STATE OF OHIO STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION VOCATIONAL AGRICULTURE Columbus An Outline for Seasonal Presentation of FARM CROPS and HORTICULTURE By E. F. Johnson Assistant Professor of Agricultural Education “Let’s Lure the Lad to Learn” — Vivian T"! [IP’V'KY Cr THE MAR 24 1932 Cif-r/ifiS'Ty hr 1 F C H Bulletin No. 2 December, 1919 OHIO STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION COLUMBUS Dean Alfred Vivian, President Supt. F. B. Pearson, Secretary . Asst. Supt. A. C. Eldredge. . . . Supt. R. J. Condon Mrs. Kent W. Hughes Hon. S. J. McCune Supt. W. S. Edmund .The Ohio State University, Columbus Supt. of Public Instruction, Columbus Cleveland Cincinnati 1231 Lakewood, Lima Brilliant Sandusky Organization of the Department of Agricultural Education College of Agriculture The Ohio State University W. F. Stewart, Professor of Agricutural Education and State Supervisor of Agricultural Education. E. F. Johnson, Assistant Professor of Agricultural Education and in charge of Training Schools. Ray Fife, Assistant Professor of Agricultural Education and Assistant State Supervisor. H. G. Kenestrick, Instructor in Agricultural Education. R. H. Schreiber, Instructor in Agricultural Education, Worthington, Ohio. F. H. McMillen, Instructor in Agricultural Education, Hilliard, Ohio. R. D. Kauffman, Instructor in Agricultural Education, Canal Winchester, Ohio. H. W. Nisonger, Instructor in Agricultural Education, Grove City, Ohio. J. B. Lane, Instructor in Agricultural Education, Lockbourne, Ohio. A WORD TO THE TEACHER The best system of education is one in which knowledge is acquired by doing and not merely by hearing. The pupil learns about things by work- ing with them instead of by reading about them or hearing them described. The best knowledge is that gained first hand by observation. In the past too many of the pupil’s notions regarding even the common things of life have been obtained by reading what some one else has said about them. He has been encouraged to commit to memory masses of the ready-made, predigested information to be found in books, without, in many cases, ever having seen the thing about which he recites. Nothing could more effectually destroy the pupil’s interest than the deadly monotony of the usual question and answer mode of recitation based on the assignment of certain pages in the text book. Is it any wonder that the boy who had been used to this type of recitation ex- plained that the difference between teacher and pupil was that “the teacher had the book open”? Such a recitation destroys any originality, curiosity, or spontaneity that the pupil may possess, and “the child who is naturally an investigator to begin with, becomes in the end a mere passive recipient of pre- scribed orthodox information.” Let us then, first of all, banish the text book for the recitation period at least. In place of the question and answer method use the socialized recita- tion or the informal class discussion of the subject under study. It should be remembered that the vocational student is expecting to use information of the class-room in a practical way, and to be able to do so the information must become a part of himself and as such must be clothed in his own lan- guage. The vocational student in agriculture will have some background of home experience in connection with most of the topics considered in the schoolroom, and he should be encouraged to present to the class that experi- ence as well as all information which he has been able to gather from other sources. It is always a temptation for the good-natured teacher to tell his pupils too much, but he should remember that the best teacher is the one who teaches least but who most induces his pupils to learn. Certain it is that the pupil retains but a small part of what he is told, only a little more of what he reads, but practically never forgets that which he does. 3 The informal class discussion should be accompanied by an abundant use of illustrative material. Nothing is more deadly than a recitation “about” varieties of wheat, for instance, when the class might be working “with” those same varieties. Therein lies the danger of the old method of devoting certain fixed periods to recitation and others to laboratory, resulting often in there being very little correlation between the classroom work and the laboratory exercises. Laboratory work and recitation should go hand in hand, or perhaps it would be better to say that there should be no “laboratory work” in the ordinary sense, but that the class discussion should include all the desirable things which are usually done under that much abused title. The main reason for insisting upon the daily double period for vocational agri- culture was to prevent this divorcement of laboratory from recitation. Let them be joined together! The proper laboratories for the student of agriculture are the field and the barnyard. The exigencies of our educational system are such that the pupils must spend part of their time in the school building, but from the standpoint of the purely agricultural subjects the spending of time in the school building is a thing to be deplored. The wise teacher of agriculture will arrange to have his pupils in the field as much of the time as possible. The amount of time which can be devoted to field trips will differ with schools and with localities, but it is impossible to overdo the out-of-door work if the trip is properly planned and conducted. This kind of teaching is much harder to manage than is the indoor recitation and can easily be made a com- plete loss of time, but in the hands of the skillful teacher it affords the best means of vitalizing the subject matter and developing observation, originality, and spontaneity in the pupils. Since it is in the field and the yard and the barn that the pupil must apply his knowledge, why not let him recite under the same environment? Since it is desirable, as far as possible, to study the crops of the farm in the field, it seems rational to arrange the work in farm crops so as to fit into the normal season of the locality, rather than to follow the more formal and rather illogical sequence of subjects as found in the ordinary text book. When school opens in the fall, for instance, is a good time to study the selec- tion and storage of the seed corn for the next year. A little later when the farmers of the locality are planting wheat seems the logical time to begin the study of that important cereal. In like manner the other field operations of the fall may be considered while those subjects which lend themselves to in- 4 29 38 TROXEL 3 /?