways, a ready communication was formed with the great mineral and manufacturing districts. The Grand Junction Canal, at an expense of <£2,000,000, completed the inland navi- gation by the Thames, the Severn, the Trent, and the Mer- sey, thereby facilitating the commercial intercourse of the capital, not only with the principal seaports, but also with ail the great cities and manufacturing towns in the west and north. — Railroads are of too recent introduction to war- rant any very decided opinion as to their comparative advan- tages ; but that they may be of great national benefit, parti- cularly where there is a very extensive intercourse, with a dense population, is proved by the success that has hitherto attended the Manchester and Liverpool railroad. This mag- nificent work, completed in 1830, extends 31 miles, — a dis- tance which is usually travelled in an hour and a half. Many of these advantages result from her unrivalled con- stitution, which is a mixed or limited monarchy, — combining all the advantages of the regal, aristocratical, and republican forms of government, without any of their defects. The king is the head of the state, the fountain of dignity and power. All laws and deeds are published in his name ; but his authority is restrained by parliament, consisting of the House of Lords, which represents the nobility or aristo- cracy, and the House of Commons, which represents the people. The established religion of England is the Lutheran, or Protestant Episcopacy, — but the greatest freedom is allowed to all other forms of religious worship. There are two arch- bishops, those of Canterbury and York, and twenty-five bishops. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the Primate of all England. In their manners, the English are frank and sincere, more disposed to gravity than gayety. Their favourite amuse- ments are horse-racing, the chase, and the theatre. In their dealings they are fair and honourable, and the character of an English merchant is held in universal respect for inte- grity, liberality, and intelligence. All the arts that are conducive to the comfort and elegance of life, are culti- vated with the greatest success. In every department of science and literature, England can boast of the most illus- trious names. To her Newton, her Bacon, her Milton, her Sbakspeare, few equals, and no superiors, can be found in ancient or in modern times. 5 ENGLAND AND WALES. 29 t EXERCISES. England and Wales. What are the boundaries of England and Wales ? What is the superficial area ? Name the counties in England. Name the counties in Wales. What are the principal towns of Northumberland ? Of Cumberland ? Of Durham, &c. ? Where is North Shields, Workington, Yarmouth, Chepstow, Shrewsbury, Brentford, Blackburn, Stockport, Liverpool, Stockton, Brighton, Bridgenorth, Whitehaven, Chichester, Chelmsford, Eton, Bristol, Buxton, Boston, Leeds, Manches- ter, Harwich, Launceston, Morpeth, Portsmouth, Leominster, Lynn JRegis, Kidderminster, Maidstone, Truro, St Neots, Wellington, London, Tewkesbury, Ware, Ipswich, Exeter, South Shields, Hastings, Chatham, Plymouth, Dover, &c. ? W r hat are the principal towns in Flintshire ? In Denbigh- shire ? In Carnarvonshire, &c. ? Where is Welchpool, Bala, Builth, Holywell, Presteign, Hay, Wrexham, St David’s, Bangor, Kidvvely, St Asaph, Ha- verfordwest, Landaff, Aberystwith, Dolgelly, Swansea, &c. ? What are the principal islands ? What are the towns of Man ? Where is St Pierre ? Where is Cowes ? Where is St Helier? Where is Newport? Point out the islands on the map. Name the bays, and their situation. Point them out on the map. Name the sand-banks, and their situation. Name the capes. Point them out. What are the principal moun- tains, and where are they situated ? What are the principal lakes ? What are the principal rivers ? Where is Milford Haven ? Where is Flamborough Head ? What is the course of the Tyne ? Of the Thames ? Of the Great Ouse ? Of the Medway ? Of the Severn ? Of the Trent ? Where is Plin- limmon, Scafell, Start Point, Spurn Head, Gowen’s Point, Land’s End, Whernside, Cader Idris, Arran Fowddy, Port- land Point, &c. ? What place belongs to Great Britain in the North Sea ? Name the possessions of Great Britain in the Mediterranean. Name her possessions in North America; in the West In- dies ; in South America ; in the Atlantic ; in Africa ; in the Indian Seas and Asia# in the Pacific. Of what country on the continent of Europe is his Britannic Majesty king? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is England situate ? What is its length and breadth ? What is its general aspect ? What appearance does the tendency to moisture in the climate give to the plains ? What is the appearance of the cultivated districts ? What imparts to other districts a re- semblance to the Highland scenery of Scotland ? What is re- markable in the scenery of Wales ? What is the principal feature in the scenery of Cumberland and Westmoreland ? What difference is observable in the climates of the western and eastern counties ? What is the consequence of this dif- ENGLAND AND WALES. 30 ference of climate ? In what state is agriculture in England ? What is the general quality of the soil ? In what part of the country do extensive moors occur ? In what state are the manufactures and commerce of England ? What is the con- sequence of her extensive commerce ? What has her maritime greatness enabled her to do ? Would England be considered a great European state from the extent of her home-territory and the amount of her population ? By what circumstances is she raised to almost the first place in the scale of nations ? What has materially tended to the prosperity of England ? What great canals have been constructed since the middle of the last century ? At what expense was the Grand Junction Canal completed ? What intercourse has it facilitated ? What railroad was completed in 1830 ? What is the form of her political constitution ? How is the authority of the king restrained ? What is the established religion of England ? What is the number of archbishops and bishops ? Which of these is primate of all England ? What is peculiar in the manners of the English ? What are their favourite amusements ? By what qualities are they characterized in their mercantile dealings ? Is much attention paid to the arts in England ? Can this country boast of many illustrious names in science and literature ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLES. [In the following Tables, we have endeavoured to give the most approved pronunciation of the names of places. By the plan which has been adopted, wherever a simple accentuation was thought sufficient, the accented syllable is correctly marked. In words where the pronunciation differs mate- rially from the orthography, w T e have pointed out the pro- per mode of pronouncing, by adapting the spelling (within parentheses) as near as possible to the sound. In other cases, particularly where any difficulty was anticipated, the silent letters, with the exception of final e, are printed in Italics ; e marked w r ith a grave accent is always sounded.] Ab'i^fcdon, a town in Berkshire, on the Thames. Pop. 5259. ABERGAVEN'NY (pr. Aber- gain'y), an ancient town in Mon- mouthshire, at the confluence of the Gavenny with the Usk. Po- pulation 4230 p.* — 51 w 49' N. lat. 3? 1' W. long. Aberyst'with (Aberust'ith), a sea- port in Cardiganshire, at the mouth of the Ystwith. Pop. 4128. — A town inMonmouthshire, with great coal and iron works. Pop. 5992 p. Al'bans, St, a town in Herts, near the site of the ancient Verulam. Pop. 4772. Al'bans Head, St, a cape on the coast of Dorset. — 50, 5(5 N. 2, 5 W. Al'derney, an island in the Eng- lish Channel, 7 miles from the coast of Normandy, famous for a breed of small cows. — 19, 43 N. 2, 15 W. * The letter p. annexed to the number indicates that the population given is that of the parish in which the town is situate. ENGLAND AND WALES. 31 Aln'wick (An'nik), the county town of Northumberland, near which is Alnwick Castle, the mag- nificent seat of the Duke of North- umberland. Pop. C788 p. Am'bleside, a town of Westmore- land, on a branch of Lake Winder- mere. Population 1095. Ames'bury,*- a town in Wilts, on the Avon, the birthplace of Addi- son. Population 944 p. Am'lwch ( Am'luck), a seaport in Anglesea, with a harbour excavat- ed from the solid rock, capable of containing 30 vessels of 200 tons. Population 6285 p.— 53, 25 N. 4, 22 W. An'dover, a town in Hampshire, on the Ande. Pop. 4843 p. An'glesea, an island and county of Wales, separated from Carnar- vonshire by the Menai Frith. It possesses rich mines of copper and lead, and is noted as an ancient seat of the Druids. Pop. 48,325. — 53, 18 N. 4, 25 W. Ap'pleby, the county town of Westmoreland, on the Eden. Po- pulation 1459 p. Arfan-Fow'ddy (Vou'thee), a mountain in Merioneth, Wales,2955 feet high. Arftndel, a town on the Arun, in Sussex. Pop. 2803 p. As'aph, St, an ancient city and bishop’s see in Flint. P. 3144 p. Ash'burton, a town in Devon- shire. Population 4165 p. Ash'by-de-la-Zouch (Zooch), a town in Leicester near the confines of Derbyshire. Pop. 4727 p. Ash'ton-ur.der-Line, a manufac- turing town in Lancashire. Po- pulation 53,597 p. Ath'elney, an island in Somer- setshire, formed by the Tone and the Parret. A' von, a river which rises on the borders of Gloucestershire, flows through Wiltshire, and, passing Bath and Bristol, falls into the Se- vern 9 miles below the latter city ; — another from Warwick, which joins the Severn at Tewkesbury ; — a river in Hants, which flows into the English Channel; — a river in N.Wales, which flows into thelrish Sea another in S. Wales, which flows into the Bristol Channel. AyWbury, a town in Bucking- hamshire. Population 4907 p. BA'LA, a town in Merioneth- shire, situate at the extremity of a lake called Bala-Pool, through which flows the river Dee. Popu- lation of Bala township and part of parish of Llanykil 2359. Ban'bury, a town in Oxfordshire. Population 5906. Ban'gor, a village in Flintshire, on the Dee. Population 648 A town and bishop’s see in Carnar- von, near the entrance of the Me- nai Strait. Population 4751 p. Barns'ley, a manufacturing town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, with ex- tensive iron-founderies. P. 10,330. Barnstaple, a town in Devon- shire, on the Taw. Pop. 6840 p. Bath, a large and beautiful city in Somersetshire, celebrated for its medicinal waters. Pop. 38,063. — 51, 23 N. 2, 22 W. Beach'y Head, a promontory on the coast of Sussex, — the highest land on the S. coast of Britain. — 50, 45 N. 0, 16 E. Beauma'ris (Boma'ris), a seaport, the county town of Anglesea, si- tuate on the Menai Strait. Popu- lation 2497 p.— 53, 17 N. 4, .5 W. Bedfordshire, + an inland coun- ty, nearly three-fourths of the fe- male population of which are em- ployed in thestrawplaitand thread- lace manufactures. Pop. 95,383. Bedford, the county town of Bedfordshire, on the Ouse, distin- guished for its charitable institu- tions. Population 6959. Bel'per, a town in Derbyshire, on the Derwent, noted for its cot- ton-mills. Population 7890. Berks, or Berkshire, a county separated by the Thames from those of Oxford and Buckingham. Population 145,289. Berwick, a fortified town near the mouth of the Tweed. Though assigned to Northumberland, it enjoys the privileges of a county by itself. In the wars between Eng- land and Scotland, its importance, as a key to both kingdoms, render- ed this town and its neighbour- hood the scene of perpetual contest and bloodshed. Pop. 8920 p.— ■ 55, 46 N. 2, 0 W. * Bury is pronounced as if written berry. t Shire, when joined to the name, is pronounced short, as if written shir. ENGLAND AND WALES. 32 Bev'erly, a town in the E. R of Yorkshire, near the Hull. P. 8302. Bewd'ley, a town in Worcester- shire, on the Severn. Pop. 3908. Bil'ston, a town in Staffordshire, in the vicinity of great coal and iron mines. Population 14,492. Birmingham, a large and flour- ishing town in Warwickshire, cele- brated for its immense hardware manufactures. Pop. 146,986. — 52, 28 N. 1, 53 W. Black'bum, a manufacturing town in Lancashire. Pop. 27,091. Bod'min,atown inCornwall, with a manufacture of serges. P. 3375. Bol'ton, a large manufacturing town in Lancashire. Pop. 41,195. Bos'ton, a seaport in Lincoln- shire, situate on both sides of the Witham, is a place of considerable trade. Its Gothic church is one of the finest in the kingdom. Pop. 11,240 p.— 52, 59 N. 0, 2 W. Bos' worth, Market, a town in Leicestershire, near which was fought a memorable battle be- tween Richard III. and the Earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VII., in which Richard fell. Pop. 2530. Brad'ford, a manufacturing town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, on the Aire. Pop. 23,283 ; of the parish, 76,966. — A town in Wilts, on the Avon, noted for its manufactures of fine cloths. Pop. 10,102 p. Breck'nockshire, a mountainous county of Wales. Pop. 47,763. Breck'nock, orBre'con, the coun- ty town of Brecknockshire, at the confluence of the Usk and Hond- dy. Population 5026. Breck'nock Beacon, a mountain in Brecknockshire, 2862 feet high. Brent'ford, a town in Middlesex, on the Thames. Pop. 4359. Bride’s Bay, St, in St George’s Channel, on the W. of Pembroke. Bridge'north, a town in Shrop- shire, intersected by the Severn. Population 5065. Bridge' water, a town on the Par- ret, in Somersetshire. Pop. 7807 p. Brid'lington, or Burlington, a town in the E. R. of Yorkshire, si- tuate on the bay of the same name, having Flamborough Head to the N.E. Pop. 4792. Brid'port, a seaport in Dorset- shire, on the English Channel. Pop. 4242 p.— 50, 44 N. 2. 45 VV. Brighton, a seaport in Sussex, — a favourite residence of GeorgelV., and a place of fashionable resort for sea-bathing. Pop. 40,634 p. — 50, 49 N. 0, 7 W. Bris'tol, a seaport in Gloucester- shire, formerly second only to London, though now surpassed by Liverpool, is situate on the Lower Avon, near the head of the chan- nel which bears its name. Its mi- neral waters are much esteemed. Pop. with suburbs, 103,886 ; includ- ing parish of Bedminster, in So- merset, 1 17,016.-51 , 27 N. 2, 35 W. Bris'tol Chan'nel, an estuary, stretching between the coast of Wales and the counties of Somer- set and Devon. Buckinghamshire, or Bucks, a fertile midland county. P. 146,529. Buckingham, the county town of Bucks, on the Great Ouse. Po- pulation 3610 p. Builth (Beelth), a town in Breck- nock, on the Wye. Pop. 1034 p. Bun'gay, a town in Suffolk, on the Waveney, carries on a consi- derable trade. Population 3734 p. Burn'lev, a town in Lancashire, with manufactures of woollen and cotton. Population 7551. Burs'lem, a town in Stafford- shire, the principal seat of the pot- teries. Population 12,714 p. Bur'ton, an ancient town in Staf- fordshire, on the Trent, over which is a bridge of 37 arches ; — it is fa- mous for ale. Population 6988 p. Bur'y (Ber'ry), a manufacturing town in Lancashire, on the Irwell. Population 15,086. Bury St Ed'munds, a town in Suf- folk, on the Larke, a great corn and cattle market. Its abbey was one of the richest and most mag- nificent in Britain. Pop. 11,436. But'termere, a small lake in Cum- berland. Bux'ton, a town in Derbyshire, celebrated for its mineral springs. Population 1211. CA'DER-I'DRIS, a mountain in Merionethshire, 2914 feet high. Caine, an ancient town in Wilt- shire. Population 4876 p. Cam'bridgeshire (Cairn), an in- land county in the S.E. of England. Population 143,955. Cam'bridge, the capital of Cam- bridgeshire, on the Cam or Granta, the seat of a celebrated university. Pop. 20,917.-52, 13 N. 0, 4 E. ENGLAND AND WALES, Canterbury, a city in Kent, si- tuate in a fine valley on the Stour, — the archiepiscopal see of the pri. mate of all England. It has a mag- nificent cathedral, in which Tho- mas a Becket was murdered before the altar in 1170. Pop. 14,463. — 51, 18 N. 1, 5 E. Car'difF, the county town of Gla- morganshire, on theTaafe. In the castle of Cardiff’, Robert, duke of Normandy, was imprisoned by his brother, Henry I. Pop. 6187 P- — 51, 29 N. 3, 1 1 W. Cardiganshire, a maritime coun- ty of Wales, with extensive lead- mines. Population 64,780. Cardigan, the county town of Cardiganshire, on a steep bank near the mouth of the Teify. P. 2795 p. Car'digan Bay, a large bay on the W. of Cardiganshire. Carlisle, an ancient city, the ca- pital of Cumberland, on the Eden. Pop. 20,006.-54, 53 N. 2 56 W. Carmarthenshire, a fertile coun- ty in Wales. Pop. 100,655. Carmarthen, a flourishing sea- port, and the county town of Car- marthen, on the Towy. P. 9995 p. Carmarthen Bay, in the Bristol Channel, S. of Carmarthenshire. Carnarvonshire, a county of North Wales. Pop. 65,753. Carnarvon, the county town of Carnarvonshire; its splendid castle was built by Edward I. P. 7642 p. Carnarvon Bay, in St George’s Channel, washes the coasts of An- glesea and Carnarvon. Cas'tteton, a considerable town on the S. coast of the Isle of Man. Chard, a town in Somersetshire, which commands an extensive prospect of the Bristol and English Channels. Population 5141 p. Chatham, a town on the Med- way, in Kent, one of the principal naval stations in England. Popu- lation 17,936 p.— 51, 23 N. 0, 31 E. Chelms'ford, the county town of Essex, on the Chelmer. P. 5435 p. Chel'sea, a village on theThames, near London, where is a grand na- tional asylum, called Chelsea Hos- pital, for decayed and wounded sol- diers. Population 32,371 p. Cheltenham (Chelt'nam), a town in Gloucestershire, much frequent- ed for its mineral springs. Pop. 22,942 p.— 51, 54 N. 2, 7 W. Chep'stote, a town in Monmouth- 33 shire, on the Wye, with the mag- nificent remains of an ancient cas- tle. Population 3524 p. Cheshire, a county bordering on Wales, celebrated for its cheese and large mines of rock-salt. Po- pulation 334,410. Ches'ter, the Deva of the Ro- mans, the capital of Cheshire, a fine ancient city, on the Dee. Pop, 21,363.-55, 11 N. 2,52 W. Ches'terfield, a town in Derby- shire, on the Bother. P: 5775 p. Che'viot,a range of hills between Scotland and Northumberland, the highest is 2658 feet. Chi'che§ter, an ancient city and bishop’s see, the capital of Sussex, situate on an arm of the sea ; its ca- thedral is a fine Gothic structure. Population 8270. Chil'tern Hills, a ridge of chalky hills in the counties of Bucking- ham, Hertford, and Oxford. Chip'pen/iam, a town in Wilts, on the Avon, with manufactures of fine cloths. Pop. 4333 p. Cbor'ley, a thriving manufactur- ing town in Lancashire. P.9282p, Chorl'ton-Koiu, a township in the parish of Manchester, which has increased so rapidly, that in 1801 it contained only 675 in- habitants, and in 1831, 20,569. Christ'church, a town in Hants, with a considerable trade in knit silk stockings and watch-chains. Population 5344 p. Ci'rencester (Ci'cister), a town in Gloucestershire, on the Churn. Population 5420 p. Cli'theroe, a manufacturing town in Lancashire, on the Ribble. Po- pulation 5213. Cock'ermouth, a town in Cum- berland, at the confluence of the Cocker and Derwent. Pop. 4536. Col'chester, a town in Essex, on the Colne. Population 16,167. —51, 53 N. 0, 56 E. Colne, a manufacturing town in Lancashire. Population 8080. Cong'leton, a handsome town in Cheshire, with manufactures of leather, cotton, and silk. P. 9352. Con'way, a river of Wales, form- ing the boundary between the counties of Carnarvon and Den- bigh, and falling into the Irish Sea at Conway. The vale through which this river flows is celebrated for its beauty and fertility. ENGLAND AND WALES. 34 Con'way, or Abercon'way, a town in Carnarvon, where are the ruins of a magnificent castle. P. 1245 p. Coq'wet, an islet off the coast of Northumberland, at the mouth of the river of the same name. Corn' wall, a county occupying the south-western extremity of Bri- tain, and famous for its mines of tin. Population 302,440. Cov'entry, an ancient city in Warwick, celebrated for its manu- factures of watches and ribands. Pop. 27,070.-52, 25 N. 1 , 32 W. Cow'bridge, a town in Glamor- ganshire. Population 1097 p. Cowes, a seaport on the N. coast of the Isle of Wight, beautifully situate on the Medina. — 50, 47 N. 1, 20 W. Crick'lade, a town in Wilts, on the Thames, up to which that ri- ver is navigable. Pop. 1642 p. Croy'don, a town in Surrey, on a canal which joins the Grand Sur- rey Canal. Population 12,447 p. Cumberland, one of the north- ern counties, famous for its lakes and picturesque mountain-scenery. Population 169,681. DAR'LINGTON,atown in Dur- ham, carries on considerable trade and manufactures. Pop. 8574. Dart'ford, a town in Kent, where the first paper-mill in England was erected by Sir John Spelman, in the reign of Elizabeth. Pop. 4715. Dartmouth, a seaport in Devon- shire, near the mouth of the Dart. Pop. 4957.— 50, 23 N. 3, 36 W. Dav'entry, a town in Northamp- tonshire, near the source of the Avon and Nen. Pop. 3646 p. Da'vid’s, St, a town in Pembroke, and a bishop’s see. Pop. 2388 p. David’s Plead, St, a cape on the W. of Pembroke.— 5 1 , 54 N. 5 , 18 W. Deal, a town on the E. coast of Kent, where Caesar first landed, now much frequented by shipping. Pod 7268 p.— 51, 15 N. 1, 23 E. Dee, a river which flows through Bala Pool, in Merioneth, forming the boundary between Denbigh and Cheshire,’ and hilling into the Irish Sea, 15 miles below Chester. Denbighshire, a county in North Wales. Population 83,167. Denbigh, the county town of Denbighshire, finely situate on an eminence, overlooking the fertile vale of Clwyd. Pop. 3786 p. " Dept'ford, a town in Kent, on the Thames, has a royal dockyard, with fine wet docks. Population 21,350 p.— 51, 29 N. 0, 3 W. Derbyshire, a hilly and rocky county in the centre of England, noted for its picturesque scenery, its lead mines, and mineral waters. Population 237,170. Derby, the county town of Der- byshire, on the Derwent. Here the first English silk-mill was erect- ed in 1718, and the silk manufac- ture is still considerable. Pop. 25,607.-52, 55 N. 1, 32 W. Der'wentwater, or Lake of Kes- wick, a very picturesque lake in Cumberland. Devi'zes, a town in Wilts, on the Kennet and Avon Canal. Popula- tion 4562. Dev'onport, a large town adjoin- ing Plymouth, of which- it is con- sidered a suburb. Pop. 34,883 p. —50, 24 N. 4, 11 W. Dev'onshire, a picturesque and fertile county in the W. of Eng- land, noted for its mild and salu- brious climate. Pop. 494,168. Dewsbury, a manufacturing town, in the W. R. of Yorkshire, pleasantly situate on the Calder. Population 8272. Dolgel'ly, the county town of Merionethshire, situate on the Avon, at the base of Cadcr-Idris, Population 4087 p. Don'caster, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, celebrated for its horse-races. Pop. 10,801. Dor'chester, the county town of Dorsetshire, pleasantly situate on the Frome. Pop. 3033. Dor'king, a town in Surrey, fa- mous for its fowls. Pop. 4711 p. Dorsetshire, a county in the S. W. of England. Pop. 159,252. Doug'las, a seaport on the S. E. coast of the Isle of Man, has many elegant houses, and an excellent harbour.— 54, 12 N. 4, 29. W. Do'ver, a seaport in Kent, about 22 miles from Calais in France, be- tween which packets and steam-ves- sels regularly sail. Pop. 11,924. — 51, 7 N. 1, 17 E. Downs, a famous roadstead be- tween the Goodwin Sands and Deal in Kent, the usual rendez- vous for outward-bound fleets. Droit'wich, a town in Worcester, famous for its brine springs, from ENGLAND AND WALES. which is manufactured a fine white salt. Pop. 2487. Dudley, a town in Worcester- shire, surrounded by Staffordshire. Its neighbourhood abounds in mi- nerals, and the iron trade is carried on to a considerable extent. Pop. 23,043 p.— 52, 30 N. 2, 5 W. Dungeness', a promontory on the coast of Kent, in the English Channel.— 50, 56 N. 0, 59 E. Duns'table, a town in Bedford, noted for ittf manufacture of straw- plait. Population 2117 P- DurViam, a county in the N. E. of England. Pop. 253,827. Durham, the capital of the coun- ty, a city and bishop’s see, with an ancient cathedral, beautifully situ- ate on the Wear. Pop. 10,125. — 54, 46 N. 1, 35 W. ED'DY STONE, a reef of rocks in the English Channel, 14 miles S. W. from Plymouth ; on the high- est is a famous lighthouse. — 50, 10 N. 4, 16 W. E'den, a river which rises in the county of Westmoreland, and, flowing through Cumberland, falls into the Solway Frith. Edge'hill, a village in Warwick, near which the first battle in the civil wars between Charles I. and the Parliament was fought, in 1642. Ely, a city in the county of Cam- bridge, situate in a marshy district on the Ouse, called the Isle of Ely. Here is a very large and venerable cathedral. Pop. 6189 p. Ep'som, a town in Surrey, noted for its mineral springs. P. 5251 p. Es'sex, a county on the E. coast, famed for its dairies and agricul- ture. Population 317,233. E'ton, a town in Bucks, on the Thames, celebrated for its charter- ed school called Eton College. Population 3232 p. Eue'sham, an ancient town in Worcestershire, situate in a beau- tiful vale on the Avon. Here a great battle was fought in 1265, be- tween the famous Simon de Mont- ford, earl of Leicester, and Prince Edward, afterwards King Edward I. Population 3991. Exe, a river which rises in Ex- moor, Somersetshire, and, flowing through Devonshire, falls into the English Channel at Exmouth. Ex'eter, the capital of Devon- shire, on. the Exe, an elegant city. and a bishop’s see. Population 28,201.-50, 43 N. 3, 55 W. Ex'mouth, a town in Devonshire, beautifully situate at the mouth of the Exe, celebrated as a watering place, and for the mildness of its climate. Population 3189. FAL'MOUTH, a seaport in Corn- wall, with a noble harbour, whence packets regularly sail for the Me- diterranean and the West Indies. Pop. 7284 p 50, 9 N. 5, 2 W. Farn'/iam, a town in Surrey, on the Wey, noted for the hop planta- tions near it. Pop. 3142. 1 Fish'gward, a seaport in Pem- brokeshire. Pop. 1990 p. Flam'borough Head. (burro), in Yorkshire, a bold and lofty cape, nearly 500 feet high, with a light- house.— 54, 7 N. 0, 4 E. Flintshire, a small county in North Wales. Pop. 60,012. Flint, the county town of Flint- shire, on the estuary of the Dee. Population 2216 p. Flod'den-field, 5 miles north of Wooler in Northumberland. Here a great battle was fought'between the English and Scots in 1513, in which James IV. and many of his nobility were slain. FoflVstone, a seaport in Kent, the birthplace of Dr Harvey, who dis- covered the circulation of the blood. Population 4296 p. Fore'land, North and South, two promontories on the east coast of Kent. Foth'eringay, a village in North- amptonshire, in the castle of which (now destroyed) Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded, in 1587. Fow'ey, a seaport in Cornwall, with a fine harbour, carries on an extensive trade in the pilchard- fishery. Pop. 1767 P- Frome, a town in Somersetshire, on the Frome, noted for its manu- factures of cloths and kerseymeres. Pop. 12,240 p.— 51, 14 N. 2, 20 W. GAINS'BOROCJGH, a town in Lincolnshire, on the Trent, with a considerable foreign and inland trade. Pop. 7535 p. Gates'head, a town in Durham, forming a suburb to Newcastle. Population 15,177 p. Glamorganshire, a fertile coun- ty in South Wales, enriched by vast mines, both of iron and of coal. Population 126,612, ENGLAND AND WALES. 36 Gloucestershire (Glos'ter), a county in the W. of England, fa- mous for its cheese. Pop. 386,904. Gloucester, an ancient city, and a bishop’s see, the capital of the county, situate on the Severn. It has a noble cathedral, and carries on considerable manufactures. Pop. 11,933.— 51, 52 N. 2, 14 W. God'alming, a town in Surrey, on the Wey. Pop. 4559 p,/ Good'win Sands, a large and dan- gerous sand-bank off the east coast of Kent. Goole, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, on the Ouse, which, in the last few years, has risen to great importance, and been admit- ted to the privileges of a bonding port. P. 1671.— 53, 42 N. 0, 52 W. Gos'port, a seaport in Hampshire, ou the west side of Portsmouth harbour, carries on an extensive trade. Population 12,637. Gow'en’s Point, a cape on the S. of Pembrokeshire. — 51, 37 N. 5, 0 W. Grant'Aam, a town in Lincoln- shire, on the With ana. Pop. 4590. Graves'end, a seaport in Kent, near the mouth of the Thames, 22 miles from London. Pop. 5097 p. — 51, 27 N. 0, 23 E. Gneen'mch, a town in Kent, on the Thames, about 5 miles below London, famous for its Royal Ob- servatory, and noble hospital for superannuated seamen. Popula- tion 24,553 p. — 51, 29 N. 0, 0. Grims'by, Great, a seaport in Lincolnshire, at the mouth of the Humber. Pop. 4225. Guern'sey, an island in the Eng- lish Channel, near the coasts of Bretagne and Normandy, 9 miles long by 6 in breadth. On the S. and part of the E. coast, it is a con- tinued cliff*, rising 270 feet high.— 49, 26 N. 2, 37 W. Gwild'ford, the county town of Surrey, on the Wey — once a resi- dence of the English kings. P.3813. HA L'lFAX, a thriving town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, noted for its woollen manufactures. Popu- lation 15,382.-53, 45 N. 1, 54 W. Hampshire, Hants, or South- ampton, a county in the S. of Eng- land. Population 314,313. Har'borough, or Market Harbo- rough, a town in Leicestershire, on the Welland, which separates it from Northamptonshire# P. 2272. Har'leigh (HaPly), a town on the W. coast of Merioneth, once a place of consequence, now only remark- able for its ancient castle. Har'rowgate, a village in the W. R. of Yorkshire, 21 miles N. W. from York, famous for its medicinal waters. Pop. 2812. Hart'land Point, a promontory in Devon, on the Bristol Channel. — 51, ON. 4, SOW. Har'uach, a seaport in Essex, the seat of a royal dock-yard, and a fa- vourite watering place. Pop. 4297. —51,57 N. 1, 14 E. Ha'stings, an ancient town in Sussex, where Harold was defeated by William the Conqueror in 1066. Pop. 10,097.-50, 53 N. 0, 56 E. Haver'fordwest (Har'fordwest), a town in Pembroke,on theCleddy, near its entrance into Milford Ha- ven. P. 39 15.— 51, 47 N. 4, 56 W. Hay, a town in Brecknockshire, pleasantly situate on the Wye. Po- pulation 1959 p. He'lier, St, a handsome town, the capital of the island of Jersey, situate on the E. side of St Aubin’s Bay — 49, 16 N. 2, 5 W. Hel'stone, a town in Cornwall, on the Cober, with a good harbour. Population 5295. Helvel'lyn, a mountain on the borders of Cumberland and West- moreland, 3055 feet high. Hen'ley, a town in Oxfordshire, on the Thames. Pop. 3618 p. Her'efordshire, a fertile and well- cultivated county in the W. of Eng- land, famous for its cider. Popu- lation 1 1 0,976. Hereford, the capital of Here- fordshire, and a bishop’s see, on the banks of the W ye. Population 10,280.-52, 3 N. 2, 45 W. Hert'fordshire(Har'ford)orHerts, a midland county, which carries on a great trade in malt. Pop. 143,341. Hert'fbrd, the county town of Hertfordshire, situate on the Lea. Pop. 5247.— 51, 48 N. 0, 6 W. Hexham, an ancient town in Northumberland, on the Tyne, where are many Roman and other antiquities. Pop. 6042 p. Holt, a small town in Denbigh- shire. Population 1609 p. Hol'yhead, a seaport, situate in a small island off Anglesea, from which the Irish packets sail. Pop. 4282.-53, 27 N. 4, 38 W. E INLAND AND WALES. 37 Ho'ly Inland, on the coast of Northumberland, about 9 miles in circumference, belonging to the county of Durham. l J op. 830. Hol'ywell, a town in Flintshire, with considerable manufactures of cotton, copper, and brass. In the neighbourhood is a rich lead mine. Population 8969 p. Ho'niton, a town in Devonshire, on the Otter. Pop. 3509 p. Hors'Aam, a town in Sussex, on the Adur. Pop. 5105 p. Hud dersfield, a town in the W. R. oTYorkshire, where the woollen manufacture is carried on to a con- siderable extent. Pop. 19,035. Hull, or King'ston-upon-Huil, a seaport in the E. R. of Yorkshire, on the Humber, atthemouth of the Hull. It carries on a very extensive trade. P.32,958; including Scul- coates, 46,426. — 53, 47 N. 0, 17 W. Hum'ber, a river, or rather es- tuary, formed by the junction of the Ouse, Aire, and Trent, and se- parating York from Lincoln. Huntingdonshire, an inland county possessing numerous dai- ries, in which is produced the fa- mous Stilton cheese. Pop. 53,149. Huntingdon, the county town of Huntingdonshire, on the Ouse. Population 3267. Wythe, a seaport in Kent. Po- pulation 2287 p. IL'CHESTER, a town in So- mersetshire, the birthplace of Ro- ger Bacon. Pop. 1095 p. In'gleborough, a mountain in Yorkshire, 2361 feet high. Ips'wich, the county town of Suf- folk, on the Orwell, the birthplace of Cardinal Wolsey. Population 20,451.-52, 5 N. 1, 8 E. Islington, in Middlesex, former- ly a pleasant country town, now united to London. P. 37,318 p. It'chen, a river in Hants, which runs into Southampton Water a little below the town. Ives, St, a seaport of Cornwall, on the bay of St Ives. Here the pilchard- fishery is carried on to a great extent. Pop. 4776. — A town m Huntingdon, on the Ouse. Po- pulation 5314 p. JER'SEY, a fertile island in the English Channel, near the coast of Normandy. It is 12 miles long by 7 in breadth, and possesses all the advantages of a delightful climate. a rich soil, and a considerable com- merce. Population 36,582. — 49, 10 N. 2, la w. KEIG'HLE Y, a thriving manu- facturing town in tlie^W. R. of Yorkshire, on the Aire. P.H,12fFp. Ken'dal, a flourishing tow:n m Westmoreland, long celebrated for its woollen manufactures. Pop. 17,427 p. ; of the township 10,015. , Ken'il worth, a town in Warwick- shire, about 5 miles N. from War- wick, celebrated for its magnifi- cent castle, now in ruins, where Dudley, earl of Leicester, enter- tained Queen Elizabeth for 17 days. Population 3097. /Kent, a county in the S. E. of England, famous for the culture of hops. Pop. 479,155. Kes'udck, a town in Cumberland, beautifully situate on Derwent- water. Population 2159. Kid'derminster, a town in Wor- cester, on the Stour, noted for its manufacture of carpets. P. 14,981. Kidwel'y,a town in Carmarthen- shire, situate on Carmarthen Bay. Population 1681 p. Kingston, an ancient town in Surrey, on the Thames. P.7257 p. - Kirk'by-Lons'dale, a neat town in Westmoreland. Pop. 1686. Knares'borough, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, on the Nid. Population 5296. Kni^vfe'ton, a town in Radnorshire, on the Teme, which separates Wales from Shropshire. P. 1076 p. LAM'BETH, a large town in Surrey, forming the western extre- mity of that part of the metropolis which lies on the S. bank of the Thames. Population 87,856. Lan'cashire or Lancaster, an ex- tensive county in the |\T. W. of England, containing the prineipal seat of the cotton manufacture, and of the trade to America. Popu- lation 1,336,854. Lan'caster, the county town of Lancashire, on the Lurie, famous for its noble castle. Population 12,613—54, 4 N. 2, 47 W. LandafF, a city and bishop’s see in Glamorgan, with the venerable ruins of an ancient cathedral. Po- pulation 1299. Land’s-End, a lofty headland in Cornwall, the S. W. extremity of England. — 50, 4 N. 5, 41 § W. Launceston (Lans*ton), the ENGLAND AND WALES. 38 county town of Cornwall, situate on the Tamar. Pop. 2231 p. Leam'ington, a town in War- wickshire, pleasantly situate on the Learn, and celebrated for its mi- neral waters. Pop. (1209 p. Led'bury, a town in Hereford- shire, with manufactures of ropes and sacking. Pop. 3909 p. Leeds, a town in the W. R. of York, the greatest seat of the wool- len manufacture in the kingdom. Pop. 123,393.— 53, 48 N. 1, 34 W. Leek, a town in Staffordshire, with extensive manufactures of silks, twists, &c. Pop. 6574. Leicestershire (Les'ter), an in- land county, famed for its breed of sheep. Population 197,003. Leicester (Les'ter), the county town of Leicestershire, noted for its manufacture of worsted stock- ings. P. 39,306.-52,39 N. 1,9 W. Leominster (Lem'ster), a town in Herefordshire, situate in a fer- tile vale on the Lugg. It has an excellent market for wool, cider, hops, and wheat. Pop. 4300. Lew'es, a town in Sussex, on the Ouse, which is navigable for some miles above it. P. 8592. Lin'co/nshire, a county on the E. coast of England, noted for its marshes. Pop. 317,244. Lin'co/n, the Lindum of the Romans, the county town of Lin- colnshire, on the YVitham. It has a fine Gothic cathedral, in which is averv large bell, called Tom o’ Lin- coln.' P. 11,843.-53, 15 N. 0, 34 W. Lis'keard, a town in Cornwall. Population 2853. Litch'field, an ancient and ele- gant city in Staffordshire, the birthplace of Dr Jc&nson and of Garrick. Population 6199. Liverpool, a seaport in Lanca- shire, situate at the mouth of the Mersey, has made a most rapid pro- gressin commercial prosperity, car- rying on a great trade with Ireland, America, and the West Indies. It has some fine public buildings, and wet docks of surprising magni- tude, covering 90 acres. Popula- tion 165,175; including, Toxteth Park, 189,242. — 53, 26 N. 3, 0 W. Liz'ard Point, in Cornwall, the most southern promontory of Eng- land.— 49, 58 N. 5, 12 W. Llan'beder, or Lam'peter, a town in Cardiganshire. Pop. 1197 p. Llanel'ly, a seaport in Carmar- thenshire, near the mouth of the Burry, has a large trade in coals and copper. Pop. 7646 p. LlanfyMin, a town in Montgome- ryshire. Pop. 1836p. Llangol'len, a town in Denbigh- shire, situate in a beautiful vale on the banks of the Dee, and sur- rounded by scenery of imposing grandeur. Population 3630. Llanid'loes, a town in Montgo- meryshire, with a brisk trade in flannels. Population 4189 p. Llantris'sent, a town in Glamor- ganshire. Population 2789 p. Lon'don, the metropolis of the British empire, situate on the Thames, the largest, the wealthiest, and perhaps the most populous city in the world. It is divided into three parts : the City, in which the immense commerce is chiefly carried on — Westminster, the seat of the Court and Parliament, — and Southwark, on the southern bank of the Thames. These parts are connected by six magnificent bridges. Pop. 1,474,069.— 51, 33 N. 0, 5 W. Lough'borough, a town in Lei- cestershire, has an extensive ho- siery and lace trade. Pop. 10,800. Louth, a town in Lincolnshire, situate on a canal which joins the Humber, carries on considerable trade and manufactures. P. 6927 p. Lowestoft, a seaport town m Suffolk, and the most easterly point of England. Pop. 4238 p. — 52, 29 N. 1, 45 E. Lud'lotu, a fine ancient town of Shropshire, with the ruins of a most magnificent castle. P. 5253. Lyme Re'gis, a seaport in Dor- setshire, with a good harbour, is a noted watering-place. Pop. 262 1 p. —50, 43 N. 2, 57 W. Lym'ington, a seaport in Hants, much resorted to for sea-bathing. Population 5561. Lynn Re'gis, a flourishing sea- port in Norfolk, at the mouth of the Ouse, with a great trade in corn. Pop. 13,370.-52, 46 N. 0, 26 E. MAC'CLESFIELD, a manufac- turing town in Cheshire. Popula- tion 23 129.— 53, 16 N. 2, 9 W. ; Machyn'lleth, an ancient town in ; Montgomery, with manufactures ' of flannels and cottons. P. 1657 p. Maid'stone, the county town of ENGLAND AND WALES, Kent, situate on the Medway. It is the great emporium of the hop trade. Pop. 15,387 p. Mal'don, a seaport in Essex, on the Black water, carries on a con- siderable import trade. Pop. 3831. Ma/mes'bury, a very ancient town in Wilts. Pop. 2293. Mal'ton, a town in the N. R. of Yorkshire, on the Derwent. Pop. 4173. Mal'vern, a watering-place in Worcestershire. Pop. 2140. — The Malvern Hills are a range in the S. W. of Worcestershire, and in the county of Hereford, 1444 feet high. Man, anciently Mona , an island in the Irish Sea, 30 miles in length by 12 in breadth ; 16 miles from the coast of Scotland, and nearly equi- distant from England and Ireland. Pop. 40,985.-54, 17 N. 4, 35 W. Manchester, a town in Lanca- shire, the seat of the greatest manu- factures in the world. Its staple consists in the different branches of the cotton manufacture, which are carried on to a vast extent. A magnificent railway now con- nects it with Liverpool. Popula- tion 142,026 ; including Salford and suburbs, 237, 832.— 53, 29N.2, 15 W, Mans'field, an ancient ttfwn in Nottinghamshire, on the Maun. Pop. 9426 p. Mar'gate, a seaport of Kent, in the Isle of Thanet, much frequent- ed for sea-bathing. Pop. 10,339 p. —51, 25 N. 1, 22 E. Maryborough, a town in Wilts, on the Kennet. Pop. 3426. Mar'low, Great, a town in Bucks, on the banks of the Thames, with considerable manufactures and pa- per-mills. Pop. 4237 p. Ma'ryport, a seaport in Cumber- land, at the mouth of the Ellen, has a large export trade, particu- larly of coals. Pop. 3877. Mat'lock,atowninDerby, beauti- fully situateon the Derwent, amidst most romantic scenery, noted for its medicinal springs. Pop. 3262 p. Med'way, a river which rises in Sussex, and, flowing through Kent, falls into the mouth of the Thames at Sheerness. \*e'nai Frith, a strait between the Isle of Anglesea and Carnarvon, which are connected by a magnifi- cent suspension bridge of 560 feet span thrown over the frith. 39 Men'dip Hills, a noted mineral range in the N. E. of Somerset, 1094 feet high. / Merionethshire, a mountainous and romantic county of N. Wales, between Montgomeryshire and St George’s Channel. Pop. 35,609. Mer'sev, a river which flows be- tween Cheshire andLancashire, and falls into the Irish Sea at Liverpool. Merthyr Tydvil (Mur'thir Tud'- vil) a town in Glamorgan, situate in the valley of the Taafe. From an obscure vjllage it has been rais- ed by its extensive iron-works to be the largest town in Wales. Pop. 22,083 p— 51, 44 N. 3, 22 W. Middlesex, one of the smallest counties in the kingdom, but by far the most important in wealth. Population 1,358,541. Mid'dleton, a town in Lanca- shire, between Manchester and Rochdale, with flourishing manu- factures. Pop. 6903. Mid'hurst, a well-built town in Sussex. Population 1478 p. Mil'ford, a modern town on Mil- ford Haven, from which the pack- ets sail for Waterford and the south of Ireland.— 51, 42 N. 5, 0 W. Mil ford Haven, a deep inlet of the sea in the S. of Pembrokeshire, the safest and most capacious har- bour in Britain. Mold, a town in Flintshire, with a handsome church and the ruins of a strong castle. Pop. 80S6 p. Mon'mouthshire, a small county on the borders of Wales. Popula- tion 98,130. Mon'mouth, the county town of Monmouthshire, on the Wye, the birthplace of Henry V. Near it are the picturesque remains of Tintern Abbey. Population 4916 p. Montgomeryshire, a county in Wales. Population 66,485. Montgomery, the county town of Montgomeryshire, pleasantly situate on a hill near the Se- vern. Its castle, built in the time of William the Conqueror, is now a picturesque ruin, overhang- ing the town. Pop. 1188 p. More'cambe Bay, a bay of the Irish Sea, indenting the coast of Lancashire. Mor'peth, a town in Northum- berland, having one of the greatest cattle- markets in England. Popu- ENGLAND AND WALES. 40 Mounts Bay, an extensive bay in the S. W. of Cornwall. NANT'WICH, a town in Che- shire, on the Weever, has a great trade in salt and cheese. P. 48 SB. Nar'berth, a town in Pembroke- shire, Population 2589 p. Naze, a noted promontory on the E. coast of Essex. — 51, 50 N. 1, 15 E. Neath, a town in Glamorgan- shire, possessing a considerable trade. Population 4043 p. Nee'dles, a cluster of pointed rocks, at the western extremity of the Isle of Wight.— 50, 40 N. 1, 38 W. Neots, St, a town in Hunting- don, on the Ouse. Pop. 2617 p. New River, a large aqueduct from Hertfordshire to Islington, by which a great part of London is supplied with water. New'ark, a town in Nottingham on a branch of the Trent, has an extensive trade. Pop. 9557 p. New'bury, a town in Berkshire, situate in a fertile plain on the banks of the Rennet. P. 5977 p. NewcasVle-upon-Tyne, the prin- cipal town of Northumberland, about 10 miles from the mouth of the Tyne. It is a place of great trade, particularly in coals and the manufacture of glass. Popula- tion 42,760 ; including Gateshead, 57,937.-54. 59 N. 1, 37 W. Newcasf le-under-Line, a town in Staffordshire, on the E. bank of the Line, noted for the extensive manufactures of stoneware in its vicinity. Pop. 8192 p* Newmar'ket, a town in the coun- ties of Cambridge and Suffolk, ce- lebrated for its horse-races. Popu- lation 2848. New'port, a town in the Isle of Wight, on the Medina, near the centre of the island. Pop. 4081 p. — A thriving seaport in Monmouth, on the Usk, with a very extensive trade in coal and iron. Pop. 7* 62. New'town, a town in Montgo- mery, on the Severn, the chief seat of the fine flannel trade. P. 4550 p. Nor'fo/k, a county on the east- ern coast. Pop. 390,054. Northal'lerton, a town in the N. R. of Yorkshire. Pop. 3004. Northamptonshire, an inland county, noted for its woodlands and pasturage. Pop. 179,276. Northampton, the county town of Northamptonshire, on the Nen. Pop. 15,351.-52, 15 N. 0, 54 W. Northumberland, a county in the N. of England. Pop. 222,912. North'wich, a town in Cheshire, with very extensive salt mines. Population 1481. Nore, a celebrated naval sta- tion and anchoring-ground in the Thames, oft’ Sheerness. Norwich, the capital of Norfolk, a city and bishop’s see, with a very fine cathedral, long noted for its trade and manufactures. Pop. 61,110—52, 38 N. 1, 18 E. Nottinghamshire, or Notts, an inland county. Pop. 225,320. Nottingham, the county town of Nottinghamshire, on the Trent ; the chief seat of the stocking and lace manufacture. Pop. 50,680.— 52, 57 N. 1, 10 W. OAK'# AM, the county town of Rutland. Population 2440. OldViam, a manufacturing town in Lancashire, on the Medlock. Population 32,381. Oi'ney, a town in Buckingham- shire, near which the poet Cow- per long resided. Pop. 2344. Orford, a town in Suffolk, at the confluence of t he Aide and the Ore. Population 1502. Ormes Head, Great, a promon- tory on the coast of Denbighshire. —53, 21 N. 3, 52 W. Os'westry, a town in Shropshire, near the Severn and Mersey Canal, carries on a considerable trade in woollen and cotton goods. P. 4478. Ot'terburn, a village in Nor- thumberland, famous as the scene of a battle between Hotspur Percy and Douglas in 1588. Pop. 385. Ouse (Ooz), the name of four ri- vers. The Yorkshire Ouse, formed by the junction of the Swale and Aire, unites with the Trent to form the Humber. The Great Ouse, which rises in Northamptonshire, flows through the counties of Buck- ingham, Bedford, Huntingdon, Cambridge, Norfolk, and falls into the sea at Lynn Regis. The Little Ouse divides Norfolk from Suffolk, and falls into the Great Ouse. The other river of this name is in Sus- sex. Oxfordshire, a county in the S. of England. Population 151,726. Oxford, the capital of Oxford- ENGLAND AND WALES. shire, a bishop’s see, and the seat of a very celebrated university, containing twenty colleges and five halls. Pop. 20,434.-51, 46 N. 1, 16 W. PEAK, a lofty mountain in Der- byshire, celebrated for the exten- sive caverns by which it is perfo- rated, and giving name to a district noted for lead mines. Peel, a seaport in the W. of the Isle of Man, with an ancient castle. Pem'brokeshire, a county of South Wales. Population 81,424. Pem'broke, the county town of Pembrokeshire, on a bay of Mil- ford Haven; near it are the re- mains of a magnificent castle. Po- pulation 6511. Pen'nygant, a hill in the N. W. of Yorkshire, 2270 feet high. Pen'rith, a town in Cumberland, pleasantly situate in the vale of Inglewood Forest. Pop. 6059 p. Pen'ryn, a town in Cornwall, on the creek that runs into Falmouth Harbour, with a considerable trade in the pilchard and Newfoundland fisheries. Population 3521. Penzance 7 , a seaport in Cornwall, remarkable for the salubrity and ‘mildness of the air. It i^ituate on the N. W. side of Mourns Bay, and has a considerable trade. Po- pulation 6563.— 50, 7 N. 5, ‘3 1 W. Peterborough, a city and bishop’s see in Northamptonshire, on the river Nen. Pop. 5553. Petersfield, a town in Hants. Population 1803 p. Pierre', St, the capital of Guern- sey, in the E. of the island. It has a good harbour with a noble pier. —49, 25 N. 2, 35 W. Plinlim'mon, a mountain on the borders of Montgomery and Car- diganshires, 2463 feet high. Plymouth, a seaport of Devon- shire, the second naval station in the kingdom, situate at the head of Plymouth Sound, a capacious haven, formed by the Plym and Tamar. Population, including De- vonport, 75,534.-50, 24 N. 4, 7 W. Pon'tefract or Pom'fret, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire. Po- pulation 4832. Pon'typool, a town in Monmouth, on a steep cliff overhanging the Avon, long famous for the manufac- ture of Japan ware. Pop. 10,280. Poole, a flourishing seaport in 41 Dorsetshire, much engaged in fishery. P.6459.— 50,43 N. 1, 58 W. Portland Isle, a peninsula in Dor- setshire, famous for its freestone quarries. Near the extreme S. point, called Portland Bill, two lighthouses are erected.— 50, 30 N. 2, 25 W. i 'Ports'mouth, a seaport in Hants, the most important naval station in the kingdom. Population, with Portsea, 50,389.— 50, 48 N. 1, 6 W. Pres'cot, a town in Lancashire, noted for its manufacture of watch tools and movements. Pop. 50 55. Pres'tebgn, a handsome town of Radnorshire, situate in a fertile valley on the Lugg. Pop. 3282 p. Pres'ton, a handsome manufac- turing town in Lancashire, on the Ribble. Pop. 33,112. Pwllheli (Pulhe'li), a seaport in Carnarvonshire, on Cardigan Bay. 'Population 2091 p. RADNORSHIRE, a mountain- ous county in Wales. Pop. 24,651. Rad'nor, New, the county town of Radnorshire, on the Somergill. Population 472 p. Ram'sey, a town in Huntingdon, formerly noted for its rich and ex- tensive abbey. Pop. 3006 p.— An- other town in the Isle of Man, on a spacious bay. Rams'gate, a seaport of Kent, in the Isle of Thanet, noted for its excellent artificial harbour. Po- pulation 7985.— 51, 20 N. 1, 24 E. Reading (Red'ding), the county town of Berkshire, situate at the junction of the Kennet with the Thames. Population 15,595. Red'ruth, a flourishing town in Cornwall, in the vicinity of exten- sive copper and tin mines. Popu- lation 8191 p. Ret'ford, East, a town in Not- tinghamshire. Pop. 2491 p. Rhydd'lan, a village in Flint- shire, once the largest town in North Wales. Pop. 1506 p. Rib'ble, a river rising in the W. of Yorkshire, and entering the sea below Preston. Rich'mond, a town in the N. E. of Yorkshire. Pop. 3900 p. Rip'pon, a town in the W. R. of York, once celebrated for its ma- nufacture of spurs. Pop. 5080. Roch'dale, a manufacturing town in Lancashire, on the Roche. Po- pulation 74,427 p. ENGLAND AND WALES, 42 Rochester, a very ancient city and seaport of Kent, on the Med- way. P. 9891.— 51, 25 N. 0, 30 E. Roth'erham, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, near the junction of the Rother with the Don, long noted for its extensive iron works. Population 4085. Ru'thin, a flourishing town in Denbighshire. Pop. 3376 p. Rutlandshire, the smallest county in England, being only 15 miles long and 11 broad. The soil is in general fertile, — particularly the rich vale of Catmose. Popu- lation 19,385. Rye, a seaport in Sussex, at the mouth of the Rother. Popu- lation 3715 p. Rye'gate, an ancient town in Surrey. Population 3397 p* SAD'DLEBACK, a mountain in Cumberland, 2787 feet high. Sal'ford, a township in Lanca- shire, and a suburb of Manchester. Population 40,786. SahVbury, or New Sarum, an an- cient city and bishop’s see, the ca- pital of Wilts. Its cathedral, the spire of which is 410 feet high, is one of the finest in Europe. Po- pulation 9876 p. Sa'lop, see Shropshire. Sand'wich, a seaport in Kent, on the Stour. Population 3136. Sark, a small island off the French coast, between Jersey and Guernsey.— 49, 25 N. 2, 26 W. Scafeli', a *hill in Cumberland, with two peaks, 3092 and 5166 feet high. / Scarborough, a seaport in the N. R. of Yorkshire, and afavourite watering-place, with considerable trade, is much admired for the beauty of its situation. Population 8569 p 54, 18 N. 0, 24 W. SciPly Isles, the Cassiterides of the ancients, a numerous group, stretching westward from the Land’s-End, of which six only are inhabited. The principal is St Mary’s. Total pop. 2465. — 19, 58 N. 6, 15 W.i Sel'by, a thriving town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, on the Ouse, with a considerable trade. Pop. 4600. Sev'ern,a large river, second only to the Thames in importance. It rises in Plinlimraon; and passing, by a very circuitous course, through the counties of Montgomery, Salop, Worcester, and Gloucester, fells into the Bristol Channel. Shaftes'bury, a town in Dorset- shire. Part of the wall which sur- rounded its abbey, founded by Al- fred, is still standing. Pop. 5061. Sheerness', a seaport in Kent, at the mouth of the .Medway, with a strong and commanding fortress. — 51 , 27 N. 0, 45 E. Sheffield, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, famous for its manu- factures of cutlery and plated goods. Pop. 59,011.-53, 24 N. 1, 30 W. Shep'pey, an island at the mouth of the Thames and Medway, sepa- rated from the mainland ol Kent by an arm of the sea called the Swale. Sher'borne, an ancient town in Dorsetshire, pleasantly situate on the Ivel, Pop. 4075 p. Shields, North Shields in North- umberland, and South Shields in Durham, two towns on the oppo- site banks of the Tyne, both places of considerable trade. Population of North Shields 6744 ; including Chirton, 11,717 ; of South Shields, 9074 ; including Westoe and Jar- row, 22,554.-55, 0 N. 1, 26 W. Shoi^am, New, a town in Sus- sex, oimhe English Channel. Po- pulation 1505 p. Shrewsbury (Shroz'berry) the county town of Salop, beautifully situate on the Severn, with a con- siderable trade. Pop. 21,227. Shropshire, or Sa'lop, an inland county, the seat of most extensive iron-works. Pop. 222,503. Skid'daw, a mountain in Cum- berland, 5022 feet high. Snea'fell, a mountain near the centre of the Isle of Man, 2004 feet high. Snow'don, in Carnarvon, the lof- tiest mountain in South Britain, 3571 feet high. Sol'way. See Descriptive Table of Scotland. Som'erset, a county on, the Bris- tol Channel. Pop. 403,908. Southampton, a considerable sea- port on the Southampton Water, in Hants. It ranks as a countv ui itself. P. 19,324.-50, 55 N. 1 , 25 W. South'wark, commonly called the Borough, a town of Surrey, united by several bridges with London, of which it is considered a suburb. Population 91,501. ENGLAND AND WALES. Spit'head, a well-known road- stead between Portsmouth and the isle of Wight, capable of contain- ing 1000 vessels in security. — 50, 47 N. 1, 10 W. Spurn'head, a promontory in the S. E. of Yorkshire.— 53, 38 N. 0, 10 E. Staffordshire, an inland county, noted for its manufactures of earth- en ware and porcelain. P. 410,485. Stafford, the county town of Staffordshire, on the Sow. Popu- lation 6998. Stamford, an ancient town in Lincolnshire. Pop. 5357. Start Point, a cape on the S. E. coast of Devonshire.— 50, 16 N. 3, .88 W. Stock'port, amanufacturing town in Cheshire, on the Mersey. Pop. 25,469.— 53, 25 N. 2, 10 W. Stock'ton, a handsome town in Durham, on the Tees, about 6 miles from its mouth, with consi- derable trade. Population 7765.— 54, 34 N. 1, 20 W. •^Stoke-upon- Trent, a town in Staffordshire. Pop. 37,220 p. Stone'henge, on Salisbury Plain, in Wilts, a range of immense stones, some upright, and others resting upon them, supposed to be the re- mains of a Druidical temple. Stour'oridge, a town in Worces- tershire, on the Stour, noted for the manufacture of glass. Pop. 6148. Strafford-on-A/von, a town of Warwickshire, the birthplace of Shakspeare in 1561. Pop. 5488. Stroud, a town in Gloucester- shire, with an extensive cloth trade, the waters of the Stroud and Slade being celebrated for their pro- perties in dyeing cloth. P. 8607 p. Strum'ble Head, a cape in the N. W. of Pembrokeshire.— 52, 0 N. 5, 5 W r . Sud'bury, a town in Suffolk, on the Stour, once a place of great im- portance for its woollen manufac- ture. Population 4677. Suffolk, a county on the E. coast, separated from Norfolk by the Lit- tle Ouse and the Waveney. Pop. 296,301. Sun'derland, a seaport in Dur- ham, on the Wear, over which is an iron bridge of 257 feet span, and 100 ft. above the river. P. 17,060 ; including Bishop and Monk Wear- mouth, 39,434.— 54, 54 N. 1, 25 W. 43 Sur'rey, a county in the S. of Eng- land. Population 486,526. Sus'sex, a county on the English Channel. Population 272,328. Swan'sea, a seaport in Glamor- gan, situate on a fine bay of the Bristol Channel. It is a great resort for sea-bathing, and possesses an immense trade in copper, iron, and coals. P. 13,694.— 51,37 N. 3, 56 W. TAM' WORTH, a town in Staf- fordshire, on the Tame. P. 7182p. Taun'ton, a town in Somerset- shire, on the Tone. Pop. 11,133. TaVistock, a town in Devon- shire, on the Tave, the birthplace of Sir Francis Drake. Pop. 5602. Tees, a river which rises in Crossfell, Cumberland, and, flow- ing eastward, divides the counties of Durham and York, and falls into the German Ocean beloiv Stockton. Ten'by, a town in Pembroke- shire, much resorted to for sea- bathing. Population 2128 p. Test, a river in Hampshire, fall- ing into Southampton Bay. Tewkes'bury, a fine old town of Gloucestershire, the theatre of a famous battle in 1471, which ter- minated the wars of York and Lan- caster. Population 5780. Thames, the most important ri- ver in Britain, rises in Gloucester- shire, separates Berks from Oxford and Buckingham, Surrey from Middlesex, and Kent from Essex, and falls into the German Ocean 70 miles E. from London. Than'et, Isle of, a district of Kent, at the mouth of the Thames, forming the N.E. angle of the county, and separated from the mainland by the Stour on the S. The air is peculiarly mild and sa- lubrious — the soil fertile and highly cultivated. Thet'ford, an ancient town in Norfolk, on the Little Ouse. Pop. 3462. Thirsk, a town in the N. Riding of Yorkshire. Population 2855. Tiv'erton, a town in Devonshire, at the confluence of the Axe and Loman. Population 9766 p. Torbay', a commodious bay on the coast of Devon, the principal rendezvous of the British navy.— 50, 26 N. 3, 39 W. Totness', a town in Devonshire, on the Dart, with a rapidly-increas- ing woollen trade. Pop. 3442 p. ENGLAND AND WALES. 44 Trent, a large river, rises in the N. of Staffordshire, flows through the counties of Derby, Notting- ham, and Lincoln, and unites with the Yorkshire Ouse in forming the Humber. Trow'bridge, a towm in Wilts, on the Were, with manufactures of cloth and kerseymeres. P. 10,863 p Tru'ro, a flourishing town of Cornwall, situate in a deep dell at the confluence of the Kenwyn and St Allen. Pop. 2925—50, 17 N. 5, 2 W. Tun'bridge, a town in Kent, near which are Tunbridge Wells , a se- ries of villages, so called from their celebrated medicinal springs. Pop. 10,380. Tyne, the principal river of Nor- thumberland,^ formed by the junc- tion of the North and South Tyne, and falls into the German Ocean at Tynemouth. ’Tvne'mouth, an ancient town in Northumberland, at the mouth of the Tyne. Population 10,182. ULLS'WATER, a picturesque lake between Cumberland and Westmoreland. WAKE'FIELD, a flourishing manufacturing town in the W. R. of Yorkshire. Population 12,232. —53, 41 N. 1, 57 W. WalTingford, a borough in Berks, on the Thames. Pop. 2467* Wal'sall, a thriving town in Staf- fordshii*e. Population 15,066 p. Ware, a town of Hertfordshire, on the Lea. Population 4214 p. Ware'Mm, a town in Dorset- shire, near the mouth of the Frome. Population 2325. W'ar'rington, a thriving manu- facturing town in Lancashire, on the Mersey. Population 16,018.— 53, 24 N. 2, 36 W. Warwickshire, amidland county, in which is the principal seat of the riband manufacture. Pop. 336,988. Warwick, the principal town of Warwickshire, on the Avon. Its castle is one of the noblest in the kingdom. Population 9109. "Wash, a large bay of the German Ocean, laving the counties of Lin- coln, Cambridge, and Norfolk. ~~ Wear, a river which rises in the W. of Durham, and, flowing by a circuitous course through that county, falls into the German Ocean at Sunderland. Weich'pool, a town in Montgo- meryshire, pleasantly situate in the vale of the Severn, and a great market for flannels. Pop. 4556. W T el'lington, a town in Shrop- shire, near Shrewsbury Canal. Pop. 9671 p. — A town in Somersetshire, with manufactures of serges, drug- gets, &c. Population 4762 p. W T ells, a city of Somerset, finely situate at the base of the Mendip Hills. Its cathedral is one of the finest in England. Pop. 6649. Wen'lock, a town in Salop, with an ancient abbey. Pop. 2424 p. West'bury, a town in Wilts. P. 7324 p. Westminster, a city in Middle- sex, adjoining London, of which it may be considered as forming a part, although it possesses distinct rights and privileges. P. 202,080. -./Westmoreland, a county in the N. of England, celebrated for its lakes and romantic scenery. Pou. 55,041. Wey'rr.outh, a seaport in Dorset- shire, united to Melcombe Regis by a bridge over the W T ey, much frequented as a bathing-place. Po- pulation 7655. — 50, 58 N. 2, 29 W. Whern'sido, a mountain in the N.W. of Yorkshire, 2384 feet high. Whitby, a seaport in the N. R, of Yorkshire, the birthplace of Captain Cook. Pop. 7765. — 54, SO N. 0, 37 W. Whitcha'ven, a thriving seaport in Cumberland. Pop. 11,393* — 54, 33 N. 3, 35 W. Wig'an, a manufacturing town in Lancashire. Population 2»‘,774. Wight, Isle of (the Feeds ofthe Romans), abeautiful island off the S. coast of England, between which and Portsmouth is the great naval road of Spit head. In the centre of the island is Carisbrooke Castle, where Charles I. was confined. Population 35,431.-50, 42 N. i, 20 W. Wig'ton, a town in Cumberland, in which are some cotton manu- factures. Population 4885. Wil'ton, a town of Wilts, long noted for its manufactures of car- pets. Population 1997 p. ^ Wilts, or Wiltshire, an inland county S. of the Thames. Popu- lation 259,181. Winchester, the capital of Hants, au ancient city and bishop’s see, ENGLAND AND WALES with a spacious cathedral, famous for its public school. Pop. 9212. Win'dermere, the largest lake in England, between Westmoreland and Lancashire. Wind'sor, a town in Berkshire, on the Thames, 22 miles from Lon- don, celebrated for its castle, a fa- vourite residence of the British sovereigns. Population 7103. Wis'beach,atown in Cambridge- shire, on the Nen, carries on a con- siderable trade in corn. Pop. 8777. Wi'tham, a river inLincolnshire, which flows past Lincoln, and, pur- suing a north-easterly course, falls into the Wash. Wit'ney, a town in Oxfordshire, long noted for its manufacture of woollens, particularly blankets. Po- pulation 5336 p. Wit'tleseamere, a lake in the x N.E. of Huntingdonshire. o burn, a town inBedfordsh ire. Within a mile of it is Woburn Ab- bey, the splendid seat of the Duke of Bedford. Population 1827. Wolverhampton, a town in Staf- fordshire, noted for its manufac- tures of locks and keys. Popula- tion 24,732 —52, 55 N. 2, 8 W. Wood'bridge, a town in Suffolk, on the Deben, carries on a consi- derable trade. Pop. 4769 p. Wood'stock, a town in Oxford- shire, with a considerable manu- facture of gloves. Nbar it is Blen- heim, the splendid seat of the Duke of Marlborough. Pop. 1380. Wool'tcich, a town in Kent, on the Thames, 8 miles below Lon- don. It is famous for its arsenal, dock-yard, and military academy. Pofrfl 7,661.-51, 30 N. 0, 5 E. Worcestershire ( Woos'ter), a rich and beautiful midland county of England. Population 211,356. Worcester (Woos'ter), the coun- 45 ty town of Worcestershire, near the centre of the kingdom, noted for its porcelain manufactories. Here Cromwell defeated the army of Charles II. in 1651. Population 18,610.-52, 12 N. 2, 13 VV. LWork'ington, a seaport in Cum- berland, having extensive collieries in the neighbourhood. Population 6415.— 54, 39 N. 3, 34 W. Work'sop, a town in Notting- hamshire, pleasantly situate in a valley ; its ancient church is a fine structure. Population 5566 p. Wrek'in, a hill in Shropshire, 1320 feet high. Wrex'/iam, a town in Denbigh- shire, carrying on an extensive in- land trade, particularly in flannel. It has a very elegant church. Po- pulation 5484. Wy'combe, High, a handsome town in tire county of Bucking- ham ; in the vicinity are numerous corn and paper mills. Pop. 6299 p. Wye, a picturesque river of Wales, which rises in the 8. of Montgomeryshire, crosses Radnor and Hereiordshires, divides Mon- mouth from Gloucester, and falls into the Severn below Chepstow. YAR'M OUTH, a seaport of Nor- folk, at the mouth of the Yare. P. 21,115 p.— 32, 57 N. 1, 44 E. York's hi re, the largest county in England, divided into the East, West, and North Ridings. The East is very fertile, while "the West is the principal seat of the woollen manufacture. Pop. 1,371,296. Y T ork, the Eboracum of the Ro- mans, 4he capital of Yorkshire, and the see of an archbishop. Its ce- lebrated cathedral or minster is the most magnificent specimen of Gothic architecture in Europe. Population 34,461. — 53, 58 N. i, 6 W. SCOTLAND Is bounded N. by the North Sea ; W. by the Atlantic Ocean ; S. by England, and the Irish Sea ; and E. by the German Ocean. It contains 29,871 square miles. The population in 1831 amounted to 2,365,807. It is divided into thirty-jkree counties : — b 2 46 SCOTLAND. Counties. Chief Towns. Orkney & Shetland. Kirkwall, Stromness, Lerwick. Caithness Wick, Thurso. .Sutherland Dornoch. Ross Tain, Dingwall, Fortrose. Cromarty Cromarty. Inverness Inverness, Fort George, Fort Augustus, Fort William. Nairn Nairn. Moray or Elgin.... Elgin, Forres, Fochabers. Banff Banff, Cullen, Keith. Aberdeen Aberdeen, Peterhead, Fraserburgh, Huntly. Kincardine or Mearns Stonehaven, Bervie, Laurencekirk. Forfar or Angus. ..Forfar, Dundee, Montrose, Arbroath, Bre- chin, Cupar- Angus. Fife Cupar, St Andrews, Dunfermline, Kirk- aldy, Kingliorn, Burntisland, Dysart, Xnverkeithing, Falkland. Kinross Kinross. Clackmannan Clackmannan, Alloa, Dollar. Perth Perth, Culross, Kincardine, Dunkeld, Crieff, Dumblane, Callander. Argyle Inverary, Campbelton, Oban. Bute Rothsay, Brodick (in Arran). Dumbarton or Len- nox Dumbarton, Helensburgh. Stirling Stirling, Falkirk, Grangemouth. Linlithgow or Linlithgow, Queensferry, Borrowstoun- West Lothian ness, Bathgate. Edinburgh or Edinburgh, Leith, Portobello, Mussel- Micl-Lothian burgh, Dalkeith. Haddington or East Lothian ....Haddington, Dunbar, North Berwick. Berwick or Merse.. Greenlaw, Lauder, Dunse, Coldstream. Roxburgh or Te- viotdale Jedburgh, Kelso, Hawick, Melrose. Selkirk Selkirk, Galashiels. Peebles or Tweed- dale Peebles. Lanark or Clydes- Lanark, Glasgow, Hamilton, Airdrie, dale Rutherglen. Renfrew Renfrew, Paisley, Greenock. Port Glasgow. Ayr Ayr, Irvine, Kilmarnock, Girvan. Dumfries Dumfries, Annan, Sanquhar, Lochmaben. Moffat, Langholm. Kirkcudbright or East Galloway.. Kirkcudbright, New Galloway. VVigton or West Galloway Wigton,i^anraer, Whithorn, Port Patrick. SCOTLAND. 47 Islands. — Shetland Isles, the principal of which are, Mainland and Yell; Orkney Isles, the principal of which are. Mainland or Pomona, and Hoy ; the Hebrides, or Western Isles, the principal of which are, Lewis, Skye, Mull, Jura, and Isla ; Bute, Arran. Friths, Bays, and Lochs.* — Pentland, Dornoch, Cromarty, and Moray Friths; Friths of Tay and Forth, Solway Frith, Frith of Clyde; Wigton and Glenluce Bays ; Sounds of Isla, Jura, and Mull ; The Minch; Lochs Ryan, Long, Fyne, Etive, Linnhe, Broom. Capes. — St Abb's Head, Fifeness, Buchanness, Kill- naird's Head, Burgh Head, Tarbetness, Duncansbay Head, Dunnet Head, Cape Wrath, Butt of Lewis, Point of Ardnamurchan, Mull of Can tyre, Corsill P^int, Mull of Galloway, Burrow Head, Saturnness. Lakes. — Loch Lomond ; Awe ; Tay, Rannoch, Er- roch, Ketterin, Erne ; Shin ; Laggan ; Ness, Lochy ; Maree; Leven. Mountains. — Ben Nevis, the loftiest mountain in Great Britain ; Ben Wyvis, Ben Macdhui, Cairn- toul. Cairngorm ; the Grampians, of which the most remarkable are Mount Battock, Schiehallion, Ben Lawyers, Ben More, Ben Ledi, and Ben Lomond ; the Ochils ; Pentland Hills; Lammermoor Hills; Tin- tock; Moffat Hills; Lowthers ; Cheviot Hills, on the English border. Rivers. — Spey, Findhorn, Deveron, Don, Dee, Tay, Erne, Forth, Clyde, Tweed, Teviot, Nith, Annan, Ken. REMARKS. Scotland, exclusive of the Shetland and Orkney Islands, extends from 54° 40' to 58° 42' N. lat., and from 1° 48' to 6° 5' W. long., not including the Western Isles. Its extreme length is about 280 miles, and its greatest breadth 150 miles. Scotland is in general a mountainous country, although it has some extensive level districts of great fertility. It is divided into the Highlands and Lowlands ; the former chiefly occupied with lofty and rugged mountains, and in- habited by a race of Celts, who, in many parts, still speak the Celtic or Gaelic language; the latter more diversified * By Lochs are here rifeant arms of the sea . SCOTLAND. 