33S.S 
 
 HGSX 
 
: 
 
 332.5 
 
 HfeSt 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates 
 
 https://archive.org/details/libermercatorisoOOhobl 
 
%;y‘ x 
 
Liber ^ercatortg; 
 
 OR, 
 
 THE MERCHANT’S MANUAL. 
 
London: 
 
 Printed by A. Spoitiswoode, 
 New-Street-Square. 
 
itber Jlmatorfe; 
 
 OR, 
 
 THE MERCHANT’S MANUAL: 
 
 BEING 
 
 A CONCISE AND PRACTICAL TREATISE 
 ON 
 
 BILLS OF EXCHANGE, 
 
 MORE PARTICULARLY AS RELATING TO THE 
 CUSTOM OF MERCHANTS; 
 
 TOGETHER ALSO WITH 
 
 THE FRENCH CODE RELATING TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE; 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED, 
 
 “ THE INTERPRETER,” ON THE USUAL DATES, SIGHTS, AND , 
 USANCES OF FOREIGN BILLS OF EXCHANGE, 
 
 In Eight Languages. 
 
 BY 
 
 FRANCIS HOBLER, JUN. 
 
 ATTORNEY AT LAW ; 
 
 AUTHOR OF “ FAMILIAR EXERCISES BETWEEN AN ATTORNEY 
 ANI) HIS ARTICLED CLERK.” 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR 
 
 LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, 
 
 PATERNOSTER-ROW. 
 
 1838 , 
 

 
$4 x+faavti t><Hu,ef ? / vy V /TALMADGE 
 
 33 7.J 
 
 l~l SS' Jl 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 There are already so many excellent works 
 professing the same object as this Manual, 
 that the task I have undertaken would ap- 
 pear superfluous and uncalled for, but that, 
 numerous and learned as they undoubtedly 
 are, they are generally so technical and ela- 
 borate in their language, that they fre- 
 quently confuse where they are intended to 
 enlighten. But these works, however ex- 
 cellent in themselves, are, in their effects, 
 much like the “ Family Physician” and 
 other works of that class, having frequently 
 led the unlearned into error, and caused 
 i a 4 
 
VJ 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 quibbles and lawsuits. In fact, they are, 
 without exception, more fitted for the 
 lawyer than the merchant. 
 
 I have long seen the error, and contem- 
 plated the composition of this volume, which, 
 incomplete as it is, I trust may serve the 
 purpose intended, until I have leisure to 
 publish a more enlarged and perfect work : 
 at the same time I can conscientiously vouch 
 for the correctness of the information, how- 
 ever slight it may be ; for I have spared no 
 pains in seeking and comparing the opinions 
 of the best “ practical ” authorities upon the 
 subject. 
 
 In order to render it a book of ready re- 
 ference and information to the mercantile 
 world, 1 have sedulously avoided all “ legal ” 
 terms and phraseology, and invariably pre- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Vll 
 
 ferred clearness of detail to elegance of com- 
 position ; and that I might render myself as 
 intelligible as possible, I have been driven, 
 in several instances, to the necessity of re- 
 petition. 
 
 1 have endeavoured throughout to point 
 out to the merchant and his clerk the ge- 
 neral routine, sanctioned by custom in the 
 treatment of a bill of exchange. 
 
 For those who are desirous of studying the 
 law , including the reported cases, on this 
 point, there are several books extant, com- 
 posed by men of great legal talent, and which 
 are easy of access. 
 
 Considering the increased intercourse be- 
 tween France and England which has arisen 
 of late years, and which is still increasing 
 
Vlll 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 with that country and with many other parts 
 of Europe, I have thought it incumbent on 
 me, for the more complete utility of this small 
 work, to add an extract from the Code Na- 
 voleon , which I flatter myself will be found 
 serviceable, not only as immediately directed 
 to business transactions with France, but 
 with other countries, as Russia, &c., where 
 the Code Napoleon is known and adopted, 
 wholly or in part. It is arranged from the 
 Code de Commerce ; and I have endeavoured 
 that the translation into English shall be as 
 efficient as the most critical commercial or 
 legal reader can desire to have. 
 
 In conclusion, I must add a few words on 
 
 the subject of Public Notaries. They are a 
 
 / 
 
 very useful branch of the Profession; and 
 having in many instances found them pos- 
 sessed of much information on the custom of 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 IX 
 
 merchants in general, it will be seen that I 
 have in the present work pointed out many 
 particular duties which may be performed 
 by them with benefit and advantage to 
 traders ; and a merchant will often save 
 himself a lawsuit by a few words from his 
 notary in those cases of difficulty which may 
 arise in his dealings with foreign merchants. 
 
 For “ The Interpreter,” I am indebted to a 
 friend ; and from his known strict accuracy 
 and correct judgment, I can with safety 
 vouch that it may be depended upon. 
 

 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Page 
 
 On the Nature of Bills of Exchange - 1 
 
 On the Forms of Bills of Exchange - 4 
 
 Of the Maturity of Bills of Exchange - 7 
 
 Upon Payment before Maturity - - 15 
 
 Of Bills overdue - - - - 17 
 
 In case of the Death of an Acceptor, what 
 Proceedings are necessary - - 20 
 
 Of Acceptance contrary to the Tenor - 21 
 
 In case of Bankruptcy - 22 
 
 Bills lost or mislaid, Recital of Act respect- 
 ing same - - - 24 
 
 Form of Bond of Indemnity - - SO 
 
Xll 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Of Indications in case of need ; Act 6 & 7 
 Will. IV. cap. 58. - - 34 
 
 Of what the Law defines an Acceptance, 
 and of a general and qualified Accept- 
 ance - - 41 
 
 Where a Bill of Exchange comes to hand 
 without a Direction where to apply for 
 Payment - - 45 
 
 Where the Amount of a Bill differs in Words 
 and Figures - - 46 
 
 On the Necessity and Security of a Protest 48 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Of the general Practice of Merchants in the Treat- 
 ment of Bills of Exchange. 
 
 OF ACCEPTANCE. 
 
 I. On the Presentation for Acceptance 53 
 
 II. Upon Non-acceptance - 54 
 
 III. Of Acceptance contrary to the Tenor ib . 
 
 IV. The Demand of the First accepted ib. 
 
 V. When unaccepted - - 55 
 
CONTENTS. Xlll 
 
 Page 
 
 VI. When indicated in “ Case of Need ” 55 
 
 VII. Where there are more than one In- 
 dication - - 56 
 
 VIII. Of the Copy of a Bill - - 58 
 
 IX. When a Copy may be accepted, or 
 
 paid for Honour ... ib . 
 
 X. On the Charge of Protest for Non- 
 acceptance on the First, when de- 
 manded - 60 
 
 OF PAYMENT. 
 
 I. On the Presentation of due Bills - 63 
 
 II. Time allowed for Payment - ib. 
 
 III. On Payment of Part - 66 
 
 IV. On the Interference for Honour of 
 
 a third Party - 67 
 
 V. Of the Protest for Non-delivery - ib. 
 
 VI. Of Bills drawn on one Place payable 
 in another ; an Abstract of the Act 
 respecting such Bills - - 68 
 
XIV 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 VII. Where assigned, remitted, or en- 
 
 dorsed to the Drawee - - 70 
 
 VIII. On the Irregularity of an accepted 
 Bill ; the Acceptor not liable to pay, 
 
 and what is necessary to be done - 7 2 
 
 A Translation of the Section of the Com- 
 mercial Code of France relating to 
 Bills of Exchange - 74? 
 
 THE INTERPRETER. 
 
 I. The Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers - 105 
 
 II. The Months of the Year - - ib. 
 
 III. The usual Dates, Sights, and Usances 
 of Foreign Bills of Exchange, in 
 Eight Languages - - ib. 
 
LIBER MERCATORIS; 
 
 OR, 
 
 THE MERCHANT’S MANUAL. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 1. ON THE NATURE OF BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 Exchange is one of the most intricate and 
 mysterious parts of the art of mercantile 
 traffic, being grounded upon custom and 
 experience. 
 
 The great necessity and accommodation 
 of exchange has been allowed by all coun- 
 tries, and is still maintained by the general 
 
2 
 
 NATURE OF 
 
 consent of merchants and traders ; prevent- 
 ing the danger and hazard of carrying money 
 from one country, or from one part of a 
 kingdom, to another. 
 