■ 77 J dU3nl door laboratory work may be delayed until the winter months when field trips are impossible or undesirable. This seasonal presentation of the plant side of agriculture is certainly sound from the pedagogical viewpoint and makes for greater interest and understanding on the part of the students. The outline presented herewith is not intended to be followed too liter- ally. It is largely suggestive. Some teachers will find it suited to their locality just as it is, while others will make modifications to suit their own needs. If such an outline were to check the initiative of a teacher who has his own effective way of doing things it would be unfortunate, but even such own course. The main thing is to utilize the material which the season furnishes in such a way that it will best function in educating the prospective farmer. Finally, the home project must not be considered as a thing separate and apart from the other work of the student. The project should be for each pupil the thing around which his classwork centers. The teacher, therefore, should lose no opportunity to correlate the work of the school day with the projects of the individual students. The supervision of the projects is after all the biggest piece of work that the teacher of vocational agriculture has to do and much of the success of the teacher must be measured in the end by the achievement of his pupils in their home projects. Vocational agriculture is for the purpose of teaching farming, and success in farming is measured by achievement on the farm. 5 EXPLANATORY NOTE The subject matter given under the dates September 5-September 19, means that this amount of time in classroom, laboratory, and field can be de- voted to the consideration of the items there mentioned. Each instructor should subdivide the subject matter alloted to each given period into day’s assignments. It will be found very desirable, if the work can be so planned, that the assignment for each day presents a definite problem rather than so many pages or topics in some text. W&W 97-107 refers to Wilson and Warburton’s Field Crops, pages 97 to 107. Liv 85-88 refers to Livingston’s Field Crop Production, pages 85 to 88. All bulletins or publications marked * are considered especially commend- able and it is suggested that each member of the class have a copy of as many of these as the instructor considers advisable. All bulletins and circulars are experiment station publications unless otherwise marked. Bulletins marked U. S. Dept, refer to United States Departmental bulle- tins (not U. S. Farmers’) found in the monthly list of publications sent out by the Government Printing Office. The bulletins and reference books listed in this outline are by no means complete, nor is it expected that any one school will have use for all. The illustrative and laboratory materials mentioned are to be added to from time to time by each instructor to meet the needs of his particular type of recita- tion and community needs in the way of subject matter. E. F. J. 6 FARM CROPS AND HORTICULTURE SEASONAL PRESENTATION OUTLINE SEPTEMBER 5— SEPTEMBER 19 Subject Matter Selection and storage of seed corn. W&W 97-107; Liv 85-88. Weeds. W&W 493-509. Distribution, evils, means of control, agencies, etc. Identification of 25-50 common weed plants. Start collection of weed seeds for future laboratory use. Other Literature and References Bowman’s Corn, 97-110. Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 60-63. Ohio Publications *Ext. Bui. 1. Selection, care, and storage of seed corn. Cir. 71. The selection of seed corn. Bui. 214. A second Ohio weed manual. U. S. Farmers’ Bulletins 229. Production of good seed corn. 415. Seed corn. *537. How to grow an acre of corn. *Cir. 2, Ind. Selection, preservation, and preparation of seed corn. Cir. 3, Mich. Selection, storing, curing, and testing for seed. *Bul. 139, Minn. Weeds. (Plants). *Bul. 267, Mich. Weeds. (Plants). *Bul. 224, Ind. Selection of disease-free seed corn. Cir. 225, 111. Selection and storage of seed corn. Class Reports Effect of moisture and freezing on the vitality of corn. Bowman’s Corn, 115-119. Evils which arise from the presence of weeds. Shaw’s Weeds, 13-20. Dispersal of weed seeds. Pammel’s Weeds of farm and garden, 14-26. Agencies concerned in distribution of weeds. Shaw’s 40-57. Weeds of special crops. Pammel’s, 50-62. Extermination of weeds. Pammel’s, 87-103. Poisonous weeds. Pammel’s 63-64. 7 Illustrative and Laboratory Materials Stalks showing desirable and undesirable height of ears. Stalks showing different types of shanks. Barren stalks. 20-30 ears, each showing an outstanding fault; i. e., size, shape, tip, butt, irregular kernels, maturity, color, shallow kernels, large cob, etc. Several ears showing approach to the ideal. Lateral and longitudinal cross-sections of ears. Shelled samples of high and low percent of corn and cob. Kernel mounts showing desirable and undesirable shapes, and why. Commercial storage forms. Illustrations of home-made racks, for storage. Materials for making few weed mounts. Weed herbarium. Field Trips 1 — (a) Compare height of ear on stalk to maturity. (b) Secure data for number of barren stalks per acre in field. (c) Measurements to show variation in height of stalks. (d) Secure data on percent of down stalks. 2 — (a) Secure data to determine stand and number of stalks per acre. (b) Secure data to determine average yield per acre. (Based on weight of ears in several average hills). (c) Select 10 desirable ears. 3 — (a) Select 10 ears to compare with previous selected lot. (b) Observe and identify at least 10 weeds common to corn field. (c) Collect weed seed samples from at least 5 weeds and name. 4 — (a) Select 10 ears to compare with previous selections. (b) Observe and identify 10 weeds common to grass and legume crops. (c) Observe and identify 5 weeds common to road side. (d) Compare two corn fields as to desirability to seed to wheat. (e) Continue collection of weed seeds. Require the selection at home of 1 to 5 bu. seed corn to be inspected later when stored. SEPTEMBER 19— OCTOBER 3 Subject Matter (Wheat) Value of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. W&W 34-40. Soils and fertilizers for wheat. W&W 134-136; Liv 127-129. Diseases and insects; Hession fly, smut, etc. W&W 155-159; Liv 142-144. Preparation of seed bed and seed; time and rate of seeding. W&W 136- 142; Liv 129-134. (Oct. 3-Oct. 10 period on Harvesting Corn may be moved forward to this point if locality and season demand early consideration.) 8 2 F C H Fig. 1 — The proper teaching of seed corn selection should result in each boy selecting desirable seed for use at home. Importance and yield of wheat. W&W 130-134; Liv 119-123. Method of improvement. W&W 159-162; Liv 136-141. Harvesting and threshing. W&W 142-147; Liv 134-136. Grading and marketing. W&W 147-149; Montgomery 486-491. (Use U. S. Bureau of Markets.) Cost of production. W&W 149-152. Other Literature and References Hunt’s The cereals in America, 68-92; 102-111; 121-130. Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 104-140; 486-491. Carlton’s The small grains. Sanderson’s Insect pests of farm and garden. Ohio Publications *Bul. 136. *Bul. 226. Bui. 231. Bui. 234. *Bul. 298. Bui. 318. The Hessian fly in Ohio. The wheat joint worm. Composition of wheat. Flour mill fumigation. Wheat experiments. Relation of phosphorus and nitrogen in soil to composition of wheat. U. S. Farmers’ Bulletins *138. Principal insect enemies of growing wheat. 132. Breeding for type of kernel in wheat. 400. Experiments with Marquis wheat. 534. Durum wheat. *640. The Hessian fly. 678. Growing hard spring wheats. 680. Varieties of hard spring wheat. *919. Application of dockage in the marketing of wheat. 939. Cereal smuts and the disinfection of seed grain. *1006. The wheat joint worm and its control. *Cir. 12, Kan. Treatment of seed wheat for smut. *Cir. 23, Ind. How to grow more and better wheat. Cir. 22, Iowa. The Hessian fly. Cir. 70, Mo. The Hessian fly in Missouri. Bui. 82, Pa. Winter wheat varieties. Bui. 85, Minn. Wheat and flour investigations. Bui. 99, S. Dak. Macaroni or Durum wheats. Bui. 121, 111. Variety tests of wheat. Bui. 143, Minn. Composition and quality of spring and winter wheat. 