48 with hilly and level districts, and inhabited by people of Saxon origin like the English, and who speak dialects of the same language. But the natural geography of the country suggests a more distinct division of it into three portions, Northern, Middle, and Southern.,^ The Northern Division extends from the Pentland Frith to that great chain of lakes which crosses the country from the coast of Argyle to the Moray Frith, in the line of the Caledonian Canal. It is in general mountainous and bleak, with some fertile spots on the eastern coast. The Middle Division extends southward from the above line to the Friths of Forth and Clyde, and the Great Canal by which they are united. Of this division, likewise, the aspect is chiefly mountainous, although on the eastern coast there are extensive tracts of great fertility and in high cultivation. The Southern Division , stretching to the English border, bears in soil and appearance a greater resemblance to Eng- land. Though it contains several extensive ranges of hills, and wide tracts of moor, its more general aspect is that of verdant plains, watered by beautiful streams, and enlivened by herds of cattle; ample valleys or gently-swelling eminences of great fertility, waving with corn, or clothed with wood. Scotland abounds in minerals, the most valuable of which are lead, iron, and coal. Its fisheries form an important branch of industry, and are prosecuted to a considerable extent, particularly along its northern shores. Its climate, though variable, is, on the whole, mild and salubrious. The western counties are exposed to frequent and heavy rains from the Atlantic Ocean ; the eastern, though less frequently deluged with rain, suffer more from piercing east winds, accompanied with chilling fogs from the German Ocean. There is no country in the world where agriculture is better understood than in Scotland ; and the consequent improvements in its soil and produc- tions, which have taken place within the last thirty years, are astonishing. Many of its districts are best adapted for the rearing of cattle, which are exported in great numbers to England. Manufactures of various kinds are likewise carried on to a great extent. Glasgow and Paisley are the principal seats of the cotton manufactures ; Dundee, and the other towns in Forfarshire, are noted for the manufacture of coarse linens ; and Dunfermline for damasks and fine linens. At Carron, near Falkirk, is the largest manufactory of iron in SCOTLAND. 49 the kingdom. Of the commercial prosperity of Britain, Scotland enjoys her due share. The rapid progress which the country has made of late years has been greatly accelerated by the introduction (#' steam-navigation on its coasts and friths. Since the accession of James VI. to the throne of Eng- land, in 1603, the whole of Britain has been under the dominion of one sovereign ; and since the union of England and Scotland in the reign of Queen Anne, A.D. 1707, the government of tfre two kingdoms has been nearly the same. The Presbyterian form of church-government is coeval with the Reformation in Scotland. After many struggles with James VI. and his successors, who patronised episcopacy, the Scots succeeded in procuring the establishment of Pres- byterianism as the national religion, at the Revolution of 1688. The Scots may be characterized as industrious, frugal, prudent, hardy, and brave. Owing to the excellent insti- tution of parish-schools, the advantages of education are enjoyed even by the lowest classes of the people. They are fond of learning ; and can boast of some of the brightest names in literature and science. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Scotland ? What is its extent in square miles ? Into how many counties is it divided ? Name them. What are the principal towns of Orkney and Shetland ? Of Caithness ? Of Sutherland ? , Of Ross, &c, ? What are its principal islands ? Point them out on the map. Name its principal friths, bays, and lochs. Point them out on the map. Name its capes. Point them out on the map. What are its principal lakes ? Point them out. Name its principal mountains. Name its rivers. Where is Falkland, Kirkwall, Kelso, Whithorn, Camp- belton, Dornoch, Stranraer, Irvine, New Galloway, Dalkeith, Kilmarnock, Dunkeld, Falkirk, Dingwall, Stonehaven, Mon- trose, Fortrose, Fort George, Port Patrick, Dunbar, Dum- barton, Dunse, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Greenock, North Berwick, Annan, Dunfermline, Alloa, Lerwick, Brodick, In- verary, Inverness, Hamilton, Leith, Musselburgh, Borrows- tounness, Forres, Bervie, Peterhead, &c. ? Where is Pomona, Veil, Mainland, Mull, Skye, Lewis, Hoy, Bute, &c. ? Where is the Solway Frith, Glenluce Bay, Pentland Frith, Frith of Tay, Wigton Bay, Frith of Forth, Cromarty Frith, Moray Frith, Loch Fyne, Loch Broom, Loch Long, Frith of Clyde, Loch Etive, Loch Linnhe, &c. ? Where is Cape Wrath, Tarbetness, St Abb’s Head, Sa- SCOTLAND. 50 turnness, Kinnaird’s Head, Corsill Point, Duncansbay Head, Point of Ardnamurchan, &c. ? Where is Loch Ness, Loch Awe, Loch Lomond, Loch Maree, Loch Ketterin, Loch Erroch, &c. ? Where are the Lammermoor Hills, the Pentland Hills, the Grampians, Pen Ledi, Ben Lowers, Ben Nevis, Tintock, the Lowthers, &c. ? Which is the highest mountain in Great Britain ? Describe the course of the Tweed, of the Nith, the Clyde, the Tay, the Forth, the Don, the Spey, the Dee, the Teviot, the Annan. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What is its length and breadth ? What is the general appear- ance of Scotland ? How is it divided ? What is the aspect of the Highlands ? By what race of people is it inhabited ? What is the appearance of the Lowlands ? Of what origin are its inhabitants ? What other division does the natural geography of the country suggest ? What is the extent and situation of the Northern Division ? What is the aspect of the country ? How far does the Middle Division extend south- ward ? What is its general aspect ? How far does the Southern Division extend ? What is the general aspect of this division ? What are the most valuable minerals of Scotland ? What is the nature of its climate ? What varieties of wea- ther prevail in the western and eastern counties ? What is the state of agriculture in Scotland ? For what are many of its districts best adapted ? Are its manufactures extensive ? What towns are the principal seats of the cotton manufac- tures ? For what manufacture is Dundee noted ? What are the chief manufactures of Dunfermline? For what manufac- tory is Carron celebrated ? Is Scotland a commercial country ? By what has the progress of Scotland in commercial prosperi- ty been of late years greatly facilitated ? At what time was Scotland united with England in govern- ment ? What form of church-government is established ? How long has this been the national religion ? To what in- stitution do the Scots owe the general diffusion of education ? Have they made a figure in literature and science ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. ABB’S HEAD, ST, a promon- tory on the N.E. of Berwickshire. — 55° 55' N. lat. ° 2 ° 7' W. long. Aberdeen'shire, an extensive county in the N.E. of Scotland, comprising the districts of Mar, Garioch, Formartin, and Buchan. Population 177,651. Aberdeen', a large seaport, and the capital of the county. This elegant city comprehends Old and New Aberdeen, — the former situ- ate on the Don, and the latter on the Dee. In each of them there is a university. Population, includ- ing the parish of Old Machar, 58,019.-57, 9 N. 2, 5£ W. Aberneth'y, a town in Perth- shire, near the mouth of the Erne, said to have been the capital of the Pictish kingdom. Pop. 1612. Ail'sa, a rocky islet in the Frith of Clyde, betwixt Ayrshire anti Cantyre, two miles in circumfe- rence, and 1100 feet high. — 55, 15 N. 5, 5 W. Air'drie, a thriving town in La- narkshire. Population 9867 p. Al'loa, a considerable seaport in Clackmannanshire, on the Forth. Population 6577 p. An'drews, St, an ancient city on the E. coast of Fife, once the eccle- siastical capital of the kingdom. The first rise of the Reformation, and the assassination of Cardinal Heaton, also of Archbishop Sharpe, which took place in its vicinity, have made it famous in history. Its university still remains ; but its castle and noble cathedral are in ruins. Population 5621 p. — 56, 21 N. 2, 50 W. ■*— An'nan, a town in Dumfries- shire, at the mouth of the Annan. Pop. 5035 p — 54, 59 N. 3, 14 W. JAn'nan, a river which rises on the borders of Peebles-shire, and flows through Dumfries-shire to the Solway Frith. An'struther (commonly An'ster), Easter and Wester, two small towns on the E. coast of Fife. P. 1437 p. Arbroath', or Aberbrothock, a considerable seaport in Forfarshire, with the ruins of an ancient abbey. Pop. 6660 p.— 56, 33 N. 2, 35 W. Ard'namur'chan, Point of, acape in Argyle, the most western pomt of the mainland of Scotland. — 56, 44 N. 6, 5 W. Ardros'san, a seaport in Ayrshire, with an excellent harbour ; it is much resorted to for sea-bathing. Population 3494 p. Argyle'shire, an extensive High- land county on the W. coast, in- dented by numerous arms of the sea. Population 101,425. Ar'ran, an island in the Frith of Clyde, distinguished by its moun- tainous aspect and the remarkable formation of its rocks. Goat- Fell, the most elevated peak, is 2950 feet high. P. 6427. — 55, 35 N. 5, 10 W. '~" r A'von, the name of a romantic lake and river in Banffshire. Awe, Loch, a beautiful lake in Argyle, about 25 miles long and from 1 to 2 broad. Ayrshire, a large county on the western coast, comprising the dis- tricts of Carrick, Kyle, and Cun- ningham, noted for its cattle and dairies. Population 145,055. Ayr, the county town of Ayr- shire, situate at the mouth of the Ayr. P. 7606 p.— 55, 27 N. 4, 36 W. SCOTLAND. 51 BANFF'SHIRE,acountyon dhe Moray Frith. Population 48,604. Banff, a seaport, and the county town of Banffshire, near the mouth of the Deveron. Population 3711 p.— 57, 59 N. 2, 29 W. Ban'nockburn, a thriving village in Stirlingshire, with large manu- factures oftartans and carpets. The field of Bannockburn is memorable in Scottish history for the victory obtained here by Robert Bruce over Edward II., 24th June 1314. Bass, an almost inaccessible islet at the mouth of the Frith of Forth, formerly employed as a state-pri- son.— 56, 5 N. 2, 56 W. ■J Bath'gate, a town in the county of Linlithgow. Population 3593 p . Bat'tock, a mountain on the con- fines of Aberdeen, Kincardine, and Forfarshires, 3465 feet high. Beau'ley, a river in Inverness- shire, on which is situate a village of the same name. Bell Rock, a reef of rocks in the German Ocean, about 12 miles S.E. from Arbroath, completely covered at high water. A stupendous light- house with reflectors, 115 feet high, was erected upon it in 1811.— 56, 26 N. 2, 26 W. Benbe'cula, an island of the He- brides, lying betwixt North and South Uist. Ben* Cru'achan, a mountain in Argyleshire at the head of Loch Awe ; it is upwards of 20 miles in circumference, and 3960 feet high. Ben Law'ers, a mountain in Perthshire, rising from the banks of Loch Tay to the height of 4015 feet above the sea. Ben Le'di, a mountain north- west of Callander, in Perthshire, with a small lake on its top, 3009 feet high. u_/Ben Lo'mond, a mountain in Dumbartonshire, rising majestical- ly from the side of Loch Lomond, to the height of 3240 feet above the level of the lake, and 3262 above that of the sea. Ben Macdhui', a mountain in the S. W. extremity of Aberdeen- shire, 4362 feet high. Ben More, a conical mountain, towering from the side of Loch Dochart, Perthshire, to the height of 3903 feet above the sea. * Ben is a Gaelic word, signifying a mountain. 7 SCOTLAND. 52 Ben Ne'vis, a mountain in Inver, ness-shire, the loftiest in Great Bri- tain, being 4370 feet above the sea. Ben Venue', a picturesque moun- tain on the south side of Loch Ket- terin, 2800 feet high. Ben Voir'iich, a mountain in Perthshire, rising from the S. bank of Loch Erne to the height of 5300 feet. Ben Wy'vis, a mountain in Ross- shire, 3720 feet above the sea. Ber'vie, or In verber'vie, a seaport in Kincardineshire. Pop. 1157 p. Berwickshire, or the Merse, an agricultural county on the S. E. of the kingdom. Population 34,048. BerWick. See England, p. 31. Berwick, North, a small seaport in the county of Haddington. Po- pulation 1824. Blackness', an ancient castle on the Forth, in Linlithgowshire. Blairgow'rie, a town in Perth, shire, finely situate on the Airdle. Population 2644 p. Borrowstounness', or Bo’ness', a considerable seaport in Linlithgow- shire, on the Forth. Pop. 2809. Braeri'ach, a precipitous moun- tain in the S. W extremity of Aber- deenshire, 426.3 feet high. Brechin (Bre'kin), a town in the county of Forfar, once an episcopal see. Population 6508. Broa'ick, a village on the east coast of Arran, situate on Brodick Bay. Here the Duke of Hamilton has a castle.— 55, 36 N. 5, 5 W. Broom, Loch, an extensive arm of the sea in Ross-shire, having some excellent harbours. Buchanness', a promontory in Aberdeenshire, the easternmost point in Scotland, near which are the remarkable rocks called the Fuller s of Buchan. — 57, 26 N. 1, 48 W. Burgh Head, a cape on the N. coast of Morayshire. — 57, 42 N. 3, 26 W. Burntisland, a seaport in Fife, opposite to Leith. Pop. 2366 p. Bur'row Head, a cape on the S. coast of Wigtonshire. — 54, 41 N. 4, 17 W. Buteshire, a county comprising the islands of Bute, Arran, Inch- marnoch, and the Cumbrays, in the Frith of Clyde. Pop. 14,151. Bute, theprincipal island, though not the largest, in Buteshire. It is distinguished for picturesque beau- tv and mild climate. Population 7773.-55, 51 N. 5, 2 W. CAIRNGORM', a mountain on the confines of the counties of Banff', Aberdeen, and Inverness, famous for its beautiful rock-crystals, 4060 feet high. Cairntoul', a mountain on the confines of Aberdeen and Inver- ness-shires, 4245 feet high. Caith'ness, a county in the north- ern extremity of Scotland. A great herring-fishery is carried on from its coast. Population 34,529. — ^Cal'lander, a village in Perth- shire, 16 miles north-west of Stir- ling, beautifully situate on the Teith, and surrounded by scenery of the most romantic grandeur. Population 1909 p. Cam'pbelton, a flourishing sea- port in Cantyre. Population 4869. —55, 25 N. 5, 32 W. Cantyre', a peninsula forming the southernmost district of Argvle. Cantyre', Mull of, a promontory at the S. extremity of Cantyre; it is 10 miles distant from Fair-Head, on the coast of Antrim, in Ireland. —55, 17 N. 5, 43 W. - Car'ron, a village in Stirlingshire, on theCarron, iamous for its iron- works, the largest in the kingdom. Population about 2500. Ca'trine, a thriving village in Ayrshire, on the Ayr, with exten- sive mills for cotton-spinning. Clackman'nan, a county on the N. side of the Forth. Pop. 14,729. Clackman'nan, the county town of the above shire. Pop. 4266 p. ‘ Clyde, a large ^river which rises in Clydeslaw, a hill in the parish of Crawford, Lanarkshire, and falls into the Frith of Clyde. Col'rfstream, a town in Berwick- shire, on the N. bank of the Tweed. Population 2897 p. Coll, one of the Hebrides, be- longing to Argyleshire, about 14 miles long, and from half a mile to 3£ in breadth. Population 1516. “Cor'sill Point, a promontory on the W. coast of Wigtonshire.— 55, 1 N. 5, 5 W. Crail, a seaport in Fife, at the mouth of the Frith of Forth. Po- pulation 1824 p. Crieff 1 , a town in Perthshire, de- lightfully situate on the north bank of the Erne. Pop. 4786 p. SCOTLAND. 53 Crom'arty, a county in the N. of Scotland, formed of several de- tached portions within the county of Ross, &c. Population, with that of Ross-shire, 74,820-y Crom'arty, the county town, on the peninsula between the friths of Cromarty and Moray. Population 221.5.— 57, 42 N. 4, 0 W. Crom'arty Frith, a bay of the German Ocean, west of the Moray Frith, stretching nearly 20 miles inland, is a sate station for vessels. Cul'len, a town in Banffshire, where the linen manufacture is carried on with considerable suc- cess. Population 1595 p. Cul'ross (commonly Coo'ross), a seaport in a detached portion of Perthshire, on the Frith of Forth. Population 1488 p. Cum'brays, two islands in the Frith of Clyde, betwixt the isle of Bute and the Ayrshire coast. A lighthouse is erected on the west side of Little Cumbray. — 52, 43 N. 4, 57 W. Cu'par, the county town of Fife, on the Eden. Population 6473 p. Cu'par-An'gus, a town partly in Forfarshire, and partly in Perth- shire, situate on thelsla. P.2(il5p. ^ D AL'KEITH, a considerable town in Mid-Lothian, between the North and South Esk, about 6 miles S. from Edinburgh. Popu- lation 5586 p. Dee, a river in Aberdeenshire, which rises near the summit of Braeriach, and flowing through a beautiful and picturesque valley, Calls into the German Ocean at New Aberdeen, after a course of about 90 miles. — A river, issuing from Loch Dee on the borders of Ayrshire, and flowing through the county of Kirkcudbright to the Solway Frith. Dev'ercn, a beautiful river which, fora considerable distance, forms the boundary between the counties of Aberdeen and Banff, and falls into the German Ocean, t De'von, a liver in Perthshire, rising in the Oehil hills, and flow- ing to the Frith of Forth by a very circuitous course. It is remarkable for romantic scenery. Ding' wall, a town in Ross-shire, at the head of the Cromarty Frith. Near it is Strathpeffer, a beautiful vale, with a celebrated mineral well, which has become a place of great resort. Population 2124 p. Dol'lar, a town in Clackmannan- shire, beautifully situate on the Devon, at the base of the Ochil hills, and near the romantic ruins of Castle Campbell. The academy, which was founded herein 1819 for the education of youth, is an excel- lent institution. Pop. 1447 p. Y Don, a river rising in the W. of Aberdeenshire, and falling into the German Ocean near Old Aberdeen. Doon, a river in Ayrshire, issuing from a lake of the same name, and falling into the sea near Ayr. This river is rendered classical by the strains of Burns. Dor'noc//, the county town of Sutherland, on the N. of the Dor- noch Frith. Population 3580 p. Dor'nccA Frith, a bay of the Ger- man Ocean, between the counties of Sutherland and Ross. Doug'las, a village of great anti- quity, on the Douglas River, in the Upper Ward of Lanarkshire. Po- pulation 1346. Doune, a village in Perthshire, pleasantly situate on the Teith, has large cattle markets, and an exten- sive cotton manufactory ; near it are the massive ruins of its castle, in former times a strong fortress, and frequently a royal residence. Dumbartonshire, or Lennox, a small county in the W. of Scotland. Population 55,211. Dumbarton, the county town of Dumbartonshire, near the conflu- ence of the Leven with the Clyde. Its ancient castle, on a precipitous rock, is of great strength. Pop. 5623 p.— 55, 57 N. 4, 52 W. Dumblane'.atown inPerthshire, on the Allan, a place of consider- able resort on account of the mine- ral waters in its vicinity. P. 3228 p. Dumfries'-shire, a large county in the S. of Scotland, comprising the districts of Eskdale, Annan- dale, and Nithsdale. Pop. 73,776- Dumfries', the county town of Dumfries-smre, situate on theNitb , nine miles from the Solwav Frith. Pop 11,606 p — 55, 1 N. 5,~ 56 W. Dunbar', a seaport in East Lo- thian, at the mouth of the Frith of Forth. Its castle in ancient times was a placeof great strength. Pop. 4735 p.— 56, 0 N. 2, 50 W. Dun'cansbay Head, a promontory SCOTLAND. 54 in Caithness, the north-eastern ex- tremity of Great Britain- — 58, 40 N. 3, 3 W. Dundee', a large seaport in For- farshire, on the Frith of Tay. It carries on a very flourishing trade, chiefly with the Baltic, and has ex- tensive manufactures of Osnaburgs and other coarse linens. The town, and particularly the harbour, have of late been much extended and improved. Population 45,555 p. — 56, 28 N. 2, 58 W. Dunfermline, aflourishingtown in the W. of Fife. Table-linen is manufactured here in greater ex- tent and perfection than in any other part of the kingdom. The abbey of Dunfermline, now in ruins, was one of the burial-places of the kings of Scotland. In Fe- bruary 1818, the tomb and skeleton of Robert Bruce were discovered here. Population 17,068 p. Dunkeld', a town in Perthshire, on the north bank of the Tay, si- tuate amidst the most beautiful and romantic scenery. Pop. 1471 p. Dun'net Head, a promontory in Caithness, the most northern point ofGreatBritain. — 58, 42 N. 3, 28 W. Dunse, a considerable town in Berwickshire, between the Blackad- der and the Whitadder. P. 3469 p. Dy'sart, a seaport in Fife, with a considerable trade in coals. Popu- lation 1801 ; of the parish 7104. ED1NBURGHSHI HE, or Mid- Lothian, the metropolitan county of Scotland, on the S. of the Frith of Forth. Population 219,592. Edinburgh, the metropolis of Scotland, the seat of the law courts, and of a celebrated university, situ- ate in the county of Mid- Lothian. Its New Town is considered the most elegant and regularly built of any city in Britain. Population, with that of Leith, 162,156. -55, 57 N. 5, 10£ W. Ed'nam, a~village N. E. of Kelso, on the Eden, the birthplace of Thomson the poet. Pop. 657 P- El'gin, the countv town of Elgin or Morayshire, on the Lossie, about 5 miles from its mouth. Here are the ruinsof a magnificent cathedral. Pop. 6130 p.— 57, 38 N. 3, 16 W. Erne or Earn, a river in Perth- shire, issuing from a beautiful lake of the same name, and falling into the Tay below Perth. EFroc/i, a lake partly in Perth and partly in Inverness-shire, 14 miles in length, and about a mile in breadth. Esk, the name of several rivers in Scotland. One rises in the N. of Dumfries-shire, and flows to the Solway Frith. In Mid-Lothian, the South Esk joins the North Esk below Dalkeith; and the united streams fall into the Frith of Forth at Musselburgh. In Forfarshire, the North Esk flows from Lochlee in the Grampian Mountains, and falls into the sea 3 miles N. of Mon- trose. The South E-;k also rises among the Grampians, and falls into the sea at Montrose. E'tive, Loch, an inlet of the sea in Argyleshire, nearly 20 miles long, but of very unequal breadth. FA L' KIRK, a town in Stirling- shire, 21 miles W. of Edinburgh, noted for its large cattle-markets, called Trysts. Here Sir William Wallace was defeated by Edward I. in 1298; and here the Pretend- er’s army defeated the Royalists in 1746. P. 12,743 p. FaZk'land,asmall town in Fife; its palace was formerly a residence of the kings of Scotland. P. 2658 p. Fife, a large maritime county on the N. of the Frith of Forth. Po- pulation 128,839. Fifeness', a cape at the eastern extremity of Fife, from which a dangerous ridge, called the Carr Rock, projects into the sea. — 56, 17 N. 2, 35 W. Findhorn', a small seaport in Morayshire, at the mouth of the Findhorn. Foch'abers, a thriving little town in Morayshire, near the mouth of the Spey; in the vicinity is Gor- don Castle, the magnificent seat of the Duke of Gordon. Pop. 101Q. For'far or An'gus, a county N. of the Tay, noted for its breed of cat- tle. Population 139,606. For'far, the county town of An- gus, or Forfarshire, situate in the valley of Strathmore. P. 7949 p. For'res, a town in Morayshire, near which is a remarkable obelisk. Population 3895 p. Fort George, Fort Augustus, Fort William, a range of strong fortresses in Inverness-shire, were erected to keep the Highlands in awe. The two last have been recently dismantled. SCOTLAND. DO For tli, one of the principal rivers of Scotland, rises on the north side of Ben Lomond, and expands into a large frith before uniting with the German Ocean. Fortrose', a seaport in Ross-shire, on the N. coast of the Moray Frith, opposite Fort George. Population about 1000. Fra'serburgh, a seaport in Aber- deenshire. Population 2954 p. Fy'ers, or Foy'ers, a small river in Inverness-shire, which falls into Lochness. It is remarkable for its stupendousjfa//s, the upper of which is 70 feet, and the lower 207 in per- pendicular height. Fyne, Loch, an arm of the sea in Argyleshire, about 40 miles long, and varying from 6 to 2 in breadth. It is famed for the superior quality of its herrings. GALASHIELS', a town in Sel- kirkshire, on the Gala Water, not- ed for its manufacture of woollens. Population 2100. Gal'loway, a large district in the S. of Scotland, including the coun- ties of Wigton and Kirkcudbright. It is noted for its breed of cattle, distinguished by the want of horns. Gal'loway, Mull of, a bold head- land, on the S. extremity of Wig- tonshire, the most southerly point in Scotland.— 54, 40 N. 4, 50 W. Gir'van, a seaport in Ayrshire, carries on a considerable trade. Population 6450 p. Glas'gow/, the principal manufac- turing and commercial city in Scot- land, situate on the Clyde in La- narkshire. All the branches of the cotton manufacture are carried on upon the most extensive scale. It has also a great trade with America and the West Indies, a flourishing university, and is adorned with many handsome edifices. Popula- tion 202,426.— 55, 52 N. 4, 16 W. Glenluce' Bay, a large bay in the S. of Wigtonshire, deriving its name from the Luce, a river which falls into it. Gram'pian Mountains, th eMons Gr ampins' of the Romans, cele- brated for the battle between Gal- g&cus and Agricola, is a chain ex- tending from the Atlantic in Ar- gyleshire to the German Ocean in Aberdeenshire. Grange'mouth, a seaport in Stir- lingshire, at the junction of the Great Canal with the Frith of Forth. Population about 1800. Green'law, the county town of Berwickshire. Population 1442 p. Green'ock, the principal seaport of Scotland, at the mouth cf the Clyde, — the emporium of the Ame- rican and West Indian trade. Pop. 27,571.-55, 57 N. 4, 45 W. Gret'na-Green', a village inDum- fries-shire, on the English border, noted for irregular marriages. HAD'DINGTONSHIRE, or East Lothian, a county in the S.E. of Scotland, the inhabitants of which are distinguished for their intelligence and enterprise in agri- cultural pursuits. Pop. 36,145. Had'dington, the county town of East Lothian. Its weekly market for grain is the greatest in Scot- land. Population 5883 p. Hamilton, a town in Lanark- shire, 10 miles S.E. from Glasgow, near the confluence of the Avon and Clyde. Population 9513 p. Haw/ick, a thriving manufactur- ing town in Roxburghshire, at the confluence of the Teviot and Slit- rig. Population 4970 p. Heb'rides, or Western Isles (an- ciently Ebudes ), a range of is- lands scattered along the western coast of Scotland. They extend, exclusive of St Kilda, from about 55, 40 to 58, 30 N. lat. and from 5, 55 to 7, 45 W. long. P. 89,870. He'lensburgh, a modern town in Dumbartonshire, on the Clyde, much frequented for sea-bathing. Hoy, one of the Orkney Islands, about 15 miles long, and 6£ at its greatest breadth. The Uwarfie Stone on this island is a remarkable relic of antiquity. It is 28£ feet long, 14£ broad, and 6£ high, and is hollowed out into several apart- ments. Pop. 521. Hunt'ly, a town in Aberdeenshire, pleasantly situate on the Deveron. Near it are the ruins of the ancient castle of Strathbogie. P. 5545 p. INCHCOLM', a small island, with the ruins of a monastery, in the Frith of Forth, opposite Aber- dour in Fife. Inchkeith', a small island in the Frith of Forth, opposite Leith, with an elegant lighthouse and re- volving light. Innerleith'en, a thriving village in Peebles-shire, pleasantly situate SCOTLAND. 56 on the N. bank of the Tweed, and much resorted to for its mineral waters. Pop. 810 p. Invera'ry, the county town of Argyleshire, beautifully situate near the head of Loch Fyne. Pop. 3 117 p. ; including Glenaig, 2135. —56, 15 N. 5, 2 W. Inverkeith'ing, a seaport in Fife, at the head of a fine bay in the Frith of Forth. Pop. 3189 p. Inverness's hi re, an extensive county in the N. W. of .Scotland, includ ing the districts of Eadenoch and Lochaber, besides others of less importance. Pop. 94,797. Inverness', the county town of Inverness-shire, and the' capital of the Highlands, is delightfully situ- ate near the confluence of the Ness with the Moray Frith. Population 14,324 p.— 57, 29 N. 4, 11 W. Inveru'rv, a town in Aberdeen- shire, at the confluence of the Don and Ury. Pop. 994. Io'na, or I'corinkill, a small is- land of the Hebrides, S. W. of Mull, famous as the retreat of learn- ing and religion during the dark ages. It stilTcoutains several vene- rable ruins, and wasat one time the burial-place of the Scottish kings. Ir'vine, a town in Ayrshire, on the Irvine, which here falls into the Frith of Clyde. Pop. 5200. I' da, one of the Western Isles, S. W. of Jura, is about 25 miles long and 22 broad. ^Bowmore', a thriving town, is its principal port. ) Pop. 14,992. — 55. 50 N. C, 15 W. JED'BURGH, the county town of Roxburghshire, pleasantly situ- ate on the Jed. Here are the ruins of an ancient abbey. Pop. 5647 p. Ju'ra, one of the Western Isles, separated from Isla by the Sound of Isla, and from Scarba by the GulfofCorryvrcckin. It isremark- able for three conical mountains, called the Paps of Jura, the high- est of which is 2470 feet. It is 26 mileslong, with an average breadth of 5 miles. Pop. 3512 p.— 56, 5 N. 5, 52 W. KEITH, a town in Banffshire, on the Isla. Pop. 4464 p. Kei'so, a handsome town in Rox- burghshire, beautifully situate on the noith bank of the Tweed, op- posite its junction with theTeviot. Population 4959 p. Ken, a river which rises in Kirk- cudbrightshire, and expands into Lech Ken. Ket'terin, Loch, a lake in Perth- shire, about 10 miles long and 1^ broad, remarkable for sublime and picturesque scenery. Kil'da, St, the most remote of the Hebrides,— about 60 miles dis- tant from Harris, the nearest land to it. Pop. about 100. — 57, 50 N. 8, 55 W. Kilmar'nock, a large manufac- turing town in Ayrshire, on the Kilmarnock Water, a tributary of the Irvine. Pop. 18,095 p. Kincar'dineshire, or the Mearns, a county in the E. of Scotland, Population 51,431. Kincardine, a seaport in Perth- shire, on the Forth. P. about 2500. Kinghorn' (King-gorn'), a town in Fife, opposite Leith. Pop. 2579 f • Kinnaird’s Head, a promontory on the coast of Aberdeenshire, with a lighthouse.— 57, 41 N. 2, 2 W. Kinross'-shire, a small midland county. Pop. 9072. Kinross', the county town of Kinross-shire, finely situate at the W. end of Loch Leven. P. 2917 p. Kirka/?'dy, a seaport in Fife, with considerable trade. Pop. 5034 p. Kirkcudbright, a maritime county on the Solway Frith. Po- pulation 40,590. Kirkcudbright, the chief town of the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, at the mouth of the Dee. Pop. 5511 p.— 54, 49 N. 4, 1 W. Kirkintil'loch, a town in Dum- bartonshire, pleasantly situate on the banks of the Kelvin. P. 5888 p. Kirk'wall, the chief town of Ork- ney, in the island of l J omona. It contains the ruins of an ancient cathedral, and is the seat of a great- annual fair. Pop. 5065. — 58, 56 N. 3, 2 W. LAG'GAN, LOCH, a fine lake in Inverness-shire, extending about 8 miles in length by 1 in breadth. Lamlash', a small town at the head of Lamlash Bay, on the E. of the Isle of Arran. Lam'mermoor, a range of hills between East Lothian and Ber- wickshire. Lanarkshire, one of the most ex- tensive and important counties in Scotland. It is divided into three j districts, called the Upper, Middle, | and Lower Wards. Fop. 516,819. SCOTLAND. Lan'ark, the county town of La- narkshire, near which are the ro- mantic falls of the Clyde. At New Lanark are extensive cotton-mills. Population 7672 p. Lang'ho&n, a town in Dumfries- shire, on the Esk, a few miles from the English border. Pop. 2676 p. Largs, a town in Ayrshire, beau- tifully situate on the Frith of Clyde, famed for the salubrity of the cli- mate, and a favourite resort for sea- bathing. The battle of Largs, in which the Danes under Haco were defeated by Alexander III. of Scot- land in 1263, was fought in the ad- joining plain. Pop. 2584. Lau'der, a town in Berwickshire, situate on the Lauder, or Leader. Population 2063 p. Laurencekirk', a considerable village in Kincardineshire, noted for its manufacture of snuff-boxes. Population 1886 p. Leadh ills', a town in Lanark- shire, occupied by lead-miners, the highest inhabitedplace in the south of Scotland, being about 2000 feet above the sea. Leith, a large seaport in Mid- Lothian, on the Frith of Forth, about a mile and a half from Edin- burgh, of which it may be consi- dered the port. Pop. 23,855. — 55, 58 N. 3, 1 1 W. Ler'unck, the chief town of Shet- land, on the F. of Mainland. Pop. 2750.-60, 10 N. 1, 10 W. Le'ven, Loch, a lake in Kinross- shire, containing 4 islands : on one of these are the ruins of the castle in which Queen Mary was imprisoned. Levv'is, the largest of the Hebri- des, 62 miles in length, and from 10 to 30 in breadth, forming the principal part of what is called Long Island. Its southern penin- sula is named Harris. Pop. 18,441. Lew'is, Butt of, the most north- erly point of the island of Lewis. — 58, 50 N. 6, 14 W. Linlith'goicshire, or West Lothian, a county lying along the S. side of the Frith of Forth. P. 25,291. Linlith'gow, the county town of West Lothian, with the ruins of a royal palace, in which Queen Mary was born. .Pop. 3187. Linnhe, Loch (Leen), a large arm of the sea, separating Argyle from Inverness-shire. It extends 57 from the Sound of Mull as far as Coran- ferry, when it assumes the name of Loch Eil. Lochma'ben, a town in Dumfries- shire. Pop. 2795 p. Lochnagar', a mountain in Aber- deenshire, 5800 feet high, and re- markable for its alpine appearance. Lo'chy, Loch, a lake in Inver- ness-shire, in the line of the Cale- donian Canal, 14 miles long. Lo'mond, Loch, a beautiful kike in Dumbartonshire, about 25 miles long, and, in some places, 6 in breadth. Its bosom is studded with about 50 islands, and its scenery is highly pictuiesque. Long, Loch, an arm of the sea, separating Argyle from Dumbar- tonshire. Lo'tbians, a large and very fer- tile district on the S. of the Forth, divided into three counties, Linlith- gow or West Lothian, Edinburgh or Mid-Lothian, and Haddington or East Lothian. Low'thers, a lofty ridge of hills between Lanarkshire and Dum- fries-sbire. MAIt EE', a lake in Ross-shire, 16 miles long and 2 broad, beau- tifully studded with islands. Mawch'line, a town in Ayrshire, on the Ayr, celebrated by the Muse of Burns, who long resided in its neighbourhood. Pop. 2252 p. '' May, Isle of, a small island at the entrance of the Frith of Forth, with a lighthouse.— 56, 12 N. 2, 56 W. Mel'rose, a town in Roxburgh- shire, on the Tweed. Its abbey, founded by David I. in 1156, was peculiarly magnificent j the ruins are among the most entire and beautiful in Scotland. 1 J . 4559 p. Minch, the sound or channel se- parating the Island of Lewis from the mainland and the Isle of Skye. Moffat, a town in Dumfi ies-shire, noted for its mineral waters. Po- pulation 2221 p. Montrose', a considerable seaport in Forfarshire, at the mouth of the South Esk, over which there is a beautiful suspension bridge. Pop. 12,055 p.— 56, 43 N. 2, 27 W. Mor'ayshire, or Elgin, a county on the south of the Moray Frith, to which it gives name. P. 34,231. M 01 'ay Frith, a large inlet of the German Ocean, stretching between the county of Pioss on the N. and SCOTLAND, 58 those of Moray, Nairn, and Inver- ness, on the S. Mull, Isle of, one of the He- brides, 25 miles in length, and in some places n early equal in breadth, separated from the mainland by the Sound of Mull. Pop. 10,538. ^Mjtts'selburgh, a town in the county of Edinburgh, about 6 miles S. E. of the capita!, united to Fish- errow by bridges over the Esk. Population 8961 p. N PIRN'S HI RE, a small county on the Moray Frith. Pop. 9354. Nairn, a seaport, the county town of Nairnshire. Pop. 3266 p. Ness, Loch, a beautiful lake in Inverness-shire, 22 miles long, through which the Caledonian Ca- nal passes. New'burgh, a seaport in Fife, on the Frith of Tay. Pop. 2642 p. New Gal'loway, a town in Kirk- cudbrightshire, on the Ken. Nin'ians, St, a town in Stirling- shire, with considerable manufac- tures. Pop. 9552 p. N ith, a river which rises in Ayr- shire, and entering Dumfries-shire runs S. E. and falls into the Sol- way Frith near Dumfries. O'BAN, a flourishing seaport in Argyleshire, and a central point for steam-boats passing to or from the Caledonian Canal and the Western Isles. — 56, 25 N. 5, 29 W. O'chil Hills, a range of hills stretching from the vicinity of Dumblane in Perthshire, in an easterly direction, into Fife. Ben- cleugh, the loftiest of the range, is 2420 feet high. Ork'ney and Shet'land, a county in the N. of Scotland, formed by the islands bearing these names. Pop. 53,259. Ork'neys, anciently Orcades , a group of islands, 67 in number, of which 29 are inhabited, separated from the mainland ot Scotland by the Pentland Frith. They extend from 58° 43' to 59° 20' N. lat. and from 2° 20' to 3° 25' W. long. Pop. 28,847- PAIS' LEY, a town in Renfrew- shire, next to Glasgow the great- est seat of the cotton manufacture. Its muslins are the finest made in Europe. Pop. 57,466. Pee'bles-shire, or Tweeddale, a hilly county in theS. of Scotland, lying along both sides of the upper course of the Tweed. Population 10,578. Peebles, the county town of Peebles-shire, situate on the Tweed. Pop. 2750 p. Pent'land Frith, a strait which separates the mainland of Scotland from the Orkney Isles, the navi, gation of which is at all times ha- zardous from its rapid currents and dangerous whirlpools. — 58, 43 N. 3, 15 W. Pent'land Hills, a range of hills in Mid-Lothian, of which the Black Hill is 1850 feet high. Perth'shire, a county in the heart of Scotland, one of the largest in the kingdom, containing the dis- tricts of t Menteith, Breadalbane, Rannoch, Athol, Strathearn, Stor- mont, Balquhidder, and the Carse of Gowrie famed for its fertility. Population 142,894. Perth, the capital of Perthshire, delightfully situate on the Tay, and surrounded by the most beau- tiful scenery. Pop. 20,016.-56, 25 N. 3, 25 W. Peterhead', a seaport in Aber- deenshire, with a fine harbour, car- ries on a large trade, particularly in the fisheries. Pop. 6695 p.— 57, 30 N. 1, 45 W. Pitcaith'lv, a village in Strath- earn, Perthshire, noted for its mi- neral waters. Pomo'na, or Mainland, the lar- gest of the Orkney Isles, 30 miles long, and from 8 to 10 broad, much intersected by arms of the sea. P. 15,087—59, 0 N. 3, 15 W. Port-Glas'goie, a seaport in Ren- frewshire, on the Clyde, about 3 miles above Greenock. It has an excellent harbour, and enjoys a considerable trade. Pop. 5192 p. PoFtobel'Io, a modern town on the Frith of Forth, 2 miles S. E.of Edinburgh, principally frequented for sea-bathing. Pop.' 2781. Port Pat'rick, a seaport in Wig- tonshire, with one of the finest quays in Britain. It is the princi- pal passage to Donaghadee in Ire- land, the distance being only 21 miles. P. 2239.-54, 51 N. 5, 2 W. Prestonpans', a small seaport in Haddingtonshire, near which the royal forces under Sir John Cope were signally defeated by the Highlanders in 1745. Pop. 2522 p. QUEENSFER'RY, South, a sea- SCOTLAND, 59 port in Linlithgowshire, the prin- cipal ferry on the Frith of Forth. Population 684. RAN'NOCH, Loch, a lake in Perthshire, 10 miles Jong by 1 in breadth, discharging itself by the Tummel at the eastern extremity. Renfrewshire, a county lying along the Clyde, a great seat of trade and manufactures. Popula- tion 133,143. Renfrew, the county town of Renfrewshire, situate on the Cart. Population 2833 p. Ross, an extensive county in the N. of Scotland. Pop. including that of Cromarty, 74,820. Roth'say, the principal town in Bute, a place of considerable trade, and a great resort for sea-bathing. Pop. 481 7.-55, 50 N. 5, 0 W. Rox'burgh, or Teviotdale, a ooirnty in the S. E. of Scotland, on the borders of England. P. 43,663. Ruth'erglen (commonly Rug'Ien), a town in Lanarkshire, about 2| miles from Glasgow. Pop. 4741. Ry'an, Loch, an inlet of the sea in Wigtonshire, about 10 miles long, and from 2 to 4 broad. SALT'COATS, a seaport in Ayr- shire, carries on considerable trade. Population 3113. San'da, one of the Orkneys, about 12 miles long, and from 1 to 3 broad. Pop. 1832. Sanq'w/rar, a town in Dumfries- shire, situate on the Nith. It car- ries on considerable manufactures of stockings and carpets. P. 1527. Satumness', a cape on the coast of Kirkcudbright. — 54, 50 N. 3, 36 W. Schiehal'lion, a conical moun- tain in Perthshire, rising to the height of 3564 feet. Here Dr Maskelyne made experiments for ascertaining the power of moun- tains in attracting the pendulum, and in determining the mean den- sity of the earth. Scoon, or Scone, a village in Perthshire, noted for its palace, where the kings of Scotland used to be crowned. Pop. 2268 p. Selkirkshire, or the Forest, a pas- toral county in the S. of Scotland. Population 6833. Sel'kirk, the county town of Sel- kirkshire, pleasantly situate on the Ettrick, below its confluence with the Yarrow. Pop. 2855 p* Shetland Isle3, supposed to be the ancient Thule , a group of is- lands, above 100 in number, nearly 15 leagues N. E. of the Orkneys. Only 32 of them are inhabited. They are the seat of an extensive fishery, and extend between 59° 50' and 60° 50' N. lat. and be- tween 0° 30' and 1° 55' W. long. Pop. 29,392. Shin, Loch, a lake in Sutherland, about 14 miles in length by from 1 to 2 in breadth. Skye, one of the largest of the Western Isles, about 45 miles in length and 20 in breadth, remark- able for its lofty cliffs and spar cave. (Portree', its chief town, stands on the Sound of Raza). Pop. 22,796.-57, 20 N. 6, 5 W. Sol'way, a frith forming the boundary between England and Scotland for upwards of 50 miles. Spey, a large and rapid river, which, after a course of 120 miles, through the counties of Inverness, Banff, and Elgin, falls into the Mo- ray Frith. Staf'fa, a small isle of the He- brides, west from Mull, celebrated for its caverns and basaltic pillars. The Cave of Fingal is 66 feet high, 42 wide, and upwards of 200 feet long, presenting a scene of almost unrivalled beauty and magnifi- cence.— 56, 28 N. 6, 20 W. Stinchar (Stin'shar), a river which falls into the sea at Ballantrae, in Ayrshire. Stirlingshire, a county partly 7 in the Highlands partly in the Low- lands, between the Friths of Forth and Clyde. Pop. 72,621. Stirling, the county town of Stir- lingshire, with a celebrated ancient castle, commanding a noble pros- pect of the Forth. It was a favour- ite residence of the Scottish kings. Pop. 8556 p.— 56, 8 N. 5, 55 W. Stoneha'ven, a seaport, and the county town of Kincardineshire. Population about 2500. Storn'oway, the chief town of the island of Lewis, is situate on its eastern coast, and carries on a con- siderable trade in the white and herring fisheries. Pop. 5422 p.— 58, 11 N. 6, 17 W. Stranraer' (rawr'), a seaport of Wigtonshire, at the head of Loch Ryan. It possesses some trade, and has an excellent bai bour. P. 3329 p. SCOTLAND. GO Stromness', a seaport in the is- land of Pomona, Orkney. Pop. 2182.— 58, 56 N. 3, 2L W. Sutherland, a county in the N. of Scotland. Pop. 2.5,518. TAIN, a seaport, and the county town of Ross-shire, on the S. shore of the Frith of Dornoch. Popula- tion 5078.— 57, 51 N. 4, 3 W. TaFPetness', a cape in the E. of Ross-shire, formed by the Friths of Cromarty and Dornoch. — 57, 54 N. 5, 45 W. Tay, one of the largest rivers in the kingdom, rises in Breadalbane, passes through Loch Tay, and, swelled by several fine streams, flows by Dunkeld and Perth, after which it is joined by the Erne, ex- pands into a frith, and at last min- gles with the German Ocean. Tay, Loch, a beautiful lake in Perthshire, receiving at its S. W. extremity the united streams of the Docliart and Lochy, and dis- charging its waters by the Tay. It is about 15 miles long, from 1 to 2 broad, and its depth varies from i5 to 100 fathoms. Teith, a tributary of the Forth, composed of two branches, which unite at Callander, and fall into that river at the bridge of Drip, above Stirling. Te'viot, a beautiful stream, which rises on the borders of Dumfries- shire and joins the Tweedat Kelso. Thur'so, a seaport in Caithness, on the estuary of the river Thurso. Pop. 4679 p.— 58, 37 N. 5, 35 W. Tin'to, or Tin'tock, an isolated hill in Lanarkshire, about2350feet above the level of the sea, and 1740 feet above the Clyde. Tiree, a small island, one of the Hebrides, noted for its beautiful marble. Pop. 4453. Tobermo'ry, a modem seaport in the island of Mull, situate near the northern extremity of the Sound. —56, 58 N. 6, 0 W. Tranent', a town in East Lo- thian, on the great east road from Edinburgh. Pop. 3620 p. Tweed, one of the principal ri- vers of Scotland, rises in Tvveeds- muir, on the confines of Peebles, Dumfries, and Lanarkshires, near the sburces of the Clyde and An- nan. It pursues a N. E. course to Peebles— then, flowing nearly E., it is augmented by the Ettrick, the Gala, the Leader, and the Te- viot. Four miles below Kelso, it becomes the boundary between England and Berwickshire, and falls into the German Ocean at Berwick-upon-Tweed. UIST (Wist), North and South, two islands of the Hebrides be- longingto Inverness-shire. Popu- lation 11,493. lind, the most northern of the Shetland Isles, Population 2909. WHIT'HORN, a seaport on the Bay of Wigton, the Candida Casa of the Romans. Pop. 2415 p. Wick, a seaport, and the coun- ty town of Caithness, at the mouth of a small river of the same name, the seat of a most extensive her- ring fishery. Pop. 9850 p.— 58, 27 N. 3, 9 W. Wig'ton, a maritime county in the S. W r . of Scotland. P. 36,258. Wig'ton, a seaport, the county town of Wigtonshire. Population 2537 p.— 54, 52 N. 4, 24 W. Wig'ton Bay, a fine bay of the Solway Frith, running northward between the counties of Wigton and Kirkcudbright. Wrath, Cape, a dangerous pro- montory in Sutherland, the N. W. point of the mainland of Scotland. —58, 36 N. 4, 58 W. IRELAND Is bounded N. W. and S. by the Atlantic Ocean ; E. by the Irish Sea and St George’s Channel. It contains 30,378 square miles. The population in 1831 amount- ed to 7,767,401. Ireland is divided into four provinces, — Ulster, Leinster, Connaught, Munster; — which are sub- divided into 32 counties, viz. : IRELAND. 61 In Ulster. Counties. Chief Towns. Donegal Lifford, Donegal, Ballyshannon, Letter - kenny. Londonderry Londonderry, Coleraine, Newtonlimavady. Antrim Carrickfergus, Belfast, Lisburn, Antrim, Ballymena, Larne. Tyrone Omagh, Dungannon, Strabane, Newton- Stewart. Down Downpatrick, Newry, Dromore, Newton- ards, Donagbadee. Armagh Armagh, Lurgan. .Monaghan Monaghan, Clones, Carrickmacross. Fermanagh Enniskillen. Cavan Cavan, Cootehill, Belturbet. In Leinster. Longford Longford, Edgeworthstown, Granard. West Meath Mullingar, Athlone, Kilbeggan, Castle- pollard. East Meath Trim, Navan, Kells. Louth Drogheda, Dundalk, Ardee, Carlingford, Louth. Dublin Dublin, Balbriggan, Swords, Kings- town, Skerries. Wicklow Wicklow, Arklow, Bray, Baltinglass. Kildare A thy, Naas, Kildare, Maynooth. King’s County Philipstown, Birr, or Parsonstown, Tulia- more, Banagher. Queen’s County.. ..Maryborough, Portarlington, Mountratli, Mountmellick. Carlow Carlow, Tullow. Kilkenny Kilkenny, Callan, Thomastoum. Wexford Wexford, New Ross, Enniscorthy. In Connaught. Leitrim Carrick-on-Shannon, Leitrim, Manor- Hamilton. Sligo Sligo. Mayo Castlebar, Ballinrobe, Ballina, WestporL - Roscommon Roscommon, Athlone, Boyle, Elphin. Galway Galway, Loughrea,Tuam,Gort, Ballinasloe. In Munster. Tipperary Clonmel, Cashel, Tipperary, Carrick-on- Suir, Roscrea, Nenagh, Tnurles, Cahir- Clare Ennis, Clare, Kilrush,Killaloe, Ennistivnon. Limerick Limerick, Rathkeale, Newcastle. Kerry Tralee, Dingle, Killarney. Cork Cork, Bandon, Kinsale, Voughal, Mallow, Fermoy, Cove, Charleville. W'aterford W r aterford, Dungarvan, Lismore, Tallow. C IRELAND. 62 Islands. — Rathlin Isle, North Isles of Arran, Achil, Clare Island, South Isles of Arran, Valentia. Bays, &c. — Carrickfergus Bay or Belfast Lough, Strangford Bay, Carlingford, Dundalk, Dublin ; Wex- ford Harbour, Waterford, Cork ; Dunmanus Bay, Bantry, Kenmare, Dingle, Tralee, Galway, Clew, Sligo, Donegal ; Lough S willy. Lough Foyle. Capes. — Malin Head, Fair Head, Howfcli Head, Wicklow Head, Carnsore Point, Cape Clear, Mizzen Head, Loop Head, Slyne Head, Achil Head, and-Urris Head. Lakes. — Neagh, Erne, Allen, Conn, Mask, Corrib, Ree, Derg, Lakes of Killarney. Rivers. — Shannon, Barrow, Nore, Boyne, LifFey, Slaney, Suir, Blackwater, Lee, Bandon, Bann, Lagan Water, Mourne. Mountains. — Mourne, Sliebh Bloom, Wicklow Mountains, Magillicuddy’s Reeks, Mangerton, Mount Nephin, Croagh Patrick. REMARKS. Ireland extends from 51° 20' to 55° 23' N. lat. and from 5° 20' to 10° 20' W. long. Its greatest length is 280 miles, and its greatest breadth 1 80 miles. Situate between Britain and the Atlanti^Ocean, Ireland has a still more humid atmosphere, but at the same timeen- joys a milder temperature, than the sister island. Its ver- dure, accordingly, is fresher and deeper ; and entitles it to the distinction of the Green, or Emerald Isle. It has com- paratively few mountains ; though several of them vie in height with the loftiest eminences in England. Although great part of the country appears to have been, at some re- mote period, covered with trees, scarcely the vestige of a forest now remains. The quantities of wood that are occa- sionally dug out of the bogs, prove that these occupy the place of the ancient forests ; and they constitute a striking peculiarity in the aspect of the country. In general the soil of Ireland is amazingly fertile, but the mode of farming is bad. The land is, in the first instance, rented from the proprietors by persons called Middlemen, who let it to farmers, and these again parcel it out in small portions to an inferior set of tenants. Each of the higher classes oppresses and grinds its inferior ; and the ground is occupied by men without capital to improve it, IRELAND. 63 whose necessities compel them to force from it whatever it will yield for a miserable subsistence and the payment of their rack-rents ; yet it yields a large surplus for exporta- tion, both in grain and cattle. In 1832, the value of agri- cultural products imported into Liverpool from Ireland, ex- ceeded L. 4,000,000 sterling. Since the year 1800, Ireland has been united with Great Britain, and made subject to the same laws. But the people, long oppressed, and restricted in their commerce and manu- factures by severe and injudicious enactments, are still in- clined to turbulence and discontent. Religious distinctions form another principal cause of this unquiet disposition, The established form of religion is that of the church of England ; but the great majority of the people are Roman Catholics ; and, although they enjoy complete toleration in the exercise of their own religion, and are now admissible to all offices, they contribute with extreme reluctance to the support of a church to which they are hostile. In Ire- land there are four archbishops and eighteen bishops ; but by an act passed in 1833, two archbishops and eight bishop- rics are to be abolished. The archbishop of Armagh is primate. Linen is the staple manufacture of Ireland, and is carried on to a considerable extent, particularly in tku province of Ulster. Of late years the manufacture of cotton has been introduced, and is flourishing. The Irish are a sprightly, warm-hearted, and ingenuous people. In the vivacity of their disposition, and the gayety of their manner, they re- semble the French nation more than the English or Scotch. Hardy, daring, and heedless of danger, they may be ranked among the finest soldiers in the world. In science and literature many of them have attained great eminence. They excel particularly in eloquent declamation. EXERCISES. How is Ireland bounded ? What is its extent in square miles ? Into how many provinces is it divided ? How many counties do they contain ? What are the counties in Ulster ? In Leinster ? In Connaught ? In Munster ? Name the prin« cipal towns in Donegal, in Londonderry, in Antrim, &c. Name the principal islands of Ireland. Name its bays. Name its capes. Name the principal lakes. Name the prin- cipal rivers. Name the principal mountains. Where is Dingle, Coleraine, Downpatrick, Sligo, Navan, Swords, Enniskillen, Ennis, Youghal, Tuam, Tralee, Maryborough, Mullingar, A thy, Dundalk, &c. ? IRELAND, 64 Where is Slyne Head, Killarney Lakes, Lough S willy, Ur- ris Head, Malin Head, Lough Allen, Lough Derg, &c. ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Ireland situate ? What are its greatest length and breadth ? What is the nature of the climate of Ireland ? What effect has this on its appearance ? Is Ireland a mountainous country ? Does it appear to have been ever covered with wood ? By what is the place of its ancient forests now occupied ? Of what description is the soil of Ireland ? What is faulty in the mode of farming ? What was the value of its agricultural pro- ducts imported into Liverpool in 1832 ? When was Ireland united in government with Great Bri- tain ? Why are the people in general discontented ? What is another cause of their unquiet disposition ? What is the esta- blished religion ? Of what religious persuasion are the majority of the people ? What is the number of archbishops and bi- shops ? Who is the primate ? What is the staple manufacture ? What other manufacture has been lately introduced ? What is the national character of the Irish ? What nation do they resemble in disposition and manners ? Are they good soldiers ? Have they made any figure in science and literature ? In what do they particularly excel ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. ACH'IL, an island SO miles in circuit, belonging to the county of Mayo, from which it is sepa- rated by a narrow channel. Ach'ii Head, a promontory form- ing the western point of Achil Is- land.— 54° 5' N. lat, 10° 10' W. long. Agh'rim, a village in Galway, ce- lebrated for the signal victory gained by General Ginckle over the forces of James II. in 1691, which decided the fate of Ireland. Population 587. Al'len, Lough, an expanse of the Shannon in the county of Leitrim. An'trim, a maritime county in the province of Ulster. P. 325,615. An'trim, a town in the above county, at the N. extremity of Lough Neagh. Pop. 2655. Ardee', an ancient town in Louth, on the Dee. Pop. 5975. Ard'fert, a town in Kerry, once the seat of a bishop, and of a fa- mous university. Pop. 717. Ark'low, a seaport in Wicklow, on the Avoca. Pop. 4385. Armagh', an inland county of Ulster. Pop. 220,134. ArmagA', the capital of the above county, and the seat of the Arch- bishop of Armagh, primate of all Ireland. Population 9470. — 54, 19 N. 6,51 W. Ar'ran, North Isles of, a group on the W. coast of Donegal. — South Isles of, a group off'the coast of Clare. Aske'aton, an ancient town in Limerick, at the junction of the Shannon and Deel, with several magnificent ruins. Pop. 1515. Ath'boy, a pleasant town in East Meath, with some fine seats in the vicinity. Population 1959. Athlone', a town on the Shan- non, partly in West Meath and partly in Roscommon. Population 11,362.-53, 24 N. 7, 50 W. A thy', the county town of Kil- dare, intersected by the Barrow. Pop. 4494.-55, 0 N. 7, 2 W. BALBRIG'GAN, a thriving sea- port in the county of Dublin, noted for the manufacture of imitation silk stockings of very fine texture. Population 3016. Balli'na, a town in Mayo, plea- santly situate on the river Moy, IRELAND. 65 over which is a bridge of 16 arches, which unites it to the town of Ard- naree. Population 5510. Ballinasloe', a thriving town in Galway, with a part in Roscom- mon, famous for a large cattle-fair. Population 4615. Ballinrobe', a town in Mayo. Population 2575. Ballycas'tle, a seaport in Antrim, in the vicinity of romantic scenery and extensive coal mines. Mr Boyd, the proprietor, obtained £23,000 from Government for the erection of a pier, but it was over- thrown by the dreadful swell which the north-west winds bring in, and now lies in ruins. Pop. 1683. — 55, 12, N. 6, 4 W. Ballyme'na, a town in Antrim, on the Maine, with a good linen trade. Pop. 4063. Ballymo'ney, a town in Antrim, with good markets. Pop. 2222. Ballyshan'non, a seaport in Do- negal, beautifully situate on a bay at the mouth of an outlet of Lough Erne. P. 3775.-54, 30 N. 8, l W. Bal'tinglass, a town in Wicklow, in a beautiful vale on the Slaney, with extensive woollen and linen manufactures. Population 1669. Ban'ag&er, a town in King’s County, on the Shannon. P. 2611. Ban'bridge, a town in Down, on the Bann, with a considerable linen trade. Population 2469. Ban'don, or Ban'donbridge, a town in the county of Cork, situate on the beautiful river Bandon, which falls into the sea at Kinsale. Pop. 12,617—51, 45 N. 8, 45 W. Ban'gor, a town in Down, on Carrickfergus Bay. Pop, 2741. Bann, a river which rises about 8 miles E. of Newry, passes through Lough Neagh, and falls into the North Sea. Ban'try Bay, a fine bay in the county of Cork, 25 miles long and from 6 to 8 broad ; here, in 1796, a body of French troops effected a landing, but were taken prisoners. Ban'try, a seaport in the county of Cork, at the head of Bantry Bay. Pop. 4276.— 51, 38 N. 9, 25 W. BaFrow, a river in Leinster, which rises in King’s County, sepa- rates thatcounty. Queen’s County, and Kilkenny, on the W., from Kildare, Carlow, and Wexford, on the E. ; and, after receiving the Nore and Suir, falls into the sea at Waterford Haven. Belfast', a flourishing seaport in Antrim, on Carrickfergus Bay. It has extensive manufactures ot linen and cotton, and a great export-trade. Pop. 53,287.-54, 34 N. 5, 56 W. Beltur'bet, a town in Cavan, on the Erne, in the vicinity of exten- sive linen manufactures. P. 2026. Birr, or Par'sonstown', a town in King’s County, on a tributary of the Shannon. Population 6594. Black'rock', a town in the county of Dublin, a celebrated sea-bathing place, with many fine villas. Pop, 2050.— 53, 18 N. 6, 10 W. Black'water, a river which rises on the borders of Kerry, and, flow- ing through the counties of Cork and Waterford, enters the sea at Youghal Bay. Boyle, a town in Roscommon, pleasantly situate on a stream of the same name. Population 3453, Boyne, a river in Leinster, rises in King’s County, and, flowing through Kildare and East Meath, falls into the sea below Drogheda. This river is famous for the deci- sive battle in which William III. defeated the troops of James II. in 1690. Bray, a seaport in Wicklow. Po- pulation 3656. CA'HIR, a thriving town in ■Tipperary, on the Suir, with the ruins of an ancient castle and abbey. Population 3408. Cal'lan, a town in Kilkenny, on the King’s River, once a place of importance. Population 6 1 1 1 p. Cape Clear, a promontory at the S. of Clare Island, to the S. W. of Cork.— 51, 20 N. 9, 25 W. Cap'poquin, an ancient town in the counry of Waterford, on the Blackwater, with the ruins of a strong castle. Population 2289. Car'lingford, a town in Louth on Carlingford Bay. Pop. 1319. Car'lingford Bay, a fine haven in Louth, having 20 fathoms of water, but dangerous from rocks. Car'Iow, a county in Leinster, separated from Wexford by a fron- tier of mountains. Pop. 81,988. Car'low, the county town of Car- low, beautifully situate on the Barrow. Pop. 91 14.— 52, 50 N. 6, 53 W. Carn'sore Point, the S. E. point IRELAND, 66 of Ireland, in Wexford. — 52, 12 N. 6, 15 W. Carrickfer'gus, a seaport, and the county town of Antrim, on Carrick- fergus Bay. It is a place of great antiquity, and has a strong castle, situate on a rock projecting into the sea. P. 8698.-54, 42 N. 5, 48 W. Carrickfer'gus Bay, or Belfast Lough, an estuary at the mouth of the Lagan, on the E. coast of An- trim, affording safe anchorage for Shipping. Carrickmacross', a town in Mo- naghan. Pop. 2979. Car'rick-on-Shan'non,the county town of Leitrim. Pop. 1428. Car'rick-on-Suir, a town in Tip- perary, which carries on extensive woollen manufactures. P. 9626. Cash'el, a city in Tipperary, the see of an archbishop. Pop. 6971. Castlebar', the county town of Mayo, with considerable trade, par- ticularly in linens. Pop. 6373. Castle-Com'er, a handsome town in Kilkenny, has a great trade in coals and butter. Pop. 2436. Castle-Pol'lard, a town in West Meath. Pop. 1618. Cav'an, an inland county in Ul- ster. Pop. 227,9 33. Cav'an, a seaport and the county town of Cavan, situate on a small stream ofthe same name. P. 2931. Char'leville, a handsome town in Cork, with a good trade. P. 4766. Clare, an island near the coast of Cork, about 3 miles long and 1 broad.— Another off the coast of Mayo. Clare, a county in the N. of Munster. Pop. 258,322. Clare, a town in Clare, giving name to the county, situate on the Fergus. Pop. 1021. Clew Bay, a bay in Mayo, 12 miles long and 7 broad. Clo'gAer, an ancient city in Ty- rone, see of a bishop, suffragan of Armagh, — now reduced to a strag- gling village. Pop. 523. Clonakii'ty, a thriving town in the county of Cork, has a great trade in linen. Pop. 3807. Clones, a town in Monaghan, with some interesting antiquities. Pop. 2381.— 54, 10 N. 7, 6 W. Clonmel', the county town of Tip- perary, pleasantly situate on the Suir. Pop. 17,858. — 52, 22 N. 7, 40 W. Cloyne, a town in Cork, and a bishop’s see. Pop. 2227. Coleraine', a town in London- derry, on the Bann, about 4 miles from the sea. Pop. 5752. Conn, a lake of considerable ex- tent in the county of Mayo. Con'naught, a province in the W. of Ireland. It continued a distinct kingdom till the reign of Henry IV. of England. Pop. 1,543,914. Cooks'town, a town in Tyrone, with good markets. Pop. 2883. Coote'hill, a town in Cavan, with excellent linen markets. P. 2178. Cork, a county in Munster, the most important in Ireland in ex- tent and population. P. 810,732. Cork, the capital of the county of Cork, and the second city in the island, situate at the mouth of the Lee, about nine miles above the Cove of Cork, on one of the safest and finest harbours in Europe. It possesses great trade, particu- larly in the export of grain, and all kinds of provisions. P. 107,041. —51, 54 N. 8, 30 W. Cor'rib, a lake in Galway, 20 miles long and about 4 in average breadth. Cove, a handsome town in the county of Cork, with magnificent quays and other conveniences for shipping. Population 6966.— 51, 51 N. 8, 18 W. Croagh Pat'rick, a mountain in Mayo, on the S. E. of Clew Bay, 2660 feet above the level of the sea. DERG, Lough, a lake formed by the expanse of the Shannon, se- parating Galway and Clare from Tipperary, 18 miles long and 4 broad. — Another lake in Donegal, a famed resort of the Roman Ca- tholics for performing certain of their devotions. Der'ry. See Londonderry. Din'gle, a seaport in Kerry, on Dingle Bay, the most western town in Ireland. Pop. 4327. — 52, 11 N. 10, 8 W. Dona^hadee', a seaport in Down, on the Irish Channel. Packets sail regularly to Port-Patrick in Scotland ; the channel being only 21 miles broad. Population 2986. 54, 38 N. 5, 29 W. Donegal', a maritime county in the west of Ulster. Pop. 289,149. Donegal', a town in the county IRELAND. 67 of Donegal, on a bay of the same name, at the mouth of the Esk. Pop. 830.— 54, 38 N. 7, 58 W. Doneraile', a town in the county of Cork, seated on the Aubeg j the scenery in the vicinity is very fine. Population 2652. Down, a maritime county in the S. E. of Ulster. Pop. 352,012. Downpat'rick, the county town of Down, the see of the bishop of Down and Connor, — celebrated as the place of St Patrick’s interment. Pop. 4784.-54, 20 N. 5, 38 W. Drogheda, a seaport, and the county town of Louth, intersected by the Boyne. Population 17,365. —53, 45 N. 6, 14 W. Dromore', a town in the county of Down, the seat of a bishopric. Population 1942. Dub'lin, a county in the pro- vince of Leinster. Pop. 580,167. Dub'lin, the capital of Ireland, and the see of an archbishop, beau- tifully situate on the Liffey, is in extent the second city in the Bri- tish empire, while its general ele- gance, and the magnificence of its public buildings, rank it among the finest cities of Europe. Popu- lation 265,316.— 53, 23 N. 6, 16 W. Dub'lin Bay, a spacious bay at the mouth of the Liffey, about a mile below Dublin, which for beauty is said to equal the Bay of Naples. DundaZk', a seaport in Louth, on Dundalk Bay. Here is a consider- able manufacture of cambric, the only one in Ireland. Population 10,078.-54, 0 N. 6, 18 W. Dunda/k' Bay, in Louth, on the Irish Channel. At high water it is a considerable harbour, but at low water it is almost dry. Dungan'non, a town of Tyrone, the ancient residence of the kings of Ulster. Population 3515. Dungar'van, a town in Water- ford, situate on Dungarvan Bay, much resorted to for sea-bathing. Pop. 6519.— 52, 5 N. 7, 57 W. Dunman'us Bay, a spacious and safe haven in Cork, S. of Bantry Bay. Dunman'way, a thriving town in the county of Cork, pleasantly situate in a valley, on the Bandon. Pop. 2738.— 51, 43 N 9, 5 W. EDGE' WO RTHSTOW N',_ a pleasant town in Longford, distin- guished as the birthplace of Miss Edgeworth. Population 1001. El'phin, a neat episcopal city in Roscommon, the birthplace of Oliver Goldsmith. Pop. 1507. En'nis, the county town of Clare, on the Fergus, which is navigable by large boats to the Shannon. Its Gothic abbey is the finest in the island. Population 77H- Enniscor'thy, a town in Wex- ford, on the Slaney. Pop. 5955. Enniskil'len, the county town of Fermanagh, delightfully situate on an island between the two Loughs Erne. Pop. 5270. Ennisti'mon, a town in Clare, on the Oyna, with a good export trade in corn. Population 1430. Erne, Lough, a beautiful lake in Fermanagh, studded with nume- rous islands. It consists of two basins, the larger of which ex- tends upwards of 20 miles, by 12 miles, its greatest breadth. Erne, River, rises in Longford, crosses the county of Cavan, passes through Lough Erne, and flows into Donegal Bay. Eyre'court, a town in Galway, with the ruins of a castle. Popula- tion 1789. FAIR'- HEAD, a promontory in Antrim, 500 feet above the sea. It is composed of basaltic pillars, some of them 250 feet in height, the largest yet discovered in any part of the world.— 55, 13 N. 6, 0 W. Ferman'ag^, an inland county in Ulster. Population 149,763. Fermoy', a town in Cork, on the Blackwater, which is crossed by a bridge of 15 arches. Pop. 6916'. Feth'ard, a town in Tipperary ; it was in former times fortified and surrounded by walls. Pop. 3400. Foyle, Lough, a bay in the N. of Londonderry, 18 miles long and 8 broad. Fresh'ford, a town in Kilkenny. Population 2175. GAL' WAY, an extensive mari- time county in Connaught. Popu- lation 414,684. Gal'way, the county town of Galway, on the broad stream by which the waters of Lough Corrib are discharged into Galway Bay. Pop. 53,120.-53, 18 N. 9, 0 W. Gal'way Bay, a large bay between Galway and Clare. Gi'ant’s Causeway, a promontory IRELAND. 68 on the N. coast of Antrim, com- posed of lofty and regular basaltic columns, which run out a great way into the sea. Gor'ey, or New'borough, a town in Wexford, with extensive fish- eries ; near it are several fine seats. Population 3044. Gort, a town in Galway. Popu- lation 3627. Graigwe, a town in Kilkenny, beautifully situate on the Barrow, with the ruins of a magnificent abbey and castle. Pop. 2 1 30. Granard', a neat town in Long- ford. Population 2058. HOWTH'-HE AD, a promon- tory terminating the peninsula of Howth, on the north of Dublin Haven.— 53, 25 N. 6, 3 W. KELLS, an ancient town in East Meath, on the Blackwater. Pop. 4326. — 55, 44 N. 6, 51 W. Kenmare' River, an inlet of the sea in the S. W. of Kerry, about 30 miles long. Ker'ry, a maritime county of Munster, separated from Clare by the Shannon. Population 263,126. Kilbeg'gan, a town in West Meath. Population 1985. Kildare', an inland county in Leinster. Population 108,424. Kildare', a town in the county of Kildare, noted for the curragh or common in its neighbourhood, the finest raceground in Europe. Po* pulation 1753. Kilken'ny, a county in the S. W. of Leinster. Pop. 193,686. Kilken'ny, the capital of the county of Kilkenny, a city of con- siderable importance, beautifully situate on the Nore. In its vicinity are fine marble quarries. Popula- tion 23,741.-52, 38 N. 7, 17 W. Killa'la, a pleasant little town in Mayo, which the French occu- pied for a short time in 1798. Pop. 1125.— 54, 13 N. 9, 8 W. Killaloe', an ancient town in Clare, on the Shannon, over which is a bridge of 19 arches. P. 1411. Killar'ney, a thriving town in Kerry, much frequented on ac- count of its lakes, which exhibit the most beautiful and picturesque scenery in Ireland. Pop. 7910. Kilrush', a town in Clare, on the Shannon. Population 3996. King’s County, in the W. of Leinster, adjoining Tipperary, on the S. and separated from Gal- way by the Shannon. P. 144,225. Kings'court,a thrivinglittle town in Cavan. Population 1616. Kings'town, a town in the county of Dublin, with a fine harbour. — Steam-packets sail daily to and from Liverpool, and to and from Holy-, head, with the mails ; there is also a railway to Dublin. Pop. 5736. Kinsalef, a seaport in Cork, on a fine bay at the mouth of the Ban- don. Population 7512. — 51, 42 N. 8, 32 W. LAG'AN WATER, a river in Down, which falls into Carrick- fergus Bay. Lanes'borough, a village in Long- ford, pleasantly situate on the Shan- non. Population 390. Larne, a seaport in Antrim, on Larne Lough. Pop. 2615. Lee River issues from a lake in the county of Cork, flows eastward, and, passing the city of Cork, falls into the harbour. Leigh'hn Bridge, a flourishing town in Carlow', on the Barrow, with the romantic ruins of an an- cient castle. Population 2035. Lein'ster, an extensive province in the S. E. It was the earliest settled by the English, contains Dublin, the capital, and is in gene- ral well cultivated. P. 1,909,713. Lei'trim, a county in the N. E. of Connaught. Pop. 141,524. Lei'trim, a small town in the above county, on the Shannon. Population 274. Letterken'ny, a town in Done- gal, on the Swilly,witha good trade in linen. Population 2160. Lifi fey, a river which rises among the Wicklow Mountains, and flows through Kildare and Dublin into Dublin harbour. So numerous are its windings, that although the distance from its source to its mouth does not exceed 10 miles, its course is 71. Lifford, the county town of Do- negal, on the Foyle, opposite Stra- bane. Population 1096. Lim'erick, a county of Munster, separated from Clare by the Shan- non. Population 315,555. Lim'erick, the capital of the county of Limerick, on the Shan- non, a flourishing city, enjoying an extensive trade, and having con- siderable manufactures ot linen. IRELAND. wool, and paper. Pop. 65,092.