 And this is effected by a few lines written 
 on a small piece of paper, termed a Bill of 
 Exchange, which is so excellent in its nature, 
 though it cannot be called a specialty, want- 
 ing those formalities required by the Common 
 Law of England, as seal, delivery, and wit- 
 nesses ; yet it is equivalent thereto, and may 
 be considered to exceed any specialty or bond 
 in its punctuality and preciseness of payment, 
 carrying with it a commanding power, al- 
 though it shall be directed from a servant 
 to his master ; for if he accept it, the liability 
 is as great, in respect to his credit and re- 
 sponsibility, to see it paid in due time, as 
 the servant can desire, or the party to whom 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 3 
 
 it is made payable can expect; for the ac- 
 cepter’s credit is at stake; and if he fail 
 in payment on the day of its maturity, a 
 protest is issued which will effectually in- 
 jure his commercial credit, and, besides the 
 incidental charges, the payment of the prin- 
 cipal is unavoidable, if the party or parties 
 are able, for both the accepter and drawer 
 are bound until full payment be made. 
 
4 
 
 FORMS OF 
 
 2 . OF THE FORMS OF BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 In drawing a bill of exchange it is usual 
 to set down at the top thereof the place 
 where, and the day, month, and year when, 
 the same is drawn, and also the sum in 
 figures. 
 
 Secondly . The time of payment. 
 
 Thirdly. The name of the person in whose 
 favour, or to whose order, it is payable. 
 
 Fourthly. The amount, in words at length. 
 
 Fifthly. The subscription or name of the 
 drawer. 
 
 And lastly. The name and address of the 
 person who is to pay the bill. 
 
 It will also be necessary that the stamp, 
 or ad valorem duty, required by law, be 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 5 
 
 equivalent to the amount and time of pay- 
 ment specified. 
 
 Where bills are drawn in sets, the quality 
 of each must be specified; that is to say, 
 if it be the first, second, or third. Mer- 
 chants usually, as a measure of precaution 
 and security, take two (or in some cases 
 more) bills of exchange for the same sum 
 of money, so that in case the first should 
 be lost, the second may supply its place. 
 And that the drawer may not suffer any 
 inconvenience from the multiplicity of bills 
 for the same sum of money, they are dis- 
 tinguished by the quality of first, second, 
 &c. And either of these being paid, the 
 other remains void and of no effect. But 
 when the drawer and payer ( drawee ) live in 
 the same place, or in neighbouring towns, or 
 upon other occasions where no danger of loss 
 b 3 
 
6 
 
 FORMS OF BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 is to be apprehended, Merchants only draw 
 a sola or single bill of exchange, and this last 
 is generally the form of all inland bills. 
 
 Inland bills are usually drawn on demand, 
 at sight, at a certain number of days’ sight, 
 at a certain number of days, weeks, or 
 months’ date, or payable on a day specifically 
 named. 
 
 Foreign bills are similar, only substituting, 
 in some instances, usance, usance and a half, 
 or two usances, for months ; the said usances 
 varying according to the countries from 
 whence they are drawn, and which are here- 
 after more particularly explained. 
 
MATURITY OF BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 7 
 
 3 . OF THE MATURITY OF BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 By the custom of merchants the party to 
 whom the bill is addressed is allowed three 
 days beyond the term mentioned in the bill, 
 which are called days of grace. All bills 
 drawn at certain days, weeks, or months, after 
 sight, are calculated from the day of accept- 
 ance, or, in the absence thereof, from the 
 date of the protest for non-acceptance. 
 
 In this instance, as well as in that before 
 mentioned, the three days’ grace are also 
 allowed ; provided , in both cases, these words 
 do not appear on the face of the bill after 
 the time therein specified, viz. “ ex grace,” 
 “ sans grace,” “ precizos,” 66 fixed,” or other 
 words of the same import. 
 
8 
 
 MATURITY OF 
 
 A necessary precaution ; for by not ob- 
 serving this special drawing of the bill, it 
 may be kept till overdue, and in some cases 
 all the parties discharged from their liabilities 
 by the oversight; as, for instance, in the 
 failure of the drawee or accepter; and many 
 other technical difficulties may arise, which it 
 is unnecessary to cite in a work like the 
 present. 
 
 When a bill is made payable at one, two, 
 or more months after date, or sight, it must 
 be remembered that the computation of its 
 maturity must be made by calendar and not 
 by lunar months. And all bills drawn, pay- 
 able at one month after date, on the 28th, 
 29th, 30th, and 31st of January, fall due on 
 the 28th of February, ( except in leap-year, 
 when the time of those drawn respectively on 
 the 29th, 30th, and 31st of January expires 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 9 
 
 on the 29th of February,) to which, as usual, 
 the three days’ grace are of course added. 
 
 Bills drawn, payable on a certain day, for 
 example, on the 1st, 10th, or 20th day of 
 January, or any other day or month, likewise 
 require the usual days of grace, unless, as 
 before mentioned, there appear any specific 
 words therein expressive of the contrary in- 
 tention of the drawer. 
 
 There having arisen some doubts relative 
 to bills falling due on Fast or Thanksgiving 
 Days, Good Friday or Christmas Day , al- 
 though the point had long before been de- 
 cided by the usage of the principal bankers 
 and merchants in the kingdom, an act 
 (whereof an abstract follows) was passed in 
 the 7 & 8 Geo. IV. cap. 15., which finally 
 set this subject of litigation at rest. 
 
10 
 
 MATURITY OF 
 
 Abstract . 
 
 “ And whereas, notwithstanding the said 
 “ recited act, and notwithstanding the ge- 
 “ neral custom of merchants, doubts have 
 “ arisen whether notice of the dishonour of 
 “ bills of exchange and promissory notes 
 “ falling due on any Good Friday or on 
 66 any Christmas Day should not be given 
 “ on such Good Friday or Christmas Day 
 66 respectively, and whether in cases where 
 66 bills of exchange and promissory notes 
 “ fall due on the day preceding any Good 
 66 Friday or Christmas Day, notice of the 
 “ dishonour thereof should not be given on 
 66 the Good Friday or the Christmas Day 
 “ next after the same bills of exchange and 
 “ promissory notes so fall due ; and it is ex- 
 66 pedient that such doubts should be re- 
 “ moved ; be it therefore declared and 
 66 enacted, by the King’s most excellent 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 11 
 
 66 Majesty, by and with the advice and con- 
 “ sent of the lords spiritual and temporal, 
 “ and commons, in this present parliament 
 66 assembled, and by the. authority of the 
 66 same, That from and immediately after the 
 “ tenth day of April, one thousand eight 
 “ hundred and twenty-seven, in all cases 
 “ where bills of exchange or promissory 
 “ notes shall be payable, either under or by 
 u virtue of the said recited act, or otherwise, 
 66 on the day preceding any Good Friday, or 
 “ on the day preceding any Christmas Day, 
 “ it shall not be necessary for the holder or 
 “ holders of such bills of exchange or pro- 
 “ missory notes, to give notice of the dis- 
 66 honour thereof until the day next after 
 “ such Good Friday or Christmas Day ; and 
 66 that whenever Christmas Day shall fall 
 “ ona Monday, it shall not be necessary for 
 u the holder or holders of such bills of ex- 
 
12 
 
 MATURITY OF 
 
 66 change or promissory notes as shall be 
 “ payable on the preceding Saturday to 
 “ give notice of the dishonour thereof until 
 66 the Tuesday next after such Christmas 
 “ Day ; and that every such notice given as 
 “ aforesaid shall be valid and effectual to all 
 “ intents and purposes. 
 
