tntrod/ietion by m'DWAKD F. MeSWEENEY, LL. D ■ f THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY / 296 Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. A charge is made on all overdue books. .. , University of Illinois Library =r= ; ‘ ‘ I 'W f * 1 .. 16 134 J MUY mi I 1 H ! Hj/ { ...» | j MAR 22 IS5C fynu i o !oqe ipUU * - 1 - 0 ii'fly o <7 /,. % f/lfc o j.. • y ( t « r b ivi j m \&m MAY 2 7 27214 » 4 THE JEWS IN THE MAKING ^/AMERICA by GEORGE COHEN 1924 THE STRATFORD CO., Publishers Boston, Massachusetts Copyright, 1924 By THE KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS Printed in the United States of America r( Cf D ' {M c I®! 5 C 16 i TO Miss Nettie Zimmerman THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED o V5 >V 0 < 5 * S3 S: «u 591103 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I wish to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the late Mr. A. S. Freidus of the Jewish Depart¬ ment of the New York Public Library and the valu¬ able suggestions for revision offered by Mr. Albert M. Friedenberg, Secretary of the American Jewish Historical Society. I wish also to express my deep thanks to Mr. Louis M. Hacker for his kind interest in the work and to my sisters Miss Frances and Miss Jennie for the typing of the manuscript. George Cohen. Brooklyn, N. Y., April, 1924. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I The Jews and the Discovery of America.33 II The Jew and American Ideals . . 46 III The Jews and the Economic Founda¬ tions of America .... 60 IV The Jews and the Revolutionary War 73 V The Jews and the Civil War . . 84 VI The Jews and the World War . . 106 VII The American Economic Life . .120 VIII In the American Theatre . . . 144 IX In American Literature . . .163 X In American Music and Art . .182 XI In Science and the Professions . . 196 XII In Public and Religious Life . .210 XIII The Psychology of the Jew . . . 237 Summary and Conclusion . . .253 THE RACIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE UNITED STATES By Edw. F. McSweeney, LL. D. In a general way, the Racial Contribution Series in the Knights of Columbus historical program is intended as a much needed and important contribution to national solidarity. The various studies are treated by able writ¬ ers, citizens of the United States, each being in full sympathy with the achievements in this country of the racial group of whom he treats. The standard of the writers is the only one that will justify historical writing; — the truth. No censorship has been exercised. No subject now actively before the people of the United States has been more written on, and less understood, than alien immigration. Until 1819, there were no official sta¬ tistics of immigration of any sort ; the so-called census of 1790 was simply a report of the several states of their male white population under and over 16 years of age, all white females, slaves, and others. Statements as to the country of origin of the inhabitants of this country were, in the main, guesswork, with the result that, while the great bulk of such estimates was honestly and patriotically done, some of the most quoted during the present day were inspired, obviously to prove a predetermined case, rather than to recite the ascertained fact. 1 2 Racial Contributions to the United States From the beginning the dominant groups in control in the United States have regarded each group of newer arrivals as more or less the “enemy” to be feared, and, if possible, controlled. A study of various cross-sections of the country will show dominant alien groups who for¬ merly had to fight for their very existence. With increased numerical strength and prosperity they frequently at¬ tempted to do to the later aliens, frequently even of their own group, what had formerly been done to them: — decry and stifle their achievements, and deny them oppor¬ tunity, — the one thing that may justly be demanded in a Democracy, — by putting them in a position of inferiority. To attempt, in this country, to set up a “caste” control, based on the accident of birth, wealth, or privilege, is a travesty of Democracy. When Washington and his com¬ patriots, a group comprising the most efficiently prepared men in the history of the world, who had set themselves definitely to form a democratic civilization, dreamed of and even planned by Plato, but held back by slavery and paganism, they found their sure foundations in the precepts of Christianity, and gave them expression in the Declara¬ tion of Independence. The liberty they sought, based on obedience to the law of God as well as of man, was actu¬ ally established, but from the beginning it has met a constant effort to substitute some form of absolutism tend¬ ing to break down or replace democratic institutions. What may be called, for want of a better term, the colonial spirit, which is the essence of hyphenism, has persisted in this country to hamper national progress and national unity. Wherever this colonial spirit shows itself it is a menace to be fought, whether the secret or acknowl¬ edged attachment binds to England, Ireland, France, Germany, Italy, Greece or any other nation. Racial Contributions to the United States 3 Jefferson pointed out that we have on this soil evolved a new race of men who may inexactly be called “Amer¬ icans”. This term, as a monopoly of the United States, is properly objected to by our neighbors, North and South — yet it has a definite meaning for the world. During the Great War one aspect of war duty was to direct the labor activities growing out of the war, to divert labor from “non-essential” to “essential” industry and to arbitrate and mediate on wage matters. It was found necessary to study and to analyze the greatly feared, but infrequently discovered “enemy alien”; and as a prepara¬ tion for this duty, with the assistance of several hundred local agents, the population of Massachusetts was sepa¬ rated into naturally allied groups based on birth, racial descent, religious, social and industrial affiliations. The astonishing result was that, counting as “native Ameri¬ cans” only the actual descendants of all those living in Massachusetts in 1840, of whatever racial stock prior to that time, only two-sevenths, even with the most liberal classification, came within the group of colonial descent, while the remaining five-sevenths were found in the vari¬ ous racial groups coming later than 1840. More than this: While the “Colonial” group had increased in num¬ bers for three decades after 1840, in 1918 they were found actually to be fewer in number than in 1840, a diminution due to excess of deaths over births, proceeding in increas¬ ing ratio. Membership in the Society of Mayflower descendants is eagerly sought as the hallmark of American ancestry. In anticipation of the tercentenary of the Mayflower-coming in 1620, about a dozen years ago a questionnaire was sent to every known eligible for Mayflower ancestry, and the replies were submitted to the experts in one of the national 4 Racial Contributions to the United States universities for review and report. When this report was presented later, it contained the statement that, consider¬ ing the prevailing number of marriages in this group, and children per family, — when the six-hundredth celebra¬ tion of the Pilgrims’ Landing is held in 2220, three hun¬ dred years hence, a ship the size of the original Mayflower will be sufficient to carry back to Europe all the then living Mayflower descendants. The future of America is in the keeping of the 80 per cent, of the population, separate in blood and race from the colonial descent group. Love of native land is one of the strongest and noblest passions of which a man is capable. Family life, religion, the soil which holds the dust of our fathers, sentiment for ancestral property, and many other bonds, make the ties of home so strong and enduring, and unite a man’s life so closely with its native environment, that grave and powerful reasons must exist before a change of residence is contemplated. Escape from religious persecution and political tyranny were unques¬ tionably the chief reasons which induced the early comers to America to brave the dangers of an unknown world. Yet that very intolerance against which this was a protest soon began to be exercised against all those unwilling to accept in their new homes the religious leadership of those in control. It is not necessary to go into the persecutions due to religious bigotry of the colonial period. While the spirit of liberty was in the free air of the colonies and would finally have secured national independence, it is not pos¬ sible to underestimate the support brought to the revolting colonials because of the attitude of Great Britain in allow¬ ing religious freedom to Canada after it had been taken from the French. After the victory of New Orleans, a Racial Contributions to the United States 5 spirit of national consciousness on a democratic basis was built up and the narrow spirit of colonialism and of reli¬ gious intolerance was to a great degree repudiated by the people, when they had become inspired with the American spirit, — only to be revived later on. The continued manifestation of intolerance has been the most persistent effort in our national life. It has done incalculable harm. It is apparently deep-rooted, an active force in almost every generation. Present in the 30’s, 40’s and 50’s, stopped temporarily for two decades by the Civil War, it has recurred subsequently again and again; revived since the Armistice, it is unfortunately shown to-day in as great a virulence and power of destructiveness as at any time during the last hundred years. After the 70’s, as the aliens became numerically power¬ ful and began to demand political representation, move¬ ments based on religious prejudice were started from time to time, some of • which came to temporary prominence, later to die an inglorious death; but all these movements which attempted to deprive aliens of their right of free¬ dom to worship were calculated to bring economic dis¬ content and to add to the measure of national disunion and unhappiness. Sixty years ago 1 the bigoted slogan was “No Irish need apply ” During the World War, the principal attack was on the German-American citizens of this country, whose fathers had come here seeking a new land as a protest against tyranny. To-day the current attempt is 1 In the fifties it was customary for the merchants, etc., to have posted at their door a list of help wanted. Many of these help wanted sign* were accompanied by another which read “No Irish need apply.” Dur¬ ing the Civil War there was an Anti-Draft song with a refrain to the effect that when it came to drafting they did not practice “No Irish need apply.” 6 Racial Contributions to the United States to deprive the Jews 2 3 of the right to educational equality. In short, while there have been spasmodic manifestations of movements based on intolerance in many countries, the United States has the unenviable record for continuous effort to keep alive a bogey based on an increasing fear of something which never existed, and cannot ever exist in this country. For a hundred years the potent cause which has poured millions of human beings into the United States has been its marvellous opportunities, and unprecedented economic urge. Ever since 1830 a graphic chart of the variations in immigration from year to year will reflect the industrial situation in the United States for the same period. In 1837, the total immigration was 79,430/ After the panic of that year it decreased in 1838 to 38,914. 4 In 1842, it increased to 104,565, 5 but a business depression in 1844 caused it to shrink to 78,615. 6 Thus the influx of aliens increased or decreased according to the industrial condi¬ tions prevalent here. The business prosperity of the United States was not only the urge to entice immigrants hither, but it made their coming possible as they were helped by the savings of relatives and friends already here. The English were not immigrants, but colonists, merely going from one part of national territory to an¬ other. With few exceptions, the majority of the early colonists came from England. The first English settle¬ ment was made in Virginia under the London Company 2 “Americans only 1 ’ in a real estate advertisement to-day usually means “No Jews need apply.” It sometimes means Irish (i. e., Catholic) also. 3 Wm. J. Bromwell, History of Immigration to United States, p. 96. 4 Ibid., p. 100. 5 Ibid., p. 116. 6 Ibid., p. 124. Racial Contributions to the United States 7 in 1607. It took twelve years of hard struggling to establish this colony on a permanent basis. The New England region was settled by a different class of colonists. Plymouth was the first settlement, in 1620, followed in 1630 by the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which later absorbed the Plymouth settlement. Popula¬ tion, after the first ten years, increased rapidly by natural growth, and soon colonies in Rhode Island, New Hamp¬ shire and Connecticut resulted from the overflow in the original settlements. While this English settlement was going on North and South, the Dutch, under the Dutch West India Company, took possession of the region between, and founded New Netherlands and New Amsterdam, later New York City. Intervening, as it did, between their Northern and South¬ ern colonies, New Netherlands, which the English con¬ sidered a menace, w T as seized by the English during a war with Holland, and became New York and New Jersey. Early in the seventeenth century there was a substan¬ tial French immigration to the Dutch colonies. There was a constant stream of French immigration to the English colonies in New England and in Virginia by many of the Huguenots who had originally emigrated to the West Indies. In 1681, Penn settled Pennsylvania under a royal charter and thus the whole Atlantic coast from Canada to Florida became subject to England. During the colonial period, England contributed to the population of the colonies. But, by the middle of the seventeenth century, the coming of the English to New England was practi¬ cally over. From 1628 to 1641 about 20,000 came from England to New England, but for the next century and a half more persons went back to Old England than came 8 Racial Contributions to the United States from there to New England. 