— 52, 42 N. 8, 32 W. Lis'burn, a town in Antrim, on the Lagan. Population 5218. Lismore', a town in Waterford, on the Blackwater. Pop. 2894. Listow'ell, a town in Kerry, on the Feale ; its celebrated ancient castle is now in ruins. Pop. 2289. Lon'donder'ry, or Der'ry, a ma- ritime county in the N. of Ulster. Population 222,012. Lon'donder'ry, or Der'ry, the ca- pital of the above county, a city of great antiquity, and of considerable importance, pleasantly situate on the Foyle. It sustained a memor- able siege against the whole Irish forces under~James II., from De- cember 1688 to August 1689. Po- pulation 13,251.-55, 0 N. 7, 18 W. Long'ford, a county in the N. W. of Leinster. Pop. 112,558. Long'ford, the county town of Longford, on the Camlin. P. 4354. Loop'-Head, a promontory in the S. W. of Clare.— 52, 37 N. 9, 48 VV. Loughrea', a well-built town in Galway. Pop. 6285. Louth, a maritime county in the N. E. of Leinster. Pop. 124,846. Louth, an ancient town, giving name to the county, now reduced to a village. Pop. 615. Lur'gan, atown in Armagh, with an extensive linen manufacture. Population 2842. M ACROOM',a town in thecounty of Cork, surrounded by romantic ruins and picturesque scenery. Population 2058. Magil'licuddy’s Reeks, a moun- tain in Kerry, the highest in Ire- land, rises from the E. shore of the Lake of Khlarney to the height of 3412 feet above the sea. Mal'in Head, a cape in Donegal, the most northern point of land in Ireland.— 55, 23 N. 7, 25 W. Mal'low, a town in the county of Cork, on the Blackwater. P. 5229. Man'gerton, a hill in Kerry, near Killarney Lakes, 2693 feet high. Man'or-Ham'ilton, a pleasant town in Leitrim, with the ruins of an ancient castle. Pop. 1348. Maryborough, the capital of Queen’s County. Pop. 3220. Mask, a lake of considerable ex- tent in Mayo, on the borders of Galway. Maynooth', a town in Kildare, 69 where a college for the education of the Roman Catholic clergy was established by the Irish parliament in 1795. Population 2053. May'o, a maritime county in Con- naught. Population 366,328. Meath, East, a maritime county in Leinster. Population 176,826." Meath, West, an inland county in Leinster. Population 136,872. Mit'chelstown', a handsome town in the county of Cork, situate on the river Funcheon, near which a singular cave was recently disco- vered. Population 3545. Miz'zen-Head, a cape in Cork, the extreme point in the S. W. of Ireland.— 51, 25 N. 9, 42 W. Mon'ag^an, a county in the S. of Ulster. Population 195,556. Mon'ag/ian, the county town of Monaghan. Population 3848. Mountmel'lick, a neat town in Queen’s County. Pop. 4577. Mountrath', a town in Queen’s County, on the river Nore. Po- pulation 2593. Mourne, a river in Tyrone, which joins the Foyle at Lifford. Mourne Mountains, a range of hills in Down, the highest of which, Sliebh Donard, is 2654 feet above the sea. Mullingar', the county town of West Meath. Population 4295. Mun'ster, a province occupying the S. W. of Ireland, and contain- ing the great cities of Cork and. Limerick. Pop. 2,227,152. NAAS, a town of great antiquity in Kildare, on the Grand Canal. Population 3808. Nav'an, a town in East Meath, on the Boyne. Population 4416. Ne'agh, Lough, remarkable for its petrifying quality, is a lake in Ulster, surrounded by the counties of Antrim, Down, Armagh, Ty- rone, and Londonderry. It is about 22 miles long, 12 broad, and covers 95,000 acres. Ne'nag-A, a town in Tipperary, on a stream of the same name, has a considerable trade. Pop. 8446. Neph'in, a mountain in Mayo, 2630 feet above the sea. Newcas'tle, a town in the county of Limerick. Population 2908. New'ry, a flourishing seaport and manufacturing town in Down, on the Newry. Population 13,134. New Ross, a town in Wexford, c 2 IRELAND. 70 on a navigable stream formed by the Nore and Barrow. Pop. 5011. Newtonards', a town in Down, on Lough Strangford, with a diaper manufacture. Population 4442. New'tonlimavad'y, a handsome town in the county of Londonderry, on the Roe. Population 2428. New'tonstew'art, a small town in Tyrone, on the Moyle. Pop. 1757. Nore, a river which rises in Sliebb Bloom, passes Kilkenny, and falls into the Barrow. OMAGH', the county town of Tvrone. Population 2211. P A R'SONSTO W N'. See Birr. Pas'sage, a town in the county of Cork, situate on the shore be- tween Cove and the city of Cork. Population 2151. Phil'ipstown, the county town of King’s County, named in ho- nour of Philip, the husband of Mary, queen of England. P. 1454. Portadown', a thriving little toxvn in Armagh. Pop. 1591* Portafer'ry, a town in Down, on the east shojre of the entrance into Strangford Bay. Pop. 2203. Portar'lington , a town in Queen ’s County, on the Barrow. P. 5091. f QUEEN’S COUNTY, an inland county in Leinster, named in ho- nour of Mary, queen of England. Population 145,851. RATHFRI'LAND, a town in Down, situate "ffn an eminence, with large linen markets. P. 2001. Rathkeale', a town in Limerick, on the Deel, once fortified and de- fended by a castle. Pop. 4972. Rath'lin, an island on the N. of Antrim, 6'miles long and scarcely a mile broad. — 55, 18 N. 6, 5 W. Ree, a lake formed by the Shan- non below Lanesborough, in which are some beautiful islands. Roscom'mon, a county in theE. of Connaught. Pop. 249,615. Roscom'mon, the county town of Roscommon, a place of great antiquity. Pop. 5506. Roscrea', a town in Tipperary. Population 5512. SHAN'NON, the principal river of Ireland, takes its rise from Lough Clean in Leitrim, passes through Loughs Allen, Baffen, Ree, and Derg; separates Roscommon from Leitrim, Longford, West Meath, and King’s County ; Galway and Clare from Tipperary, Limerick, and Kerry, and falls into the At- lantic after a course of 200 miles. Sker'ries, a small seaport in the county of Dublin, opposite the rocks called the Skerries Islands. Pop. 2556.-53, 36 N. 6, 7 W. Skibbereen', a town i n the county of Cork, on the lien, with consider- able linen manufactures. P. 4430. Sla'ney, or Slane, a river which rises in Wicklow, and falls into Wexford harbour. Sliebb Bloom (Sleeve-bloom'), a ridge of mountains in King’s and Queen’s Counties. Sli'go, a county in Connaught. Population 171,765. Sli'go, a flourishing seaport, and capital of the above county, situate on Sligq Bay. Population 15,152. —54, 15 N. 8, 20 W. Sly ne'- Head, a cape on the W. of Galway. — 55, 29 N. 10, 10 W T . Strabane', a town in Tyrone, finely situate on the Foyle. P. 5457. Strang'ford, an ancient town in Down, near the entrance of the bay to which it gives name. P. 582. Strang'ford, a beautiful bay in Down, about 17 miles long and 5 broad. Suir, a river which rises in Tip- perary, and falls into Waterford harbour. Swil'ly, Lough, a bay in Donegal, affording one of the noblest har- bours in Europe, 20 miles long and nearly 2 broad. Swords, a town in the county of Dublin. Population 2557. TAI/LOW,atown in Waterford, on the Bride. Pop. 2998. Tanderagee', a town in Armagh, situate in a beautiful vicinity, and in the very centre of the linen ma- nufacture* Population 1559. Templemore', a town in Tippe- rary, beautifully situate near the Suir, in a highly fertile district. Pop. 2956.-5 2, 47 N. 7, 50 W. Tho'mastown, a town in Kil- kenny, on the Nore. Pop. 2871. Thurles, a town in Tipperary, divided by the Suir. Pop. 7084. Tippera'ry, a county in the N. E. of Munster. Population 402,565. Tippera'ry, a town in the county of Tipperary. Population 6972. Tralee', the county town of Ker- ry, near the head of Tralee bav. Pop. 9562.-52, 18 N. 9, 57 W. * Tramore', a handsome little town IRELAND in the county of Waterford, on a bay, much frequented as a bathing- place. Pop. 2224. Trim, the county town of East Meath, on the Boyne. Pop. 5282. Tu'am, a town in Galway, the see of an archbishop, carries on considerable trade and manufac- tures. Pop. 14,219 p. Tullamore', a handsome town in King’s County, intersected by a ri- ver of the same name. Pop. 6342. Tul'low, a town in Carlow, on the Slaney. Population 1929. Tyrone', an inland county in the province of Ulster. Pop. 504,468. UL'STER, an extensive pro- vince in the N. of Ireland, and the chief seat of the linen manufacture. It has been in a great measure peo- pled by emigrants from Scotland, who profess the Presbyterian reli- gion. Population 2,286,022. Ur'ris-Head, a cape on the N. coast of Mayo. — 54, 27 N. 9, 55 W. VALEN'TIA, an island off the coast of Kerry, 5 miles long and 2 broad.— 52, 5 N. 10, 15 W. WA'TEREORD, a county in the S. E. of Munster. Pop. 177,054. Wa'terford, the county town of Waterford, a seaport, and an epis- copal see. Its trade is considerable, the public buildings elegant, and 71 its quay one of the most beautiful in Europe. Population 28,821. — 52, 14 N. 7, 9 W. West'port, a well-built seaport in Mayo, on Clew Bay. P. 4448. —55, 52 N. 9, 26 W. Wex'ford, a county in the S. of Leinster. Population 182,713. Wex'ford, the county town of Wexford, at the mouth of the Sla- ney. Population 10,675. Wex'ford Harbour, a large and beautiful harbour in St George’s Channel. Wick'low, a maritime county in Leinster, distinguished for the beauty of its scenery. P. 121,557. Wick'low, a seaport, and the county town of Wicklow, at the mouth of the Leitrim. Popula- tion 2472.-52, 59 N. 6, 5 W. Wick'low Head, a promontory in St George’s Channel, on which are 5 lighthouses and some curious limestone caves. — 52, 58 N. 6, 0 W. Wick'low Mountains, a range of mountains in the county of Wick- low ; gold has sometimes been found in the bed of a torrent de- scending from Croghan Kinshela. YOUGHAL (Yau'hal), a sea- port in Cork, at the mouth of the Blackwater. Pop. 9608.— 51, 57 N. 7, 51 W. NORWAY Is bounded N. and W. by the Northern Ocean ; S. by the Skager Rack ; and E. by Sweden. It contains 127,000 square miles. Population in 1827, 1,050,000. Provinces. Chief Towns. Finmark or Norwe- gian Lapland Altengaard, Hammerfest, Wardhuus. Nordland. Brontheim Drontheim. Bergen Bergen. Aggerhuus, or Christiania, Frederickstadt, Freder- Christiania. ickshall, Kongsberg, Brammen. Christiansand Christiansand, Stavanger. Islands. — Hitteren, Vigten Isles, LofFoden Isles, Mageroe. Bays. — Christiania, Drontheim, West Fiord. Capes.— North Cape, Lindesnses, or the Naze. Mountains. — Dovrefeld, Langefeld, Kolen. NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 72 Lakes. — Miossen, Randsoin, Tyri, Fcemund. Rivers. — Glommen, Drammen, Lauven, Tana. SWEDEN Is bounded N. and W. by Norway ; S. by the Catte- gat and the Baltic ; E. by the Baltic, the Gulf of Both- nia, and Prussia. It contains 168,000 square miles. The population in 1830 was 2 , 871 , 252 . Divisions. Chief Towns. Norrland, which includes West Bothnia and Swed- ish Lapland. Tornea, Umea, Hernosand. Sweden Proper Stockholm, Upsal, Gefle, Fah- lun, Nykoping, Norkioping. Gothland Gottenburg, Carlscrona, Calmar, Malmo. Islands. — Gothland, Oeland. Lakes. — Wenner, Wetter, Mselar, Hielmar. Rivers. — Gotha, Motala, Dahl, Tornea, Lulea, Clara. Foreign Possession. — Island of St Bartholomew in the West Indies. REMARKS. Norway and Sweden, comprising the whole peninsula of ancient Scandinavia , extend from 55° 20' to 71° 10' N. lat. and from 5° 20' to 31° E. long., being about 1 150 miles in length ; the breadth varying from 200 to 500 miles. Norway. — The aspect of Norway is wild but picturesque, and in many places sublime. Mountains separated by deep valleys or extensive lakes, immense pine-forests, rocks, and cataracts, are the striking features in the landscape. The great range of mountains (the Mons Sevo of ancient geogra- phy) stretching northward from-the Naze to the North Cape, and dividing this country from Sweden, is of various eleva- tion. The Dovrefeld, or central mountains, the loftiest of the range, rise in some places to the height of 8000 feet above the level of the sea. The rivers of Norway are numerous, but in general rocky and impetuous, and when swollen by the sudden melting of the snow, they overflow their banks with great fury, often sweeping corn, cattle, and cottages in one common ruin. The whole coast is deeply indented with bays and creeks, and covered by a succession of islands, many of them vast insulated masses of rock, inhabited by innu- merable birds which furnish the eider-down of commerce. NORWAY AND SWEDEN. J3 Among the LofFoden Isles is the dangerous whirlpool called the Mai strom. So rude and barren is the soil of Norway in general, and so imperfectly is agriculture understood, that not more than the hundredth part of the country is under tillage. In some districts, however, particularly in the province of Bergen, there are tracts of considerable fertility. The crops are barley and oats, flax and hemp. Our common fruits are cultivated with success ; but gardening is very imperfectly understood. In the interior of Norway, although the cold of winter is intense, the air is pure and serene, and extremely condu- cive to health and longevity. On the coast the tempera- ture is milder, being softened by the breezes from the At- lantic ; but the atmosphere is often loaded with clouds and fogs. The shortness of the warm season in summer is com- pensated by the length of the day : for the sun is scarcely five hours below the horizon, even in the southern provin- ces ; while, in the higher latitudes of Nordland and Fin- mark, there are several weeks during which he does not set. Vegetation is accordingly extremely rapid ; and, within three months, the corn is sown, ripened, and reaped. In winter, again, the day is proportionally short, — and in the northern regions there is an uninterrupted night of several weeks’ duration, relieved only by moonlight brightly re- flected from the snow, and by the aurora borealis, which, in those high latitudes, is peculiarly brilliant. Most of the animals common to the other countries of Europe are to be found in Norway. The horses and horned cattle are small ; but the former are hardy, and the latter easily fattened. Goats are even more numerous than sheep. The rein-deer forms the chief wealth of the Laplander, and its care is almost his sole occupation ; the milk and flesh serve him for food, and the skins for clothing. The coun- try abounds with game of various kinds, and its coasts with shell-fish, especially the lobster. Among its wild animals are the bear, lynx, wolf, and lemming, a species of rat, which, proceeding in immense swarms from the Kolen Mountains towards the coast, devours, in its progress, every production of the soil. The silver-mines of Kongsberg, the copper-mines of Ro- ras, and the iron-mines of Arendal and other places, are rich and productive. These mines supply, with the pine- forests and the fisheries, the principal articles of the export- trade. NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 74 The Norwegians are simple, hospitable, frank, and brave. They are not deficient in ingenuity ; but education is in a very backward state, though a university has lately been founded at Christiania. Norway was governed by its na- tive monarchs till the year 1397, when it was annexed to Denmark by the famous Union of Calmar . It was ceded to Sweden in 1814, and is now governed by a viceroy of the Swedish monarch. It enjoys, however, a free con- stitution, of which it had been deprived under the Danish rule. Sweden . — Much of the description that has been given of the aspect of Norway is equally applicable to Sweden. With the exception of the ridges on the west and north, it is not, indeed, a mountainous country ; but it is diversified by lakes, rocks, cataracts, and green valleys. The forests of Sweden occupy more than a half of its surface, and its lakes form the most striking feature in its landscape. The latter are, in general, vast sheets of pure transparent water, and cover on the whole about 9200 square miles. The climate, though very cold in winter, is less severe than might be expected in so high a latitude ; and the steady equable weather, without violent winds or frequent thaws, renders even winter a pleasant season. In summer the heat is great, and vegetation rapid. The trees and plants of Sweden are nearly similar to those of Great Britain, with the exception of the furze, broom, and the walnut-tree, which cannot withstand the long and severe cold of a Swed- ish winter. Wheat can be raised in the southern provinces only; where our common fruit-trees likewise grow. Oats, rye, and barley, are more generally raised. Berries of dif- ferent kinds grow spontaneously and luxuriantly. Agriculture and manufactures are very imperfectly un- derstood • the former, however, has made great progress within the last twenty years. Sweden has long been noted for its mineral treasures. The copper-mines of Dalecarlia are particularly famous, and the iron of Dannemora can- not be surpassed. The chief exports of Sweden are timber, iron, steel, copper, pitch and tar, alum, potash, and dried fish. The government of Sweden is a limited monarchy, the power of the king being considerably circumscribed by the privileges of the nobility and the people. The established religion, both in Sweden and Norway, is the Lutheran, and the church episcopal. In manners the Swedes bear a very striking resemblance to the Norwegians. Although they NORWAY AND SWEDEN. cannot boast of many great names in literature, in botanical science that of Linnteus is yet without a rival. EXERCISES. How is Norway bounded ? What is its extent in square miles ? What population does it contain ? What are the divisions of Norway ? Name the principal towns of Ag- gerhuus or Christiania. Name the towns of Finmark. What are the principal islands of Norway ? Name its principal bays. Name its capes. What are its mountains ? What are its chief lakes ? What are its principal rivers ? How is Sweden bounded ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? Name its divisions. Name the towns of West Bothnia and Swedish Lap- land ; of Sweden Proper ; of Gothland. Where is Christiania, Tyri, Stockholm, Upsal, Wardhuus, Fahlun, Loffoden Isles, Dovrefeld, Dahl, Glommen, Tornea, Kolen, Nykoping, Hit- teren, Oeland, &c. ? What foreign colony does Sweden possess? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude are Nor- way and Sweden situate ? What are their length and breadth ? Describe the general aspect of Norway. What are the loftiest mountains of Norway ? To what height do they rise ? What is the character of the rivers ? What is the appearance of the coast ? Where is the whirlpool Malstrom ? In what state are the soil and agriculture of Norway ? Are there any tracts of great fertility ? What are the principal crops ? Describe the climate of Norway. How is the shortness of the warm season compensated ? Within what space of time is the corn sown, matured, and reaped ? Describe the winter of the northern regions. What is remarkable about the horses and horned cattle of Norway ? What animal consti- tutes the principal wealth of the Norwegian Laplanders ? What wild animals are found in Norway ? Which of them is peculiarly destructive ? What mines in Norway are parti- cularly productive ? What are its principal exports ? What is the national character of the Norwegians ? Till what period did Norway continue under the government of its native monarchs ? To what country was it then annexed ? When was it ceded to Sweden ? How is it now governed ? Is Sweden a mountainous country ? How is it diversified ? What is the principal feature in the landscape ? What ex- tent do the lakes occupy ? Describe the climate of Sweden. What renders even the winters pleasant there ? What coun- try does Sweden resemble in its trees and plants ? With what exceptions ? In what provinces is wheat raised ? What other crops are more general ? What fruits grow spontaneously ? In what state are agriculture and manufactures ? For what has Sweden long been noted ? Which of its mines are parti- cularly famous ? What are its chief exports ? 2 NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 76 What is the nature of its government ? What is the esta- blished religion both in Sweden and Norway ? What people do the Swedes resemble in manners ? Of what great name in botanical science can Sweden boast ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. AG'GERHUUS, a province in Norway, the largest and most im- portant in the kingdom. Altengaard', a town in Finmark, at the head of a deep bay. Popu- lation 2000.— 69 v 54' N. lat. 23° 10 7 E. long. Aren'dal, a small seaport on the S. coast of Norway, with great iron- mines. P. 1700.— 58, 25 N. 9, 10 E. BER'GEN, the capital of the province in Norway of the same name, one of the most flourishing commercial towns in the kingdom. Pop. 20,844.-60, 25 N. 5, 10 E. Both'nia, an extensive province on both sides of the Gulf of Both- nia. East Bothnia now belongs to Russia, West Bothnia is still an- nexed to Sweden. Both'nia, Gulf of, a branch of the Baltic, which separates Sweden from Finland. CAL' MAR, a town in Gothland, situate on the Sound, to which it gives name. It derives celebrity from the treaty of 1397, by which the famous Queen Margaret united the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, under one sovereign. Pop. 5000.— 57, 20 N. 16, 0 E. Carlscro'na, a strong seaport in Gothland, the principal station of the Swedish navy. Pop. 12,000. -56, 0 N. 15, 20 E. Carlstadt', a town in Sweden, on the N. coast of Lake Wenner, near the mouth of the Clara, with ex- tensive saw-mills. Pop. 2500. — 59, 54 N. 13, 0 E. Cat'tegat. See Descriptive Table of Denmark. Christia'nia, the capital of Nor- way, in the province of Aggerhuus. It is situate at the head of Christi- ania Bay, which penetrates above 60 miles into the' interior, and is studded with islands. A university has recently been founded here. Pop. 20,600.-60, 0 N. 11, 0 E. Christian sand', the capital of a province in Norway of the same name, situate on the S. coast, in front of the Isle of Flekkeroe. Pop. 5000.— 58, 8 N. 8, 18 E. Chris'tianstadt', a strong fortress in Goth land, on the Baltic. Popu- lation 3000.-56, 0 N. 14, 8 E. DAHL, a river in Sweden, which rises among the Norwegian moun- tains, and falls into the Gulf of Bothnia at Gefle. Dalecar'lia, or Dalarne', a pro- vince of Sweden, is traversed by the river Dahl, and is famed for its rich copper-mines. Dannemo'ra, a town, or rather a collection of villages, ^ in Sweden Proper, celebrated for its iron- mines. Population 400. Dovr6feld, or Dofrines, the lof- tiest part of the Norwegian ridge of mountains. Sneehaetta, the highest peak, is 8122 feet above the sea. Drammen (Dram), a river in the S. of Norway, down which immense quantities of timber are floated ; it falls into the VY. side of Christiania Bay. Drammen, a seaport, at the mouth of the Drammen, has a great export-trade in timber. Pop. 6000.— 59, 39 N. 10, 28 E. Dron'theim, or Tron'dhiem, the capital of the province of the same name, anciently the residence of the Norwegian kings, is beautifully situate on a fine bay. In its neigh- bourhood are rich copper-mines. Pop. 12,000.-63, 25 N. 10, 20 E. ELF'DAL, a town of Dalecar- lia, on the Dahl, where are very valuablequarries of porphyry. — 61, 15 N. 14, 0 E. FAHLUN (Fa'loon), or Koppar- berg, a town in Sweden Proper, in the neighbourhood of which are rich copper-mines. Pop. 4700. — 60, 35 N. 15, 46 E. Fin'mark, an extensive province in Northern Norway, called like- wise Norwegian Lapland. Fce'mund, a lake in Norway Pro- per, on the borders of Sweden. Fred'erickshall', a town in Ag- gerhuus j in besieging Frederick- NORWAY AND SWEDEN. stein, its fortress, Charles XII. of Sweden was killed, 1 ith December 1718. P. 400D.— 59, 5 N. 11, 30 E. Fred'erickstadt', a fortified town in the province of Aggerhuus, at the mouth of the Glommen. Pop. 2000.— 59, 10 N. 11, 5 E. GE'FLE, a town of considerable trade in Sweden Proper, on the Gulf of Bothnia. Pop. 8000. — 60, 45 N. 17, 15 E. Glommen', the largest river of Norway, issues from a lake in the Dovrefeld Mountains, and falls into the Skager Rack at Frederickstadt. Go'tha, a large river in Sweden, which flows from the lake Wen- ner, and falls into the Cattegat at Gottenburg. Go'tha, Canal of, connecting the Baltic and the Cattegat at Gotlen- burg. By the completion of this grand canal in 1852 an internal navigation, by means of the lakes Wenner, Wetter, &c. has been formed from sea to sea. Gothland, a large island in the Baltic, off the S. E. coast of Swe- den. It forms, with the southern division of the peninsula, the pro- vince of Gothland. Pop. 23,000. Got'tenburg, a- large and flou- rishing commercial city of Sweden, on the Cattegat. A great many British merchants reside here. Pop. 21,058.-57, 40 N. 12, 0 E. HALM'S l'ADT, a strong sea- port of Sweden, on the Cattegat. Pop. 1500 57, 0 N. 12, 40 E. Ham'merfest, a small town, on an island near the northern extre- mity of Norwegian Lapland. Po- pulation 100.— 70, 38 N. 23, 45 E. Hel'singborg, a seaport on the Sound, opposite Elsinore in Den- mark. P. 4000.— 56, 9 N. 12, 44 E. Her'nosand, a seaport of Sweden, on a small island in the Gulf of Bothnia, with a bishop’s see and a university. Pop. 1896. — 62, 40 N. 17, 45 E. Hiel'mar, a lake in Sweden, be- tween the lakes Wenner and Mslar. Hit'teren, a considerable island on the coast of Drontheim. Po- pulation 3700. IONKOP'ING, a town in Goth- land, on the S. bank of the lake Wetter. P. 3500.— 57, 15 N. 14, 0 E. KO'LEN, the northern part of the great chain of mountains that separates Norway from Sweden. 77 Kongs'berg, a considerable town in Aggerhuus, celebrated for its silver-mines ; it is situate on both sides of the river Lauven. Pop. 6800.— 59, 40 N. 9, 50 E. LANDSCRO'NA, a seaport in Gothland, on a small island in the Sound. P. 4000.— 55, 50 N. 12, 50 E. Lang^feld, the southern part of the great Norwegian chain of moun- tains, from the Naze to the N. of the province of Bergen. Lap'land, the most northern country of Europe, extendingabove 600 miles from the North Cape to the White Sea in Russia. It is divided into Norwegian, Swedish, and Russian Lapland ; and al- though it contains 150,000 square miles, the entire population does not exceed 60,000. Laur'vig, or Lau'vig, a seaport of Aggerhuus, on the E/side of Chris- tiania Bay, at the mouth of the Lauven, near great iron-mines. Pop. 1800.— 58, 56 N. 10, 10 E. Lau'ven, or Lou'ven, a river of Norway, which rises in the Lang&- feld Mountains, passes Kongsberg, and falls into the Skager Rack at Laurvig. Lindesnas. See Naze. Linkop'ing, a town ofS. Sweden, in a fertile plain ; its cathedral is, after that of Upsal, the finest in the kingdom. Population 3000.— 58, 27 N. 15, 42 E. Loffo'den Isles, a group of islands on the W. coast of Nordland, the seat of a most extensive cod-fish- ery, which employs many thousand persons. They consist of five large and several small islands, and con- tain about 11,000 inhabitants. Lu'lea, a town on the Gulf of Bothnia, near the mouth of the Lulea, a river in which is a great waterfall, said to be half a mile broad. Pop. 1000. — 65, 40 N. 22, 15 E. Lund, a town in S. Sweden, on the Sound, the seat of a university. Pop. 3200.— 55, 42 N. 13, 15 E. MiE'LAR, a large lake of Swe- den, extending from Stockholm above 60 miles westward into the interior. Ma'geroe, a bare and rocky island on the N. coast of Norwegian Lap- land, inhabited by four or five fami- lies. The North Cape forms its northern extremity. NORWAY AND SWEDEN, 78 Mal'mo, a seaport of S. Sweden, on the Sound, carries on consider- able trade and manufactures. Po- pulation 8000.— 55, 35 N. 13, 0 E. Mal'strom, a famous whirlpool near the S. extremity of the Lof- foden Isles. This dreadful vortex, the terror of mariners, is heard at the distance of many miles.— 67, 45 N. 12, 0 E. Mioss'en,alakein Aggerhuus, 60 miles long and 16 wide. Mota'la, a considerable river in Sweden, issuing from Lake Wetter, and falling into the Baltic below Norkioping. NAZE, a promontory forming the southern extremity of Norway. —58, 0 N. 7, 30 E. Nord'land, a province ofNorway, between Drontheimand Finmark. Norkiop'ing, one of the principal commercial towns in Gothland, si- tuate on the Motala, has manufac- tures of fine broadcloth. Popula- tion 10,000.-58, 35 N. 16, 12 E. North Cape, the most northern point of the island Mageroe, in Norwegian Lapland, and of all Eu- rope, excepting the northern ex- tremitv of Nova Zembla.— 71, 10 N. 26, '0 E. Nykop'ing, a maritime town in Sweden Proper ; near it are mines of cobalt. Population 2500.— 58, 45 N. 17, 0 E. OE'LAND, a long and narrow island on the S. E._coast of Sweden, separated from the mainland by the Sound of Calmar. Population 6000. Orebro', a town in Sweden, near the W. shore of the lake Hielmar. Pop. 4000—59, 20 N. 15, 30 E. RAND'SOIN, a lake in the pro- vince of Aggerhuus. Ro'ras, a town in Norway, at the base of the Dovrefeld Mountains; near it are famous copper-mines. Pop. 3000.— 62, 25 N. 11, 30 E. SKA'GER RACK. See Den- mark, p. 83. Soderkop'ing, a town in S. Swe- den, at the entrance of the Gotha Canal into the Baltic. Pop. 1000. —58, 28 N. 16, 18 E. Sound. See Denmark, p. 83. Stav'anger, a seaport in Norway, on the W. coast of Christiansand. Pop. 2500.— 58, 50 N. 5, 50 E. Stock'uolm, the capital of Swe- den, beautifully situate at the junc- tion of Lake Malar with the Bal- tic. It is built upon several islands. Pop. 80,000.-59, 22 N. 18, 5 E. TA'NA, a river of Lapland, which forms for 150 miles the boundary between Russia and Swe- den, and falls into the Northern Ocean. Tons'berg, a seaport in Norway, on the W. side of Christiania Bay. Pop. 1500.— 59, 20 N. 10, 5 E. Tor'nea, a river of Sweden, has its source in the mountains ofNor- way, traverses Lake Tornea, and falls into the Gulf of Bothnia. Tt forms, with its tributary the Muo- nio, the boundary between Swedish and Russian Lapland. Tor'nea, a town formerly be- longing to Sweden, but ceded to Russia in 1809, situate on a small island in the river Tornea. Here the philosophers Maupertuis and Celsius, in 1736-37, made observa- tions to ascertain the exact figure of the earth.— 65, 50 N. 24, 22 E. Tor'ris,ariverin S. Norway, flow- ing into the Skager Rack at Chris- tiansand. Trolhat'ta, a small town of Swe- den, near which is a celebrated ca- nal, cut through the solid rock to avoid a cataract of the Gotha. Tyri (Te'ree), a lake in Christi- ania, 15 miles long, surrounded by fine meadows and corn-fields. U'MEA, a seaport of Sweden on the Gulf of Bothnia, at the mouth of the river Umea, which flows from the Norwegian mountains. Pop. 1100.— 63, 50 N. 20, 30 E. Uddeval'la, a town in Gothland, on a bay of the Cattegat. P. 4000. UP'SAL, or Up'sala, an ancient city in Sweden, north west of Stock- holm, the see of an archbishop, and the seat of a celebrated university- It was long the residence of the Swedish monarchs. Population 5000.-59, 50 N. 17, 40 E. VIG'TEN ISLES, a group of small islands on the coast of Dron- theim. W ARDHUUS (Var'do), a small island, with afort, on the N.E. coast of Finmark.— 70, 20 N. 31,10 E. Wen'ner, a large lake in Swe- den, forming, by the Gotha Canal, one of the great points of commu- nication between Gottenburg and the Baltic. It is about 100 miles long and 40 broad. DENMARK. 79 West Fiord, a great sound sepa- rating the Loffoden Isles from the mainland of Norway, through which the tides of the Northern Ocean rush with tremendous force and rapidity. Wes'teras, a commercial town in Sweden, on Lake Maslar, and a bishop’s see. Population 3000.— 59, 35 N. 16, 32 E. Wet'ter, a lake in Sweden, about 70 miles long and 16 broad. Wis'by, a seaport in the island of Gothland. Population 3800. — 57, 40 N. 18, 20 E. DENMARK Is bounded on the N. by the Skager Rack ; W. by the German Ocean ; S. by the Elbe, which separates it from Germany ; and E. by the Cattegat, the Sound, and the Baltic. It contains 21,850 square miles. The population in 1828 was 1,950,000. Divisions. Chief Towns. Jutland Proper, or N. Jutland.. Aalborg, Aarhuus, Viborg. Sleswick, or S. Jutland Sleswick, Flensburg, Ton- ningen. Holstein Kiel, Altona, Gluckstadt, Rendsburg. Lauenburg.. Lauenburg, Ratzeburg. The Wands j Z neSaaland; l \ Talker, &c. f Roskllde > Odensee. Straits and Gulfs. — The Sound, the Great Belt, the Little Belt, Lyme Fiord. River. — The Eyder. Cape. — The Skaw. Islands subject to Denmark. — Iceland, the Faroe or Ferro Isles. Foreign Possessions. — In the West Indies, St Thomas. St Croix, and St John ; in the East Indies, Tranquebar and Seram pore ; in the Northern Ocean, Greenland ; in Africa, several forts and factories on the coast of Guinea. REMARKS. Denmark consists of an extensive peninsula (the Cimbrkci Chersonesus of the ancients), and a number of islands to the east of the mainland. Exclusive of the Isle of Bornholm, it lies between 53° 26' and 57° 44' N. lat. and between 8° JO' and 12° 40' E. long. Tts length, from the Elbe to the Skaw, is 300 miles, and its breadth, from Copenhagen to the German Ocean, is 175 miles. DENMARK. 80 The Danish peninsula is a vast plain, presenting little variety, and scarcely interrupted even by gentle swells. It has no river of magnitude ; but its lakes are numerous, and some of them extensive ; and it is watered by many rivu- lets, or brooks. The coast is indented by several creeks and bays. Of the islands, Zealand, Funen, Laaland, and Falster, are fertile and pleasant. The climate of Denmark is humid, but temperate ; its winters are rarely so severe that the seas are covered with ice. In the south of continental Denmark, the soil is fertile and well cultivated ; in the north, agriculture is less skil- fully conducted, and the country presents the dreary aspect of moors and brushwood, with wastes of red sand totally destitute of vegetation. On the coasts the aspect is more cheering. The eastern coast is varied by a number of fer- tile elevations ; and on the west are to be seen rich pastures of the most beautiful verdure. The productions of the soil are chiefly oats, barley, beans, peas, and potatoes — wheat is but partially cultivated — mad- der, and even tobacco, are raised in considerable quantity, and of good quality. The horses, particularly in Holstein, are remarkable for their strength and agility ; and the horned cattle are likewise of a superior description. Gardens are very rare, except in the island of Amak, from which Copen- hagen is almost entirely supplied with vegetables. The fisheries in the bays and creeks furnish the chief oc- cupation of the Danes. Their manufactures are neither numerous nor important; but their commerce is rather considerable. Previous to the year 1660 the Danish monarchy was elec- tive ; after the memorable revolution of that year, it became hereditary and absolute. The present king has lately granted a representative constitution. The established reli- gion is the Lutheran ; but all others are now tolerated, al- though the penal statutes against dissenters were formerly very severe. In their manners and customs the higher orders of Danes differ little from persons of the same rank in other Euro- pean countries. In general, they are fond of show and pomp, and considerably inclined to convivial entertainments. They are courteous and humane, yet possessed of great courage,— their seamen in particular being distinguished for bravery. In literature, Denmark boasts of several indivi- duals of great celebrity, — among others, Saxo Grammaticus, Tycho Brahe, Torfaeus, &c. Thorvaldsen, a native of Ice- DENMARK. 81 land, one of the most eminent sculptors of the present day, received his early education at Copenhagen. EXERCISES. How is Denmark bounded ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is its population ? What are the divisions of Denmark ? Name the towns in each of those divisions. Where is Gluckstadt, Qdensee, Copenhagen, Flensburg, Elsinore, Altona, Viborg, Kiel, Aalborg, &c. ? Name its islands. Where are the Little Belt, the Sound, the Great Belt, Lyme Fiord ? Name and describe the river of Denmark. What is its cape ? What islands are subject to Denmark ? What are its colonies in the West Indies, in the East Indies, in the Northern Ocean, and in Africa? Of what does Denmark consist? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is the general appearance of Denmark ? Has it any rivers or lakes of importance? What is re- markable about the coast ? W 7 hat kind of islands are Zea- land and Funen ? Describe the climate of Denmark. What is the state of the soil in the south of continental Denmark? In what does the north differ from it? What is the aspect of the coasts ? What are the productions of the soil ? For what are the horses and horned cattle of Denmark remark- able ? From what island is Copenhagen supplied with vege- tables ? What constitutes the principal occupation of the Danes ? Are their manufactures numerous or important ? Is their commerce considerable ? W T hat is the nature of the Danish government ? What is the established religion ? Are other religions tolerated ? Is there any thing peculiar in the manners and customs of the Danes ? What is their national character ? Of what distinguished names in literature, science, and art, can they boast ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. AAL'BORG, the capital of Jut- land, on the S. shore of the Lyme- fiord, with a good harbour. Pop. 6600.-57° 2' N. lat. 10° O' E. long. Aar'huus,a seaport on the E.coast of Jutland, near the N. extremity of the Great Belt, with a good trade. Pop. 6000.— 56, 10 N. 10, 14 E. Al'tona, a flourishing seaport in Holstein, on the Elbe, two miles MV. of Hamburg. It is a place of considerable commerce. Popula- tion 30,000—53, 33 N. 9, 56 E. A'mak, a small island in the Baltic, opposite Copenhagen, with wh ich it is connected by two bridges ; it is laid out in gardens and pas- tures. BELT, Great, a strait between the islands of Zealand and Funen, about 20 miles at its greatest breadth, and of dangerous naviga- tion. Belt, Little, a strait between Fu- nen and Jutland, varying from 1 to 10 miles in width, and hazard- ous to navigators. Born'holm, an island in the Bal- tic, about 30 miles in length and 20 in breadth, containing about 100 DENMARK, 82 villages. It is rich in corn and cat- tle, and has a valuable salmon-fish- ery. —55, 5 N. 15, 0 E. CAT'TEGAT, a large channel or sound, separating the Danish pe- ninsula from Sweden. Col'ding, a town in Jutland, si- tuate at the head of a bay in the Little Belt.— 55, 30 N. 9, 28 E. Copenhagen, the capital of the kingdom, and one of the most ele- gant cities in the N. of Europe, stands on the E. coast of the island of Zealand, with several small lakes in the vicinity. It possesses an ex- cellent harbour and docks, and is surrounded by a chain of bastions and a broad ditch,— the walls en- closing a circuit of five miles. The royal library and museum are par- ticularly rich in northern literature and antiquities. Pop. 119,292.— 55, 42 N. 12, 30 E. ELSINORE', or Elsineur', a sea- port in Zealand, 22 miles N. of Copenhagen. Here all vessels pass- ing through the Sound pay a toll to the King of Denmark. The castle of Cronberg commands the passage of the Sound, which is about 3 miles broad. Population 7000. — 56, 2 N. 12, 40 E. Eyder (1'der), the only river of importance in Denmark, separates Holstein from Sleswick, and falls into the German Ocean. By means of the canal of Kiel, the Eyder forms a navigable communication between the German Ocean and the Baltic. FAL'STER, a fertile and plea- sant island in the Baltic, so pro- ductive, especially of fruit, as to be styled the orchard of Denmark. Pop. 16,500.-54, 50 N. 12, 0 E. Fa'roe or Fer'ro Islands, a group between Shetland and Iceland, scattered from 6L° 15' to 62° 20' N. lat. They are 25 in number, of w hich 17 are inhabited. In ge- neral, they are naked rocks, and the chief wealth of the inhabitants arises from fishing, rearing of sheep, and the feathers of birds. Popula- tion 5300. Flens'burg, a flourishing seaport in Sleswick, with an excellent har- bour, which admits of the largest vessels being unloaded at the quay, and is completely screened from every wind. Population 6000. — 54, 47 N. 9, 26 E. Fu'nen, a large and fertile island, separated from the peninsula by the Little Belt, and from Zealand by the Great Belt. It is 35 miles long and 30 broad. Pop. 125,800. —55, 20 N. 10, 30 E. GLUCK'STADT, a seaport in Holstein, near the mouth of the Elbe, at its junction with the Rhu. It is the seat of the provincial courts of justice. Population 5000. —53, 48 N. 9, 26 E. HELIGOLAND', a small island about 40 miles from the mouths of the Eyder and Elbe, now' belong- ing to Britain. — 54, 12 N. 8,14 E. Hol'stein, an extensive duchy in the northern extremity of Ger- many, forming an integral part of the kingdom of Denmark. Its su- perficial extent isabout 5400 square miles, and its population 350,000. Horn, the, a cape on the W. coast of Jutland. — 55, 27 N. 8, 18E. Hor'sens, a seaport in Northern Jutland, on the E. coast.— Popu- lation 2400. — 55, 52 N. 9, 50 E. Hu'sum, a seaport on the W. coast of Sleswick. — 54, 53 N. 9, 6 E. ICE'LAND, a large island in the Atlantic Ocean, between 63° and 67° N. lat., and between 12° and 25° W. long. Its length is 280 miles, and its breadth 210. Its surface is rugged and mountainous, its soil barren, and its climate se- vere. Volcanic eruptions are fre- quent in many parts of the island. Of Hecla, its principal burning mountain, sixteen eruptions are recorded, the last of which took place in Octpber 1818. Springs of hot water are numerous in Iceland, of all degrees of temperature, up to a state of violent ebullition. The most remarkable of these springs, called the Great Geyser, throws up into the air columns of boiling water, to the height of 90, 100, and sometimes even to above 150 feet, accompanied with a noise like the explosion of cannon. Ice- land is very thinly peopled, hav- ing a superficial area estimated at 30,500 square miles, with a popu- lation of about 50,000. JUT'LAND, a large province of Denmark, which formerly com- prised the whole peninsula; but the name is now confined to the northern division, extending from 55° to 58 Q N. lat., in length 180 DENMARK, miles, and in breadth from 70 to 95 miles. Population 400,000. KIEL (Keel), a seaport in Hol- stein, and the seat of a university, with an excellent harbour. It is situate at the E. extremity of the canal which connects the Baltic with the German Ocean, and is the g reat point of communication with openhagen and Hamburg. Popu- lation 8000.— 54, 23 N. 10, 5 E. LAA'LAND, an island at the entrance of the Baltic, 60 miles long and 14 broad. It is the most fertile tract in the Danish domi- nions. P.43,500.— 55,0 N. 11,30 E. Lan'geland, an island situate be- tween Zealand, Laaland, and Fu- nen, 35 miles long and from 3 to 5 broad. Population 11,200. — 55, 0 N. 10, 50 E. Lau'enburg, a duchy in Ger- many, adjacent to Hamburg, on the right bank of the Elbe. It was a separate duchy till 1689, when, on the extinction of the ducal fa- mily, it passed to the House of Hanover. In 1815, it was ceded to Prussia, but soon after made over to Denmark, in exchange for Rugen and Pomerania. P.35,600. Lau'enburg, the capital of the duchy of the same name, draws a considerable revenue from a toll on the Elbe. Population 2500. — 53, 26 N. 10, 58 E. Lyme Fiord, a long narrow gulf in Jutland, which runs westward from the Cattegat across the pe- ninsula, and is prevented only by a narrow slip of land from commu- nicating with the German Ocean. NY'BORG, a seaport on the E. coast of Funen, where vessels pass- ing through the Great Belt pay a toll — 55, 19 N. 10, 49 E. ODENSEE', the capital of Fu- nen, situate on a river, about a mile from the sea. It carries on considerable manufactures of wool- len cloths, leather, and soap. It is the residence of a bishop, and of the chief magistrate of Funen. Pop. 7000.— 55, 25 N. 10, 22 E. RATZiS'BURG, a fortified town in the duchy of Lauenburg, on an 83 island in a lake of the same name. Pop. 2000.— 53, 41 N. 10, 52 E. Rends'burg, a strong town in H olstein, on the Eyder, with a good trade. P. 8000.— 54, 22 N. 9, 41 E. Ri'pen, or Ilibk, a town on the W. coast of Jutland, situate on the Gram. P. 3000.— 55, 19 N. 8, 25 E. Ros'kilde, in Zealand, the an- cient capital of Denmark, now re- markable only for its Gothic ca- thedral, in which the kings of Den- mark are buried. Pop. 1200. — 55, 36 N. 12, 0 E. SKA'GER RACK, a large sound in the North Sea, separating Jut- land from Norway. Skaw, or Ska'ger Cape, a pro- montory on the northern extremi- ty of Jutland, with a lighthouse. — 57, 44 N. 10, 42 E. Sles'wiek, a duchy forming the southern division of the peninsu- la, formerly comprised under the name of Jutland. Its length is 72 miles; its breadth varies from 30 to 56 miles. Pop. 316,000. Sles'wiek, th e capital of the above duchy, pleasantly situate on the small river Sley. Pop. 8000.— 54, 31 N. 9, 34 E. Sound, a strait between Sweden and the island of Zealand, being about 5 miles across from Elsi- nore to Helsingborg in Sweden. See Elsinore, p. 82. TON'NINGEN, a seaport in Sleswick, situate near the mouth of the Eyder, possesses consider- able trade. Population 4000. — 54, 20 N. 9, 1 E. VI'BORG, or Wi'borg, an an- cient town, on a small lake, nearly in the centre of Jutland. Popula- tion 3000.— 56, 27 N. 9, 25 E. ZEA'LAND, an island between the Cattegat and the Baltic. It has an area of 2600 square miles, and contains 350,000 inhabitants. Its aspect is finely varied with gentle eminences and cultivated fields; its soil is fertile, and its numerous bays and creeks abound with fish. Here are concentrated most of the manufactures and trade of Den- mark. HOLLAND Is bounded N. and W. by the German Ocean ; S. by Belgium ; E. by Germany. It contains 12,150 square miles. Population 2,558,000. 84 HOLLAND. Divisions. Chief Towns. Groningen, with Drenthe... Groningen. Friesland Leu warden. Overyssel Zwoll, Deventer. Guelderland Arnheim, Nimeguen, Zutphen. Utrecht Utrecht, Amersfort. Holland Proper Amsterdam, Haarlem, Alk- maer, Hoorn, Leyden, the Hague, Rotterdam, Briel, Hel- voetsluys, Dort. Zealand Middleburg, Flushing, Campvere. N. Brabant Bois-le-Duc, Breda, Bergeii-op- Zoom. Part of jf imbur g Maastricht. Islands — Walcheren, North Beveland, South Beve- land, Tholen, Schowen, in the province of Zealand ; Over Flakkee, Voorn, Ysselmonde ; Texel, Vlieland, Schelling, Ameland. Seas and Bays. — Zuyder Zee, Haarlem Meer, Lau- wer Zee, Dollart Bay. Rivers. — The PJiine, with its branches the Waal, Yssel, and Leek ; the Meuse, or Maese. Foreign Possessions. — In the East Indies, Java, and the Moluccas, or Spice Islands ; in the West In- dies, Cura^oa, Buen Avre, St Eustatius, and part of St Martin ; in S. America, Surinam ; in Africa, El Mina, and several small forts on the coast of Guinea. REMARKS. Holland, exclusive of Luxemburg, which is disjoined from it by the intervention of Belgium, is situate between 51° 12', and 53° 30' N. lat. and between 3° 20', and 7° 12' E. long. Its length, from the north of Friesland to the south of North Brabant, is 160 miles, and its breadth 110 miles. To the lover of the picturesque, the aspect of Holland is tame and uninteresting. The country is one vast plain, di- versified neither by mountain, hill, nor knoll. Viewed from the top of a tower or spire, it appears like an extensive marsh, intersected by numberless ditches and canals. Yet even the dull monotony of this prospect is relieved by some features of great interest meadow's of wide extent, and of the most beautiful verdure, covered w 7 ith large herds of well-fed cattle ; sheets of water, clusters of trees, and, in HOLLAND. 85 the vicinity of large towns, elegant villas surrounded with gardens and parks, decorated with statues and busts. No country can display more striking proofs than Holland of the energies which man can exert in overcom- ing the physical evils or difficulties of his situation. Placed below the level of the sea at high water, many parts of this country have been exposed to the most dreadful inundations. The Zuyder Zee now occupies the bed of an ancient lake, and also a district of country through which a river, issuing from the lake, pursued a course of fifty miles to the sea. The islands that skirt the north-western shores are the evi- dent remains of an old tract of continent, over which the sea has established its dominion. In the tenth century, the mouths of the Scheldt spread into broad estuaries, leaving the islands of Beveland, Walcheren, and Schowen, as ves- tiges of the country which they overwhelmed ; and in the fifteenth century (A. D. 1446) the salt lake near Dort was formed by a sudden inundation, which destroyed 72 villages, and about 100,000 of the inhabitants. To protect them- selves from the recurrence of such calamities, the Dutch constructed, along their coasts, stupendous dykes, or mounds of earth, which have effectually repelled the encroachments of the sea. These mounds slope on each side, and are in some places so broad as to admit of two carriages abreast. Similar dikes are built along the banks of the great rivers, with sluices at intervals, by means of which the country can be laid under water on the approach of an enemy. The soil, near the coasts, is chiefly sand, mixed with turf ; but it is cultivated with the utmost care. In other parts of the country it is a deep loam. Owing to the humidity of the climate, a great part of the country is retained in grass; and the pastures are of unrivalled luxuriance. The princi- pal crops cultivated are wheat, madder, tobacco, flax, and hemp. But the rural wealth of Holland consists chiefly of its cattle, and the produce of the dairy. Horticulture, es- pecially the raising of flowers, has been brought to great perfection. In manufactures the same spirit of industry is displayed as in husbandry. These are various and extensive ; but linens, leather, the distillation of gin, and that species of pottery called Delft ware may be particularly mentioned. But it is chiefly to commerce that Holland has been in- debted for the remarkable prosperity which she has long en- joyed. After her emancipation from Spanish rule, she became distinguished by the superior efforts and success in trade, D HOLLAND. 86 which are the natural fruits of independence. For centuries almost the whole carrying- trade of Europe was in her hands ; her fisheries, particularly of herrings, were most extensive and valuable ; and her colonies in the East Indies were the sources of a very active and lucrative traffic. Successive wars checked her manufactures and commerce, — and the ty- ranny of Bonaparte brought them to the verge of ruin. By the arrangements of the great European powers, Holland was restored to independence, and placed in a fair way of recovering her commercial prosperity. After the Dutch had thrown off the yoke of Philip II. of Spain, in 1579, the provinces of Holland, called the Seven United Provinces, became so many federal republics, and the chief magistrate was named the Stadtholder (the Pro- tector of the State). Holland was overpowered by the revolutionary armies of France in 1795, and converted into the Batavian Republic. Napoleon afterwards erected it into a kingdom under his brother Louis. After the overthrow of the French power in 1815, Bel- gium and the provinces of Holland were united, and formed the kingdom of the Netherlands, with a constitutional go- vernment. This union, however, was never popular in Belgium ; and the movement by which Charles X. was ex- pelled from France in July 1830, was followed in August by a similar one in Brussels, the issue of which has been the separation of the Netherlands into two kingdoms, Holland retaining the provinces of North Brabant, the greater part of Luxemburg, and a small part of Limburg, with the co- lonies. Throughout the kingdom the advantages of education are enjoyed in an eminent degree. Schools are established in every parish. The universities of Leyden, Utrecht, and Groningen have long been celebrated. The Dutch may boast of attainments in letters and science, and even in the fine arts. In the former, they possess the names of Eras- mus, Grotius, Boerhaave, and Leeuwenhoeck ; in the lat- ter those of Rembrandt and a number of distinguished land - scape and marine painters. The Dutch are a laborious, plodding, selfish, but upright people. In religion they are Protestant Calvinists ; but they have long set the example of the most complete toleration. EXERCISES. How is Holland bounded ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of the population ? What are the divisions of Holland ? What are the principal towns in Zea- HOLLAND. 87 land, Holland Proper, Utrecht, &c. ? Where is Rotterdam, Arnheim, Briel, Amsterdam, Breda, Nimeguen, Bergen -op- Zoom, Deventer, Zutphen, &c. ? What are the principal ri- vers ? Name the seas and bays. Name the islands. Where is Haarlem Meer ? What are the branches of the Rhine in Holland ? Where is Schelling, Dollart Bay, Walcheren, Ameland, South Beveland, Lauwer Zee, Vlieland, &c. What are its colonies in the East Indies, in the West Indies, in South America, and in Africa ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Holland situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its gene- ral aspect ? By what is the dull uniformity of the prospect re- lieved ? From what cause have many parts of this country been exposed to dreadful inundations ? What tract is now occupied by the Zuyder Zee ? Of what are the islands on the northern shores the evident remains ? In what century did the mouths of the Scheldt expand into broad estuaries ? How and when was the salt lake near Dort formed ? What devastation did that inundation commit ? By what means did the Dutch protect themselves from the recurrence of such dreadful cala- mities? What security do the embankments afford against the invasion of a foreign enemy ? Why is a great part of Hol- land kept in grass ? What are the crops chiefly cultivated ? In what does the principal rural wealth of Holland consist ? For what manufactures is Holland famous ? When did Holland become distinguished by its efforts and success in trade ? What were the chief branches of its commerce ? By what was it brought to the verge of ruin ? How was it placed in a fair way of recovering its commercial prosperity ? What was the nature of the Dutch government after they had thrown off the Spanish yoke ? What changes were caused by the French Revolution in 1795? When w r as Holland united to Belgium ? How and when were they separated ? In what state is education in this country ? Are schools common ? What universities have long been celebrated ? Of what literary and scientific names can Holland boast ? What celebrated artist has it produced ? What is the Dutch character ? What is their religion ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. ALKMAER', a fortified town in Holland Proper, situate on the ca- nal which unites Amsterdam with the North Sea. It has a great trade in butter and cheese. P. 9000. —52° 34' N. lat. 4° 45' E. long. Ame'land, an island to the N. of Friesland. Population 3000. A'mersfort, a pleasant town in the province of Utrecht, with con- siderable manufactures. Popu- lation 9000.— 52, 9 N. 5, 22 E. Amsterdam', the capital of the kingdom, a great commercial city, situate at the confluence of the Amstel with the Y, an arm of the Zuyder Zee. It is built in a marsh, upon piles, and has a harbour ca- pable of containing 1000 vessels. The principal streets are magni- ficent, and the city is intersected by numerous canals, communicat- ing by 280 bridges, and ornamented with fine trees. Pop. 217,000. — 52, 22 N. 4, 54 E. Arnheim', the chief town of Guel- HOLLAND. derland, on the Rhine. Popula- tion 10,050.-52, 0 N. 5, 54 E. Ass'en, the chief town in the pro- vince of Drenthe. Population 1000.— 53, 0 N. 6, 33 E. BE R'GEN- OP-ZOOM', an im- portant town and fortress in N. Brabant, communicating with the East Scheldt by a canal. It has stood several memorable sieges ; and, in 1814, was exposed to a for- midable, but unsuccessful assault, by a British army under the com- mand of Sir Thomas Graham, now Lord Lynedocb. Pop. 5600. — 51, 29 N. 4, 17 E. Beve'land, North, an island in the province of Zealand, about 6 miles long, and 3 broad. By the dreadful inundation of 1532, it was so completely Overwhelmed, that for many years nothing but the tops of spires were to be seen. Beve'land, South, an island in Zealand, separated from North Beveland by the island of Wolfers- dyck. It is 24 miles long and from 5 to 8 broad, and is the largest and most agreeable of all the Zea- land Isles. Bois le-Due (Bo'aw-le-Deuk') a strongly-fortified town in N. Bra- bant, at the confluence of the Dom- mel and the Aa. Pop. 13,340. — 51, 42 N. 5, 18 E. Brabant', North, formerly called Dutch Brabant, a province to the S. of Guelderland. Although a great part of it is covered with moss, heath, and wood, it is very produc- tive in corn, hops, and flax. It con- tains about 1653 square miles. Po- pulation 532,551. Bre'da, a large town in North Brabant, on the Merck, near its junction with the Aa. It is con- sidered one of the strongest places in Holland. Pop. 11,000. — 51, 35 N. 4, 48 E. Briel, a town on the N. coast of Voorn, having a large and com- modious harbour. Here the con- federates laid the foundation of the republic in 1572. Pop. 3500. — 51, 54 N. 4, 8 E. CAMPERDOWN', a village on the coast of N. Holland, off which the British fleet under Admiral Duncan defeated De Winter, Oc- tober 11, 1797-—52, 43 N. 4, 39 E. Campvere', a town on the N. side of the island of Walcheren. 1 1 sends a member to the General As- sembly of the Church of Scotland. DELFT, a town in Holland Proper, between Rotterdam and Leyden, formerly noted for its manufacture of earthenware; and still more celebrated as the birth- place of Grotius. Pop. 13,285. Deven'ter, a town in Overyssel, pleasantly situate on the right bank of the Vssel. Pop. 9621.— 52, 16 N. 6, 8 E. Dol'lart Bay, a large arm of the North Sea, to the E. of Gronin- gen, at the mouth of the river Ems. It is said to have been formed by an inundation of the sea, towards the close of the 13th century. Dom'mel, a river of N. Brabant, which receives the Aa at. Bois-le- Duc, below which it falls into the Maese. Dort, or Dor'drecht, an old and celebrated town in Holland Proper. It was the residence of the ancient counts of Holland, — the birthplace of the famous brothers De Witt, — and here was held, in 1618-19, the celebrated Synod of Dort, by which the tenets of Arminius were con- demned. Pop. 18,400.-51, 50 N. 4, 40 E. FLUSH'ING, a seaport in the island of Walcheren, at the mouth of the Scheldt. Within the town are two basins, one of which is large enough to contain 80 line of- battle ships. — 51, 26 N. 5, 35 E. Fries'land, West, a province in the N. of Holland, having the Zuyder Zee on the W. and the German Ocean on the N. It con- tains nearly 1200 square miles, and 200,352 inhabitants. GOR'CUM, or Gor'inchem, a town of Holland Proper, on the Waal, near its junction with the Maese. P. 8000.— 5 1 , 50 N. 4, 56 E. Gou'da, a town of Holland Pro- per, noted for its cheese and ma- nufacture of tobacco-pipes. Pop. 10,568.-52, 2 N. 4, 45 E. Gro'ningen, a province in the north-eastern extremity of the kingdom, containing 778 square miles, and a population of 154,000. It is protected by dykes against the sea, and intersected by numerous ditches and canals for carrying off* the water. Its past ur 6s are ex- tremely rich. United with Gro- ningen is the province of Drenthe HOLLAND. 89 (Drent), containing 888 square miles, and 59,915 inhabitants. Gro'n ingen, capital of the pro- vince of the same name, is a hand- some city, situate at the junction of three great canals. The Church of St Martin is a noble Gothic edi- fice, the tower of which is 550 feet high. It possesses considerable trade, and is the seat of an ancient university. Pop. 27,800. — 55, 10 N. 6, 54 E. Guel'derland, or Guel'dres, a province to the S. E. of the Zuyder Zee, and separated from N. Bra- bant by the Maese, contains 2020 square miles, and a population of 293,396. It is watered by the Rhine, the Waal, the Yssel, and the Leek; but the soil, in some places heavy, in others light and sandy, is not generally fertile. HAAR'LEM, a flourishing town in Holland Proper, on the river Spaaren and the Haarlem Meer, communicating by a canal with Leyden and Amsterdam. In its principal church is an organ, sup- posed to be the finest in the world, consisting of 8000 pipes, the larg- est 32 feet long and 16 inches in diameter, and combining the sound of many instruments. Pop. 21,000.-52, 22 N. 4, 38 E. Haar'lem Meer, a lake between Amsterdam, Leyden, and Haar- lem, communicating with the Zuy- der Zee, by the Gulf of Y or Wye. It is 14 miles long by 8 broad, and is navigable throughout. Hague (Fr. La Haye), an elegant -City in Holland Proper, and the seat of the court, 50 miles S. W. from Amsterdam. About a mile to the N. is the rural palace of the royal family, embosomed amidst an ex- tensive and noble wood. There are, besides, the old and new pa- laces. Fine villas and beautiful promenades adorn the vicinity. Pop. 45,000.-52, 5 N. 4, 18 E. Har'lingen, a seaport of Fries- land, on the Zuyder Zee. Popula- tion 8000.— 53, 10 N. 5, 26 E. Hel'der, a town in Holland Pro- per, with a strong fortress, which commands the entrance of the Zuy- der Zee. Population 2400.— 52, 58 N. 4, 45 E. Hel'voetslm/s, a fortified town on the S. side of the island Voorn, in Holland Proper, having an excel- lent harbour and extensive dock- yards.— 51, 48 N. 4, 6 E. Hol'land Proper, a province N. of Zealand, remarkable for the density of its population, the num- ber of its towns and villages, and the triumphs of persevering indus- try over the most appalling diffi- culties. Its superficial extent does not much exceed 2000 square miles, yet its population was at one time 900,000 ; and by a census taken in 1817, it amounted, notwithstand- ing all the evils of the French war, and the discouraging restrictions on its commerce, to 748,000. In 1828 the population was 845,404. Hoorn, a considerable seaport on the Zuyder Zee, having the best harbour on the coast of that sea. Pop. 9000.— 53, 24 N. 5, 20 E. LAU'WER ZEE, an arm of the sea in the N. of Groningen. Leek, a river which branches off from the Rhine in Utrecht, and joins the Maese above Rotterdam. Leuwar'dcn, the chief town of Friesland, on the river Ee. It is intersected with canals, whose banks are shaded with trees, so as to form delightful promenades. Pop. 17,000.-53, 13 N. 5, 48 E. Ley'den, one of the principal ci- ties of the kingdom, on a small branch of the Rhine, in Holland Proper. It is intersected by a num- ber of canals, forming upwards of 50 small islands, which are con- nected by more than 100 bridges. The principal street, in which the Stadthouse is situate, is one of the finest in Europe. Leyden is the seat of a celebrated university, and has produced many eminent men : the library contains a rich collec- tion of oriental manuscripts. Pop. 29.000. -52, 10 N. 4, 30 E. Lux'emburg, a large province to the S. of Liege, having an extent of 2392 square miles, and contain- ing 311,113 inhabitants. It forms properly part of the German em- pire; and in the late partition the greater part of it remains attached to Holland. Lux'emburg, capital of the pro- vince of the same name, is, both by nature and art, now one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. Here are many interesting remains of Roman antiquity. Population 10.000. -49, 40 N. 6, 0 E. HOLLAND- 90 MAESE, or Meuse, a large river which.rises in the S. of Champagne, in France, and flows through Na- mur, Liege, Limburg, and N. Bra- bant : after being joined by the Waal, the united river takes the name of Maese, and falls into the German Ocean below Rotter- dam. Mae'stricAt, a flourishing town in the province of Limburg, situate on the Maese, near its confluence with the Jaer. It is strongly for- tified, and by the late treaty re- mained with the King of Holland. Its ramparts form agreeable prome- nades. P. 19,000.-50,50 N.5,41 E. Mid'dleburg, the principal town of the province of Zealand, situate near the centre of the island of Walcheren. It is a place of great antiquity, and of considerable trade. Pop. 13,200. — 51, 30 N. 3, 36 E. NIM'EGUEN, a strong town in Guelderland, on the left bank of the Waal. Population 14,000. — 51, 50 N. 5, 50 E. OVERFLAK'KEE, an island at the entrance of the Maese into the German Ocean. Overys'sel, a province in the E. of Holland, containing 1293 square miles, and 165,936 inhabitants. RHINE. See Germany. Rotterdam', the second city of Holland in commercial importance, situate on the Maese. Although 20 miles from the German Ocean, it possesses great facilities for trade, the streets being intersected by canals deep enough to receive the largest vessels. This was the birth- place of Erasmus, to whose me- mory his fellow-citizens have erect- ed a bronze statue. Pop. 63,000. —51, 55 N. 4, 28 E. Rure'monde, a town in the pro- vince of Limburg, at theconfluence of the Roer and the Maese, with cloth manufactures. Pop. 4000. SCHEL'LING, an island about 9 miles from the coast of Friesland. It is 15 miles long and 3 broad. Population 3000. Schiedam', a town of Holland Proper, famous for the excellence of its gin. Population 10,000. — 51, 58 N. 4, 20 E. Scho'teen, an island at the mouth of the Scheldt, 15 miles long and 5 broad. TEX'EL, an island at the en- trance of the Zuyder Zee, separat- ed from the continent by the nar- row channel of Mars-diep. It is about 12 miles long and 6 broad. Near this island Admiral Blake de- feated the Dutch fleet under Van Tromp in 1653. Population 5000. —53, 5 N. 4, 30 E. Tho'len, a fertile and well-culti- vated island at the mouth of the Scheldt, about 12 miles long and 6 broad.— 51,30 N. 4, 8 E. U'TRECFM', a province to the E. of Holland Proper, and S. of the Zuyder Zee. Its superficial ex- tent is 542 square miles, and its population 122,313. U'trec/RjtheT’rfl/cc/wwofthe Ro- mans, is the capital of the province of Utrecht, and the seat of a cele- brated university. Here were con- cluded two memorable treaties, — the one, in 1579, uniting the Seven Provinces against the Spaniards, — the other, in 1715, terminating the wars of the Spanish Succession. Pop. 36,000.-52, 6 N. 5, 8 E. VECHT, or Wecht, a river which rises in Westphalia, and, after uniting with several streams, falls into the Zuyder Zee. Venloo', a strong town in the province of Limburg, on the Maese, with considerable trade and manu- factures. Pop. 6000. Vlie'land, a small island at the mouth of the Zuyder Zee, 8 miles in length and 3 in breadth. Pop. 800.— 53, 17 N. 5, 0 E. Voorn, an island formed by two mouths of the Maese, about 25 miles in length and 5 in breadth. WAAL, a large branch of the Rhine, flowing westward, and join- ing the Maese near Gorcum. Walcheren ( Wal'sheren), the most populous and best cultivated of the islands that compose the province of Zealand. Unfortunate- ly, it is very unhealthy. It is 12 miles in length, and 8 in breadth. Besides three considerable towns, Middleburg, Flushing, and Vere, it contains a number of villages. Ys'sel, or Is'sel, a branch of the Rhine, passes Zutphenand Deven- ter, and falls into the Zuyder Zee. Ys'selmonde, a small island in Holland Proper, formed by the Maese, the Merwe, and the Yssel. ZAAR'DAM, or Saar'dam, a town of N. Holland on the Y, an BELGIUM. arm of the Zuyder Zee, has an ex- tensive trade in timber. Here Peter the Great of Russia worked as a common carpenter. Pop. 10,000. Zea'land, a province composed chiefly of islands, viz. Schowen, Duieveland, Tholen, Walcheren, N. and S. Reveland, Wolfers- dyck, and a strip of land on the continent along the bank of the W. Scheldt. Its superficial area is about 588 square miles, and its population 133,396. Zut'phen, a town in Guelder- land, on the right bank of the 91 Yssel. It is fortified, and strong from its situation amidst drained fens. Here the brave Sir Philip Sydney fell in 1586. Pop. 7513. Zuy'der Zee', a large gulf of the German Ocean, about 80 miles long from N. to S. and from 15 to 30 in breadth. It was formed in 1225, by an irruption of the ocean ; formerly it was a great inland lake, called by the ancients Flevo. Zwoll, the chief town of Overys- sel, situate between the Yssel and the Vecht. It is a place of some commerce. Pop. 13,600. BELGIUM Is bounded N. by Holland ; W. by the German Ocean ; S. by France; E. by Germany. It contains 12,000 square miles. Population about 4,000,000. Divisions. Chief Towns. Limburg Tongres.