 “ II. And whereas similar doubts have 
 66 existed with respect to bills of exchange 
 ■ u and promissory notes falling due upon 
 “ days appointed by his Majesty’s proclama- 
 “ tion for solemn fasts or days of thanks- 
 66 giving, or upon the day next preceding 
 66 such days respectively, and it is expedient 
 “ that such doubts should be removed ; be it 
 “ therefore further declared and enacted, 
 “ That from and after the said tenth day of 
 u April, one thousand eight hundred and 
 “ twenty-seven, in all cases where bills of 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 13 
 
 “ exchange or promissory notes shall become 
 “ due and payable on any day appointed by 
 “ his Majesty’s proclamation for a day of 
 66 solemn fast or a day of thanksgiving, the 
 “ same shall be payable on the day next 
 “ preceding such day of fast or day of 
 “ thanksgiving, and in case of nonpayment, 
 66 may be noted and protested on such pre- 
 “ ceding day; and that as well in such 
 “ cases, as in the cases of bills of exchange 
 “ and promissory notes becoming due and 
 “ payable on the day preceding any such day 
 “ of fast or day of thanksgiving, it shall not 
 66 be necessary for the holder or holders of 
 “ such bills of exchange and promissory 
 “ notes to give notice of the dishonour 
 46 thereof until the day next after such day 
 44 of fast or day of thanksgiving; and that 
 66 whensoever such day of fast or day of 
 44 thanksgiving shall be appointed on a Mon- 
 
14 MATURITY OF BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 “ day, it shall not be necessary for the holder 
 “ or holders of such hills of exchange or 
 “ promissory notes as shall be payable on the 
 “ preceding Saturday to give notice of the 
 “ dishonour thereof until the Tuesday next 
 “ after such day of fast or day of thanks- 
 “ giving respectively; and that every such 
 “ notice, so given as aforesaid, shall be valid 
 “ and effectual to all intents and purposes. 
 
 “ III. And be it further enacted, That 
 “ from and after the said tenth day of April, 
 “ one thousand eight hundred and twenty- 
 “ seven, Good Friday and Christmas Day, 
 “ and every such day of fast or thanksgiving 
 “ so appointed by his Majesty, is and shall, 
 “ for all other purposes whatever, as regards 
 “ bills of exchange and promissory notes, 
 “ be treated and considered as the Lord’s 
 “ Day, commonly called Sunday.” 
 
PAYMENT BEFORE MATURITY. 
 
 15 
 
 4. UPON PAYMENT BEFORE MATURITY. 
 
 If a bill be drawn payable at three months 
 after date or sight, or at a shorter or longer 
 date, and when the same is presented for 
 acceptance, or at any other time before the 
 bill is due, and the drawee or accepter offers 
 to pay the money immediately (which fre- 
 quently happens), both parties run a great 
 risk of loss ; for as it is not in the power of 
 the drawee to prolong the time of payment, 
 so it cannot be warrantably in his power to 
 shorten it ; and should the drawer (as some- 
 times occurs) countermand the payment of 
 the bill before it falls due, the drawee will be 
 liable to the loss. On the other hand, the 
 holder of the bill, in the event of the drawee 
 or accepter becoming a bankrupt before the 
 
16 
 
 PAYMENT BEFORE MATURITY. 
 
 bill arrives at maturity, will be liable to be 
 called upon to refund the money ; for had he 
 held the bill the prescribed time, he would 
 have been only entitled to a dividend in like 
 proportion with the rest of the creditors, and 
 still have had recourse against the endorsers 
 and drawer, which he loses by anticipating 
 the payment. 
 
BILLS OVERDUE. 
 
 17 
 
 5 . OF BILLS OVERDUE. 
 
 By some miscalculation or oversight bills 
 are sometimes held and not presented until 
 after the day of maturity. 
 
 In this case all the endorsers are exoner- 
 ated by the want of due diligence on the part 
 of the holder, and his only recourse is against 
 the drawer and accepter. Should the ac- 
 cepter, however, have failed since the day of 
 maturity, the drawer is also exempted from 
 reimbursement. Where this is not the fact, 
 and the bill is accepted, payable at a banker’s 
 or elsewhere, and refused on presentation, I 
 should advise a protest for non-payment, and 
 endeavour to obtain a special answer to the 
 c 
 
18 
 
 BILLS OVERDUE. 
 
 effect “ that the said bill would not be paid 
 for want of advice, orders, or funds (as the 
 case may be) ; and further, that the said bill 
 would not have been paid for the same rea- 
 sons, if the same had been duly presented on 
 the day of maturity,” or other words of the 
 same import, showing that the want of punc- 
 tuality on the part of the holder was not the 
 real cause of the dishonour of the bill ; and, 
 therefore, if the drawer can prove no loss or 
 damage by the laches or neglect of the holder, 
 he remains still liable to the reimbursement 
 of the amount of the said bill, and all the 
 usual costs and charges resulting from the 
 want of payment. 
 
 i 
 
 « 
 
 Where there is an indication, in case of 
 need, on such a bill, the referee must by no 
 means interfere; for the endorsers, for whose 
 honour and account the act of intervention is 
 
BILLS OVERDUE. 
 
 19 
 
 generally made, are no longer liable to the 
 holder. And these remarks apply as well to 
 inland as to foreign bills. 
 
20 IN CASE OF ACCEPTER’S DEATH. 
 
 6. IN CASE OF THE DEATH OF AN ACCEPTER. 
 
 If an accepter die before the maturity of a 
 bill, there must still be a demand made (at 
 maturity) for payment, of his executors or 
 administrators, and in default or delay of pay- 
 ment, a protest must be made. And although 
 it may happen that the monies may become 
 due before there can be administrators or the 
 probate of the will be granted, yet that is 
 delay sufficient for a protest in case of non- 
 payment, and the money must be demanded 
 of his executor, at his last dwelling-house or 
 place of abode ; and upon refusal, it must be 
 protested for non-payment in the same man- 
 ner as would have been done if the accepter 
 had been living, and had not paid it at the 
 time it fell due. 
 
ACCEPTANCE CONTRARY TO TENOR. 21 
 
 7. OF ACCEPTANCE CONTRARY TO THE TENOR. 
 
 It is the custom to leave a bill for accepts 
 ance on one day and call for it on the follow 
 ing. 
 
 If it be accepted payable at a longer date 
 than that mentioned in the bill, the holder 
 must have it protested for want of acceptance 
 according to the tenor; but he may take the 
 acceptance notwithstanding, for it is an ac- 
 knowledgment of the debt by the drawee , 
 and the holder cannot refuse or discharge it. 
 And when the money becomes due (accord- 
 ing to the tenor of the bill) payment must 
 be demanded, and in case of refusal a second 
 protest must be made for non-payment. 
 
22 
 
 IN CASE OF BANKRUPTCY. 
 
 8. IN CASE OF BANKRUPTCY. 
 
 When a merchant has accepted a bill, and 
 before the same arrives at maturity he ab- 
 sconds or becomes insolvent, it is then neces- 
 sary for the holder to place the bill in the 
 hands of a Public Notary, who will demand 
 “ better security ” for the payment of the 
 same when it shall become due, than the 
 merchant’s acceptance. And if unable to 
 give further security, (or a reference to any 
 other parties, who sometimes interfere for 
 the honour of the drawer,) then a protest 
 must be made and sent forthwith, to enable 
 the parties abroad to obtain security from 
 the drawer. But the accepter of a bill of 
 exchange is not obliged to give security by 
 
IN CASE OF BANKRUPTCY. 
 
 23 
 
 reason of the bankruptcy or insolvency of 
 the drawer. 
 
 Payment of a bill to a party, knowing that 
 he has committed an act of bankruptcy, 
 unless by compulsion of law, is unsafe, as the 
 bankrupt’s property vests in the assignees, 
 from whom alone a valid discharge for the 
 payment can be given. 
 
 The receipt of money from a bankrupt by 
 a bond fide creditor, having no knowledge of 
 his failure, is protected by 19 George II. 
 cap. 32. Where different parties to bills or 
 notes have become bankrupts, the holder may 
 prove the full amount against all of them. 
 
24 
 
 BILLS LOST OR MISLAID. 
 
 9. OF BILLS LOST OR MISLAID. 
 
 When a bill is left for acceptance, and is 
 lost or mislaid, a note for the payment, ac- 
 cording to the time limited in the bill of 
 exchange, must be demanded, and upon re- 
 fusal, a protest for non-delivery of the bill 
 accepted must be made, and another upon 
 maturity for non-payment. 
 
 If, on the other hand, a holder lose a bill 
 after it is accepted, notice should be immedi- 
 ately given to the accepter, that he may stop 
 it if it should be presented for payment. 
 