7 Due to the relaxing of religious persecution of dissenting Protestants in England, the great formerly impelling force to seek a new home across the ocean in America had ceased. In 1653 an Irish immigration to New England, much larger in numbers than the original Plymouth Colony, was proposed. Bristol merchants, who realized the necessity of populating the colonies to make them prosperous, treated with the government for men, women and girls to be sent to the West Indies and to New England. 8 At the very fountain head of American life we find, therefore, men and women of pure Celtic blood from the South of Ireland, infused into the primal stock of America. But these apparently were only a drop in this early tide of Irish immigration. 9 7 Commercial Relations of the United States, 1885-1886, Appendix III, p. 1967. 8 “The Commissioners for Ireland gave them orders upon the gov¬ ernors of garrisons, to deliver to them prisoners of war; upon the keep¬ ers of gaols, for offenders in custody; upon masters of workhouses, for the destitute in their care ‘who were of an age to labor, or if women were marriageable and not past breeding’; and gave directions to all in authority to seize those who had no visible means of livelihood, and deliver them to these agents of the Bristol sugar merchants, in execution of which latter direction Ireland must have exhibited scenes in every part like the slave hunts in Africa. How many girls of gentle birth have been caught and hurried to the private prisons of these man- catchers none can tell. Messrs. Sellick and Leader, Mr. Robert Yeomans, Mr. Joseph Lawrence, and others, all of Bristol, were active agents. As one instance out of many: Captain John Vernon was em¬ ployed by the Commissioners for Ireland into England, and contracted in their behalf with Mr. David Sellick and Mr. Leader under his hand, bearing date the 14th September, 1653, to supply them with two hundred and fifty women of the Irish nation above twelve years, and under the age of forty-five, also three hundred men above twelve years of age, and under fifty, to be found in the country within twenty miles of Cork, Youghal, and Kinsale, Waterford and Wexford, to transport them into New England.” J. P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, London, 1865. 2d. ed., pp. 89-90. 9 “It is calculated that in four years (1653-1657) English firms of slave-dealers shipped 6,400 Irish men and women, boys and maidens, to the British colonies of North America.” A. J. Theband, The Irish Race in the Past and Present, N. Y., 1893, p. 385. Racial Contributions to the United States 9 No complete memorial has been transmitted of the emigrations that took place from Europe to America, but (from the few illustrative facts actually preserved) they seem to have been amazingly copious. In the years 1771- 72, the number of emigrants to America from the North of Ireland alone amounted to 17,350. Almost all of these emigrated at their own charge; a great majority of them were persons employed in the linen manufacture, or farmers possessed of some property which they converted into money and carried with them. Within the first fort¬ night of August, 1773, there arrived at Philadelphia 3,500 emigrants from Ireland, and from the same docu¬ ment which has recorded this circumstance it appears that vessels were arriving every month freighted with emi¬ grants from Holland, Germany, and especially from Ire¬ land and the Highlands of Scotland. 10 That many Irish settled in Maryland is shown by the fact that in 1699 and again a few years later an act was passed to prevent too great a number of Irish Papists being imported into the province. 11 Shipmasters were required to pay two shillings per poll for such. “Shipping records of the colonial period show that boatload after boatload left the southern and eastern shores of Ireland for the New World. Undoubtedly thousands of their passengers were Irish of the native stock.” 12 So besides the so-called Scotch-Irish from the North of Ireland, the distinction always being Protestantism, not race, it is in¬ disputable that thousands, Celtic in race and Catholic in religion, came to the colonies. These newcomers made 10 Rev. T. A. Spencer, History of the United States, Vol. I, p. 305. 11 Henry Pratt Fairchild, Immigration: A "world movement, and its American significance, N. Y., 1913* P* 47 * See also Archives of Mary¬ land, Vol. 22, p. 497. 12 Charles A. and Mary R. Beard, History of the United States, N. Y., 1921, p. 11. io Racial Contributions to the United States » their homes principally in Pennsylvania, Virginia, Mary¬ land, the Carolinas and the frontiers of the New England colonies. Later they pushed on westward and founded Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee. An interesting essay by the well-known writer, Irvin S. Cobb, on The Lost Irish Tribes in the South is an important contribution to this subject. The Germans were the next most important element of the early population of America. A number of the arti¬ sans and carpenters in the first Jamestown colony were of German descent. In 1710, a body of 3,000 Germans came to New York — the largest number of immigrants supposed to have arrived at one time during the colonial period. 18 Most of the early German immigrants settled in New Jersey, the Carolinas, and Pennsylvania. It has been estimated that at the end of the colonial period the number of Germans was fully two hundred thousand. Though the Irish and the Germans contributed most largely to colonial immigration, as distinguished from the English, who are classed as the Colonials, there were other races who came even thus early to our shores. The Huguenots came from France to escape religious persecu¬ tion. The Jews, then as ever, engaged in their age-old struggle for religious and economic toleration, came from England, France, Spain and Portugal. The Dutch Gov¬ ernment of New Amsterdam, fearing their commercial competition, ordered a group of Portuguese Jews to leave the colony, but this decision was appealed to the home Government at Holland and reversed, so that they were allowed to remain. On the whole, their freedom to live and to trade in the colonies was so much greater than in their former homes that there were soon flourishing 13 Fairchild, p. 35. Racial Contributions to the United States i i colonies of Jewish merchants in Newport, Philadelphia and Charleston. In 1626 a company of Swedish merchants organized, under the patronage of the Great King Gustavus Adol¬ phus, to promote immigration to America. The King contributed four hundred thousand dollars to the capital raised, but did not live to see the fruition of his plans. In 1637, the first company of Swedes and Finns left Stockholm for America. They reached Delaware Bay and called the country New Sweden. The Dutch claimed, by right of priority, this same territory and in 1655 the flag of Holland replaced that of Sweden. The small Swedish colony in Delaware came under Penn’s rule and became, like Pennsylvania, cosmopolitan in character. The Dutch in New York preserved their racial charac¬ teristics for more than a hundred years after the English conquest of 1664. At the end of the colonial period, over one-half of the 170,000 inhabitants of New York were descendants of the original Dutch. Many of the immigrants who came here in the early days paid their own passage. However, the actual num¬ ber of such is only a matter of conjecture. From the shipping records of the period we do know positively that thousands came who were unable to pay. Shipowners and others who had the means furnished the passage money to those too poor to pay for themselves, and in return re¬ ceived from these persons a promise or bond. This bond provided that the person named in it should work for a certain number of years to repay the money advanced. Such persons were called “indentured servants” and they were found throughout the colonies, working in the fields, the shops and the homes of the colonists. The term of service was from five to seven years. Many found it 1 2 Racial Contributions to the United States impossible to meet their obligations and their servitude dragged on for years. Others, on the contrary, became free and prosperous. In Pennsylvania often there were as many as fifty bond servants on estates. The condition of indentured servants in Virginia “was little better than that of slaves. Loose indentures and harsh laws put them at the mercy of their masters.” 14 This seems to have been their fate in all the colonies, as their treatment depended upon the character of their masters. Besides these indentured servants who came here vol¬ untarily, a large number of early settlers were forced to come here. The Irish before mentioned are one example. In order to secure settlers, men, women and children were kidnapped from the cities and towns and “spirited away” to America by the companies and proprietors who had colonies here. In 1680 it was officially computed that 10,000 were sent thus to American shores. In 1627, about 1,500 children were shipped to Virginia, probably orphans and dependents whom their relatives were un¬ willing to support. 15 Another class sent here were con¬ victs, the scourings of English centers like Bristol and Liverpool. The colonists protested vehemently against this practise, but it was continued up to the very end of the colonial period, when this convict tide was diverted to “Botany Bay.” In 1619, another race was brought here against their will and sold into slavery. This was the Negro, forced to leave his home near the African equator that he might contribute to the material wealth of shipmasters and planters. Slowly but surely chattel slavery took firm root in the South and at last became the leading source of the 14 Henry Cabot Lodge, A Short History of the English Colonies In America, N. Y., 1881, p. 70. 15 Beard, p. 15. Racial Contributions to the United States 13 labor supply. The slave traders found it very easy to seize Negroes in Africa and make great profits by selling them in Southern ports. The English Royal African Company sent to America annually between 1713 and 1743 from 5,000 to 10,000 slaves. 16 After a time, when the Negroes were so numerous that whole sections were overrun, the Southern colonies tried ineffectually to curb the trade. Virginia in 1710 placed a duty of five pounds on each slave but the Royal Governor vetoed the bill. Bills of like import were passed in other colonies from time to time, but the English crown disapproved in every instance and the trade, so lucrative to British shipowners, went on. At the time of the Revolution, there were almost half a million slaves in the colonies. 17 The exact proportions of the slave trade to America can be but approximately determined. From 1680 to 1688 the African Company sent 249 ships to Africa, shipped there 60,783 Negro slaves, and after losing 14,387 on the middle passage, delivered 46,396 in America. The trade increased early in the eighteenth century, 104 ships clear¬ ing for Africa in 1701; it then dwindled until the sign¬ ing of the Assiento, standing at 74 clearances in 1724. The final dissolution of the monopoly in 1750 led — ex¬ cepting in the years 1754-57, when the closing of Spanish marts sensibly affected the trade — to an extraordinary development, 192 clearances being made in 1771. The Revolutionary War nearly stopped the traffic, but by 1786 the clearances had risen again to 146. To these figures must be added the unregistered trade of Americans and foreigners. It is probable that about 25,000 slaves were brought to America each year between 16 Beard, p. 16. 17 W. S. Burghardt DuBois, Suppression of the Slave Trade, Harvard Historical Studies, No. i, p. 5. 14 Racial Contributions to the United States 1698 and 1707. The importation then dwindled but after the Assiento rose to perhaps 30,000. The proportion of these slaves carried to the continent now began to increase. Of about 20,000 whom the English annually imported from 1733 to 1766, South Carolina alone re¬ ceived some 3,000. Before the Revolution the total ex¬ portation to America is variously estimated as between 40,000 and 100,000 each year. Bancroft places the total slave population of the continental colonies at 59,000 in 1714; 78,000 in 1727; and 293,000 in 1754. The census of 1790 showed 697,897 slaves in the United States. Not all the Negroes who came to America were slaves and not all remained slaves. There were the following free Negroes in the decades between 1790 and i860; 1790 . 59,557 1800 . 108,435 1810 . 186,446 1820 . 233,634 1830 . 319,599 1840 . 386,293 1850 . 434,495 i860. 488,070 Immigration of Negroes is still taking place, especially from the West Indies. It has been estimated that there are the following foreign-born Negroes in the United States: 1890 . 19,979 1900 . 20,336 1910 . 40,339 1920 . 75,ooo Racial Contributions to the United States 15 In 1790, Negroes were one-fifth of the total population; in i860 they were one-seventh; in 1900 one-ninth; 18 to-day they are approximately one-tenth. With the beginning of the national era—1783 — all peoples subsequently coming to the United States must be classed as immigrants. During the first years of our national life, no accurate statistics of immigration were kept. The Federal Government took no control of the matter and the State records are incomplete and unreli¬ able. A pamphlet published by the Bureau of Statistics in 1903, Immigration into the United States, says, “The best estimates of the total immigration into the United States prior to the official count puts the total number of arrivals at not to exceed 250,000 in the entire period between 1776 and 1820.” From 1806 to 1816, the unfriendly relations which existed between the United States and England and France precluded any extensive immigration to this coun¬ try. England maintained and for a time successfully en¬ forced the doctrine that “a man once a subject was always a subject.” The American Merchant Service, because of the pay and good treatment given, was very attractive to English sailors and a very great enticement to them to come to America and enter the American service. How¬ ever, the fear of impressment deterred many from so doing. The Blockade Decrees of England against France in 1806 and the retaliation decrees of France against England in that same year were other influences which re¬ tarded immigration. These decrees were succeeded by the British Orders in Council, the Milan Decree of Napoleon, and the United States law of 1809 prohibiting intercourse with both Great Britain and France. 