* Antwerp Antwerp, Mechlin. East Flanders Ghent, Oudenarde, Dendermonde, St Ni- cholas. West Flanders... Bruges, Ostend, Courtray, Ypres, Nieu- port. Hainault Mons, Tournay. South Brabant. ..Brussels, Louvain, Tirlemont. Namur Namur. Liege Liege, Verviers. Rivers. — The Scheldt, with its tributaries the Lys, the Haine, the Dender, and the Dyle ; the Maese, or Meuse, with its tributary the Sambre. REMARKS. Belgium lies between 49° 50 ' and 51° 30' N. lat. and between 2° 40 / and 6° 15 ' E. long. Its length from East to West is 150 miles, and its breadth from North to South 1 10 miles. Belgium presents a pleasing variety of gentle eminences, undulating plains, meadows, and rich corn-fields. The dis- tricts along the Maese are hilly and highly picturesque. The soil is either naturally fertile, or has been improved by assi- duous cultivation, and yields the most luxuriant crops. All * Maestricht, the largest town in this province, belongs to Holland. BELGIUM. 92 kinds of grain and fruits are raised ; flax and hops are among the most noted productions. The climate resembles that of the southern counties of England. The Belgians are distinguished for fine manufactures, particularly of lace, lawns, and cambrics, and for good broadcloth. From the twelfth to the sixteenth century, their country was the most commercial in Europe ; but it was afterwards greatly surpassed by Holland. Now that war has given place to the arts of peace, the trade and ma- nufactures of Belgium are rapidly improving ; new roads are formed, and canals connect all the great towns of the king- dom. The Flemings to the north resemble in character their Dutch neighbours, but towards the south have adopted the dress and manners of the French. They are zealous Roman Catholics, though salaries are now granted from the public funds to the Protestant clergy. Three considerable universities have been established, at Ghent, Liege, and Louvain. Belgium produced at one period a race of very eminent artists, Rubens, Vanayck, Teniers, &c. who form- ed what is called the Flemish School of Painting. Their architects were also very distinguished, and several of the cathedrals, particularly that of Antwerp, rank among the finest edifices in Europe. Belgium, under the Counts of Flanders, enjoyed great independence, and was very flourishing. It was afterwards added to the domains of the house of Burgundy, and in 1477 to those of Austria. It was overrun by the Revolu- tionary armies in 1792, and in 1795 was annexed to France. At the peace in 1814, it was united with Holland in form- ing the kingdom of the Netherlands; but in 1830 it sepa- rated itself, and elected as its king, Leopold, Prince of Saxe Cobourg, who has been acknowledged by all the great powers of Europe. EXERCISES. How is Belgium bounded ? What is its extent in square miles ? What population does it contain ? What are the di- visions of Belgium ? What are the principal towns in West Flanders, East Flanders, Hainault, &c. ? Where is Dender- monde, Bruges, Brussels, Antwerp, Courtray, Louvain, &c. ? What are the principal rivers ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Belgium situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its general aspect ? Of what nature is its soil ? What is the state of cultivation ? YFhat are its productions ? What country does it resemble in climate ? For what manufactures is it BELGIUM. 93 famous ? When was it the most commercial country in Eu- rope ? Is its commerce again improving ? What is the cha- racter of the Flemings ? What religion do they profess ? What universities have been established ? What celebrated artists has Belgium produced ? To what school of painting have they given rise ? Has architecture been carried to any perfection by the Flemings ? Mention a cathedral considered to be one of the finest in Europe. To whom did Belgium formerly belong ? When was it annexed to France ? When to Holland ? Under what mo- narch is it now a separate kingdom ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. A'LOST, a town in E. Flanders, on the Dender, with a trade in corn. Population 12,151. — 50® 55' N. lat. 4° 1' E. long. Ant'werp (Fr. Anvers), a north- ern province, situate along the Lower Scheldt, contains 1094 square miles, with a population of 558,107- Ant'werp (Fr. Anvers), the capi- tal of the province of Antwerp and the chief maritime and commer- cial city of Belgium, is situate on the Scheldt, and has noble docks and an arsenal, with a citadel of great strength. The paintings of Ru- bens adorn the cathedral, one of the finest Gothic edi fices in Europe, being 500 feet in length by 240 in breadth ; its beautiful spire is 466 feet high. Population 65,000. — 51, 13 N. 4, 25 E. Ath, a fortified town of Hai- nault, on the Dender. Pop. 7650. BOOM, a town in the province of Antwerp. Pop. 4800. Brabant', South, an important central province, formerly distin- guished from N. Brabant by the name of Austrian Brabant. It con- tains 1464 square miles, and its po- pulation is 565,353. Bru'ges, the capital of W. Flan- ders, 14 miles E. from Ostend; it carries on considerable trade, and is intersected by a number of ca- nals, of which it is the central point. Pop. 36,000.-51, 12 N. 3, 14 E. Brus'sels, the metropolis of Bel- gium, and the capital of S. Brabant, is situate partly in a plain, and partly on the slope of a hill, at the foot of which flows the river Senne. It is a very elegant city ; its public walks, particularly the Green Alley and the Park, are among the finest in Europe. Pop. 80,000.-50, 51 N. 4, 22 E. CH ARLERO'I, a fortified town of Hainault, on the Sambre. Po- pulation 4020. Courtray (Coor'tray), a town in W. Flanders, on the Lys, celebrat- ed for its manufactures of lace and fine cloths. Population 14,000.— 50, 49 N. 3, 16 E. JDEN'DER, a small river which rises in Hainault, and joins the Scheldt near Dendermonde. Dendermonde', or Termonde', a fortified town, with a strong castle, in E. Flanders, at the confluence of the Dender and the Scheldt. Pop. 6000.— 51, 2 N. 4, 6 E. Diest, a town in S. Brabant, on the Demer, with manufactures of cloth . Pop. 6000. Din'ant, a town in the province of Namur, on the Maese, with a strong citadel ; near it are marble- quarries and iron-mines. Popula- tion 4000. Dyle (Deel), a small but naviga- ble river in S. Brabant ; after pass- ing by Louvain and Mechlin, it falls into the Scheldt above Ant- werp. ENG'HIEN, a town in Hai- nault. Pop. 3500. FLAN'DERS, a very interest- ing and fertile portion of Belgium, forming its western quarter, di- vided into the provinces of E. and W. Flanders. The extent of E. Flanders is 1232 square miles ; its population 708,705. The extent of W. Flanders is 1512 square miles ; its population 575,807. Fleu'rus, a small town in Hai- nault, near the Sambre, a celebra- D 2 BELGIUM, 94 ted battle-field in the Spanish and late wars. Pop. 2158. Fontenoy', a village in Hainault, near Tournay, where the allies were defeated by Marshal Saxe, in 1745. Pop. 600. G TIE NT, or Gand, a large ma- nufacturing city, the capital of E. Flanders, beautifully situate on the Scheldt, at its junction with the Lys. By these rivers and a num- ber of navigable canals, the town is divided into 26 islands, which com- municate by 360 wooden bridges. It is about 15 miles in circuit, great part of it being occupied with gar- dens, orchards, and fields. Ghent is the seat of a university. Po- pulation 82,000. — 51, 3 N. 3, 43 E. Gram'mont, a town in E. Flan- ders, on the Dyle, with a good trade. Pop. 7000- HAINAULT (Hinolt'), an ex- tensive province to the N. of the French frontier. Its superficial extent is 1706 square miles ; its po- pulation 567,500. This province has, at different periods, been the scene of the most celebrated wars recorded in the history of Europe. Maine, a small river which falls into the Scheldt at Conde. Has'selt, a town in the province of Limburg, on the Demer. Po- pulation 7000. Huy, a town in the province of Liege, on the Maese, with exten- sive iron-works and paper-mills. Population 5000. LIEGE (Leeaizh'), a large pro- vince in the S. E. of the kingdom, having a superficial extent of 2173 square miles, and a population of 377,909. Liege, the capital of the province of Liege, situate in a pleasant val- ley on the Maese, surrounded with cultivated hills. It is a flourishing town, strongly fortified, and has extensive manufactures, particu- larly in the different branches of iron-work and clock-work. Popu- lation 58,000.-50, 39 N. 5, 32 E. Lier', or Lierre', a town in the province of Antwerp, at the junc- tion of the two Nethes, has a con- siderable trade. Pop. 10,500. — 51, 8 N. 4, 35 E. Lim'burg, a province to the N. of Liege, having a superficial ex- tent of 1785 square miles, and 341,880 inhabitants. Part of this province, including Maestricht, its chief town, remains attached to the king of Holland. Lim'burg, a town in the province of Liege, formerly the capital of the province of Limburg. P. 2000. Lok'eren, a flourishing town in E. Flanders, between Ghent and Antwerp, carries on a good corn trade and large manufactures. P. 12,861.-51, 6 N. 3, 59 E. Louvain', a large town in S. Bra- bant, on the Dyle. Its walls are nearly 7 miles in circuit : but tire space which they enclose is chiefly occupied by gardens and vineyards. Its university, once celebrated, has been iately revived. Population 25,400.-50, 53 N. 4, 41 E. Lys, a river which rises in the N. of France, passes Menin and Courtray, and joins the Scheldt at Ghent. MAESE. See Holland, p. 90. Mec'/din (Fr. Malin'es), a town in the province of Antwerp, on the Dyle, with a beautiful ancient ca- thedral ; it is noted for manufac- tures of fine lace and linens. Pop. 20,000.-51, 2 N. 4, 20 E. Men'in, a fortified town of W. Flanders, on the Lys, with consi- derable manufactures. Pop. 5000. Mons, the capital of the province of Hainault, on the small river Trouille; in the neighbourhood are extensive coal-mines. It is strongly fortified, and is one of the princi- pal barrier- towns against France. Pop. 23,000.-50, 26 N. 3, 58 E. NAMUR (Namoor'), a province S. of Brabant, having a superficial extent of 1236 square miles, and a population of 217,935. Namur', the capital of the pro- vince o'f Namur, situate at the con- fluence of the Maese and the Sam- bre, in a beautiful valley between high hills. The mines and iron- works employ a great number of the inhabitants. Population 17,000. —50, 28 N. 4, 52 E. Nicholas, St, a handsome town in E. Flanders, with considerable manufactures. Pop. 14,000. — 51, 9 N. 4, 8 E. Nieu'port, a fishing and trading town in W. Flanders. Population 3000.— 51, 8 N. 2, 45 E. Nivell'tfs, a town in S. Brabant, with manufactures of lace and cambric. Population 7000. BELGIUM. QSTEND', a seaport in W. Flanders, from which packets re- gularly sail to Dover, Ramsgate, and London. Ostend is famous in history for its obstinate defence against a siege of the Spaniards for upwards of 3 years, A.D. 1601- 1604. Pop. 10,500.-51, 14 N. 2, 55 E. Oudenarde', a town in E. Flan- ders, on the Scheldt. Here the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene gained a memorable battle over the French, in 1708. Po- pulation 5100. — 50, 52 N. 5, 36 E. Ourthe, a river of Belgium, which joins the Maese at Liege. RAM'ILLIES, a village in S. Brabant, where, in 1706, the Duke of Marlborough gained a signal victory over the French. Renau-r', a town in E. Flanders, near Oudenarde. Pop. 10,000. — 50, 46 N. 3, 56 E. Rousselaer', a town in W. Flan- ders, has a considerable commerce. Population 8485. SAM'BRE, a river which rises in the north of France, and falls into the Maese at Namur. Sc/zeld/, or Scheldt, a river which rises in France near Cambray, winds through E. Flanders, passing Ghent and Brussels, and falls into the German Ocean by two mouths called the E. and W. Scheldt. Spa, a town in the province of Liege, situate amid romantic seen- 95 ery, and one of the most celebrated watering-places in Europe. Popu- lation 5000.— 50, 31 N. 5, 52 E. TfflELT, a town in W. Flanders, with extensive manufactures. Po- pulation 10,000.-51, 1 N. 3, 21 E. Tir'lemont, a fortified town in S. Brabant, on the Geete, with con- siderable woollen manufactures. Pop. 8000.— 50, 48 N. 4, 55 E. Ton'gres, the principal town of that part of Limburg assigned by the late treaty to Belgium. P. 4000. Tournay (Toor'nay), a town in the province of Hainault, on the Scheldt, with considerable manu- factures of carpets and cloths. Po- pulation 23,256.-50, 36 N. 3, 24 E. Trond, St, an ancient town in the province of Limburg. P. 7000. Turnhout',amanufacturingtown in the province of Antwerp. Popu- lation 10,827 —51, 20 N. 4, 36 E. VER'VIERS, a thriving town in the province of Liege, with con- siderable manufactures, particu- larly of woollen cloths. Popula- tion 12,000.-50, 58 N. 5, 54 E. WATERLOO', a village 9 miles S. of Brussels, where the most ce- lebrated battle in modern times was gained by the Duke of Wel- lington over Napoleon, 18th June 1815.— P. 1900.— 50, 43 N. 4, 25 E. YPRES (Ee'pray), a fortified town in W. Flanders, situate on a small river. Population 15,500.— 50, 50 N. 2, 51 E. FRANCE Is bounded N. by Belgium and the English Channel ; W. by the Bay of Biscay ; S. by the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean ; and E. by Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. It contains 204,000 square miles. Popu- lation 32,560,934. Divisions. — France was formerly divided into 35 provinces. At the Revolution of 1789, these were sub- divided into departments, the number of which, by the addition of Corsica, amounts to 86. Provinces. Departments. Chief Towns. French Flanders.... North { L ^ y X y w m ‘ ** PasJe-Calak 96 Provinces. Picardy FRANCE. Departments. .Somme Normandy . Isle of France- Lower Seine . Eure Calvados-.... Manche ^Orne 'Aisne ' Oise Champagne. . Seine and Oise | Seine Seine and Marne... | Ardennes Marne Aube ^Upper Marne Lorraine . Alsace Franche-Comte'.. Burgundy Orleanais. , Maine Brittany, or Bre- tagne Me -| Moselle j Meurthe (^Vosges...-. J LoWer Rhine t Up'per'Rfflne f Upper Saone -< Doubs t J ura f Yonne J Cote d’Or j Saone and Loire.. ^Ain ( Eure and Loir..., -< Loiret l Loir and Cher.... f Mayenne f Sarthe 'Ille and Vilaine., Cotes du Nord... Anjou Touraine . Berri Nivernais Bourbonnais.. Finistere Morbihan Lower Loire ...Maine and Loire. ...Indre and Loire.. f Cher | Indre ...Nievre ...Allier Chief Towns. Amiens, Abbeville. Rouen, Dieppe, Ha- vre de Grace. Evreux. Caen. St Lo, Cherbourg. Alencon. Laon, Soissons. . Beauvais. Versailles, St Ger- main. Paris, St Denis. Melun, Fontaine- bleau. Mezieres, Sedan. Chalons, Rheims. Troyes. .Chaumont. Bar-le-Duc, Ver- dun. .Metz, Thionville. Nancy, Luneville. Epinal. Strasburg.’ .Colmar. " Vesoul. Besangon. Lons-le-Saulnier. .Auxerre, Sens. Dijon. Macon, Autun. , Bourg. .Chartres. .Orleans. .Blois. Laval, Mayenne. Le Mans. Rennes, St Male. .St Brieuc. Quimper, Brest, Morlaix. . Vannes, L’Orient. .Nantes. .Angers, Saumur. .Tours. .Bourges. .Chateauroux. .Nevers. , Moulin s. FRANCE. Provinces. Departments. Chief Towns. ( Rhone Lyons. 4-1-v « 97 Guienne. Gascony. Lyonnais < T f Montbrison, St l 1 " 01 ™ I Etienne. f Puy de Dome Clermont. Auver s ne icantal Aurillac. La Marche Creuse Gueret. f V endee Bourbon-Vendee. Poitou -J Two Sevres Niort. h Vienne Poitiers. A unis f , I La Rochelle, Roche- Saintonge -J Lower Charente ( fort, Saintes. Angoumois ( Charente Angouleme. > {SBS^rzrSsr- Dordogne Perigueux. Gironde *. Bordeaux. Lot Cahors. Aveyron Rhodez. Tam and Garonne.... Montauban. Lot and Garonne Agen. Landes Mont-de-Marsan. Gers Auch. w Upper Pyrenees Tarbes, Bagneres. Ardeche Privas. Upper Loire Le Puy. Lozere Mende. Gard Nimes. Herault Montpellier. Tarn Alby, Castres. Upper Garonne Toulouse. j f Carcassonne, Nar- Aude \ bonne. Isere Grenoble, Vienne. Drome Valence. Upper Alps Gap. Lower Alps Digne. V*r J Draguignan, Tou- ( Ion. ^Mouths of the Rhone. Marseilles, Aix. Comtat d’Avig- r non, or de Ve-- naissin.. Roussillon Eastern Pyrenees Perpignan. Comtat de Foix Ariege Foix. Bearn Lower Pyrenees Pau, Bayonne. Corsica Ajaccio, Bastia. Islands. — U sliant, Belleisle, Noirmoutier, Rhe, Oleron, Hieres, Corsica. Languedoc., Dauphin^ . Provence.. Vaucluse Avignon 7 FRANCE. 98 Capes — La Hogue, Barfleur. Mountains. — Pyrenees, part of the Alps, Cevennes, Cantal, Puy de Dome, Mount Jura, Vosges. Rivers. — Seine, Loire, Garonne, Rhone, Rhine, Moselle, Meuse, Scheldt, or Escaut, Somme, Marne, Saone, Orne, Vilaine, Sevre, Charente, Adour. Foreign Possessions — In the West Indies, Mar- tinique, Guadaloupe, &c. ; in South America, Cayenne; in Africa, Algiers, Senegal, and the Isle of Goree ; in the Indian Ocean, Bourbon ; in the East Indies, Pon- dicherry and Chandernagore. REMARKS. France lies between 42° 20', and 51° 5' N. lat. ; and be- tween 4° 49' W. and 8° 16' E. long. Its length, from North to South, is 600 miles, and its breadth, from East to West, is 580 miles. Although in a country of such extent much variety of as- pect may be expected, the general appearance of France is level. In the hilly districts, and in the valleys through which its rivers glide, particularly the Seine and Loire, the scenery is often highly picturesque and beautiful ; but the country may be regarded as in general tame and uninterest- ing. The English traveller has to proceed 400 miles south from Calais, before he reaches the mountains of Auvergne, which are connected with those of Dauphine, Languedoc, and Provence. This enormous assemblage of rocks, chiefly basaltic, covers an extent of 120 miles. The other ridges are the Vosges Mountains on the eastern frontier ; a chain of the Alps, which penetrates into Provence and Dauphine, and, stretching northward, separates France from Italy and Switzerland ; and the Pyrenees, the mountain -barrier be- tween France and Spain. Placed in the middle of the temperate zone, France enjoys a peculiarly fine climate. It varies, indeed, considerably in the different regions. In the north it resembles the cli- mate of the south-west of England ; although in summer it is rather hotter, as well as more humid ; and in winter the cold is sometimes more severe. In the central region, particularly in the provinces of Touraine and Limousin, the temperature is delightful, and the air pure, light, and elastic. But in this region violent storms of rain and hail occasionally destroy the vintage and corn ; and frosts occur later in spring, and earlier in autumn, than in the PRANCE. 99 south of England, The heat in the southern region is ex- cessive during the months of June, July, August, and part of September. October and November are here the plea- santest months of the year. In the mountainous tracts of this region storms often rage with dreadful violence ; and the swarms of flies and other insects are equally annoying and destructive. The soil is various, — but the greater part of it is highly fertile, and produces admirable crops. Grain of all kinds is raised in the northern districts, which are not very favour- able to the growth of the vine. In the middle districts, vines, and every species of grain, grow luxuriantly, — while, in the southern districts, olives, maize, and even the orange, are cultivated with advantage. The wines of France, par- ticularly those of Burgundy, Champagne, and the claret of Bordeaux, are the most esteemed of any in Europe. Al- though coal is found in various parts of France, and is wrought for the use of manufactories; yet, as it is little em- ployed for domestic fuel, great plantations are raised in al- most every part of the country, both for firewood, and for covert to the beasts of the chase. Among the wild ani- mals of France may be mentioned the wolf ; and the bear is still found in the Pyrenees. Provence, Languedoc, and Dauphine, maintain large flocks of sheep, which annually migrate from the mountainous to the plain country, and back again. They travel in flocks of from 10,000 to 40,000, under the care of shepherds, and are from 20 to 30 days on the journey. The most extensive and fertile pastures for cattle are in Normandy. The minerals of France are of considerable importance. Iron and lead abound in Bretagne. Antimony is found in various places in such quantities as would supply the whole of Europe. Silver, copper, cobalt, manganese, zinc, vitriol, and alum, may be enumerated among the other productions of its mines. Jet is found in great quantities in the de- partment of the Aube ; and turquoises, little inferior to those of the East, are procured among the mountains of Avey- ron. Quarries of excellent freestone occur in many parts of the kingdom, especially in the neighbourhood of Paris — of jasper in Franche Comte, and of beautiful marble in the Pyrenees. At Salins, in Franche Comte, are salt-springs. The principal mineral waters are at Aix, Bagneres, and Bareges. The hot springs of Bareges are well known. Among the natural curiosities of France, the most re- markable is the plain of La Crau, on the east side of the FRANCE. 100 Rhone. It covers an area of about 20 square leagues, filled with gravel of quartz, — some of which are as large as a man’s head, — and the whole plain is as destitute of vegetation as the shingle of the seashore. France abounds in antiquities. At Nimes there are more numerous and interesting monuments of Roman art than in any other city, perhaps, in Europe, with the exception of Rome itself. Of these the most remarkable are the Maison Quarree, an edifice of beautiful architecture, and almost as entire as when built in the reign of Augustus; — a beautiful fountain, with the remains of baths, statues, and other deco- rations ; — a building supposed to have been a pantheon ; — and the walls of an amphitheatre, nearly as spacious as the Coliseum of Rome, and in a better state of preservation. Druidic circles and other monuments are found in Picardy ; and on the coast of Vannes, in Bretagne, there is a Druidic monument far surpassing that of Stonehenge. In the ca- thedral church of Bayeux, in Normandy, is preserved a suite of tapestry, said to be the work of Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror, representing the progress and termination of the grand contest between her husband and Harold. In political importance, France is one of the first coun- tries in the world. The compactness of her territory gives her the ready command of a dense population ; her re- sources are ample; and her subjects, active, brave, and fond of military glory, rush eagerly, at the slightest call, to com- pose or re-enforce her armies. Her history, under Napo- leon, proves what she is able to achieve in war. In 1812, her army amounted to 600,000 men. After the peace of 1815, it was very greatly reduced ; but, in consequence of recent events, it has been again augmented, and is supposed to exceed 400,000. Were the navy of France equal to her army, she would be the most formidable power in Europe. In that important species of force she is very far inferior to Great Britain. At present she possesses only 34 ships of the line, and 39 frigates. Her revenue is about £41,000,000, and the debt £207,864,000 sterling. Ample as her resources are, France yields the palm, both in manufactures and commerce, to Britain. Her silks and woollen cloths are, indeed, remarkable for the du- rability of their texture and their fine colours ; her laces and linens, her plate-glass and porcelains, are in extensive de- mand ; and her wines and brandies, and printed books, are exported every where ; but several circumstances, among which may be remarked deficient means of internal commu- FRANCE. 101 location, the prevalent system of banking, and the regula- tion of her currency, combine to circumscribe her trade. The anti-commercial spirit, and attachment to prohibitory laws and duties, evinced by the successive races of French statesmen, have also very much fettered the development of her productive industry. The manners of the French are extremely agreeable. They are lively, good-humoured, polite, and attentive to strangers; and their morals, except in large cities, are at least as pure as those of their neighbours. In literature and science the French have long held a distinguished place ; but they are more to be admired for wit and elegance, than for sublimity of imagination, or profound reach of thought. After the agitation of the Revolution had subsided, France gradually returned from the anarchy of republicanism to the more settled state of monarchy. Under Bonaparte the go- vernment was military and absolute. On the restoration of the Bourbon family, it was modified into a resemblance of that of Britain. Since the last revolution of 1830, which again expelled the ancient regal branch of the Bourbons, and elevated Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, to the throne, the popular influence has been greatly increased. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of France ? What is its extent in square miles ? What population does it contain ? What are its provinces ? Into what departments have those provinces been divided ? What are the principal towns of Picardy ? Of Normandy, &c. ? Name the chief islands of France — its capes — its mountains — its rivers — its foreign possessions. Where is Pau, Paris, Caen, Marseilles, Versailles, Nar- bonne, Dunkirk, Calais, La Rochelle, A gen, &c. ? Where are the Cevennes Mountains, La Hogue, the Seine, Noirmou- tier, the Somme, Orne, Loire, Belleisle, Barfleur, Vosges, Puy de Dome, &c. ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is France situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its general appearance ? In what parts of the country does pic- turesque and beautiful scenery occur ? At what distance from Calais does the traveller meet with mountains ? What ex- tent is occupied by this enormous assemblage of rocks ? What are the other principal ridges of mountains in France ? What description of climate does France enjoy? What country does the northern region resemble in climate, and with what difference ? Describe the climate of the central region. During what months does excessive heat prevail in the south- ern region ? What are the pleasantest months of the year there ? To what evils is this part of the country exposed ? FRANCE. 102 What is the general description of the soil ? What are the prevailing productions in the several districts ? For what pur- poses are great plantations raised in every part of the country ? By what species of wild animals is France infested ? What is remarkable about the sheep in the southern provinces ? In what provinces are the most extensive pastures for cattle ? Are the minerals of France important? Enumerate its principal metals. Where does jet abound ? Where are tur- quoises procured? Where do quarries of freestone, of jasper, and of beautiful marble occur ? Where are salt-springs found ? Where are the principal mineral springs ? What is the most remarkable natural curiosity in France? Does France abound in antiquities ? At what place are the most remarkable monuments of Roman art ?, Mention the princi- pal of them. In what provinces are Druidic monuments to be seen ? What relic of antiquity is preserved in the cathedral church of Bayeux ? What rank does France hold in political importance ? What circumstances contribute to her military strength ? How has she recently proved what she is able to achieve in war ? What was the amount of her army in 1812 ? What is its present amount? What is the amount of her navy ? What is her revenue and debt ? Is France equal to Great Britain in commerce and manu- factures ? Mention some of her principal manufactures. By what circumstances is her trade fettered and circumscribed ? What are the characteristic manners of the French ? Are their morals particularly corrupt ? What place do they hold in literature and science ? For what literary quality are they chiefly to be admired ? Through what changes has the go- vernment of France passed since the Revolution ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. ABBE'VILLE, a manufactur- ing town in Picardy, on the Somme. Population 19,162.-50° & N. lat. 1° 48' E. long. Adour (Adoor'), a river rising in the Pyrenees, and flowing into the Bay of Biscay below Bayonne. Agen ( Aw'zheng),a town in Gui- enne, capital of the department of Lot and Garonne, situate on the Garonne. Population 12,631.-44, 13 N. 0, 38 E. Agincourt ( Ad'jinkort), a village in Artois, famous for the great vic- tory gained by Henry V. of Eng- land, 25th October 1415. Pop. 500. Ain, a river which rises in Mount Jura, and falls into the Rhone above Lyons. k Aisne, a river which rises on the borders of Lorraine, and, passing Soissons, joins the Oise near Com- piegne. Aix (Aiz), an ancient city of Provence, founded by the Romans 120 B. C. who named it Aqucs Sex - tice, from its celebrated hot baths ; it has considerable trade and ma- nufactures. Population 22,575. — 43, 32 N. 5, 27 E. Ajac'cio, a seaport, the capital of Corsica, and the birthplace of Na- poleon Bonaparte in 1769. P. 9531. Al'ais, a town in Languedoc, at the foot of the Cevennes. P. 12,077. Al'by, an ancient city of Langue- doc, capital of the department of Tarn, with a fine cathedral. Po- pulation 11,665. Alen'con, a town in Normandy, capital of the department of Orne, on the Sarthe j it possesses exten- FRANCE sive manufactures. Pop. 14,019.— 48 , 25 N. 0, 4 E. Al'lier, a river which rises in Mount Loz 6 re, flows northward, and, passing Moulins, enters the Loire below Nevers. Alsace', a province in the N. E. of the kingdom, bounded on the east by the Rhine. A'miens, an ancient city of Pi- cardy, capital of the department of Somme, with considerable manu- factures. Its cathedral is a noble edifice. Here was concluded a treaty of peace, March 25, 1802, between Britain and France. Pop. 45,000.-49, 53 N. 2, 18 E. Angers', a town in Anjou, ca- pital of the department of Maine and Loire, near the junction of the Sarthe, the Mayenne, and the Loire, carries on considerable trade. P.82,743.— 47, 28 N. 0,35 W. Angouleme', a handsome town in Angoumois, capital of the de- partment of Charente, situate on an eminence in the centre of a beautiful valley, through which flows the Charente. It is celebrat- ed for its paper manufactures. Po- pulation 15,186.-45, 38 N. 0, 8 W. Angoumois', a province in the west of the kingdom. Anjou ( Awngzhoo'), a province south-east of Bretagne. Ariege', a river which has its source in the Pyrenees, passes Foix, and falls into the Garonne near Toulouse. Arles, a very ancient city of Pro- vence, on the Rhone. Pop. 20,236. Ar'ras, a strong town in Artois, capital of the department of Pas- de-Calais, situate on the Scarpe, with a fine Gothic cathedral. It is famous for its tapestry. Population 23,419.-50, 18 N. 2, 45 E. Artois (Art'waa), a province in the north of the kingdom. Auch (Osh), a city in Gascony, capital of the department of the Gers; its cathedral is one of the finest in France. Pop. 9801. Auril'lac, a town in Auvergne, capital of the department of Can- tal. Population 9966. Autun (O'teung), an ancient city in Burgundy, containing remains of Roman magnificence. P. 9921. Auvergne', a mountainous pro- vince in the interior. Auxerre (Ozare'), a city in Bur- 103 gundy, the capital of the depart- ment of Yonne, surrounded by ex- tensive vineyards. Pop. 11,439. Avey'ron, a river which rises in the Cevennes, and, flowing west- ward by Rhodez and Villefranche, joins tlie Tarn below Montauban. Avignon (Avinyong'), a province in the S. E. Avignon', a handsome city, capi- tal of the department of Vaucluse, situate on the Rhone in a rich and fruitful plain. The celebrated fountain of Vaucluse, hallowed by the names of Petrarch and Laura, is within a few miles of Avignon. Pop. 29,889.-43, 57 N. 4, 51 E. BAGNERES', a town in Upper Pyrenees, on the Adour, celebrat- ed for its mineral waters and warm baths. Pop. 7586. Bareges', a village about 14 miles S. of Bagneres, famed for its mi- neral hot springs. Pop. 700. Bar'fleur, a promontory and small town on the coast of Nor- mandy.— 49, 40 N. 1, 16 W. Bar-le-Duc, a town in Lorraine, capital of the departmentof Meuse, on the Orne; the vicinity is cele- brated for its wine. Pop. 12,496. Basque Roads, on the coast of Charente, between the IsleofOle- ron, La Rochelle, and Rochefort. Bastia, a seaport in Corsica, with a strong castle. Pop. 9600. Bay'euar, a town in Normandy, with a noble cathedral. P. 10,303. Bayonne', a strong seaport, in the department of Lower Pyrenees, finely situate at the confluence of the Nive and the Adour, about a mile from the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 14,713.-43, 30 N. 1, 31 W. Bearn', a small province in the S. W. of the kingdom. Beaucaire' (Bo), a town in Lan- guedoc, on the Rhone ; its annual fair, held for six days, is one of the greatest in Europe. Pop. 9600. Beaune, a town in Burgundy, famed for its wine. Pop. 9908. Beauvais (Bovay'), a thriving town in the Isle of France, capital of the department of Oise, with a fine cathedral ; it is noted for its beautiful tapestry. Pop. 12,867. Bellmle', an island off the S. coast of Bretagne. Pop. 8000.— 47, 20 N. 3, 10 W. Ber'ri, a province in the interior. B esan ' 9 on , a handsome and strong FRANCE, 104 city in Franche-Comt^, capital of the department of Doubs, with se- veral remains of antiquity. It has a considerable trade, particularly in the making of clocks and watches. Pop. 29,167 —47, 14 N. 6, 2 E. Beziers', an ancient city of Lower I anguedoc, on the Orb, near the Royal Canal. Pop. 16,769. Blois (Blo'aw), an ancient city of Orleanais, capital of the depart- ment of Loir and Cher, situate on the Loire, overhanging which is its celebrated castle on a rock. Pop. 13,138.-47, 36 N. 1, 19 E. Bordeaux (Bordo'), one of the most opulent and elegant cities in France, and the capital of the de- partment of Gironde, situate on the Garonne. The commerce of Bordeaux is very extensive, its great articles of export being wines, brandies, and fruits. P. 109,467. —44, 50 N. 0, 35 W. Boulogne', a strong seaport in the department of Pas-de-Calais. Pop. 20,856.-50, 42 N. 1, 36 E. Bourbon'nais, a province in the interior of the kingdom. BourTbon-Vendee (Vang'day), a town in Poitou, capital of the de- partment of Vendee. Pop. 3904. Bourg, a city in Burgundy, capi- tal of the department of Ain, near which is a magnificent church and monastery. Pop. 8996. Bourges, a city in Berri, capital of the department of Cher, at the confluence of the Auron and the Ievre, distinguished for its fine cathedral, and as being the seat of a university. Pop. 19,730. Brest, a' strongly-fortified sea- port in Bretagne, and the chief naval station of France on the At- lantic, with an excellent, harbour and roadstead. Population 29,860. —48, 22 N. 4, 34 W. Bretagne', or Brit'tany, a large maritime province in the N. W. Brieuc, or Brieux, St, a town in Burgundy, capital of the depart- ment of Cotes du Nord, near the English Channel. Pop. 10,402. Bur'gundy, a province in the E. celebrated for its fine wines. CAEN, (Kang), an ancient city of Normandy, capital of the depart- ment of Calvados, situate on the Orne, which is navigable for large vessels. It is the seat of a cele- brated university, and here Wil- liam the Conqueror was interred. Pop. 39,140.-49, 11 N. 0, 23 W. Cahors', a thriving town in Gui- enne, capital of the department of Lot; its vicinity produces excel- lent wine. Pop. 12,056. Cal'cris (or Calay'), a . seaport nearly opposite to Dover in Eng- land, between which packets sail regularly. After a memorable siege, it surrendered to Edward III. in 1347, and remained in the posses- sion of the English till 1557, when it was taken by the Duke of Guise. Pop. 10,437.-50, 58 N. 1, 50 E. Cam'bray, an ancient city of French Flanders, with a strong citadel on a commanding eminence. It was the archiepiscopal see of Fenelon, and has been long famed for the manufacture of cambric , a name derived from this city Pop. 17,646.-50, 10 N. 3, 17 E. Cantal', a chain of mountains in Auvergne ; of which the Plomb de Cantal is 6200, and the Puy de Sauci 6500 feet high. Carcassonne', a handsome town in Languedoc, capital of the de- partment of Aude, with manufac- tures of cloth. Pop. 17,394. Cevennes', a chain of mountains in the N. E. of Languedoc, re- markable as the retreat of the Pro- testants in the 17th century. Chalons-sur-Marne (Sha'long), an ancient town in Champagne, capital of the department of Marne, situate, as its name expresses, on the Marne. Pop. 12,413. Chaflons-sur-Saone, a flourishing town in Burgundy, situate at the entrance of the central canal which unites the Saone and the Loire. Population 12,220. Champagne (Shampan'), a pro- vince in the N. E. celebrated for the wine to which it gives name. Charente (Sharangt'), a river which rises in Poitou, and, flowing by a very circuitous course, passes Cognac and Saintes, and falls into the Bay of Biscay below Rochefort. Char'trcs, a city of Orleanais, capital of the department of Eure and Loir, situate on the Eure, with a splendid cathedral. Pop. 14,439. Chateauroux (Shato'roo), a town in Berri, capital of the department of Indre, with large woollen ma- nufactures. Population 11,587. Chaumont (Sho'mong), a town in PRANCE Champagne, capital of the depart- ment of Upper Marne. P. 6318. Cher, a river which rises in the mountains of Auvergne, washes St Amand, and flows into the Loire near Tours. Cherbourg (Sher'boorg), an im- portant seaport on the coast of Normandy, between capes La Hogue and Barfleur. Pop. 18,445. —19, 37 N. 1, 35 W. Clermont (Clair'mong), a city of Auvergne, capital of the depart- ment of Puy de Dome, situate on the summit of a steep hill. It is the birthplace of Pascal, the seat of a college, and possesses consi- derable trade. Pop. 28,257. — 15, 47 N. 3, 4 E. Cognac (Coniak'), a town on the Charente, famed for its brandy. Pop. 3409.— 45, 40 N. 0, 19 W. Colmar', a town in Alsace, capi- tal of the department of Upper Rhine, situate near the Ille, in a fertile plain. Pop. 15,442. Compieg-ne', a town on the Oise, near its junction with the Aisne, 45 miles N. E. of Paris, with a royal palace. Pop. 8879. Con'de, a strong frontier fort- ress in French Flanders, on the Scheldt. Pop. 4600. Cor'sica, a large island in the Mediterranean, to the N. of Sardi- nia, from which it is separated by the straits of Bonifacio. It abounds in mountains and forests, diversi- fied with fertile plains. The great- est elevation, Monte Rotondo, is 9060 feet high. Pop. 195,407. Cres'sy, or Cre'cy, a village of Artois, to the north of Abbeville, memorable for the great victory gained by Edward III. over the French, August 26, 1346. DAU'PHINE", a large and mountainous province in the S. E. bounded by the Alps. Den'is, St, a town near the banks of the Seine, 5 miles N. of Paris, with a celebrated abbey and mag- nificent church, the burialplace of the French kings. Pop. 9686. Dieppe', a seaport of Normandy, with a good harbour. Pop. 16,016. —49, 55 N. 1,3 W. Dig-ne, a town in Provence, ca- pital of the department of Low r er Alps, on the Bleone, a tributary of the Durance. It is celebrated for its hot-baths. Pop. 3932. 105 Dijon (Deezhong'), a city in Burgundy, capital of the depart- ment of Cote d’Or, pleasantly situ- ate in a fertile plain between two rivers. It has many fine struc- tures, and is the seat of a distin- guished university. Bossuet, Cre- billon.and Buffon, w r ere natives of Dijon. P. 23,552.-47, 18 N. 5,5 E. Dole, an ancient town in Franche- Comt£, on the Doubs and the ca- nal uniting the Rhone with the Rhine. Population 9927. Dordogne', a large river which rises in the mountains of Au- vergne, and joins the Garonne be- low Bordeaux. Dou'ay, a fortified town of French Flanders, on the Scarpe, with a large arsenal and foundery for can- non. It has a college for the edu- cation of English Catholics. Pop. 18,793.— 50, 22 N. 3, 7 E. Dragui^-n'an, a town in Pro- vence, capital of the department of Var. Population 9804. Dun'kirk, a strong seaport of French Flanders, with an excel- lent roadstead. Pop. 24,937. — 51, 3 N. 2, 28 E. Durance', a rapid river rising in Mont Gen^vre, and discharg- ing itself into the Rhone near Avignon. It is the Druentia of the Romans, which Hannibal crossed in his march to the passage of the Alps. ELBEUF', a town in Norman- dy, on the Seine, with extensive cloth manufactures. Pop. 9600. EpinaP, a town in Lorraine, ca- pital of the department of Vosges, situate on the Moselle. Pop. 9070. Etienne', St, a flourishing town in Lyonnais, department of Loire, with very extensive manufactures of arms, hardware, and ribands. Pop. 33,064. EvreuaP, an ancient town in Nor- mandy, capital of the department of Eure, situate on the I ton, in a fertile valley, with considerable trade. Population 9963. FALAISE', a manufacturing town in Normandy, the birthplace of William the Conqueror, with a strong castle. Pop. 9581. Fleche, La, a town in Anjou, on the Loire, noted for its military school founded by Bonaparte. Po- pulation 6421. Foix (Foaw), a town on the FRANCE 106 Ari&ge, capital of the department of Ari£ge. Population 4857. Fontainebleau (bio'), a town 42 miles S. E. of Paris, surround- ed by a forest of nearly 30,000 acres ; its royal palace was a favour- ite residence of Napoleon. P. 8122. France, Isle of, a province in which the capital is situate, now forming the departments of Oise, Seine, Seine and Oise, and Seine and Marne. Franche-Comte (Cong'tay), a province on the borders of Swit- zerland. GAP, a town in Dauphin^, capi- tal of the department of Upper Alps, in adeep valley among moun- tains. Pop. 7215. Gard, a river which rises in the Cevennes, and flows into the Rhone near Beaucaire. Garonne', a large and important river, which rises in the Pyrenees, and traverses the S. W. region of the kingdom ; below Bordeaux it receives the Dordogne, when it as- sumes the name of the Gironde. Gas'cony, a province in the S. W. Ger'main, St, a town situate on the Seine, 12 miles N. W. of Paris, in the vicinity of a fine forest. Its ancient castle, and magnificent ter- race, 2 miles in length, command a delightful view. Pop. 10,67 1. Gers, a river which rises in the Pyrenees, and, flowing northward, falls into the Garonne above Agen. Gironde', a river, or rather an estuary, formed by the junction of the Garonne and Dordogne, dis- charging its waters into the Atlan- tic after a course of 45 miles. Grasse, a town in Provence, si- tuate on the side of a hill, and surrounded by rich fields and gar- dens. Pop. 12,716. Greno'ble, a strong town in Dau- phine, capital of the department of Isere, whose plains are covered with vineyards and mulberry-trees. It has a university, and is noted for its manufacture of gloves. Pop. 24,888. — 45, 12 N. 5, 45 E. Guexet', a town in La Marche, capital of the department of Creuse. Population 3921. Gttienne', a province in the S. W. separated from Gascony by the Garonne. HAVRE, LE, or Havre de Grace (Grawss), a flourishing sea- port in Normandy, at the mouth of the Seine. Pop. 23,816.-49, 29 N. 0, 9 E. Hier'ej, a cluster of islets in the Mediterranean, S. of Provence,— 43, 0 N. 6, 20 E. Hog ue t La, a cape in the N. W, of Normandy, off which, in 1692, the English gained a great naval victory. — 49, 35 N. 1, 15 W. Hon'fleur, a seaport in Norman- dy, at the mouth of the Seine. Population 8600. ISERE', a rapidriver which rises in the Alps, passes through Gre- noble, and runs into the Rhone above Valence. Issou'dun, a handsome manufac- turing town in Berri, department of Indre. Population 11,664. Ju'ra, Mount, a great chain of mountains between France and Switzerland, the highest peak of which is 5636 feet above the sea. LAN'GRES, an ancient town in Champagne, near the sources of the Marne, the highest situate town in France, noted for its excellent cutlery. Population 7460. Languedoc', an extensive pro- vince in the S. celebrated for its fine climate and the luxuriant fer- tility of its plains. Languedoc', Canal of, extends from the Mediterranean to Tou- louse, where it enters the Garonne, forming an inland navigation from sea to sea. This grand canal is 150 miles long, and cost upwards of £1,300,000. La'on, a town in the Isle of France, capital of the department of Aisne. Population 8400. Lav'al, a town in Maine, capital of the department of Mayenne, with linen manufactures. P. 16,401. Lille, or Lisle, a flourishing city in French Flanders, capital of the departm en t of the N orth , situate on the Deul, and one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. It has ex- tensive trade and manufactures. Pop. 69,073.-50, 38 N. 3, 5 E. Limoges', a town in Limousin, capital of the department of Upper Vienne, with considerable woollen and porcelain manufactures. Pop. 27,070.-45, 50 N. 1, 12 E. Limou'sin (seng), an interior province VV. of Auvergne. Lo, St, a manufacturing town in Normandy, capital of the depart- FRANCE. ment of Manche, on the Vere. Pop. 8421. Loire ( Loawr') , a great river wh ich has its source in the Cevennes, and traverses the central region of the kingdom. Its course, for above 300 miles, is N. W. till it reaches the city of Orleans, thence, flowing westward, it discharges itself into the Atlantic below Nantes. Lons-le-Saul'nier (Long), a town in Franche-Comte, capital of the department of Jura, situate on two small rivers, and in the vicinity of salt-springs. Pop. 7918. L’O'rient (ang), a strong and handsome seaport in Bretagne, de- partment of Morbihan ; a depot for naval stores. Pop. 18,322. — 47, 44 N. 3, 23 W. Lorraine', a province in the N.E. bounded on the north by the duchy of Luxemburg. Louviers', a flourishing town of Normandy, on the Eure, a great seat for the manufacture of fine cloths. Population 9885. Lune'ville, a town in Lorraine, near the Meurthe, with a military school. Here a treaty of peace was concluded between France and Austria in 1801. Pop. 12,341. Lyon'nais, a province in the S. E. separated from Dauphine by the Rhone. Ly'ons (Fr. Lyon), capital of the department of Rhone, beautifully situate at the confluence of the Rhone^and the Saone, is, in wealth and population, the second city in France, and particularly distin- guished for its extensive manufac- tures of silks and other rich fabrics. Lyons, the Lugdunum of the an- cients, was early an important city, and it still contains several remains of Roman magnificence. P. with suburbs, 165,459.-45, 44 N. 4, 50 E. MACON (Makong'), a town in Burgundy, capital of the depart- ment of Saone and Loire, noted for its excellent wine. Pop. 10,998. —46, 17 N. 4, 50 E. Maine, a province in the W. to the south of Normandy. Ma'lo, or Ma'loes, St, a strong seaport in Bretagne, with a good trade. Population 9981. Mans, Le (Mawng), a manufac- turing town in Maine, capital of the department of Sarthe. Pop. 19,792—48, 2 N. 0, 8 E. 107 Marche, La (Marsh), a province between Poitou and Auvergne. Marne, a large river which rises in the heights of Langres in Cham- pagne, and enters the Seine at Cha- renton, near Paris. Marseilles' (Fr. Marseille), a flourishing commercial city and seaport on the Mediterranean, ca- pital of the department of Mouths of the Rhone, and the great empo- rium of the trade to the Levant. It was founded by the Phocians of Ionia 539 years B. C. and named Massilia. Pop. 145,115. — 43, 18 N. 5, 23 E. Mayenne', a river which rises in Normandy, passes Angers, and falls into the Loire. Meaux (Mo), a town in Cham- pagne, on the Seine, the episcopal see of the celebrated Bossuet. It has a great trade in corn and cheese. Pop. 8537. Melun', capital of the department of Seine and Marne, 25 miles S.E, of Paris. Pop. 6622. Mende, a manufacturing town in Languedoc, capital of the de- partment of Lozere. Pop. 5822. Metz, a strongly-fortified town in Lorraine, capital of the depart- ment of Moselle, at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille, has considerable trade and manufac- tures. P. 44,416.-49, 6 N. 6, 12 E. Meuse, a large river which rises in Champagne, and, flowing N. E. passes Verdun, Sedan, Mezieres, and Charlemont, then entering Belgium, and afterwards Holland, falls into the sea below Rotterdam. Mezier'e.?, a strong frontier-town in Champagne, capital of the de- partment of Ardennes, on the Meuse. Population 3759. Montauban (Mongto'bang), a handsome manufacturing town in Guienne, capital of the department of Tarn and Garonne, beautifully situate on the Tarn, and distin- guished for its Protestant univer- sity. P. 25,460.-44, 2 N. 1, 20 E. Montfbrison (zong'ji, a town in Lyonnais, capital of the depart- ment of Loire. Pop. 5265. Mont-de-Marsan', a town in Gas- cony, capital of the department of Landes, on the Bidouze. P. 3774. Montpellier', an ancient town in Languedoc, capital of the depart- ment of Herault, long famed for FRANCE 108 its pure air and mild climate. Its public walk, the Peyron, com- mands a magnificent view of the Mediterranean and distant Pyre- nees. It is the seat of a celebrated medical school, and has consider- able trade and manufactures. Pop. 35,825.-43, 38 N. 3, 52 E. Morlai#', a town on the coast of Bretagne, with considerable trade. Pop. 9596.-48, 34 N. 3, 50 W. Moselle', a river rising in the Vosges Mountains, and, flowing northward, passes Nancy and Metz ; beyond Thionville,it enters the duchy of Luxemburg, and falls into the Rhine at Coblentz. Moulins (MoolengO, a town in Bourbonnais, capital of the depart- ment of Allier ; it was the birth- place of Marshal Villars and the Duke of Berwick. P. 14,672. — 40, 34 N. 3, 22 E. Mulhau'sen, a town in Alsace, on an island formed by the Ille and the Canal of Monsieur, with flou- rishing woollen and printed cotton manufactures. Pop. 13,027. NAN'CV, an elegant city of Lorraine, capital of the depart- ment of Meurthe. The gates appear like triumphal arches, and the Royal Square, built by Stanislaus, king of Poland, is adorned with beautiful fountains. Pop. 29,783. —48, 40 N. 6, 12 E. Nantes ^Nangt), a large com- mercial city and seaport ill Brit- tany, capital of the department of Lower Loire, about 34 miles from the mouth of the Loire. It has an extensive foreign trade, particu- larly with the West Indies. Pop. 87,191.— 47,1 4 N. 1, 34 E. Narbonne', a very ancient city of Languedoc, with a fine Gothic cathedral. Pop. 10,246. Nevers', a town in Nivernais, capital of the department of Nie- vre, at the junction of the Nievre and Loire/celebrated for its enamel and porcelain works. Pop. 15,085. Nimes,orNismes, an ancientcity in Languedoc, capital of the depart- ment of Gard, in a fertile vale, en- compassed by hills. It contains se- veral interesting monuments of Roman antiquity. The silk manu- facture flourishes to a great extent. P. 41,266.-43, 50 N. 4, 23 E. Ni'or£, a town in Poitou, capital of the department of the Two Se- vres, situate on the picturesque banks of the Sevre. Pop. 16,175. Niver'nais, a province in the in- terior, on the west of Burgundy. Noirmou'tier, an island on the coast of Brittany, near the mouth of the Loire. Pop. 5500. Nor'mandy, a maritime province on the English Channel. OISE, a river which rises in the Ardennes, and, receiving the Aisne near Compiegne, falls into the Seine below St Germain. Oleron', an island on the S.W. coast, opposite the mouth of the Charente. Pop. 19,000. — 45, 58 N. 1, 20 W. O'mer, St, a strongly-fortified town of Artois, on the Aar, the seat of a college, and a seminary for English Catholics. Population 19,344.-50, 46 N. 2, 15 E. Orlean'ais, a province in the in- terior of the Isle of France. Orleans (Orleang'), an ancient city of Orleanais, capital of the department of Loiret, beautifully situate on the Loire, over which is a noble bridge. Its cathedral is a fine Gothic^difice ; and it is the seat of a university. Orleans is famous for the memorable siege which its inhabitants, animated by Joan of Arc, sustained against the English, in 1428. Pop. 40,161. —47, 55 N. 1, 54 E. Orne, a river in Normandy, which falls into the English Chan- nel below Caen. P AR'IS, the capital of the king- dom, is divided by the Seine, and connected by 19 elegant bridges. It is distinguished for its superb public edifices and palaces, fine gardens, promenades, and foun- tains. Its celebrated galleries and museums, scientific institutions, and public schools, with its noble libraries, excite universal admira- tion. Paris is about 270 miles dis- tant from London. Pop. 774,338. Pau (Po), a town in Bearn, capital of the department of Lower Pyrenees, beautifully situate on the Gave, the birthplace of Hen- ry IV. of France. Pop. 11,285. Per'igweu#, an ancient town in Guienne, capital of the department of Dordogne, on the Isle. Popula- tion 8956. Perpign'an (yang), a strong fron- tier-town in Roussillon, capital of FRANCE. 109 the department of Eastern Pyre- nees, on the Tech. Pop. 17,114. Pic'ardy, a province in the north. Poitiers', an ancient city of Poi- tou, capital of the department of Vienne, situate on the Claire. It contains several Roman remains, and is memorable for the victory of Edward the Black Prince over the French king, in 1356. Pop. 23,128. — 46, 55 N. 0, 20 E. Poitou', a maritime province in the west of France. Provence (Provawngs'), a pro- vince in the S. E. bounded on the east by Nice. Puy, Le (Pwee), a town in Lan- guedoc, capital of the department of Upper Loire, situate in a pictur- esque valley j its cathedral is a ma- jestic edifice. Pop. 14,930. Puy de Dome (Pwee), a moun- tain in Auvergne, 5200 feet high. Pyrenees', an extensive range of lofty mountains, the boundary be- tween France and Spain. Mont Perdu is 11,275 feet high. QUEN'TIN, St, a flourishing town in Picardy, on the Somme. Its extensive manufactures, con- sisting of lawns, cambrics, and cot- tons, are greatly benefited by the Canal of St Quentin, uniting the Scheldt at Cambray with the Oise : in this canal, nearStQuentin,is a re- markable tunnel, 3 miles in length, cut through solid rocks. P. 17,686. Quim'per, a town in Brittany, capital of the department of Finis- tere, on the Odet. Pop. 9860. RENN'ES, a city of Brittany, capital of the department of Hie and Vilaine. Its public library con- tains several rare books and manu- scripts. Pop. 29,680. — 48, 6 N. 1, 42 VV. RAe, or R£,an island on the W. coast, opposite La Rochelle. Pop. 17,000.-46, 14 N. 1, 50 W. RAeims, or Reims, an ancient city of Champagne, on the Vesle, the ecclesiastical capital of France, where its kings are crowned. The cathedral is one of the most splen- did specimens of Gothic architec- ture existing. Pop. 35,972.-49, 14 N. 4, 3 E. R^o'dez, or Ro'dez, a town in Guienne, capital of the department of Aveyron, with a noble Gothic cathedral. Pop. 8249. R&one, a large and rapid river which rises in Switzerland, 5 miles from the source of the Rhine, and expands into the Lake of Geneva ; issuing from which, it forms the boundary between Savoy and France, and, entering the latter, divides Burgundy from Dauphine. At Lyons, it receives the Saone, where it turns southward, and, passing Vienne, Valence, and Avignon, discharges itself into the Mediterranean by several mouths. Roannc', a town in Lyonnais, on the Loire. Pop. 9260. Rochefort (Rosh'fort), a strong seaport, on the Charente, a princi- pal naval station, with extensive arsenal and dockvards. Popula- tion 14,040.-45, 57 N. 0, 58 W. Rochelle, La (Roshel'), a strong seaport in Aunis, capital of the department of Lower Charente, on a small gulf ; its trade is consider- able. Population 14,632.— 46, 10 N. 1, 7 W. Rouen (Rooawng'), a commer- cial and manufacturing city in Nor- mandy, capital of the department of Lower Seine, in a fertile and plea- sant valley ; its fine cathedral was built by William the Conqueror. Pop. 88,0S6 49, 26 N. 1, 7 E. Rousill'on (yong), a small pro- vince in the S. now forming the department of Eastern Pyrenees. SAlNTES(Sengt),a town ofSain- tonge, on the Charente, containing several ancient remains. P. 10,437. Saintonge (Sengtonzh'), a pro- vince in the W. now forming the department of Lower Charente. Sam'bre, a river which rises in Picardy, and joins the Meuse at Namur, in Belgium. Saone, a large river which rises in the Vosges Mountains, and, running southward, falls into the Rhone at Lyons. Saumur (Somure'), a town in Anjou, on the Loire, surrounded by beautiful scenery, famous as a stronghold of the Protestants in the 16th century. Pop. 10,652. ScAeldJ, or Escaut, a large river which rises in Picardy, passes Cam- bray, Valenciennes, and Conde, and, entering Belgium, falls into the North Sea below Antwerp. Sedan', a strong frontier- town in Champagne, on the Meuse, the birthplace of Marshal Turenne. It is celebrated for its manufactures E FRANCE, no of fine woollen cloth, and of fire- arms. P. 15,661.— 49, 4 IN. 4,57 E. Seine (Seen), a large river which rises in the mountains of Burgundy, receiving in its course, which is N. W., numerous tribu- taries ; it flows through the capital of the kingdom, passes Rouen, and falls into the English Channel at Havre-d e-Grace. Sens (Sang), a town in Cham- pagne, on the Yonne, with an ele- gant cathedral. Pop. 9279. Sevre, two rivers in Poitou ; the one flows into the Loire opposite Nantes; the other, after receiving the Vendde, falls into the sea op- posite the Isle of Re. Skvres, a small town, 4 miles S. W. of Paris, celebrated for its manufacture of porcelain, long considered as the most beautiful in Europe. Pop. 3973. Soissons (Swasong'), an ancient city in the Isle of France, delight- fully situate on the Aisne, in a charming valley ; it was the capi- tal of Clovis, the first king of France. Pop. 8149. Somme, ariverofPicardy, which passes St Quentin and Amiens, and falls into the English Channel be- low Abbeville. Stras'burg (Fr. Strasbourg), a strongly-fortified city of Alsace, capital of the department of Lower Rhine, situate on the Ille, near its junction with the Rhine. The ca- thedral is a most splendid Gothic edifice, its tower rising to the stu- pendous height of 466 feet. It is a flourishing commercial city, con- tains several valuable institutions, and also a Protestant university. Pop. 49,712.-48, 34 N. T, 46 E. TARBFS, a town in Gascony, capital of the department of Upper Pyrenees, delightfully situate on the Adour, and famed for its salu- brity. Pop. 9706. Tarn, a river which rises in the Cevennes, runs through Montau- ban, and. after receiving the Avey- ron, falls into the Garonne. TM'ers, a town in Auvergne, long famed for its manufactures of hardware and cutlery, and also of paper. Pop. 9836. T/iionville', a fortified town in Lorraine, on the Moselle. P. 5645. Toulon', a strong seaport in Pro- vence, the chief naval station on the Mediterranean, with exten- sive docks and arsenal ; its har- bour is one of the best in Europe. Pop. 28,419.-43, 0 N. 5, 58 E. Toulouse', a city in Languedoc, capital of the department of Upper Garonne, situate on the Garonne, at the junct ion of the Canal of Lan- guedoc. It has considerable trade, and is the seat of a university. Pop. 59,630.-43, 56 N. 1, 26 E. Touraine', a rich inland pro- vince, on the Loire. Tours, a city in Touraine, capi- tal of the department of Indre and Loire, situate on the Loire, over which is an elegant bridge of 14 arches, and 1335 feet in length. The situation of Tours is delight- ful. It has considerable manufac- tures, particularly of silk. Popu- lation 23,233.-47, 25 N. 0, 41 E. Troyes (Tro'aw), an ancient city of Champagne, capital of the de- partment of Aube, situate on the Seine, in a fruitful plain. Popula- tion 39,1 43.-48, 20 N. 4, 7 E. Tulle (Teul), a town in Limou- sin, capital of the department of Correze. Pop. 8689. USHANT' (Fr. Ouessant), a small island ofl the W. coast of Brittany. Pop. 1700. VALENCE (Valawngs'), an an- cient town in Dauphind, capital of the department of Drome, situate on the Rhone. Pop. 10,406. Valenciennes', a very strong towm in French Flanders, with fine manufactures of lace, gauze, and cambric. It is the birthplace of Froissart, the historian. Pop. 18,953.-50, 21 N. 3, 50 E. Vannes, a seaport in Brittany, capital of the department of Mor- bihan, on a bay. Pop. 10,395. Vendee (Vawng'dee), a small ri- ver in Poitou, falling into the Sevre. Vendee, a department in the province of Poitou, celebrated for its heroic stand in favour of the royalist cause in 1792-95. Vendome', a town in Orldanais, on the Loir. Pop. 777 L Verdun', a fortified town in Lor- raine, on the Meuse. Here the English residents were detained prisoners of war, in 1805, by Bo- naparte. Pop. 9978. Versailles', a town 12 miles S.W. of Paris, capital of the department of Seine and Oise, with a magnifi- SPAIN. rent royal palace, beautiful gar- dens, and fountains. Pop. 28,477. Vesoul', a town in Franche- Comt6, capital of the department of Upper Saone. Pop. 5583. Vienne', an ancient city of Dau- phine, on the Rhone, containing se- veral interesting remains of Roman antiquity. Pop. 14,079. Vienne', a river which rises in the mountains of Auvergne, passes Limoges, and falls into the Loire above Saumur. Vilaine', a river of Brittany, runs through Rennes, and flows into the Bay of Biscay. ill Vi'tr6, a town in Brittany, on the Vilaine, with manufactures of woollens and linens. P. 8856. Vosges ( Vozh), a chain of moun- tains in the E. of France, extend- ing in a line nearly parallel to the Rhine. Tilt d’Ours, the highest peak, is 4580 feet. WEISS'EMBURG, a strong frontier-town in Alsace. P. 6097. YONNE, a river which rises on the borders of Burgundy, and, flowing N.W., passes Joigny and Sens, and falls into the Seine. Yv'etof, a manufacturing town in Normandy. Pop. 9021. SPAIN Is bounded N. by the Bay of Biscay, and the Pyrenees which separate it from France ; W. by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean ; S. and E. by the Mediterranean. It contains 182,000 square miles. Population, includ- ing the islands in the Mediterranean, 13,953,000. Provinces. Chief Towns. Galicia Santiago, Corunna, Vigo, Ferrol. Asturias Oviedo, Santander. Leon Leon, Astorga, Salamanca, Valladolid. Old Castile Burgos. Biscay Bilboa, St Sebastian, Vittoria. Navarre Pampeluna, Tudela. Aragon Saragossa, Terruel. Catalonia Barcelona, Tarragona, Tortos?* Valentia Valentia, Alicant. New Castile Madrid, Toledo, Talavera. Estremadura Badajos, Merida. Andalusia Seville, Cadiz, Cordova, Xeres. Granada Granada, Malaga. Murcia Murcia, Carthagena. Islands. — Majorca, Minorca, Ivi 16 N. 13, 31 E. Go'zo, a small island in the Me- * The Italians sound ch as k, and ce, ci, cci , like ch in child } — a pronunciation which has now become common in this country. ITALY. diterranean, about 4 miles N. W. of Malta. It belongs to Great Bri- tain. Population 16,8X3. ISCHIA (Is'kia), a fertile island off the coast of Naples; with hot springs. Population 24,000. — 40, 44 N. 13, 53 E. Is'eo, a lake of Lombardy, tra- versed by the Oglio. LEG'HO RN, or Livor'no, a flour- ishing seaport in Tuscany, and the greatest commercial city of Italy. Pop. 66,000, of whom 20,000 are Jews.— 43, 33 N. 10, 17 E. Leu'ca, Cape, the S.E. extremity of Italy.— 39, 46 N. 18, 24 E. Lip'ari Islands, a volcanic group on the N. of Sicily, the most re- markable of which are Lipari and Stromboli; the latter volcano is in a state of perpetual activity. Lo'di, a town in Milan, on the Adda, where Napoleon gained one of his most splendid victories. Population 15,000. Loret'to, a town on the W. coast of the States of the Church. Its shrine was Jong enriched by offer- ings from every quarter of Europe, and annually visited by thousands of pilgrims. Population 8000 — 43, 28 N. 13, 35 E. Luc'ca, a small duchy on the N. W. of Tuscany, containing 420 square miles. Pop. 143,000. Luc'ca, the capital of the above duchy, situate in a rich and fertile vicinity. Population 22,000. Luga'no, Lake. See Switzer- land, p. 126. MAGGIORE (Madjo're), a beau- tiful lake at the foot of the Alps, traversed by the Ticino. Its Bor- romean islands excite general ad- miration. Mal'ta, an island in the Mediter- ranean, 54 miles S. from Sicily. It belongs to Great Britain. Po- pulation 104,489.-35, 50 N. 14, 20 E. Manfredo'nia, Gulf of, on theE. coast of Naples. Man'tua, a province of Austrian Italy. Man'tua, the capital of the above province, situate on the Mincio, is one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. It is celebrated as the birthplace of Virgil. Population 25,000.— 45, 8 N. 10, 50 E. Marsa'la, the ancientLilybieum, a seaport of Sicily, at the W. extre- * 133 mity of the island, is noted for its wines Population 21,000.-37 47 N. 12, 17 E. ’ Mass'a, a town in the small duchy of Massa-Carrara which adjoins that of Modena. Pop. 7000 ; of the duchy 30,000. Messi'na, a strong and flourish- ing seaport in the N.E. of Sicily beautifully situate on the strait of the same name, with a line har- bour. Pop. 60,000. Mil'an, a considerable duchy in Austrian Italy. Mil'an, a noble city, the capital of Austrian Italy, situate in a beau- tiful plain between the Adda and 1 icino. Its cathedral of white marble is the most splendid speci- men of Gothic architecture in the world. Pop. 150,000.-15, 50 N. 9, 13 E. Mode'na, a duchy lying between the Po and the Apennines. It contains 1650 square miles. Po- pulation 350,000. Mode'na, the ancient Mu'tina, a handsome city, capital of the above duchy, situate in a delight- ful plain, between the rivers Pana- ro and Secchia. Pop. 27,000. NA'PLES, Kingdom of, com- prehends the S. of Italy and the island of Sicily; hence it is also denominated the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Extent 42,000 square miles. Pop. 7,500,000. Na'ples (It. Nap'oli), the capital of the kingdom of Naples, and the largest city in Italy. Its situation is delightful ; rising like an amphi- theatre, it forms, with its verdant shores and magnificent bay, a scene of almost unrivalled beauty. Pop 558,136.— 40, 51 N. 14, 16 E. Nice(Neess), a town in Piedmont, on the Mediterranean. Popula- tion 20,000.-43, 43 N. 7, 16 E. OTRAN'TO, Strait of, separates Italy from Greece. PAD'U A, a city in Venice, the seat of an ancient university, and the birthplace of Livy. Population 51.000. -45, 24 N. 11, 54 E. PALER'Mo,the capital of Sicily, on the N. coast. It is a beautiful city, and its situation is enchanting. Pop 168.000. — 38, 6 N. 13, 17 E. Par'ma, a duchy s. of the Po, containing 2200 square miles. Population 440,000. Par'ma, the capital of the about ITALY, 134 duchy, beautifully situate on a small river of the same name, the seat of a university. Population 35,000.— 44, 47 N. 10, 25 E. Pa'via, a city of Austrian Italy, the ancient capital of Lombardy, on the Ticino, and the seat of a university. Population 24,000. —45, 10 N. 9, 10 E. Peru'gia, Lake of, in the States of the Church ; the Lacus Trasi- me'nus of the Romans. Peru'gia, a city in the States of the Church, delightfully situate on the Tiber. Population 30,000. — 43, 5 N. 12, 22 E. Piacen'za, or Plaeen'tia, a town in Parma, near the confluence of the Trebbia and the Po. P. 28,000. Pia've, a river of Austrian Italy, which flows through the Venetian territory, and falls into the Gulf of Venice. Pied'mont, the principal conti- nental province of the Sardinian dominions. Pi'sa, a city in Tuscany, on the Arno, the seat of a celebrated uni- versity; it is noted for its salubrity. P. 20,000.— 45, 42 N. 10, 24 E. Po, the largest river in Italy, issues from Mount Viso, and, tra- versing the N. of Italy from W. to E., discharges itself into the Ad- riatic by several mouths. Policas'tro, Gulf of, on the W. coast of Naples. Proci'da, a small island on the coast of Naples. Pop. 14,000. RAVEN'NA, a city in the States of the Church, on the Adri- atic; it was the seat oft he Western Empire in the 5th century. Pop. 17.000. -44, 24 N. 12, 10 E. Reggio (Red'jio), a city in Mo- dena, the birthplace of the poet Ariosto. Population 18,000. Reg'gio, a seaport in Naples, on the Straits of Messina. Population 17.000. -38, 5 N. 15, 40 E. Rim'ini, the ancient Arim'inum, a seaport in the States of the Church, on the Adriatic. Popu- lation 15,000.-44, 4 N. 12, 24 E. Rome, the capital of the States of the Church, and once the mis- tress of the world, situate on the Tiber. It abounds in noble mo- numents of antiquity ; among its modern structures may be men- tioned St Peter’s, the most magni- ficent church in the world, the palace of the Vatican, and the castle of St Angelo. Population 150,000—41, 53 N. 12, 28 E. SALER'NO, a city of Naples, on a gulf of the same name, the seat of a university. Population 1 1,000. Sardinia, a large island in the Mediterranean, S. of Corsica. Its soil is in general fertile, and its climate salubrious Pop. 590,050. The kingdom of Sardinia contains 28,000 square miles. P. 4,300,000. Sassari, a town in the island of Sardinia. Population 19,000. — 40, 42 N. 8, 33 E. Savo'na, a seaport on the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 10,600.-44, 18 N. 8, 31 E. Sav'oy, a duchy in the King of Sardinia’s dominions, divided from Piedmont by the Alps. P.501,165. Si'cily, the largest island in the > Mediterranean, separated from Italy by the Straits of Messina. Its extreme length is 180 miles, and its greatest breadth 130- The soil is rich and the climate delightful. Pop. 1,787,771. See also Naples. Sien'na, a city in Tuscany, the seat of a university and several learned institutions. Here the Italian language is spoken in its greatest purity. Population 18,000. Sorren'fco, a town most delight- fully situate on the Bay of Naples, the birthplace of Tasso. P. 5000. Spartiven'to, Cape, the most southern point of Italy. — 37, 55 N. 16, 4 E. Squilla'ce (che), a gulf in the S. of Naples. States of the Church, or the Pa- pal States, occupying central Italy, and containing 17,200 square miles. Popuhition 2,590,000. Syracuse, a city of Sicily, with extensive remains of the celebrat- ed ancient capital of that name. Pop. 15,000.