 If it be suspected the accepter will not 
 regard this notice, he must be forewarned 
 at his peril not to pay the bill to the bearer, 
 
BILLS LOST OR MISLAID. 
 
 25 
 
 without a special order, which notification 
 must be made by a Public Notary, which 
 will serve as a testimonial that the bill is lost, 
 and that due notice thereof has been given. 
 
 / 
 
 And when the bill becomes due the money 
 may be demanded, for the accepter is not 
 exempted from paying, because the accepted 
 bill is lost; for though the accepted bill is 
 lost the accepter is not, nor does the loss 
 or non-production of the bill free the ac- 
 cepter from his engagement. 
 
 He has, however, a right to demand a 
 bond of indemnity to discharge him from 
 all liability in due form, in case the bill 
 should be afterwards found, and any loss 
 accrue to him as the accepter. 
 
 But if upon the offer of the bond to hold 
 
26 
 
 BILLS LOST OR MISLAID. 
 
 him harmless, he should still refuse payment, 
 a protest must be made for non-payment, 
 and the accepter is liable to pay the cost of 
 it, the loss of the bill being an accident. 
 
 Objection. 
 
 If the second bill arrive, payable to an- 
 other person, is not the accepter obliged to 
 pay the said second bill ? 
 
 Answered. 
 
 No; for the second bill cannot properly 
 be made payable to another person, or if 
 so, it must be in error, and being irregu- 
 lar may be refused. And at all events the 
 second bill must be overdue. 
 
 Another Objection. 
 
 Suppose the first accepted bill should be 
 afterwards found by another person, who 
 
BILLS LOST OR MISLAID. 
 
 27 
 
 shall go and demand the money of the ac- 
 cepter in the name of the party it is pay- 
 able to ; or that the party who finds it should 
 assign it over to another, and should take 
 up the value of him. 
 
 Answered . 
 
 It signifies nothing, because it comes after 
 the time of its being due, and the money 
 being paid to the original holder. And the 
 accepter, moreover, having a bond to in- 
 demnify him, it will fall upon the person 
 who has committed the fraud, or the origi- 
 nal holder, and not upon the accepter, who, 
 in having paid the amount of the bill, is ex- 
 empted from all possible costs and charges. 
 
 It is also expressly set forth in the Act of 
 the 9 & 10 of William III. (already quoted), 
 
28 
 
 BILLS LOST OR MISLAID. 
 
 “ That in case any such inland bill or 
 “ bills of exchange shall happen to be lost or 
 ‘ 4 miscarried within the time before limited 
 4 Tor payment of the same, then the drawer 
 44 of the said bill or bills is and shall be 
 44 obliged to give another bill or bills of the 
 44 same tenor with the first given, the person 
 44 or persons, to whom they are and shall be 
 44 so delivered, giving security, if demanded, 
 44 to the said drawer, to indemnify him 
 44 against all persons whatsoever, in case the 
 44 said bill or bills of exchange, so alleged to 
 64 be lost or miscarried, shall be found again.” 
 
 And further, little risk is to be appre- 
 hended or anticipated from this proceeding; 
 for in most cases the bills left for acceptance 
 are specially endorsed to the holders, who 
 seldom or never write their endorsement 
 upon the bill when they leave it for accept- 
 
BILLS LOST OR MISLAID. 
 
 29 
 
 ance, nor indeed until the day or day before 
 they present the same for payment. 
 
 And therefore, should the said bill be after- 
 wards found it will be irregular, wanting the 
 holder’s endorsement, or if endorsed, must 
 be a forgery. 
 
 These observations are more particularly 
 addressed to foreign bills, which almost al- 
 ways bear special endorsements, &c. The 
 loss of bills has given rise to many actions, 
 and in the lawbooks the subject may be seen 
 treated at great length : sometimes the facts 
 bring a nonsuit to the plaintiff, and some- 
 times the plaintiff obtains the verdict. But 
 as a general remark I may truly say, that a 
 bill unendorsed, or specially endorsed, when 
 lost, the party losing it may proceed by ac- 
 tion, and by giving secondary evidence of 
 the contents will be entitled to recover. 
 
30 
 
 FORM OF BOND 
 
 The following is the usual Form of the 
 Bond of Indemnity , which requires a 
 duty or stamp of thirty-five shillings . 
 
 10. FORM OF BOND OF INDEMNITY. 
 
 (After the usual preamble of a bond fol- 
 lows this recital : — ) 
 
 “ Whereas a certain bill of exchange 
 “ dated 1 January, 1836, drawn by the above 
 “ named A. B. for the sum of twenty pounds 
 “ upon C. D., six months after date, and 
 “ duly accepted by the said C. D., payable 
 “ at Messrs. E. D. and Co., was when due re- 
 “ fused payment by the said Messrs. E. D. 
 66 and Co. for want of effects, and protested 
 “ for non-payment, but which said bill has 
 “ since been lost or mislaid : 
 
OF INDEMNITY. 
 
 31 
 
 44 And whereas the said A.B., the drawer 
 44 thereof, at the special instance and re- 
 44 quest of the said G. H. ( the holder of the 
 4 * lost bill), has this day paid him the sum 
 44 of twenty pounds, the amount of the said 
 44 bill, together with ten shillings, the charge 
 44 of protesting the same for non-payment, 
 44 the receipt whereof he the said G. H. 
 44 doth hereby acknowledge in full payment 
 44 and satisfaction of and for the said re- 
 44 cited bill, notwithstanding the loss thereof, 
 44 but under and subject, nevertheless, to 
 64 this indemnity : 
 
 44 Now the condition of this obligation 
 44 is such, that if the above-bounden G. H., 
 44 his executors or administrators, do and 
 44 shall deliver up the said lost or mislaid 
 44 bill when it shall be found, to be can- 
 64 celled, and until the same shall be de- 
 
32 
 
 FORM OF BOND 
 
 “ livered up to be cancelled, well and 
 “ sufficiently save harmless and keep in- 
 “ demnified as well the said A. B., the 
 “ drawer of the said bill, as the said C. D., 
 “ the accepter thereof, their respective heirs, 
 “ executors, and administrators, and each 
 “ and every of their lands, tenements, goods 
 “ and chattels, of and from the said lost or 
 “ mislaid bill, and the sum of twenty pounds 
 “ therein mentioned, and of and from all 
 “ actions, suits, costs, charges, payments, 
 “ and damages whatsoever, which shall or 
 “ may be brought, commenced, sued, pro- 
 “ secuted, and awarded against him, them, 
 “ or either of them, or which he, they, or 
 * “ either of them may sustain, or be put 
 “ unto by any person or persons what- 
 4 6 soever, for, upon, or concerning the said 
 “ lost or mislaid bill, and the sum of twenty 
 “ pounds so paid to him the said G. H. 
 
OF INDEMNITY. 
 
 33 
 
 “ Then this obligation to be void, or else 
 66 to be and remain in full force and 
 “ virtue.” 
 
 Nota. This recital will of course differ 
 according to the circumstances. 
 
 i) 
 
34 
 
 INDICATIONS IN 
 
 11. OF INDICATIONS IN CASE OF NEED. 
 
 I now come to a subject of the greatest 
 importance to merchants, and those who have 
 much traffic in foreign bills of exchange ; and 
 I have been perhaps more diffuse on this head 
 than it might at first be supposed to require ; 
 but the fact is, that the custom of merchants, 
 as it is called here, is variable, whereas it 
 should be invariable, and the advantages 
 they would derive would be very great, 
 and prevent much litigation. The remarks, 
 therefore, in this section may be taken as 
 heads, by which the custom of merchants 
 may be reduced to a positive standard. I 
 have made considerable inquiry on this 
 subject; and if my humble observations 
 shall lead any mercantile man of great 
 
CASE OF NEED. 
 
 35 
 
 influence and ability to reduce to a sys- 
 tematic course of proceeding the custom 
 of merchants in cases of need, I shall be 
 most happy to have lent my trifling aid to 
 bring to a positive understanding a subject 
 on which at [present a good deal of un- 
 certainty exists. 
 