10 Bui. 176, Kan. How to grow wheat in Kansas. Cir. 168, 111. Bread from stones. Bui. 148, Pa. Wheat. Cir. 82, Ind. Control of the three important wheat pests of Indiana. Bui. 514, U. S. Dept. Wheat, yields per acre and prices, by states for 50 years. Bui. 788, U. S. Dept. Moisture in wheat and mill products. Class Reports How my father prepares a wheat seed bed, and criticisms. The loose smut of wheat. Stevens and Hall’s Diseases of economic plants, 370-375. Hessian fly damage. Sanderson, 2. The Hessian fly. Sanderson 123-129; (also bulletins). The wheat maggot. Sanderson, 132-136. The wheat joint worm. Sanderson, 136-142; (also bulletins). The chinch bug. Sanderson, 89-93. Grain weevils. Sanderson, 186-199. Storage and elevators. Harris and Stewart’s Principles of agronomy, 184-187. Recommended farm methods for the control of insects. Sanderson, 32-41. High and low yields of wheat of 5 farms in community. The threshing ring and threshing. Illustrative and Laboratory Materials Poem, “The Wise Farmer,” by Dean Alfred Vivian. Commercial samples of wheat fertilizers. Riker mounts of life cycles of Hessian fly, joint worm, etc. Riker mounts of loose and stinking smut, anthracnose, scab, rust, etc. Diseased heads and wheat samples for class study. Formalin. Stalks of wheat showing Hessian fly, joint worm damages. Wheat stalks showing rust. Samples of market classes of wheat. Variety samples, especially of those recommended for community. Sample of wheat from each boy’s home for analysis work. Bundles of varieties of wheat. Bundles and grain samples of einkorn, speltz, emmer, club wheat, durum, poulard, and Polish wheat. Bundles of smooth and awned heads. Set showing flour manufacturing process and by-products. Samples of red dog flour, bran, middlings, etc. 11 Sheet for recording seeding dates, fertilizers, etc., of several fields of wheat for observation work during spring. Mount showing percentage of good wheat, dirt, inert matter, weed seeds. etc., in a local sample of wheat. Chart showing wheat kernel, heads, etc. Charts showing effect of fertilizer, date of seeding, etc. Liquid-preserved heads of wheat at bloom stage. Field Trips 5 — Trip to one farm and treat wheat for smut. 6 — (a) Identify and secure weed seed samples of several weeds in wheat and oat stubble and orchards. (b) Observe any early plowing for wheat as to depth, mulch, etc. (c) Report on corn ground preparations observed. 7 — Trip to 2-4 fields to observe use of fertilizer, drill, seed bed prepara- tion, etc. 8 — (In November). Compare fields of wheat on which records as to time of seeding, fertilizer used, etc., have been made. Examine for pres- ence of fly. Note conditions of corn fodder still in field as to feed- ing value. Suggested Laboratory Work 1 — Each pupil separate home sample into good seed, broken kernels, weed seed, smutted kernels, and dirt. 2 — Treat small sample of wheat for smut. 3 — Prepare graph showing local relative importance of wheat crop. 4 — Judge and score wheat. 5 — All laboratory work should correlate directly with the text. The sup- plies of pressed and preserved wheat plants and heads should be used when considering these in text. The riker mounts of varieties and diseases should be used when they are taken up in class. Samples of einkorn, emmer, etc., should be examined when classes and varieties are considered. 6 — Problems closely related to day’s work. 12 WmWkx Fig. 2 — Successful blending of recitation and laboratory work. OCTOBER 3— OCTOBER 10 Subject Matter Harvesting corn. W&W 77-88; Liv 76-82. Other Literature and References Montgomery’s Productive farm crops — Harvesting, 80-98. Davis’s Productive plant husbandry — Harvesting, 194-197. Ohio Publications *Bul. 266. Labor cost of producing corn in Ohio. Ext. Bui. 4, Vol. XIV. The silo. U. S. Farmers’ Bulletins 168. Grades of commercial corn. 292. Cost of filling silo. *303. Corn harvesting machinery. *313. Harvesting and storing of corn. 578. The making and feeding of silage. 589. Home-made silos. 855. Home-made silos. *992. The use of machinery in cutting corn. Cir. 53, Kan. Filling silos. Cir. 71, Mo. Shock corn for silage. Bui. 113, 111. Shrinkage of ear corn in cribs. Bui. 214, Wis. Concrete silo contsruction. *Bul. 141, Iowa. Modern silo construction. *Bul. 101, Okla. Silos in Oklahoma. Bui. 696, U. S. Dept. Geographical phases of farm prices. Bui. 708, U. S. Dept. Shuck protection for ear corn. Suggested Class Reports The formation of acid in ensilage. Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 85-89. Laboratory and Illustrative Materials Photographs of various machines in operation'. Samples of different silo construction materials. Samples for moisture test. Field Trips 9 — Securing data and making observation on corn binder or shocker and on silo filling, silo cutter, etc., if convenient, should be planned. 14 OCTOBER 10— NOVEMBER 1 Subject Matter 1 — Botanical consideration of plants. Germination. GMJ (Goff, Moore, and Jones’s Principles of plant culture), 14-24. The plantlet. GMJ 24-34. The growing plant. GMJ 34-57. The root and the soil. GMJ 58-75; Duggar’s Plant physiology, 41-51. Leaves, buds, and flowers. GMJ 75-96. The fruit and seed. GMJ 96-104. 2. Botanical study of the wheat plant. Liv 99-113. oat plant. W&W 163-168; Liv 145-150. barley plant. W&W 197-201; Liv 164-168. rye plant. W&W 217-218; Liv 177-178. Briefly consider plant structure as compared with cereal plants. 3 — Corn. W&W 45-51; Liv 29-51; Bowman’s Corn, 36-71 (especially 40-47). Other Literature and References Hunt’s Cereals in America, 26-38; 47-68. Davis’s Productive plant husbandry, 14-16. Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 41-54; 109-120; 141-154; 178-184; 189-191; 309-315; 369-374. Bui. 218, U. S. Farmers’. School garden. Bui. 148, Neb. Handbook of Nebraska grasses. Harris and Stewart’s Principles of agronomy, 9-63. Davis’s Productive plant husbandry, 149; 153-158. (Excellent for the il- illustrations on grasses) . Corn. 187-204 (especially 187-190) . Wheat. 205-211. Bui. 157, U. S. Farmers’. The propagation of plants. Class Reports Water requirements for crops. Duggar’s Plant physiology, 116-122. Corn pollination. Davis’s Productive plant husbandry, Figs. 7 and 9; 14-16. Corn breeding. Davis, 37-39. Experiment to show amount of water transpired. Duggar’s Plant physiol- ogy, 110. c 15 Illustrative and Laboratory Materials Pressed specimens of all plants considered. Liquid preservatives at bloom stage. Heads of wheat and its classes. Stalks of all types of barley, oats, etc. Few potted plants like tradescantia, coleus, etc. Growing plants of corn, wheat, beans, clover, etc. Different stages of sprouted corn, beans, wheat, pumpkin, clover, and other seeds. A few flowers illustrating perfect, monoecious, and dioecious flowers. Ears of corn selected at kernel forming stage and liquid-preserved. (See Davis’s Productive plant husbandry, 14-16.) Plants with seeds attached to show variations. Field Trips None necessary. NOVEMBER 1— NOVEMBER 22 Subject Matter Classification of corn. W&W 47-51; Liv 41-50. Importance. W&W 51-55; Liv 54-57. Soils and fertilizers. W&W 55-59; Liv 57. Place in the rotation. W&W 93-97 ; Liv 14-28 Diseases and insect enemies. W&W 109-114; Liv 93-98. Uses of corn. W&W 107-109; Liv 50-54. Improvement. W&W 114-119; Liv 82-92. Marketing and shrinkage. W&W 88-93; Montgomery, 491-494. Judging and scoring corn. Review of weeds and weed seeds common to corn fields. Other Literature and References Hunt’s Cereals in America. 43-48; 89-90; 91-92; 95-104. Bowman’s Corn, 11-24; 36-37; 72-95; 216-250; 250-297; 402-419; 443-446. Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 55-60; 67-80; 89-95. Davis’s Productive plant husbandry, 187-204; 37-39. Ohio Experiment Station Publications *Cir. 53. Experiments with corn. Cir. 66. Corn breeding and registration. Bui. 96. The corn worm. *Cir. 117. Varieties of corn in Ohio. *Bul. 140. The corn crop. Bui. 212. Judging corn. Bui. 265. The cob-rot of corn. *Bul. 266. Labor cost of producing corn in Ohio. Bui. 282. Corn experiments. 16 U. S. Farmers’ Bulletins 174. Broom corn. 253. The germination of seed corn. *298. Food value of corn and corn products. 330. Sorghums. 331. Broom corn. 340. Broom corn. 400. A more profitable corn planting method. *409. School lessons in corn. *414. Corn cultivation. 537. How to grow an acre of corn. *614. A corn belt farming system which saves harvest labor by hog- ging down the crop. *617. School lessons on corn. 634. The larger corn stalk-borer. *657. The chinch bug. 733. The corn and cotton wire worm. 739. Cutworms and their control. 768. Dwarf broom corns. 872. The corn ear worm. 948. Ragdoll seed tester. 958. Standard broom corn. 1025. The larger corn stalk-borer. U. S. Departmental Publications Bui. 48. Shrinkage of shelled corn while in cars in transit. Cir. 58. Important apparatus for making acidity determinations of corn. Bui. 102. Acidity as a factor in determining soundness. Bui. 320. Farm practices in cultivating corn. Bui. 515. Corn, yield per acre, and prices, by states for 50 years. Indiana Publications *Bul. 110. Corn improvement. *Cir. 18. Corn shows, selecting, preparing, and scoring exhibits. Illinois Publications Bui. 100. Directions for breeding of corn; prevention of inbreeding. *Bul. 126. Distance between hills of corn. Bui. 128. Ten generations of corn breeding. Bui. 130. Experiments with repellents for corn root aphis. Bui. 133. Ear rot of corn. Cir. 165. Shall we use complete fertilizer on corn. 17 3 F’CH Iowa Publications Cir. 21. Corn stalk and root diseases. *Cir. 23. Common corn insects. Press Bui. 25. Corn testers and testing. Bui. 138. Silver King, a corn for northern Iowa. Ext. Bui. 3, Neb. Germination test for seed corn. Cir. of Inf. 8, Wis. Corn judging. Sp. Bui. 47, Mich. Corn improvement. Bui. 87, Mo. Cooperative variety tests of corn. Bui. 139, Pa. Experiments with corn. Bui. 143, Mo. Variety tests of corn. Bui. 149, Minn. Relation of cultivation to yield and the number of stalks per hill to same. Bui. 190, Md. Tests of varieties of corn. Bui. 93, 99, 119, 198, Kan. Kaffir. Bui. 218, Bu. of Plant Ind. Cross breeding of corn. Bui. 107, Mont. Corn, history, characteristics, and adaptation. Literature and Refernces for Weed Study Pammel’s Weeds of the farm and garden, 135-254. Georgia’s Manual of weeds. Bui. 129, Minn. Series I, Minnesota weeds. Bui. 139, Minn. Series II, Minnesota weeds. *Bul. 260, Mich. Michigan weeds (Seeds). *Bul. 267, Mich. Michigan weeds (Plants). *Bul. 175, Ohio. A second Ohio weed manual. *Bul. 155, Md. Maryland weeds and other harmful plants. Bui. 133, R. I. Weeds, eradication, and control. Bui. 150, S. Dak. Weeds. *Bul. 368, U. S. Farmers’. Eradication of bind weed or wild morning glory. Bui. 610, U. S. Farmers’. Wild onions; their eradication. Bui. 183, Ky. Some Kentucky weeds and poisonous plants. Bui. 988, U. S. Farmers’. Larkspur or “poison weed.” 18 Class Reports Commercial corn products. Bowman’s Corn, 332-344. The way the corn kernel develops. Bowman’s Corn, 55-59. Corn insects: The stalk borer. Sanderson’s Insect pests of farm and garden, 157-170. The ear worm. Sanderson, 172-175. Also Bowman’s Corn, 258-259. Corn ear rots. Stevens and Hall’s Diseases of economic plants, 335- 339. Etc. Shrinkage of corn. Bowman’s Corn, 207-211. Grain inspection at a terminal market. Bowman’s Corn, 281-290. Corn judging. Bowman’s Corn, 406-419; Davis’s Productive plant hus- bandry, 199-203. How to conduct breeding plots. Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 95-100. Desirable shape of kernels. Montgomery, 100-101. Illustrative and Laboratory Materials 10-50 common weed plants mounted. Set of 100 weed seeds for laboratory and identification work. Commercial samples of timothy, clover, alfalfa, etc., for adulteration studies. Types of corn — dent, flint, etc. Exhibit showing proportion of grain to cob. Card exhibit showing poor and properly shaped kernels. Riker mounts of life cycle of insects attacking corn. Photographs of several prize winning 10-ear samples of corn. By-products of corn manufacturing processes. 19 NOVEMBER 22— DECEMBER 13 Subject Matter Sugar cane. W&W 431-436; Liv 229-232. Sugar beets. W&W 426-431 ; Liv 324-329. Potatoes. W&W 399-419; Liv 358-369. Melons, tobacco, tomatoes, cabbage, peas, and other special crops, if grown as field crops in the community, should be briefly considered during this period and given later final consideration during the period April 23-May 14. Some laboratory time may be devoted to finishing weed seed identifica- tion work. Other Literature and References *856, U. S. Farmers’. Control of diseases and insect enemies of home vegetable garden. *879, U. S. Farmers’. Home storage of vegetables. 460, U. S. Farmers’. Frames as a factor in truck growing. Sugar cane Piper’s Forage plants, 247-250. Bui. 118, Fla. Sugar cane and syrup making. Bui. 473, U. S. Dept. Production of sugar in U. S. Bui. 195, Tex. Japanese sugar cane as a forage crop. Sugar beets Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 450-454. Bui. 75, Nev. The sugar beet industry. Bui. 106, S. Dak. The sugar beet. Bui. 117, S. Dak. Growing pedigreed sugar beets. Bui. 127, S. Dak. Sugar beets. Bui. 129, S. Dak. Growing sugar beets. Bui. 142, S. Dak. Sugar beet experiments. Bui. 568, U. S. Farmers’. Sugar beet growing. Bui. 618, U. S. Farmers’. Leaf spot of sugar beets. Bui. 691, U. S. Farmers’. Grasshoppers and their control on beets. *Bul. 721, U. S. Dept. The sugar beet industry in the U. S. 20 Potatoes Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 255-287. Fraser’s Potato, 51-69; 70-90; 99-104; 128-146. Ohio Publications *Bul. 218. Status of potato growing. *Bul. 229. Fusarium blight and dry rot. *Bul. 317. Pink and green aphids. *Bul. 319. Ohio potato diseases. U. S. Farmers’ Bulletins 295. Potatoes and other root crops as food. *365. Farm management in northern potato sections. *407. Potatoes as a truck crop. 410. Culls as a source of industrial alcohol. 533. Good seed potatoes and how to produce them. *753. Commercial handling, grading, and marketing of potatoes. *847. Potato storage and storage houses. 970. Sweet potato storage. *999. Sweet potato growing. *1064. Production of late potatoes. Bui. 62, Wash. Potato growing in Washington. Bui. 90, N. Dak. Potato culture. Bui. 140, W. Va. Potato culture. *Bul. 155, Iowa. Potato insects. Bui. 216, Colo. Studies on the health of potatoes. Bui. 294, N. J. Farm profits on 370 potato farms. Bui. 422, N. Y. (Geneva). Degenerate potato strains, (Good illustra- tions) . Bui. 79, Idaho. Potato culture. Bui. 256, Wis. Marketing Wisconsin potatoes. Cir. 71, Ind. Potato diseases. Sp. Bui. 85, Mich. Potato diseases. *Bul. 171, Iowa. Bordeau for tip burn and early blight. Bui. 695, U. S. Dept. Potatoes, acreage, production, etc. Bui. 427, U. S. Dept. Potato tuber. Bui. 140, Penn. Potato diseases. *Bul. 280, Wis. Growing potatoes in Wisconsin. Bui. 165, W. Va. Potato and tomato diseases. Bui. 784, U. S. Dept. Lessons on potatoes for elementary rural schools. 