-37, 2 N. 15, 17 E. TAGLIAMEN'TO, a river of Austrian Italy, which rises in the Tyrol, and falls into the Adriatic. Tanar'o, a river of Piedmont, which passes Alessandria, and joins the Po. Taran'to, Gulf of, a spacious bay, formed by the S.W. and S.E. ex- tremities of Italy. Taran'to, the ancient Tarentum , a seaport on a small island in the gulf of the same name. P. 14,000. Ti'ber, or Tevere, the classical ITALY. river on which Rome stands, rises , in the Apennines, flows through the States of the Church, and falls into the Mediterranean. Tici'no, a river which rises in Mount St Gothard, flows through Lake Maggiore, and, below Pavia, falls into the Po. Tiv'oli, the ancient Tibur, a town in the States of the Church, delightfully situate on the Teve- rone. Population 6000 Trapa'ni, theaneient Drepanum, a seaport on the W. coast of Sicily. Poo. 24,000. — 36, 0 N. 12, 24 E. * Turin', a noble city in Pied- mont, the capital of the Sardinian monarchy, delightfully situate on the Po. Pop. 120,000. — 15, 5 N. 7, 40 E. Tus'cany, a grand duchy in the central part of the Italian penin- sula. It contains 8100 square miles. Population 1,275,000. U'DINE,acityof Austrian Italy, in the government of Venice. Po- pulation 18,000. V A LET'TA, the capital of Mal- ta, with a very fine harbour, and fortifications of great strength. Population 30,000. Val'teline, a district of Aus- trian Italy, consisting of a long valley, traversed by the Adda. Ven'ice, States of, a government and territory now included along with Lombardy in Austrian Italy : from the 12th to the 15th century, Venice was the richest commercial state in Europe. Ven'ice, the eastern capital of Austrian Italy, situate on the gulf which bears its name, is built on a large number of isles, separated 135 , by canals. This magnificent city presents at a distance the singu- lar appearance of domes and spires, churches and palaces, floating on the waves. Population 103,000. — 45, 27 N. 12, 23 E. Vero'na, a city in Austrian Italy, beautifully situate on the Adige. . Here is a fine amphitheatre, the most perfect remain of Roman ar- chitecture that now exists.— Popu- lation 50,000.-45, 26 N. 11, 0 E. Vesu'vius, a volcanic mountain, about 8 miles S. E. from the city of Naples. In the first great eruption on record (a. d. 79), which was ac- companied by an earthquake, the cities of Herculaneum and Pom- peii were buried beneath lava and ashes. Excavations during the last century, by displaying these ancient cities, have furnished the world with many curious and in- teresting relics of former times. The last eruption is so recent as Aug. 1834, when a new crater burst open, and inundated the plain with torrents of lava, spreading destruc- tion for many miles around, and destroying 1500 houses. Vicen'za, a city in Austrian Italy, N. W. of Padua. It exhibits many fine specimens of the architectural skill of Palladio, who was a native of the place. Population 30,000. —40, 40 N. 14, 54 E. Vis'o, Monte, one of the Cottian Alps in Piedmont, 12,600 feet high. The Vaudois, the descendants of the ancient Waldenses, inhabit the neighbouring valleys. Voltur'no, a river of Naples, which rises in the Apennines, and falls into the Gulf of Gaeta. TURKEY IN EUROPE Is bounded N. by Austria and Russia ; W. by the Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice; S. by Greece, the Archipel- ago, and the Sea of Marmora ; E. by the Black Sea. It contains 185,000 square miles. Population 9,000,000. Provinces. Chief Towns, Part of Moldavia Jassy, Galatz. Wallachia Bucharest, T ergo vis t. Bulgaria Sophia, Schumla, Varna, Widdin, Nicopoli, Rutschuk, Silistria. Servia Belgrade, Semendria, Nissa. TURKEY IN EUROPE. 136 Provinces. Chief Towns. Bosnia, including a part of Dalmatia and Croatia Bosna-Seraio,Trawnik, Mostar, Bihacz, Albania Janina, Durazzo, Scutari. Roumelia, including 'j Constantinople, Adrianople, Phi- Thrace, Macedo- > lippopoli, Gallipoli, Contessa, Seres, nia, and Thessaly, j Salonica, Larissa, Pharsalia. Gulfs. — Arta, Volo, Salonica, Cassandra, Monte Santo, Contessa, Saros. Straits. — The Dardanelles, Straits of Constanti- nople. Capes. — Cassandra, Drepano, Monte Santo. Islands. — Lem nos, Lesbos or Mitylene, Scio, Samos, Stanco, Rhodes, Scarpanto, Candia ; the Seven Ionian Islands, forming a Republic under the protection of Britain, viz. Corfu, Paxo, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Cepha- lonia, Zante, Cerigo. Mountains.— Haimus or Balkan, Rhodope, Olym- pus, Ossa, P'elion, Pindus, Athos. Rivers. — Danube, Save, Pruth, Maritza, Vardar, Sal am hr ia. REMARKS. Turkey in Europe extends from 39° to 48° N. lat., and from 16° to 30° E. long. From the northern frontier of Greece to the Danube, it is 420 miles; and from Constan- tinople to the Adriatic, 450 miles. Turkey may be considered a mountainous country, aL though its hills cannot vie with the stupendous Alps or Car- pathians. A great chain pervades the country from ea*t to west, the eastern part of which is the ancient Haemus, now called Balkan. This extensive range communicates with the Carpathians by a ridge which separates Servia from Bul- garia. The Thracian mountains of Rhodope are a branch from the Hamms. Two inferior chains diverge from the principal ; one of which traverses Albania, while the other extends through the whole of Greece, even to the extremity of the Morea. In the latter of these are the classic Ossa, Pelion, Olympus, and Pindus. Scenery of unrivalled beauty occurs in these mountainous regions, which the lively ima- ginations of the ancient Greeks fancied to be the favourite haunts of the gods. In Moldavia, and in the large tract of country watered by the Maritza and its tributaries, are ex- tensive and beautiful plains. TURKEY IN EUROPE. 137 Turkey is peculiarly favoured in soil and climate. The former is generally a rich mould. The latter is alike de- lightful in temperature, and genial to vegetation. The want of industry, which is the usual effect of a stern des- potism, prevents the inhabitants from availing themselves, to any considerable extent, of those advantages. Agri- culture, manufactures, and commerce, are in a very ne- glected state. In the northern provinces, wheat, barley, chestnuts, apples, pears, and other fruits, are produced. Maize, rice, tobacco, and even the sugar-cane, oranges, olives, almonds, and figs, are among the productions of the southern parts. The horses of Turkey, particularly those of Thessaly, have long been celebrated ; and the sheep of Wallachia are re- markable for their elegant spiral horns. The government is a despotic monarchy of the worst kind. The sovereign, called the Sultan or Grand Seig- nior, has an unlimited power over the lives and property of his subjects, which is too often exercised in the most tyrannical manner. His authority is delegated to the Grand Vizier or Prime Minister, and to the Pashas or governors of provinces, who employ it for the purposes of extortion, that they may be able to gratify the Sultan’s cu- pidity. The power of the Grand Seignior is now much de- clined, and has been brought repeatedly to the brink of de- struction. Many fine provinces have been wrested from him by the Czar of Russia, on whom he is now* almost completely dependent. The new kingdom of Greece has also been sepa- rated from hisdominions,andhe has been obliged to cede Syria and Palestine to Mohammed Ali, the sovereign of Egypt. The established worship is the Mohammedan ; and bigoted superstition characterizes their religious feelings. A large proportion of the population belong to the Greek church, and there are besides many Armenians and Jews. The personal appearance of the Turks is prepossessing; and their dress, forming a medium between the flowing drapery of Asia and the tight clothing of Europe, is pecu- liarly becoming. They are hospitable and brave ; and, not- withstanding the cruel despotism that oppresses them, they are prone to insurrection. The lower ranks are almost wholly uneducated : law and theology constitute the learn- ing of the higher classes. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Turkey in Europe ? What is its extent in square miles ? What population does it con- TURKEY IN EUROPE. 138 tain ? Name the provinces of Turkey. What is the chief town of Moldavia? What are the principal towns of Wal- lachia ? Of Bulgaria ? Of Servia ? Of Bosnia ? Of Roume- lia ? Of Albania ? What districts are included in Roumelia ? Where is Varna, Tergovist, Schumla, Contessa, Rutschuk, Jassy, Nissa, Bihacz, Larissa, Semendria, Mostar, Durazzo, &c. ? Where is the Gulf of Arta, the Dardanelles, Mount Has- mus, Straits of Constantinople, Olympus, Gulf of Monte Santo, Samos, Hasmus, the Vardar, the Salambria, Scarpan- to, Gulf of Cassandra, the Maritza, Mount Ossa, &c. ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Turkey situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its general appearance ? In what direction does a great chain of mountains pervade the country ? What name is given to the eastern part of this chain? How does this range communi- cate with the Carpathians ? Of what chain is Rhodope a branch ? What other chains diverge from the great range ? What classic mountains occur in the latter of those chains ? What kind of scenery occurs among those mountains ? In what part of the country do extensive and beautiful plains occur ? What is the nature of the soil in Turkey ? What kind of climate does it enjoy ? By what cause are the inhabitants prevented from reaping the full benefit of those advantages ? In what state are agriculture, manufactures, and commerce ? What are the respective productions of the northern and southern provinces ? What domestic animals of Turkey are famous ? What is the nature of the Turkish government? What power does the Sultan possess ? To whom does he delegate this dangerous power ? For what purposes do they employ it? Has the Turkish power lately declined? On what E ower is Turkey now almost dependent ? What parts of er dominions have been separated ? What is the religion of Turkey ? By what religious spirit are they characterized ? Is any other faith professed ? What is remarkable aboatthe personal appearance and dress of the Turks ? What is their national character ? Are they in general well educated ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. A'DRIANO'PLE, a city in Rou- mdlia, situate on the Maritza, in a beautiful plain. It was the prin- cipal residence of the sultans, pre- vious to the taking of Constanti- nople by Mohammed II. in 1453, and it still ranks next to the capital in importance. Pop. 100,000. — ll u 43' N. lat. 20° 30' E. long. Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice, a branch of the Mediterranean, se- parating Italy from Illyria, Dal- matia, and Albania. It is upwards of 460 miles long, with an average breadth of 120 miles. 4 Alba'nia, a province having Dal- matia on the N. W., Macedonia on the E., and the Gulf of Venice on the W. Its inhabitants, called by the Turks Arnauts , are the de- TURKEY IN EUROPE. 139 scendants of the ancient Illyrians, and are a brave and hardy race. Archipel'ago (Arke), called by the ancients the iEgean Sea, that part of the Mediterranean which separates Greece from Asia Minor. Ar'ta, a town in Albania, on a river of the same name. P. 9000. Ar'ta, Gulf of, in Albania, ex- tends a considerable way into the land : from its rocks and sand- banks it is very dangerous to na- vigators. A'thos, Mount, a mountain in Macedonia, 6349 feet high, occu- pying a peninsula formed by the Gulfs of Contessa and Monte San- to. It has received the name of Monte Santo, or the Holy Mount, from its numerous monasteries, in which are above 4000 monks. BAL'KAN, or Hasmus, moun- tains. See Remarks, p. 136. Banialou'ka, a strong town in Bosnia, on the Verbas. P. 15,000. Belgrade', a strongly-fortified city, the capital of Servia, at the confluence of the Danube and the Save. Pop. 30,000.-14, 50 N. 20, 37 E. Berat', a town in Dalmatia, on the Beratino. Pop. 9000. Bihacz', a strong town in Croa- tia, on the Unna. Pop. 5000. Bos'na-Serai'o, the capital of Bosnia, on a small stream. Ma- nufactures of lances, daggers, and other arms, are here carried on to a considerable extent. P. 70,000. —44, 20 N. 18,30 E. Bos'nia, a province having the Save on the N. which separates it from Sclavonia ; and the Drino on the E., which separates it from Servia. Bu'c^arest, the capital of Walla- chia on the Dumbovitza, a tribu- tary of the Danube. Pop. 80,000. —44, 27 N. 26, 7 E. Bulga'ria, a province between the Danube and the mountain- range of Hasmus. It was called by the Romans Mcesia Inferior. CAN'DIa, a large island in the S. of the Archipelago, 160 miles long and from 15 to 50 broad. To the classical scholar, Crete , the ancient name of the island, is fa- miliar ; as are its Mount Ida, 7690 feet high, and its celebrated laby- rinth. Its soil is fertile, and pro- duces oil, w r ine, saffron, and a va- riety of fine fruits. Pop. about 300.000. Can'dia, the capital of the above island, situate in an elevated plain on the N. coast. It sustained a siege of 24 years against the Turks, from 1645 to 1669. Pop. 12,000. — 35, 21 N. 25, 3 E. Ca'nea, the ancient Cydonia , a strong seaport in the N. of the isl- and of Candia. Pop. 12,000. — 3 j, 28 N. 23, 58 E. Cassan'dra, Gulf of, in the N. W. of the Archipelago. Cephalo'nia, the largest of the Ionian Islands. 'It is remarkably fertile; and the climate is so fine*, that the fruit-trees produce two crops in the year. Its raisins are of a very superior quality. Pop. 60.000. -38, 15 N. 20, 30 E. Ceri'go, the ancient Cythe'ra , one of the Ionian Islands,* to the S. oftheMorea. It is mountain- ous and rocky. Pop. 10,000.— 36, 10 N. 23, 3 E. Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman empire, finely situate at the junction of the Bosporus with the Sea of Marmora. Its an- cient name was Byzantium, and it is now called by the Turks Siam- boul. Constantine the Great re- built the city a. d. 330, and gave it the name of Constantinopolis , or the City of Constantine. From that period it continued the seat of the Eastern or Greek empire till 1453, when it was taken by the Turks under Mohammed II., who made it the metropolis of the Ottoman dominions. Population estimated at 400,000.-41, 1 N. 28, 58 E. Constantino'ple, Straits of, call- ed likewise the Bosporus, the nar- row channel which connects the Sea of Marmora with the Black Sea. Contess'a, Gulf of, in the N. W. of the Archipelago, between the peninsula of Mount Athos and the coast of Macedonia. Corfu', the ancient Corcy'ra, one of the Ionian Islands off the coast of Albania. It is of considerable political importance, as the key of the Adriatic ; and is the first in rank, though only the second in size, of the Ionian Islands. Pop. 60.000. Corfu', the capital of the above island and of the Ionian republic. P. 17,000.-39, 36 N. 19, 54 E. TURKEY IN EUROPE 140 DAN'UBE, River. See Ger- many. Dardanelles, Straits of, the an- cient Hellespont, between the Sea of Marmora and the Archipelago. Two ancient castles, one on the European side and the other on the Asiatic side, are properly called the Dardanelles, and from them the Straits receive their name. Durazzo (Doorad'zo), a seaport in Albania, anciently called Dyr- rachium , the usual landing-place from Italy. Pop. 5000. GAl/ATZ, a commercial town in Moldavia, on the Danube, near its junction with the Pruth. Po- pulation 7000. Gallip'oli, a commercial city and seaport in Thrace, on the Dar- danelles. Pop. 15,000.-10, 25 N. 26, 38 E. IO'NIAN ISLANDS, a group off the coasts of Albania and Greece, consisting of Corfu, Zante, Cephalonia, Ithaca, Santa Maura, Paxo, and Cerigo, which form a republic under the protection of Britain. Pop. 200,000. ITH'ACA, or TAea'ki, one of the Seven Ionian Islands, to the N. E. of Cephalonia. Homer has given it celebrity as the kingdom of Ulysses. Pop. 8000.— 38, 24 N. 20, 40 E. JANI'NA, or Joanni'na, the ca- pital of Albania, beautifully situ- ate on the side of a lake, in a plain covered with groves and gardens. Pop. 40,000. — 44, 54 N. 19, 5 E. Jass'y, the capital of Moldavia, and the see of the Greek archbi- shop of the province. It was al- most completely destroyed by fire in 1827. Pop. 25,000.-46, 50 N. 27, 14 E. LARIS'SA, thecapital of Thes- saly, beautifully situate on the Sa- lambria. Pop. 25,000.-59, 37 N. 22, 28 E. Lem'nos, or Stalime'n&, an isl- and in the Archipelago, between Monte Santo and the Darda- nelles. Pop. 8000.— 59, 55 N. 25, 15 E. Les'bos, or Mytile'n6, a large isl- and near the eastern shore of the Archipelago, celebrated in anti- quity as the birthplace of Sappho, Alcaeus, and Theophrastus; and in modern times, of Barbarossa, so distinguished in the early mari- time history of Europe. Popu- lation 40,000.-39, 10 N. 26, 20 E. ’ MACEDO'NIA, a district or province in Roumelia, bounded by Mount Haemus on the N., Thrace on the E., and Thessaly on the S. The soil is in general fertile ; the climate pure and delightful. Marit'za, the ancient Hebrus , a river of Thrace, issues from Mount Haemus, and falls into the Archipelago W. of the Gulf of Saros. Molda'via, a province in the N.E. of Turkey. Since the cession of its eastern part to Russia, in 1812, its extent does not exceed 17,000 square miles. Situate between Austria, Russia, and Turkey, Mol- davia, in the event of a war with either of these powers and Turkey, necessarily becomes the scene of hostile operations. Mon'te San'to, Gulf of, in the Archipelago. See Mount Athos. Mos'tar, a town in Bosnia, on the Narenta, or Marentovo. Here is a celebrated manufactory of arms. Pop. 9000. Nicop'oti, a city of Bulgaria, on the Danube. It is the see of a Greek archbishop, the residence of a Turkish sandjac, and a place of considerable trade. Pop. 10,000. Niss'a, a strongly. fortified town in Servia, on the Nissawa, noted for its warm baths. Pop. 4000. No'vi- Bazar', a town in Servia, near the Oresco. Pop. 8000. OLYM'PUS, a celebrated moun- tain in the N. of Thessaly. Dur- ing a great part of the year its summit is covered with snow. The Greeks fancied it to support the heavens, and to be the residence of the gods; its height is 6504 feet. Oss'a, a mountain in Thessaly, to the S. E. of Olympus, from which it is separated by the Vale of Tempe. PAX'O, a small island. It is one of the seven islands of the Io- nian republic. P. 3000—39, 12 N. 20, 10 E. Pe'lion, a celebrated mountain in Thessaly, S. of Ossa. Pharsa'lia, a town in Thessaly, famous for the battle fought in its TURKEY IN EUROPE. neighbourhood between Cassar and Pompey, b. c. 48. Pop. 5000. Philip pi, a town in Macedonia. The adjacent plains are famous in ancient history as the scene of a battle between the Roman gene- rals Cassius and Brutus on the one side, and Augustus and Antony on the other, b. c. 42. Philippop'oli, a large town in Thrace, founded bv Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. P. 30.000. -42, 3 N. 25, 1 E. Pin'dus, a chain of mountains extending from E. to W., and se- parating Thessaly from Albania. In some places it rises to the height of 6000 or 7000 feet. Freve'sa, a seaport in Albania, at the entrance of the Gulf of Arta. Pop. 8000.— 38, 58 N. 27, 41 E. Pruth, a river which rises in Hungary, and, forming the bound- ary between Turkey and Russia, falls into the Danube below Galatz. RHODES, a large island near the Asiatic coast, at the entrance of the Archipelago. In ancient times, it was celebrated as a power- ful naval and commercial state ; and in modern history is famous for its obstinate though unsuccess, ful resistance to the Sultan Soly- man the Great, a. d. 1522. Pop. 20.000. - 56, 12 N.28, 0 E. Rhod'ope, Mount. See Re- marks, p. 136. Roume'lia, an extensive portion of European Turkey, comprising Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly. Ruts'chuk, a flourishing town in Bulgaria, on the Danube. It is a place of considerable trade and commerce. Pop. 30,000. SALAM'BRIA, the ancient Pe- ncils, a river in Thessaly, issuing from Mount Pindus, and flowing through the beautiful Vale of Tem- pe to the Gulf of Salonica. Salonika, the ancient Tkessalo- nica, an important commercial city of Macedonia, at the N. E. ex- tremity of the gulf that bears its name. It is strongly fortified, and beautifully situate on theacclivitv of a hill. P. 70,000.-40, 39 N. 22, 57 E. Saloni'ca, Gulf of, a spacious bay in the S. of Macedonia. Sa'mos, an island in the Archi- pelago, separated from the coast of Asia by a narrow strait. It still 141 retains its ancient celebrity for beauty, fertility, and the excel- lence of its fruits. Pop. 50,000. — 37, 46 N. 26, 50 E. San'ta Mau'ra, the Leucadia of the ancients, one of the Ionian Isl- ands, on the W. coast of Greece, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. Its surface is mountainous and rugged ; but its climate is mild, and it produces fine fruits in abundance. Pop. 22,000—38, 45 N. 20, 40 E. Sa'ros, Gulf of, in the N. E. of the Archipelago. Save, a river which rises in Austrian Illyria, separates Sclavo- nia from Turkey, and joins the Danube near Belgrade. Scarpan'to, the ancient Car'pa - thus , an island in the Mediterra- nean, between Candiaand Rhodes. Schum'la, a very strong town in Bulgaria, on the great road leading from Constantinople to Wallachia. The Russians have repeatedly be- sieged it without success. It car- ries on a considerable trade in silk and hardware. Pop. 30,000. — 45, 14 N. 26, 56 E. Sci'o, the ancient Chios, an isl- and in the Archipelago, near the Asiatic coast. Though rugged and mountainous, the industry of the inhabitants, who were all Greeks, had rendered it very flou- rishing ; but, having embraced the independent cause in 1822, it was overpowered by the Turks, who committed such dreadful ravages as rendered it almost a desert. — 58, 25 N. 26, 0 E. Scuta'ri, a fortified town, the capital of Upper Albania, in a rich plain, at the S. extremity of the Lake of Scutari. Pop. 20,000. —42, 3 N. 19, 33 E. Semen 'dria, a fortified town in Servia, on the Danube. P. 10,000. Se'res, a large town in Macedo- nia, to the E. of the river Stroma. It has extensive manufactures of coarse linen and cotton cloth. P. 30,000.-41, 4 N. 23, 35 E. Se'reth, a river which rises in the Buckowine, and, after traversing Moldavia, runs into the Danube. Ser'via, a province in the N. of Turkey, the Mcesia Superior of the Romans. Silis'tria, a fortified town in Bulgaria, on the Danube. After F 2 TURKEY IN EUROPE, 142 an obstinate siege, this city fell in- to the hands of the Russians, 30th June 1829. Pop. 20,000.-44, 6 N. 27, 13 E. Sisto'va, a flourishing commer- cial town in Bulgaria, on the Da- nube. Pop. 21,000.-43, 36 N. 23, 15 E. Sophi'a, the capital of Bulgaria, on the river Isker. Though an inland town, its trade is consider- able. P. 50,000.-42, 36 N. 23,39 E. Stan'co, the ancient Cos, a small island in the Archipelago, near t he Asiatic coast. It is celebrated as the birthplace of Hippocrates and Apelles. Stro'ma, River, the ancient Strymon , which formed the bound- ary between Thrace and Macedo- nia ; it rises in Mount Haernus, and falls into the Gulf of Contessa. Su'li, a mountainous district of Albania, inhabited by Greeks of the most bold and intrepid charac- ter, but who were almost extermi- nated in their wars with Ali Pasha and the Porte in 1808. TEN'EDOS, a small island in the Archipelago, near the entrance of the Dardanelles ; it produces excellent wine. — 39, 40 N. 26, 2 E. Ter'govist, a town in Wallachia, situate on the Jalonitza. P. 5000. Thes'saly, a fertile province in Roumelia, to the N. of Livadia. Its fine plains are watered by streams from the mountains in their course to the Archipelago. Thrace, or Roma'nia,an import- ant province of Roumelia, bound- ed N. by the Balkan Mountains, W. by Macedonia, S. by the Archi- pelago, the Dardanelles, and the Sea of Marmora, and E. by the Straits of Constantinople and the Black Sea. Traw'nik, a fortified town in Bosnia. Pop. 8000. Trica'Ja, a town in Thessaly, near the Salambria. Pop. 12,00;). VARDAR', the Axius of anti- quity, rises near the northern fron- tier of Macedonia, and flows into the Gulf of Salonica. Var'na, the ancient Odessus , a strong seaport of Bulgaria, on a bay of the Black Sea, with consi- derable trade. Pop. 16,000. — 43, 14 N. 27, 57 E. Voflo, Gulf of, with a small town, on the coast of Thessaly. WALLA'CHIA, an extensive province, separated by the Carpa- thian mountains from Transylva- nia and Moldavia, and by the Da- nube from Bulgaria. Wid'din, or Vid'in, a fortified city in Bulgaria, situate on the Danube, the residence of a Turk- ish pasha and of a Greek archbi- shop. Pop. 20,000. — 44, 1 N. 22, 48 E. ZANTE, the ancient Zacyn- thus, one of the Ionian Islands, on the S. of Cephalonia, famed for its beauty and fertility. Its currants have long been well known in the markets of England and Holland. Pop. 50,000. Zante, the capital of the above island, beautifully situate on its eastern shore. Pop. 20,000. — 37, 47 N. 20, 56 E. Zwor'nik, a town in Bosnia, on the Drino. Pop. 14,000. GREECE Is bounded N. by Turkey ; W. by the Mediterranean ; S. and E. by the Archipelago. It contains 18,600 square miles. Population 811,435. Divisions. Chief Towns. Continental Greece.. ..Athens, Thebes, Livadia, Salona, Lepanto, Missolonghi. The Morea Tripolitza, Navarino, Corinth, Argos, Nauplia, Napoli di JYIalvasia, Motion, Coron, Patra3. The Islands Each island has a town of its own name. Islands. — Negropont,Skyro, Ipsara,Egina,Sa!ainis, GREECE. 143 Poros, Hydra, Spezzia ; the Cyclades, the principal of which are Andro, Tino, Myconi, Zea, Syra, Naxia, Paros, Milo, Santorin, Nio. Gulfs. — Lepanto, Egina, Nauplia or Napoli, Kolo- kythia, Coron. Capes. — Clarenza, Gallo, Matapan, Malea or St Angelo, Skylo, Colonna. Mountains. — Parnassus, Helicon, Taygetus or Mountains of Maina. REMARKS. Greece lies between 36° 21' and 39° N. lat., and between 21° 1 O' and 24° E. long. Its length from Cape Matapan to the northern boundary is 170 miles; its breadth from Cape Clarenza to the coast near Marathon 150 miles. The territory of Greece, though of comparatively small extent, is replete with interest, and capable of high im- provement. It consists chiefly of a succession of valleys, bounded by mountains of moderate elevation, presenting the most picturesque aspects, and generally well adapted either for agriculture or pasturage. The traveller is particularly struck with the magnificent monuments, in the purest style of architecture, which adorn the principal cities, erected when Greece was in her greatest glory. An extensive range of coast, indented by numerous bays, and the variety of the islands, while they diversify the scenery, eminently fit the country for commerce, which had begun to be carried on with much activity previous to the late contest. The Greeks, professing a form of Christianity, had, ever since the establishment of the Ottoman ascendency, been held under the most grievous oppression. Degenerated from the lofty and gallant spirit of former times, they en- dured for centuries this tyranny with tame submission. At length they caught a portion of that intelligence and spirit of liberty which had been spreading through Western Eu- rope, and were fired with an emulation of the heroic deeds and free condition of their ancestors. They took arms to rescue themselves from Turkish domination; but the con- test was arduous and long doubtful. Notwithstanding very gallant achievements, they were reduced to a state of ex- treme exhaustion, when the armed interposition of Russia, Britain, and France, in pursuance of a treaty concluded at London, extorted from the Porte an agreement by which the independence of Greece was secured. It was stipulated that the country should be governed by a constitutional mo- GREECE, 144 narchy; but the Greeks, agitated by violent dissensions, did not for some time fix on the sovereign who was to rule them. The crown was offered to Prince Leopold, now King of Belgium, but was refused by him, and has now been settled on Prince Otho of Bavaria. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Greece ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the number of its inhabitants ? Name the divisions. What are the chief towns of Continental Greece ? Of the Morea ? What are the principal islands ? Where is the Gulf of Lepanto ? Of Egina ? Cape Ma- tapan, Mounts Parnassus and Taygetus, Athens, Thebes, Tripolitza, Hydra, Navarino, Salamis, Nauplia, Paros, &c. ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What are its length and breadth ? Of what does the territory of Greece consist ? For what is it adapted ? What strikes the traveller with admiration ? What peculiarly fits Greece for commerce ? Under what yoke were the Greeks oppressed ? What led them to shake it off? By whose interposition was their in- dependence secured ? What form of government was to be established among them ? To whom did they offer the crown ? On whom is it now settled ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. AN'DRO, an island in the Ar- chipelago, near Negropont. Po- pulation 12,000.— 37 Q 48' N. lat. 24° .50' E. long. Antipa'ros, a small island in the Archipelago, between Paros and Siphanto. Its celebrated grotto of crystallized marble presents, when lighted up, a most brilliant appear- ance. Population 1200. Arca'dia, a flourishing seaport on the W. coast of the Morea. Pop. 4000.— 37, 14 N. 21, 41 E. Archipel'ago. See Turkey in Europe, p. 159. Ar'gos, a town in the Morea, si- tuate on the Gulf of Nauplia. Po- pulation 6000. As'propo'tamo, the ancient Ache- lons, a river rising in Mount Pindus, on the borders of Thes- saly, and falling into the Gulf of Lepanto. A'thens, anciently the capital of Attica, and now of the modern kingdom of Greece, distinguished by the interesting remains of its ancient grandeur. It was the most renowned city in antiquity, for the genius of its inhabitants, and their eminence in literature, philosophy, oratory, poetry, and the fine arts. Pop. 12,000.-37, 58 N. 23, 44 E. CAS'TRI, the ancient Delphi , a small town in Livadia, situate on the S. side of Mount Parnassus. Claren'za, Cape, a promontory on the N. W. of the Morea. — 37, 58 N. 21, 10 E. Colon'na, Cape, the ancient Sunium, a promontory on the S. E. of Livadia.— 37, 39 N. 24, 3 E. Co'rinth, once one of the most distinguished cities of ancient Greece, now little more than a village, situate near the Isthmus of Corinth. Population 2000. Co'ron, Gulf of, anciently call- ed the Gulf of Messenia , in the S. W. of the Morea. Co'ron, a fortified seaport in the Morea, on theW. side of the above gulf. P. 5000.— 56, 48 N. 22, 0 E. Cy'clades, a circular group of celebrated islands in the Archipe- lago, about 53 in number, present- ing rich and varied scenery. EGI'NA, Gulf of, the Saronic GREECE. Gulf of the ancients, in the N. E. of the Morea. Egi'na, an island at the entrance of the gulf to which it gives name. Euro'tas, or Ir'i, a river of the Morea, which flows into the Gulf of Kolokythia. GALL'O, Cape, the S.W. extre- mity of the Morea.— 36, 40 N. 21, 48 E. Gastoun'i, a town in the Morea, near the site of the ancient Elis. Population 3000. HE'LICON, called also Zago'ra, a mountain in Livadia, N. from the Gulf of Lepanto, celebrated in ancient mythology as a favour- ite haunt of the Muses. Hy'dra, a small rocky island off the eastern coast of the Morea, which has become the centre of the marine and commerce of mo- dern Greece. Its inhabitants took a distinguished part in the deli- verance of Greece, and performed many great actions. Pop. 20,000. —57, 20 N. 23, 50 E. IPSA/RA, a small island in the Archipelago, interesting for the noble struggle of the Ipsariots in the cause of independence. Pop. 2400.— 38, 34 N. 25, 37 E. KOLOKY'THIA, Gulf of, in the S. of the Morea. LEPAN'TO, the ancient Nau- paotus, a small seaport in Livadia, at the entrance of the gulf of the same name. Pop. 2000. — 58, 22 N. 21, 52 E. Lepan'to, Gulf of, anciently the Gulf of Corinth, an arm of the Ionian Sea, above 70 miles in length. It separates the S. coast of Livadia from the Morea. Liva'dia, or Continental Greece, an extensive province, containing the most interesting districts of an- cient Greece : it comprehends the ancient Acarnania, JEtolla , Doris , Locris, Phocis, Boeotia , Megaris, and Attica . It extends about 180 miles in length and 40 in breadth, and abounds in interesting re- mains of antiquity. Liva'dia, the ancient Lebadea, a city of continental Greece, car- ries on a considerable trade. Po- pulation 10,000. MAl'NA, a mountainous dis- trict in the S. part of the Morea. The Mainotes are a brave and hardy people. 145 , Ma'lea, or St An'gelo, Cape, the S. E. extremity of the Morea. — 36, 26 N. 23, 13 E. Matapan', Cape, the most south- ern point of the Morea, and, ex- cept Tarifa in Spain, of the conti- nent of Europe. This was the Tcenarium Promontoriuvi of the ancients.— 36, 21 N. 22, 27 E. Mi'lo, the ancient Melos, a small island in the Archipelago. Its soil is volcanic and extremely fertile. Population 7000. Mi'stra, a town in the Morea, near the site of ancient Sparta , beautifully situate at the foot of Mount Taygetus. Pop. 4000. Missolon'ghi, a fortified town in Livadia, on the W. of Lepanto. Here our great poet, Lord Byron, died, 19th April 1824, while* pro- moting, with generous enthusiasm, the cause of Grecian liberty. — 38, 22 N. 21, 26 E. Mo'don, the ancient Metko'nc, a seaport in the S. W. of the Morea, situate at the foot of a mountain, on a small point of land projecting into the sea — 36, 48 N. 21, 42 E. More'a, the ancient Pelopon- nesus, a peninsula connected with continental Greece by the Isth- mus of Corinth. In ancient times, it was divided into six districts, Achaia, Elis, Messenia, Laconia, Argolis, and Arcadia. Its length is about 140 miles, and its breadth 120; its extent 8000 square miles. It is not surpassed in beauty of scenery and in classical interest; nor does it yield in climate and fertility to the most favoured re- gions of Europe. Pop. 336,366. Myco'ni, an island in the Ar- chipelago, one ofthe Cyclades. Po- pulation 7000. NAP'OLI DI MALVA'SIA, a seaport in the S. E. ofthe Morea, on the site of the ancient Epi- daurus. Pop. 6000. — 56, 47 N. 25, 0 E. Nau'plia, or Nap'oli, Gulf of, on the E. ofthe Morea. Nau'plia, or Nap'oli di Romania, a fortified seaport near the head of the Gulf of Nauplia. Pop. 12,000. —57, 35 N. 22, 47 E. Navari'no, a seaport in the S. W. of the Morea, N. of Modon, with a fine harbour. Here, on the 20th of October 1827, the Turk- i ish and Egyptian fleets were de- GREECE. 146 stroyed by the united squadrons of Great Britain, France, and Russia. —36, 51 N. 21, 4 2 E. Nax'ia, an island in the Archi- pelago, E. of Paros, the largest and most fertile of the Cyclades. Popu- lation 10,000. Ne'gropont, or Eg'ripo, the an- cient Euboea, an island stretching along the E. coast of Livadia, from which it is separated by the nar- row channel called Euri'pus , re- markable for the irregularity of its tides. It is about 100 miles long and 10 broad, and is connect- ed with Livadia by a bridge across the channel. Pop. 60,000. Ne'gropont, or Eg'ripo, a forti- fied seaport, the capital of the isL and, on the Euripus. P. 16,000. —38, 30 N. 23, 44 E. Nio', Island of, the ancient Ios , one of the Cyclades, in which it is said Homer died. PARNASS'US, a celebrated mountain of Livadia, and the high- est in Greece, being 5750 feet. Ac- cording to the ancients, it was the seat of Apollo and the Muses. Near Castri, on its S. acclivity, still flows the Castalian spring. Pa'ros, an island in the Archipe- lago, nearly in the centre of the Cyclades, famed for its quarries of beautiful white marble. Popula- tion 2000. Patras', a seaport in the N. W. of the Morea, beautifully situate on an eminence near the entrance of the Gulf of Lepanto. P. 8000. — 58, 14 N. 21, 48 E. Po'ros, the ancient Calauria , an island in the Gulf of Egina, sepa- rated from the Morea by a narrow channel. ROU'FIA, the ancient Alpheus, a river of the Morea, which falls into the Mediterranean Sea. SAL'AMIS, or Coulouri, an isl- and in the Gulf of Egina, where the ancient Greeks gained a me- morable naval victory over the Persians, b. c. 480. Pop. 5000.— 37, 57 N. 23, 30 E. Salo'na, the ancient Amphissa , a town in Livadia, near Mount Parnassus. It is a place of consi- derable trade. Pop. 5000. San'rorin, the ancient Thera , an island in the Archipelago, of vol- canic origin. Pop. 10,000. Sky'lo, Cape, a promontory in the E. of the Morea.— 37» 28 N. 23, 32 E. Sky'ro, a rugged and barren isl- and in the Archipelago, E. of Ne- gropont. Pop. 1800. Spez'zia, an island in the Archi- pelago, at the entrance of the Gulf of Nauplia, which highly distin- guished itself in the war of inde- pendence. Pop. 8000. Sy'ra, an island in the Archipe- lago, one of the Cyclades, is now becoming a place of commercial importance. Pop. 7000. TALAN'TA, a town in Liva- dia, near the channel of the same name, which divides the island of Negropont from the continent. Population 5000. Tay'getus, a mountain in the Morea, with several summits, W. from the Eurotas. Thebes, a town of Livadia, on the site of the famous ancient city of that name. Pop. 2500. Ti'no, an island in the Archipe- lago, one of the Cyclades. P. 15,800. Tripolit'za, the principal town of the Morea, in a narrow vale at the foot of Mount Msenalus. Pop. 12,000.-37, 50 N. 22, 26 E. ZEA, the ancient Ceos , one of the Cyclades, near Cape Colonna. Population 5000. RUSSIA IN EUROPE Is bounded N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by Swe- den, the Baltic, Prussia, and Austria ; S. by Turkey, the Sea of Azopli, and the Black Sea ; and E. by Asi- atic Russia, from which it is separated by the Ural Mountains and the rivers Volga and Don. It contains 1,650,000 square miles. Population 52,000,000."* * The Russian Empire is the most extensive in the world, occupying a large portion of Europe and all the northern part of Asia. It s.tretches RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 147 Divisions. — R ussia in Europe consists of forty-seven governments, or provinces, of which the five marked * are partly in Asia. Provinces. _ Chief Towns. In the north,.... Finland Helsingfors, Abo, Vi- borg. Olonetz Olonetz, Petrosa vodsk. Archangel A rchangel. V ologda Vologda. In the N. W.,... Novgorod Novgorod. Petersburg or Ingria.PETERSBURG, Cron- stadt. Revel or Esthonia ...Revel, Riga or Livonia Riga. Pskov Pskov. Vitepsk Vitepsk. Courland Mittau. Wilna Wilna. In the west, Moghilev Moghilev. Minsk Minsk. Grodno Grodno. V olhynia Zytomiers. Kingdom of Poland. Warsaw. In the centre,... Kostroma Kostroma. J aroslav J aroslav. Tver Tver. Smolensko» Smolensko. Moscow Moscow, Borcdino. Vladimir Vladimir. N iznei -No vgorod . . . . N iznei- N ovgorod. Tambov Tambov. Riazan Riazan. Tula Tula. Kaluga Kaluga. Orel Orel. Tchernigov Tchernigov. Kursk Kursk. Voronetz Voronetz. from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, from 18° to 190° E. longitude, — a space of more than 5000 miles, — and comprehends 7,880,000 square miles. It embraces nearly one-half of Europe and one-third of Asia, and forms more than one-seventh of the habitable globe. Its European territory is peopled by 52 millions of inhabitants; six or seven millions more are found in its Asiatic dominions ; and even America contains several thousand Russian subjects. The total number of its population is about 60 millions. Of this five-sixths are Sclavonians. It is calcu- lated that the Russian soil is capable of supplying food for 150 millions of inhabitants, and that its general population increases annually about half a million. “ Magnificent as this picture is,” remarks Count Segur, ** it represents no more than the exact truth.” 148 RUSSIA IN EUROPE. Provinces. Chief Towns. In the east, *Perme Perme. Viatka Viatka. *Kasan Kasan. * Simbirsk Simbirsk. Penza Penza. ^Saratov Saratov. In the south, ...Slobodsk-Ukraine ...Charkov. Poltava Poltava. Kiev Kiev. Podolia Kaminiec. Bessarabia and part Bender, Ismail, Aker- of Moldavia. man. Cherson or N icolaie v. Ch erson , Odessa. Ekaterinoslav Ekaterinoslav, Tagan- rog. Taurida, including the Crimea Sympheropol. *Country of the Don Cossacks Tscherkask. Islands. — Aland, Dago, Oesel, in the Baltic. In the Arctic Ocean, Kalguev, Waigatz, Nova Zembla, Spitzbergen. Gulfs and Bays — Gulfs of Finland, Riga, Kan- dalax, Waranger, Archangel Bay, Onega Bay. Mountains. — Ural Mountains, Valdai Hills. Lakes. — Ladoga, Onega, Peipus, Ilmen. Rivers. — Dniester, Bog, Dnieper, Don, Volga, Oka, Kama, Dwina, Neva, Northern Dvvina, Petchora. REMARKS. European Russia extends from 44° to 70° N. lat., and from 18° to 60° E. long. Its length from the southern ex- tremity of the Crimea to the Arctic Ocean is 1700 miles; and its breadth, on the parallel of 56°, is 1500 miles. Of this extensive empire, Finland was acquired from Sweden in 1809 ; Bessarabia and part of Moldavia from Turkey in 1812. The country to the west of the rivers Dvvina and Dnieper, including Courland, Wilna, Grodno, Minsk, Mog. hilev, Volhynia, Kiev, and Podolia, formerly belonged to Poland. The Duchy of Warsaw was acquired by the treaty of Vienna in 1814, and erected into a new kingdom of Po- land, with some important privileges ; but it has been de- prived of most of these in consequence of the recent attempt to assert its independence. European Russia is almost throughout its vast extent a RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 149 level country. On its eastern frontier, indeed, the vast chain of the Ural Mountains stretches nearly from the North- ern Ocean to the Caspian ; rising in some places to the height of 8000 feet. In Lapland and in the Crimea there are mountains of considerable magnitude; and the Valdai Hills form an extensive table-land to the east and south of Peters- burg. From them the principal rivers of Russia take their rise ; and so flat is the country through which they flow, that their course is extremely tranquil. The distinguishing fea- ture in the natural aspect of Russia is its steppes, which are vast plains formed chiefly of sand and destitute of wood, ex- cept here and there a stunted birch. The climate of Russia is much colder than that of other European countries in the same parallel of latitude ; and the farther we proceed eastward, we find it still the colder. For this peculiarity in the Russian climate various causes have been assigned, — its distance from the ocean, — the vast tract of land traversed by the north and easterly winds, — and the dreary uncultivated surface of the country, a great proportion of which is occupied with forests, lakes, and marshes. The summer-heat in Russia, however, is in ge- neral greater than in other countries under the same parallels of latitude. Barley, oats, and rye are the principal grains of the northern provinces; in the middle and southern departments wheat is raised in great abundance. The meadows on the Volga, the Don, and some of the other rivers, are luxuri- ant in natural grasses. Hemp and flax are cultivated on the strong soils ; tobacco and maize in the south, chiefly in the Crimea. The fruits vary with the difference of latitude and climate. Apples, plums, and cherries are common in the central provinces ; peaches and melons in the southern ; and in Taurida and the Crimea, vines, figs, almonds, and pomegranates. In the centre of Russia are extensive fo- rests ; pine, fir, and birch, abound in the northern regions. The domestic animals common in other parts of Europe are found in Russia ; and such is the extent of its territory, that the camel and the rein-deer, animals of opposite cli- mates, are both domesticated within its limits. Among the wild animals may be enumerated the bear, the wolf, the lynx, the chamois, the antelope, the elk, the beaver, the ermine, the marten, the musk-deer, and the musk-rat. The most extensive mines of Russia are in the Ural Mountains. In Perme are valuable mines of copper and iron; and of the latter metal there are also considerable RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 150 mines in the neighbourhood of Moscow. Salt abounds in several provinces; and springs of naphtha occur in the dis- trict of Perecop and the Isle of Taman in Taurida. Notwithstanding the laudable efforts of the government, manufactures and agriculture are still in a rude state. The principalbranches of manufacture arecoarse linens, woollens, hardware, leather, soap, and mats. From the small extent of navigable coast, Russia must ever be limited in its foreign commerce ; but its rivers and canals afford great facilities for internal trade. By means of a canal, uniting the Tvertza, a tributary of the Volga, with the Shlina, which communi- cates by other rivers with Lake Ladoga, and thence with the Neva, a continuous navigation has been formed across the whole empire, from the Caspian to the Baltic/ The princi- pal articles of export are hemp, flax, leather, tallow, potash, wax, timber, pitch, tar, skins, furs. The imports are sugar, coffee, cotton, and other colonial goods ; woollen and cotton cloths, silks, dye-stuffs, wine, and brandy. The annual value of the exports is about £15,000,000, — of the imports, nearly the same. The system of Christianity established in Russia is that of the Greek church ; but Christians of all other denomina- tions, and even Mohammedans, have full toleration. The ecclesiastics are extremely numerous, and enjoy important immunities and privileges. Their religious ceremonies, par- ticularly on festival-days, are splendid and imposing. The government is an absolute monarchy, amounting to a mili- tary despotism, — the only restraint on the will of the em- peror, or autocrat, being the respect due to the nobility and clergy, and the dread of assassination, by which an unpopu- lar sovereign is sometimes removed, and from which even the best is not altogether secure. The people are still kept in a degrading state of vassalage ; the peasants, or boors, are the slaves of those proprietors on whose lands they are born ; but the government has made attempts to ameliorate their condition, and some nobles have declared their peasantry free. The resources of Russia, were they less scattered and better managed, would be very great. Its revenue, however, does not exceed £18,000,000, which is burdened with a debt of £65,000,000. The numerical amount of the Russian army, exclusive of irregulars, is 710,000 men. As soldiers, the "Russians possess in an eminent degree the virtues of obedience and fortitude. Under good officers they would be almost invincible ; and their discipline has of late years been greatly improved. RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 151 Education, to which the attention of government has re- cently been directed, is miserably neglected throughout the empire. By an imperial ukase issued in 1 802 , a plan of education was prescribed somewhat resembling our paro- chial establishments in Scotland; but it has not yet been rendered properly effective. Little can be said in favour of the national character of the Russians. Of cleanliness the lower classes have no idea. Drinking and gaming are prevalent vices. The nobility live in great style ; but there is still a rudeness in their magnificence characteristic of a half-barbarous state. They are a social and hospitable people. EXERCISES. How is European Russia bounded ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? How many governments or provinces does it contain ? How many of them are partly in Asia ? Name the governments in the north. Name those in the north-west. Name those in the west. Name those in the centre. Name those in the east. Name those in the south. What are the chief towns which have not the same names as the governments ? What islands belong to Russia ? What are its mountains ? What are its principal lakes ? What are its chief rivers ? Where is Kaminiec, Odessa, Borodino, Ismail, Petersburg, Cronstadt, Bender, Zytomiers, &c. ? Where is Lake Ladoga, Peipus, the Ural Mountains, Lake Ilmen ? Trace the Volga, the Dnieper, the Oka, the Petchora, the Kama, the D wina, &c. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Russia situate? What are its length and breadth? From what country and at what time was Finland acquired ? When and from what country were Bessarabia and part of Moldavia acquired ? What part of Russia formerly belonged to Po- land ? What is the general aspect of Russia ? In what part of it do chains of hills occur ? From which of those chains do the principal rivers take their rise ? What is the distin- guishing feature in the natural aspect of Russia ? What is peculiar in the climate of Russia ? What causes have been assigned for this peculiarity ? Is the summer- heat great ? What are the principal crops in the north- ern, middle, and southern provinces ? Where do luxuriant meadows occur ? Where are hemp and flax, tobacco and maize, respectively cultivated ? What varieties of fruits are found in the different regions? What trees abound in the north ? What domestic animals in opposite parts of Russia afford a proof of its vast extent of territory ? Mention some of the wild animals of this country. Where do the most ex- tensive mines of Russia occur ? In what province are mines RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 152 of copper and iron wrought ? Is salt common in any part of Russia ? Where do springs of naphtha occur ? In what state are the manufactures of Russia ? What are the principal articles of manufacture ? Why is Russia ill adapted for foreign commerce ? What facilitates its internal trade ? How is a communication formed between the Baltic and the Caspian ? What are the principal articles of export ? What are the imports ? What is their annual value respec- tively ? What is the established religion of Russia ? Are other religions tolerated ? What is the state of ecclesiastics in Russia ? What is remarkable about their religious cere- monies ? What is the nature of the government ? What are the only restraints on the will of the sovereign ? In what state are the people ? Have any attempts been made to ameliorate their condition ? What is the state of the resources of this empire ? What is the amount of its revenue and debt ? What is the numerical amount of its army ? What are the charac- teristic qualities of Russian soldiers ? In what state is education in Russia ? What was the plan prescribed for its improvement by the imperial ukase of 1802 ? What are the prevalent defects in the national character ? In what style do the nobility live? For what social virtue are the Russians remarkable ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. A'BO, a seaport in Finland, si- tuate on the promon tory formed by the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. It carries on a considerable trade, and is the seat of a university. P. 12,000. — 60° 30' N. lat. 22« 15' E. long. Ak'erman, a strongly-fortified seaport of Bessarabia, on the Black Sea, near the mouth of the Dnies- ter. P. 15,000.-46, 10 N. 30, 20 E. A'land, the chief of a group of islands at the entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia, 40 miles long and 16 broad. Pop. of the whole 13,340. ArcAan'gel, an extensive govern- ment in the N., including Nova Zembla. The wealth of this bleak and steril region consists chiefly in the fisheries, which extend along the whole coast. Extent 217,000 square miles. Pop. 265,000. Arc/ian'gel, the principal com- mercial city of the N. of Russia, about 30 miles from the junction of the Dwina with the White Sea. Above 300 foreign vessels, chiefly British, visit this city annually, sailing round by the North Cape in June or July, and departing in September or October. Pop. 3000. —64, 32 N. 40, 23 E. Az'oph, or Az'of, Sea of, the Pa - lus Mceotis of the ancients, which communicates with the Black Sea by the Straits of Enikale or Caffa, the ancient Cimmerian Bosporus. BEN'DER, a strongly-fortified town in Bessarabia, situate on the Dniester. Pop. 10,000. Ber'ditchev, a town in Volhynia, has considerable trade. P. 20,000. Bessara'bia, a fertile province between the Danube and the Dniester, E. of Moldavia, ceded to Russia by Turkey in 1812. It con- tains 18,850 square miles. Popu- lation 600,000. Bog, a river which issues from a lake on the northern frontier of Podolia, flows through that go- vernment and Cherson, and falls into the Dnieper below Cherson. Borodi'no, a village in the go- vernment of Moscow, near the ri- ver Moskwa, famous for a great battle fought there, 7th September 1812, between the Russians and French, when about 30,000 fell on each side. Byal'ystock, a well-built town in the government of Grodno. Po- pulation 6000. C HARKOV', K/iar'kof', or RUSSIA IN EUROPE Slobodsk U'kraine, a government S. of Kursk and N. of Ekaterin- oslav. It contains 15,000 square miles. Pop. 914,000. Charkov', the capital of the above government, on the small rivers Charkov and Lapan. Its monastic college was, in 1803, erected into a university. Pop. 16,000. Cher'son, Oer'son, or Nicolaiev', an extensive government S. W. of Ekaterinoslav. It contains 35,500 square miles. Pop. 459,000. Cher'son, the capital of the above government, situate in an exten- sive plain, on the right bank of the Dnieper, about 60 miles from its mouth. Here the philanthro- pic Howard died in 1790 : he is buried about 8 miles from the town, where a monument is erected to his memory. Pop. 12,000.-46, 38 N. 32, 38 E. Choc'zim, a strongly-fortified town in Bessarabia, on the right bank of the Dniester. It belonged formerly to Turkey, but was ceded to the Russians in 1812. Pop. 7000.— 48, 27 N. 26, 40 E. cour'land, a government of Rus- sian Poland, separated from Livo- nia by the Dwina. It is a fertile but ill-cultivated district, contain- ing 1 1 ,000 square miles and 581,000 inhabitants. Crim'ea, or Crim Tartary, the Chersone'sus Taurica of the an- cients, a peninsula in the S. of Taurida, formed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azoph, and joined to the continent by the Isthmus of Perecop. It is about 208 miles long and 124 broad; is divided by the river Salgir into two parts, and traversed by a range of moun- tains enclosing valleys of the great- est beauty and fertility, rich in all the productions of the south. Cron'stadt, a seaport and strong fortress in the government of Pe- tersburg, at the S. E. extremity of the island of Retusari, in the Gulf of Finland. It commands the pas- sage to St Petersburg, from which it is distant 22 miles, and is the principal station of the Russian navy. It was built by Peter the Great, who employed 300,000 men in the work. Pop. 40,000. — 45, 40 N. 25, 32 E. DA'GO, an island at the en- trance of the Gulf of Finland. 153 The dangerous shallows and sand- banks on its coasts have rendered it necessary to erect a lighthouse at Dagerost, its principal village. Pop. 10,000. Dnieper (Nee'per), the ancient Borystlienes , a large river which rises in the government of Smo- lensko, and, after a winding course, falls into the Black Sea below Cherson. Dniester (Nees'ter), the ancient Tyras, a large river which has its source among the Carpathian Mountains in Austrian Galicia, enters Russia at Choczim in Bess- arabia, and falls into the Black Sea at Akerman. Don, the Tanais of the ancients, a large river which rises in the government of Tula, and, after a winding course, empties itself by several channels into the Sea of Azoph. Don Cos'sacks, a tribe whose territory extends along the lower course of the Don. It contains 61,000 square miles and a popula- tion of 370,000. The greater part of the male inhabitants are soldiers, possessing their lands as the price of their service ; and in war they serve always on horseback. Dor'pat, a town of Livonia, with a university, which the Emperor Alexander, in 1802, declared the metropolitan seat of education for Finland, Esthonia, and Courland. Pop. 8000. Dwi'na, a river which issues from the Valdai Hills, on the bor- ders of Tver ; and flows N. W. into the Gulf of Riga. It is navigable through nearly its whole course, and communicates with Lake La- doga and St Petersburg by a canal. Dwi'na, Northern, a large river, formed by the junction of the Soukhona and the Joug, in the government of Vologda, and fall- ing by two channels into the White Sea, near Archangel. EKA'TERINOSLAV', or Ca'- therinoslav', a government N. of Taurida, containing 27,009 square miles and 826,000 inhabitants. Eka'terinoslav', the capital of the above government, on the Dnieper, remarkable for its wool- len manufactures, which are ac- counted the finest in Russia. Po- pulation about 7500. RUSSIA IN EUROPE, 154 Estho'nia, or Rev'el, a govern- ment extending along the S. side of the Gulf of Finland. It con- tains 7300 square miles and 303,000 inhabitants. FIN'LAND, a country E. of Sweden, to which it belonged till the year 1809, when it was taken possession of by the Russians, It contains 156,600 square miles. Pop. 1,350,000. Fin'land, Gulf of, an arm of the Baltic, extending inland to St Pe- tersburg. GROD'NO, a government in Russian Poland, containing 16,000 square miles and 868,000 inha- bitants. Grod'no, the capital of the above government, situate on the right bank of the Niemen or Me- mel. Here Stanislaus, king of Poland, sought his last retreat, and here he finally abdicated his crown in 1795. Pop. 5000. HEL'SINGFORS, the capital of Finland, with a strong fortress, on the N. shore of the Gulf of Finland. Pop. 8000. ILMEN, a large lake in the government of Novgorod, about 48 miles in length and from 12 to 18 in width. It communicates with Lake Ladoga by the river Volkov and a canal. Ismail', a strongly-fortified town in Bessarabia, situate on the prin- cipal arm of the Danube, about 10 miles from the Black Sea. After a very brave and obstinate resist- ance by the Turks, in 1790, it was stormed by the Russians under Suwarrow, and given up for three days to pillage and massacre. Po- pulation 10,000. JAROSLAV (Yaroslav'), a go- vernment on the Volga, surround- ed by Vologda, Kostroma, Vladi- mir, Tver, and Novgorod. It contain^ 1 1,400 square miles, and 1,038,000 inhabitants. Jaroslav', the capital of the above government, situate on the Volga, is the see of a bishop, the seat of an academy and theological col- lege. It has extensive manufac- tures of silk, linen, and Russian leather. Pop. 21,000. KALGUKV'j a dreary island in the Northern Ocean, inhabited by only a few scattered families. Kal'isch, a town in Russian Po- land, on the Prosna, with consi- derable manufactures. P. L5,000. Kaln'ga, a government bound- ed by Moscow, Smolensko, Orel, and Tula. It is a fertile district, containing iron-mines and import- ant manufactures. Extent 12,500 square miles. Pop. 1,175,000. Kalu'ga, the capital of the above government, situate on the Oka, has large manufactures of canvass and coarse woollens. Po- pulation 26,000. Ka'ma, a large river which rises in Viatka, traverses Perme from N. toS. and joins the Volga 21 miles below Kasan. Kam'iniec, the capital of the government of Podolia, to the N. of the Dniester. Pop. 5600. Kandalax, Gulf of, a part of the White Sea, stretching into Rus- sian Lapland. Kas'an, a government to the S. of Viatka, the inhabitants of which are chiefly of Tartar origin. Ex- tent 22,100 square miles. Popula- tion 1,028,000. Kas'an, the capital of the above government, situate on the Kasan- ka, near its junction with the Volga. It is the see of an arch- bishop, and the seat of a universi- ty. Kasan has an extensive trade, with several flourishing manufac- tures. Pop. 48,000. Kichinev', the chief town in the province of Bessarabia. P. 20,000. Kiev (Kioo'), a government on the Dnieper. Its soil is fertile ; but great part of it is in pasture. Extent 19,830 square miles. Pop. 1,472,000. Kiev (Kioo') the principal town of the above province, and once the capital of Russia, situate on the right bank of the Dnieper. In a monastery here,aresubterraneous vaults, in which are kept a number of dead bodies in an undecayed state, believed by the Russians to be the relics of saints and martyrs. Pop. 20,000.-50, 25 N. 30, 26 E. Kostro'ma, a government sur- rounded by Vologda, Viatka, Niz- nei- N ovgorod, Vladimir, and Ja- roslav. Extent 32,00i) square miles. Population 1,456,000. Kostro'ma, the capital of the above province, situate on the Vol- ga, near its junction with the Kos- troma. Pop. 12,000. RUSSIA IN EUROPE. Kursk, a government bounded by those of Orel, Voronetz, Slo- bodsk- Ukraine, and Tchernigov. It contains 16,650 square miles, and 1,649,000 inhabitants. Kursk, the capital of the above government, situate on the Tus- kara, is one of the most ancient towns in the empire. Population 23,000. LADO'GA, LAKE, surrounded by the governments of Petersburg and Olonetz, is the largest lake in Europe, being 130 miles long and 75 broad. It is connected by canals with Lake Ilmen and the Volga ; and thus forms a line of communi- cation between the Baltic and the Caspian. Li'bau, a seaport in Cour- land, on the Baltic. Population 7000.— 56, 14 N. 20, 55 E. Livo'nia, or Ri'ga, a maritime government, having Esthonia on the N. and Courland on the S. It exports a considerable quantity of corn. Extent 17,450 square miles. Population 7.54,000. Lub'lin, a town in Russian Po- land. Population 12,400. MINSK, a government extend- ing from the Dwina on the N. to Volhynia on the S. It is a level and fertile district, containing 40,000 square miles, and a popu- lation of 1,160,000. Minsk, the capital of the above government, on the Berezina. Po- pulation 15,000. Mitt'au, the capital of the go- vernment of Courland, near the Gulf of Riga. Pop. 14,000. Mo'g&ilev, a government to the E. of Minsk. It abounds in fo- rests and marshes, but the rest of the soil is fertile. Extent 19,000 square miles. Pop. 945,000. Mo'gfalev, the capital of the above government, situate on the Dnieper, has an extensive trade. Here are both a Greek and a La- tin archbishop. Pop. 21,000. — 48, 28 N. 27, 46 E. Molda'via, an extensive pro- vince in the N. E. of Turkey ; the part N. of the Pruth was ceded to Russia in 1812. The population of this part is 300,000. Mos'eoio, a central government, which is among the least extensive and the most populous provinces in the empire. Its trade and ma- 155 nufactures are very considerable. It contains 12,200 square miles and 1,358,000 inhabitants. Mos'cotu, the capital ofthe above government, and long the seat of the court, on the banks of the Moskwa. Almost the whole of this splendid city was reduced to ashes by a voluntary act of its inhabit- ants, when it was occupied by Bo- naparte and his invading army in 1812. It has been since rebuilt, and in some parts with additional splendour. The most- remarkable part of the city is the Kremlin, which contains the ancient palace of the Czars. Pop. 240,000. — 55, 50 N. 37, 40 E. NE'VA, a river which issues from Lake Ladoga, and, after a course of 35 miles, empties itself by three mouths into the Gulf of Finland, below Petersburg. Nieolaiev', a seaport of thereon, on the Bog, the seat of a naval ar- senal for the Black Sea. P. 6000. Niz'nei-Nov'gorod, a large cen- tral government, E. of Vladimir, containing 18,400 square miles, with 1,380,000 inhabitants. Niz'nei-Nov'gorod, the capital of the above province, at the con- fluence of the Oka and the Volga. From its favourable situation, it is a place of great internal trade, and is noted for its fair, one of the greatest in Europe. Pop. 16,000. No'va Zem'bla, a large island in the Arctic Ocean, separated from the mainland by Waigatz Straits. Its length is computed at 540 miles and its breadth at 240 ; — extend- ing from 68 tf to 74° N. lat. It is almost uninhabitable from cold ; but the S. and W. coasts are vi- sited by fishermen and hunters. Nov'gorod, a government to the E. of Petersburg. Extent 48,250 square miles. Pop. 916,000. Nov'gorod, the capital of the above province, situate in a beau- tiful plain at the N. extremity of Lake Ilmen, once the most flour- ishing city in the N. of Europe. Population 8000. ODES'SA, a flourishing seaport in the government of Cherson, on the Black Sea, between the ri- vers Dniester and Bog. It was founded by Catherine II. and is a free port. A vast quantity of grain, besides other articies, is exported RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 156 from it. Pop. 40,000.-46, 29 N. 30, 45 E. Oe'sel, an island at the mouth of the Gulf of Riga. Pop. 34,256. G / ka, a river which rises in the government of Orel, flows N. E. and, after receiving the Moskwa, falls into the Volga atNiznei-Nov- gorod. Ol'onetz, a government south of Archangel, containing 60,800 square miles. Population 360,000. Ol'onetz, a town in the above government, on the Olonza, near Lake Ladoga, remarkable as the place where Peter the Great erect- ed his first dockyard. Pop. 2800. One'ga, a lake in the govern- ment of Olonetz, 130 miles long and from 70 to 80 broad. It is connected by the river Swir with Lake Ladoga. One'ga, a large river which rises in the S. E. of Olonetz, and flows northward into the Bay of Onega, an arm of the White Sea. O'rel, a government in the in- terior, S. of Tula and Kalouga. It is one of the best corn-countries in Russia. Extent 17,500 square miles. Pop. 1,300,000. PEI'PUS, LAKE, is surrounded by the governments of Petersburg, Livonia, Esthonia, and Pskov. It is 50 miles long and 35 broad, and communicates with the Gulf of Finland by the river Narva. Pen'za, a government in the E., having Niznei-Novgorod on the N. and Saratov on the S. It contains 15.000 square miles. P. 1,035,000. Pen'za, the capital of the above government, situate at the conflu- ence of the Penza and the Sura. Population 13,000. Perme, a government, containing 124.000 square miles and 1,270,000 inhabitants. Perme, the capital of the above government, on the Kama ; with a trade in the mineral produce of the Urals. Population 10,000. Petchora(Petsho'ra), alargeriver which rises in the Ural Mountains, flows northward through the go- vernments of Vologda and Arch- angel, and falls into the Northern Ocean. Petersburg, or In'gria, a govern- ment at the eastern extremity of the Gulf of Finland, containing 18,640 square miles. P. 845,000. Petersburg, or St Petersburg, the capital of the above govern- ment and the metropolis of the Russian empire, is situate at the confluence of the Neva with the eastern extremity of the Gulf of Finland. It was founded by Peter the Great in 1703 ; and Catherine II. made it the permanent residence of the court. It is now one of the finest cities in Europe ; with a most extensive foreign trade. Itisrlivid- ed into two parts by the Neva, which is here broader than the Thames at London, deep, rapid, and clear. Population 450,135. — 59, 56 N. 50, 30 E. Petrozavodsk', a town in the go- vernment of Olonetz, on the W. coast of Lake Onega ; with great iron-works. Population 5000. Podo'lia,agovernment in Russian Poland, containing 15,600 square miles and 1,462,000 inhabitants. Pol'and, a large country of Eu- rope, between Russia and Ger- many, long an independent king- dom ; but in 1772 the three powers Russia, Austria, and Prussia, par- titioned part of her territory, and in 1793 they completed this iniqui- tous proceeding by dividing the whole country among themselves. By the treaty of Tilsit in 1807, Prussia yielded most of her share, which was formed by Napoleon into the duchy of Warsaw. In 1814 Russia obtained this territory, and erected it into the new kingdom of Poland, which the emperor govern- ed under the titleof king, and grant- ed to it a representative govern- ment and considerable privileges. These, however, in consequence of the late gallant but unfortunate at- tempt to regain national indepen- dence, have been withdrawn, and Poland in a great measure incor- porated with the Russian empire. Extent of the present kingdom 48,560 square miles. Population 4,000,000. Polta'va, or Pultow'a, a govern- ment between Cherson and Char- cov, containing 2 1,500 square miles and 1,878,000 inhabitants. Polta'va, or Pultow'a, the capital of the above government, was the scene of a great battle in 1709, in which Charles XII. of Sweden was totally defeated. Population 8000. Pskov, or Ples'kov, a government 7 RUSSIA IN EUROPE in the N. W., between Livonia and Smolensko. Extent 16,850 square miles. Population 865,000. Pskov, or Ples'kov, the capital of the above government, situate at the confluence of the Velikaja and Pskov. Population 9000. REV'EL, government of. See Esthonia, p. 154. Rev'el, the capital of the above government, on a bay of the Gulf of Finland. It is a place of consider- able trade, has an excellent harbour, and is very strongly fortified. Pop. 32,000.-59, 27 N. 24, 53 E. Riaz'an, a central government east of Moscow, containing 15,000 square miles. Pop. 1,309,000. Riaz'an, the capital of the above government, situate on the Oka, the see of a Greek archbishop, and remarkable for its number of churches. Pop. 19,000. Ri'ga, government of. See Li- vonia, p. 155. Ri'ga, the capital of the above government, situate on the Dwina, nine miles from the sea. It has a ca- pacious and well-defended harbour, and, in commercial importance, ranks next to Petersburg and Odes- sa. P. 42,000.