 When a bill is presented to a party to 
 whom it is addressed 66 in case of need,” 
 it is incumbent on him to ascertain that 
 the demand for acceptance or payment has 
 been duly made, and to demand a protest 
 and act of honour, setting forth the name 
 of the party for whom he intervenes, with 
 a declaration that he still retains the said 
 party, and all preceding parties to the said 
 bill, obliged to him in due form of law 
 for the repayment of the said bill, and all 
 costs and charges thereon. And also (on 
 d 2 
 
36 
 
 INDICATIONS IN 
 
 payment) to take a proper receipt for the 
 money (principal and charges) at the foot 
 of the said protest. 
 
 Should the bill have been refused payment 
 on account of any irregularity in the endorse- 
 ment, or otherwise, the party interfering for 
 honour, must take especial care that the 
 irregularity precedes the endorsement of his 
 friend before he pays it : for in that case the 
 party indicating the bill is liable to all the 
 expenses arising from any error or irregu- 
 larity existing at the time he received it, and 
 the referee may safely pay it ( except in any 
 alteration of the date). But should the error 
 or irregularity appear in the endorsement 
 following his friend’s, then he must refuse to 
 intervene ; for the party indicating the bill 
 is not responsible. There was not, until very 
 lately, any statute relative to indications in 
 
CASE OF NEED. 
 
 37 
 
 case of need, either on inland or foreign 
 bills of exchange ; and, although the custom 
 of merchants is avowedly founded upon 
 mutual accommodation and facility in busi- 
 ness, there was, unfortunately, a pertinacity 
 on the part of many, particularly 66 foreign ” 
 houses, to act in direct opposition to the 
 acknowledged usage of merchants, which 
 sometimes occasioned considerable difficulty. 
 
 This was more particularly exemplified 
 where bills were indicated in case of need ; 
 some demanding the protest for non-payment 
 and the act of honour on the day of ma- 
 turity (especially if it were a foreign post- 
 day), and refusing to intervene if not pre- 
 sented until the following day ; while others 
 would only pay the money after the expira- 
 tion of the day when it became due. 
 
38 
 
 INDICATIONS IN 
 
 Whichever way the holder decided, he 
 could bring ample testimony that he had 
 acted according to the (variable) custom, and 
 held himself harmless of any consequences 
 arising from alleged precipitation, laches or 
 neglect, or want of due diligence. However 
 ridiculous and absurd this want of uniformity 
 may appear in a commercial country like 
 England, it is nevertheless perfectly true, 
 and was moreover of daily occurrence. Some 
 of our most influential merchants, who were 
 also members of the legislature, practically 
 aware of the inconvenience, brought forward 
 an act to decide a point of so much import- 
 ance to the interests of commerce. 
 
 The following is an abstract of the Act, 
 6 & 7 Will. IV. cap. 58. : — 
 
 “ That it shall not be necessary to present 
 such bills of exchange to such accepters or 
 
 66 
 
CASE OF NEED. 
 
 39 
 
 “ accepter for honour, or to such referees or 
 66 referee, until the day following the day on 
 “ which such bills of exchange shall become 
 “ due ; and that ’ if the place of address on 
 “ such bill of exchange of such accepters or 
 tc accepter for honour, or of such referees or 
 “ referee, shall be in any city, town, or place 
 u other than in the city, town, or place 
 “ where such bill shall be therein made pay- 
 “ able, then it shall not be necessary to 
 “ forward such bill of exchange for presen t- 
 “ ment for payment to such accepters or 
 “ accepter for honour, or referees or referee, 
 “ until the day following the day on which 
 “ such bill of exchange shall become due. 
 
 “ II. And be it further enacted and de- 
 46 dared, That if the day following the day 
 “ on which such bill of exchange shall be- 
 “ come due shall happen to be a Sunday, 
 Good Friday, or Christmas Day, or a day 
 d 4 
 
 66 
 
40 INDICATIONS IN CARE OF NEED. 
 
 “ appointed by his Majesty’s proclamation 
 “ for solemn fast or of thanksgiving, then it 
 “ shall not be necessary that such bill of ex- 
 “ change shall be presented for payment, or 
 “ be forwarded for such presentment for 
 “ payment, to such accepters or accepter for 
 “ honour, or referees or referee, until the 
 66 day following such Sunday, Good Friday, 
 “ Christmas Day, or solemn Fast or Day of 
 “ Thanksgiving.” 
 
GENERAL AND QUALIFIED ACCEPTANCE. 41 
 
 12. OF WHAT THE LAW DEFINES AN ACCEPT- 
 ANCE, AND OF A GENERAL AND QUALIFIED 
 ACCEPTANCE. 
 
 A very erroneous opinion is prevalent, 
 that among merchants a verbal acceptance is 
 binding ; and, indeed, I have seen several 
 treatises in which this has been quoted as the 
 law , and one writer, particularly, gives a 
 very good and plausible reason, saying, 
 “ and truly, if a verbal acceptance were not 
 “ binding, there might happen great incon- 
 u veniences in trade, between merchant and 
 66 merchant, amongst whom, in their way of 
 “ commerce, their word is, or ought to be, 
 66 as binding as their writings. ” 
 
 But by an act of the 1 & 2 of Geo. IV. 
 
42 
 
 GENERAL AND 
 
 cap. 78., it is expressly set forth, that “ no 
 “ acceptance of any inland bill of exchange 
 “ shall be sufficient to charge any person, 
 “ unless such acceptance he in writing on such 
 “ bill, or if there be more than one part of 
 “ such bill, on one of the said parts. ” 
 
 And by the said act it is decided, that 
 66 where a bill is accepted, payable at a 
 66 banker’s, the acceptance thereof is not a 
 66 general , but a qualified acceptance . And 
 66 further, that if any person shall accept a 
 cc bill of exchange, payable at the house of 
 “ a banker, or other place, without further 
 “ expression in his acceptance, such accept- 
 66 ance shall be deemed and taken to be, to 
 “ all intents and purposes, a general accept- 
 “ ance of such bill ; but if the accepter shall, 
 
 ' n his acceptance, express that he accepts 
 66 the bill payable at a banker’s house, or 
 
QUALIFIED ACCEPTANCE. 
 
 43 
 
 cc other place, only and not otherwise , or else- 
 “ where , such acceptance shall be deemed 
 “ and taken to be, to all intents and pur- 
 u poses, a qualified acceptance of such bill ; 
 “ and the accepter shall not be liable to pay 
 u the said bill, except in default of payment, 
 “ when such payment shall have been first 
 u duly demanded at such banker’s house, or 
 “ other place.” 
 
 Now it is incumbent on the holder of a 
 bill bearing such a qualified acceptance , to 
 take especial care that it be duly presented 
 for payment on the day of maturity; for 
 should he (relying upon the credit of the 
 accepter) hold the said bill until it is overdue, 
 and the banker should fail ad interim , he 
 will exonerate the accepter, for want of due 
 diligence, and lose his money. 
 
44 GENERAL AND QUALIFIED ACCEPTANCE. 
 
 I make this observation (which to many 
 may appear superfluous), knowing that nu- 
 merous losses have occurred through such an 
 oversight. 
 
BILL, ETC., WITHOUT A DIRECTION. 45 
 
 13. WHERE A BILL OF EXCHANGE COMES TO 
 HAND WITHOUT A DIRECTION WHERE TO 
 APPLY FOR PAYMENT. 
 
 It does sometimes happen, although rarely, 
 that, by an oversight of the drawer, a bill of 
 exchange is negotiated without any name, 
 address, or direction, where to apply for 
 acceptance or payment. 
 
 In this instance a protest must be made ; 
 first for non-acceptance, upon the declaration 
 of the holder, that he has no instructions or 
 advice where to apply for acceptance ; and 
 then, the bill being held until due, (for ad- 
 vice where to apply, or a second , regularly 
 addressed, may arrive ad interim ,) another 
 protest should be made for non-payment in 
 the same form. 
 
46 
 
 WHERE AMOUNT OF BILL 
 
 14 . WHERE THE AMOUNT OF A BILL DIFFERS 
 IN WORDS AND FIGURES. 
 
 If it so happen through a mistake that the 
 figures and the words of the same sum in a 
 bill at length should disagree ; that is, either 
 the figures should express more, and the 
 words less, or vice versa ; in all such cases 
 the words only, and not the figures, are to 
 be observed, until further advice concerning 
 the same is received ; because a mistake in 
 writing a figure is more probable than in 
 writing a word ; besides, the words at length 
 are in the body of the bill of exchange, and 
 are the chief and principal substance of the 
 bill, and therefore regard ought more par- 
 ticularly to be had to that. 
 