21 Potato references or reports History of the potato. Fraser’s Potato, 1-7. Potato soils. Fraser, 17-25. Storage of potatoes. Fraser, 147-152. A good outline for describing potatoes. Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 285. Fertilizer for potatoes. Montgomery, 267-270; Fraser, 30-50. Hill selection of potatoes. Bui. 94, Potato investigations, Wash- ington Exp. Sta.; see figs. 23 and 24, Davis’s Productive plant husbandry. The Colorado potato beetle. Sanderson’s Insect pests of farm and garden, 291-296. Late blight, scab, stem rot, early blight, little potato, fusanose wilt, bacillose wilt, black leg, etc. Stevens and Hall’s Diseases of economic plants, 263-285. Melons Lloyd’s Vegetable gardening, 216-235. Bui. 135, Ind. Growing better gems. Bui. 124, 111. Marketing the muskmelons. Cir. 139, 111. How to grow muskmelons. Bui. 123, Ind. Commercial melon growing. Bui. 174, 111. An efficient and practical method of controlling melon lice. Bui. 707, U. S. Farmers’. Grading, packing, and shipping cantaloupes. Tobacco Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 458-481. *Cir. 156, Ohio. How to disinfect tobacco plant beds from root rot fungus. Bui. 150, Minn. Tobacco growing. Bui. 166, Conn. Management of tobacco seed beds. Bui. 180, Conn. Studies on the tobacco crop. Bui. 205, 206, Va. Polytec. Tobacco. Bui. 523, U. S. Farmers’. Tobacco curing. *Bul. 571, U. S. Farmers’. Tobacco culture. Bui. 595, U. S. Farmers’. Arsenate of lead as an insecticide against hornworms. Bui. 152, W. Va. White Burley tobacco. *Bul. 996, U. S. Farmers’. Steam sterilization of tobacco seed beds. Tomatoes Lloyd’s Vegetable gardening, 244-251. Bui. 144, 111. Growing tomatoes for the early market. *Bul. 321, Ohio. Tomato diseases in Ohio. Bui. 142, W. Va. Fertilizer experiments with tomatoes. Bui. 153, S. Car. Varieties and diseases of tomatoes. *Bul. 163, Ohio. Forcing tomatoes. 22 Cabbage Lloyd’s Vegetable gardening, 117-120; 124-128. Cir. 226, 111. Control of cabbage worms. *Bul. 228, Ohio. Two recent important cabbage diseases. Bui. 119, Pa. Strain tests of cabbage. *Bul. 252, Ohio. Early cabbage. Bui. 300, N. Y. (Cornell). The cabbage aphis. *Bul. 190, Conn. Insects attacking cabbage. Bui. 433, U. S. Farmers’. Cabbage. *Bul. 488, U. S. Farmers’. Diseases of cabbage. Res. Bui. 38, Wis. Control of cabbage yellows through disease re- sistance. :!: Bul. 925, U. S. Farmers’. Cabbage diseases. Onions Lloyd’s Vegetable gardening, 162-181. Cir. 173, 111. Onion culture. Sp. Bui. 67, Mich. Onion culture on muck lands. *Cir. 57, Ind. Commercial onion growing. Bui. 195, Md. Onions. Class Reports Naturally these must be varied to meet the particular needs of the com- munity, and by a liberal use of the literature here cited and by supple- menting this with reports from Green’s Vegetable Gardening and from Lloyd’s Productive Vegetable Gardening, very satisfactory work can be accomplished. Laboratory and Illustrative Materials Liquid preservatives of all diseases, such as scab, dry rot, etc., of potatoes ; and similarly of any other crop that has special importance in the com- munity. Potatoes for scoring. Life cycle of insects in riker mounts, etc. Sugar cane stalks and seed. Samples of sugar at various stages of manufacture. Insecticides and fungicides. Lantern slides. Varieties of potatoes common to community. (No attempt will be made to list illustrative materials for each crop, as these special problems in each case can best be solved by the instructor on the job) . Field Trips No field trips necessary, unless it is possible to visit potato storage cellars, sugar beet factory, or local canning plant. 23 DECEMBER 13— DECEMBER 20 Subject Matter Review — Not only does this period afford an excellent time for a review of the work covered to this time, but it gives additional flexibility to the outline, thus permitting the instructor to lengthen slightly the time on some topics. DECEMBER 20— JANUARY 1 Christmas vacation. JANUARY 1— JANUARY 22 Subject Matter Grasses. W&W 287-290. Meadows. W&W 260-270; Voorhees 312-323 ) T • o 7n oo n Pastures. W&W 281-286; Voorhees 323-328 J Timothy. W&W 291-296; Liv 194-201. Bluegrass. W&W 296-301 ; Liv 201-206. Redtop. W&W 301-303; Liv 206-209. Rye grass, orchard grass, Bermuda grass, Johnson grass, fescues, Sudan grass, brome grass, rape, etc. W&W 303-314; 396-398; Liv 210-220; 333-336. Weed and grass seed identification. (Laboratory work). Hay and hay-making. W&W 271-280. Other Literature and References Seeds and seeding. Piper’s Forage plants, 67-91. Mixtures for meadows. Voorhees, 197-199; Piper, 92-97. Grass mixtures. Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 317-337. Characteristics of grasses. Montgomery, 309-315. Fertilizer of pastures. Montgomery, 338-342; Piper, 97-102. Temporary pasture crops. Piper, 109-112. *Bul. 225, Ohio. The farm grasses of Ohio. Bui. 87, Wvo. Wyoming forage plants. *Bul. 148, Neb. Handbook of Nebraska grasses. Bui. 172, Miss. Forage crops. Cir. 15, Utah. Pasture and pasture grasses. Cir. 39, Iowa. Hay and pasture seedings. Cir. 43, N. J. Meadows and pastures. Cir. 68, Mo. Seeding of meadows and pastures. Cir. 35, Ind. Supplementary pasture crops. Bui. 509, U. S. Farmers’. Forage crops for the South. 24 Fig. 3 — The successful teaching of Farm Crops requires an abun- dance and a variety of visualized helps. (Grove City High School, H. W. Nisonger, Teacher.) Bui. 353, U. S. Dept. Moisture content and shrinkage of forage. *Bul. 508, U. S. Farmers’. Market hay. Bui. 362, U. S. Farmers’. Conditions affecting the value of market hay. *Bul. 977, U. S. Farmers’. Hay caps. Bui. 956, U. S. Farmers’. Curing hay on trucks. *Bul. 987, U. S. Farmers’. Labor saving devices in hay making. *Bul. 1049, U. S. Farmers’. Baling hay. Cir. 67, U. S. Office of Farm Mgmt. Measuring hay in ricks or stacks. Bui. 677, U. S. Farmers’. Growing hay in the South. Timothy Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 343-350. Piper’s Forage plants, 122-153. Bui. 381, N. Y. (Cornell). Leaf smut of timothy. *Bul. 990, U. S. Farmers’. Timothy. Bui. 313, N. Y. (Cornell). New and improved varieties of timothy. Res. Bui. 19 and 20, N. Y. (Cornell). Studies on the timothy plant, I and II. Bluegrass Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 353-356. Piper’s Forage plants, 154-167. *Bul. 402, U. S. Farmers’. Canadian bluegrass. Bui. 204, Va. Polytec. Management of bluegrass pastures. Bui. 222, Ohio. Mineral nutrients in bluegrass. Bui. 198, Ky. Curing of bluegrass seed. Redtop Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 349-350. Piper’s Forage plants, 170-175. Cir. 43, U. S. Dept. Redtop. Bermuda, brome, Johnson, etc. Voorhees’s Forage crops, 328-343. Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 364-366; 360-364-367. Piper’s Forage plants. Orchard grass, 176-189. Brome grass, 195-203. Meadow fescue, 204-211. Bermuda grass, 237-247. Bui. 90, Okla. A study of Bermuda grass. 