-56, 55 N. 24, 12 E. Ri'ga, Gulf of, an arm of the Bal- tic, between the provinces of Cour- land and Riga. SAR'ATOV, a government in the S. E. Great part of it is so im- pregnated with salt as to be unfit for vegetation, and it contains a number of salt lakes. Extent 79,500 square miles. Pop. 1,334,000. Sar'atov, the capital of the above government, situate on the Volga, has an active trade, chiefly with Moscow and Astracan. P. 35,000. Sim'birsk, a government on the borders of Asia, traversed by the Volga. It contains 29,500 square miles and a population of 1,1 19,000. Sim'birsk, the capital of the above government, beautifully situate on the Volga. Population 13,000. Slobodsk'-U'kraine. See (Khar- kov, p. 152. Smolen'sko, or Smolensk', a cen- tral government W. of Moscow, containing 22,500 square miles and 1,526,000 inhabitants. Smolen'sko, the capital of the above government, situate on the Dnieper. It is an ancient city, surrounded by massive walls. Plere 157 the Russians, in 1812, made their first important stand against the French, by whom the town was then set on fire, and again on their disastrous retreat. Its trade and manufactures are considerable. Pop. 11,000 —54, 48 N. 31, 50 E. Spitzber'gen, or East Greenland, a group of desolate islands in the Arctic Ocean, extending from 77° to 81° N. lat. The surrounding sea abounds in whales. Sweaborg', a seaport and strong fortress in Finland, considered al- most impregnable. Pop. 2600. Sympher'opol, the capital of Taurida, and the chief town of the Crimea, situate on the Salgir. P. 2000.— 45, 0 N. 34, 10 E. TAG'ANROG, a seaport on the northern coast of the Sea of Azoph, a place of considerable commercial importance. Pop. 8000. — 47, 15 N. 38, 50 E. Tam'bov, a government W. of Penza and Saratov, containing 26,000 square miles and a popula- tion of 1,422,000. Tam'bov, the capital of the above government, the see of a Greek bishop; it has some manufactures and considerable trade. P. 16,000. Tau'rida, a government in the S., comprehending the Crimea, the island of Taman, and a considerable tract N. and E. of the Crimea. Ex. tent 32,650 square miles. Popu- lation 546,000. Tcher'nigov, a fertile govern- ment N. of Kiev, containing 23,250 square miles. Pop. 1,410,000. Tcher'nigov, the capital of the above government, on the Desna, the see of a Greek archbishop. P. 10.000. -51, 31 N. 31, 20 E. Tor'nea. See Sweden, p. 78. Tscher'gask, or Tscher'kask, the capital of the Don Cossacks, situ- ate on the Aksai, a branch of the Don, and surrounded by water and marshes. It consists of two towns. Old and New. Pop. 15,000. Tula (Too'la), a government S. of Moscow, containing 11,000 square miles, with a population of 1 . 010 . 000 . Tu'la, the capital of the above government, at the confluence of theTulitzaand Oupa, is called the Sheffield of Russia. It is distin- guished for a cannon-foundery, extensive manufactures of arms, G RUSSIA IN EUROPE, 158 and all kinds of hardware and cut- lery. P.39,000.— 54, 15 N. S7,25E. Tver (Twer), a central govern- ment between those of Moscow and Novgorod. It contains 25,600 square miles. Pop. 1,261,000. Tver (Twer), the capital of the above government, is a handsome city, on the great road from Peters- burg to Moscow, at the confluence of the Tvertza, the Volga, and the Tmaka. Pop. 22,000. U'RAL, or Ou'ral Mountains, an extensive range, which, through the greater part of its extent, forms the boundary between European and Asiatic Russia. The highest summit, Pawdinskoe Kamen, is 6819 feet above the sea. VAI'GATZ, orWai'gatz,astrait between Nova Zembla and the is- land of Vaigatz. Vai'gatz, an island, or rather a group of islands, between the con- tinent of Russia and N ova Zembla. The land is bleak and uninhabited, visited only by hunters of bears and other animals. Val'dai Hills, a range in the go- vernments of Novgorod and Tver, rising to the height of 1200 feet. Viat'ka, a government in theE., containing 56,850 square miles, with a population of 1,294,000. Viat'ka, the capital of the above government, at the confluence of the Viatka and Chlinooka ; it has some trade. Population 8500. Vi'borg, or Wy'borg, a seaport on the Gulf of Finland, is a fortified place, and has considerable trade. Population 5500. Vitepsk', a government in the N. W., to the E. of Courland, contain- ing 17,300 square miles. P.935,000. Vitepsk', the capital of theabove government, situate at the conflu- ence of the Dwina and Viteba. Population 15,000. Vlad'imir, a government to the E. of Moscow, containing 19,600 square miles. Pop. 1,335,000. Vlad'imir, the capital of theabove government, a handsome little city on the Kliasma, is a Greek bishop’s see. Population 7000. Vol'ga, or Wol'ga, the greatest river of Europe, rises among the Valdai Hills near the frontier of Novgorod, and flows eastward till it reaches the city of Kasan, be- low which it is joined by the Ka- ma ; it then takes a southward di- rection, forming, for several hun- dred miles, the boundary between Europe and Asia, after which it separates into numerous branches, and discharges itself into the Cas- pian near Astracan. It is naviga- ble through almost its whole course. Volhy'nia, a very fertile govern- ment in Polish Russia, between those of Grodno and Podolia. Ex- tent 28,650 square miles. Popu- lation 1,496,000. Volog'da, an extensive govern- ment S. of Archangel, containing 162.000 square miles. P. 802,000. Volog'da, the capital of the above government, on the Vologda, is of considerable importance, having an active trade, and a number of ma- nufactures. Pop. 13,000. Vo'ronetz, a government W. of the Don Cossacks, containing^ 29,500 square miles. P. 1,446,000. Vo'ronetz, the capital of the above government, at the conflu- ence of the Voronetz and the Don ; it carries on a flourishing trade with the Black Sea. Pop. 19,000. WAR' ANGER, Gulf of, a Bay of the Arctic Ocean between Swe- dish and Russian Lapland. WaPsaw, the capital both of an- cient Poland and of the smaller kingdom which now bears that name, is finely situate on the Vis- tula. Besides the body of the city, there are four large suburbs ; but the whole suffered dreadfully dur- ing the war of partition in 1782, as well as in the sieges of 1794 and 1831. There are some handsome public buildings and a well-endow- ed university. P. 150,000, of whom 30.000 are Jews.— 52, 1 0 N. 21, 0 E. Wil'na, a government in the N. of Lithuania, containing 23,150 square miles. Pop. 1,357,000. Wil'na, the capital of the above government, is situate near the Wilna,and is a place of considerable trade. It is the see of a Greek and a Roman Catholic bishop, and the seat of a university. Population 56,000.-54, 43 N. 25, 10 E. ZYTO'MIERS, or Ji'tomir, the capital of the provinceof V olhynia , situate on the river Teterev. It is the see of a Greek and a Roman Catholic bishop.and a place of some traffic. Population 11,000.-50, 10 N. 28, 45 E. PRUSSIA. 159 PRUSSIA Is bounded N. by the Baltic; E. by Russia and Po- land ; S. by Austria and Saxony ; and W. by Ger- many,, Holland, and Belgium. It contains 106,500 square miles. Population 13,000,000. Provinces. Chief Towns. East Prussia Konigsberg, Pillau, Tilsit, Memel. West Prussia Dantzic, Elbing, Thorn, Culm. Pomerania Stettin, Stralsund, Colberg. Posen Posen. Silesia Breslau, Glogau, Gorlitz. Brandenburg Berlin, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Frankfort on the Oder, Custrin. Prussian Saxony Magdeburg, Halberstadt, Halle, Erfurt. Westphalia Munster, Minden, Paderborn. Rhenish Prussia Cologne, Dusseldorf, Cleves, Bonn,Co- blentz, Aix-la-Chapelle, Treves. Rivers. — Rhine, Ems, Elbe, Vistula, Oder, War- tha, Niemen, or Memel, Pregel. Gcjlfs, &c. — Grass-hafF, Frische-hafF, Curische-hafF, Spirding-see. REMARKS. Prussia extends from 49° 8' to 55° 50' N. lat. and from 6° to 22° 50' E. long. Its greatest length is about 750 miles ; its breadth varies from 80 to 340 miles. It occupies the north of Poland and great part of the north of Ger- many ; Westphalia and Rhenish Prussia are separated from the rest of the kingdom by Hanover and Hesse Cassel. To its widely-scattered provinces no general description will apply ; but the greater part of the country presents a level surface. The rivers by which it is traversed are slow in their current, flowing from south to north, with a slight declination to the sea. The mountain-tracts are the Ries- engebirge in Silesia and the Hartz in Saxony, abounding in wood, probably the remains of the Hercynlan Forest ; but these are on the frontiers rather than in the interior of the kingdom. In general, the soil is poor, being sandy and covered with heath. Silesia and Rhenish Prussia are the most fertile and populous districts. In the western provinces the climate is warmer than that of England in similar latitudes, — in the eastern it is cold. The agricultural products are nearly the same as in Bri- tain; but cultivation is in a much more backward state. PRUSSIA, 160 Silesia and Westphalia have long been noted for their linens, — the weaving of which is the chief employment of the lower orders in these provinces, and to a considerable extent likewise in Pomerania. Woollen stuffs are also ma- nufactured in every town and village ; but cotton cloths and hardware are the only manufactures carried on in es- tablishments, — the woollens and linens being wrought by individuals in their cottages. Prussia is not rich in minerals ; but in the mountainous district of the Hartz are found iron, copper, lead, vitriol, alum, saltpetre, and small quantities of silver. Salt-springs abound in Prussian Saxony. Amber is found in considera- ble quantities in several parts of Prussia Proper, — particu- larly near Pillau, on a neck of land formed by the Frische- haff. In its rivers and canals Prussia enjoys great advantages for internal trade ; and in its seaports on the Baltic foreign commerce is carried on with considerable activity. The chief exports are corn, wool, timber, pitch, potash, linseed, flax, and linen, — the principal imports are the colonial pro- duce and the manufactures of Great Britain. Although injurious restrictions have hitherto fettered its commerce, it may be regarded as a flourishing and improving country. llie form of government is that of an hereditary mo- narchy, and nearly absolute. Provincial states have recent- ly been erected; but their power is limited. The establish- ed religion is Calvinistic and Lutheran Protestantism; but the professors of other creeds not only enjoy free toleration, but are admissible to all offices in the state. Since the time of Frederic the Great, much attention has been paid to military tactics and discipline ; and the troops of Prussia rank among the bravest and most efficient in Eu- rope. At present its regular army amounts to 1 99,000 ; and the landwehr , or militia, to 160,000. The annual re- venue is £8,980,000 sterling, and the debt £30,000,000. The manners of the Prussians are essentially German ; but several marked shades distinguish them from their Saxon neighbours. In no country of Europe is education more attended to than in Prussia. Besides the universities of Berlin, Halle, Breslau, Bonn, and Konigsberg, there are in most of the great towns academies of sciences and respectable semina- ries. The literary annals of this country are adorned with the names of Leibnitz, Cluverius, Copernicus, Frederic the Great, llamler, Nicolai, Busching, Spalding, &c. PRUSSIA. 161 EXERCISESi What are the boundaries of Prussia ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? What are the divisions of Prussia ? What are the principal towns in Rhenish Prussia? In Westphalia? In Prussian Saxony ? In Brandenburg ? In Pomerania ? In Silesia ? In Posen ? In West Prussia ? In East Prussia ? Where is El- bing, Berlin, Potsdam, Dantzic, Stettin, Colberg, Halberstadt, Dusseldorf, Pillau, Coblentz, &c.? Name the rivers of Prussia. Name its gulfs. Trace the course of the Elbe, the Oder, the Pregel, the Vistula, &c. Where is the Grass-half, Spirding-see, Curische-haff, Frische- haff ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Prussia situate ? What are its length ^nd breadth ? What divi- sions of it are separated from the rest by Hanover and Ilesse Cassel ? What appearance does the greater part of Prussia present ? What is remarkable about its rivers ? What are its mountain-tracts ? In what do those mountain-tracts abound ? What is the general quality of the soil ? What are the most fertile districts in Prussia ? What kind of climate does Prus- sia enjoy ? In what state is agriculture there ? For what ma- nufactures have Silesia and Westphalia long been famous? What are the only manufactures carried on in establish- ments ? What metals are found among the Hartz Mountains ? What kind of springs occur in Prussian Saxony ? Where does amber particularly abound ? What advantages does Prussia enjoy for internal trade ? Has it much foreign com- merce ? What are its principal exports and imports ? What is the form of government in Prussia ? What is the established religion ? What indulgence is extended to the professors of other religions ? What is the character of the Prussian soldiery ? What is the present amount of the army ? What people do the Prussians resemble in manners ? Is education much attended to in Prussia ? What literary institutions does it possess? Mention some of the distin- guished names that adorrrlts literary annals. DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (Aiz-la- Shapel'), (Ger. xAachen), an ancient city in Rhenish Prussia, celebrated for its baths, and for the treaties of peace which have been signed there. It was the favourite residence of Charlemagne and of his successors, as well as the place of their corona- tion. Pop. 37,000. — 50 y 46' N. lat. 6° 2' E. long. BAR'MEN - , a thriving manu- facturing town in Rhenish Prussia, N. E. of Dusseldorf. Population 20 , 000 . Ber'gen, the chief town in the island of Rugen. Berlin', the capital of Branden- burg and of the Prussian domi- nions, situate on the Spree, and nearly in the centre of the king- dom, is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. Pop. 265,000. — 52, 28 N. 13, 12 E. Biele'feld, a town of Westphalia, PRUSSIA. 162 the centre of the linen and damask manufactures. Pop. 5200. Bonn, a town in Rhenish Prus- sia, pleasantly situate on the left bank of the Rhine, the seat of a university. Pop. 12,000. Bran'denburg, the most important of the Prussian states, and the foun- dation of the monarchy, containing 15,400 square miles. P. 1,580,000. Bran'denburg, a town, formerly the capital of the province, on the Havel. Population 14,000. Bres'lau, the capital of Silesia, situate on the Oder. It carries on an extensive trade, and is the seat of a flourishing university. Pop. 90,000 51, 6 N. 17, 4 E. Brieg, a strong town in Silesia, on the Oder. Pop. 11,000. Cl EVES, a manufacturing town in Rhenish Prussia, near the Rhine, formerly the capital of a duchy of the same name. Pop. 7400. Coblentz', a town in Rhenish Prussia, delightfully situate at the confluence of the Rhine and the Moselle, opposite the dismantled fortress of Ehrenbreitstein. It is the chief depot for the Rhenish and Moselle wines. Pop. 12,000. Col'berg, a fortified seaport in Pomerania, situate on the Per- sante. P. 6000.— 54, 9 N. 15, 34 E. Cologne', the Colonia Agrippina ofthe Romans, the capital of Rhe- nish Prussia, situate on the left bank of the Rhine. From its fa- vourable situation it commands a great trade, and forms the chief medium of intercourse between Holland and Germanv. Population 65,000.-50, 58 N. 6, *56 E. Culm, a strongly- fortified town in West Prussia, near the Vistula. Curische-haff (Koo'rish-haf ), i.e. the Bay of Courland, a lake or arm of the sea in East Prussia, about 70 miles in length, but of Very unequal breadth. Custrin',a strongly-fortified town in Brandenburg, at the confluence of the Wartha and the Oder. Po- pulation 6000. D ANT'ZIC, an important com- mercial city, the capital of West j Prussia, situate on the Vistula, ; about four miles from its mouth. Its exports, of which corn is the i principal article, amounted, in 1831, to £526,952 sterling. Pop. 62*000. — 54, 20 N. 18, 58 E. Dus'seldorf, a town in Rhenish Prussia, situate on the Rhine, at its junction with the Dussel. It is a well-built town, and has a consi- derable traffic. Pop. 24,000. ELBE, a large river which takes its rise from the Riesengebirge be- tween Silesia and Bohemia. In its course, through Saxony and Brandenburg, it receives many im- portant tributaries, and falls into the German Ocean about 70 miles below Hamburg. Elb'erfeld, a flourishing manu- facturing town in Rhenish Prussia, on the Wipper. Pop. 30,000. — 51, 15 N. 7, 8 E. Elb'ing, a trading town in W r est Prussia, on a river of the same name, which falls into the Frische- haff. Population 20,000. Ems, a river of Westphalia, which discharges itself into the North Sea near Embden. EPfurt, a fortified town in Prus- sian Saxony, on the Gera ; once the entrepot of the interna! commerce of Germany. Pop. 25,000. Eu'pen, a town in Rhenish Prus- sia, on the W. frontier; with con- siderable manufactures. P. 10,000. Eylau (Ilow'), a small town in East Prussia, where a great battle was fought between the French and Russians, 8th February 1807. Population 1600. FRANK'FORT on the Oder, a town in Brandenburg. Its trade is considerable, and is greatly bene- fited by the canals which connect the Oder with the Elbe, and also with the Vistula. Pop. 22,000.— 52, 18 N. 14, 34 E. Frische-hafF(Freesh'-haf), a bay or lake in East Prussia, 65 miles long, communicating with the sea near Pillau. GLATZ, a fortified town in Silesia, on the Neisse, with two strong castles. Pop. 6400. Glogau', a strongly-fortified town in Silesia, on the Oder. Popula- tion 11,000. Gor'litz, a town in Silesia, on the Neisse, noted for its woollen and linen manufactures. P. 11,000. Grass'-haff, a bay in Pomerania, at the mouth of the Oder, in length about 36 miles, and vary- ing in breadth from 1 to 9 miles. HALBERSTADT', a town of ! Prussian Saxony. It is very an- PRUSSIA, cient, and built chiefly in the Go- thic style. Population 17,000. Hal'16,atownin Prussian Saxony, on the Saale. Here is a celebrated university, with a number of scien- tific institutions. Pop. 26,000. JU'LIERS, a small but strongly- fortified town in Rhenish Prussia, on the Roer. Pop. 2800. KONIGSBERG, the capital of East Prussia, on the Pregel, near its junction with the Frische-hafF. It stands partly on an island, but chiefly on the N. bank of the river, is the seat of a university, and car- ries on an extensive trade. Pop. 68,000.-54, 46 N. 20, 38 E. Kre'feld,atown in Rhenish Prus- sia, with considerable trade and manufactures. Pop. 18,000. LIEG'NITZ, a fortified town in Silesia, on the Neisse, the scene of a memorable victory gained by Frederic over the Austrians inl760. Population 11,000. MAG'DEBURG, the capital of Prussian Saxony, situate on both sides of the Elbe, by which it car- ries on an active trade. It is one of the strongest fortresses in Eu- rope. Population 51,000. — 52, 7 N. 11, 45 E. Ma'rienburg, a strong town in West Prussia, on the Nogat, a branch of the Vistula. P. 5600. Ma'rienwer'der, a town in West Prussia, near the Vistula. P. 5500. Mem/el, a seaport in E. Prussia, on the N. of the Curische-haff, which here communicates with the Baltic by a narrow strait. It is a place of great trade, particularly in timber, which is floated down the Niemen. Pop. 10,000. — 55, 45 N. 21, 10 E. Merse'burg, a town in Prussian Saxony, on the Saale. Pop. 8000. Min'den, a town in Westphalia, pleasantly situate on the Weser. Here the French were defeated by the British and their allies on the 1st of August 1759. Pop. 7000. Mun'ster, the capital of West- phalia, on the river Aa, a tributary of the Eras. The treaty of peace signed here in 1648, which termi- nated the thirty years’ war, has given it historical celebrity. Po- pulation 21,000. NAUM'BURG, a town in Prus- sian Saxony, on the Saale, with a considerable trade. Pop. 11,000. 163 Neisse, a fortified town in Silesia, on a river of the same name. Po- pulation 10,000. Neu'wied, a thriving little town in Rhenish Prussia, on the right bank of the Rhine. Pop. 5200. Nie'men, or Mem'el, a river which rises near Minsk, in Russia, re- ceives the Wilna at Kowno, flows through East Prussia, and falls in- to the Curische-haflfbelow Tilsit. O'DER, a large river which rises in Moravia, flows through Silesia, Brandenburg, and Pomerania, ex- pands into the Grass-hafF, and en- ters the Baltic by 3 branches, which form the islands Usedom and Wol- lin. It communicates by canals with the Elbe and the Vistula. PAD'ERBORN,an ancient town in Westphalia. Population 6000. Pillau (Pillo'), a seaport in East Prussia, at the extremity of a pe- ninsula between the Baltic and the Frische-hafF. Pop. 4000. — 54, 40 N. 19, 52 E. Pomera'nia, a province extend- ing along the S. coast of the Baltic. It contains 12,000 square miles. Population 912,223. Po'sen, Grand Duchy of, a pro- vince comprising that part of Po- land which was restored to Prussia by the treaty of Vienna, 1815. It contains 11,380 square miles. Po- pulation 1,056,278. Po'sen, the capital of the grand duchy, situate on the Wartha : it is of great antiquity. Pop. 28,000. Pots'dam, an elegant town in Brandenburg, on the Havel, about 15 miles from Berlin. It is an oc- casional residence of the Prussian court. Population 32,000. Pre'gel, a river in East Prussia, falling into the Frische-hafF below Konigsberg. Prus'sia, East or Ducal, a pro- vince in the N. E. of the kingdom, stretching along th e Baltic. It con- tains 15,000 square miles. Popu- lation 1,216,154. Prus'sia, West, a province to the W. of East Prussia, containing 9871 square miles. Pop. 792,207. RATTBOR, a town in Silesia, on the Oder, which here becomes na- vigable. Population 3500. Rhen'ish Prus'sia, a province ly- ing to the S. of Westphalia and ex- tending on both sides of the Rhine, composed of the former duchies of PRUSSIA, 164 Cleves and Berg, and the grand duchy of the Lower Rhine. It contains 10,2,50 square miles. Po- pulation 2,288,600. Rhine, River. See Germany, p. 173. Ru'gen, an island in the Baltic, separated from Pomerania by a channel one mile broad. Popula- tion 28,150.-54, 20 N. 13, 25 E. SAXTON Y, Prussian, a province W. of Brandenburg, and N. of the kingdom of Saxony. It contains 0750 square miles. P. 1,449,587. Sile'sia, a province between Bo- hemia and Poland, the most fer- tile part of the Prussian dominions, and the seat of the principal ma- nufactures. It contains 15,700 square miles. Pop. 2,164,414. Sol'ingen, a thriving manufac- turing town in Rhenish Prussia, on theWipper. Population 9000. Spandau', a fortified town in Brandenburg, at the junction of the Spree and the Havel. P. 7000. Spir'ding-see', a lake in E. Prus- sia, about 60miles in circumference. Star'gard, a town in Pomerania, on the Ihna ; with considerable trade. Population 9000. Stettin', the capital of Pomera- nia, situate on the Oder. It is a flourishing commercial city, and strongly fortified. Pop. 32,000. — 53, 28 N. 14, 35 E. Stral'sund, a seaport in Pomera- nia, with a capacious and safe har- bour. Its trade is considerable, chiefly in corn. Pop. 17,000. — 54, 12 N. 13, 8 E. THORN, a strong town in West Prussia, situate on the right bank of the Vistula ; it is the birthplace of Copernicus, the famous astrono- mer. Population 11,000. Til'sit, a town in East Prussia, on the Niemen ; chiefly remarkable for the peace concluded, in 1807, between Napoleon and the Empe- ror Alexander of Russia. Popula- tion 12,000. Treves, a very ancient city in Rhenish Prussia, beautifully situ- ate on the Moselle. It was the Augusta Trevirorum of the Ro- mans, and is rich in antiquities. Pop. 16,600. VIS'TULA, a river which rises in Austrian Silesia, at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, flows through Poland and West Prussia, and divides intothreebranches; two of these, the Nogat and Old Vistula, run into the Frisch e-haff, — while the main stream, turning westward, falls into the Baltic below Dantzic. This noble river is navigable many hundred miles, and is the great channel for the conveyance of corn and other articles from the interior of Poland. WAR'T.fiFA, a river which rises on the borders of Poland, passes Posen, and joins the Oder at Cus- trin. Wes'el, a strongly-fortified town in Rhenish Prussia, at the conflu- ence of the Lippe and the Rhine. Pop. 13,000.-51, 40 N. 6, 35 E. Westpha'lia, a province detach- ed from Prussian Saxony by Han- over and Hesse-Cassel. It contains 7800 square miles. Pop. 1,260,000. Wit'tenberg, a strongly-fortified town of Prussian Saxony, on the Elbe. It is interesting as the cra- dle of the Reformation, two great champions of which, Luther and Melancthon, are buried in the uni- versity church here. Population 6800. GERMANY Is bounded N. by the German Ocean, Denmark, and the Baltic ; W. by Holland, Belgium, and France ; S. by Switzerland and Italy ; and E. by Prussia, Poland, and Hungary. It contains 184,000 square miles. Po- pulation 34,400,000.* The most important of the German States, next to * The extent of the German States, not including those belonging to Austria, Prussia, and Denmark, is 94,000 square miles, and the po- pulation 15,500,000. GERMANY. 165 Austria, Prussia, and Denmark, whose German domi- nions are described under their respective names, are, — States. Chief Towns. Mecklenburg Schwerin, Strelitz, Rostock. Kingdom of Hanover..... Hanover, Hildesheim, Gottingen, Luneburg, Osnaburg, Embden. Oldenburg Oldenburg. Brunswick Brunswick, Wolfenbuttel. Kingdom of Saxony Dresden, Leipsic, Freyberg, Chem- nitz. The Saxe Principalities. Saxe- Weimar Weimar, Jena. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha . . . Gotha, Coburg. Saxe-Meiningen Meiningen, Hildburghausen. Hesse-Cassel Cassel, Hanau. Hesse- Darmstadt Darmstadt, Worms, Mentz. Nassau Wisbaden, Nassau, Dietz. Kingdom of Bavaria Munich, Augsburg, Blenheim, Ra- tisbon, Passau, Nuremberg, Spire. Kingdom of Wirtemberg.STUTTGARD, Tubingen, Ulm. Grand Duchy of Baden. .Carlsruhe, Heidelberg, Manheim. The Free Cities Hamburg, Lubeck, Frankfort on the Maine, Bremen. Mountains. — Part of the Alps, the Hartz Moun- tains, Erzgebirge, Riesengebirge, Black Forest. Lakes. — Plau, Schwerin, Muritz, Diepholz, Boden- see or Lake of Constance, Chiem-see. Rivers. — Danube, Rhine, Elbe, Oder, Weser, Ems, Maine, Neckar. REMARKS. Germany extends from 45° to 55° N. lat., and from 6° to 19° E. long., being about 700 miles in length from N. to S., and 550 miles in breadth from E. to W. — Germany is divided among 38 different states, and was formerly com- prised in nine Circles : — Upper Saxony, Lower Saxony, Westphalia, Lower Rhine, Upper Rhine, Franconia, Swa- bia, Bavaria, Austria. The Sudetic chain of mountains, commencing with the Westerwald in Westphalia, traversing Hesse-Cassel, the south of Saxony, and terminating in the Carpathians, di- vides Germany into two great portions, — the northern and southern. The former is almost entirely level, — the latter is more diversified, presenting great ranges of hills, and in some districts extensive plains. The vast tracts of low sandy soil in the north-east, and the swamps and marshes in the north-west, render it probable that this part G 2 GERMANY. 166 of Germany was once under the sea. In this division, the soil, except in Saxony, is in general poor, but not unsuscep- tible of improvement ; in the southern, the land is superior, and in many places extremely fertile. Of the vast wood- lands, of which it in ancient times consisted, there are still considerable remains ; of these the Black Forest is the most extensive. Thuringia and the Hartz Mountains are like- wise thickly wooded, — and great tracts in the central and southern districts are covered with trees. In agricultural productions, although not in cultivation, Northern Germany bears no small resemblance to Britain. The wine-country commences about the junction of the Neckar with the Rhine, and stretches southwards. The Rhenish wines have long been celebrated, and next to them in quality are those from the banks of the Moselle, and some of the Austrian provinces. Germany is rich in minerals. In the Hartz Mountains and Erzgebirge are lead, iron, copper, tin, silver, cobalt, and bismuth ; and Bavaria is noted for its extensive and curious mines of rock-salt. The domestic animals do not differ materially from those of the neighbouring countries. Hanover has long been fa- mous for a breed of strong horses for cavalry or the draught. The Merino breed of sheep has been introduced into Sax- ony, where the wool is not inferior to that of Spain. Among the wild animals may be enumerated the wolf, the lynx, the glutton, and the wild boar, which is here of superior size. The industrious and enterprising spirit of the Germans has urged them forward, notwithstanding numerous disad- vantages, to considerable progress in manufactures. For linen, Silesia, Saxony, and Westphalia, have long been cele- brated ; and manufactures of cotton were established during the war in emulation of those of Britain. But their inferior machinery, and the scarcity of fuel, have rendered it impos- sible for them to maintain this competition. The broad- cloth of Saxony, however, and its thread, lace, linen, paper, and porcelain, are of a very superior quality. Commerce is comparatively limited, owing partly to the feudal pride of the aristocracy, who consider the occu- pation of a merchant degrading to a person of rank ; but chiefly to the small extent of seacoast. Several towns, how- ever, on the shores and the principal rivers, enjoy a very flourishing trade. . A great obstacle to its commercial and manufacturing prosperity, is the partition of its territory among so many separate communities, which not only gives rise to many GERMANY. 167 factitious interests and conflicting systems of finance and internal regulation, but prevents the necessary unity of ef- fort and combination of resources. This subdivision im- parts, likewise, a very anomalous character to the political as well as the fiscal government. While all the states are united under the name of the Germanic Empire, each is go- verned by its own prince, who has absolute power to impose taxes, levy troops, and even form alliances, provided he do not interfere with the general welfare. From the time of Charlemagne, in whose extensive conquests this federative constitution originated, a. d. 800, the office of emperor, or head of the confederation, was elective, and was possessed at different periods by distinct lines of princes. But since the year 1438, the predominant power of Austria has secured the imperial dignity in hereditary succession to its sovereign. In 1806, the emperor renounced the title and authority of Emperor of Germany, and assumed that of Emperor of Austria. The convocation of princes, and of the deputies of the four free cities, assembled to deliberate on the affairs of the empire, is called the Diet. Its place of meeting is Frankfort on the Maine, where the later emperors of Germany were crowned. The states have one or more votes according to their importance, — and the total number of suffrages is 70. The military force maintained by the confederate states is 120,000; in war it is increased to 303,484, supplied by the several states in proportion to their population. The fortresses of Mentz, Luxemburg, Landau, Germersheim, Hamburg, and Ulm, are declared to belong to the confederation ; and are to be kept, repaired, or fortified at the general expense. The established forms of religion are the Roman Catholic, the Lutheran, and the Calvinistic. Toleration, and a praise- worthy liberality of sentiment towards each other, characterize the professors of these various creeds. The Germans are generally tall and well formed ; and many of the women are extremely beautiful. Industry and perseverance, fidelity and sincerity, frank and disinterested hospitality, are the valuable traits in their national character. But they are apt to be misled, both in religion and letters, by a tendency to enthusiasm. Formality, and aristocratical pride of family, may be reckoned among their failings. In literature and science they display equal ingenuity and patience of investigation. Their favourite study is that of metaphysics ; but they have attained celebrity in almost every department of philosophy and polite learning. Of GERMANY. 168 the fine arts, music is the department in which they parti- cularly excel. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Germany ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? What are the most important of the German States next to Austria, Prussia, and Denmark ? What are the principal towns in Baden ? In Wirtemberg? In Bavaria? In Sax- ony, &e. ? Name the free cities of Germany. What are its principal mountains ? Name its lakes. What are its principal rivers ? . Where is Dresden, Hamburg, Gottingen, Embden, Mu- nich, Manheim, Augsburg, Hildesheim, Hildburghausen, Leipsic, StuKgard, Wolfenbuttel, &c. ? Trace the course of the Weser, the Maine, the Danube, the Oder, &c. Where is Lake Muritz, Chiem-see, Boden-see, &c. ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Germany situate ? What are its length and breadth ? By what chain of mountains is it divided into two great portions ? What are their respective aspects ? What circumstances render it probable that the northern part was once under the sea? What kind of soil prevails in this division ? What is the nature of the soil in the southern division ? What is the most remarkable remnant of the ancient forests of Germany ? What other districts abound in wood ? W r hat country does Northern Germany resemble in agricultural productions ? Where does the wine-country commence ? What are the most noted wines of Germany ? What metals are found in the Hartz Mountains and Erzgebirge ? For what mines is Bavaria noted ? For what domestic animals has Hanover long been famous ? Into what part of Germany has the Merino breed of sheep been successfully introduced ? Mention some of the wild animals of Germany. For what manufactures have Silesia, Saxony, and Westphalia, long been famous ? What manu- factures were established during the war in emulation of those of Britain ? What circumstances impeded them in this com- petition ? What articles are manufactured in Saxony of su- perior quality ? From what causes is commerce compara- tively limited in Germany ? What is another great obstacle to the commerce and manufacturing prosperity of Germany ? What effect has this subdivision of territory had upon the government ? Under what name are all the states united ? What power does each prince possess in his own state ? How long did the office of emperor continue to be possessed electively by different lines of princes ? In what family has it since been hereditary ? When did the emperor renounce the title and authority of Emperor of Germany ? What title did he then assume ? What is denominated the Diet ? What is the number of votes ? What is the military force of GERMANY. 169 the confederate states on the peace and war establishments? What fortresses belong to the confederation ? What are the established forms of religion in Germany ? What sentiment towards each other characterizes the professors of those creeds ? What is the personal appearance of the Ger- mans ? What are the valuable traits of their national charac- ter ? By what are they apt to be misled ? By what are they distinguished in literature and science ? What is their favour- ite study ? In which of the fine arts do they particularly excel? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. AL'TENBURG, Saxe, a small duchy on the W. of the kingdom of Saxony. Extent 526 square miles. Population 107,000. Al'tenburg, the capital of the duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, near the Pleiss. Population 12,000. Am'berg, a town in Bavaria, on the Vils, formerly the capital of the Upper Palatinate. Pop. 6000. An'halt, a principality on the Elbe, surrounded by Prussian Sax- ony, and divided between three an- cient families, — Dessau, Bernburg, and Kothen. Extent, 1000 square miles. Population 130,000. AnspacA', a town in Bavaria, capi- tal of a principality of the same name, on the Lower Rezat. Pop. 11,000. — 49° 18' N. lat. 10° 35' E. long. Augs'burg, an ancient city in Bavaria, at the confluence of the Lech and the Wertach, with con- siderable manufactures and com- merce. It was here that the Pro- testants, in 1530, presented to the Emperor Charles V. their celebrat- ed Confession , drawn up by Luther and Melancthon. Pop. 34,000. — 48, 22 N. 10, 54 E. BA'DEN, Grand Duchy of, ex- tends along the E. bank of the Rhine, from BasJe to Manheim. Its valleys are very fruitful, parti- cularly in corn and vines, while the mountains of the Black Forest are clothed with majestic woods. It • contains 6000 square miles. Popu- lation 1,130,000. Ba'den, a town in the grand duchy, celebrated for its mineral baths. It is situate on the Oelbach, in a beautiful vine-country. P.3500. Bam'berg, a handsome town in Bavaria, on the Rednitz, near its junction with the Maine. In the library of the Carmelite monastery here, are many curious manu- scripts. Pop. 21,000. — 49, 53 N. 10, 59 E. Baut'zen, or Budiss'in, a town in the kingdom of Saxony, on the Spree, with considerable manufac- tures, and noted for the defeat of Napoleon, in 1813, by the allies. Population 12,000. Bava'ria, Kingdom of, next to Austria and Prussiathe most power- ful of all the German States. It lies to the W. of Bohemia and Aus- tria, and the Danube intersects the kingdom from W. to E. Extent 30,000 square miles. P.4,070,000. Bayreuth', or Bareith', a town in Bavaria, and capital of a principa- lity of the same name, beautifully situate on the Red Maine. Popu- lation 14,000. Blen'heim, a village in Bavaria, on the Danube, memorable for the victory gained by the Duke of Marl- borough and Prince Eugene over the French and Bavarians, 13th August 1704. Bo'den-see,orLake of Con'stance. See Switzerland, p. 126. Bre'men, one of the free cities or HanseTowns, situate on the Weser, about 50 miles from its mouth. Its trade is considerable. Population 40,000.-53, 5 N. 8, 50 E. Bruns'wick, Duchy of, is com- posed of several scattered territo- ries. It contains 1490 square miles and 242,000 inhabitants. The royal family of Great Britain is a branch of the illustrious house of Bruns- wick. Bruns'wick, capital of the duchy, a fortified city on the Ocker. Its trade is considerable ; and its fairs rank next to those of Leipsic and Frankfort. Pop. 36,000. — 52, 15 N. 10, 32 E. x CARLSRU'HE, the capital of GERMANY. 170 the grand duchy of Baden. Pop. 20.000. -49, 0 N. 8, 25 E. Cas'sel, the capital of Hesse-Cas- sel, on the Fulda. Pop. 26,000. Chemnitz (Kem'nitz), a flou- rishing manufacturing town in the kingdom of Saxony, on a small ri- ver of the same name. P. 25,000. Chiem-see (Ki'em-zee), a lake in Bavaria, about 12 miles in length and 8 in breadth. Claus'tftal, a town in Hanover, on the Hartz Mountains; near it are rich silver-mines. Pop. 8000. Co'burg, a strong town, capital of Saxe- Coburg, on the Itz. Pop. 9000. — 50, 15 N. 10, 56 E. Co'burg-Go'tfta, Saxe, a duchy formed by the union of the princi- palities of Saxe-Gotha and Coburg. It comprises part oftheThuringian Forest, and contains 968 square miles. Pop. 145,000. Con'stance, a town in the grand duchy of Baden, situate on the lake where the Rhine issuesfrom it, famous for the ecclesiastical coun- cil held here between 1514 and 1518, which condemned the tenets of Wickliffe, and sentenced John Huss and Jerome of Prague to the flames. Population 5300. Cuxhav'en, a small seaport at the mouth of the Elbe — 53, 51 N. 8, 43 E. D AN'UBE, the largest river of Europe, the Volga excepted, has its source from three springs in the grand duchy of Baden. Pur- suing a N. E. course, it becomes navigable at Ulm, receiving the Iller, the Lech, the Iser, the Inn, and the Ens. After passing Vi- enna, it is joined near Presburg by the Morava from the north, and in its course eastward and southward is swelled by several large rivers from the mountains of Hungary and Turkey. Entering the latter, it separates Bulgaria from Wallachia, and, after a course of 1800 miles, discharges itself in- to the Black Sea by several mouths. Darmstadt', the capital of Hesse- Darmstadt, on the small river Darm. Pop. 20,000.-49, 53 N. 8, 35 E. Des'sau, a strong town, the capi- tal of Anhalt, on the Mulda, near its junction with the Elbe. Pop. 10.000. -51, 48 12, 18 E. Deux Ponts (Deu Pong'), a town in the Rheno-Bavarian states, si- tuate on the Erbach. Pop. 5000. Dietz', a town 'in the duchy of Nassau. Pop. 2300. Dres'den, the capital of the king- dom of Saxony, and one of the finest cities in Europe, is situate oil both sides of the Elbe. Its mag- nificent bridge, spacious streets, superb palace, and other public buildings, excite the admiration of every traveller. It is also distin- guished for its royal library, rich museum of curiosities, and splen- did gallery of pictures. Among its numerous manufactures, the beautiful porcelain of Meissen, an ancient seat of the Electors, de- serves particular notice. P. 70,000. —51, 6 N. 13, 36 E. EIS'ENACH, a town in the grand duchy of Saxe Weimar, on the Neisse, with a fine ducal pa- lace. Pop. 9000. Elbe. See Prussia, p.162. Emb'den, or Em'den, a strong sea- port in Hanover, near the mouth of the Ems, with a good harbour and considerable trade. P.11,000. —53, 22 N. 7, H E. Ems. See Prussia, p. 162. Erlan'gen, a town in Bavaria, on the Rednitz, containing a Pro- testant university. Pop. 12,000. Erzgebirge (Erz'berg), the Ore Mountains, a chain between Bo- hemia and Saxony, 4122 feet high, which joins the Riesengebirge on the frontiers of Silesia. FRANCO'NIA, one of the cir- cles into which Germany was for- merly divided. The greater part of it is now comprised in the king- dom of Bavaria. Nuremberg was its chief city. Frank'fort on the Maine, one of the free towns, and the seat of the Germanic diet, situate, as its name imports, on the river Maine, about 20 miles from its junction with the Rhine. It is the great emporium of the inland trade of Germany. Pop. 60,000.— 50, 8 N. 8, 34 E. Frey'berg, a celebrated mining town in Saxony, situate on the Erzgebirge, at the height of 1179 feet above the sea. Pop. 12,000. Frey'burg, a town in the grand duchy of Baden, situate in the Black Forest, the seat of a uni- versity. Pop. 15,000. GERMANY Ful'da, a town of Hesse-Cassel, beautifully situate on the river of the same name. Pop. 9000. Furth (Foorth), a trading town in Bavaria, on the Rednitz, with a Jewish university. P. 17,000. GE'RA, capital of the principa- lity of Reuss, on the Elster ; it has considerable manufactures. Pop. 9000. Giess'en, a fortified town of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the Lahn, the seat of a university. P. 7000. Go't/ia, Saxe, a duchy now united to that of Coburg. Go't/ia, capital of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,on the Leine, has considerable trade. In the castle are a valuable library and museum. Pop. 12,000.-50, 57 N. 10, 42 E. Got'tingen, a city in the S. of Hanover, on the Leine, the seat of a celebrated university, founded by George II. in 1734. The li- brary is among the most valuable collections of modern books in Eu- rope. Pop. 11,000.-51, 33 N. 9, 55 E. HAM'BURG, or Ham'burgh, one of the free towns, and the most important commercial city of Ger- many, and perhaps of the Conti- nent, is situate on the Elbe, about 70 miles from its mouth. The an- nual value of its import and ex- port trade for 1832 is estimated at L. 14,380 ,000 sterling. P. 125,000. —53, 50 N. 10, 7 E. Hanau', a town in Hesse-Cassel, on the Kinzig, near its junction with the Maine. Pop. 13,000. Han'over, Kingdom of, a country in the N. W. of Germany, between Holland and the Elbe, united to the crown of Great Britain. It consists of an immense plain, traversed by the Ems, the Weser, and their tri- butaries. The Hartz Mountains, on its S. border, are rich in mines, and covered with extensive woods. It contains 14,700 square miles. Population 1,613,057. Han'over, the capital of the king- dom of Hanover, situate on the Leine. P. 28,000.-52, 22 N. 9, 42 E. Hartz, a mountainous tract of country, in the south of Hanover, about 70 miles in length by 20 in breadth, and covered with exten- sive fforests. Its highest pinnacle, the Brocken, rises to the height of 171 5500 feet above the sea. The mines of the Hartz are very valu- able,and the whole district abounds with natural curiosities. Hei'delberg, an ancient city in the grand duchy of Baden, on the Neckar, the seat of a flourishing university. The ruins of its castle are magnificent. Pop. 10,000. Hesse'-Cas'sel, a principality in the W. of Germany, surrounded by Hanover, the Prussian states, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Nassau. Ex- tent 4430 square mites. Popula- tion 592,000. Hesse'-Darmstadt', or Grand Duchy of Hesse, a principality near the Rhine, to the S. and W. of Hesse-Cassel. Extent 5740 square miles. Pop. 700,000. Hesse'-Hom'burg, a small prin- cipality near the Maine, contain- ing 165 square miles. P. 21,000. Hild'burghausen, a town in Saxe- Meiningen, on the W erra, formerly the capital of the duchy of Saxe- Hildburghausen, now merged into that of Saxe-Meiningen. P. 4000. Hil'desheim, a town in the S. of Hanover. Population 13,000. Hohenlin'den, a village of Bava- ria, 20 miles E. of Munich, where the French, under Moreau, defeat- ed the Austrians, December 3,1800. INGOLSTADT', a strongly-for- tified town in Bavaria, on the Da- nube. Population 7000. J E'N A , a town in th e grand duchy of Saxe- Weimar, on the Saale, the seat of a celebrated university, and the scene of a decisive victory, gained by Napoleon over the Prus- sians, 14th Oct. 1806. Pop. 5000. LANDAU', a strongly-fortified town of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Queich. Population 6000. Land'shut, a town in Bavaria, on the Iser. The church of St Martin has a tower 456 feet in height. Po- pulation 7817* Leip'sic, or Ldp'zig, a flourish- ing commercial town in Saxony, on the Pleiss, and the seat of a cele- brated university; at its fairs, which are the most important in Ger- many, the sale of books is very ex- tensive. It has obtained great his- torical notoriety from the decisive defeat which Bonaparte sustained in its neighbourhood on the 18th October 1813. Pop. 41,000.-51, 22 N. 12, 20 E. GERMANY, 172 Lu'beck, one of the free cities. It stands on the Trave, about 12 miles from the Baltic. In the church of St Mary are the famous allegorical paintings of the Dance of Death. Its trade, though very inferior to that of Hamburg, is con- siderable. Pop. 26,000.-55, 51 N. 10, 48 E. Lu'nkburg, a town in the king- dom of Hanover, on the navigable river Ilmenau, with considerable trade. Pop. 12,000. MAINE, a large river formed by the union of the Red and White Maine from the mountains of Fran- conia ; after a very winding course through Bavaria, it joins the Rhine opposite to Mentz. It is navigable as high as Bamberg. Man'Aeim, a fine city in the grand duchy of Baden, at the confluence of the Neckar and the Rhine, sur- rounded with ramparts. Popula- tion 22,000.-49, 29 N. 8, 27 E. Mar'burg, a town in Hesse-Cas- sel, on'theLahn, with a univer- sity. £op. 7000. Meck'lenburg, a principality N. E. of Hanover, and bordering on Pomerania. It is divided into the two grand duchies of Schwerin and Strelitz. Extent 5510 square miles. Population 510,000. Mei'ningen, Saxe, a duchy water- ed by the W T erraand Saale, contain- ing 915 square miles. Pop. 150,000. Mei'ningen^ the capital of the duchy, situate in a valley of the Werra. Pop. 5000. Mentz, or Mayence',acityin Hesse- Darmstadt, ori the left bank of the Rhine, immediately opposite the in- flux of the Maine. It is the strong- est fortress in Germany, but re- quires a garrison of 30,000 men. Its museum of Roman monuments is said to be the most complete out of Italy. Pop. 31,000.-50, 0 N. 8, 12 E. Mun'den, a town in Hanover, at the confluence of the Werra and Fulda, whose united streams take the name of Weser. P. 5000. Mu'nic^, the capital of Bavaria, on the Iser, containing many splen- did public edifices, among which are striking examples of the mu- nificence of its kings. Here are a university and several important literary establishments. Its gal- lery of paintings is one of the finest in the world. Population 70,000.— 48, 7 N. 11,35 E. Mu'ritz, a small lake in Meck- lenburg. NASSAU', a duchy between Rhe- nish Prussia and the States of Hesse. Extent 1920 square miles. Population 355,815. Nassau', a small town in the above duchy, on the Lahn. P. 1500. Neck'ar, a river which rises in the Black Forest, not far from the sources of the Danube,and travers- ing Wirtemberg and Baden, falls into the Rhine at Manheim. Nuremberg, an ancient town in Bavaria, situate on the Pegnitz. Its public library is rich in manu- scripts and early editions of printed books. Nuremberg is famed for its inventions, particularly of the watch, and its churches are remark- able for fine specimens of painted glass. It is the birthplace of Al- bert Durer. Pop. 38,000.-49, 25 N. 11, 4 E. O'DER. See Prussia, p. 163. Offen'bach, a thriving town in Hesse- Darmstadt, on the Maine. Population 8000. Ol'denburg, a grand duchy, the principal part of which lies between the N. of Hanover and the Ger- man Ocean. Extent 2500 square miles. Pop. 241,000. Ol'denburg, capital of the grand duchy, on the Hunte. Pop. 6000. Os'naburg, or Os'nabruck, a town in Hanover, capital of a province of the same name, situate in a val- ley on the left bank of the Hase, a branch of the Ems. Here are ma- nufactured the coarse linens known by the name of Osnaburgs. Pop. 11 , 000 . PASS'AU, a fortified town in Ba- varia, at the confluence of the Inn and the Danube. It is romantic- ally situate on a peninsula between the two rivers. Pop. 10,000. Plau, a lake in Mecklenburg. Pyr'mont, a town in the princi- pality of Waldeck, 35 miles S.W. from Hanover, famed for its mi- neral springs. Pop. 1500. RAT'ISBON, or Regens'burg, an ancient city in Bavaria, on the S. bank of the Danube, long noted as the seat of the Imperial Diet. It is a place of considerable trade. Pop. 26,000.-49, 0 N. 12, 2 E. Reuss, a small principality in Up- GERMANY. per Saxony, containing 592 square miles. Population 81,500. Reutlin'gen, a town in Wirtem- berg, on the Echaz, noted for ex- tensive tanneries. Pop. 10,000. RAine, the largest river of Eu- rope next to the Volga and the Danube. It takes its rise from Mont St Gothard.in Switzerland, passes through the Lake of Constance, divides Switzerland from Ger- many, and afterwards forms the boundary between the latter and France. It then flows through the German States, till, passing into the Netherlands, it divides into two branches, the larger of which is called the Waal, and falls into the German Ocean. Its banks, for a great part of its course, present a succession of the most picturesque and beautiful scenery. RAine, Upper and Lower, two of the former circles of Germany. These are now divided among the states of Bavaria, Baden, Hesse- Cassel, Hesse-Darmstadt, Prussia, and Hanover. Ros'tock, a town of Mecklen- burg-Sch werin, situate on the War- now. It is a place of some trade, and is the seat of a small universi- ty. Pop. 19,000.-54, 1 N. 12, 12 E. SAX'ON Y, Kingdom of, between Bohemia on the 8. and the Prus- sian states on the N. The Erze- gebirge Mountains, on its S. fron- tier, are rich in minerals, and its plains support large flocks of sheep, the wool of which rivals the Spa- nish merino. Saxony is distin- guished for industry, possessing considerable manufactures of li- nens, woollens, and cottons. Extent 5750 square miles. Pop. 1,558,158. Sax'ony, Upper and Lower, two of the former circles of Germany. Upper Saxony comprised the king- dom of Saxony, Brandenburg, Po- merania, and some smaller princi- palities. Lower Saxony compre- hended Hanover, the duchies of Mecklenburg, Brunswick, and Holstein, with the free towns of Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubeck . Schwe'rin,Lake,in Mecklenburg. Schwe'rin, the capital of Meck- lenburg-Schwerin, pleasantly situ- ate on the S. W. side of the lake. Pop. 15,000. — 55, 40 N. 11, 30 E. Spire, a town of Bavaria, situate on the left bank of the Rhine. At 173 the German Diet, held in Spire, a. d. 1529, the reformers entered that celebrated protest against the proceedings of the Emperor which procured them the name of Pro- testants. Population 8000. Stade, a strong town of Hanover, near the Elbe. Pop. 5400. Stre'litz, the capital of Mecklen- burg- Strelitz, composed of Old and New Strelitz, a mile distant from each other. Population 6000. Stutt'gard, the capital of Wir- temberg, finely situate on the Ne- senbach, near its junction with the Neckar. In the royal library, con- sisting of 200,000 volumes, is a unique collection of 12,000 bibles, comprising editions of every age and country. Population 32,000. —48, 47 N. 9, 11 E. Swa'bia, one of the former cir- cles of Germany, comprised the kingdom of Wirtemberg,the grand duchy of Baden, and the imperial cities of Augsburg and Ulm in Bavaria. TU'BINGEN, a city in Wirtem- berg, on the Neckar. It is the seat of a university. Pop. 8000. ULM, a strongly-fortified town of Wirtemberg, situate on the Da- nube, near its junction with the II- ler, in a rich and beautiful plain. Its cathedral is a magnificent structure, 416 feet long, and the tower 537 feet high. Population 14,000 — 49, 54 N. 8, 8 E. WEI'MAR, Saxe, a grand duchy in the interior, comprising several small districts. Extent 1420 square miles. Pop. 225,000. Wei'mar, the capital of the grand duchy, finely situate on the Ilm. It has long held a high rank as a seat of literature, in consequence of the liberal patronage of the du- cal family, whose library is peculi- arly valuable, and whose court is frequented by the first literary cha- racters in Germany. Pop. 10,000. —50, 59 N. 11, 20 E. We'ser, a large river formed by the" junction of the Werra and Fulda at Munden, flows through the territories of Hanover, Bruns- wick, Prussia, &c. and falls into the German Ocean below Bre- men. Westpha'lia, one of the former circles of Germany, traversed by the Weser and the Ems, the chief THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE 174 portions of which now belong to Prussia and Hanover. Wir'temberg, Kingdom of, hav- ing Baden on the W. and Bavaria on the E. It is traversed by the Neckar from S . to N., and its west- ern frontier is occupied by the mountain-range of the Black Fo- rest. Wirtemberg is one of the most fertile countries in Germany, and in none is there a more ge- neral diffusion of knowledge. Ex- tent 7600 square miles. Popula- tion 1,520,000. Wisba'den, the capital of the duchy of Nassau, much frequented for its warm baths and mineral wa- ters. Population 7000. Wis'mar, a seaport in the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the Baltic, with a good harbour. It has considerable trade in ship- building. Pop. 10,000. Wol'fenbuttel, a city in Bruns- wick, pleasantly situate on the Ocker. Pop. 8000. Worms, an ancient city in Hesse- Darmstadt, on the left bank of the Rhine. Pop. 8000. Wurtz'burg, a strong town in Bavaria, delightfully situate on the Maine. It is the seat of a uni- versity. Pop. 23,000.-49, 45 N. 9, .56 E. ZELL, or Celle, a city in Han- over, on the Aller. Pop. 10,000. Zerbst, a town in Anhalt-Des- sau, the birthplace of Catharine II. of Russia. Pop. 8000. Zittau', a town of Saxony, on the Neisse, with some manufac- tures. Population 9000. THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE Is bounded N. by Saxony, Prussia, and Poland ; W. by Bavaria, Switzerland, and the Sardinian States; S. by Turkey, the Adriatic, and the Italian States ; and E. by Russia and Turkey. It contains 260,000 square miles. Population 33,630,000. This extensive empire contains — Countries. Chief Towns. Archduchy of Austria Vienna, Linz, Aspern, Steyer, Salzburg. Styria Gratz. Tyrol Innsbruck, Botzen, Trent, Roveredo. Illyria Laybach, Clagenfurt, Trieste, Fiume, Capo dTstria. Bohemia Prague, Reichenberg, Eger, Kon- iggratz. Moravia and Silesia Brunn, Olmutz, Austerlitz, Trop- pau. Austrian Polandor Galicia. Lemberg, Brody, Czernowitz. Hungary, comprehending Szegedin, Temeswar. Sclavonia Essek, Semlin. Croatia.. Agram, Carlstadt. Transylvania Clausenburg, Hermannstadt, Cron- stadt. Dalmatia. Zara, Spalatro, Ragusa. Austrian Italy Milan, Venice. (See Italy). THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 1J5 Mountains. — Carpathian Mountains, Sudetic Mountains, Rhaetian or Tyrolese Alps. Lakes. — Cirknitz, Neusiedler-see, Platten-see. Rivers. — Danube, with its tributaries the Inn, Drave, Save, Morava, Theiss, Maros, — the Elbe, Mol- dau, Dniester; in Italy, Rrenta, Piave, Tagliamento. REMARKS. The Austrian empire, exclusive of Dalmatia, extends from 44° to 51° N. lat., and from 8° SO' to 26° SO' E. long. Its length, from E. to W. is 850 miles; and its breadth, from N. to S. 450 miles. The Austrian dominions, enlarged by the successive ac- quisitions of centuries, embrace countries as various in their natural properties as their inhabitants are different in lan- guage, manners, and national character. The German por- tion of these dominions presents almost every where a moun- tainous character, especially in Styria, Carinthia, and Car- niola. The aspect of Hungary is level, except towards the Carpathian Mountains ; and Galicia, with the same excep- tion, is a great plain covered with wood, ill cultivated, and thinly peopled. In Hungary the climate resembles that of the southern countries of Europe ; but the summer is hotter, and the winter more severe. The soil in the south is remarkable for its fertility, and notwithstanding the state of agriculture, yields corn sufficient for the maintenance not only of its own inhabitants, but of those of the north, where the land is in many places occupied by vast heaths and sandy plains. That part of Hungary which is sheltered by the Carpathians is peculiarly favourable to the growth of the vine ; and produces the celebrated wine called Tokay. Except in the elevated regions, Bohemia, Moravia, and the archduchy of Austria, have a mild and salubrious cli- mate, and are rich in corn, vines, and other vegetable pro- ductions. Few countries can vie with Austria in mineral wealth. At Kremnitz and Schemnitz, in Hungary, are valuable mines of gold and silver ; the surrounding district abounds in copper, antimony, coal, salt, and alum; and Hungary isthe only territory in which the true opal has been found. The iron of Carinthia and Styria is of very excellent quality; and the quicksilver-mines of Idria, in Carniola, are more produc- tive than any other in Europe. The tract of Galicia which borders upon the Carpathian range, yields copper, iron, THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 176 and lead ; and at Wieliczka, near Cracow, are most exten- sive and celebrated mines of rock-salt. In agriculture and commerce Austria has not kept pace with other European states. The land, except near Prague and in other parts of Bohemia, is negligently and unskilfully cultivated ; and manufactures are neither nu- merous nor extensive, considering the resources of the coun- try. Trade is necessarily limited, owing to the small extent of its line of seacoast. In Vienna there are manufactures of silk, gold and silver lace, silver-plate, cloths, stuffs, linens, mirrors, and porcelain ; Bohemia is noted for beautiful glass, linen, and paper. The exports of Austria amount to about £6,000,000 sterling annually. The government is an hereditary monarchy ; but almost every country, forming a component part of the empire, en- joys its own code of laws. In Hungary the power of the em- peror is limited by that of the aristocracy, who have a Diet or Parliament composed of two chambers, which regulates all matters relating to taxes and the internal government of the country. The military force of Austria, during peace, is computed at 286,000 men ; its maritime force is insigni- ficant. The revenue is estimated at £14,250,000, and the public debt at from 76 to 80 millions sterling. The prevailing religion is the Roman Catholic ; but all other sects of Christians are tolerated. The manners of the Austrians differ little from those of their German neighbours ; but, in general information, they are inferior to the inhabitants of Saxony. Till lately their nobles were ignorant, proud, and haughty. A cold civility characterizes their deportment to strangers. The Hunga- rians are an indolent and prejudiced but high-spirited people, and affect to despise their Austrian masters. Education is still in a very neglected state in the empire, and few names of celebrity adorn its literary annals. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of the Austrian empire ? What is its extent in square miles ? What countries does it con- tain ? What are the chief towns in the archduchy of Austria ? In Bohemia? In Moravia? In Galicia? In Hungary ? In Austrian Italy? In Dalmatia? Name the moun- tains, — the lakes, — the rivers. Where is Essek, Olmutz, Trent, Gratz, Innsbruck, Ausler- litz, Cronstadt, Lemberg, Tokay, Prague, Vienna, Pest, Presburg, &c. ? Trace the course of the Maros, — of the Save, — of the Elbe, — of the Morava, — of the Theiss, &c. Where is Platten-see, &c. ? THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 177 Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is the Austrian Empire situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is the general aspect of its German portion ? What is the general aspect of Hungary and Galicia ? What is remarkable in the climate of Hungary ? What is the nature of the soil ? With what is the soil occupied in many parts of the north? What part of Hungary is favourable to the growth of the vine ? What celebrated wine does it pro- duce ? What kind of climate prevails in Bohemia, Mo- ravia, and Austria Proper? In what productions are those countries rich ? Is Austria rich in mineral wealth ? Where are valuable mines of gold and silver found ? What other metals and minerals does the circumjacent country afford ? What precious mineral is found in Hungary alone ? For what metal are Carinthia and Styria particularly noted ? What is remarkable about the quicksilver-mines of Idria? What metals are found in Galicia ? What remarkable mines are wrought at Wieliczka near Cracow ? What is the state of agriculture, manufactures, and com- merce in Austria ? What are the principal manufactures of Vienna? For what manufacture is Bohemia noted? To what value do the exports of Austria amount annually ? What is remarkable about the government of Austria ? How is the power of the emperor limited in Hungary? At what number is the military force of Austria computed ? To what sum does its revenue amoifnt ? What is the prevailing religion in Austria ? By what peculiarities are the manners of the Austrians characterized ? What is peculiar in the cha- racter of the Hungarians ? In what state are education and literature in the Austrian empire ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. A'GRAM, a strong town, the capital of Croatia, near the Save. Population 17,000.-45° 52' N. lat. 16° O' E. long. Aus'terlitz, a town in Moravia, where Bonaparte gained a decisive victory over the united forces of Austria and Russia, headed by their respective sovereigns, 2d Decem- ber 1805. Pop. 2000. Aus'tria, Archduchy of, the here- ditary dominion of the imperial family, is divided by the river Ens into two provinces, — Lower and Upper Austria. It contains, with the district of Salzburg, 15,200 square miles. Pop. 2,1 13,915. BOHE'M I A, Kingdom of, situate nearly in the heart of Germany, and surrounded by mountains. It is very fertile, and rich in mineral products. Extent 20,500 square miles. Population 3,897,07 6. Botz'en, or Bolsa'no, a fine town in the Tyrol, on the Eisach. Po- pulation 8000. Brix'en, a town in the Tyrol, at the confluence of the Rienz" and Eisach. Population 3200. Bro'dy, a town in the N. E. of Galicia, with considerable com- merce. Pop. 22,000, of whom five- sixths are Jews. Brunn, the capital of Moravia, on the Schwartz. Its manufac- tures and trade are extensive. Pop. 40,000.-49, 12 N. 16, 40 E. Bu'da, or O'fen, the capital of Hungary, on the Danube. It is famous for its baths, and the en- virons produce excellent wines. Pop. 33,000.-47, 30 N. 19, 5 E. CA'PO D’lS'TRIA, a seaport on a small island in the Gulf of Trieste, communicating with the mainland by a drawbridge. Pop. 5000. THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE, 178 Carin'thia, a mountainous dis- trict in Illyria, celebrated for its mines. Its lead, in particular, is the purest in Europe. Carls'bad, a town of Bohemia, situate in a charming valley, wa- tered by the Topel. Its baths rank among the most famous in Europe. Pop. 2600. Carls'burg, a town of Transyl- vania, on the Maros, with a strong fortress. Pop. 6000. Carl'stadt, a strong town of Cro- atia, near the confluence of the Kulpa and Korana, on the borders of Carniola. Pop. 3224. Carnio'la, a province to the S. of Carinthia, now included in the kingdom of Illyria. Carpathian Mountains, a range which extends above 600 miles, from the N. W. border of Hun- gary to the Danube on the fron- tier ofWallachia; separating Hun- gary from Moravia, Silesia, Ga- licia, and the Buckowine ; and Transylvania from Moldavia and Wallachia. These mountains, to the height of 3600 feet, are general- ly covered with forests of pine and beech. The most elevated peak, Lomnitz, is 8133 feet high. Catta'ro, a strong seaport near the S. extremity of Dalmatia, on a gulf of the same name, on the Adriatic. Pop. 3000.— 42, 25 N. 18, 45 E. Cirk'nitz, a remarkable lake of Carniola, in Illyria. It is sur- rounded by limestone heights, and contains 18 subterraneous cavities, through which its waters, at cer- tain seasons, disappear, and again flow in. Cla'genfurt, the chief town of Carinthia, on the Gian. P. 9000. Clau'senburg, the capital of Transylvania, beautifully situate on the Little Szamos. P. 20,000. Cra'cow, the capital of the little republic of the same name, which contains 490 square miles, and is under the protection of Austria. It is situate on the Vistula, and is the seat of an ancient university. Here the kings of Poland were crowned ; in the cathedral are the tombs of many of the monarchs. Pop. 18,000.-50, 5 N. 19, 55 E. Croa'tia, a province extending from the river Drave to the Adria- tic, now incorporated with Hun- gary. Cronstadt', a trading town in Transylvania, on theS. E. frontier. P. 25,000.-45, 42 N. 25, 34 E. CzePnowitz, or Tcher'nowitz, a town on the Pruth, the capital of the Buckowine, a district annexed to Galicia. Pop. 7000. DALMA'TIA, Kingdom of, ex- tends along the E. coast of the Adriatic, which is studded with numerous islands. It contains 5800 square miles. Pop. 309,412. Dan'ube. See Germany, p. 170. Debret'zin, a town in Hungary, on the E. oftheTheiss j has various manufactures and considerable trade. It is the seat of a celebrat- ed academy. Pop. 45,000. — 47, 32 N. 21, 38 E. Dnies'ter. See Russia, p. 153. Drave, a large river which rises in the Tyrol, flows through Carin- thia and Styria, separates Croatia and Sclavonia from Hungary, and joins the Danube below Essek. E'GER, a town in Bohemia, on a river of the same name. Here Wallenstein was assassinated in 1633. Pop. 8000. Elbe. See Prussia, p. 1 62. Ens, or Enns, a river which has its source in the district of Salz- burg, and, dividing the archduchy of Austria into Upper and Lower, falls into the Danube. EPlau, a town of Hungary, on the W. of the Theiss, with consi- derable trade. Pop. 17,000.-47, 55 N. 20, 20 E. Ess'ek, a fortified town, the capital of Sclavonia, situate on the Drave. Pop. 10,000.-45, 30 N. 18, 50 E. FIU'ME, a seaport of Illyria, on a bay of the Adriatic ; carries on an extensive trade. Pop. 9000. — 45, 20 N. 14, 30 E, GALI'CIA, that part of Poland which is annexed to Austria, un- der the title of the kingdom of Ga- licia and Lodomiria. It is sepa- rated from Hungary by the Carpa- thian Mountains, and contains, with the Buckowine, 33,000 square miles. Pop. 4,548,554. Goerz, or Gorit'za, a town of Il- lyria, on the Lisonzo. Pop. 9000. Gratz, a handsome town, the ca- pital of Styria, on the Muhr. Pop. 40,000.-47, 4 N. 15, 18 E. HERM ANN'STADT, the capi- tal of a district in Transylvania, si- tuate on the Szeben. Pop. 18,000. THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. Iy9 Hun'gary, Kingdom of, forming part of the Austrian dominions, one of the most interesting but least known countries of Europe. It contains, with Sclavonia, Cro- atia, and the military frontier, 102,000 square miles. Population 11,536,431. ID'RIA, a town of Carniola, in Illyria, with valuable mines of mercury. Pop. 5000. Iglau', a town of Moravia, on a river of the same name ; with con- siderable manufactures of woollens. Pop. 14,000. — 19, 24 N. 15, 23 E. lllyr'ia, Kingdom of, comprises Carinthia, Carniola, Istria, and the islands in the Gulf of Quarnero, now divided into two govern- ments, Laybach and Trieste. It is extremely mountainous, inter- spersed with fertile valleys. Extent 11,200 square miles. P. 1,145,445. Inn, a river which rises in the Swiss canton of the Grisons, cross- es the Tyrol, and, after forming the boundary between Bavaria and Austria, joins the Danube at Pas- sau. Inns'bruck, the capital of the Tyrol, situate on the Inn, on the direct route from Germany into Italy. It stands in one of the most beautiful valleys formed by the Alps. Pop. 11,000. Is'tria, a maritime province at the head of the Adriatic, now in- cluded in the kingdom of Illyria. JAR'OSLAW, a town of Galicia, on the San ; with an imperial cloth- manufactory. Pop. 8000. KETS'KEMET, a town in the interior of Hungary, between the Danube and the Theiss. Pop. 34,000.