DIFFERS IN WORDS AND FIGURES. 47 
 
 And although it may also happen that the 
 sum numbered in figures should agree with 
 the letter of advice, yet if the words at 
 length in the same bill disagree, it will be 
 justifiable to refuse the payment thereof; and 
 in such cases I should advise a special answer 
 to the effect that the u said bill would not 
 66 be paid, the words in the bill disagreeing 
 “ with the advice.” 
 
48 
 
 NECESSITY AND SECURITY 
 
 15. ON THE NECESSITY AND SECURITY OF A 
 PROTEST. 
 
 By an act of the 9 & 10 Will. III. it is 
 enacted, “ That from and after presentation 
 “ and acceptance of the said bill or bills 
 “ of exchange (which acceptance shall be 
 “ by the underwriting the same under the 
 “ party’s hand so accepting), and after the 
 “ expiration of three days after the said 
 “ bill or bills shall' become due, the party 
 “ to whom the said bill or bills are made 
 “ payable, his servant, agent, or assigns, 
 66 may and shall cause the said bill or 
 u bills to be protested by a notary public, 
 “ &c. ; refusal or neglect being first made 
 “ of due payment of the same ; which pro- 
 “ test shall be made and written under a 
 
OF A PROTEST. 
 
 49 
 
 “ fair written copy of the said bill of ex- 
 “ change,” &c. &c. 
 
 In respect of foreign bills, this act is in- 
 variably observed ; but inland bills are gene- 
 rally returned when dishonoured with the 
 protest simply noted in the register of the 
 notary. 
 
 Now, although this custom has obtained 
 for many years, the notation of a protest (or 
 noting a bill, as it is commonly, though erro- 
 neously, termed,) is an act by no means 
 generally recognised ; and some of the J udges 
 have even refused to admit the charge there- 
 of ; whereas, if the protest had been regu- 
 larly extended, the party would have re- 
 covered the costs without a demur. Therefore, 
 in every instance, where an action is brought 
 for the recovery of the amount of a bill of 
 
50 
 
 NECESSITY AND SECURITY 
 
 exchange, I should advise the extension of 
 the protest before legal proceedings are taken. 
 
 If all the parties to a bill reside in the 
 same place where it is made payable, the fact 
 of the protest being properly noted is readily 
 ascertained by application to the notary ; 
 but where, as it more frequently occurs, the 
 drawer and indorser live in one part of the 
 kingdom and the accepter in another, I am 
 decidedly of opinion that the protest for non- 
 payment should be extended; for it is the 
 best and cheapest evidence the parties can ob- 
 tain of the due presentation of the bill on 
 its maturity, and according to its tenor, and 
 I certainly consider all parties have a right 
 to demand its production before reimbursing 
 the amount. 
 
 Scotch and Irish bills are always protested 
 
OF A PROTEST. 
 
 51 
 
 for non-payment; and many of the country 
 bankers judiciously adopt the same precau- 
 tion. 
 
 I dwell more strenuously upon this point 
 on account of the facts which have come 
 under my observation. During the panic of 
 1825, a merchant of London, the drawer of 
 three bills (amounting to five or six hundred 
 pounds), had them returned “ noted a 
 ticket appended to them, stating that the 
 acceptor (of B •) was a bank- 
 
 rupt. Of course I advised him to pay the 
 amount immediately, and prove upon the 
 bankrupt's estate at the same time, however, 
 insisting upon the production of the pro- 
 test. 
 
 This precaution saved my client’s money ; 
 for as no protest was forthcoming, he did not 
 e 2 
 
 y e OF ILL LIJ. 
 
52 NECESSITY, ETC. OF A PROTEST. 
 
 pay the bill without it. The fact is, the 
 holders had neglected to present the bill on 
 the day of maturity ; the acceptor, in whom 
 they had reposed the greatest confidence, 
 stopped payment on the following morning ; 
 and the notarial mark was fictitious . 
 
 This is only one of numerous “ cases ” I 
 could cite, to prove the necessity of a pro- 
 test; and even where all the intermediate 
 parties are 66 fair- dealing ” men, still I would 
 demand this legal proof ; for the re-imburs- 
 ing party, at a very trifling cost, obtains a 
 great security. 
 
53 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 OF THE GENERAL PRACTICE OF MERCHANTS IN 
 THE TREATMENT OF BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 OF ACCEPTANCE. 
 
 I. Upon the receipt of bills of exchange 
 unaccepted , they are, without delay, left for 
 acceptance at the house of the parties to 
 whom they are addressed on one day, and 
 called for on the following. 
 
 But, if not left during the hours of busi- 
 ness (which differ materially in public 
 e 3 
 
54 
 
 ACCEPTANCE OF 
 
 offices), it is not the custom to demand them 
 until the second day following. 
 
 II. If upon “ getting them up,” as it is 
 technically termed, they are unaccepted, a 
 protest is made for non-acceptance, and re- 
 mitted to the merchants’ correspondent by 
 the next post ; or if only cc noted, ” he is 
 advised by letter of the dishonour. 
 
 III. If accepted, and not according to the 
 tenor , or only for part of the amount for 
 which the bill is drawn, which frequently 
 happens, then a protest is still necessary. 
 
 IV. Where bills are drawn in sets : that is, 
 a first , second , and third , the party who 
 takes the bills abroad (or one of the en- 
 dorsers to whom they are assigned), usually 
 remits the first bill to a “house” in the place 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 55 
 
 where it is drawn payable, in order that no 
 time may be lost in obtaining the acceptance 
 of the drawee , and negotiates the second , 
 writing on the face thereof, “ The first for 
 “ acceptance with Messrs. A. & B. to 
 which place, upon receipt of the second , 
 the holder proceeds, and demands the de- 
 livery of the said first accepted, according to 
 the indication on the second . 
 
 V. Should the said first bill be delivered 
 up unaccepted , or if the same be not then 
 come to hand, the holder immediately makes 
 his protest for non-acceptance or non- 
 delivery of the first accepted, as the case 
 may be. 
 
 VI. But if there should be any indication 
 where to apply “in case of need,” the bill is 
 presented to the party referred to, who 
 
 e 4 
 
56 
 
 ACCEPTANCE OF 
 
 generally intervenes for the honour of the 
 drawer, or one of the endorsers ; and the 
 protest and act of honour are delivered to 
 him, and the bill left in his hands for accept- 
 ance ; the protest and act he remits to his 
 . friend, and delivers the bill accepted, supra 
 protest , on the following day. 
 
 VII. If there are two or more indications 
 in case of need, it is necessary to make ap- 
 plication to all, in order to ascertain for 
 whom they interfere, and the preference 
 given to those who accept for honour of the 
 “ prior party” on the bill, calculating from 
 the drawer. 
 
 It frequently occurs that at the same 
 “ house ” where the second bill is indicated 
 for the first , there it is also referred “in 
 case of need,” and they accept for honour; 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 57 
 
 but even in this case it is essentially neces- 
 sary to have a protest and act of honour 
 made; for should the holder tacitly receive 
 the interference for a third party without 
 this precaution, he would be liable (in the 
 event of a failure of the party to pay at 
 maturity) to the loss of the amount ; for the 
 drawer or subsequent endorsers not having 
 received due notice, by protest, of the dis- 
 honour of the bill in the first instance by 
 the drawee , may reasonably suppose the bill 
 accepted in due course, and have therefore 
 probably extended the original credit to the 
 drawer or the endorsers, and prove a loss by 
 the laches , neglect, or want of due diligence 
 on the part of the holder. 
 
 Upon the demand of the first accepted, 
 it is the province of both parties to compare 
 it with the second , and see that it exactly 
 
58 
 
 ACCEPTANCE OF 
 
 agrees in date, tenor, amount, and (as far as 
 it goes) with the endorsement of the said 
 second . 
 
 VIII. A copy of the first bill is some- 
 times made and negotiated in the same man- 
 ner as a second , and the same course is 
 pursued as with the second above described. 
 There is only this difference, that in the 
 failure of the due arrival and acceptance of a 
 first bill, the second is presented to the drawee 
 
 (if he dwell in the same place as the holder), 
 and is frequently accepted, whereas a copy 
 is never accepted by the drawee , for this rea- 
 son, that it wants the original name of the 
 drawer. 
 