18 John R. Commons, Races and Immigrants in America, N. Y., 1907, P- 53 - 16 Racial Contributions to the United States In 1810, the French decrees were annulled and Ameri¬ can commerce began again with France, only to have the vessels fall into the hands of the British. Then came the War of 1812. The German immigration suffered greatly from this condition of affairs, as the Germans sailed principally from the ports of Liverpool and Havre. At these points ships were more numerous and expenses less heavy. In December, 1814, a few days before the Battle of New Orleans, a treaty of peace was concluded between the United States and England and after a few months immigration was resumed once more. In 1817, about 22,240 persons arrived at ports of the United States from foreign countries. This number in¬ cluded American citizens returning from abroad. In no previous year had so many immigrants come to our shores. In 1819 a law was passed by Congress and approved by the President “regulating passenger ships and vessels.” In 1820, the official history of immigration began. The Port Collectors then began to keep records which included numbers, sexes, ages, and occupations of all incoming persons. However, up to 1856, no distinction was made between travellers and immigrants. Immigration increased from 8,358 in 1820 — of which 6,024 came from Great Britain and Ireland — to 22,633 in 1831. 19 The decade of the twenties was a time of great industrial activity in the United States. The Erie Canal was built, other canals were projected, the rail¬ roads were started, business increased by leaps and bounds. As a consequence, the demand for labor was imperative and Europe responded. During the entire period of our 19 Adam Seybert, Statistical Annals of the United States, Phlla., 1818, p. 29. Racial Contributions to the United States i 7 early national life, the United States encouraged the coming of foreign artisans and laborers as the necessity for strength, skill and courage in the upbuilding of our coun¬ try began to be realized. From 1831 the number of immigrants steadily in¬ creased until from September 30, 1849, to September 30, 1850, they totaled 315,334 s0 The largest increases dur¬ ing those years were from 1845 to 1848, when the famine in Ireland and the revolution in Germany drove thou¬ sands to the shores of free America. These causes con¬ tinued to increase the number of arrivals until in 1854 the crest was attained with 460,474 s 1 — a figure not again reached for nearly twenty years. From September 30, 1819, when the official count of immigrants began to be taken, to December 31, 1855, a total of 4,212,624 persons of foreign birth arrived in the United States. 22 Of these Bromwell, who wrote in 1856 a work compiled entirely from official data, estimates that 1,747,930 were Irish. 28 Next comes Germany, 24 with 1,206,087; England third with 207,492; France fourth with 188,725. The exodus of the Irish during those famine years fur¬ nishes one of the many examples recorded in history of a subject race driven from its home by the economic in¬ justice of a dominant race. Later, we see the same thing true in Austria-Hungary where the Slavs were tyrannized by the Magyars; again we find it in Russia where the Jew sought freedom from the Slav; and once again in Armenia and Syria where the native people fled from the Turk. 20 Young, Special Report on Immigration, Phila., 1871, p. 5. 21 Bromwell, p. 145. 22 Ibid., p. 16. 23 Ibid., p. 18. 21 Ibid., pp. 16-17. 18 Racial Contributions to the United States After 1855, the tide of immigration began to decrease steadily. During the first two years of the Civil War, it was less than 100,000. 2 5 In 1863, an increase was noticeable again and 395,922 26 immigrants are recorded in 1869. During all these years up to 1870, the great part of the immigration was from Northern Europe. The largest racial groups were composed of Irish, Germans, Scandin¬ avians and French. About the middle of the nineteenth century French-speaking Canadians were attracted by the opportunities for employment in the mills and factories of New England. The number of Irish coming here steadily decreased after 1880 until it has fallen far below that of other European peoples. Altogether, the total Irish immigra¬ tion from 1820 to 1906 is placed at something over 4,000,000, thus giving the Irish second place as contribu¬ tors to the foreign-born population of the United States. The Revolution of 1848 was the contributing cause of a large influx of Germans, many of whom were professional men and artisans. From 1873 to 1879 there was great industrial depression in Germany and consequently an¬ other large immigration to America took place. Since 1882, there has also been a noticeable decline in German immigrants. From 1820 to 1903, a total of over 5,000,- OOO Germans was recorded as coming to the United States. 27 In the period from 1880 to 1910 immigration from Italy totaled 4,018,404. It will be remembered that the law requiring the registration of outgoing aliens was not passed until 1908, and it may, therefore, be estimated that 2 E Young, p. 6. 2 ® Ibid., p. 6. 8T Special Consular Reports, Vol. 30, p. 8. Racial Contributions to the United States 19 3,000,000 represents the total number of arrivals from Italy, who remained here permanently. After 1903, up to the outbreak of the Great War, the number of alien arrivals steadily increased. In 1905, it was more than 1,000,000; in 1906, it passed the 1,100,000 mark and in 1907 the 1,200,000 mark; in 1913 and 1914, the total number for each year exceeded i,400,000. 28 During the ten years from 1905 to 1915, nearly 12,- 000,000 aliens landed in the United States, a yearly aver¬ age of 1,200,000 arrivals. These alone form more than 37 per cent, of all recorded immigration since 1820 and make up about 88 out of every 100 of our present total foreign-born population. 29 . Until interrupted by the European War, the immigration to the United States was the greatest movement of the largest number of peoples that the world has ever known. Of course, there have been economic upheavals from time to time which have noticeably affected this movement. The Civil War, as before noted, and financial panics and industrial depres¬ sions in our country interrupted the incoming tide re¬ peatedly. The Great War with its social and economic upheaval had a tremendous effect on our immigration. The twelve months following the declaration of war shows the smallest number of alien arrivals since 1899. The number was slightly over 325,000. The statistics compiled by the Federal Bureau of Immigration show that by far the greater part of the immigrants who come to the United States are from Europe. Of the 1,403,000 alien immigrants who came here in 1914, about 1,114,000 were from Europe; about 35,000 came from Asia; the remainder, about 254,000, came from all other countries 28 Immigration and Emigration, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washing¬ ton, 1915, p. 1099. 29 Ibid. 20 Racial Contributions to the United States combined, principally Canada, the West Indies, and Mexico. Eighty out of every ioo, therefore, came from Europe. As many as sixty of that eighty came from the three countries of Italy, Austria-Hungary and Russia. Italy sent 294,689; Austria-Hungary was second with 286,059; Russian contributed 262,409. From all of Eng¬ land, Ireland, Scotland and Wales came only 88,000 or about 6 out of every 100; and from Norway, Sweden and Denmark came about 31,000 or 2 out of every IOO. Greece, France, Portugal, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Spain, Turkey, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and Roumania contributed virtually all the remainder of our 1914 immigrants from Europe, given in the order of importance. However, we should bear in mind always that the country of origin or nationality or jurisdiction (as deter¬ mined by political boundaries) is not always identical with race. Immigration statistics have followed national or political boundaries. Take the immigrants from Russia. The statistics say that 262,000 arrived from that country in 1914. But of this number, less than 5 out of every 100 are Russians; the rest or 95 out of every 100, are He¬ brews, Poles, Lithuanians, Finns and Germans. Austria-Hungary was another country made of a med¬ ley of races. The Germanic Austrians who ruled Austria and the Hungarian Magyars who ruled Hungary were less than one-half of the total population of the one time Austria-Hungary. The record of alien arrivals from Poland is not accu¬ rate because it is divided into three national statistical divisions — Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary. The best estimate is that the total Polish arrivals to the United States since 1820 approximates 2,500,000. Racial Contributions to the United States 21 The Slav, the Magyar, the German, the Latin, and the Jew were all in Austria-Hungary and moreover, these were all numerously subdivided. The most numerous of the Slavs are the Czechs and Slovaks. These gave the United States in 1914 a combined immigration of 37,000. Poles, Ruthenians and Roumanians also came here from northern Austria, and from the vicinity of the Black Sea came Roumanians more Latin than Slavic. Besides these, the one time dual kingdom sent Jews, Greeks and Turks. Although the most important Slavic country of Europe is Russia, yet it was from Austria-Hungary that we re¬ ceived most of our Slavic immigrants. In 1914, as many as 23 out of every 100 of our total immigration were Slavic, and the larger part of this racial group which reached 319,000 that year, came from Austria-Hungary. That mere recording of country or origin does not give accurate racial information is illustrated in the case of the many Greeks under Turkish rule, and the large number of Armenians found in almost all large Turkish towns. The Armenians are probably the most numerous of the immigrants from Asia. In 1914, the total immigration from Turkey was about 20,000, but the actual Turkish immigration was only 3,000. The remaining 27,000 were Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbians, Montenegrins, Syrians, Armenians and Hebrews. 80 The “country of origin” tells us almost nothing about the large Hebrew immigration which comes to the United States. The Jew comes from many countries. The greater part of all our recent Jewish immigration comes from Russia, from what is called the “Jewish Pale of Settlement” in the western part of that country. Other Jews ccme from Austria, Roumania, Germany and Tur- so Reports of Department of Labor, Washington, 1915. 22 Racial Contributions to the United States key. In 1914, the Jews were the fourth largest in num¬ bers among our immigrants, nearly 143,ooo. 31 We must also bear in mind that all of these millions who came to America do not remain with us. There is a constant emigration going on, a departure of aliens back to their native land either for a time, or for all time. Up to 1908, the Bureau of Immigration kept no record of the “ebb of the tide” but since that time vessels taking aliens out of the United States, are obliged by law to make a list containing name, age, sex, nationality, residence in the United States, occupation, and time of last arrival of each alien passenger, which must be filed with the Federal Collector of Customs. The first year of this record, 1908, followed the finan¬ cial panic of October, 1907, and due to the economic conditions prevalent in the United States a very large emigration to Europe was disclosed. The records show also that the volume of emigration, like that of immigration, varies from year to year. Just as prosperity here increases immigration, “bad” times in¬ crease emigration from our shores. There was a time when emigration was so slight that it was of little importance, but since the early nineties it has assumed large proportions. After the panic of 1907, for months a larger number left the country than came into it, and thousands and thousands swarmed the ports of departure awaiting a chance to return home. In the earlier years, the immigrant sometimes spent months mak¬ ing the journey here. Besides the difficulty of the trip, ocean transportation was more expensive. Therefore, the earlier immigrants came to remain, to make homes here for themselves and their children. The Irish, the Ger- 31 Ibid. Racial Contributions to the United States 23 mans, the early Bohemians, the Scandinavians, and in fact all the early comers brought their families and their “household goods”, ready to settle down for all time and to become citizens of their adopted country. A large number of the alien arrivals of recent years come here initially with only a vague intention of remain¬ ing permanently, and these make up the large emigration streaming constantly from our ports. However, it is only fair to say that eventually many of these people come back to America and become permanent residents. Any¬ one who has had experience at our ports of entry can sub¬ stantiate the statement that during a period of years the same faces are seen incoming again and again. Although immigrants have come by millions into the United States, and have been the main