-46, 55 N. 19, 42 E. Komorn', a town in Hungary, with a very strong fortress, at the junction of the Danube and the Waag. Pop. 11,000. Ko'niggratz, a fortified town in Bohemia, on the Elbe. P. 6000. Krem'nitz, a town in the N. W. of Hungary, celebrated for its mines of gold and silver. Pop. 10,000. LAY'BACH, the capital of a district of Illyria, on a river of the same name, a place of consider- able trade. Pop. 10,000. Lem'berg, the capital of Galicia, on the Peltew, a branch of the Bug, the seat of a university, and a place of great trade. Pop. 71,000, of whom 23,000 are Jews. — 49, 52 N. 24, 0 E. Linz, the capital of Upper Aus- tria, on the Danube. It has a large woollen manufactory, established by government. Pop. 24,000. — 48, 17 N. 14, 18 E. MAROS', a river which rises among the Carpathian Mountains, near the E. frontier of Transylva- nia, enters Hungary, forms the boundary of the Bannat, and falls into the Theiss. Mis'kolz, a town of Hungary, on the W. of the Theiss, in a rich wine and corn country. Population 28,000.-48, 16 N. 20, 48 E. Moldau', a river which issues from the mountains that separate Bohemia from Bavaria, flows through Prague, and joins the Elbe near Melnik. Mora'va, or March, a river which springs from the lofty Schneeberg, at the junction of Bohemia, Mo- ravia, and Silesia, flows through Moravia, separates the archduchy of Austria from Hungary, and falls into the Danube above Presburg. Mora'via and Silesia, a province of the Austrian empire, between Hungary and Bohemia, in which are large and flourishing manufac- tures of woollen, linen, and cotton. It contains 10,300 square miles. Population 2,066,218. Mu/tr, a river which issues from a lake in Salzburg, flows through Styria, and joins the Drave in Hun- gary. NEU'SATZ, a free city of Hun- gary, on the Danube, opposite Pe- terwardein: it has a considerable trade with Turkey. Pop. 17,000. Neu'siedler-see', a lake in the W. of Hungary, 30 miles long, and about 10 at its greatest breadth. OE'DENBURG, a town in Hun- gary, near the lake of Neusiedler. Pop. 12,000.-47, 45 N. 16, 30 E. Ol'mutz, a town of Moravia on the river March. It is strongly fortified, and is the see of an archbishop. Pop. 19,000 PEST, or Pesth, a handsome city of Hungary, on the Danube, opposite Buda, with which it is connected by a bridge of boats. It has a university richly endowed, and commands a great inland trade. Population 70,000. — 47, 30 N. 1$, 3 E. THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE 130 Peterwar'dein, a strong town of Sclavonia, on the Danube. Popu- lation 3647. Plat'ten-see, or Lake Bal'aton, in the S. W.of Hungary, 40 miles long and from one to four broad. It con- tains peculiar fishes, and is fre- quented by singular waterfowls. Prague, a handsome and strong- . ly-fortified city, the capital of Bo- hemia, on the Moldau, over which is thrown a beautiful bridge. It is the seat of the oldest university in German y, and is famous as the resi- dence of the great reformers, John Huss and Jerome of Prague. Pop. 120,000.-50, 5 N. 14, 25 E. Pres'burg, once the capital of Hungary, and still the place where the kings are crowned. It is fine- ly situate on an eminence Overlook- ing a vast plain, watered by the Danube. Pop. 41,000.-48, 8 N. 17, 8 E. RAAB, a town in Hungary, near the junction of the Raab with the Danube. Population 14,000. Ragu'sa, a strongly- fortified sea- port in Dalmatia, on a peninsula in the Adriatic. Pop. 6000.— 42, 40 N. 18, 5 E. ReicA'enberg, a town in the N. of Bohemia, on the Neisse *, famous for its large cloth and other manu- factures. Pop. 10,000, Rovere'do, a town in the S. of the Tyrol, near the Adige. P. 10,000. SALZ'BURG, capital of a dis- trict united to Upper Austria. It is finely situate on the Salza, amidst the most romantic scenery. In its vicinity are the famous salt- works of Hallein. Pop. 14,000. San, a river of Galicia, springs from the Carpathian Mountains on 'the borders of Hungary, and falls into the Vistula near Sandomir. Save, a large river which rises near Villach in Illyria, flows through Croatia, separates Sclavo- nia from Turkey, and falls into the Danube between Semlin and Bel- grade. Schem'nitz, a town in theN.W. of Hungary, famous for its mines of gold, silver, and lead. Here is celebrated mining-school. Pop. 22,000.-48, 38 N. 18, 52 E. Sclavo'nia, a southern province, watered by the Drave, the Danube, and the Save, now incorporated with Hungary. Sem'lin, a town of Sclavonia, near the junction of the Save with the Danube. Pop. 9000. Sile'sia, Austrian, a district in the N. of Moravia, with which it is now incorporated. Spala'tro, a seaport of Dalmatia, on the Adriatic, near the ancient Salo'na and the ruins of the fa- mous palace of Dioclesian. Pop. 8000.— 43, 31 N. 16, 28 E. Stey'er, a flourishing town in Up- per Austria, on the Ens; with large iron-works and manufac- tures. Pop. 10,000. Sty'ria, a province between the archduchy of Austria and Illyria. It contains 8600 square miles. Pop. 859,841. Sudet'ic Mountains, a semicircu- lar range of the great Hercynian chain, which separates theAustrian states from those of Saxony and Prussia, distinguished by the names of the Erzgebirge and the Riesengebirge, i. e. the Ore and the Giant Mountains . Szege'din, a town in Hungary, at the confluence of the Theiss and Maros. It is a place of consi- derable manufacturing and com- mercial importance. Pop. 32,000. —46, 17 N. 20, 10 E. Tem'eswar, a handsome town, the capital of the Bannat, a military frontier-province of Hungary. It is situate on the Bega Canal, and is strongly fortified. Pop. 12,000. Theiss (Teess), a large river in Hungary, formed by two streams called the Black and White Theiss. After a course of 700 miles, it flows into the Danube below Peterwar- dein, and is navigable almost to its source. TAere'sienstadt, or TAeresiano'- pel, a town in the S. of Hungary, extending over a wide plain. Pop. 40,000.-46, 6 N. 19, 42 E. Tokay', a town in Hungary, at the confluence of the Theiss and the Bodrog. It is celebrated for its wine, one of the finest and most costly in Europe. Pop. 4000. Top'htz, a town in the N. W. of Bohemia, famous for its baths. Population 2600. Transylva'nia, a province be- tween Hungary and Turkey, con- taining 23,700 square miles. Po- pulation 2,034,385. Trent, a city in the Tyrol, on the 9 ASIA, Adige. It is the Tridentum of the Romans ; and is famous for the council of Roman Catholic prelates, from all parts of Europe, held there from 1545 to 1563, for the purpose of suppressing the Reformation. Pop. 11,000.-46, 4 N. 11, 10 E. Trieste', a maritime city, the ca- pital of a district of Illyria, is si- tuate at the N. E. extremity of the Gulf of Venice. It is a free port, and possesses an extensive commerce. Pop. 49,000. — 45, 45 N. 13, 48 E. Troppau', the capital of Austrian Silesia, on the Oppa. Pop. 10,000. Tyrol', a mountainous province between Austrian Italy and Bava- ria. The Ortler Spitze, one of the Rhastian or Tyrolese Alps, rises to the height of 12,852 feet. The Tyrol, with the Voralberg, con- tains 11,000 square miles. Pop. 786,545. VIEN'NA (Ger. Wien), the ca- pital of the empire, one of the most ancient cities of Germany, situate 181 in a rich and picturesque country on the right bank of the Danube, and intersected by two small but ra- pid streams, the Wien and the Al- ster. It cannot boast of much ele- gance, though some of its public edifices are magnificent. Popula- tion 330,000.-48, 10 N. 16, 20 E. Vil'lac/*,a town of Carinthia,with some trade. Pop. 3000. WIELICZ'KA, a town of Gali- cia, near which are the most ex- tensive salt-mines in the world, ex- tending more than a mile under- ground, with numerous vaulted passages, and even chapels and altars cut out of the rock-salt. Po- pulation 6000. ZA'RA, the capital of Dalmatia, situate on the Adriatic. It is strongly fortified, and has an ex- cellent harbour. Pop. 5000. — 44, 8 N. 15, 15 E. Zom'bor, a town in the S. of Hungary, on the Franz Canal ; with a large trade in corn and cattle. Pop. 18,000.-45, 45 N. 19, 12 E. ASIA Is bounded N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by Eu- rope, the Black Sea, Archipelago, Mediterranean, Isth- mus of Suez, and Red Sea ; S. by the Indian Ocean ; and E. by the Pacific Ocean. The superficial area, including the islands, has been estimated at 20,000,000 squaremiles ; and its population at 460 millions. The countries which it contains are, — Countries. Chief Towns. Turkey in Asia Smyrna, Aleppo, Damas- cus, Bagdad. Arabia Mecca, Medina, Mocha. Persia Teheran, Ispahan. Afghanistan Cabul, Candahar, Herat. Hindostan Calcutta, Madras, Bom- bay, Delhi, Benares. Eastern Peninsula ....Ava, Arracan, Bankok. China Pekin, Nankin, Canton. Thibet Lassa. Eastern or Chinese Tartary Cashgar, Yarkand, Mai- matchin. Western or Independent Tartary... Bokhara, Samarcand. Asiatic Russia Tobolsk, Astracan. Japan Jeddo, Miaco, Nangasaki. H ASIA. 182 Islands. — Cyprus, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Philippine Islands, Japan Islands, New Guinea, New Holland, New Zealand. Mountains. — Ural, Altaian, Teen-shan, Kwan-lun, Hiramaleh, Caucasus, Ararat, Taurus, Lebanon ; Sinai and Horeb. Seas and Gulfs. — Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Persian Gu.lf, Bay of Bengal, Chinese Sea, Gulfs of Siam and Tonquin, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Ochotsk, Sea of Kamtsehatka, Caspian Sea, Sea of Arab- Straits. — Babelmandeb, Ormus, Palk's Channel, Malacca, Sunda, Macassar, Behring. Cates. — Severo, Baba, Ras el Hud, Comorin, Ne- grais, Romania, Cambodia, Lopatka, East Cape. Rivers. — Ob or Oby, Yenisei, Lena, Amur or Sagalien, Hoang-ho, Yang-tse-kiang, Maykaung, Irra- wadv, Brahmapoutra, Ganges, Indus, Euphrates, Tigris, Oxus, Jaxartes. Lakes. — Baikal, Balkash or Palkati. REMARKS. Asia extends from 1° 20' to 7 6 ° N. lat., and from 26° E. to 170° W., making ]64° of long. Its length, from the mouth of the Dardanelles to the Islands of Japan, is 6000 miles ; and its breadth, from the S. of Malacca to Cape Severo in Siberia, is 5200 miles. It is the largest of the great divisions of the globe. Including its islands, it extends almost from pole to pole; and from 26° E. to 109° 25' W. long. Every variety of climate and of soil occurs in this vast region. It is watered by magnificent rivers, and intersect- ed by stupendous mountains, of which the Himmaleh chain is the loftiest in the world. In many respects Asia is the most interesting division of the globe. It is the nursery of the human race; for here man was created, and hence proceeded the tide of popula- tion, which spread in time over the rest of the world. It was the theatre of all those grand dispensations by which God prepared the world for the advent of the Messiah, and of those labours and sufferings by which our Saviour ac- complished the salvation of mankind. Of the great em- pires which flourished in Asia at very remote periods of antiquity, and which are frequently mentioned in the his- torical and prophetic books of Scripture, most have passed ASIA. 183 completely away, leaving no trace of their existence but the records of history, or a few architectural ruins. Its present empires and kingdoms will be described under the respective countries. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Asia ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? Name the principal countries which it contains. What are their chief towns ? Name the principal islands of Asia, and point them out on the map. Name its principal mountains, and trace them on the map. Name and point out its seas and gulfs. What are its principal straits ? Point them out. Name and point out its principal capes. What are its principal rivers ? Trace their course. What are its principal lakes ? Where is the Eastern Peninsula, Independent Tartary, China, Asiatic Russia, Thibet, &c. ? What is the capital of Hin- dustan ? Of Chinese Tartary ? Of Persia ? Of China, &c. ? Where is Ceylon, Borneo, Cyprus, New Guinea, Sumatra, Java, the Japan Islands, &c. ? Where is Mount Caucasus, Lebanon, Taurus, Horeb, Ararat, the Altaian Mountains, Sinai, &c. ? Where is the Bay of Bengal, Sea of Ochotsk, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Yellow Sea, Caspian Sea, &c. ? Where is the Strait of Ormus, of Behring, of Malacca, Babelmandeb, &c. ? Where is Cape Comorin, Negrais, Lopatka, &c. ? Trace the course of the Hoang-ho, the Ganges, the Oby, the Tigris, the Yenisei, the Euphrates, the Indus, the Yang-tse-kiang, &c. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude does Asia extend ? What are its length and breadth ? What proportion does it bear to the other great divisions of the globe ? What is its extent, including its islands ? Can it boast of magni- ficent rivers and mountains ? In what respects is Asia the most interesting portion of the globe ? What is remarkable about the great empires that once flourished in Asia ? TURKEY IN ASIA Is bounded N. by the Black Sea and Russia ; W. by the Mediterranean and Archipelago ; S. by Arabia and the Mediterranean ; and E. by Persia. It contains 450,000 square miles. Population about 12,000,000. Divisions. Chief Towns. Asia Minor, comprehending Anatolia. Smyrna, Manisa, Bursa, Ku« tayah, Angora. Caramania Konieh, Adana, Tarsus. Roum Tocat, Sivas, Amasia. 184 TURKEY IN ASIA. Divisions. Chief Towns. Armenia Erzeroum, Trebisonde, Kars. Kurdistan Van, Betlis. Irak-Arabi ( Chaldea ) Bagdad, Bussora, Hillah. Algezira (Mesopotamia) .. . Diarbekir, Mosul, Orfa. Syria Aleppo, Damascus, Tripoli. Palestine or the Holy Land. Jerusalem, Acre, Tabaria, Na« pious, Jaffa, Gaza. Island. — Cyprus. Mountains. — Taurus, Olympus, Ida, Lebanon, Ararat. Lakes. — Van, Asphaltites or the Dead Sea. Bivers. — Kisil-Irmak, Sakaria, Sarabat, Minder, Orontes, Jordan, Euphrates, Tigris. REMARKS. Turkey in Asia extends from 30° to 42° 10' N. lat., and from 26° to 48° 30' E. long. Its length, from Cape Baba on the Archipelago to Mount Ararat on the borders of Persia, is 980 miles ; and its breadth, from the southern frontier of Syria to the Black Sea, is 730 miles. This extensive country may be regarded as in general mountainous, although it presents many extensive plains of great beauty and fertility. The climate is delightful ; and the soil, particularly in the valleys, extremely productive. Fruits of the finest kinds grow spontaneously, or are pro- duced abundantly by cultivation ; but tillage is only partially attended to, — by far the greater part being occupied by shep- herds and their flocks. The mountains are clothed with woods, and the shores of the Black Sea present the appearance of continued forests. Of the domestic animals, the most re- markable are the sheep, and thegoatsof Angora, from the hair of which the finest camlets are made. Indeed, it is a remark- able peculiarity in the animals of this district, that they all have fine long hair. Of the wild beasts of Asiatic Turkey we may enumerate the lion (which never appears farther west than the Euphrates), the hyena, and jackal ; the ibex and the antelope. With the exception of the copper-mines of Tocat, the mineral treasures of this country are unknown. At Bursa, near the foot of Mount Olympus, there are hot medicinal springs. Asiatic Turkey is inhabited by different tribes, whose employments and habits are equally various. The prevailing religion is the Mohammedan ; and the Turks of Asia are peculiarly bigoted. The Greek and Armenian Christians are numerous, but are kept in a state of the TURKEY IN ASIA. 185 most humiliating subjection. A few of the wandering tribes still retain their Pagan superstitions. The fine countries of Syria and Palestine have recently fallen into the possession of Mohammed Ali, pasha of Egypt ; but whether the change will improve the condition of the people, or perpetuate rapine and oppression, it is not possible at present to determine. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Turkey in Asia ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is its population ? Name its divisions. What are the principal towns of Asia Minor ? Of Algezira ? Of Irak-Arabi ? Of Kurdistan ? Of Ar- menia ? Of Syria ? Of Palestine ? Name its principal island and mountains. Name its lakes. Name its principal rivers. Where is Jerusalem, Smyrna* Hillah, Asphaltites, or the Dead Sea, Jaffa, Acre, Tabaria, Mosul, the Minder, the Jordan, Angora, the Euphrates, &c. ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Turkey in Asia situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its general aspect ? What is the nature of its climate and soil ? Does it abound in fruits ? By what is the greater part of this country occupied ? What places are clothed with woods and forests ? What are the most remarkable of the domestic animals in Asiatic Turkey ? By what remarkable peculia- rity are the animals of this district distinguished ? Mention some of its wild animals. Are the mineral treasures of this country well known ? Where are hot medicinal springs found ? How is Asiatic Turkey inhabited ? In what state are the Christians kept in Asiatic Turkey ? What supersti- tions are still retained by some of the wandering tribes ? Into whose possession have Syria and Palestine fallen ? ARABIA Is bounded N. by Turkey in Asia ; W. by the Red Sea and the Isthmus of Suez ; S. by the Indian Ocean ; and E. by the Persian Gulf. It contains 1,000,000 square miles. Population estimated at 10,000,000. Divisions. Chief Towns. Hejaz Mecca, Medina, Jidda, Yembo. Eahsa Bahsa, El Katif. Nejed Deray eh. Oman Mascat, Rostak, Seer. Hadramaut Shibam, Doan. Yemen Sana, Mocha, Aden, Mareb. Islands. — Socotra, Bahrein. Mountains. — Sinai, Horeb, Shammar, Arafat. Capes. — Mussendom, Ras el Hud, Babelmandeb. 186 ARABIA. REMARKS. Arabia extends from 12° SO' to 34° 30' N. lat., and from 32° SO' to 60° E. long. Its length, from the Straits of Babelmandeb to the Euphrates, is 1500 miles; and its breadth, from the eastern extremity to Mecca on the Red Sea, is 1280 miles. The most remarkable feature in the aspect of Arabia is the vast extent of sandy deserts which occupy almost the whole of the interior, — diversified only by a few spots of fertility called oases or islands. Over these dreary wastes travellers pass in large companies, called caravans ; exposed, at almost every step, to the imminent peril of their lives. Their sufferings from excessive heat and the want of water are extreme ; and the ocean, in its most violent agitation, presents not so appalling a scene as the Arabian desert in a storm, when the sand, lifted from its bed, overwhelms every- thing in its way. The districts on the coast are fertile and beautiful, producing many valuable trees and shrubs, as the tamarind, the Indian-fig, the date-palm, the cotton. shrub, the pomegranate and orange trees, the coffee- shrub, and the amyris opobalsamum, which yields the celebrated balm of Mecca. Arabia has long been famed for the abund- ance of its odoriferous plants. The most noted of the do- mestic animals are the horse and camel ; of its wild animals, the antelope, the wild ass, the wolf, fox, jackal, hyena, and panther, deserve particular notice. The interior of Arabia is chiefly inhabited by wandering tribes called Bedouins, who subsist by their flocks, and by the plunder of passing caravans. The Arabians on the coast live in more regular society, and enjoy the benefit of commerce and the arts : the valuable pearl-fisheries of the Persian Gulf are principally in their hands. The religion of Mohammed, who was born at Mecca a. d. 570, is professed throughout Arabia, as well as gene- rally over the East. His native city, and Medina, which con- tains his tomb, attract vast crowds of pilgrims. In the middle of last century arose the Wahabees, who rejected the divine honours paid to Mohammed, considering him only an inspired prophet, and holding as their peculiar tenet that God alone should be adored. They had at one time overrun nearly all Arabia; but Mohammed Ali, pasha of Egypt, has since driven them from Mecca and Medina. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Arabia ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? PERSIA. 187 Name its divisions. What are the principal towns of Hejaz ? Of Yemen? OfHadramaut? Of Oman ? OfLahsa? Of Nejed ? Name the islands and mountains of Arabia. Where is Mocha, Mecca, Rostak, Sana, Mareb, &c. ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Arabia situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is the most remarkable feature in its aspect ? How do travellers pass over those dreary wastes ? To what sufferings and dangers are they exposed ? What is the appearance of the districts on the coast ? What valuable trees and shrubs do they produce ? What are the most noted domestic animals of Arabia ? Which of its wild animals chiefly deserve notice ? By what people is the interior of Arabia chiefly inhabited ? How do they subsist ? In what manner do the Arabs on the coast live ? What religion is professed in Arabia ? What new sect sprang up about the middle of last century ? What is the peculiar tenet of this sect ? What progress did they make ? Who drove them from Mecca and Medina? PERSIA Is bounded N. by Georgia, the Caspian Sea, and Tar- tary ; W. by Turkey in Asia ; S. by the Persian Gulf; and E. by Afghanistan. It contains 500,000 square miles. Population 9,000,000. Provinces.* Chief Towns. Azerbijan Tabreez, or Tauris. Ghilan Reshd. Mazanderan Saree, Balfrush, Astrabad. Western part of Khorassan... Meshed, Yezd. Irak-Ajemi Teheran, Ispahan, Cas- bin, Hamadan. Khusistan Suster. Ears (the ancient Persis) Shiras, Bushire. Laristan Lar. Kerman Kerman, Gombroon. Islands. — Ormus, Kishma, Karak. Lakes. — Urmia, Baktegan. Mountains. — Elburz, Elwund. Rivers. — Aras, or Araxes, Kizil-Ozen. REMARKS. Persia extends from 26° to 39° N. lat., and from 44° to 62° E. long. From the south of Laristan on the Persian * Georgia, Daghistan, Shirvan, and Erivan, formerly provinces of Persia, are now subject to Russia, and comprehended under the go- vernment of Caucasus. See Asiatic Russia, p. 205. PERSIA. 188 Gulf to the Caspian Sea is 720 miles, and along the 34th parallel 850 miles. Persia is in general mountainous. From the south of the Caspian to Beloochistan, there is a succession of de- serts ; and in all the southern provinces the plains as well as the mountains are steril and bare. The northern districts, on the contrary, are remarkable for their beauty and fertility. The rivers of Persia are few and small, — and, instead of falling into the sea, most of them flow into lakes in the interior. Wheat, rice, barley, and millet, are the common crops. Among its forest-productions are the cedar, the cypress, and other species of pine, and the sumach, so useful in dyeing and tanning. The fruits are among the finest in the world. The fig, pomegranate, almond, peach, and apricot, are natives of this climate; and the vine and orange-tree grow here luxuriantly. The mulberry, cot- ton-shrub, and sugar-cane, are common articles of culture. The horses of Persia, if inferior to those of Arabia in speed, surpass them in elegance. The sheep are remarkable for their length of tail, which sometimes weighs more than 30 pounds. Among the wild animals are the lion, the leopard, the panther, the bear, and wild boar. Manufactures, once in a very flourishing state in Persia, are now almost annihilated, — owing chiefly to the destruc- tive wars with which, for neatly a century, it has been al- most incessantly ravaged. Its carpets, silks, brocades, and velvets, woollen and cotton cloths, and camlets of goats* and camels’ hair, are still of superior texture. Politeness, hospitality, and gayety, characterize the Persian manners. The established religion is the Mohammedan ; but there are still a few who adhere to the ancient worship of fire. The government is despotic. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Persia ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? Into what provinces is it divided ? Name their principal towns. Where is Hamadan, Ispahan, Teheran, Ormus, Bushire, Gasbin, &c. ? Name its islands, lakes, mountains, and rivers. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Persia situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its general aspect ? In what direction dees a continued chain of deserts extend ? What is the appearance of the mountains and plains in the south ? For what are the north- ern districts remarkable ? What are the common crops of Persia ? Mention some of its forest- trees. What is remark- able in the fruits of Persia? Mention some of the fruit-trees AFGHANISTAN. m common here. What other plants and shrubs are cultivated ? For what qualities are the horses and sheep of Persia remark- able ? Mention some of its wild animals. In what state are the manufactures of Persia ? What ma- nufactures of superior texture does it still retain ? By what qualities are the manners of the Persians characterized ? What is the established religion in Persia ? To what wor- ship do some of the Persians still adhere ? Of what kind is the government of Persia ? AFGHANISTAN Is bounded N. by Independent Tartary ; W. by Per- sia ; S. by the Indian Ocean ; and E. by Hindostan. Itcontains 450,000 square miles. Population 8,000,000. Divisions. Chief Towns. Balkh Balkh. Eastern part of Khorassan.... Herat. Cabul Caeul, Peshawer, Ghizni. Candahar Candahar. Seistan Dooshak or Jellalabad. Beloochistan Kelat. Mountains. — Hindoo- Coosh, Solimauii, and the Gaur Mountains. Rivers. — Indus, Cabul, Heermund, or Helmund. Lake. — Durrah, or Zurrah. REMARKS. Afghanistan, or, as it is also called, the Kingdom of Ca- bul, extends from 25° to 37° N. lat., and from 58° to 72° E. long. Its length, from N. to S., is 800 miles, and its breadth 750 miles. The surface of this territory is remarkably varied. The northern districts are composed of rugged mountains, pro- longed from the Himmaleh, and many of whose summits are covered with perpetual snow. They enclose, however, several fine valleys, which afford a great extent of rich pasture. The southern part, on the contrary, comprising the districts of Seistan and Beloochistan, consists partly of vast dreary plains of sand, which is blown by the winds, and continually encroaches on the cultivated and productive soil. The Kingdom of Cabul was lately extremely powerful, having reduced to subjection Cashmere, Herat, and part of Western India, and holding Sinde tributary. Dissensions among its princes, however, and the progress of the Seiks, have reduced it to a very weak state ; it is at present con- H 2 HINDOSTAN. 190 fined to Afghanistan Proper, some districts of which have been wrested from it by the Seik ruler. The Afghans are a brave, hardy, and warlike race, form- ed into a number of separate tribes or communities, and en- joying a considerable share of political independence. The Beloochis are a fierce and predatory people, who infest the routes between Tndia and Persia. Balkh is inhabited by Tartars of the Uzbeck race, and has a chief of its own. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Afghanistan ? What is its ex- tent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? What are its divisions? What are its principal towns ? Where is Peshawer, Cabul, Balkh, Kelat, &c. ? What are its mountains, rivers, and lake ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Af- ghanistan situated ? What are its length and breadth ? What is, the nature of the country in the north ? What in the south ? What conquests were lately added to the king- dom ? What has reduced it to its present weak state, and to what country is it now confined ? What is the character of the Afghans ? Of the Beloochis ? Who are the inhabitants of Balkh ? By whom are they governed ? HINDOSTAN, OR INDIA WITHIN THE GANGES, Is bounded N. by Thibet ; W. by Afghanistan and the Arabian Sea ; S. by the Indian Ocean ; E. by the Eastern Peninsula and the Bay of Bengal. It contains 1,280,000 square miles. Population 141,000,000. Divisions. Mountain Territories, comprising Cashmere Serinagur. Kumaon Nepaul Gangetic Hindostan, comprising Delhi Agra Oude Allahabad Bahar Bengal Chief Towns. .Cashmere. • Serinagur. •Almora. • Catmandoo. • Delhi. .Agra, Gwalior. . Lucknow. .Allahabad, Benares. .Patna. Calcutta, Moorshe- dabad, Dacca. HINDOSTAN. 191 Divisions. Sindetic Hindostan, comprising Lahore Moultan Sinde Central Hindostan, comprising A j mere Malwa Guzerat Candeish Berar Aurungabad, or Dowlatabad.. Concan Visiapore, or Bejapore North part of Golconda The Circars Orissa Southern Hindostan, comprising South Part of Golconda Mysore The Carnatic Madura and some principalities on the Malabar coast. Chief Towns.. . . Lahore. .Moultan. ..Hyderabad, Tatta, ..Ajmere. .Ougein, Indore. .Ahmedabad, Cambay, Surat. . Burhampore. .Nagpore. .Aurungabad, Poonah. .Bombay, Goa. .Visiapore. .Hydrabad. .Visagapatam. .Cuttack, Juggernaut. .Masulipatam. . Seringapatam, Banga- lore. .Madras, Arcot, Tran- quebar, Tanjore, Tri- chinopoly. Madura, Cochin, Cali- cut, Mangalore. Islands. — Ceylon, in which are the towns of Colom- bo, Candy, and Trincomalee ; the Maldives and Lacca- dives ; the Nicobar and Andaman Islands. Gulfs. — Catch, Cambay, Manaar ; Bay of Bengal. Mountains. — Hindoo-Coosh, Himmaleh, or Hima- laya Mountains, Vindhya, Eastern and Western Ghauts. Rivers. — Indus or Sinde, Sutledge, Jumna, Gogra, Ganges, Brahmapoutra, Nerbudda, Taptee, Godavery Bain-Gunga, Kistna or Krishna, Cavery. Strait — Palk’s Channel. Cape. — Comorin. REMARKS. Hindostan extends from 8° 5 ' to 35° N. lat., and from 67° to 92° 30' E. long. Its extreme length, from Cape Comorin to the Himmaleh Mountains, is 1800 miles; its greatest breadth, from the borders of Beloochistan to the east of Bengal, 1600 miles. In a country so extensive as Hindostan, there is, of course, a great variety of aspect. On the north, the Himmaleh HINDOSTAN. 192 Mountains present a very bold and stupendous frontier. The Ghauts, on the east and west, form a long and lofty barrier parallel to each coast ; while the central chain of the Vind- hyas follows the course of the Nerbudda on the north and south. A series of rocky mountains reaches from the con- fines of Moultan to Tatta ; and of sandy hills from Ootch to Guzerat. In the province of Sinde, there are likewise deserts of sand, which, raised by the burning south wind, often buries houses and cultivated fields ; and in Delhi, between Rooderpoor and Almora, there is a sandy desert twenty miles long, covered with briers and resinous shrubs. Numerous savannahs occur in the northern provinces. At the mouths of the rivers, as well as along a great part of their banks in the interior, the soil is marshy. But more generally Hindostan presents beautiful plains, fields adorn- ed with luxuriant harvests, which are gathered twice in the year, and valleys smiling in all the beauty and variety of vegetation. Except in Cashmere, Serinagur, and Nepaul, where the seasons occur in their more agreeable vicissitudes, the cli- mate of Hindostan is diversified only by the dry and rainy months. The changes are produced by the south-west and north-west monsoons; and it is remarkable, that they hap- pen regularly at different periods of the year on the opposite coasts of Coromandel and Malabar. In Bengal the hot or dry season continues from March to the end of May; the rainy period from June to September. By the latter end of July all the lower parts of the country, adjacent to the Ganges and Brahmapoutra, are overflowed, forming an ex- panse of w^ater more than 100 miles wide. By these re- gular inundations extreme fertility is imparted to the soil ; though in many places it requires no such fertilizing aid, as it consists of rich vegetable mould to the depth of six feet. The luxuriance of vegetation is scarcely equalled in any other region of the globe. Of its stately forest-trees, one of the most valuable is the teak, which rivals the oak in firmness and durability, and is an excellent substitute for it in ship- building. Of its fruit-trees, the most noted are the various species of palms. Rice is the chief food of the Hindoos, and consequently the principal article of cultivation. Wheat, barley, millet, and maize, are also raised ; besides the sugar-cane, the mulberry-tree, cotton, indigo, and a variety of valuable plants. Among the domestic animals may be mentioned the buf- falo, camel, and elephant. The cattle are distinguished by HINDOSTAN. 193 a bunch on the shoulders ; and the sheep have hair instead of wool. Among the wild animals are the leopard, which is frequently hunted ; the lion, seen only among the north- ern mountains ; the Bengal tiger; and the rhinoceros. Hindostan is rich in mineral treasures, — of which the most valuable is the diamond, found in the provinces of Bengal, Bundelcund, Allahabad, Orissa, Berar, Visiapore, Golconda, and the Carnatic. The diamonds of Golconda and Orissa are the most celebrated. The Hindoos have carried some manufactures to consi- derable perfection. The shawls of Cashmere, made of the hair of the shawl-goat, are highly prized ; and till the late improvements in the cotton -manufactures of Britain, the Indian muslins were the finest in the world. In delicate works in ivory and metals the Hindoos are still almost un- rivalled. Muslins, calicoes, raw silk, indigo, nitre, opium, sugar, pepper, rice, and diamonds, are the chief exports. In a political view, the greater part of India is now un- der the immediate government of Britain. This is divided into three Presidencies, — l. Bengal, including Bengal, Bahar, Allahabad, Agra, Delhi ; 2. Madras, comprising the Carnatic, Tanjore, the Northern Circars, a large pro- portion of Mysore, and Visiapore ; 3. Bombay, containing an extensive portion of the provinces of Aurungabad, Can- deish, and Guzerat. In a recent parliamentary paper, the extent of the British territories is estimated at 5 1 2,900 square miles, and the population at 90 millions. The remainder of India is mostly in the possession of vas- sal-states, more or less dependent upon Britain. The princi- pal are,— 1. The Rajah of Mysore, residing in the fortress of that name ; 2. The Nizam or Soubah of the Deccan, whose capital is Hydrabad; 3. The King of Oude, residing at Luck- now ; 4. The Rajah of Nagpore ; 5. The Rajah of Sattara, who represents the dignity of the ruler of the Mahrattas ; 6. Holkar’s territory, comprising part of Candeish and Mal- wa ; 7. The Rajpoot states of Oodipoor, Marwar, Jyepore, &c. ; 8. The Guickwar, or sovereign of Guzerat. The population of these states amounts to 40 millions. The following territories may still be considered nearly inde- pendent: — 1. Scindia’s dominions, forming a long range of the provinces of Guzerat, Malwa, and Agra; Gwalior is his capital. 2. The Rajah of Nepaul. 3. The Seiks, who possess Lahore, Cashmere, and the principal part of Moultan. 4. Sinde, at the mouth of the Indus, governed by its ameers. These states have a population estimated at 11 millions. HINDOSTAN. 194 The French have still Pondicherry and Chandernagore ; the Portuguese, Goa ; the Danes, Tranquebar and Se- rampore : but these settlements are of scarcely any political importance. The most remarkable circumstance in the civic economy of the Plindoos is their division into castes , of which there are four, — Brahminsor priests, military class, merchants, and labourers. Each of these classes follows invariably the same profession from generation to generation ; and they never intermarry. They who have been degraded from their castes, which is accounted the greatest of all misfortunes, are call- ed Pariahs , a term of superlative reproach, and are kept in the most humiliating servitude. In their manners the Hin- doos are mild and inoffensive, peculiarly formed for the quietude and the comfort of domestic life. Although their religion permits polygamy, they seldom have more than one wife ; the horrid custom of burning widows alive on the funeral-piles of their husbands was retained till very lately, when it was prohibited by the British government. The Hindoos worship a number of gods, of whom the principal are Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva; they believe that Vishnu has already been incarnate nine times, and is still to be incarnate a tenth and last time. They hold that, after their death, their souls will animate other bodies, either of men or inferior animals. Hence the extreme tender- ness with which they treat all living creatures, even to the meanest insect. In general they abstain from animal food, subsisting on rice, butter, milk, and vegetables. EXERCISES. Name the boundaries of Hindostan. What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? Into what great divisions is it portioned? What provinces are contained in the Mountain Territories ? In Gangetic Hin- dostan ? In Sindetic Hindostan? In Central Hindostan? In Southern Hindostan ? What are the principal towns of the first division ? Of the second ? Of the third ? Of the fourth ? Of the fifth? Where is Allahabad, Hydrabad, Ahmedabad, Bombay, Calcutta, Benares, Visiapore, Moorshedabad, Goa, Trichinopoly, Mangalore, Arcot, &c. ? Where is Ceylon, the Maldives, the Nicobar Isles ? Where is the Gulf of Cutch, of Cambay, the Bay of Bengal ? What are the principal mountains of Hin- dostan ? Name its principal rivers. Trace their course. Name its principal cape. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Hin- dostan situate? What are its length and breadth? What HINDOSTAN. 195 mountains form its northern frontier? What mountains run parallel to its eastern and western coasts ? What is the direction of the central chain ? Where do a series of rocky mountains and of sandy hills occur? In what places are deserts of sand ? Where do numerous savannahs occur ? Where is the soil marshy ? What is the more general aspect of Hindostan ? In what provinces do the seasons occur in their most agreeable vicissitudes ? How is the climate of Hin- dostan in general diversified ? By what are those varieties caused ? What is remarkable about the climate on the coasts of Malabar and Coromandel ? What are the periods of the dry and rainy seasons respectively in Bengal ? What is the extent of the inundation on the course of the Ganges and Brahmapoutra ? What is the quality of the soil ? Mention one of the most valuable forest-trees ? What are the most noted of the fruit-trees ? What is the principal article of cul- tivation ? What are the other articles of cultivation ? Mention some of the domestic animals of Hindostan. What are its most remarkable beasts of prey ? What is its most valuable mineral ? Where is it found ; and in what provinces is it most valuable ? In what manufactures have the Hindoos attained considerable dexterity? In what kind of works are they almost unrivalled ? What are the chief ex- ports from this country ? By what government is the greater part of India now controlled ? Into how many Presidencies is the British government divided ? What provinces are comprehended in the Presidency of Bengal ? In the Pre- sidency of Madras ? In the Presidency of Bombay ? What is the extent and population of the British territories ? What are the principal states entirely dependent on Great Britain ? What is the number of their inhabitants ? What territories may still be considered nearly independent ? What is the amount of their population ? What places belong to the French ? To the Portuguese ? To the Danrs ? What is the most remarkable circumstance in the civic eco* nomy of the Hindoos ? What is their characteristic quality ? Are they addicted to polygamy ? What horrid custom did they till lately retain ? Mention some of their religious opi- nions. Whence arises their extreme tenderness in the treat- ment of living creatures? On what do they in general subsist ? THE EASTERN PENINSULA, OR INDIA BEYOND THE GANGES, Is bounded N. by Thibet and China ; W. by Hindos- tan and the Bay of Bengal ; S. by the Gulf of Siam THE EASTERN PENINSULA. 196 and the Straits of Malacca; and E. by the Gulf of Tonquin and the Chinese Sea. It contains 800*000 square miles. Population estimated at 18*000*000. Divisions. Chief Towns. Assam Rungpoor. Birman Empire, comprehending Ava Ava, Ummerapoora, Prome. Pegu Rangoon, Pegu, Martaban. Countries ceded to Britain, com- prising Arracan Arracan. M artaban. Amherst. Tavoy Tavoy. Tenasserim Mergui, Tenasserim. Malacca Malacca. Siam Bankok, Siam, or ifuthia. The Empire of Annam, compre- hending Cochin-China Hue, Turon. Tonquin Kesho. Laos Mohan-laung. Cambodia and Siampa Saigong, Cambodia. Gulfs. — Martaban, Siam* Tonquin. Rivers. — Irrawady* Saluen, Menam, Maykaung, or Cambodia. Islands. — Domel* St Matthew's, Pulo Penang, or Prince of Wales' Island* Sincapore. Capes. — Negrais* Romania* Cambodia. REMARKS. The Eastern Peninsula extends from 1° 20' to 28° N. lat., and from 90° to 109° E. long., being in length from N. to S. 1800 miles, and in breadth 960 miles. In external aspect, this portion of Asia is remarkably distinguished by its long parallel chains of mountains, en- closing distinct valleys, each watered by a considerable river. Those places in which rain does not fall abundantly, or re- main long, exhibit a light powder barren as sand, or a crust as hard as rock ; while the banks of the rivers and the sides of the mountains are clothed in perpetual verdure, and adorned with woods, in comparison of whose gigantic height and expanse of foliage our loftiest trees dwindle to the sta- ture of dwarfs. Among the most noted of its forest-produc- tions arethe eagle-wood, the white sandal-wood, the teak-tree, the iron-tree, the true ebony, which is here indigenous, the sycamore, the Indian- fig, the banana, the bignonias, and the THE EASTERN PENINSULA. 197 fan-palms. The forests are the haunts of various species of monkeys, tigers, and elephants. The elephants of Siam are particularly admired for their beauty and sagacity. Fine fruits, aromatic and medicinal plants, the sago, the cocoa, the banana, and other nutritious plants, grow in abundance. Laos produces the benzoin and gum-lac ; and gamboge seems to be peculiar to Cambodia. Rice, sugar, cotton, indigo, and pepper, are cultivated to a great extent. These countries are rich in minerals. Besides gold and silver, their mines produce tin, iron, lead, antimony, and zinc. The sapphire and amethyst are found in various parts of the Birman Empire ; rubies of peculiar beauty are found in Pegu ; and amber of uncommon purity is dug up in great quantities near the river Irrawady. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of the Eastern Peninsula ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the population ? Name the countries ceded to Britain. What are its other di- visions and their chief towns ? Name the gulfs, rivers, islands, and capes. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is the East- ern Peninsula situate ? What are its length and breadth ? By what circumstance is it remarkably distinguished in its exter- nal aspect ? What contrast is presented between those places where rain is not abundant and the margins of the rivers and sides of the mountains ? What are the most noted of its forest-productions ? Of what wild animals are those forests the haunts ? For what are the elephants of Siam remarkable ? What productions grow here in great abundance ? What crops are cultivated to a great extent ? What metals do the mines of this country produce ? In what places are sap- phires, amethysts, rubies, and amber, respectively found ? CHINA Is bounded N. by Chinese Tartary ; W. by Tartary and Thibet; S. by the Eastern Peninsula and the Chi- nese Sea; and E. by the Pacific Ocean. It contains 1 , 298,000 square miles. Its population is estimated variously at from 150 , 000,000 to 362 , 000 , 000 . Provinces. Chief Towns. Pechelee Pekin. Shantung Tsinan. Kiangnan Nankin. Tchekiang Hangtchoo. Kiangsee N antcliang. 198 CHINA. Provinces. Fokien Quangtung. Quangsee... Yun-nan.... Koeitchoo .. Sechuen Shensee Shansee Honan Houquang.. Chief Towns. Footchoo. .Canton. Queiling. Yun-nan. , Koei-yang. .Chingtoo. .Singan. .Taihuen. . Kaifong. . Vootchang. Islands. — Hainan, Macao, Formosa, Loo-Choo. Lakes. — Tong-ting, Poyang, Tai, Hong-tse. Rivers. — Hoang-ho, or Yellow River; Yang-tse- kiang, Kianku, or Blue River ; Choo-kiang, or River of Canton ; Peiho, or River of Pekin. REMARKS. China extends from 20° to 42° N. lat., and from 97° ta 123° E. long. ; being about 1500 miles in length, by 1300 in breadth. It may be regarded, in general, as a flat and fertile country ; although, in some places, its aspect is varied by chains of mountains of considerable magnitude. One of its most remarkable features is the number and magnitude of its rivers, which have contributed in a great degree to its early civilisation. In a country so extensive, the climate is necessarily various. In the southern provinces the heat is greater than in Bengal; in the northern, the rigour of a European winter is experienced. In no region of the East has agriculture attained greater perfection. The culti- vation of every spot is requisite for the support of its ex- cessive population ; and the greatest ingenuity has ac- cordingly been displayed in forming even the sides of lofty mountains into terraces, to which water is conveyed by buckets, or by conduits from reservoirs in which the rain is collected at the top. Where the raising of food for man is an object of such importance, the rearing of domestic ani- mals is rather discouraged, except in so far as they are em- ployed in subserviency to that primary purpose. The principal article of culture is rice, which is raised chiefly in the southern parts of the empire. The acuteness and industry of the Chinese have discovered a method of cul- tivating even the beds of their lakes, ponds, and rivulets, where the petsi , or water-chestnut, in particular, is planted, and produces a wholesome and delicate fruit, which is CHINA. 199 contained in a cover formed by the root. Besides the orange, tamarind, and mulberry trees (of which there are two species, from the bark of one of which paper is made), the tallow-tree is peculiar to China, yielding a green wax, which is manufactured into candles. But of the native productions of China the most remarkable is the tea-plant, which grows chiefly in the hilly part of the country. It is about five feet high ; its leaves are narrow and indented on the edges; and it blossoms from October to January. The export of tea to Britain alone, in 1833, exceeded 32 mil- lions of pounds. In a country so densely peopled, there are but few forests or jungles to harbour wild beasts. Such as are occasionally seen do not differ from those of the neighbouring countries. Among the minerals may be mentioned a natural com- position of iron and zinc called tutenag, a species of white copper called petong , and the fine clay and earths, kaolin and petuntse , from which porcelain is manufactured. The district around Pekin abounds in coal, usually pound- ed and baked with water into cakes before burning. Among this industrious people almost every kind of ma- nufacture is found ; those of porcelain, silk, cotton, and paper, are the most noted. Like the Hindoos, they excel in delicate works in ivory and metal. Their chief exports are silk, porcelain, and especially tea, — for the last of which they drew from Great Britain, in 1833, about two millions sterling. Of the imports from Europe, the most important are iron, steel, lead, flints, zinc, quicksilver, woollens, cotton-goods, cotton-twist, clockwork, and ma- chinery. They allow Europeans to trade only at the port of Canton. Of their national works, the most remarkable are the Great Wall on the northern frontier, said to be 1500 miles in length, and the Grand Canal , by which the inland navigation is continued, with the interruption of only one day’s journey, from Pekin to Canton, — a distance of upwards of MOO miles. That part of the canal which extends from Pekin to Hangtchoo, — a distance of 900 miles, — is 200 feet broad at the surface, and in passing through the elevated tracts it is often 60 or 70 feet in depth, while in low marshy places it is raised by embankments sometimes 20 feet above the level of the surrounding country; so that fre- quently its surface is higher than the walls of the cities by which it passes, and it sometimes occasions dreadful inun- dations. The government of China is the patriarchal, or the mildest CHINA. 200 species of despotism ; and its present monarchs are of Tartar origin. The character of the Chinese is placid and affable; but the indolence of the upper classes, and the craft, dissi- mulation, and avarice of the public functionaries, are strik- ing defects in their manners. The exposing of infants is said to be common. Their notions of female beauty are peculiar ; and their admiration of small feet exposes their ladies to much pain and inconvenience inobtaining this indis- pensable charm. The religion of the government and learned men is that of Confucius, which is almost a pure deism ; but the people are addicted to various superstitions, particularly the worship of Fo, supposed to be the Boodh of the Hindoos. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of China ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the estimated number of inhabitants ? Name its provinces, with their chief towns. Name its islands, lakes, and rivers. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is China si- tuate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its ge- neral aspect ? Mention some of the most remarkable features in the natural appearance of the country. What are the va- rieties of its climate ? What ingenuity do the Chinese display in agriculture ? Is the rearing of domestic animals much encouraged in China ? What is the principal article of culti- vation for food? How do they cultivate even the beds of the rivers and lakes ? Mention some of the fruit-trees of China. What is the most remarkable of its native produc- tions ? Describe it. What is the annual export ot tea to Britain ? Are there many wild animals in China? Men- tion some of its most important minerals. In what part of the country does coal abound ? How is it used ? What are the most noted manufactures of the Chinese ? In what works do they particularly excel? What are their chief exports ? What are the most remarkable of their national works ? What is the form of government in China ? What is peculiar in their character and manners ? What practice is said to be common ? What peculiar notion of female beauty exposes their ladies to much pain and inconvenience ? W hat religion does that of China resemble ? THIBET Is bounded N. by Chinese Tartary ; W. by Independ- ent Tartary ; S. by Afghanistan, Hindostan, and the Eastern Peninsula; E. by China. It contains 650,000 square miles. The population has been estimated at 5,000,000. THIBET. 201 Divisions. Chief Towns. The Undes Gortope, Daba. Ladak Leh, or Ladak. Thibet Proper Lass a, Teshoo Lomboo. Bootan Tassisudon. Mountains. — Himmaleh, Kwan-lun. Lakes. — Terkiri, Palte, Mansarowara. Rivers. — Sanpoo, Indus. REMARKS. Thibet extends from 26° to 39° N. lat., and from 70° to 105° E. long., being nearly 2000 miles in length, by a breadth of 400 miles. Low rocky hills and extensive arid plains are the chief features in the aspect of Thibet Proper. The mountains of Bootan are clothed in perpetual verdure, or crowned with lofty forests ; their declivities and the valleys are rich in corn- fields and orchards. Thibet consists of a very lofty table-plain surrounded by mountains clothed with perpetual snow. Yet the cold is not so intense as might be supposed, and the fields are co- vered with rich pasture and numerous flocks and herds. A country so mountainous may be expected to abound in minerals. Though those of Thibet are not wrought to any great extent, cinnabar-ores rich in quicksilver, rock-salt, and tincal, or crude borax, have been found in considerable quantities. The musk-deer, resembling the hog in shape, with hair not unlike the quills of a porcupine ; the ox, whose flowing and glossy tail is employed by the luxurious orientals for driving away flies and other insects ; and the goat, whose fine hair is manufactured into shawls, — may be mentioned among the animals of Thibet. The religion of Thibet is peculiar. The Grand Lama, or high priest, who is likewise the temporal sovereign, is an object of adoration. He is supposed never to die, and his soul is sometimes fancied to be found in the body of a child. The natives are mild and gentle in their disposition. By a singular peculiarity in their manners, all the brothers of a family have the same wife, whom the eldest brother has the privilege of selecting. The whole country is at present subject to the Emperor of China. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Thibet ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? Into what divisions is it portioned ? Name its principal towns. What are its mountains, lakes, and rivers ? Between CHINESE TARTARY. 202 what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What are the principal features in the aspect of Thibet Proper ? What is the appearance of the mountains of Bootan ? What parts of the country are cultivated and productive ? What is the nature of the cli- mate ? What minerals have been found in Thibet in consi- derable quantities ? Which of the animals of this country deserve to be particularly mentioned ? What idea do the people entertain of their Grand Lama ? By what disposi- tion are they characterized ? What singular peculiarity pre- vails in their manners ? To what emperor is the whole coun- try subject ? EASTERN OR CHINESE TARTARY Is bounded N. by Siberia ; W. by Independent Tar- tary ; S. by China and Thibet ; and E. by China and the North Pacific Ocean. It is estimated to contain 3,000,000 square miles. Population about 12,000,000. Divisions. Chief Towns. andshuria Chinyang, Kirin Oula, Nim- gouta. Mongolia Guinnak, Karakorum, Maimat- chin. Little Bucharia Cashgar, Yarkand, Aksou, Kho- ten, Turfan, Hami. Corea.. Kingkitao. Mountains. — Teen-shan, or Celestial Mountains, and the Altaian Mountains. Lakes. — Balkash, or Palkati, Maktougal, Alakoul, Zaizan, Kokonor, Loknor. Rivers. — Amur, or Sagalien, Yarkand, Ili. REMARKS. Chinese Tartary, including the peninsula of Corea, ex- tends from 33° to 55 ° N. lat., and from 70° to 140° E. long., being about 3000 miles in length, and 1500 miles in breadth. It is chiefly occupied with vast elevated plains, or table- lands, intersected in one place by the desert of Cobi or Shamo, which is about 1400 miles long, and interspersed with very few habitable tracts or oases. The climate of the northern districts is cold and rigorous ; but several of the provinces of Little Bucharia, supposed by Humboldt to be of moderate elevation, produce wine and silk, and present traces of ancient civilisation. The western portion of this vast country is occupied by CHINESE TARTARY. 203 the Mongol Tartars, who are subdivided into three great tribes, the Kalmucs, Eluths, and Kalkas. They are a wan- dering race, subsisting almost entirely upon the products of their flocks and herds. Mandshuria is inhabited by a more cultivated people, who live in fixed dwellings. The lan- guage and religion of these nations are as distinct as their origin. The religion of the Mongols is an idolatry, found- ed on the notion of good and evil spirits. The Mandshurs have neither temples nor idols, but are said to worship a Supreme Being, whom they style the Emperor of Heaven. The whole of these countries have, for nearly 100 years, been subject to China, though several formidable rebellions have broken out ; one of these took place very recently j but the chief was taken and put to death. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Eastern Tartary ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is its population ? What are its divisions ? Name its principal towns. What are its mountains? What lakes does it contain ? Trace its ft rivers. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Chinese Tartary situate ? What are its length and breadth ? With what is it chiefly occupied ? How is this vast plain inter- sected ? W r hat is the character of the climate in the northern districts? What are the productions of some of the provinces of Little Bucharia? By what people is the western portion occupied? Into what tribes are they subdivided? How do they chiefly subsist ? How do the inhabitants of Mandshuria differ from them ? Have these different nations the same language and religion ? Describe the varieties of their religi- ous worship. How long have these countries been subject to China ? Have they submitted peaceably ? What was the fate of the leader of a recent rebellion ? WESTERN OR INDEPENDENT TARTARY Is bounded N. by Asiatic Russia ; W. by Asiatic Rus- sia and the Caspian Sea ; S. by Persia and Afghanistan ; and E. by Chinese Tartary and Asiatic Russia. It contains 800,000 square miles. Population about 8 , 000 , 000 . Divisions. Chief Towns. Turkistan Kokaun, Turkistan, Kojend, Taschkend. Kharism Khiva, Urghenz. Great Bucharia Bokhara, Samarcand. Badakshan Fyzabad, Badakshan. Mountains. — The Hindoo-Cooshand Belour-Tagh. 204 INDEPENDENT TARTARY. Rivers. — Jihon, Amoo, or Oxus ; Sirr, Silion, or Jaxartes. Lakes or Inland Seas. — The Caspian, the Aral. REMARKS. Independent Tartary, part of the ancient Scythia , extends from 36° to 55° N. lat., and from 51° to 82° E. long., being about 1300 miles in length, and 1000 in breadth. Of this extensive country, at least one-half is occupied by immense steppes, or desert plains, chiefly inhabited by the Kirguis or Kirghises ; Kharism is completely surrounded by dreary wastes ; there are deserts to the north and west of Bucharia ; and the eastern shores of the Caspian present a long and gloomy chain of arid downs and rocks. Of the Kirguis, who now occupy Western Turkistan, the ori- ginal seat of the Turks, there are three tribes, each go- verned by its own khan or prince. The smallest of these tribes occupies the country between the river Ural, the Sea of Aral, and the environs of Orenburg. The mid- dle horde wanders along the north side of the Aral as far as the river Sarasou on the south -east. The great horde extends to the south-east of the Aral Lake, over the country water- ed by the Sarasou and the Sirr. Almost the whole of this country is a steril expanse of sand, interspersed here and there with hills of clay. During winter the cold is ex- treme. Great Bucharia, however, situate on the Oxus, and Turkistan on the Jaxartes, are fertile regions, abound- ing both in corn and pasture. Among these tribes, horse- flesh is esteemed a great delicacy, and their favourite drink is koumiss , or fermented mare’s milk. Kharism is a tole- rably fertile country, and its climate is temperate. In the twelfth century it was the seat of a powerful empire; but it is now reduced to a province, whose extent is vaguely esti- mated, by saying that a man on horseback could ride over it in three days. The deserts which encompass it seem to be increasing. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Independent Tartary ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is its population ? What are its divisions ? Name the principal towns of those divi- sions respectively. What mountains does Independent Tar- tary contain ? Trace its rivers. Name its lakes. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Independ- ent Tartary situate ? What are its length and breadth ? By what is at least one-half of the country occupied ? By whom are the steppes chiefly inhabited ? By what is Kharism sur- ASIATIC RUSSIA. 205 rounded ? On what sides of Great Bucharia do deserts oc- cur ? What appearance do the eastern shores of the Caspian present? How many tribes are there of the Kirguis ? How- are they governed ? What countries are occupied by these hordes respectively ? What is the general aspect of their country ? What is the nature of the climate ? What pro- vinces abound in corn and pasturage ? What is esteemed a great delicacy among these tribes ? What is their favourite drink ? In what does Kharism differ from this country ? At what time was it the seat of a powerful empire ? How is its extent now vaguely estimated ? What is remarkable about the encompassing deserts ? ASIATIC RUSSIA Is bounded N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by Rus- sia in Europe ; S. by Western and Eastern Tartary ; E. by the Pacific Ocean. It contains 5,600,000 square miles. Population estimated at 8,000,000. Governments. Western Siberia Eastern Siberia Orenburg Astracan Caucasus, including Circassia, Georgia, &c. Chief Towns. ...Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Kolivan. ...Irkutsk, Yeniseisk, Kiachta, Ya- kutsk, Ochotsk. ...Oufa, Orenburg. ...Astracan. ^Stavropol, Teflis, Baku, Derbend, i Erivan, Akaltzic. Islands. — Aleutian Islands, Kurile Isles. Seas and Gulfs. — Sea of Kara, Sea of Oby, Gulf of Anadir, Sea of Ochotsk. Capes. — Severo, East Cape, Lopatka. Mountains.— Caucasus, Ural, and the Altaian Mountains. Rivers. — Volga, or Wolga, Ural, Ob, or Oby, Ir- tysch, Yenisei, Lena, Kur. Lakes — Baikal, Tchany, Erivan. REMARKS. Asiatic Russia extends from 38° to 76° N. lat., and from 36° SO' E. to 190° E„, or 170° W. long. ; being in length, from the Black Sea to the southern extremity of Kamtschat- ka, 4880 miles ; and in breadth, from north to south, 1800. In a country of such immense extent as Siberia, there is necessarily a considerable variety of aspect. The northern I 206 ASIATIC RUSSIA. and eastern parts present marshy plains of vast extent, covered with almost perpetual snow, and intersected by large rivers, which pursue their dreary course under sur- faces of ice towards the Arctic Ocean. Even in the central parts vegetation is in a great measure checked by the seve- rity of the cold ; but in the south there are large forests and luxuriant crops. The rude sublimity of the shores of the Baikal are placed in strong contrast with the cultivated fields and gardens around. The steppes or great plains, with- out a tree or a shrub, but covered in many places with luxu- riant herbage, are features almost peculiar to the Asiatic landscape in this quarter. The climate of Siberia, although varying with the lati- tude, is in general extremely severe. The greater part of the soil is totally incapable of agriculture; but in some of the southern and western regions it is fertile, and the crops luxuriant. In the northern wastes the rein-deer supplies the place of the cow and the horse ; and wild horses and asses roam over the deserts in the south. Lasha stags, the musk-animal, and the wild-boar, haunt the environs of Lake Baikal ; the formidable urus, or bison, and the ibex, are seen among the mountains of Caucasus ; the beaver fre- quents the banks of the Yenisei ; the argali, or wild-sheep, is still an object of the chase ; and the sable, a species of weasel, is much prized for its fur. The rivers of Siberia abound with fish from the neighbouring seas, especially salmon and sturgeon. The minerals are very valuable; including iron, copper, and even a considerable quantity of gold and silver. The mines are worked by the government. This vast tract of country is inhabited by various distinct tribes. The south is occupied by tribes of Tartarian origin. Samoiedes, Ostiaks, Koriaks, and Tschuktschi, are the un- couth names of the northern occupants. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Asiatic Russia ? What is its extent in square miles ? Into what governments is it divided ? W'hat are their principal towns respectively ? Name its isl- ands. What are its seas and gulfs? Name its capes. What are the principal chains of mountains ? What are the prin- cipal rivers ? Name its lakes. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is the appearance of the northern and eastern parts ? What is the state of vegetation in the central parts ? What is the aspect of the southern districts ? What is the character of the scenery around Lake Baikal ? What feature is almost peculiar to the Asiatic landscape in this JAPAN. 207 quarter ? What is the nature of the Siberian climate ? In what parts is the soil fertile and the crops luxuriant ? Men- tion some of the animals of Siberia. With what kinds of iish do the rivers abound ? Does Siberia possess much mineral wealth ? What people occupy the various districts of Siberia ? JAPAN Is an extensive empire in the eastern extremity of Asia, consisting of four large islands and a number of smaller ones, which are separated from the peninsula of Corea and the coast of Chinese Tartary by the Straits of Corea and the Sea of Japan. It is estimated to contain 200,000 square miles, with a population of 25,000,000. The principal islands are, — Chief Towns. Niphon Jeddo, Miaco. Kiusiu N angasaki. Sikokf. Tosa. Jesso, or Matsmai Matsmai. REMARKS. The Japan Islands lie between 31° and 45° N. lat., and between 130° and 145° E. long., being in length about 1000 miles, and varying in breadth from 50 to 200 miles. Japan, by the policy of its government, is so completely insulated from the rest of the world, and marked by such striking and peculiar features, as justly to attract a large share of the curiosity of Europe. Its islands are intersect- ed by chains of mountains, several of which are volcanic, and some of them so lofty as to be covered wdth perpetual snow. Many of the valleys are fertile, although the soil is not generally so ; but the extraordinary ingenuity and industry of the inhabitants have rendered even the most barren spots productive. Here, as in China, steep hills are cut into successive terraces, supported by retaining-w alls of stone, and bearing crops even to their summits. Rice, the principal article of food, is of course the favourite crop, — wheat, barley, and other grains, are likewise cultivated, but in smaller quantities. This country is peculiarly rich in vege- table productions ; the Japanese having imported all that were useful or ornamental in other countries with which they had intercourse. It abounds likewise in mineral wealth, — gold, silver, and copper, being found in abund- JAPAN. 208 ance ; iron is more rare ; and hence their nails, bolts, &c. are frequently made of copper. The Japanese are an intelligent and inquisitive people ; art, and even science, has made considerable progress among them. In the manufacture of swordblades, porcelain, and lacquered ware, they are unrivalled ; their silk and cotton cloths are nearly equal to those of China ; their mode of varnishing is inimitable. For their superiority in this art, they are indebted to the juice of a tree called arusi. They have a kind of printing, executed by fixed wooden blocks. History, poetry, music, painting, geography, and astronomy, are among their favourite branches of educa- tion. It is said that they can calculate eclipses and mea- sure the altitude of the heavenly bodies. Their government is a pure despotism ; but with this pe- culiarity, that they acknowledge two sovereigns, — a spi- ritual sovereign, named Dairi, whose capital is Miaco, and a temporal monarch, named Cubo, whose capital is Jeddo. The latter, although he pays formal homage to the Dairi, is in possession of all the real power of the empire. There are two systems of religion in Japan. The one, called Sinto, resembles the mythology of ancient Greece and Rome ; consisting in the belief of one Supreme Being, with a number of inferior deities; the other, Budsdo, import- ed from Malabar, is nearly the same with that of Boodh, or Buddha, — metempsychosis, or the transmigration of souls, being its leading tenet. The Portuguese, the first Europeans who discovered this country, converted many of the natives to the Christian faith. But the conduct of these settlers excited at length so strong a prejudice against their religion, that a massacre took place in 1590, in which 20,000 Christians are said to have perished; and in 1638 they were nearly exterminated. Since that time, every foreign nation, except the Chinese and Dutch, has been jealously excluded from the Japanese ports. The intercourse with the Dutch is confined to the port of Nangasaki, w here they are allowed to dispose of two ships’ cargoes annually. EXERCISES. What islands constitute the empire of Japan ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of the popula- tion ? Where is Nangasaki, Jeddo, Tosa, Miaco, Matsmai ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude are the Japan Islands situate ? What are their length and breadth ? What is the effect of Japanese policy ? Describe the ap- pearance of the country. What is the state of cultivation ? 