26 Bui. 141, Kan. Brome grass; Kentucky and English bluegrass; adulterants and substitutes. Bui. 361, U. S. Farmers’. Meadow fescue. Bui. 172, Tex. Sudan grass. *Bul. 605, U. S. Farmers’. Sudan grass as a forage crop. Bui. 406, U. S. Dept. Distinguishing character of Sudan and Johnson grass seeds. Bui. 194, Md. Sudan grass. Bui. 945, U. S. Farmers’. Eradication of Bermuda grass. Bui. 814, U. S. Farmers’. Bermuda grass. Cir. 44, U. S. Dept. Italian rye grass. Rape Voorhees’s Forage crops, 292-301. Class Reports The importance of the laboratory work, i. e., comparison, separation, and identification of various grasses and weeds commonly found in them, and the shortness of time allotted to the consideration of these crops, will make it necessary that the class reports be reduced to a minimum and confined to either farm paper topics or subjects suggested by the bulle- tins listed. Laboratory and Illustrative Materials Plant, head, and seed samples of each forage plant studied. Mixtures of grasses for pastures, behind glass. Commercial samples of bluegrass, timothy, Sudan grass, etc., for analysis work. Glass mounts showing common weeds and adulterants for each important forage crop. Chart showing seed distribution per square foot at different rates of seeding. Weed plants common to meadows and pastures. Laboratory samples of weeds common to these crops. Photographs. Field Trips During some trip in the spring the weeds in meadows and permanent pas- tures, general condition, mixtures, fertilizer effects, etc., can be observed. At this time of year a field trip would not be advisable except with the most favorable weather and ground conditions. 27 JANUARY 22— FEBRUARY 12 (May be shortened in northern sections to give more time to oats and barley. In sections where tobacco, tomatoes, cabbage, and other similar crops are grown that require hotbeds and cold- frames, this period should be shortened to January 22-February 5 and the remaining time, February 5-February 12, spent on considering construction and use of hotbeds and coldframes, preparatory to more complete work in period April 23-May 14.) Subject Matter Sorghums, kaffir, broom corn, buckwheat, millets, rice and fiber crops (cotton, hemp, flax, jute, etc.). W&W 303-314; Liv 210-220. Individual ear testing of corn. Shelling and grading corn. Other Literature and References Montgomery’s Productive farm crops. Piper’s Forage plants, 285-298. Sp. Bui. 2, Mich. Millet. Cir. 81, Ohio. Millet. Bui. 135, S. Dak. Millet and sorghum for grain and hay. Bui. 242. Colo. Millet smuts and their control. Cir. 49, Iowa. Broom corn production. Bui. 958, U. S. Farmers’. Standard broom corn production. Bui. 972, U. S. Farmers’. How to use sorghum grain. Bui. 477, U. S. Farmers’. Sorghum syrup manufacture. Bui. 102, Okla. The grain sorghums. Cir. 1, N. Dak. Flax cropping. Bui. 322, U. S. Dept. Utilization of American flax straw in the paper and fiber-board industry. Bui. 669, U. S. Farmers’. Fiber flax. Bui. 552, U. S. Farmers’. Kaffir as a grain crop. Bui. 417, U. S. Farmers’. Rice culture. Bui. 688, U. S. Farmers’. Culture of rice in California. Bui. 570, U. S. Dept. By-products of rice milling. Bui. 293, Wis. Wisconsin hemp industry. Bui. 802, U. S. Farmers’. Classification of American upland cotton. Other literature listed under corn. Class Reports Should be selected from bulletins listed, though this subject matter is not of sufficient importance to permit of much more than one week of class time. Illustrative and Laboratory Materials Heads of plants of the more important sorghums, kaffirs, millets, etc. Field Trips None necessary. 28 Fig. 4— Neat, durable, and of local importance. (Grove City High School, H. W. Nisonger, Teacher. FEBRUARY 5— FEBRUARY 12 Subject Matter Hotbeds and coldframes. Other Literature and References Lloyd’s Vegetable growing, 58-64; 66-69. Davis’s Horticulture, 81-88. Bui. 460, U. S. Farmers’. Frames as a factor in truck growing. *Bul. 163, Ohio. Forcing tomatoes. *Bul. 996, U. S. Farmers’. Steam sterilization of tobacco seed beds. Cir. 13, W. Va. Use of hotbeds and coldframes on the farm. Cir. 77, Ind. Hotbeds for home gardens. FEBRUARY 12— MARCH 12 Subject Matter Planting the orchard: location, slope, soil, drainage, planting, and selec- tion of varieties of apples for Ohio. Sears’s Productive orcharding, 8-15; 24-33; 38-63. Bailey’s Principles of fruit growing, 38-84; 164-226. *Bul. 262, Mich. Suggestions on planting orchards. *Bul. 217, Ohio. Apple culture in Ohio. Cir. 17, Ind. The farmer’s orchard. (1-29). Cir. 30, Ind. Commercial apple growing. Bui. 290, Ohio. Varieties of apples for Ohio. *Bul. 269, Pa. Managing the orchard. Orchard management 1. Diseases and insects and their control. Sears’s Productive orcharding, 142-157; 163-171. *Cir. 70, Ind. Apple diseases in Indiana. *Bul. 662, U. S. Farmers’. The apple tree tent caterpillar. Bui. 98, 111. The curculio and the apple. Bui. Ill, Iowa. The apple leaf hopper. Bui. 71, Conn. Some apple insects of Connecticut. Bui. 160, Ohio. The codling moth. Bui. 333, Ohio. Apple blotch. Bui. 938, U. S. Farmers’. Apple bitter rot and its control. 30 2. Pruning, renovating, grafting, etc. Sears’s Productive orcharding, 119-141; 212-228. Bailey’s Principles of fruit growing, 230-241. *Cir. 17, Ind. The farmer’s orchard. *Cir. 30, Ind. Commercial apple growing. Cir. 9, Utah. Pruning the apple orchard. Bui. 180, Ohio. Renewal of old orchards. Bui. 224, Ohio. The rejuvenation of old orchards. S. E. Bui. 240, Ohio. The rejuvenation of old orchards. 3. Sprays, spraying, and spray machinery. Sears’s Productive orcharding, 175-210. O’Kane’s Injurious insects, 63-88; 92-104. *Cir. 21, Ind. Spraying the orchard. *Cir. 30, Ind. Commercial apple growing. Cir. 149, Ohio. Spraying program for orchards. Bui. 127, Iowa. Spraying practices for orchard and garden. Bui. 135, 111. Bordeaux mixture. *Bul. 908, U. S. Farmers’. Insecticides, spraying apparatus, and important insect pests. 4. Cultivation, fertilizing, and use of cover crops. Sears’s Productive orcharding, 77-118. *Bul. 141, Pa. Cultural methods in bearing orchards. Bui. 153, Pa. The fertilization of apple orchards. 5. Picking, grading, storing, and marketing. (This portion of the horticultural work might well be moved forward immediately to follow the period on harvesting corn, October 10, or the period on botanical consideration of plants, November 1, to suit the locality. This change is recom- mended the second time Farm Crops and Horticulture is offered.) Sears’s Productive orcharding, 229-297. Bailey’s Principles of fruit growing, 370-422. *Bul. 144, Md. Apple culture. (242-254) *Ext. Cir. 74, Pa. Home storage houses for fruit. Cir. 30, Ind. Commercial apple growing. *Bul. 1080, U. S. Farmers’. Preparation of barreled apples for market. 31 Class Reports Orchard heating. Bui. 154, Ind. The thinning of fruit. Bui. 162, W. Va., Five years’ investigation in apple thinning; Bailey’s Principles of fruit growing, 241-250. Frost, predictions and prevention. Bailey, 251-273. Special reports on important diseases or insects. Nursery inspection law. Protection from mice, rabbits, etc. Use of windbreaks. Illustrative and Laboratory Materials Labeled mounts showing results of good and bad pruning practice. Branches showing fruit and leaf buds. Specimens showing common diseases. Life-cycle mounts of insects. Commercial samples of spray materials. Photographs of spray pumps. Types of spray nozzles. Apples showing various diseases. (Liquid preserved.) Pruning tools, good and bad. Field Trips 10 — Observation of location, site, drainage, method of planting, distance between trees, cultivation or care of ground, cover crops, etc. 11 — Following second lesson on pruning a. To study and recognize diseases and insects. b. To examine and criticize previous pruning. c. To receive definite instructions on how to prune. 12 — Pruning by class, instructor requiring reasons for all limbs removed and directions of cuts, etc. 13 — Assigning three or four boys to a tree, complete satisfactory work on entire tree, including painting, piling brush, etc. 14 — One or two trips in fall for picking, grading, and storing of fruit will be necessary if period is advanced to November 1 or earlier. 