contributing cause of its wonderful national expansion, yet opposition to their coming has manifested itself strongly at different times. In the colonial period the people objected, and rightly, to the maternal solicitude which England evidenced by making the colonies the dumping ground for criminals and undesirables. However, these objections were dis¬ regarded and convicts and criminals continued to come while the colonies remained under British rule. After the national era, immigration was practically unrestricted down to 1875. At different periods there were manifestations of a strong desire to restrict immigra¬ tion, but Congress never responded with exclusion laws. The alien and sedition laws of 1798 had for their object the removal of foreigners already residents in the United States. The naturalization laws passed that same year, lengthening the time of residence necessary for citizenship to fourteen years, were another severe measure against 24 Racial Contributions to the United States resident aliens. The native American and the Know- nothing uprisings were still other indications of that same spirit of antagonism to the alien based on religious grounds. This religious antagonism in many of the States took the form of opposition to immigration itself and a demand for restrictions. But this all proved futile, for the National Government recognized the necessity of settling the limitless West. Then, too, another subject loomed large and threatening at this time, and engrossed the attention of the people away from the dire evils which the Irish and the Catholics would precipitate upon “our free and happy people”. This was the State Rights and Slavery question; and soon the country forgot immigra¬ tion in the throes of the Civil War. By an act of March 3, 1875, the National Government made its first attempt to restrict immigration; this act prohibited the bringing in of alien convicts and of women for immoral purposes. On May 6, 1882, Congress passed and the President approved another act “to regulate immigration”, by which the coming of Chinese laborers was forbidden for ten years. The story which led up to this Act of Congress is a long one, and the details cannot be given here. Briefly, conditions in California following the Burlingame treaty of 1868, owning to the influx of Chinese labor, resulted in the organization of a working¬ man’s party headed by Dennis Kearney, and forced the Chinese question as one of the dominant issues of State politics. Resolutions embodying the feelings of the people on Chinese immigration were presented to the Constitu¬ tional Convention of 1879. The State Legislature en¬ acted laws against this immigration. Subsequently pres¬ sure was brought to bear on the National Government, a new treaty with China was negotiated, and finally the law Racial Contributions to the United States 25 of 1882 was passed by Congress, restricting for ten years the admission of Chinese laborers, both skilled and un¬ skilled, and of mine workers also. Ever since the passage of this law, the Federal Govern¬ ment has pursued a more restrictive and exclusive immi¬ gration policy. The next law was passed in August, 1882, prohibiting the immigration of “any convict, lunatic, idiot, or any person unable to take care of himself or herself without becoming a public charge.” Then, in 1885, came another act known as the “Alien Contract Labor Law”, forbidding the importation and immigration of foreigners and aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor in the United States. In 1891 came the law called the “Geary Act” which amended “the various acts relative to immigration and the importation of aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor”. This act extended Chinese exclusion for another ten years, and required the Chinese in the country to register and submit to the Bertillon test as a means of identification. In 1893 two acts were passed; one which gave the quarantine service greater powers and placed additional duties upon the Public Health Service, and another which properly en¬ forced the existing immigration and contract labor laws. In 1902 the law of exclusion was made permanent against Chinese laborers. So, since 1875, the United States has passed laws excluding Chinese entirely and virtually ex¬ cluding the Japanese, and both these races are ineligible to citizenship. In 1907, an act was passed “to regulate the immigration of Aliens into the United States”, which excluded imbeciles, epileptics, those so defective either physically or mentally that they might become public charges; children under sixteen not with a parent, etc. A far more restrictive measure known as the “literacy” 26 Racial Contributions to the United States or “educational” test has been before Congress at different times and has, on three different occasions, falied to be¬ come a law. President Cleveland vetoed it in 1897, Taft in 1913, and Wilson in 1915. All three Presidents ob¬ jected to this bill principally on the ground that it was such “a radical departure” from all previous national policy in regard to immigration. President Wilson’s veto of 1917 was overcome and the bill became a law by a two-thirds majority vote of both houses. This law re¬ quires that entering aliens must be able to read the English language or some other language or dialect. The one thing which the literacy test was designed to accomplish — to decrease the volume of immigration — was brought about suddenly and unexpectedly by the European War. From the opening of the war, the number of immigrants steadily decreased until, for the year ending June 30, 1916, it was only 298,826 32 and for the year ending June 30, 1917, only iio,6i8. 33 Then it began again to in¬ crease steadily until for the year ending June 30, 1920, it reached a total of 430,001.® 4 On June 3, 1921, an emergency measure known as the three per cent, law was passed. This act provided that the number of aliens of any nationality who could be admitted to the United States in any one year should be limited to three per cent, of the number of foreign-born persons of such nationality resident in the United States as determined by the census of 1910. Certain ones were not counted, such as foreign government officials and their families and employees, aliens in transit through the United States, tourists, aliens from countries having im¬ migration treaties with the United States, aliens who 32 Reports of Department of Labor, Washington, 1918, p. 208. 33 Reports of Department of Labor, Washington, 1920, p. 400. 34 Reports of Department of Labor, Washington, 1921, p. 365. Racial Contributions to the United States 27 have lived for one year previous to their admission in Canada, Newfoundland, Mexico, Central America, or South America, and aliens under eighteen who have par¬ ents who are American citizens. More than twenty per cent, of a country’s full quota could not be admitted in one month except in the case of actors, artists, lecturers, singers, nurses, clergymen, professors, members of the learned professions or domestic servants who could always come in even though the month’s or the year’s quota had been used. A well organized effort is under way in the Congress which began its session in December 1923, to reduce the quota to two per cent, of the immigrants recorded as coming to the United States in 1890. This bill, which will probably be passed, is being opposed vigorously, by the Jews and Italians who are immediately the particular racial groups to be affected, but since neither the Jews nor Italians, separately or collectively, have political strength to be a voting factor to be considered, except in a half dozen of the industrial states, the passage of the bill seems to be inevitable. The recent immigration restriction laws make a de¬ cided break with past national history and tradition. There is little doubt that these laws are in part the fruit of an organized movement which, especially since the war, is attempting to classify all aliens, except those of one special group, as “hyphenates” and “mongrels”. These laws are haphazard, unscientific, based on unworthy preju¬ dice and likely, ultimately, to be disastrous in their eco¬ nomic consequences. The present three per cent, immi¬ gration law is not based on any fundamental standard of fitness. Once the percentage of maximum admissions is reached, in any given month, the next alien applying for 28 Racial Contributions to the United States entrance may be a potential Washington, Lincoln or Edison to whom the unyielding process of the law must deny admission. Such laws, worked out under the hysteria of “after war psychology”, seem to be one of the instances, so frequent in history, where Democracy must take time to work out its own mistakes. Under the circumstances, there is all the more reason that the priceless heritage of racial achievement by the descendants of various racial groups in the United States be told. The United States has departed a long way from the policy which was recorded in 1795 by the series of coins known as the “Liberty and Security” coins, on which appeared the words “A Refuge for the Oppressed of all Nations”. O' s o *~i 00 C3 wA O Cr* CD ■-1 £+ D^J ^ « B'« 5 *5 ^ ♦ * D g «=b frill ►r'tr'co ^ B 3 S s - „ "glsJ^ef tzjw a. ^ ® «_ o. oSSg-goS - 1 ^ 3£§3 o“ ^*® gs. 3 1?® cjo$ 1.3 2 a ®.o tJ 8 £§?*&» rrto'c^cj®'^ s. B >:? 2.3 ® B § ailing cr 3p Omb o w s. f g i|is.I Z. ° jg 3 t?® tS Q. 5 * ^ S CL ° <■► 3 * §• irr s °-°* e!p *? M. is. J? §~S:8 g'°nj | w CP |: 3 » 2 JT n3o° pacrj) §-« g.| •g*^ jf 1 3SS3 g.®3 w So ? o S'*. 3 CA 2 £$$$$ S2|R8l •> — "era S » S > 3 ^-° £ g 3 E.gV: £ S 3 - 2 3 i i b 2 •• o 3 . S 00 © u 05 05 05^— otoi 2" M r3 t«S'? 00 ©©’-* W t-» © ©M W© ©Vd I^OM CT> tO •** -5 © ©rfn<£>»© O «H 2 05 CD © CO cn O <£> U ^ 00 [8 *. © 05 Vi to © © © CO ©> © to CO ©©.„>->© *. (£>©<£>-4 w©<»»-*t-‘ CO >-» 00 05 Ct 05 © © to «o Vo © tO F^ 05 © -4©Qco CO to © ©to V-* to ©05 *. © 00 *>. © © I-. © to 4* to co to © *■* n o ®MW VV 05^0) © © l-» to * 00 05 to^ © ©V-05 Vs 00 CO © h- w -5 ooto«t-*© H > £ a M S' g 2 2 ° CD § w 3 o s H tr^WC} S g.3 3 2. 10 § g'FS- 0.3 » O' • P£H » 3 a. o 3 w a o 3 ej B. o. -o to §«S VjVaos ►-» H-CO ©to to *., © ©05© ©oooo ~jV» -s©to WOO CO k i • • • • co 00 CA © K> ©to to 00 00 Vi ©v. >-* *&» to HU © 0 CO CO * to -0 ! •u to to 0 00 © CA CO -5 toco a> k-uk 00 ©Vu 00 CD CD 00©-* 00 <75 h-» HU »105 »-* H* to HA Tu CO © co CA to 05 HA co 00 0 hu CO CO *. 00 © hu CO© CA H-» CD HU W*- <7> co © H- CO to to 05 H* CD 00 £*. *. iU w © © ©<)© Id 05 CD 00© *. 0 CA h“* u5 © *0 4 *. 05 HU*. © 4x HA Vj Tu ©*-*© to >-* 03 o\ *• © H- 0 to © © 05 CO 00 *.00*. O HA CO 00 © CO to 00 CD toco© v-> M H-* to HA HA CA CO HA to O to 4a to H-k 4A 4 a. 4a CA CA 00 to HA O'ciL 4a CA CO^V\ HA 05 tO 4A 05 00 4a © W © 4a ►a -5 ©*. w CA 05 CA to ^4*. O E ►— 'to©© CO O * ©© CO 00 . to *0©© 05 to *-• ©00 to © . ©it^Vj4.»^ tOtOCO©» 5 ©©©©tO ©tO^t-OOCOk--^©^ lUtO ►* >-*tOtO©i^ 00 © ©V 04 .V 5 *. ©'© tO©^.©^©©-5©tO W^©MtOW 4 »©WtO •a* •-* _ wo 4. to CO 00 M 4k © ©V 5 © ©Vo 00 ©Vs © © 4.©©©©-5tv©W-5 4k©©Wt-*©©C0©4. © to >-* tO<-* ©-0 ©©„-©© © ►-• © w*. ©co© ©VoVo'oi'wVjVj 1 —©towoow©©*.© ►-W>-►-© >-00 © 00 I-C -1 to © **oo we* 05 00 * © © -5 © -5 © -J to*©'to^^' 0 Voo 00 ©W©©t 0 © 00 ©W© © 05 © 00 t 00000 $. 4»*.9 „ to -d to tnHh'O’M^u 00 ©to ►-©© 00 to t-* -5 to toVoVoVs'btVi'I-’VsVoVs^o ©©©*.*-©00©~5t0© WW4*©h-‘©tO©»— t->© to© w *■ w 00 ©©©©©©ooto© _)-*©© 00^05 © Ooo 05 © ©© 05V5 co ©^ rf^V—*V—. <1 0 owoo© 00 ^ ©W- 3 ’-’ oo©ootgi-*© 04 .to -^'0 t-i I-* M to >—. >-» © © ►-• W *• I-* to © *■ © to -5 to 00 *• W l-* -o ►-* Vs © ©V-W wVsVs 05V* ’-‘©►-©©©^©©*•-5 ©<>©~5©l-*t0f-tO©00 *-> ©© M ©Vj W H» © 00 ^l-iW>-‘tO*-- 5©©00 © ©-5 to W © 00 © 05 ►-* © *-Vo ©V^ 05V54. ©Vj w © 00©©00*.**.w©w© CC©*400©©©*0©W© H- 00 ss °s HU 00 00 © S'-* ©rt o HU OO © ©rf o o _ 00 a position now filled by Philip Snowden, M. P. The Berlin correspon¬ dent of The Forward is Karl Kautsky; its Paris correspondent is Jean Longuet. The editor of the Jewish Morning Journal, which is as conservative as the New York Times y is Peter Wiernick, the author of a schol- 232 The Jews in the Making of America arly volume in English, “The History of the Jews in America”; while George Selikowitch, editor of Der Tageblatt (The Jewish Daily News, con¬ servative), is a linguist and philosopher. He has among other works written “The Philosophy of Buddha.” All shades of political opinion are found rep¬ resented in the Yiddish Press. Yiddish news¬ papers fulfill the functions of a magazine in addi¬ tion to their duties as purveyors of news. They publish a plethora of articles on the most varied subjects which have their counterpart only in the American weekly and monthly periodicals. Due to the wide dispersion of the Jews, these New York newspapers have a regular correspondence service that equals in its ramifications the large in¬ ternational news agencies. Occasionally one finds in a Yiddish newspaper articles from correspond¬ ents in such far apart places as Palestine, France and South America. The wide outlook resulting, from an acquaintance with conditions in such diverse lands is a distinct gain to the mentality of the American readers of the Yiddish press. The mental food they serve surpasses that of many American newspapers; they are contribu¬ tions to America, for they are agencies for the enlightenment and cultural elevation of American citizens and residents. The Jews in the Making of America 233 In the realm of religion a large number of in¬ fluential leaders and rabbis have arisen who, while devoting their efforts particularly to the internal life of the Jews, nevertheless proved of great in¬ fluence in the elevation of the moral tone of the general community. American life on the other hand has had a mod¬ ifying effect upon the religious life of the Jew. Faced with a set of new conditions, unlimited re¬ ligious freedom and the opportunity to join spir¬ itually and culturally into the life of the American, he has adapted the old forms to the demands of the new times. In the case of some of its