2 EAST INDIAN ISLANDS. 209 What are the principal crops ? Is Japan rich in vegetables ? What minerals abound ? In what manufactures are the Ja- panese unrivalled ? To what are they indebted for their su- periority in the art of varnishing ? What kind of printing prevails among them ? What are their favourite branches of education ? What are their attainments in astronomy ? Describe the Japanese government. What are their two systems of religion ? Who first discovered the country and introduced Christianity ? What consequences did the con- duct of these settlers produce ? What is the only European nation allowed to trade with them ? To what port is this in- tercourse confined ? THE EAST INDIAN ISLANDS Comprise a very extensive archipelago lying to the south and east of India beyond the Ganges, having the Indian Ocean on the west, and the Pacific to the south and east. They are estimated to contain about 650,000 square miles, and a population of 13,500,000. Islands. Chief Towns. Sumatra Bencoolen, Acheen, Palem- bang. Java Batavia, Samarang, Solo. Borneo Borneo, Pontiana. Celebes Macassar. The Moluccas and Bandas, or Spice Islands Amboyna, Ternate. The Philippines, of which the principal are Luzon and Min- danao Manilla. Straits. — Malacca, Sincapore, Sunda, Banea, Ma- cassar. REMARKS. The East Indian Islands, formingthe Indian or Eastern Archipelago, lie between 10° S. and 19° N. lat., and be- tween 95° W. and 130° E. long., extending from west to east upwards of 2100 miles. The interior of all the great islands is traversed by ranges of lofty mountains, which bear often a volcanic cha- racter, and are crowned almost to their summits with noble forests, luxurious shrubs, and aromatic plants, presenting the most varied and picturesque scenery. The soil is fertile, yielding rice, sago, and the finest spices. The clove is in- digenous in the Moluccas, the nutmeg in the Banda Islands; and they have never been produced elsewhere in equal per- EAST INDIAN ISLANDS. 210 fection. The diamond is found in Borneo, which also produces gold in great abundance ; and Banca, near Su- matra, contains inexhaustible mines of tin. The principal inhabitants of these islands are the Malays, an ingenious and active, but fierce and turbulent race. On the coasts they are much addicted to piracy, which they practise with great skill. The interior is for the most part inhabited by the Papuas, or Oceanic Negroes, who are al- most complete savages. The Dutch possess most of these islands ; Batavia, in Java, is the capital of all their settlements in the East. They have recently been engaged in some severe contests w ith the native princes. All these possessions were wrested from them by Britain during the late war, but were restored at the peace of 1814. The Philippines belong to Spain. EXERCISES. Where are the East Indian Islands situate ? How are they bounded ? What is their extent in square miles ? What is the amount of their population ? Of what islands do they consist ? What are the principal towns ? What are its straits ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude are the East Indian Islands situate ? What is their extent from west to east? What aspect do these islands present ? What is the nature of the soil and its productions ? What spices are indi- genous in the Molucca and Banda Islands ? Name the islands which produce gold and tin. Who are the principal inhabit- ants ? What is their character ? To what are those on the coast addicted ? Who are the principal inhabitants of the in- terior ? To what European power do most of these islands be- long ? What town is the capital of all the Dutch settlements in India ? With whom have they been recently engaged in severe contests ? To whom do the Philippines belong ? AUSTRALIA Is the name commonly given to the large island of New Holland, and the smaller one of Van Diemen's Land. The superficial extent is estimated at 3,025,000 square miles ; and the European population, in 1833, amount- ed to 85,794. Divisions. Chief Towns. Eastern Coast, or New South Wales Sydney, Paramatta, Bathurst. Western Coast Swan River Settlement. Van Diemen’s Land.... Hobart Town, Launceston. Mountains. — Blue Mountains. AUSTRALIA. 211 Rivers. — Darling, Hawkesbury, Lachlan, Mac- quarie, Hastings, Brisbane, Murray, or Morrumbidgee, Prince Regent, Swan River ; in Van Diemen’s Land, Tamar and Derwent. Straits. — Torres, Bass. REMARKS. New Holland and Van Diemen’s Land lie between 10° 30' and 45° S. lat., and between 113° and 153° E. long. New Holland is about 2400 miles in length from W. to E., and 2000 in breadth from N. to S. Not above an eighth of the surface of New Holland has yet been explored. It is of various fertility, some parts being arid, while there are interior marshes of such extent that the waters of the Macquarie are lost in them ; but there are boundless plains equally fitted for grain and pasture. Van Diemen’s Land, especially on the rivers, is still more pro- ductive : its sheep yield very fine wool, which finds a ready market in Britain ; and the whale-fishery is carried on from its ports with considerable advantage. The natives of both these islands are very few in number, and in the rudest state of savage life, without government or social institutions, living on fish and the spontaneous pro- duce of the ground. This region derives its importance from having become the seat of a British colony, which was formed in 1788, as a place of banishment for convicts. A continued succession of these offenders has since been sent out, many of whom, on obtaining their liberty, applied themselves to industrious pursuits, and have acquired con- siderable wealth. Within the last 20 years also, numerous individuals, in consequence of the difficulty of finding sub- sistence and employment in the mother-country, have emi- grated to these islands, especially to Van Diemen’s, where they obtained grants of land. A considerable emigration has also recently taken place to the settlement upon the Swan River, on the western coast of New Holland. EXERCISES. To what islands is the name of Australia commonly given ? At what are the superficial areas of New Holland and Van Diemen’s Land estimated ? What is the amount of their European population ? Name the divisions and chief towns ; the mountains, rivers, and straits. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude do they lie ? What is the length and breadth of New Holland ? Describe the appearance of the country, and the productions of Van Diemen’s Land. What fishery is carried on from its ports ? What are the numbers SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. 212 and condition of the natives ? From what circumstance does this region derive its importance ? Describe the various classes of settlers. SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. The numerous groups of islands which diversify the expanse of the Pacific are comprehended under the general heads of Australasia and Polynesia. Australasia, besides New Holland and Van Diemen’s Land, which have been already described, contains New Zealand, New Guinea, or Papua, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon’s Islands, New Hebrides, and New Caledonia, with some smaller islands and groups. Polynesia includes the Society, the Friendly, the Marquesas, the Navigators’, and the Sandwich Islands ; the Ladrones, or Marian Islands, the Carolines, the Pelew Islands, and various others. REMARKS. These groups of islands lie between 130° E. (which separates them from the Indian Archipelago) and 125 a "VV. long., and between 30° N. and 50° S. lat., extending upwards of 6000 miles from W. to E., and 5000 from N. to S. Their superficial area is estimated at 600,000 square miles, with a population of 5,000,000. They are in general fertile and beautiful, and, from being situate in a great expanse of sea, enjoy a more tem- perate climate than is usual in tropical regions. The na- tives are divided into two great races, — the Malay, or yellow, and the black, or Oceanic Negroes. Australasia, with the exception of New Zealand, is inhabited by black tribes ; while the Malay are spread over almost every portion of Polynesia. Until the present century the people were wholly uncivilized, without any tincture of arts or letters, and some of them extremely ferocious ; but a remarkable change has been effected through the labours and efforts of the mission- aries, who have devoted themselves to the instruction of the natives. The Polynesian Islands are partly of volcanic, partly of coral formation. Their chief productions are the cocoa and bread-fruit trees ; sandal-wood is found in many of them, and has lately been an article of some importance in trade. It would be impossible here to convey any gene- ral account of the different groups ; the reader is therefore referred to the Descriptive Table. ASIA. 213 EXERCISES. Under what heads are the islands in the Pacific compre- hended ? Name those in Australasia ; in Polynesia. Be- tween what degrees of latitude and longitude are the various groups situate ? What is their superficial area ? What is the amount of their population ? What is the nature of the soil and climate of these islands ? Into what races are the natives divided ? What is their character ? Of what formation are the Polynesian Islands ? What are their principal productions ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE OF ASIA. AC H EEN', a seaport of Sumatra, on the N. W. coast, the capital of a native kingdom. It consists of 8000 bamboo houses, raised on posts — 5°30'N. lat. 95° 30'E. long. A'cre, the ancient Accho, a sea- port of Syria, on a fine bay of the Mediterranean, which, though much reduced, is still well for- tified. It is celebrated in the his- tory of the crusades; and more recently for its resistance to Bona- parte, who, after besieging it for two months, was compelled to re- treat, May 20, 1799. Pop. 20,000. —32, 54 N. 35, 8 E. Ada'lia, or Sata'lia, a seaport of Asia Minor, at the head of a gulf, to which it gives name, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 8000. — 36, 52 N. 50, 43 E. Ada'na, a city of Caramania, in Asiatic Turkey, on the Syhoon, in a fertile plain. Pop. 20,000.-37, 1 N. 35, 12 E. A'den, a seaport of Yemen, in Arabia, near the entrance of the Red Sea.— 12, 52 N. 44, 59 E. A'gra, a province of Hindostan, S. of Delhi, watered by the Ganges, the Jumna, and the Chumbul. S. of the Chumbul it belongs to the Mahrattas : the rest is subject to the British or their allies. A'gra, the capital of the province of Agra, called by the Mohammed- ans Akbarabad', is situate on the S. W. bank of the Jumna. Its mausoleum, perhaps the most su- perb in the world, is constructed of white marble inlaid with pre- cious stones. Agra was the capital of the Mogul empire till 1647. P. 60,000.-27, 10 N. 78, 0 E. A^medabad', the capital of the province of Guzerat, situate on the river Sabermatty. Pop. 100,000. —22, 58 N. 72, 32 E. Ajmere', a large province of Hin- dostan, W. of Agra and S. of Del - hi, watered by the Chumbul and the Banass. Ajmere', the capital of the pro- vince, situate at the foot of a range of hills. It is a handsome city, with a strong fort. Pop. 20,000. — 26, 22 N. 75, 8 E. Akalt'sic, or Akis'ka, a strongly- fortified town of Georgia, in Asi- atic Russia, on the Kur. Popula- tion 30,000.-41, 38 N. 42, 57 E. Alep'po, or Hal'eb, the capital of Syria, in Asiatic Turkey, built on several hills ; its numerous minarets and domes commanding a delightful prospect. It is the seat of a great inland trade. On the 13th August 1822, Aleppo was convulsed by an earthquake, when it was computed that 20,000 per- sons were killed, and an equal number bruised or maimed. Pot). 150,000.-36, 13 N. 37, 12 E. Algezi'ra, the ancient Mesopo- tamia, a district of Asiatic Turkey, between the Euphrates and the Tigris. Alla/mbad', a province of Hin- dostan, S. of Oude and Agra, wa- tered by the Ganges, Jumna, and some inferior streams. It now be- longs entirely to the British. Alla/tabad', the capital of the province, with a strong fortress. Situate at the junction of the Ganges and the Jumna, it attracts crowds of pilgrims from all parts of India to bathe in the sacred stream. The number of visiters has been known to exceed 200,000 in one year. P. 20,000.-25, 25 N. 81, 54 E. Almo'ra, the capital of Kumaon, a district of N. Hindostan, situate on the ridge of a mountain. — 29, 53 N. 79, 28 E. Alta'i Mountains, a vast chain, i 2 ASIA. 214 forming the southern boundary of Siberia, and extending under dif- ferent names about 4500 miles from the sources of the Irtysch and the Obv to the Eastern Ocean. Ita- litzkoi is 10,755 feet above the sea. Ama'sia, a town of Roum, in Asiatic Turkey, on the Jekel Ir- mak, the birthplace of Strabo, the Greek geographer. P. 40, 000, chief- ly Christians. — 40, 30 N. 56,25 E. Amboy'na, one of the Molucca or Spice Islands, in the Indian Ar- chipelago, to the S. W. of Ceram ; it is famous for cloves. — 3, 40 S. 128, 20 E. Amboy'na, the capital of the above island, situate on a bay. Po- pulation 7000. Am'herst, a seaport on the Gulf of Martaban ; it was founded by the British in 1826, on the termi- nation of the Burmese war, and promises to become the centre of a great trade.— 16, 0 N. 97, 41 E. Araoo'. See Oxus. Amoy', a seaport of China,situate on an island upon the coast of Fo- kien, with an excellent harbour. It is a great emporium of the trade with the Indian Archipelago. Pop. 200,000. Amritsir', a city of Hindostan, in the province of Lahore. It is the holy city of the Seiks, and is the centre of a considerable trade. Pop. 40,000.-31, 32 N. 74, 48 E. Amur (AmoorO, or Sagalien, a large river of Chinese Tartary, rising in 50® N. lat., and 110° E. long., and falling into the Sea of Oehotsk in 53° N. lat. Anato'lia, a province of Asiatic Turkey, extending over the west- ern and chief part of Asia Minor. 1 1 i s watered by several fine streams , and traversed in the S. by a chain of mountains called Taurus. An'daman Islands, a group in the S. E. of the Bay of Bengal, the principal of which is about 140 miles in length from N. to S., by 20 in breadth. They are moun- tainous, and abound in wood. Ango'ra, the ancient Anci/ra , a city of Anatolia, situate amidst picturesque and striking scenery. The shawls manufactured from the wool of the Angora goat rival those of Cashmere. Pop. 40,000.-39, 10 N. 32, 57 E. An'tioc/j, or Anta'kia, a city of Syria, on the Orontes, cele- brated in ancient history as the ca- pital of the Syrian monarchs, and one of the largest cities in the East. Pop. 10,000.-36, 13 N. 36, 20 E. Ar'afat, a mountain of Arabia, near the city of Mecca. A'ral, a lake or inland sea in Western Tartary, east of the Cas^ pian. Its greatest length is about 290 miles ; its breadth varies from 130 to 250. Its water is salt, and it is 186 feet below the level of the sea. Ar'arat, a celebrated mountain of Armenia, S. W. of Erivan, and a few miles north of the Araxes. It rises majestically from the midst of a great plain, and terminates in two conical peaks, one of which is covered with perpetual snow. It is held in great veneration, from its being understood to be the Mount Ararat of Scripture, on which the ark rested. M. Parrot, who lately ascended nearly to its summit, found its height to be 17,260 feet. A'ras, or Arax'es, a large river which rises in Armenia, and joins the Kur. It forms the boundary between Russia and Persia. Ar'cot, the capital of the Carna- tic in Hindostan, on the S. bank of the Palar.— 12, 50 N. 79, 22 E. Arme'nia, a large province S. of Georgia and Caucasus, subject to the Turks, Persians, and Rus- sians. It is in general mountain- ous, and is watered by the Tigris, the Euphrates, and other import- ant streams. Arracan', a province of the East- ern Peninsula, ceded to the British by the Burmese in 1826. It ex- tends 230 miles along the E. coast of the Bay of Bengal, with an aver- age breadth of 50 miles. Arracan', the capital of the pro- vince, on a river of the same name, about 40 miles from the sea. Pop. 30,000.-20, 37 N. 19, 52 E. A'sia Mi'nor, the western portion of Asia, bounded on the north by the Black Sea, on the west by the Archipelago, and on the south by the M editerran ean ; i ts eastern fron- tier extends to Armenia and the Euphrates. It includes Anatolia, Caramania, and Roum; it is one of the most celebrated countries in ancient story, and contains many famous cities. Asphalti'tes, or Dead Sea, a lake ASIA, 215 of Palestine, about 1 80 miles in cir- cumference. On the E. it is bound- ed by rugged hills; on the N. is the plain of Jericho, through which it receives the river Jordan. Its waters are heavier, sal ter, and more bitter than any hitherto dis- covered. Great quantities of as- phaltum, or mineral pitch, float upon its surface. As'sam, a country to the N. of the Eastern Peninsula, between Bengal and Thibet, 440 miles long, with an average breadth of 50 miles. It is watered by the Brah- mapoutraand several other rivers, and is very fertile. Population 200,000. Astrabad', a city of Persia, in the province of Mazanderan, near a bay of the Caspian to which it gives name. Pop. about 40,000. —36, 55 N. 54, 24 E. Astracan', a government of Asi- atic Russia. Except on the banks of the Volga, the Ural, and their tributaries, the soil is very barren. It contains a number of salt lakes. Astracan', the capital of the above government, is situate on an island in the Volga, about 50 miles from its mouth. Its trade and manu- factures are considerable, and its fisheries on the Volga and Caspian verv extensive. Pop. 50,770. — 46, *23 N. 47, 59 E. Aurungabad', a province of the Deccan, in Hindostan, between Candeish and Bejapore. Aurungabad', the capital of the above province, was the favourite residence of Aurungzebe, from whom it derived its name. Pop. 60,000—19, 55 N. 75, 24 E. A'va, an extensive kingdom, the principal part of the Birman Em- pire. A'va, the capital of the Birman empire, situate on the left bank of the Irrawadv. Pop. 50,000.-21, 50 N. 95, 53 E. Azerbijan', a province of Persia, separated from Armenia by the Araxes ; it is the native country of Zoroaster. Az'oph, or Az'of. See Russia in Europe, p. 152. BA AL B EC', anciently Helio'polis, a cityof Syria, now a decay edvillage, is situate in a fertile valley near the foot of the Anti-Libanus. Here sre the magnificent ruins of a “ temple of the sun,” supposed to have been built by Antoninus Pius. Ba'ba, Cape, the ancient Lecturn, the most western point of Asia Minor, near the entrance of the Dardanelles.— 39, 27 N. 26, 8 E. Babelman'deb, Straits of, a channel forming the entrance of the Red Sea from the Indian Ocean — upwards of 20 miles broad. Badakshan, a district of Inde- pendent Tartary, consisting of a beautiful valley, celebrated for its rubv-mines. Badakshan, or Fyzabad', the ca- pital of the above district, on a tributary of the Oxus. Bag'dad, the capital of Irak-Ar- abi, in Asiatic Turkey, situate on the Tigris. It has a considerable trade, being the emporium for the products of Arabia, Persia, and India. Pop. about 100,000.-33, 20 N. 44, 24 E. Babar', a province of Hindostan, S. of Nepaul, one of the richest and best cultivated in India. It con- tains 26,000 square miles. Bahrein', a cluster of islands on the S. W. side of the Persian Gulf. The pearl-fishery among these islands is one of the most valuable in the world. Bai'kal, a lake or inland sea of E. Siberia, about 350 miles long, with an average breadth of 36 miles. The Russians regard it with vene- ration, and call it the Holy Sea. Bain-Gun'ga, a tributary of the Godavery, in Hindostan. BaktegarT, a large salt lake of Persia, in the province of Fars. Ba'ku, a seaport of Shir van, in Asiatic Russia, on the Caspian. In the vicinity are inexhaustible pits of naphtha, and from the adjacent plains an inflammable gas continu- ally issues, producing a blue flame. This everlasting fire was the great object of worship, and held in "deep veneration, by the ancient Gue- bres.— 40, 22 N. 49, 40 E. Balfrush', a town of Persia, in the province of Mazanderan, car- ries on a considerable trade. Pop. 20,000 36, 32 N. 52, 43 E. Bal'kash , or Palka'ti, a large lake in Mongolia, near the frontier of Western Tartary. Balk^, a province of Great Bu- charia, between Cabul and the Oxus, extending about 250 miles ASIA, 216 from W. to E., and 110 from N. to S. It was in the hands of the Af- ghans till lately, when it was seized by the King of Bokhara. BalkA, the ancient Bactra , the capital of the province, situate in a plain. It is regarded by the Asi- atics as the oldest city in the world. Pop. 2000.— 36, 38 N. 65, 17 E. Ban'ca, an island on the N.E. coast of Sumatra, from which it is separated by the Straits of Banca. It is celebrated for its tin-mines. — 1, 50 N. 125, 0 E. Ban'da Islands, a group in the Indian Ocean, forming part of the Spice Islands, and famous for the production of nutmegs. Bangalore', a strong city of My- sore, in Hindostan, which was the residence of Hyder Ali. Popula- tion 60,000 — 12, 55 N. 77, 35 E. Ban'kok, the capital of Siam, on the Menam. By far the greater number of the houses float upon bamboo-rafts moored along the banks. Pop. 40,000.-13, 45 N. 100, 29 E. Bareil'ly, a city of Hindostan, in the province of Delhi, noted for its various man ufactures. Pop. 66.000. -28, 23 N. 79, 23 E. Baro'da, a city of Guzerat in Hin- dostan, the capital of the Guick- war, the principal native chief. Pop. 100,000. Basso'ra, Busso'ra, or Bas'ra, a city of Irak-Arabi, on the Shat el Arab, near the head of the Persian Gulf. It is a place of great trade. Pop. 60,000.— 30, 30 N. 47, 30 E. Bata'via, the capital of the island of Java and of the Dutch posses- sions in the East. It is situate on the N. W. coast, and is well fitted for an extensive commerce. Pop. 53,860.-6, 10 S. 107, 0 E. Ba'thurst, a town and settlement in New South Wales, on the W. bank of the Macquarie. Bayazid', an important city and fortress of Turkish Armenia, near the S. W. foot of Mount Ararat. Pop. 30,000.-59, 18 N. 44, 15 E. Beer, or Bir, a strong town of Asiatic Turkey, situate on the E. bank of the Euphrates, which is crossed by a bridge of boats. Pop. 15.000. Be/t'ring’s Straits, the narrow sea which separates Asia and North America, near the parallel of 65° N. It is 52 miles broad from East Cape in Asia to Cape Prince of Wales on the coast of America, and is named from the discoverer, Behring, a Russian navigator. Bejapore'. See Visiapore. Beloochistan', the ancient Ge- dro'sia , a large province in the S. of Afghanistan. Belour-tagh, the ancient Ima'us , a range of mountains running N. and S., and separating Western Tartary from Little Bucharia. Benares (Benairz'), a celebrated city of Hindostan, and capital of a rich district in the province of Al- lahabad, situate on the N. bank of the Ganges, and the chief seat of Brahminical learning. Population 200.000. -25, 24 N. 83, 5 E. Bencoo'len, a seaport of Sumatra, on the S. W. coast ; it belongs to the Dutch, having been exchanged with the British, in 1824, for Ma- lacca on the continent. Population 10.000. -3, 50 S. 103, 30 E. Bengal', a province of Hindos- tan, about 400 miles in length, with an average breadth of 500. Its soil is peculiarly fertile, yielding in great abundance both the ne- cessaries and luxuries of life. The Presidency of Bengal compre- hends 306,000 square miles, and 70.000. 000. inhabitants. Bengal', Bay of, a portion of the Indian Ocean. It lies between the Indian and Eastern Peninsulas, and is comprehended within the parallels of 8° and 22° N. Be'rar, a province of the Deccan, in Central Hindostan, N. of Aurun- gabad. Though in many places naturally fertile, it is thinly peo- pled, and ill cultivated. Bet'lis, an ancient city of Kur- distan, in Asiatic Turkey, S. W. of Lake Van. Pop. 20,000. B^urtpore', a city and strong fort- ress of Agra, in Hindostan, storm- ed by the British in 1805, 1826, and 1833.— 27, 13 N. 77, 54 E. Bok'hara, the capital of Great Bucharia, in Western Tartary, de- lightfully situate among gardens, and intersected by canals. It con- tains a number of colleges, and is a great seat of Mohammedan learn- ing ; as also the centre of an exten- sive commerce. Pop. 150,000. — 39, 18 N. 62, 10 E. Bombay', an important seaport. ASIA, the western capital of British India, is situate on a small island, separat- ed from the mainland by a narrow strait, and connected with the isl- and of Salsette by a causeway. It is strongly fortified, particularly towards the sea, and its harbour is one of the finest in the world. It is the great emporium of Western India, and commands an extensive trade with the Persian Gulf, with China, and the islands in the In- dian Ocean. Pop. 220,000, of whom 13,000 are Parsees — 18, 55 N. 72, 58 E. The presidency of Bombay contains 65,000 square miles and 6,251,516 inhabitants. Boo'tan, a province to the N. of Hindostan, between Bengal and Thibet, supposed to be 200 miles long, and 90 broad. It is very moun- tainous, and covered with exten- sive forests. The rajah is tributary to the Grand Lama of Thibet. BoFneo, next to New Holland the largest island in the world, be- ing about 80Q miles in length and 700 in breadth. It lies directly be- neath the equator, to the east of Sumatra and the Malayan Penin- sula, and to the north of Java. It produces all sorts of tropical fruits, and contains valuable mines of gold and diamonds, which are worked chiefly by Chinese settlers. The interior of the island remains un- explored, but it is understood to be mountainous, with numerous streams and extensive lakes. Pop. estimated at 3,000,000. Bor'neo, the principal town in the island of Borneo, situate on the N. W. coast. It is built upon piles on the banks of a river; canals run through its streets, and the communication is by means of boats. The chief trade of Borneo was formerly with China, but now with Sincapore. Population 10,000. —4, 55 N.114, 50 E. Brahmapou'tra,orBurrampoo'ter, a large river of India, whose sources have not yet been visited by any European; it flows througli the valley of Assam and the province of Bengal, and, uniting with the Ganges, falls into the Bay of Ben- gal. It was long supposed to rise in Thibet, and to be the same with the Sanpoo ; but this is now con- sidered extremely doubtful. Bucha'ria, Great, more properly 217 the Kingdom of Bok'hara, the Sog- dia'na of antiquity, in Western Tartary, situate to the S. E. of the Sea of Aral, between the Oxus and Sirr, and inhabited by the Usbeck Tartars. In the vicinity of the rivers, the soil is rich and fertile, but a great portion of the country is occupied by the Desert. Pop. 1 , 000 , 000 . Bucha'ria, Little, a district of Chinese Tartary, now incorporat- ed into the kingdom of Cashgar, bounded on the W. by Great Bu- charia and on the S. by Little Thibet. It is almost unknown to Europeans, but is described as oneof the finest tracts of Central Asia, be- ing watered by streams, descend- ing from its mountain-border. Burdwan', a city of Hindostan, in the province of Bengal, 60 miles N. W. of Calcutta. Pop. 54,000. Bur/^ampore', the principal city of Candeish in Hindostan, situate on the Taptee. It carries on a con- siderable trade.— 21, 20 N.76, 18 E. Bur'sa, or Bru'sa, a city of Ana- tolia, situate at the foot of Mount Olympus. It has considerable trade, and is noted for its mineral springs. Pop. 40,000.-40, 6 N. 29, 13 E. Bushire (BusheeF), or Abushehr, a seaport of Persia, on the Per- sian Gulf; it is an emporium of the trade with India. Pop. 15,000. — 28, 58 N. 50, 52 E. CABUL', an extensive province of Afghanistan, bounded on the north by the Hindoo-Coosh, which separate it from Balkh. Cabul', capital of the province, on a river of the same name, its situate 6000 feet above the sea, and surrounded by gardens, abound- ing in the choicest fruits. It was long considered as the gate of Hin- dostan towards Tartary. Popula- tion 60,000.-34, 10 N. 68, 32 E. Calcutta, the capital of Bengal and of British India, is situate on the Hoogly, or western branch of the Ganges, a hundred miles from itsmoutli. Itextendsabove6miles along the river; and on being ap- proached from the sea, its spires, temples, mosques, the citadel of Fort-William, its splendid edi- fices, and elegant villas and gar- dens, present an appearance of magnificence which seems to wax- ASIA, 218 rant its proud appellation of the “ Citv of Palaces.” Pop. 500,000. — 22, 40 N. 88, 25 E. Cal'icut, a seaport on the Mala- bar coast, in Hindostan, once a splendid city, from which the first European vessel was freighted with Indian commodities by Vasco de Gama, in 1498. Pop. 20,000. — 11, 15 N. 75, 52 E. Cam'bay, a seaport of Guzerat, in Hindostan, at the head of the gulf to which it gives name. — 22, c ll N. 72, 38 E. Cambo'dia, a country of the Eastern Peninsula, between Siam and Cochin-China. It now forms a division of the empire of Annam, or Cochin-China, but of the inte- rior little is known. Among its productions is the yellow pigment called gamboge. Cambo'dia, the ancient capital of the preceding country, situate on the Maykaung, about 150 miles from its mouth. — 12, 20 N. 104, 45 E. Cambo'dia, Cape, the extreme S: point of Cambodia, in the East- ern Peninsula. Candahar', an extensive province of Afghanistan, inhabited by Af- ghans of the Dourannee tribe. Candahar', the capital of the pro- vince, is a flourishing city, on the great road between Persia and In- dia. P. 100,000.-34, 44 N.65, 32 E. Canddsh', a province of Hindos- tan, S. of the Nerbudda and E. of Guzerat. It is watered by the Taptee, and very fertile, although a large extent is covered with jungle. Can'dy, a town in the interior of the island of Ceylon, formerly the capital of a native kingdom. It is surrounded by wooded hills. Pop. 3000.— 7, 17 N. 80, 48 E. Canton', the capital of the pro- vince of Quang-tung in China, and the only port with which Europe- ans are permitted to have inter- course, is situate at the confluence of the Pe-kiang with the Choo-ki- ang or Pearl River (called by the English the Canton River, and the river Tigris). It is distant about 80 miles from the sea, at the head of the Bocca Tigris, a noble estuary studded with islands. The foreign factories are confined to a small space along the banks of the river, andall foreign ships anchor at a con- siderable distance farther down. The river for 4 or 5 miles is crowd- ed with boats containing whole fa- milies that have no other resi- dence. Pop. 500,000.-23, 10 N. 113, 13 E. Carama'nia, an extensive pro- vince of Asia Minor, E. of Anatolia. Carnat'ic, a province of S. Hin- dostan, extending along the east- ern coa^t to Cape Comorin, a dis- tance of 500 miles. It comprises what lately formed the dominions of the Nabob of Arcot, and is now included in the Madras Presidency. Car'oline Islands, a’ numerous coral group in the South Sea, E. of the Philippines and S. of the Ladrones. They are exposed to violent hurricanes, and the natives are distinguished for their skill in navigation. Carpentaria, Gulf of, a large bay on the N. of New Holland. Cas'bin, a city of Irak-Ajemi in Persia, with a considerable trade. Pop. 60,000.-36, 10 N. 49, 50 E. Cash'gar, a province of Little Bucharia, in Chinese Tartary. Cash'gar, the capital of the pro- vince, on the river Yarkand, is a seat, of considerable trade. Pop. 40,000— 41, 5 N. 72, 15 E. Cashmere', a province of N. Hin- dostan, now dependent on the Seiks. It consists of a beautiful valley, in which reigns an almost perpetual spring, and is surrounded by lofty mountains. It is noted for its shawls, manufactured from the inner wool of the goats of Thibet. Cashmere', formerly called Seri- nagur', the capital of the province, situate on the banks of the Jelum, Pop. 150,000—34, 20 N. 74, 45 E. Cas'pian Sea, an inland sea or lake, the largest in the world, about 300 miles to the eastward of the Black Sea, and, according to M. Humboldt, 300 feet below the level of the latter. Its length from N. to S. is 750 miles, and its breadth 270, covering an area of 120,000 square miles. The water of the Caspian is less salt than that of the ocean. Catmandoo', the capital of Ne- paul, in N. Hindostan, situate in a romantic valley, about 40 miles S. of the Himmalehs. Pop. 20,000. —27, 43 N. 85, 2 E. Cau'casus, a chain of lofty moun- ASIA. tains, stretching across the isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian; it extends from the Straits of Enikal6 to the mouth of the Kur, and is covered in many parts with perpetual snow. Cau'casus, an extensive govern- ment of Russia, W. of the Caspian Sea, consisting chiefly of territo- ries conquered from Persia. Ca'very, a river of S. Hindostan, which rises in the W. Ghauts near the coast of Malabar, flows through Mysore and the Carnatic, and, after a winding course, falls into the Bay of Bengal. Celebes, a large island in the Indian Ocean, to the E. of Borneo, from which it is separated by the Straits of Macassar, and so indented by deep bays as to torm four long peninsulas. Its extreme length may be estimated at .500 miles, and its average breadth at 1.50. Though rugged and mountainous, the soil is fertile, yielding in abundance rice, sugar-cane, sago, and cotton. The famous upas-tree is found here. Of its native tribes, the Bugis are the most active commercial people in the Indian Archipelago. Pop. 1 , 000 , 000 . Ceylon', a large and beautiful island in the Indian Ocean, sepa- rated from the Coromandel coast by the Gulf of Manaar. Its en- tire length from N. to S. is about 270 miles, with an average breadth of 100, and its area is 24,664 square miles. It is the Taproba'naoi the ancients ; Cingala is the name given to it by the natives, who are called Cingalese, or Ceylonese. The interior is traversed by finely- wooded mountains, from 1000 to 4000 feet high, and watered by nu- merous rivers and lakes. The cli- mate, formerly pernicious, has be- come more salubrious as the island has been cleared and cultivated. The soil is rich and luxuriant, pro- ducing cotton, sugar-cane, rice, pep- per, teak, and other valuable woods. Plantations of cinnamon amidst groves of cocoa-nut trees border the S. VV. coast for 100 miles. The island abounds in gems, and there is an extensive pearl-fishery car- ried on in the Gulf of Manaar. The. elephants of Ceylon have long been famed for their size and sa- gacity, Pop. 950,492. 219 Chandernagore', the capital of the French settlements in Bengal, on the Hoogly, about 16 miles above Calcutta. Pop. 41,000. Chingtoo', the capital of the pro- vince of Sechuen, in China; it carries on an extensive trade. Chinyang', the capital of Leao- tung, a province ot Chinese Tar- tary.— 41, 58 N. 123, 40 E. Chittagong', or Islamabad', a city in the province of Bengal, dis- trict of Chittagong, situate on a river of the same name. Circars', a province of Hindostan, extending along the Bay of Ben- gal ; it is one of the most valuable districts, equal to the Carnatic in fertility, and superior in manufac- turing industry. Circas'sia, a province of Asiatic Russia, forming that part of the territory of Caucasus which is si- tuate between the mountains and the rivers Kuban and Terek. It is inhabited by a number of warlike tribes, who, although they acknow- ledge a kind of vassalage to Russia, continue almost independent, nei- ther paying tribute nor performing military service. The Circassians are remarkable for their elegance of person, — the beauty of the fe- males has long been celebrated. Pop. 474,000. Co'bi, or Go'bi, called also Shamo by the Chinese, a great desert, ex- tending upwards of 2000 miles from W. to E. across Central Asia ; its surface is covered with sand, and abounds in salt. It is an elevated plain or table-land, from 3000 to 10,000 feet above the sea, and exhibits traces and phenomena of having once been covered by the ocean. Cochin (Kot'shin), a small pro- vince in S. Hindostan, between Malabar and Travancore. Co'chin, the capital of the pro- vince, was the first point at which the Portuguese, in 1 503, were per- mitted to erect a fort ; it still en- joys a considerable trade. — 9, 55 N. 76, 16 E. Co'chin-China,a country in the Eastern Peninsula, called also the empire of Annam, comprehend- ing Tonquin, Cambodia, and Siam- pa, besides Cochin-China Proper, and extending between the Gulfs of Siam and Tonquin. Extent es- ASTA, 220 timated at 98,000 square miles, with 5,194,000 inhabitants Colom'bo, the capital of Ceylon, on the S. W. coast, is a handsome town, and strongly fortified. Pop. 51,549.-6, 55 N. 80, 1 E. Com'orin, Cape, the most south- ern point of the peninsula of Hin- dostan.— 8, 5 N. 77, 50 E. Concan', a maritime district of Hindostan, extending fromBombav to Goa, with an average breadth of 40 miles, between the Western Ghauts and the sea. Core'a, a country of Asia, con- sisting of a peninsula, separated from Chinabythe Yellow Sea,and from the Islands of Japan by the Straits of Corea. It is 400 miles long by 150 broad, and the interior is traversed from N. to S. by a chain of mountains. Its king is tributary to China. Coroman'del, the eastern coast of Hindostan, extending between 10° and 16 c N. lat. Cutch, a peninsula of Hindos- tan, to the S. of the province of Ajmere ; it extends from the In- dus to the Gulf of Cutch, and is possessed by independent chiefs. Cut'tack, a maritime district in the province of Orissa, Hindostan, inundated by the sea at spring- tides to the distance of 15 or 20 miles from the coast. Cutback, the capital of the dis- trict, situate on a peninsula formed by the Mahanuddy. Pop. 40,000. —20, 25 N. 86, 1 E. Cy'prus, an island in the Medi- terranean, off the coast of Asia Minor, 140 miles in length by 60 in breadth. It is traversed from E. to W. by two lofty chains of mountains, which, during winter, are covered with snow. In ancient times it was celebrated for its fer- tility and beauty, and for the vo- luptuous gayety of its inhabitants. Its fruits, particularly grapes, still preserve their pre-eminence ; but the oppressive dominion of*the Turks represses industry, and has reduced the island nearly to a de- sert. PopulatitHi 80,000.-^35*0 N. 33, 0 E. * DAC'CA, 2° 15';— H 29° 30' ; — and ti£ 30°. What is the sun’s place on the 1st and 15th day of each month of the year ? Prob. VIII. — To find at what hour the sun rises and, sets , and the length of the day and night at any place not in the frigid zones } at a given time. Rule.— Rectify the globe for the latitude of the * This problem may likewise be performed on the celestial globe. THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 311 place ; find the sun’s place in the ecliptic for the given day, and bring it to the meridian ; set the index to xii., and turn the sun’s place to the eastern edge of the horizon, — the index will show the hour of rising; then bring it to the western edge of the horizon, and the index will show the time of setting. The hour of sunrise, doubled, gives the length of the night ; and the hour of sunset, doubled, gives the length of the day.* Ex. — At what time does the sun rise and set at Dublin, Archangel, Gibraltar, and the Cape of Good Hope, on the 15th June ? and what is the length of the day and night at those places ? — Ans. Rises 3h. 35' JY1., sets 8h. 25' A. ; — rises lh. 40' M., sets lOh. 20' A. ; — rises 4h. 45' M., sets 7h. 15' A. ; — rises 7h. 5' M., sets 4h. 55' A. At what time does the sun rise and set at Cairo, St Helena, Bombay, Port Jackson, Cape Horn, Quebec, Mexico, and Pekin, respectively, on the 22d June, 1 0th September, 22d December, and 1st May ? At what time does the sun rise and set at Constantinople, Ispahan, Calcutta, Canton, Lima, Valparaiso, Sierra Leone, Madeira, Paris, Edinburgh, and Orkney, on the 1st and 15th of each month, from 1st June to 1st January ? Prob. IX. — To find. on what point of the compass the sun rises and sets , on a given day , at any particular place . Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place, and find the sun’s place for the particular day ; then observe what place in the circle of rhumbs, on the wooden horizon, is cut by the sun’s place in the ecliptic when brought to the eastern edge of the horizon, and also when brought to the western, and that will be the point required. Ex — On what points of the compass does the sun rise and set at Gibraltar on the 17th July, at Petersburg on the 10th October, and at Edinburgh on the 9th June? — Ans. Rises E. 26. 2 ° N., sets W. 26±° N. rises E. 12J°S., sets W. 12±° S. ; — rises N. E., sets Ts 1 . W. * Thus, if the sun rise at 6, the length of the night is 12 hours ; if he set at 9, the length of the day is 18 hours. Places on the equator have sunrise at 6, and sunset at 6; and, of course, day and night equal throughout the whole year. The length of the longest day increases with the latitude ; and at the polar circles the longest day is 24 hours, and the longest night the same. From these circles to the poles, the days continue to lengthen into weeks and months : at the poles, the sun is visible for six months, and invisible during the other six. 312 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY At what points of the compass does the sun rise and set at Edinburgh, Archangel, Smyrna, Cairo, Cape Town, Calcut- ta, Pekin, Sydney, Monte Video, and Mecca, on the 1st and 15th of each month, from 1st June to 1st January ? Prob. X. — The day of the month being given , to find the sun's declination * and the places to which he is vertical . Rule. — The sun’s place in the ecliptic for the given day being brought to the meridian, the degree mark- ed over it is the declination : turn the globe, and all the places which pass under that degree will have the sun vertical on that day. Ex — -What is the sun’s declination, and to what places will he be vertical on the 7th of May, the 10th of February, the 4th June, and the 14th December? — Ans. Sun’s declina- tion 16f 0 N. ; — 14A Q S. 22|° N. ;-and 23|° S. What is the sums declination, and to what places will he be vertical on the 1st and 15th of each month, from 1st De- cember to 1st July ? Pbob. XI. — To find where the sun is vertical at a given place and hour. Rule — Find the sun’s declination ; bring the given place to the meridian, and set the index to the given hour ; turn the globe till the index points to xii. noon ; all the places then under the meridian have noon at the given hour ; and the place whose latitude corre- sponds with the sun's declination has the sun vertical at the given hour. Ejc. — Where is the sun vertical on the 8th of April, when it is 6 in the morning at Dublin ? Where is the sun vertical on the 19th September, when it is 4 o’clock in the morning at Amsterdam ? — Ans. Candy, in Ceylon; — island of Ter- nate. Where is the sun vertical on the 1st and 15th of each month, from 1st December to 1st July, when it is 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, a.m., and 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, p.m. at Edinburgh, Paris, Rome, Cairo, Calcutta, Pekin, Lima, Mexico, and Quebec respec- tively ? Prob. XII. — The day , hour , and place being given, to * The declination of the sun is its distance from the equator, north or south. 5 THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 313 find where the sun is then rising and setting , where it is noon or midnight . Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place to which the sun is vertical at the given hour, and bring that place to the meridian. In this position of the globe, the sun is rising to all those places on the western edge of the horizon, and setting to those on the eastern ; to those under the upper half of the meridian it is noon or mid-day; to those under the lower half, midnight. Ex. — To what places is the sun rising, to what places is he setting, and where is it noon and midnight, when at Edinburgh it is 7 in the morning, on the 14th of March ? Where is it noon on the 30th June, when at London it is 9 in the evening ? Where is it midnight on the 6th February, when it is noon at Petersburg ? — Ans. Rising to the Madeira and Canary Isles and on the equator at 18^° W. Long. ; setting to Kamt- schatka, Solomon’s Archipelago, New Caledonia ; New Zea- land ; and on the equator at 161|° E. Long. ; noon at To- bolsk, Cashgar, Attock, and Kerguelen’s Land ; midnight at Lake Athapescow, Los Alamos, Isles of Revillagigeao, and Easter Island — At King George’s Island, N. W. coast of America, and Lord Hood’s Island, in the South Sea. — At Cook’s Inlet, N. W. coast of America, Walker’s Isles, and Otaheite. To what places is the sun rising, to what places is he set- ting, and where is it noon and midnight, on the 21st June, 23d September, 21st December, and 20th March, when it is 6 and 10, a. m., and 6 and 10, p.m., at Edinburgh, Paris, Rome, Constantinople, Cairo, Bombay. Calcutta, Sydney, Pekin, Valparaiso, Lima, Mexico, and Quebec, respectively ? Pros. XIII A place in the torrid zone being given , to find on what two days of the year the sun will be vertical there . Rule. — Find the latitude of the place, turn the globe, and observe the two points of the ecliptic that pass under the degree of latitude : opposite to these points, on the wooden horizon, will be found the days required. Ex — On what days is the sun vertical at Madras, St He- lena, Cape Comorin, Lima, Cape Verd? — Ans. April 25th and August 18th ; — February 5th and November 6th ; — April 11th and September 2d February 17th and October 25th; —April 30th and August 13th. O 314 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY On what days is the sun vertical at Santa Fe de Bogota, Cuzco, Mexico, Porto Bello, Port au Prince, Kingston in Jamaica, Paramaribo, Pernambuco, Bahia, Truxillo, Cape Verd, Sierra Leone, Fernando Po, Timbuctoo, Sackatoo, Coomassie, Mecca, Mocha, Candy, Seringapatam, Bankok, Batavia, Manilla, and Surinam ? Prob. XIV. — To find the suns meridian altitude at any given place, on a given day . Rule. — R ectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; bring the sun’s place for the given day to the meridian ; the number of degrees between that place and the horizon shows the altitude required. Ex.— What is the meridian altitude of the sun at London on the 11th January, at Constantinople on the 8th November, at Pekin on the 4th July ? — Ans. 16£° ; — 32£° ; — and 73°. What is the sun’s meridian altitude on the” 1st and 15th of each month, from 1st June to 1st January, at Edinburgh, Paris, Batavia, Sydney, Quebec, Sierra Leone, Mexico, Ban- kok, Mocha, Ispahan, Jerusalem, and the Mauritius, respec- tively ? Prob. XV . — To find the altitude of the sun at any given place and hour . Rule. — R ectify the globe for the latitude; bring the sun’s place to the meridian, and set the index to xii. noon ; turn the globe till the index points to the given hour, then fix the quadrant of altitude in the zenith, and lay it over the sun's place ; the degree on the quadrant over the sun’s place will show the al- titude. Ex. — What is the altitude of the sun at Berlin on the 12th August, at noon ? at Cadiz on the 3d October, at 1 o’clock, afternoon? at Hamburg on the 17th March, at 10 o’clock, forenoon ? — Ans. 52 %° ; — 47° ; — and 30°. What is the altitude of the sun on the 1st and 15th of each month, from 1st December to 1st July, when it is 9 and 10, a. M., and 1 and 2J, p. m., at Edinburgh, Petersburg, Paris, Lisbon, Madrid, Vienna, Buda, Naples, Malta, Algiers, Cape Town, Sydney, Pekin, Quebec, New York, Arequipa, Monte Video, Santiago, and Jesso respectively ? Prob. XVI. — To find at what hours the sun is due east and due west , on any day at a given place . Rule. ^R ectify the globe for the latitude of the THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 315 place, bring the sun’s place in the ecliptic for the given day to the meridian, and set the index to xii. ; fix the quadrant of altitude on the brass meridian over the la- titude of the place, and bring the other end of it to the R. point of the horizon ; keep the quadrant in this posi- tion, and turn the globe till the sun’s place comes to the graduated edge of the quadrant ; the hours passed over by the index show the time from noon when the sun is due east or west.* Ex. — At what hours is the sun due east and due west at Edinburgh on the 1st of May ? At what hours is the sun due east and due west at the Cape of Good Hope on the 1st of December ? Ans. Due east at 6h. 30', a. m., and due west at 5h. 30', p. m. ; due east at 8h. 20', a. m., and due west at 3h. 40', p. m. At what hours is the sun due east and due west at Peters- burg, Stockholm, London, Dublin, Glasgow, Paris, and Rome, on the 1st and A 5 th of April, May, June, July, and August ? Prob. XVII . — To find the latitude of a place from the suns meridian altitude on a given day . Rule. — Bring the sun’s place in the ecliptic for the given day to the upper part of the brass meridian, and count the number of degrees of altitude from it, to- wards the north or south points of the horizon (accord- ing as the sun was north or south of the place of ob- servation)^ and mark at what degree it ends, then bring this degree to the north or south point of the ho- rizon, and the elevation of the contrary pole will show the latitude. Ex. — On the 1st of May 1835, the sun’s meridian altitude was observed to be at different places, 22°, 32°, 40°, and 56° ; the sun being north of the observer, what was the latitude of the places of observation ? Ans. 53° ; — 43° ; — 35° and 19° S. On the 1st of August, the sun’s meridian altitude was ob- served at several places to be 15°, 25°, 32°, 49° ; the sun be- ing to the south of the observer, and also 12°, 21°, 37°, 43°, and 71° ; the sun being to the north of the observer, what is the latitude of these places ? * If the latitude and the declination are both north or both south, the sun will be due east and west, when he is above the horizon ; but if the one is north and the other south, then he is below the horizon. f To limit the problem, it is necessary to mention whether the sun is to the north or south of the place of observation. o 2 316 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY Piiob. XVIII. — To find all the places to which an eclipse of the sun or of the moon will be visible at any in- stant . Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place to which the sun is vertical at the given instant, and bring it to the meridian. The eclipse, if of the sun, will be visible to all those places which are above the horizon ; and, if of the moon, to all those places which are under the horizon. Ex — There was a total eclipse of the moon at Greenwich on the 2d September 1830, at 11 o’clock, evening; to what places was it then visible ? There was an eclipse of the moon on the 2d February 1831, at Greenwich, partly visible at about 5 o’clock in the evening ; to what places was it then visible ?— Ans. The line of visibility stretches from the Gulf of the 72 Islands at the mouth of the Yenisei, in Siberia, to Java Head, cutting the equator in 105° E. longitude, and on the W. from Discovery Island, in Davis’ Straits, to Lima, in Peru, cutting the equator in 7 5° W. longitude. — The line of visibility stretches from Iceland to Bathurst, in the S. E. of Cape Co- lony, cutting the equator in 15° E. Long. ; from Iceland, in a direct line, to Cape Fairweather, on the N. W. coast of Ame- rica, and thence to the island of New Zealand, cutting the equator in 166° W. Long. The moon was eclipsed at Greenwich on the 6th January 1833, at 8 o’clock, a. m. ; to what places was the eclipse then visible? The moon was eclipsed at Greenwich on 1st July 1833, at midnight; to what places was the eclipse then visible? The sun was eclipsed at Greenwich, July 17th, 1833, at 6 o’clock, a. m. ; to what places was it then visible ? The moon was eclipsed at Greenwich, December 26th, 1833, at 9h. 30', p. m. ; to what places was it then visible ? The moon was eclipsed at Paris, December 16th, 1834, at 5 o’clock, a. m. ; to what places was it then visible ? Prob. XIX . — Any place in the north frigid zone be - ing given , to find how long the sun shines there with - out setting , and how long he is totally absent. Rule. — Subtract the latitude of the place from 90° ; the remainder is the sun’s declination N., when the long- est day begins and ends, or his declination S., when the longest night begins and ends. Observe what degree in the ecliptic on each side of 30° n, and on each side of 30° f , agrees with the declinations, and find the days corresponding to them on the horizon. The days THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 317 answering to the sun’s place west of 30° n, and west of 30° f , will be, the former the commencement of the longest day, and the latter that of the longest night ; and the days agreeing with the sun’s place east of 30° II, and east of 30° f , will give, the former the end of the longest day, and the latter the end of the longest night. Ex. — What is the length of the longest day and night at the North Cape in Lapland, the southern point of Spitzbergen,and the northern point of Nova Zembla ? Captain Parry wintered on Melville Island, in 75° N. Lat. How long was he involved in darkness? — Ans. Longest day begins 15th May, ends July 29th; longest night begins November 17th, ends January 26th; — longest day begins April 25th, ends August 19th ; longest night begins October 28th, ends February 14th ; — same as last question ; — from November 3d to February 8th. What is the length of the longest day and longest night at Fury and Hecla Strait, Fair Foreland in Spitzbergen, Cape Munster in Nova Zembla, North-east Cape in Siberia, Icy Cape, Croker Bay, Port Bowen, and at Discovery Island? Prob. XX. — To find the antceci* of a place* Rule. — Find the latitude of the place given ; at the corresponding latitude on the opposite side of the equa- tor of the same meridian are the antoeci. Ex. — Who are the antceci of the people of Barca, — at Que- bec, — at Oporto ? — Ans. Cape Colony ; — the Patagonians ; — Gough’s Isle. Who are the antceci of St Helena, of Cape Desolation, Greenland, Fortune Land, Valdivia, of Rypen in Denmark, of Alexandria, Niphon, and of Van Diemen’s Land ? Pros. XXI. — To find the pericecif of a place. Rule — Bring the given place to the meridian, and observe the degree above it ; set the index at xii. noon, and turn the globe till the index points to xii. mid- night : under the same degree of the meridian, on the same side of the equator as the given place, are the periceci of that place. * The antceci are those who live under the same meridian, and have the same latitude, but on opposite sides of the equator : they have noon at the same time, but their summer and winter at opposite periods of the year. t The periceci live under the same degree of latitude, but differ 180° in longitude ; consequently, they have their summer and winter at the same time, but their day and night at opposite times. o 3 318 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY Ex. — Who are the periceci of the people of Petersburg, Cashmere, Moultan, Mexico ? — Ans. Montagu Island ; — Passo del Norte in Mexico ; — Arispe in Mexico ; — Kimedy in Hindostan, nearly. Who are the periceci of Amsterdam, Quito, St John’s in Newfoundland, St Domingo, Barbadoes, Palawan, London ? Prob. XXII — To find the antipodes * of a place. Rule. — Bring the given place to the meridian, and observe its latitude ; set the index to xii. noon, and turn the globe till the index points to xii. midnight : under the same degree of latitude as the place given, but on the opposite side of the equator, will be found the antipodes. Ex — Who are the antipodes of the inhabitants of Bantam, Botany Bay, island of Borneo, Cape Horn ? — Ans. Tunja in Colombia ; — the Azores, nearly ; — Brazil and Colombia ; — Ivirensk in Siberia, nearly. Who are the antipodes of Guiana, Cambodia, Santa Fe in La Plata, Corea, island of Hainan, island of Kiusiu ? CELESTIAL GLOBE. The Celestial Globe is a representation of the heavens, on which are traced the circles necessary for finding the position of the stars; it is suspended in a brass meridian supported on a wooden horizon in the same manner as the Terrestrial Globe. The two points in which the equinoctial intersects the ecliptic are called the Equinoctial Points. The first point of Aries, or that at which the sun appears to cross the Equinoctial towards the north, is the vernal equinoctial point ; and the first point of Libra, at which the sun appears to recross the Equinoctial towards the south, is the Autumnal Equinoctial.Point. When the sun is in either of these two points, the day and night are equal on every part of the earth.f The first point of Cancer and the first point of Ca- pricorn are called the Solstitial Points. When the sun * Antipodes have th e same latitude on opposite sides of the equator, and differ 180° in longitude ; consequently, they have their day and night, their summer 1 winter, at opposite times. f The Vernal Equinox happens on the 20th or 21st of March, and the Autumnal Equinox on the 23d of September. THE CELESTIAL GLOBE. 319 is in that of Cancer, it is the summer solstice, and we have our longest day ; when he is in the first point of Capricorn, it is the winter solstice, and we have our shortest day.* The right ascension of a star is the distance, measured eastward upon the equinoctial, from the first point of Aries to the point where a great circle drawn through the star, and perpendicular to the equinoctial, intersects it. The latitude of a star is the distance between the star and the ecliptic measured upon a great circle drawn through the star, and perpendicular to the ecliptic ; and the longitude is the distance between the first point of Aries and the point where the circle cuts the ecliptic. Longitude, latitude, and declination, t are expressed in degrees, minutes, &c., and right ascension in hours, minutes, &c. The sun has no latitude, as he is al- ways in the ecliptic. The signs and degrees are usually marked on one side of the ecliptic, and the days of the month on the other. A Constellation is an assemblage of stars distinguish- ed by the name of some animal or object to which the outline of the whole is supposed to bear a resemblance, — as the Bear, the Dragon, Orion, Bootes, the Crown, &c. The Zodiac is an imaginary belt around the heavens, about 16 degrees broad, in which all the planets, except Ceres and Pallas, move. Through the middle of this belt runs the ecliptic, or the apparent path of the sun. PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY THE CELESTIAL GLOBE. Prob. I . — To find the latitude and longitude of a star . Rule. — Bring the pole of the ecliptic to the zenith, in which fix the quadrant, and lay it over the given star ; the number of degrees between the ecliptic and the star shows the latitude; the number of degrees between the edge of the quadrant and the first point of Aries indicates the longitude. * The summer solstice happens on the 21st or 22d of June, and the winter solstice on the 21st or 22d of December. t The declination of a star is its distance north or south of the equinoctial. 320 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY Ex. — What are the latitude and longitude of Procyon in Canis Minor, of Sirius in Canis Major, and of Arcturus in Bootes; — Ans. Lat. 16° S., and Long. 114°; — Lat. 40° S., and Long. 101° ; — Lat. 30^° N., and Long. 201°. What are the latitude anti longitude of Aldebaran, Bella- trix, Deneb, Dubhe, Alphecca, Altair, Markab, Fomalhaut, Antares, Canopus, Rigel, Ras Alhagus, and Achernar ? Prob. II. — To find a stars place in the heavens , its latitude and longitude being given . Rule. — Set the globe and quadrant as in last pro- blem ; then lay the graduated edge of the quadrant on the given longitude in the ecliptic, and the star will be found under the given latitude. Ex. — What star is that whose longitude is 85°, and whose latitude is 16° S. ? What star is that whose longitude is 297°, and whose latitude is 30° N. ? — Ans. Betelgeux in Orion ; — and Altair in Aquila. What are those stars whose latitude and longitude are re- spectively 23° N. and Long. 54°; 22|° N. and Long. 79°; 60° N. and Long. 334° ; 28° N. and Long. 40° ; 36° N. and Long. 260° ; 4° S. and Long. 247° ; 17° S. and Long. 28^° ; 2° S. and Long. 201°; 60° S. and Long. 341° ? * Prob. III. — To find the declination of the sun or a star • Rule. — Bring the sun’s place, or the star, to the meridian ; observe its distance N. or S. from the equinoctial, and the distance will be the declination. Ex. — What is the declination of the sun on the 11th April ? What is the declination of Castor in Gemini, and of Regulus in Leo? — Ans. Declination 8|° N. ; — 32^° N. and 13° N. What is the declination of the sun on the 1st and 15th of each month, from July 1st to January 1st? What is the declination of each of the stars mentioned in Prob. I. ? Prob. IV. — To find the right ascension of the sun or any star . Rule. — Bring the sun’s place, or the star, to the meridian: the degree of the equinoctial, cut by the meridian, shows the right ascension. Ex — What is the sun’s right ascension on the 5th July and the 13th October ? What is the right ascension of a Lyrae, of Aldebaran in Taurus, and of Rigel in Orion’s Foot ?— Ans. Right ascension Oh. 56'; — 13h. 12';— 18h. 31'; — 4h. 20' ; — 5h. 0'. 8 THE CELESTIAL GLOBE, 321 What is the right ascension of the sun on the 1st, 10th, and 20th of each month of the year ? What is the right ascension of each of the stars mentioned in Prob. I. ? Prob. V . — The latitude of a place, the day and hour being given , to represent the face of the heavens , so as to point out all the constellations and remarkable stars then visible . Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; bring the sun’s place for the given day to the meridian ; set the index to xii., then turn the globe till the index points to the given hour. In this posi- tion the globe will represent the face of the heavens. Ex Represent the face of the heavens as it will appear at London for 2 and 3 in the morning on the 18th January ; for 8 and 11 evening on the 12th March. Represent the face of the heavens for the 1st and 15th of each month of the year, and for each hour from 9, P. M. to 3, A. m., as it will appear at Edinburgh, Paris, Cape of Good Hope, Paramatta, and Calcutta. Prob. VI. — To find the time when any of the heavenly bodies rises, sets , or comes to the meridian , on a particular day , at a given place . Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; bring the sun’s place to the meridian, and set the index to xii. : then turn the globe till the given star comes to the eastern edge of the horizon, the in- dex will show the time of rising ; carry it to the west- ern edge, the index will show the time of setting ; then bring it to the meridian, and the index shows tne time of its culmination or southing.* Ex. — At what time does Regulus, in Leo, rise, set, and culminate at Edinburgh, on the 4th of February ? At what time does Alphecca, in Corona Borealis, rise, set, and cul- minate at Madrid, on the 7th of May ? — Ans. Rises 5h. 25' A., souths Oh. 45' M., and sets 8h. 5' M. ; — rises 4h. 50' A., souths Oh. 35' M., and sets 8h. 20' M. At what time does each of the stars mentioned in Prob. I. rise, culminate, and set on the 1st and 15th of each month of the year, at the places mentioned in last Prob. ? * In turning round the globe it will be observed that some of the stars do not descend below the horizon, while others in the opposite point of the heavens continue always below it. The former never set at the given place for which the globe is rectified, and are called circumsolar stars ; and the latter never rise at the given place. 322 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY Prob. VII. — To find on what day of the year a star comes to the meridian at a given hour. Rule. — Bring the star to the brass meridian, and set the index to the given hour ; turn the globe till the index points to xii. noon, and the day of the month which corresponds to the degree of the ecliptic cut by the meridian is the day required. Ex. — On what day does Rigel, in Orion, come to the me- ridian at 8 o’clock in the evening ? On what day does Sirius come to the meridian at 10 o’clock evening ? — Ans. February 3d ; — January 28th. On what day does Aldebaran come to the meridian at 7, 8, 10, 12, p, m. and 2, 4, 6, a. m. ? — On what days do each of the stars mentioned in Prob. 1. come to the meridian at 7, 9, 11, p. m. and 1, 3, 5, a. m. respectively. Prob. VIII. — To find the altitude and azimuth of the sun or a stair at any given place and time . Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; bring the sun’s place in the ecliptic and xii. on the hour circle to the brass meridian, and fix the quadrant in the zenith. Then turn the globe till the given hour comes to the meridian, and lay the gra- duated edge of the quadrant on the star ; the degree of the quadrant over the star will show its altitude, and the number of degrees counted upon the horizon, from its intersection by the quadrant to the north or south point, will be its azimuth. At Edinburgh, on the 4th August, at lOh. p. m. what are the altitude and azimuth of Mirach, Almaach, and Altair ? — Ans. Alt. 29°, Az. 69° from N. towards E. ; — Alt. 28 J°, Az. 56k° from N. towards E. ; — Alt. 42°, Az. 122° from S. to- wards E. At Edinburgh on the 31st December, at 9h. and llh. p. m. what are the altitude and azimuth of Capella, Dubhe, Regulus, Alioth, Castor, Procyon, Bellatrix, Sirius, Menkar, Algenib, Mirach, Algol, Shedir, Alderamin, Arided, and a Lyrse ? At London, on the 1st March, at midnight, what are the al- titude and azimuth of Kochab, Arided, a Lyrae, Albireo, Alphecca, Ras Alhagus, Yed, Arcturus, Benetnach, Spica Virginis, Regulus, Cor Hydrae, Sirius, Castor, Pollux, Be- telgeux, Procyon, Capella, Aldebaran, the Pleiades, Algol, Almaach, Shedir? THE CELESTIAL GLOBE. 323 Prod. IX. — The latitude of a place , the altitude of a star, and the day of the month being given , to find the hour of the night. Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude ; bring the sun’s place to the meridian, and set the index to xii. ; fix the quadrant in the zenith, then move the globe and quadrant till the star comes under the qua- drant at the given altitude, and the index will show the hour required. Ex At Edinburgh, on the 13th December, when the altitude of Aldebaran is 46°, what is the hour of the night ? When, at the same place, the altitude of Capella, in Auriga, is 70° on the 20th of January, what are the hours of the night ? — Ans. Vh.'W p.m., and Oh. 45' a.m. ; — 7h. and lOh. 35' p.m. At Edinburgh, on the 1st and 15th of June, when the al- titude of Alphecca is 50° ; a Lyrae 41°, Alderamin 45°, and Arided 45° respectively, what are the hours of the night ? At Paris, on the 1st of October and 15th of November, when the altitude of Markab is 45°, Altair 49°, Almaach, 45°, the Pleiades 27°? and Aldebaran 22°, what are the hours of the night? At Calcutta, on the 1st January and 1st February, when the altitude of Menkar is 66£°, Rigel 45°, Retelgeux 60°, Procyon 4 48°, and Sirius 50°, what are the hours of the night ? Pros. X.— The year and day being given , to find the place of a planet. Rule. — Find the sun’s place for the given day, and bring it to the brass meridian ; set the index to xii. ; then find in the Nautical or Edinburgh Almanac the time when the planet passes the meridian on the given day, and turn the globe till the index points to the hour thus found ; find in the almanac the declination of the planet for the same day, and under the degrees of declination on the brass meridian is the place of the planet. Ex.— -What will be the places of Venus and Jupiter on the 1st of August 1836 ? — Ans. In the Constellation Cancer, the R. A. of Venus being 7h. 59', and her declination 13° 24' N. ; and the R.A. of Jupiter 8h. 9', and his declination 20° 31' N. What will be the place of Venus on the 14th December 1837 ? What will be the place of Mars on the 20th March 1837 ? Find the place of the moon and of each of the planets for the 1st and 13th of each month of the years 1835 to 1840 inclusive. A TABLE, SHOWING THE NUMBER OF GEOGRAPHICAL MILES CONTAINED IN A DEGREE OF LONGITUDE AT ANY PARALLEL OF LA- TITUDE, BETWEEN THE EQUATOR AND THE POLES; THE EARTH BEING SUPPOSED A SPHERE. Degrees of Latitude. Miles. Degrees of Latitude. Miles. Degrees of Latitude. Miles. 1 59*99 31 51*43 61 2909 2 39-96 32 50*88 62 28*17 3 59-92 33 50*32 63 27-24 4 5985 * 34 49-74 64 26-30 5 59-77 35 49-15 65 25-36 6 59-67 36 48*54 66 24-40 7 59-55 37 47*92 67 23-44 8 59-42 38 47-28 68 22-48 9 59-26 39 46*63 69 21*50 10 59-09 40 45*96 70 20-52 11 58-90 41 45*28 71 19-53 12 58-69 42 44*59 72 18-54 13 58-46 43 43*88 73 17*54 14 58*22 44 43*16 74 16-54 15 57*96 45 42*43 75 15-53 16 57-67 46 41*68 . 76 14-52 17 57*38 47 40*92 77 13*50 18 57-06 48 40*15 78 12-47 19 # 56-73 49 39-36 79 11-45 20 56-38 50 38*57 80 10-42 21 5601 51 37-76 81 9-39 22 55-63 52 36*94 82 8*35 23 55-23 53 36*11 83 7*31 24 54-81 54 35*27 84 6-27 25 54-38 55 34*41 85 5-23 26 53-93 56 33*55 86 4-19 27 53-46 57 32*68 8 " " 14 28 52-98 58 31*80 88 -'•09 29 52-48 59 30*90 89 1 1-05 30 51-96 60 30*00 90 000 THE END; Printed by Oliver & Boyd, Tweeddalc Court, High Street, Edinburgh, / / t / '