32 MARCH 12— MARCH 26 Subject Matter Oats: importance, seeding, harvesting, etc. W&W 168-195; Liv 150-163. Barley: importance, seeding, etc. W&W 201-216; Liv 168-176. (Southern sections may devote more time to tobacco, sterilizing seed bed, preparing cold frames, etc., or to other local crop.) Other Literature and References Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 141-188. Hunt’s Cereals in America, 280-344. Bui. 128, Iowa. Some data for oat growers. Bui. 424, U. S. Farmers’. Oats: Growing the crop. Bui. 420, U. S. Farmers’. Oats: Distribution and use. *Bul. 257, Ohio. Oats. Bui. 175, Iowa. Improving the oat crop. Bui. 200, Md. Winter oats, barley, etc. Bui 148, Minn. Barley investigations. *Bul. 968, U. S. Farmers’. Barley: Cultivation and utilization. *Bul. 755, U. S. Dept. Geographical phases of farm prices: Oats. Class Reports Laboratory and Illustrative Materials Diseases of oats and barley, riker mounts. Oat types, from botanical classification work. Types of barley from botanical work. Glass mount showing variation in percent of hulls. Field Trips 15. As a review, one trip to treat oats for smut and to observe seed bed preparations may be made. MARCH 26— APRIL 16 Subject Matter Legumes. W&W 327-332; Liv 239-252. Clovers. W&W 333-350; Liv 253-277. Review of weeds common to clover seed. Alfalfa. W&W 351-366; Liv 278-293. Review of common adulterants found in alfalfa seed. Soybeans, cowpeas, vetch, field beans and peas. W&W 367-388; Liv 294-322. 33 Other Literature and References Legumes Montgomery’s Productive farm crops, 375-383. Clover Montgomery, 398-419. Voorhees, 231-252. Piper, 361-434. Ohio Publications *Cir. 111. Management of clover in corn belt rotations. Bui. 297. Clover leaf tyer. Cir. 129. Sweet clover. *Bul. 244. Sweet clover. U. S. Farmers’ Publications *455. Red clover. 676. Hard clover seed. 971. Control of clover-flower midge. 485. Sweet clover. 550. Crimson clover. 579. Crimson clover; utilization. 646. Crimson clover; seed production. 441. Japan clover. 693. Bur clover. 730. Button clover. 820. Sweet clover; utilization. 836. Sweet clover; harvesting and threshing for seed. 797. Sweet clover ; growing the crop. Alfalfa Montgomery, 384-396. Voorhees, 209-230. Piper, 305-360 (omit 337-340). Ohio Publications *Cir. 91. Alfalfa culture. Cir. 113. Alfalfa in Ohio. Bui. 247. Nitrogen and mineral constituents in the alfalfa plant. U. S. Farmers’ Bulletins 339. Alfalfa. 495. Alfalfa seed production. 636. The chalcis-fly in alfalfa seed. 757. Commercial varieties of alfalfa. 982. Control of green clover worm in alfalfa fields. *1021. Alfalfa on corn belt farms. 34 Other Publications Bui. 191, Colo. Alfalfa seed production. *Bul. 259, Wis. Alfalfa growing. Bui. 167, S. Dak. Transplanting alfalfa. *Bul. 271, Mich. Alfalfa growing. Ext. Cir. 46, Pa. Alfalfa. *Cir. 27, Ind. Suggestions for beginners in alfalfa. Cir. 35, Mont. The alfalfa weevil. Bui. 109, Okla. Alfalfa web worm. Bui. 155, Kan. Alfalfa. *Vol. XXXV, No. 138, Rpt. Kan. State Board of Agr., Alfalfa in Kansas. Soybeans, cowpeas, vetch, peas, and beans. Montgomery, 420-438. Voorhees, 253-273. Piper, 456-486; 491-538. *Bul. 312, Ohio. Soybeans; their culture and use. Cir. 34, N. Car. Soybean products and their use. Bui. 201, Md. Soybeans. Ext. Cir. 59, Pa. Soybeans. *Cir. 132, Ohio. Cooperative tests with soybeans. *Bul. 973, U. S. Farmers’. Soybean its culture and use. Bui. 289, Wis. Soybeans a crop worth growing. Bui. 179, Conn. Soybeans. Bui. 99, Del. Soybean oil. *Bul. 886, U. S. Farmers’. Harvesting soybeans. *Bul. 237, Ohio. Soybeans and cowpeas. Bui. 160, Kan. Cowpeas. Cir. 18, W. Va. Field beans. Bui. 690, U. S. Farmers’. Field peas as a forage crop. Bui. 224, U. S. Farmers’. Canadian field peas. Cir. 62, Mont. Sweet clover. Bui. 962, U S. Farmers’. Velvet beans. Bui. 967, U. S. Farmers’. Purple vetch. Bui. 969, U. S. Farmers’. Horse beans. Cir. 27, Mich. Hairy vetch. Bui. 515, U. S. Farmers’. Vetch. Class Reports One or more reports on trials in local community on growing clover, alfalfa, soybeans, etc. 35 Laboratory and Illustrative Materials Roots of clover, alfalfa, soybeans, cowpeas, and other legumes, showing nodules preserved in formalin or alcohol. Pressed full-size plants of each variety common to locality. Commercial samples of clover and alfalfa seed for laboratory work. Commercial inoculating cultures. Field Trips 16 — (1) Observe winter killing of clover. (2) Count number of plants in given area in two or more clover fields. (3) Count and identify weed plants in same area. 17 — Similar exercise in alfalfa field. If in sour sections, add litmus test or other test for acidity. APRIL 16— APRIL 23 Subject Matter Preparation of the corn seed bed. W&W 59-67 ; Liv 59-68. Planting and cultivating. W&W 67-77; Liv 71-76. Testing out planter plates for uniform drop. Other Literature and References Bowman’s Corn, 139-191; especially 153-159; 159-167; 178-191. Montgomery’s Productive farm crops. Bui. 400, U. S. Farmers’. A more profitable corn planting method. *Bul. 414, U. S. Farmers’. Corn cultivation. *Bul. 126, 111. Distance between hills for planting corn. Illustrative and Laboratory Materials Charts made by students for class reports. Styles of planter plates. Photographs of machinery to be used. Class Reports Influence of early and late planting on yield. Bowman’s Corn, 162. Relation of number of stalks per hill to yield. Bowman’s Corn, 165-167. Yield of corn from plantings at different depths. Bowman, 163. Effect of thickness of planting on amount of suckers and percent of nub- bins. Bowman, 169. Field Trips 18 — To one boy’s home where field is ready to plant to observe condition of seed bed and test out planter for uniform drop. 36 APRIL 23— MAY 14 Subject Matter (The classroom work for this period will vary greatly with differ- ent sections of the state and local communities. The subject matter is accordingly divided into several heads, so that some one, or a combination, may be selected which best fits local needs.) A. Foliage spray for apples. B. Peaches, pears, plums, and cherries. C. Transplanting, care, and cultivation of special field crops such as tomatoes, cabbage, tobacco, melons, onions, etc. D. Home vegetable garden. E. Seeding, blocking, and care of sugar beets. F. Small fruits and bush fruits. Other Literature and References References to text books and bulletins have already been listed for part of the above. B. Peaches, pears, plums, and cherries. Davis’s Horticulture, 189-192; 203-232. Bui. 207, Md. Plum growing in Maryland. Bui. 212, Ind. Plums and cherries. Bui. 440, U. S. Farmers’. Spraying peaches for control of brown- rot, scab, and curculio. Bui. 226, N. J. Peach yellows and little peach. Bui. 236, N. J. Spraying experiments with peaches. Bui. 213, N. J. The second season with the peach orchard. Bui. 114, Iowa. Plum varieties. *Bul. 159, Md. Peach culture. Bui. 219, N. J. The first season with the peach orchard. *Bul. 632, U. S. Farmers’. Growing peaches: pruning, thinning, etc. *Bul. 157, Ohio. Winter-killing of peach trees. *Bul. 917, U. S. Farmers’. Growing peaches: sites, propagation, tillage. *Bul. 918, U. S. Farmers’. Growing peaches: varieties. Bui. 482, U. S. Farmers’. The pear and how to grow it. 37 D. Home vegetable garden. Davis’s Horticulture, 61-78; 89-130; 146-156. Lloyd’s Vegetable gardening, 1-24; 26-28; 35-38; 43-47; 48-57; 70- 124; 144-160; 193-311. *Bul. 937, U. S.. Farmers’. The farm garden in the north. *Bul. 856, U. S. Farmers’. Control of diseases and insect enemies of the home vegetable garden. *Bul. 879, U. S. Farmers’. Home storage of vegetables. Cir. 17, N. Dak. The farm vegetable garden. Ext. Bui. 4, Mich. The home vegetable garden. Cir. 80, Ind. Home gardens. Bui. 233, Mich. Insects of the garden. Cir. 154, 111. Home vegetable garden. Bui. 837, U. S. Farmers’. Asparagus beetles and their control. Bui. 983, U. S. Farmers’. Bean and pea weevils. Bui. 116, Fla. Lettuce drop. Sp. Bui. 60, Mich. Celery culture. Bui. 829, U. S. Farmers’. Asparagus. F. Small fruits and bush fruits. Lloyd’s Vegetable gardening. Davis’s Horticulture. *Bul. 1001, U. S. Farmers’. Growing fruits for home use. 901, U. S. Farmers’. Everbearing strawberries. 