 IX. But even a copy may be accepted 
 for the honour of the oi'iginal endorsers 
 thereon, should the first bill have been de- 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 59 
 
 layed, for they (the original endorsers of the 
 copy) are still liable to the holder. 
 
 Where a second bill is presented for ac- 
 ceptance (there being no indication where to 
 apply for the first ), and the holder receives 
 for answer, that “ the first bill of the same 
 “ set has already been accepted,” a protest 
 for non-acceptance is immediately made and 
 issued. 
 
 For, under these circumstances, it is evi- 
 dent that the first and second have (either by 
 error or fraud) been negotiated in two dis- 
 tinct channels, and the protest is evidence 
 sufficient to demand security for payment of 
 the second at maturity. 
 
 Inland bills are not generally even “ noted” 
 for non-acceptance, except, I believe, by the 
 
60 
 
 ACCEPTANCE OF 
 
 Governor and Company of the Bank of Eng- 
 land; an exemplary practice, which I con- 
 sider the merchants of England, for the sake 
 of her commercial interests and security, 
 would do well to imitate, for I am certain 
 from my own experience and observation, as 
 well as from the representations of many 
 practical men, it would conduce greatly to the 
 restriction of what is termed “ kite-flying.” 
 
 For the credit of the drawer of a bill who 
 could not give security for the payment 
 upon the return of a protest for non-accept- 
 ance, would, if not wholly shaken, be greatly 
 limited, and the frequent and flagrant abuse 
 of the bill system, so excellent in its proper 
 use and operation, be materially corrected. 
 
 X. Sometimes upon the presentation of 
 a second bill in order to obtain the firsts a 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 61 
 
 demand is made for the charge of protest for 
 non-acceptance, which the holder of the first , 
 for the sake of diligence, has had extended 
 and remitted to his correspondent, and re- 
 fuses to deliver the first unless the costs are 
 paid. Now I should not advise the holder 
 of the second bill to pay these charges ; for 
 this reason, that the protest for non-accept- 
 ance may have already reached the hands of 
 the drawer, and the charges most probably 
 reimbursed : it is therefore incumbent on 
 the holder of the first bill to look to his 
 correspondent for the liquidation. Whereas 
 the holder of the second bill, whether he re- 
 ceives the unaccepted and dishonoured first 
 bill or not, can and must make another pro- 
 test for non-acceptance, and debit his cor- 
 respondent ; and both protests will ultimately 
 reach the drawer, who is liable to pay all the 
 
62 
 
 ACCEPTANCE OF 
 
 expences incurred by the want of acceptance 
 by the drawee. 
 
 And although I am well aware that there 
 is a difference in this respect in the practice 
 of merchants, I am certainly of opinion that 
 this would be the safest mode of proceeding 
 for all parties concerned, and effectually pre- 
 vent all litigation about the payment of the 
 charges upon the maturity of the bill. 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 63 
 
 OF PAYMENT. 
 
 I. It is the custom of bankers and mer- 
 chants to present bills for payment on the 
 day of maturity, between the hours of nine 
 and three. 
 
 If the bills be not paid on presentment, a 
 “ direction,” setting forth the amount, drawer, 
 and the place where the same lies due, is left 
 at the house of the drawee or accepter, or the 
 place where the said bill is drawn or ac- 
 cepted payable. 
 
 No money is received by bankers after 
 five o’clock ; and if the bills be not paid 
 before that hour, they are placed in the 
 hands of the notary, to be presented and pro- 
 
64 
 
 PAYMENT OF 
 
 tested, and returned to the holders on the 
 following day. 
 
 There is an erroneous opinion entertained 
 by some, that a bill cannot be protested (or 
 noted, as it is erroneously termed) before 
 twelve o’clock at night, a fallacy which 
 scarcely needs refutation ; for if held until 
 that hour, the bill would not be presented 
 before the day after maturity s and all the en- 
 dorsers exonerated. 
 
 The custom (now become a law by the 
 practice of some centuries) among merchants 
 is to allow the drawee or accepter until six 
 o’clock of the evening of the last day of 
 grace for the payment of the bill, and no 
 merchant or notary will object to receive the 
 money (without charges) if tendered be- 
 fore that hour ; but after that time, should 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 65 
 
 the drawee or acceptor, upon presentation by 
 the notary, offer to pay the amount, but not 
 the charges (to which he has undoubtedly 
 rendered himself liable by want of payment 
 in due time), I think the notary may consist- 
 ently receive the amount under protest , and 
 either summon the drawee or acceptor, or 
 remit the protest for want of payment of the 
 charges to the drawer; for it is not to be 
 supposed that the law will recognise the 
 withholding of the trifling fees of this use- 
 ful and efficient officer. 
 
 The 64 noting ” (i. e. the notation of the 
 protest), however, no court will allow, but 
 the protest is legalised by an act (before 
 quoted) ; and there can be no hesitation in 
 allowing the charges thereof, as reasonable 
 and just, and provided for by the afore- 
 said act. 
 
 F 
 
66 
 
 PAYMENT OF 
 
 It will therefore be necessary for the mer- 
 chant (or notary) to have the notation of 
 the said protest properly extended, and de- 
 mand the cost of the same in the first in- 
 stance ; and upon refusal , then and in that 
 case to summon the party for the amount. 
 
 But, notwithstanding this custom of mer- 
 chants in granting the drawee or acceptor 
 until six o’clock, I still consider that it is 
 strictly legal, and within the said act (be- 
 fore quoted) to make a protest immediately, 
 should the drawer or acceptor give a de- 
 cided answer upon presentation that he can- 
 not pay, has no effects or funds, or any other 
 answer implying that he does not intend to 
 honour the bill. 
 
 III. Where the drawer offers to pay only 
 a part of the amount of the bill, a protest is 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 67 
 
 made for the non-payment of the remainder, 
 and remitted in due course. A receipt for 
 the sum paid is given by the holder on the 
 protest ; and a counterpart or duplicate of 
 this receipt is delivered to the drawee , under 
 a copy of the bill, upon a stamp according to 
 the amount of the said part received. All 
 the expenses are paid by the holder, and 
 charged to his endorser or correspondent. 
 
 IV. If, as sometimes occurs, a third party 
 interferes for the drawer, or any of the en- 
 dorsers, of such a bill, and pays the remainder, 
 an act of honour is added to the protest, and 
 delivered with the bill into the hands of the 
 said third party, the holders, in that case, 
 receiving all the charges, &c. 
 
 V. When a bill after sight has been left 
 for acceptance and detained after demand, it 
 
 . f *2 
 
68 
 
 PAYMENT OF 
 
 is necessary that a protest for the non-delivery 
 of the said bill accepted should be made by 
 a public notary ; and the maturity of the 
 said bill is calculated from the date of the 
 said protest ; and, when due, another demand 
 is made for the delivery or payment of the 
 said bill, and upon default thereof, another 
 protest for non-payment is extended. 
 
 The same course is pursued in respect of 
 a bill drawn after date , except that the ma- 
 turity is calculated from the date of the bill, 
 as usual, and not from the demand, as in the 
 instance before quoted. 
 
 VI. Should a bill come to hand drawn 
 upon a “ house ” in Liverpool (or elsewhere), 
 and payable in London, and should there not 
 be sufficient time to send the same for accept- 
 ance before maturity, the holder must appear 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 69 
 
 before a notary on the day the same falls 
 due, and make a declaration to the effect, 
 “ that although the said bill is drawn pay - 
 66 able in London to him remitted, and this 
 44 day became due, yet that he had no orders 
 44 or directions where to apply for payment of 
 44 the said bill in London , according to the 
 44 tenor thereof,” and protest for non-pay- 
 ment. 
 