Jewish citizens America has weakened the strictness with which the Jew has followed the orthodox ritual that characterized his life in Europe; but, on the other hand, the American Jew has acquired the power of organization and the capacity to develop the philanthropic and social service activity of the group. The Jews in their communal and re¬ ligious life have acquired completely some of the outstanding features of American civilization, sys¬ tem, mechanical organization, and material power. The most important of the reformed Rabbis was Isaac M. Wise (Bohemia 1819-Cincinnati 1900). He established in Cincinnati The Israelite (now the American Israelite), and 234 The Jews in the Making of America through this organ advocated unceasingly the ideals of a reformed Judaism. His versatile gifts enabled him to shine as a forceful preacher, an erudite writer of historical and theological works, a novelist with several works to his credit, and an author of two plays. His chief strength was his organizing ability. In a comparatively short time he organized the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, the Hebrew Union College (opened 1875) and the Central Conference of American Rabbis (1889). A number of other Rabbis from Germany ar¬ rived during the time of Wise’s growing ascend¬ ency in American religious life and aided in its organization. David Einhorn, Kaufman Kohler, President Emeritus of the Hebrew Union College, Samuel Adler, Bernhard Felsenthal, Max Lilien- thal, and Samuel Hirsch were instrumental in fashioning the form and content of what its pro¬ tagonists call American Judaism. The son of Samuel Hirsch, Emil G. Hirsch (Luxenbourg 1852-Chicago 1922) succeeded in becoming one of the most influential of the rabbis after the passing of the earlier pioneers. He was a professor of Rabbinical Literature at the Uni¬ versity of Chicago, the editor of the Reformed Advocate, one of the editors of the Jewish en- The Jews in the Making of America 235 cyclopedia, and active in the elevation of the moral and cultural level of the city of Chicago. His mantle as the leader of the reformed faith has fallen upon the shoulders of Stephen S. Wise (Budapest 1872), rabbi of the Free Synagogue of New York and the head of the Jewish Institute of Religion. Wise is generally considered as the most eloquent of American rabbis, if not among the most eloquent of living Americans. He has in addition to his rabbincal duties been active in the improvement of the political life of the com¬ munity and in the organization of American Jewry. The incoming hosts of Jews from Eastern Europe, who followed after the German-Jewish groups were firmly established, brought with them a firm orthodox faith and a number of great Talmudic scholars. Pre-eminent among them was Solomon Schechter (Roumania 1847-New York 1919). Rabbi Schechter, in the course of his life time, was the President of the Jewish Theological Seminary and perhaps the greatest of American Jewish thinkers. He was the author of a number of works on problems of Jewish religion and made original investigations in the realm of Jewish history in mediaeval times. Associated with Schechter in the work of the Jewish Theological Seminary were scholars like Louis Ginsburg, 236 The Jews in the Making of America Israel Friedlander, Mordecai M. Kaplan and sev¬ eral others who assisted with their scholarship in the maintaining of Jewish tradition. The pres¬ ent head of this institution is Dr. Cyrus Adler, of the Dropsie College of Philadelphia and Presi¬ dent of the American Oriental Society. The greatest cultural event in the history of American Jewry was the publication of the Jewish Encyclopedia. This monumental work is the greatest Jewish work of reference in any language and was projected by Dr. Isidor Singer (Moravia 1859). It was edited by a board of well known scholars. Dr. Isaac Funk of the firm of Funk & Wagnalls, publishers of the work, was Chairman, and Frank H. Vizitelly was Secretary. Four hundred Semitic scholars of Europe and America contributed to make it the supreme authority upon all matters pertaining to the checkered history of the Jewish people in all the phases of its mani¬ fold activity. Five years were consumed in the preparation of the work. CHAPTER XIII THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE JEW As the status of the Jew is becoming stabilized in modern society, he is ceasing to be the Wander¬ ing Jew and has instead become the Mysterious Jew. The student of folklore and of the survival of myths will find in the Gentile conception of the Jew an interesting perpetuation of a primitive mental attitude. The Jew has ceased to be in league with Satan; he is not that abnormal, in¬ human specimen of mediaeval days who in the popular imagination had unique odors and diseases and was possessed of cloven hoofs and horns. No longer does he suffer to prove that evil overtakes those who reject the conventionally accepted creed, nor will he continue to wander until he becomes purged of sin. But the vital thing behind these legends, the distrust that gave them birth, lives on, and discarding the religious symbols of a religious age, take on the economic and racial symbols char¬ acteristic of an age of scientific and pseudo-scienti¬ fic theorizing. Truths may come and truths may 237 238 The Jews in the Making of America go, but some legends live on forever. The Jew still stands unique, a victim of his fatal conspicuity and the excessive interest taken in him by his sur¬ rounding neighbors. It still remains difficult to conceive him as a normal individual and to denomi¬ nate him not only as a Jew, but as a person and a man. Some veil of mystery or separateness must surround him, or else something is thought amiss. But analysis means the death of mystery, and both the saintly halo drawn around him by some or the brand of Cain imprinted upon him by others fade upon a survey of those forces that have created and moulded him. The history of the Jews is an unending tale of suffering, woe and degradation. Here and there a shaft of light, a temporary gleam illumines the dark pathway through which there has moved this tattered procession of proud outcasts, but by and large its career remains a monumental testimony to the hatred and brutality of which man is cap¬ able. It has subsisted in the lower depths for centuries and tasted of all the forms of torture, physical and mental that diabolical ingenuity has created. It has lived and learned as no other people has lived and learned, because it has suf¬ fered as no other people has suffered. Disraeli, the Jew, who tamed the world’s proud¬ est aristocracy and made it the puppet of his The Jews in the Making of America 239 fancies, was moved as all intelligent Jews are moved by the tragic sublimity of this people’s history, and summarized in a few eloquent words the whole essence of its career. “The attempt to extirpate them (the Jews) has been made under the most favorable auspices and on the largest scale; the most considerable means that men could command have been pertinaciously applied to the object for the longest period of recorded time. Egyptian Pharaohs, Assyrian Kings, Roman Em¬ perors, Scandinavian Crusaders, Gothic Princes and Holy Inquisitors have alike devoted their energies to the fulfillment of this common purpose. Ex¬ patriation, exile, captivity, confiscation, torture on the most ingenious and massacres on the most extensive scale, a curious system of degrading customs and debasing laws which would have broken the heart of any other people, have been tried in vain.” These were the external powers that repeatedly sought to crush forever this landless people. What were the results upon the object of its lust? Psycho-analysts have divided mankind into two classes, introverts and extroverts. The class of the introverts, viewing the grimness of the human conflict, finds itself unable to meet life on its own plane. It reconstructs a new life in some Utopia, it finds refuge from the conflict in day dreams of 240 The Jews in the Making of America its own power, it leads an imaginative life devoid of all the harshness that is part of reality. Its re¬ flective powers become dominant, “the native hue of resolution is sickbed o’er with the pale cast of thought.” A race of impractical dreamers is bred; thought takes the place of action in its life. Extroverts, however, meet life on its own plane. Astuteness is developed in the face of the adver¬ sary; all the acumen is concentrated upon the creation of the symbols of security and independ¬ ence. The desire to master realities is substituted for the reflective powers; these extroverts are bold, alert, and ready to seize every opportunity that gives them a mastery over their environment. Suffering is but an intensification of life. It is life at its extreme point. Hence the participants in an existence of undue suffering, develop in an exaggerated measure the same qualities that nor¬ mal introverts and normal extroverts possess. Types are brought into being that exceed the nor¬ mal in their resourcefulness, in the keenness of their wits, and in the rapidity of their mental processes. This is basically the story of the evolution of the Jew of today. One class of Jews met life on its own level and developed faculties that enabled it to survive despite all vicissitudes, while the intro¬ verts found consolation in the world of dreams and of intellectual activity. The Jews in the Making of America 241 Suffering deepened their longing for justice; de¬ gradation awoke within them the hatred of tyr¬ anny. They reconstructed an ideal life for the future generations of men, reared on the basis of equality and justice. This world of the future was substituted for the existing world of realities. They enriched themselves upon things not of the material world but on dreams and learning. The acquisitive faculty of the race mastered the realm which has no contact with the world of persecutors and persecuted. It accumulated treasures of erudition and idealism. Thus the soul of Israel, split into two warring elements, emerged from behind the Ghetto walls at the clarion call of the French Revolution. The Jewish soul revealed itself as Janus-faced; on one side was the visage of Rothschild — on the other the visage of Karl Marx. One element found the balm for the disease of its abnormality in a Gilead of economic power; the other found refuge in the coming world of equality and universal brother¬ hood. From one came the experts in the science of amassing wealth; from the other the whole host of social Messiahs. Every Jew has a heritage from two ancestors — from the keen-witted old- clothes peddler on one side and from the dreamy Talmudic sage on the other side. From the one has come much of the theory and most of the 242 The Jews in the Making of America pioneer practice of our modern system of capi¬ talism and from the other the cry of its remodifica¬ tion. Rulers throughout the ages consigned their Jewish subjects to Ghettos, but in reality they only affirmed the natural course of a persecuted minority to flock together for protection and succour. Hence the Jew is essentially the city dweller in practically all the countries of the world. But it is to this city life that the Jew owes his ready intelligence. The dull, undisturbed monotony of the life of the husbandman and serf was not for him; he located himself on the market place to engage in mental combat with all comers. In this alone could he find his livelihood. City life for obvious reasons breeds the sophisticated and the quick-witted, while the peasant through¬ out the ages has been notorious for his cumber¬ some mental processes. “Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man,” wrote Bacon, and what does one do in a city if not continually confer? The intensity of the life struggle made the un¬ fit pass away. The strong-willed, the ingenious held aloft the tattered ensign of their faith, while the timid, the weak-kneed, those unable to adapt themselves to the varying gusts of circumstance, left the beleaguered fortress. A selective process The Jews in the Making of America 243 ensued and those that survived did so by virtue of certain superior faculties of mind. In the mean¬ time, pressure from the outside flung disunited elements together and forged a chain of solidarity that has become a remarkable social phenomenon. The results of the nomadic tendencies of the Jews’ Bedouin ancestors still are potent forces in the make-up of the modern Jew. That restlessness which impelled the race to seek newer realms and better climes imparted to it during the course of its vicissitudes an adaptability and a readiness that are useful in the life struggle. What is so potent a factor in mental development as travel, and Israel has been the most travelled of peoples. The tribe of the “wandering foot” to keep travelling had to develop the gift of quickness of thought, of improvisation, of ready comprehension. Cruel expulsions and exiles strengthened the natural tendency so that the Jew attained a flexibility of mind far beyond the normal. “A gallant Greek, a stupid Jew, an honest Gypsy,” all are unthinkable, says the Roumanian proverb. “A hare that is slow and a Jew who is a fool, both are equally probable,” says the Spanish proverb. If, as educationalists write, the true function of education is the fostering of adaptability to envir¬ onment, then Israel is truly among the most edu¬ cated of peoples. The power of adaptation, 244 The Jews in the Making of America together with intelligence, constitute the two premier faculties of the Jew. The struggle for the survival was more intense for him than for any other people. Hence, he enters the arena of life with all vices and virtues generated by this in¬ tensity of conflict. He had to acclimatize him¬ self continually to new conditions; every day might bring forth a new decree, a new massacre, a new confiscation, a new order of expulsion. In his wanderings he had to get along with myriads of new situations and a host of diverse peoples, lan¬ guages and customs. He, therefore, before all other people grasped the idea of the essential unity of mankind. He came in contact with their differences and found them easily reconcilable and also superficial. But from all his travels he has learned the lesson of adaptability and to-day the product of the Odessa Ghetto stages America’s gigantic theatrical spectacles or the child of a small Lithuanian town becomes later in life Pro¬ fessor of English in an American University. A tremendous factor in the creation of the intellectuality of the Jew, has been the power exerted by his rabbinic tradition. For centuries the Talmud was the fertile soil from which Israel drew its spiritual and its mental sustenance. Together with external forces it moulded and formed the Jewish mind of today. The large The Jews in the Making of America 245 masses of Jews throughout the world and America are dominated, consciously or unconsciously, by the habits of thought fostered by the Talmudic sages. Among no people has the worship of the intel¬ lectual powers of man been carried to the same extreme as among the Jews. The Talmud, a vast encyclopaedia of laws, discussions and speculations on all the varied phases of human life, has been mainly responsible for this attitude of mind. In the Ghettos of Europe, the bright children of four¬ teen and fifteen were taught to absorb this form of erudition and to discuss all the intricate and abstruse problems faced by ancient Rabbis of Israel. “May a judge be called as a witness?” “A man has admitted half a total liability that is not sus¬ ceptible of proof. Some Talmudists consider him credible since he might have denied the whole liability. Others think that to deny the whole liability would require more impudence than any¬ body possesses and conclude that he admitted half his liability out of weakness.” On problems such as these, youthful Talmudists are supposed to dis¬ cuss. The lad who could prove himself a master of all the subtle problems presented in the Talmud was most sought after for a husband. He was the ideal to which all children aspired. He was the 246 The Jews in the Making of America pride of his parents and the glory of his com¬ munity. Dr. Fromer, an Eastern Jewish writer, some years ago gave an account of his youthful life in the Ghetto. Once, while visiting a Rabbi, he dis¬ covered a number of Jews on the lookout for profitable husbands for their daughters. One such Jew met an acquaintance who was accompanied by his son, a youth of fifteen years. The acquaint¬ ance sought to embarrass the youngster with all sorts of Talmudic problems. The boy “lay low,” answered warily, and presently turned the tables on the questioner by displaying his erudition. The latter was struck by the lad’s knowledge and asked the father whether he was married. Here the parent scornfully remarked that marriage brokers were constantly bidding for the boy but he was in no hurry to marry him off. With every passing day he learnt more and with the increase of his knowledge came an increase in the proffered dowry. Bargaining then began despite the first objec¬ tion of the father. It ended with a marriage con¬ tract which stipulated that the boy was bound to marry the questioner’s daughter in return for a dowry of $200.00 and ten years’ keep for the boy husband. What has occurred in the Ghetto for centuries i The Jews in the Making of America 247 is the direct antithesis of the prevailing trend in modern society. The more intellectual Jews in the preceding ages were the first to marry. The higher types reproduced themselves more fre¬ quently than those who lacked the qualities which the whole community thought desirable. The Ghetto society of the past furnishes perhaps the sole exception to the universal law that has been the nemesis of all the empires that have vanished; the continued reproduction of the unfit and the sterility and childlessness of the intellectual classes. A remarkable case of sexual selection has ensued; it would be difficult to parallel it with the biological processes of any recorded state of society. Intellectual interests and intellectual skill played the predominating role in his life. The physical powers and activity remain largely neglected. The thirst for knowledge is insatiable; his intellect is continually seeking exercise. “The Jews,” says that enfant terrible of American literature, H. L. Mencken, in one of his character¬ istic diatribes against the prevailing civilization, “are intellectually two or three steps in advance of the people among whom they dwell.” Another observer, Everett Dean Martin, the genial leader of the Forum at Cooper Union, New York, in his excellent work on the psychology of the crowd, 248 The Jews in the Making of America remarks that “outside the immigrant Russian Jews, there is very little real intellectual life.” The Jew has a tradition of learning longer than that of any other people. Israel first introduced compulsory education for the youth, and when this intellect schooled in the dialectics of Talmud and Torah emancipates itself from the walls of the Ghetto, it contributes an undue proportion of men of talent and capacity to the world’s civilization. “The mind of the Jew,” wrote Anatole Leroy Beaulieu, “is a faultlessly exact mechanism.” What is so revealing of the soul of a people as the peculiarities of its language ? In these it expresses its most secret thoughts and manners; its twists of language are but its twist of intellect and emotions. In expressions for activity of mind, Hebrew un¬ doubtedly is the richest of languages. There are eleven words for “seeking” or “researching”; thirty-four for distinguishing or separating; fifteen for combining. Hence it is no wonder that the scions of Israel are possessed of the power of quick thought, precise analysis, exact dissection, speedy combinations of ideas, the power of seeing the point at once, of suggesting analogies, of dis¬ tinguishing between synonyms. In diagnosing dis¬ eases, in the playing of chess, in mathematics, in all those activities where these particular faculties come into play, the Jew romps off with more prizes The Jews in the Making of America 249 proportionately than he is entitled to by his num¬ bers There is another contemporary characteristic of the Jew that dates from remote antiquity. Nomadism has ever been the badge of all the tribe; there has been no people that has lived so small a proportion of its national life upon its own native soil. At a very early age the Jew seems to have discovered the prime law of pro¬ gress; restlessness and the vision of better things. He did not, like other people, transplant the ful¬ filment of his desires to another world, for this life and the fullness thereof were his prime con¬ cern. When Jehovah closed his eyelids in death, eternal darkness came. If he failed to live here, he failed forever. Progress was infinite; there were no fixed standards which having been at¬ tained, made further effort unnecessary. Though even of the dust, he aspired to the stars and the permanency of any status not based on solid achievement was for him incomprehensible. “The learned bastard takes precedence over the ignorant high priest,” wrote the Talmud. That ancient rabbinic author expressed profoundly the icono- clasm of Israel. The Jew realized that most achievements resulted from the use of wits, and egostistic enough to believe that he possessed that precious desideratum, simply set out to achieve it. l 250 The Jews in the Making of America He knew only one Master, God; for him there were no intermediaries. After all, a man may be, despite Carlyle, a hero to his valet, but who can be a hero to his own brother? And since all Israel¬ ites were brothers, every Israelite was an incorrig¬ ible democrat and individualist. He was the abor¬ iginal democrat, because, one suspects, his strong egotism led him to believe that he was just as good as those who ruled him. “All is vanity,” wrote the author of Ecclesiastes, but these words he penned in an Hellenic and not a Hebraic mood. For the Jew everything has a purpose, from the creation of the universe to dis¬ carded old clothing. The Jew has lived much better than the Gentile allowed him. He has escaped most of the brutal¬ izing and degrading consequences that slavery and oppression bring. His unconquerable spirit — his perseverance and inherited optimism, wearied his inveterate enemies. The Talmud and Torah, the secret spring from which he drew his sustenance and nourished his starving soul, remained intact. Most remarkable of all is the fact that in the midst of all his suffering, he has developed a humaneness that is stronger in him than in anyone else. Crimes of passion and violence are not in his ken. Bloodshed he abhors so that the very The Jews in the Making of America 251 meat he eats must be purified from all sanguineous traces. The Sanhedrin, which for the first time in seventy years condemned a man to death, was called bloody, — this more than twenty centuries before the agitation for the abolition of war and capital punishment. It is no wonder that L. J. Garven, that acute English publicist, declared the Jews are always first to display the true Christian spirit. Alcoholism has not sapped the vitality of the Jew. His mental faculties have been kept alert by the hostility of the non-Jew and by the force of his Talmudic tradition. His ambition springs from his innate individualism and his democracy. His adaptability is the result of his nomadic life. Time has taught him the necessity of patience and his will power is another aspect of the hereditary “stiff neckedness” that Moses denounced. Combine all these faculties and you have the secret of the Jew’s resiliency. The consummate ease with which he rebounds from the lowest strata of economic life and reaches the sacred precincts of prestige and culture, which are thought to be the monopoly of the few, are to be attributed to the unique combination of his facul¬ ties. Time cannot exhaust nor hostility deplete the stores of his nervous energy. Centuries before 252 The Jews in the Making of America Darwin he had glimpsed the fact that life was a struggle and the mode of existence forced upon him has endowed him with the precise qualities that now make him successful. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION We have seen thus that the influence of the Jewish race upon America began with its very discovery. The new continent came into human ken in the same year that the Spanish Jews were driven from the land in which they had prospered for centuries. The connection between the two events is more than accidental; the possibility that the impulse which animated the Jewish backers of Columbus was that of creating an avenue of escape in the country about to be opened or reopened to international commerce has already been sug¬ gested. Jewish money partly contributed toward the financing of the voyages; Jewish brains were utilized for the creation of those maritime instru¬ ments which made the trip of the great discoverer possible. More than a century elapsed before the first permanent settlements were made in the new conti¬ nent. But it was not the maritime peoples of the Mediterranean who linked their destiny with the northern portion of the new hemisphere. Instead, a hardy pioneer folk, suffering from religious per- 253 254 The Jews in the Making of America sccution and animated by a desire for adventure and economic improvement, began the work of exploiting the resources of the new world. This pioneer folk had only indirectly come in contact with the people of Israel. It had, how¬ ever, been bred in an atmosphere redolent with Hebrew culture and had absorbed to the uttermost the book of books, which contained for them the totality of human wisdom. The Bible, that had to a large extent formed and moulded Israel, formed and moulded these founders of the north¬ ern colonies. The religious separatism that had preserved the Jewish people throughout the generations found in them similar devotees. It gave them their powers of endurance and their tenacity in the face of all obstacles. The characteristics of the Jewish people, its individualism, its democracy, its austerity, and its self-discipline, all of which flowed from its reli¬ gion and its Biblical Training, were also exempli¬ fied in the Puritans of early days. Their Biblical training and their religion developed in them pre¬ cisely the same elements of character, elements which were of urgent necessity in the conquest of the new continent. Here was the Jew at the very beginning of America. By personal contact he had contributed in a large degree to the discovery of the new The Jews in the Making of America 255 hemisphere, later by the very force of the ideals which he had enunciated centuries previously in the land of his origin, he created the types instru¬ mental in laying the deeper foundations of America. The duality of the Jewish nature was never better displayed than in the case of our country, where they first in the material sense, and later in the spiritual sense contributed toward the making of the republic of today. Nor were they in the economic sense laggards. Their participation in the Dutch West Indian company has been noted, as was also the fact of their entrance into the life of the colony of New York, prior to its capture by the English. The Jews raised Newport to a place of eminence in the commercial world. In Georgia, and in Charles¬ ton they planted colonies which still remain intact despite the lapse of time. In the revolution they gave forth a number of officers. Haym Solomon, the Polish Jewish immigrant, gave his fortune to the cause of the colonies, and his heirs to this day still remain un¬ compensated by the American government. Solo¬ mon was the confidant of statesmen and from his own private purse maintained men like Madison and other founders of the republic. In the War of 1812 the Jews gave their share. One of the most romantic figures in the war, Captain John 256 The Jews in the Making of America Ordronneaux, of