236, Ohio. Strawberry notes. 324, N. J. The strawberry weevil. 248, Wis. Strawberry culture. *Bul. Bui. Bui. Bui. *Bul. 979, U. S. Farmers’ *Bul. 1027, U. S. Farmers’ *Bul. 1028, U. S. Farmers’ *Bul. 1043, U. S. Farmers’ States. 887, U. S. Farmers’ 643, U. S. Farmers’ *Bul. Bui. Bui. Preparation of strawberries for market. Strawberry culture (Western U. S.) Strawberry culture (Eastern U. S.) Strawberry varieties in the United Raspberry culture. Blackberry culture. Marketing berries and cherries by parcel Grape propagation, pruning, and train- The spur and long cone systems 688, U. S. Dept, post. Bui. 471, U. S. Farmers’, ing. Bui. 160, Iowa. Grape pruning: compared. Bui. 207, Ind. Gooseberries and currants. Bui. 804, U. S. Farmers’. Aphids injurious to currant, gooseberry, and grape. Bui. 1024, U. S. Dept. Currants and gooseberries. 38 MAY 14— MAY 21 Subject Matter Review — Not only does this period afford an excellent time for a review of the work covered to this time, but it gives additional flexibility to the outline, thus permitting the instructor to lenghen slightly the time on some topics. A special consideration of projects is fitting at this time. 39 Fig. 5 — A ventilated, mouse-proof case for laboratory materials. (Edison High School, L. N. Geiger, Teacher) SUGGESTIONS ON PREPARING LABORATORY AND ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL Recommended solutions for preserving illustrative materials in liquids are as follows: 1 — One-half ounce of formaldehyde to one gallon of water. 2 — One ounce of zinc chloride to one gallon of water. A slight trace of copper sulphate may be added to the above solution, especially if green leaves and other vegetable matter are being preserved. 3 — Copper sulphate, two ounces, in one gallon of water. 4 — For potatoes, sweet corn, etc., two ounces of bisulphide of soda in one gallon of water. 5 — A solution that is especially recommended for preserving fruits and similar material is as follows: 50 cc. of formaldehyde, 700 cc. of 95% alcohol, and 250 cc. of water. For mounting specimens, such as diseased leaves and grains the following substitute for riker mounts is highly recommended. Procure mounting frames, size 5x7, from the A. I. Root Company, Medina, Ohio. Procure used photo- graphic plates or old negatives, size 5x7. Absorbent cotton, white thin card- board, and black adhesive tape constitute the remaining material needed. The frame is then cornered, the pasteboard cut 5x7 flush with the outside of the frame and attached lightly to one face. A bed of cotton is then laid on the frame flush with the other face. The pressed specimen is then laid on the cot- ton surface, a cleaned photographic plate next, and then adhesive tape is used to bind the glass, wooden frame, and pasteboard background into a satisfactory mount — neat, light, and serviceable, at an expense of not more than three or four cents each if the used photographic plates are available free of charge. For mounting pressed weeds, a background of cardboard, upon which the pressed weed is fastened, may be used, and a front consisting of a border of pasteboard with a center of celluloid, the front and back to be bound with adhesive tape, clamped, or tied, as suits the choice of the maker. However, the common herbarium form will serve for most purposes. To preserve grains in the head and grasses for later use, cut them in the desired stage of growth, dry in a shaded, well-ventilated place, and arrange in neat bundles with the stalks either naked or complete, depending upon the use to be made of the material. Ribbons tied over the binding cords add to the at- tractiveness. Clippings from newspapers, photographic prints from farm papers, and similar material may be made serviceable by pasting to light cardboard and filing for use. Such an arrangement is inexpensive and renders the subject matter or picture more usable. 41 LIST OF BOOKS FOR REFERENCE Bailey’s The principles of fruit growing. The Macmillan Company. Bowman’s Corn. Waterloo Publishing Company, Waterloo, Iowa. Carleton’s The small grains. The Macmillan Company. Davis’s Horticulture. J. B. Lippincott Company. Davis’s Productive plant husbandry. J. B. Lippincott Company. Duggar’s Plant physiology. The Macmillan Company. Fraser, The potato. Orange Judd Company. Georgia’s Manual of weeds. The Macmillan Company. Goff, Moore, and Jones’ Principles of plant culture. The Macmillan Company. Green’s Vegetable gardening. Webb Publishing Company. Harris and Stewart’s Principles of agronomy. The Macmillan Company. Hunt, The cereals in America. Orange Judd Company. Lloyd’s Productive vegetable gardening. J. B. Lippincott Company. Montgomery’s Productive farm crops. J. B. Lippincott Company. O’Kane’s Injurious insects. The Macmillan Company. Pammel’s Weeds of farm and garden. Orange Judd Company. Piper’s Forage plants. The Macmillan Company. Sanderson’s Insect pests of farm and garden. John Wiley and Sons. Sears’s Productive orcharding. J. B. Lippincott Company. Shaw’s Weeds. Webb Publishing Company. Shutts and Weir’s Agricultural Arithmetic. Webb Publishing Company. Stevens and Hall’s Diseases of economic plants. The Macmillan Company. Voorhees’s Forage crops. The Macmillan Company. 42 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS Alabama (College), Auburn. Alabama (Canebrake), Uniontown. Alabama (Tuskegee), Tuskegee Institute. Arizona, Tucson. Arkansas, Fayetteville. California, Berkeley. Colorado, Fort Collins. Connecticut (State), New Haven. Connecticut (Storrs), Storrs. Delaware, Newark. Florida, Ganesville Georgia, Experiment. Idaho, Moscow. Illinois, Urbana. Indiana, LaFayette. Iowa, Ames. Kansas, Manhattan. Kentucky, Lexington. Louisiana (State), Baton Rouge. Maine, Orono. Maryland, College Park. Massachusetts, Amherst. Michigan, East Lansing. Minnesota, University Farm, St. Paul. Mississippi, Agricultural College. Missouri (College), Columbia. Missouri (Fruit), Mountain Grove. Montana, Bozeman. Nebraska, Lincoln. Nevada, Reno. New Hampshire, Durham. New Jersey (College), New Brunswick. New Jersey (State), New Brunswick. New Mexico, State College. New York, Geneva (State). New York (Cornell), Ithaca. North Carolina, Raleigh and West Raleigh. North Dakota, Agricultural College. Ohio, Wooster. Oklahoma, Stillwater. Oregon, Corvallis. Pennsylvania, State College. Pennsylvania (Institute of Animal Nutrition), State College. Rhode Island, Kingston. South Carolina, Clemson College. South Dakota, Brookings. Tennessee, Knoxville. 43 Texas, College Station. Utah, Logan. Vermont, Burlington. Virginia (College), Blacksburg. Virginia (Truck), Norfolk. Washington, Pullman. West Virginia, Morgantown. Wisconsin, Madison. Wyoming, Laramie. WAR 24 1932 UmVEfiSJTV OF 44 ADDITIONAL MEMORANDA BY TEACHER