the privateer Prince de Neuf- chatel, was a scion of Israel. In the Civil War also the Jews gave their quota. Large numbers of them coming from the lands of oppression in Central Europe enthusiastically en¬ tered the conflict, for the emancipation of the slaves was a cause that necessarily appealed to those who had just fled from the rule of tyrants. In the World War they gave more than their due. The Lost Battalion, with so large a propor¬ tion of Jewish men, will remain a forever cher¬ ished memory of American military history. At the same time it will And its way into the annals of the Jewry of America. In the mobilization of the civil front they played a disproportionate role. Three out of the seven members of the omnipo¬ tent advisory Committee of the Council of Na¬ tional Defense were of Jewish blood. Their num¬ ber in the more difficult branches of army service, infantry, etc., was, as we have noted above, more than their general proportion to the population. Within the past several decades they have pene¬ trated into all the realms of American life. In the economic field particularly they have labored in- defatigably. They have placed merchandising and distribution on a firm basis; the department store, fulfilling as it does its unique function in the economic life of America, is largely the creation of The Jews in the Making of America 257 their brains. The clothing industry has been raised from its former stagnant position. In 1880 its invested capital was below $100,000,000. A generation later, due to the influx of the Jewish masses, its invested capital was raised to an amount variously estimated from three-quarters of a billion to a billion. The second generation of these immigrant Jews do not follow the same occupation as their parents. Their sons and daughters knock at the doors of all the institutions of learning. They constitute about 10% of the student body of America, though the whole of Jewry is a little over 3% of the gen¬ eral population. They are taking up law, medi¬ cine, pharmacy, teaching. The non-professional elements of the second generation have entered into merchandising and manufacturing. These do not confine themselves in any large measure to one industry, they have entered into all the paths and bypaths of economic activity. Many have become manual laborers, others have entered the civil service, federal, state and municipal. The back to the farm movement is gathering momentum and today the approximate number of Jews engaged in agriculture is 100,000. In the theatre they have proved a potent force and in the cinema they are the most powerful factor. A number of hitherto obscure Jews by sheer force of ability have won 258 The Jews in the Making of America their way into a position of power. A new indus¬ try has been practically created over night and thousands upon thousands of Americans have gained their livelihood owing to the genius and imagination of these Jewish pioneers of the film industry. In the theatre they are active as man¬ agers, producers, actors and playwrights. The production of one of the great religious drama of Christianity, ‘The Miracle,” was financed by a Jew, Otto Kahn, and staged by two other Jews, Morris Gest and Max Goldman-Reinhardt. The Theatre Guild, America’s most promising theatri¬ cal institution, is almost a purely Jewish contribu¬ tion to America, while the Yiddish Art Theatre has gained a number of admirers among the non- Jews. The American thatre has been stabilized since the Jewish influx has begun. In the arts, in science and in public service, American Jewry is giving more than its propor¬ tionate strength. There is no field in which the Jew is not a participant. Music in America is largely a Jewish field; violinists particularly pro¬ claim the musical bent of the Jews. By their con¬ tributions they support more than one musical institution which otherwise would founder on the rocks of neglect and apathy. The Jew has truly made himself part and parcel of American life. He is inextricably connected The Jews in the Making of America 259 with its very warp and woof, though the weapon of social antagonism is invoked against him. Anti¬ semitism, however, is the cult of the incompetent, of the failure, of the unsuccessful. Envy has al¬ ways been a badge of certain portions of the human tribe and its manifestations break forth upon the occasion of every achievement. To the composite picture that is America, the Jew has given a colorful and valuable touch. The Melting Pot in the meantime is boiling and the Jew is thawing out. The members of the second generation are miles apart from their for¬ bears. They have absorbed both the good and the bad elements of American life. They have an air of self-reliance and independence, but the in¬ tellectual intensity of the race is beginning to diminish. The “Talmud Chochum,” the rabbinical sage, the man of learning was the ideal of the elders, but the younger generation unfortunately shares in a certain measure the American distrust of the “high-brow”. Physically the improvement is tremendous. The children are taller and stronger than the genera¬ tion preceding them; the cringing look has dis¬ appeared and the bent back of the ghetto Jew gone forever. Their interests are more extensive than those of their elders, nevertheless the in¬ herent wisdom in the tradition and experience of 260 The Jews in the Making of America centuries has been discarded, very unwisely, by the younger generation. It is hazardous to prophesy the length of time which the Jewish group, as such, shall exist as a distinctive element in American life. Some have predicted that the hour of “Judendammerung,” the twilight of the Jew, is at hand and that the solvent of American democracy shall disintegrate the group within a century or two. Among others the Jew is looked upon as a permanent factor in the life of the peoples among whom he dwells. In the game of modern competition the Jew, due to those factors which have been analyzed in a previous chapter, frequently plays a winning hand. Motives of fear and of envy begin operat¬ ing among the non-Jews who surround him, and we have then a resultant tension. This is perfectly comprehensible, though in a state of society where fair play is a cardinal ethical doctrine, it should be an impossibility. The virtues of the Jew, his thrift, his sobriety, his tenacity, his ambition are precisely the qualities that give him prestige, and therefore give him his unpopularity. One wonders how much more intense the distrust would be were he devoid of all faults and vices. Dislike for the unlike seems a permanent element in human nature, and so long as the Jew is recognizable or The Jews in the Making of America 261 even so long as his grandfathers are known as Jews, barriers will be erected. Intermarriage, if its desirability is granted, seems impossible for the group. Individuals here and there may lose themselves in the non-Jewish life, but the mass as such will continue to live with a varying measure of separateness, depend¬ ing upon local conditions, the force of its race pride and the extent of the antagonism from without. According to the figures of the bril¬ liant sociologist, Dr. Julius Drachsler, the rate of intermarriage between the Jew in America and the rest of the population is the lowest of all groups, with the exception of the colored. Whether we will it or not, the conclusion is unavoidable that though the cultural assimilation of the Jew is rapidly progressing, his physical union with various elements of the American people does not seem probable in the near future. CITIES WITH JEWISH POPULATION OVER 5,000 Estimate 1917-1918 Albany, N. Y. 7,000 Minneapolis, Minn. . 15,000 Atlanta, Ga. 10,000 Newark, N. J. 5 5 >000 Baltimore, Md. 60,000 New Haven, Conn. .. 18,000 Bayonne, N. J. 10,000 New Orleans, La. ... 8,000 Boston, Mass. 77,500 New York City. 1,500,000 Bridgeport, Conn. ... 12,000 Norfolk, Va. 5,000 Buffalo, N. Y. 20,000 Oakland, Calif. 5,ooo Cambridge, Mass. ... 8,000 Omaha, Neb. 10,000 Chelsea, Mass. 13,000 Paterson, N. J. 15,000 Chicago, Ill. 225,000 Philadelphia, Pa. 200,000 Cincinnati, Ohio .... 25,000 Pittsburg, Pa. 60,000 Cleveland, Ohio .... 100,000 Portsmouth, Va. 8,000 Columbus, Ohio .... 9,000 Providence, R. I. 15,000 Dallas, Texas. 8,000 Revere, Mass. 6,000 Denver, Colo. 11,000 Rochester, N. Y. 20,000 Detroit, Mich. 50,000 St. Louis, Mo. 60,000 Elizabeth, N. J. 5,000 St. Paul, Minn. 10,000 Fall River, Mass. .. 7,500 San Francisco, Calif. 30,000 Hartford, Conn. 16,000 Savannah, Ga. 5,000 Hoboken, N. J. 5,000 Scranton, Pa. 7,500 Houston, Texas .... 5,000 Seattle, Wash. 5,000 Indianapolis, Ind. ... 10,000 Springfield, Mass. ... 6,000 Jersey City, N. J. ... 12,500 Syracuse, N. Y. 12,000 Kansas City, Mo. ... 12,000 Toledo, Ohio. 7,500 Los Angeles, Calif. .. 18,000 Trenton, N. J. 7,000 Louisville, Ky. 9,000 Waco, Texas . 5,000 Lowell, Mass. 6,000 Washington, D. C. .. 10,000 Lynn, Mass. 7,500 Waterbury, Conn. .. 6,000 Malden, Mass. 9,000 Worcester, Mass. .. 10,000 Memphis, Tenn. 10,000 Yonkers, N. Y. 5,000 Milwaukee, Wis. ... 20,000 Youngstown, N. Y. . 5,000 262 POPULATION BY STATES Estimate 1920 by Bureau Jewish Social Research Alabama . 11,150 Arizona . 1,150 Arkansas . 5,150 California . 71,400 Colorado . 15,380 Connecticut. 71,870 Delaware. 4,010 District of Columbia. 10,950 Florida. 6,940 Georgia . 23,240 Idaho . 1,160 Illinois . 257,600 Indiana. 26,780 Iowa. 16,230 Kansas . 9,590 Kentucky. 13,620 Louisiana. 13,020 Maine. 7,590 Maryland . 65,330 Massachusetts. 199,300 Michigan. 71,360 Minnesota. 33,550 Mississippi . 3,990 Missouri . 82,570 Montana . 2,520 Nebraska. 14,020 Nevada. 5 10 New Hampshire .... 3,370 New Jersey. 163,180 New Mexico. 880 New York. 1,701,260 North Carolina .... 5,140 North Dakota. 1,590 Ohio. 177,690 Oklahoma . 5,490 Oregon. 18,260 Pennsylvania. 340,740 Rhode Island . 1,450 South Carolina. 5,060 South Dakota. 1,310 Tennessee . 14,390 Texas. 32,660 Utah. 3,940 Vermont. 2,260 Virginia. 16,020 Washington. 10,030 West Virginia. 5,440 Wisconsin . 30,100 Wyoming. 560 263 GROWTH OF JEWISH POPULATION IN UNITED STATES Tear Authority Number 1818 Mordecai M. Noah . 3,ooo 1824 Solomon Etting . 6,000 1826 Isaac C. Harby. 16,000 1840 The American Almanac. 15,000 1848 M. A. Beck . 50,000 1880 Wm. B. Hackenburg. 230,257 1888 Isaac Markens . 400,000 1897 David Sulzberger . 937,800 1905 Jewish Encyclopaedia .1,508,435 1907 American Jewish Year Book.1,777, 1 85 1910 American Jewish Year Book.2,043,762 1914 Bureau of Jewish Statistics & Research .. 2,933,874 1918 Bureau of Jewish Statistics & Research .. 3,300,000 1920 Bureau of Jewish Social Research.. 3,602,150 264 INDEX Aaron, Jonas, 65. Abarbanel, Lina, 158. Aborn, Milton, 190. Aborn, Sargent, 190. Abraham, Jedediah ben, 196. Abrams, Dr. Albert, 198. Adams, Brooks, 71. Adams, Franklin P. (F. P. A.), 151 . 173 , 174 - Adams, Herbert B., 33. Adams, James Truslow, 50. Adams, Samuel, 56, 58. Addison, 69. Adler, Celia 158. Adler, Dr. Cyrus, 236. Adler, Francine (Larrimore), 158. Adler, Liebman, 87. Adler, Samuel, 234. Adolphus, King Gustavus, 11. Altman, 121. Ambrosoes, Moses, 62. Ami, Jacob Ben, 152, 158. Andreyev, 152. Anspacher, Louis Kaufman, 157. Anthony, Joseph (Rosenblatt), 166. Antin, Mary, 166. Antokolsky, 192. Arnold, Benedict, 77. Asch, Sholom, 152, 175, 176, 231. Auer, Leopold, 183. Auslander, Joseph, 174. Bacharach, Isaac, 215. Bacon, 243. • Baker, 109. Baliefif, 148. Ballin, Hugo, 194. Barton, Clara, 224. Baruch, Bernard, 106, 107, 219. Baruch, Dr. Simon, 220. Bates, Blanche, 146. Baylies, Francis, 49. Baylinson, A. S., 194. Beard, Charles A. and Mary R., 9, 12, 13. Beaulieu, Anatole Leroy, 248. Becker, Maurice, 195. Beerbohm, Max, 33. Belasco, David, 146, 148, 157, 158. Bellingham, Governor, 51. Bellomont, Lord, 62, 63. Benchley, Robert, 151. Bendix, Max, 184. Benet, 169. Benjamin, Judah P., 90, 91, 92. Berensohn, Bernhard, 195. Berkovici, Konrad, 168, 178. Berlin, Irving, 191. Berliner, Emil Henry, 205. Bernal, Maestro, 44. Bernard, Barney, 158. Bernhardt, Rachel, 158. Bernhardt, Sarah, 158. Bernstein, Herman, 166, 191, 229. Berolzheimer, Philip, 187. Block, Bertram, 151. Block, Ernest, 190. Bloomfield, Meyer, 217. Bloomgarden, Solomon (Yehoash), I7S : Bloomingdale, 121. Blum, Solomon, 201. Blumenberg, Leopold, 99. Boaz, Prof., 203. Bodenheim, Maxwell, 163, 172, 178. Bodzansky, Arthur, 186. Boerhaave, 197. 265 266 INDEX Boni, Albert, 177. Boni, Charles, 177,178. Booth, Edwin, 146. Bradford, 49, 51. Brady, Alter, 172. Brandes, George, 167. Brandeis, Justice Louis D., 209, 211, 213. Brenner, Victor D., 194. Brentano, 149, 180. Breslau, Sophie, 190. Brice, Fannie, 158. Brill, Dr. Abraham A., 198, 203. Broad, Bertha, 158. Brodsky, Horace, 194. Bromwell, 17. Broun, Heywood, 151. Brown, Nicholas L., 177, 179. Brudno, Ezra, 166. Butensky, Jules Leon, 194. Caballeria, Alphonso, 36. Cabrero, Juan de, 36, 38. Cahan, Abraham, 166, 231. Calli, Alonzo de, 43. Campbell, Lieut. Col. Douglas, 115* Cantor, Eddie, 158. Carlyle, 250. Carter, Leslie, 146. Carvahlo, Leon, 229. Celler, Emanuel, 215. Chaliapin, Feodor, 192. Charles III, of Spain, 79. Chauncey, 51. Christ, 49. Clarkson, Grosvenor B., 106, 107. Cleveland, 26. Cobb, Irvin S., 10. Cohen, Alfred J. (Alan Dale), 154. 155- Cohen Bros., 95. Cohen, Dr. Louis, 207. Cohen, Morris R., 41. Cohen, Octavus Roy, 97, 166. Cohen, Rose Gollup, 165, 168. Columbus, Christopher, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39. 40, 4 1 * 42. 43, 44, 46. Collier, Constance, 158. Commons, John R., 15. Connelly, Marc, 151. Coralnik, Dr. Abram, 230. Cournos, John, 164, 178. Crower, Merle, 136. Czar, 183, 205. Dale, Alan, (Alfred J. Cohen), 154, 155- Daly, Charles Patrick, 61. Damrosch, Walter, 186. Darwin, 252. Davenport, John, 52. David, 53, 57. Davidson, Dore, 162. Davidson, Gustav, 174. Davidson, Jo, 193. Davis, Jefferson, 91. De Casseres, Benjamin, 229. Dell, Floyd, 177. Dembitz, Lewis Naphtali, 89. De Lyon, Abraham, 66. Deutsch, Babette, 173. Dickstein, Samuel, 215. Dimow, Ossip, 157, 175. Dingley, 124. Disraeli, 92, 238. Dittenhoefer, A. J., 89. Dix, Henry A., 215. Drachsler, Julius, 203, 261. Du Bois, W. S. Burghardt, 13. Duncan, Isadora, 192. Duro, Cesareo, Fernandez, 37. Duveen, 195. Eaton, Theophilus, 52. Edison, 28. Edwards, Maj. Gen. Clarence, 115. Eggleston, Edward, 70. Ehrich, Louis W., 195. Einhorn, Rabbi David, 87, 234. / INDEX 267 Einstein, Lewis, 227. Einstein, Max, 100. Emerson, 169. En-Reques, Joshua Mordecai, 68. Epstein, Alter, 175. Epstein, Jacob, 193, 194. Evans, Dr. Evan, 200. Ezekiel, Sir Moses, 192. Fairchild, Henry Pratt, 9. Farrar, Geraldine, 161. Feinstein, Martin, 174. Feist, Leo, 191. Feld, Rose C., 217. Felsenthal, Rabbi Bernhard, 87, 234 - Ferber, Edna, 164. Ferdinand, 34, 35, 38, 40. Fields, Louis, 158. Fink, Henry T., 182, 184. Fishberg, Dr., 138, 198. Fishman, Joseph, 213. Fleisher, Alexander, 217. Flexner, Dr. Simon, 197, 199. Fokine, 148. Forrest, Edwin, 146. Fox, William, 162. F. P. A., (See Adams, Franklin P.). France, Anatole, 193. Frank, Waldo, 163, 164, 168, 178, 184. Frankel, Kee L., 217. Frankfurter, Prof. Felix, 109, 110, 211. Franklin, 77. Franklin, Dr., 58. Franklin, Fabian,229. Franklin, Rabbi Jacob, 95 . Franks, David, 73, 76. Franks, Isaac, 76. Freed, Joseph R., 206. Freedman, David, 168. Freud, Dr. Sigmund, 178, 198. Friedenwald, Dr. Harry, 198. Friedlander, Israel, 236 . Friedman, Elisha, 204. Friedman, Ignatz, 186. Friedman, Max, 100. Frohman, Charles, 146, 148. Frohman, Daniel, 148. Fromer, Dr. 246. Funk, Dr. Casimir, 197. Funk, Dr. Isaac, 236. Galileo, 197. Garden, Mary, 161. Garven, L. J., 251. Geary, 25. George, King, 75. Gerson, Levi, ben, 43. Gest, Morris, 146, 147, 148, 258. Gideon, 53. Gimbel, 121. Ginsburg, Louis, 235. Gladstone, 92. Glass, Montague, 151, 157. Gluck, Alma, 184, 190. Godowsky, Leopold, 186. Gold, Michael, 174. Goldberg, Dr. Isaac, 166,167,180. Goldberg, “Rube”, 195. Goldberger, Dr. Joseph, 199, 200. Goldenweiser, Prof., 203. Goldfaden, Abraham, 176. Goldfogle, Henry M., 215. Goldman, Edwin Franko, 187. Goldmark, Rubin, 190. Goldenreyer, 146. Goldsmith Bros., 95. Goldwyn, Samuel (Goldfish), 161. Gomberg, Prof. Moses, 208. Gompers, Samuel, 106, 107, 108, 189. Gompertz, Sergt. Sydney G., 117. Goodman, Jules Eckert, 157. Gordin, Jacob, 176. Gordon, Vera, 162. Gorin, B., 175. Gorky, 152. 268 INDEX Gratz, Bernard, 73. Gratz, Michael, 73. Grant, President, 226. Green, Harry, 158. Guggenheim, Mrs. Daniel, 122, 187. Guiterman, Arthur, 171. Haam, Achod, 50. Haldeman-Julius, E., 178. Halperin, Nan, 158. Hammerstein, Oscar, 147, 188. Hamilton, Alexander, 218. Hamsun, Knut, 180. Hapgood, Norman, 212. Harkavy, Alexander, 175. Harrigan, Capt., 116. Harris, Sam, 146. Hart, Abraham, 100. Hart, Meyer, 65. Hart, Michael, 65* Hart, Rachel, 65. Harte, Bernard, 81. Harte, Bret, 81. Hauptmann, 152, 154, 180. Hay, 96. Hecht, Ben, 157, 163, 164, 168, 178. Heifetz, Jascha, 184. Heilprin, Michael, 88. Heine, 46. Helbrum, Theresa, 150. Heilman, George, 195. Hergesheimer, Joseph, 177. Hershfield, Harry, 195. Heydenfeldt, Judge Samuel, 87. Hillman, Sydney, 125. Hilquit, Morris, 215. Hirsch, Emil G., 234. Hirsch, Maier, 89. Hirsch, Samuel, 234. Hirsch, Solomon, 227. Hirschbein, Perez, 152, 176. Hochhauser, Edward, 215. Hochstein, David, 184. Hoffenstein, Samuel, 174. Hoffman, Aaron, 157. Hoffman, Joseph, 186. Hollander, Jacob, 201. Hoover, 220. Hopkins, Arthur, 152. Horowitz, Louis J., 129. Houdini, 158. Hourwich, Prof. I. A., 202, 231. Howard, Rev. Simon, 56. Howard, Prof., 214. Howe, General, 98. Huebsch, B. W., 177, 179, 180. Hughes, Governor, 222. Hurok, Solomon, 191, 192. Hurst, Fanny, 165. Hurwitz, Dr. Henry, 230. Ibsen, 152. Isaacson, Charles D., 188. Isabella, Queen, 33, 34, 35, 37, 4 °, 43 * Isaake, Rebecca, 67. Israel, David, 62. Israel, Manasseh, ben, 44, 61. Israels, 192. Jackson, “Stonewall”, 102. Jacobs, Dr. Abraham, 197. Jacobs, Benjamin, 80. Jacobs, Joseph, 42, 43, 73. Jacoby, Prof. Harold, 203. Jacobson, Maurice, 204. Jaffa, M. E., 133. Jastrow, Prof. Joseph, 203. Jay, 77 - Jefferson, 3, 58, 78, 193 - Jehuda-Sebeth, 197. Joachimsen, Philip J., 99* Johnson, 99. Jolson, Al., 158. Jonas, Abraham, 95, 96. Jonas, Benjamin F., 96. Jonas, Charles H., 96. INDEX 269 Josephus, 56. Joshua, 53, 89. Judah, 56. Judah, Samuel B. H., 156. Juster, Sergeant Maurice, 103. Kahn, Julius, 215. Kahn, Otto, 150, 189, 258. Kaiser, Ephram, 194. Kalb, Baron de, 74. Kalisch, Bertha, 158. Kallen, Horace Meyer, 203, 211. Kaplan, Mordecai M., 236. Kaufman, Benjamin, 117. Kaufman, George S., 151. Kaufman, Sigmund, 89, 230. Kautsky, Karl, 231. Kayserling, Prof. Moses, 34. Kean, Charles, 146. Kepler, 197. Kern, Jerome D., 191. Kingborough, Lord, 44. Kiper, Florence, 173. Kirjasoff, Max D., 227. Klein, Charles, 157. Knefler, Frederick, 98. Knopf, Alfred A., 177. Kobrin, I., 176. Kobrin, Leon, 175. Kohn, Abraham, 89, 198. Kohler, Kaufman, 234. Korn, Dr. Arthur, 207. Kornfeld, Rabbi Joseph Louis, 227. Korngold, Erich, 190. Krantz, Philip, 175. Krauskopf, Rabbi Joseph, 131. Kreisler, Fritz, 184. Kuhn, 122, 151. Laemmle, Carl, 162. Lait, Jack, 229. Landis, Judge Kenesaw M., 218. Langdon, Rev. Samuel, 55. Langner, Lawrence, 149, 150. Larrimore, Francine (Adler), 158. Las Casas, 36, 37, 38. Lasker, Albert, 218. Lasky, Jesse, 161, Lawrence, D., 229. Lawrence, D. H., 179. Lawrence, Joseph, 8. Lavater, 197. Lazare, 56. Lazarus, Emma, 169. Leader, 8. Leavitt, Ezekiel, 174. Leavitt, Dr. Julian W., n, 118. Lecky, 46, 54. Lee, 78, 102. Legardo, Elias, 67. Lehman, Irving, 209. Leisler, 63. Leon, Edwin de, 225. Leon, Jacob de, 74. Leon, General David de, 97. Leopold, Israel (Ed Wynn), 158. Lesser, Sol, 162. Levins, Sonia, 230. Levin, Prof., 201. Levin, Isaac H., 208. Levine, Dr. Louis, 199. Levy, Judge Aaron J., 209. Levy, Benjamin, 73, 80. Levy, Bert, 195. Levy, Bros., 95. Levy, Hayman Jr., 73. Levy, Herman, 80. Levy, Jessie Miss, 209. Levy, Sampson, 73. Levy, William Auerbach, 194. Levy, Captain Uriah P., 101. Lewisohn, Adolph, 186, 213. Lewisohn, Ludwig, 153, 154, 178. Lhevinne, Joseph, 186. Libin, Z., 176. Libman, Dr. Emanuel, 2oo. Lieberman, Elias, 173. Lilienthal, Max, 234. Lincoln, 28, 89, 96, 99, loo, 102. Lindo, Moses, 67. 270 INDEX Lipman, C. B., 133. Lipman, Clara, 158. Lipman, Jacob G. Prof., 133. Lippman, Walter, 211. Liszt, 193. Liveright, Horace, 177, 178. Lodge, Henry Cabot, 12. Loeb, Jacques, 199. Loeb, Sophie Irene, 230. Loeb, 121, 122. Loew, Marcus, 160, 162. London, Meyer, 215. Longfellow, 176. Longstreet, General, 97. Longuet, Jean, 231. Lopez, Aaron, 64. Lossing, 81. Lourie, Judge David A., 209. Lowell, Amy, 169. Lowell, James Russell, 33. Lowenstein, Fritz, 206. Lowenthal, Marvin, 230. Lubin, David, 134, 135, 216. Lushington, Captain, 75. Luzerne, Chavalier de la, 80. Maclay, Edgar Stanton, 81. Madison, 78, 225, 255. Mack, Judge Julian, 209. Makir, Jacob ben, 43. Manborgne, Major, 207. Mann, Louis, 158. Marco, 44. Marinoff, Fania, 58. Marix, Adolf, 104, 105. Marovitch, Alfred, 186. Marshall, Louis, 209, 222, 223, 228. Martin, Everett Dean, 247. Marx, Karl, 241. Maslow, Ray, 201. Mayer, General W., 100. Mayers, Hy., 195. Mayers, Colonel, Mordecai, 80. McChesney, Emma, 164. McDonald, Ramsay, 231. McGowan, Kenneth, 151. McKenna, Kennett, (Leo Miel- ziner, Jr.), 158. McKinley, 104, 124. McSweeney, Edward F., (Intro¬ duction to Series), 1. Meltzer, Samuel Dr., 198. Mencken, H. L., 164, 177, 247. Mendel, Prof. Lafayette B., 199. Mengelburg, Wille, 185. Mercer, 78. Mercier, 92. Meyer, Adolphus, 97. Meyer, Eugene Jr., no. Meyers, Carmel, 162. Michelson, Prof. Albert, 202, 229. Michelson, Charles, 229. Mielziner, Leo, 194. Mierowitz, William, 194. Milton, 190. Minis, Isaac, 66. Mindlin, 146. Mitmitsky, 184. Moeller, Philip, 150. Moise, Joseph, 67. Moisseiff, Leon M., 208. Mordecai, I. Randolph, 98. Mordecai, Moses, 73. Mordell, Albert, 166. Morgan, 121. Morgenthau, Henry, 227. Monroe, 78, 155. Morais, Sabato, 87. Morris, 122. Morris, George P., 155. Morris, Ira Nelson, 227. Morris, Robert, 77, 78, 80. Moses, 48, 52, 53 , 56, 58, Moses, Isaac, 80. Moses, Montrose, 154. Moses, Col. Raphael J., 97. Motta, Jacob, de la, 74. Moultrie, General, 75. Myles, Jerome, 194. INDEX 271 Nathan, George Jean, 152, 153, 154 - Nathan, Robert, 166. Naumburg, Elkan, 187. Nazimova, Alla, 158. Negri, Pola (Pauline Schwartz), 162. Nehemiah, Seignor Moses, 67, 68 . Nethersole, Olga, 158. Newton, 197. Nicoll, Daniel, 229. Neichoff, 71. Nicolay, 96. Niger, S., 231. Noah, Major Manuel Mordecai, 80, 155, 156, 225. Nones, Major Benjamin, 74. Nunez, Dr., 66. Nyberg, Sydney, 166. O’Brien, Edward J., 168. Ochs, Adolph S., 228. Oglethorpe, General, 65, 66. Opatoshu, I., 175. Oppenheim, 169. Oppenheim, Jas., 168, 170. Oppenheimer, Ben, 97. Ordroneaux, Capt. John, 81, 82, 256. Ornstein, Leo, 184, 185* Paderewski, Ignace, 194. Paine, Robert Treat, 56. Paine, Thomas, 57. Pam, Judge Hugo, 209. Pankin, Jacob, 215. Panzini, 179. Papini, Giovanni, 180. Parker, Dorothy, 151. Partridge, 51. Pavlowa, 192. Peixotto, Benjamin F., 225. Penn, 7. Perlman, Nathan, 215. Perlmutter, 157. Peters, Madison C., 102. Pharoah, 58. Phillips, Jonas B., 156. Pinner, Moritz, 89. Pinski, 152, 157, 175, 176, 180. Pinto, Abraham, 74. Pinto, Solomon, 74. Pinto, William, 75. Plotz, Dr. Harry, 197. Poldan, 44. Potash, 157. Proskauer, Judge Joseph, 209. Pulitzer, Joseph, 229. Rabinoff, Max, de la, 189, 190. Ragorodsky, Abraham, 208. Raisa, Rosa, 190. Raisin, Dr., 207. Raison, Milton, 174. Raphael, Rabbi Morris J., 87, 88. Reed, Florence, 158. Reinhardt-Goldman Max, 258. Renton, Don Francisco, 79. Reyner, 51. Rice, Elmer, 157. Riega, Don Celso Garcia, 41, 42. Riesenfeld, Hugo, 188. Rimini, Giacomo, 190. Ripkind, Morris, 151, 174. Rodriguez-Rivera, Jacob, 64. Rolland, Romain, 181. Roosevelt, Colonel, 103, 227. Rosen, Max, 184. Rosenau, Prof. Milton, 200. Rosenbach, 195. Rosenblatt, Benjamin, 168. Rosenblatt, (Joseph Anthony), 166. Rosenfeld, Morris, 175, 176. Rosenfeld, Paul, 185. Rosenoff, Prof., 208. Rosenwald, Julius, 106, 108, 223, 228. Rosewater, Victor, 229. Roth, Samuel, 173. Rothapfel, S. L., 188. 272 INDEX Rothchild, 241. Rowe, Leo S., 227. Rubinow, Dr. I M., 204. Rush, Dr., 57. Ryan, Father, 215. Sachs, T. B., 198. St. John, Irvine, 145, 148. St. Paul, 54. Salomon, Haym, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 255. Samuel, 53, 57, 58. Samuel, Maurice, 166. Santangel, Luis de, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39* 4®* Santangel, Martin de, 35. Santangel, Mosen Luis de, 35. Sanchez, Gabriel, 35, 36, 38, 40, 43 - Sanchez, Roderigo, 43. Sanders, Leon, 215. Sapiro, Aaron, 135, 136, 177. Sargent, 190. Sarnoff, David, 205. Saul, 56. Sawelson, Jacob L., 118. Sawelson, William, 118. Schechter, Rabbi Solomon, 235. Schenck, Joseph, 162. Schiff, Jacob, Henry and Mor¬ timer, 121, 223, 224. Schildkraut, Joseph, 158, 162. Schildkraut, Rudolph, 158. Schindler, Kurt, 186. Schnittkind, Dr. Henry T., 142, 177, 180. Schulberg, William, 162. Schuman-Heink, 192. Schwartz, Pauline (Pola Negri), 162. Schwartzchild, 122. Seddon, 93. Segal, Vivienne, 158. Seidel, Yoscha, 184. Seldes, Gilbert, 230. Seligman, Edwin R. A., 122, 201, 228. Selikowitch, George, 232. Selleck, 8. Seltzner, Thomas, 177, 179. Selwyn, 146. Seybert, Adam, 16. Seymour, Horatio, 81. Shakespeare, 152. Shapiro, 191. Shapiro, Jacob Salwyn, 203. Sharfman, Prof. Leo, 204. Sharpe, Rev. John, 63. Shaw, 152. Sheffler, Henry M., 201. Sheftal, Mordecai, 75. Shipman, Louis, 157. Shomer, Abraham, 157. Shore, Viola Brothers, 166. Shubert, 146. Shylock, 158. Sidis, Boris, 203. Siegel, Isaac, 215. Simon, Robert, 166. Simonson, Lee, 150. Singer, Dr. Isidor, 236. Snitkin, L. A., 209. Snowden, Philip, 231. Sokoloff, Nicolai, 186. Solomon, Adolphus S., 224. Solomon, Edward D., (or Salo¬ mon), 98. Sombart, 60. Spencer, Rev. T. A., 9. Spewack, Samuel, 229. Speyers, 122. Spiegel, Marcus M., 100. Spingarn, Joel, 166, 228. Starr, Frances, 146. Starratt, Theodore, 130. Steinmetz, Charles Proteus, 204. Stein, Gertrude, 164. Stern, 121. Stenben, 78. Steuer, Max, 209. INDEX 273 Stieglitz, Alfred, 195. Stieglitz, Julius Oscar, 208. Stock, Ferdinand, 186. Stokes, Rose Pastor, 175. Stokowski, Leopold, 186. Stransky, Joseph, 186. Straus, Isidore, 97. Straus, Manny, no. Straus, Nathan, 221, 222. Straus, Oscar, 226. Strindberg, 179. Strinsky, Simeon, 229. Stuart, Gilbert, 76. Stuyvesant, 60, 62. Suderman, 180. Sulzberger, 122. Swartz, Maurice, 152. Taft, William Howard, 105. Tannenbaum, Abner, 174. Tannenbaum, Frank, 213. Tappan, Dr. David, 58. Taubenhaus, Jacob, 133. Taussig, Edward David, 104, 201. Tesla, Nicklas, 206. Thebaud, A. J., 8. Thorowgood, 44. Tilzer, Alfred Von, 191. Tobenkin, Elia6, 166. Tokutomi, Kenjiro, 180. Torres, Luis de, 43, 44, 45. Touro, Judah, 82, 85, 223. Ullman, Samuel, 98. Ulrich, Leonore, 147. Untermeyer, Jean Starr, 170. Untermeyer, Louis, 170, 211. Untermeyer, Samuel, 169, 209, 218. Van Buren, Martin, 81. Vechten, Carl Van, 177. Vernon, Captain John, 8. Virga, Solomon, 197. Vizitelly, Frank H., 236. Vizino, Joseph, 43. Volk, Lester, 215. Wald, Lillian, 220, 221. Walkowitz, Abraham, 194. Warburg, 121, 223. Warburg, Paul, 217, 218. Warfield, 146, 158. Warwick, Robert, 158. Washington, George, 2, 28, 76. Wasservogel, Justice, 209. Weiman, Rita, 165. Weinberg, Louis, 195. Weiner, Leo, 203. Weinstock, Lubin (Co.), 216. Wenger, John, 194. Wetheim, Maurice, 150. Westley, Helen, 150. Weyl, Walter E., 211. Wheaton, Henry, 79. Whitlesey, Colonel, 116. Wiernick, Peter, 231. Williams, Oscar, 174. Williams, Roger, 64. Wilson, James, 79. Wilson, President, 26, 221. Winslow, Thyra Samter, 165. Wise, Isaac M., 223. Wise, Stephen S., 235. Wohlheim, Louis, 158, 162. Wolf, Simon, 93, 94, 95, Wolfe, S. Herbert, no. Wolman, Leo, 211. Wood, 146. Wynn, Ed., (Israel Leopold), 158. Yahweh, 55, 56. Yehoash (Solomon Bloomgarden), 175 . Yeomans, Robert, 8. Yezierska, Anzia, 165, 178. Young, Michael, Harry de, 230. Young, 17, 18. Yulee, David (born Levy), 87. 274 INDEX Zacuto, Abraham, 42, 43. Zadok, 56. Zeitlin, Alexandre, 194. Zevin, Israel, 175. Zhitlovsky, Dr. Chayim, 231. Zimbalist, Efrem, 184, 191. Zon, 204. Zukor, Adolph, 160, 161. I J* UNIVER9ITY OF ILLINOIS-URBAN A 3 0112 042187556