 The following is an abstract of the act 
 (2 & 3 William IV.), for regulating and pro- 
 testing for non-payment of bills of exchange, 
 drawn payable at a place not being the place 
 of the residence of the drawee or drawees of 
 the same : — 
 
 44 That from and after the passing of 
 44 this act, all bills of exchange wherein the 
 4 4 drawer or drawers thereof shall have ex- 
 
70 
 
 PAYMENT OF 
 
 “ pressed that such bills of exchange are 
 “ to be payable in any place other than 
 “ the place by him or them therein men- 
 “ tioned to be the residence of the drawee 
 “ or drawees thereof, and which shall not 
 u on the presentment for acceptance thereof 
 u be accepted, shall or may be, without 
 “ further presentment to the drawee or 
 “ drawees thereof, be protested for non- 
 “ payment in the place in which such bills 
 66 of exchange shall have been by the drawer 
 “ or drawers expressed to be payable, unless 
 “ the amount owing upon such bills of ex- 
 “ change shall have been paid to the holder 
 c< or holders thereof on the day on which 
 “ such bills of exchange would have become 
 “ payable had the same been duly accepted.” 
 
 VII. A bill is often remitted or assigned 
 by endorsement to the drawee direct. In 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 71 
 
 this case, if he have no funds or advice from 
 the drawer, he must make a protest for non- 
 acceptance by appearance and declaration 
 before a notary, and upon maturity an- 
 other similar protest for non-payment in like 
 manner. 
 
 Although no merchant will pay on the 
 copy of a bill of exchange, as it wants the 
 original hand-writing of the drawer, the 
 party to whom the same is indicated in cc case 
 of need ” may safely pay the same for the 
 honour of an original endorser on the copy , 
 for that endorser is legally responsible to 
 the subsequent endorsers or holder ; and it 
 may be laid down as an invariable rule, that 
 where any party on an original bill or a 
 copy of any bill is liable, the party paying 
 for honour cannot do wrong, but, on the 
 f 4 
 
72 
 
 PAYMENT OF 
 
 contrary, save his friend all unnecessary costs 
 and expenses by his intervention. 
 
 VIII. Many bills are duly accepted by 
 bankers and merchants which are not paid 
 at maturity, on account of some alteration 
 in the date, or some irregularity in the en- 
 dorsement. 
 
 In this case the holder sometimes offers 
 an indemnity to the acceptors, should the 
 error be that of his immediate correspondent 
 or endorser, and the bill is paid ; but, on 
 the contrary, if the bill be not paid, or the 
 indemnity refused, the bill is protested, all 
 the incidental charges and expenses falling 
 upon the party who has committed the error. 
 
 Even under these circumstances a party 
 may intervene for honour, if the irregularity 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 73 
 
 occur before the endorsement of his friend, 
 for then it is evident that he received it 
 with that irregularity, and is consequently 
 liable ; but if it occur after the signature of 
 his friend, he is exonerated from any ex- 
 penses arising from the said irregularity ; 
 and the bill must be returned protested in 
 due form, with a post act, stating the demand 
 upon the party to whom the same is ad- 
 dressed in “ case of need,” and his reasons 
 for refusal. 
 
74 
 
 A TRANSLATION 
 
 OF THE SECTION OF 
 
 THE COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE 
 
 RELATING TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE.* 
 
 Of the Form of a Bill of Exchange . 
 
 The bill of exchange is drawn from one 
 place upon another. 
 
 It is dated ; it expresses the sum to be 
 paid, and the name of the party who is to 
 pay it; 
 
 The time and place where the payment is 
 to be made ; 
 
 * Vide “ Code de Commerce,” titre huitieme. 
 
COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE. 
 
 75 
 
 The value furnished, in money, merchan- 
 dise, or in account, or in any other manner. 
 
 It is to the order of a third party, or to 
 the order of the drawer. 
 
 If first, second, third, or fourth, &c., it is 
 so expressed. 
 
 A bill may be drawn upon one individual, 
 and payable at the domicile of a third. 
 
 It may be drawn by the order, and for 
 account of a third party. 
 
 All bills containing supposition, whether 
 of name, quality, domiciles, or places where 
 they are drawn, or in which they are payable, 
 are considered simple promises. 
 
 The signature of wives or unmarried 
 women, not merchants or public dealers, 
 are considered in their case only as simple 
 promises. 
 
 Bills subscribed by minors, not merchants, 
 are null and void, as far as they are con- 
 
76 COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE 
 
 cerned, save and except the respective rights 
 of the parties, conformably with the Article 
 1312 of the Civil Code. 
 
 Of the Provision . 
 
 The provision is to be made by the drawer, 
 or by him for whose account the bill shall be 
 drawn, without the drawer ceasing to be per- 
 sonally responsible (to the endorsers and the 
 holder only). 
 
 There is a provision, if, at the maturity of 
 the bill, he upon whom it is drawn is in- 
 debted to the drawer, or to him on whose 
 account it is drawn, in a sum at least equal 
 to the amount of the bill. 
 
 The acceptance supposes the provision. 
 
 It establishes a proof of it with respect to 
 the endorsers. 
 
 Whether accepted or not, the drawer alone 
 
AS TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 77 
 
 is bound to prove, in case of refusal, that 
 those upon whom the bill was drawn had 
 provision at maturity ; if not, he is bound to 
 guarantee it, although the protest may have 
 been made after the stipulated time. 
 
 Of Acceptance . 
 
 The drawer and endorsers of a bill are 
 responsible guarantees of the acceptance and 
 payment at maturity. 
 
 The refusal to accept is set forth by an 
 act, called a protest for non-acceptance. 
 
 Upon notice of the protest for non-accept- 
 ance, the endorsers and drawer are respec- 
 tively bound to give security, to insure the 
 payment of the bill at maturity, or to reim- 
 burse the same, with charges of protest and 
 re-exchange. 
 
 The security, whether of the drawer or 
 
78 
 
 COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE 
 
 the endorsers, is only available to the party 
 to whom it is given. 
 
 The acceptor of a bill contracts the obli- 
 gation of paying the amount of it. 
 
 The acceptor cannot cancel his acceptance, 
 even when the drawer shall have (unknown 
 to him) failed before he had accepted it. 
 
 The acceptance must be signed. 
 
 The acceptance is expressed by the word 
 “ accepted.” It is dated, if the bill be at 
 one or more days’ or months’ sight; and in 
 the latter case, the want of date in the 
 acceptance renders the bill demandable at 
 the period therein expressed, calculated from 
 its date. 
 
 The acceptance of a bill payable in an- 
 other place than that of the residence of 
 the acceptor, indicates the domicile where 
 the payment is to be made, or due diligence 
 used. 
 
AS TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 79 
 
 The acceptance cannot be conditional, but 
 it may be restricted as to the amount for 
 which it is accepted. 
 
 In this case, the holder is bound to have 
 the bill protested for the surplus. 
 
 A bill must be accepted on presentation, 
 or at latest, within the twenty-four hours of 
 the presentment. 
 
 After the twenty-four hours, if it be not 
 returned, accepted or non-accepted, he who 
 detains it is liable to the holder for damages 
 and interest. 
 
 Of the Acceptance by Intervention . 
 
 Upon the protest for non-acceptance, the 
 bill may be accepted by a third party inter- 
 vening for the drawer, or for one of the 
 endorsers. 
 
 The intervention is mentioned in the act 
 
80 
 
 COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE 
 
 of the protest; and is signed by the party 
 intervening. 
 
 The intervening party is bound to notify 
 his intervention without delay to the party 
 for whom he intervenes. 
 
 The holder of the bill preserves his re- 
 course against the drawer and endorsers by 
 reason of the non-acceptance of the party on 
 whom it was drawn, notwithstanding any 
 acceptance by intervention. 
 
 Of the Maturity . 
 
 A bill may be drawn at sight, — at one or 
 more days, at one or more months, at one or 
 more usances after sight, — at one or more 
 days, at one or more months, at one or more 
 usances after date, — at a day fixed or deter- 
 mined, — at a fair. 
 
 A bill at sight is payable on presentation. 
 
AS TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 81 
 
 The maturity of a bill at one or more days, 
 at one or more months, at one or more 
 usances, after sight, is fixed by the date of 
 the acceptance, or by that of the protest for 
 non-acceptance. 
 
 The usance is thirty days, which com- 
 mence from the day after the date of the 
 bill. 
 
 The months are the same as fixed by the 
 Gregorian calendar. 
 
 A bill payable at a fair is due upon the 
 end of the day fixed for the closing of the 
 fair, or the day of the fair, if it last only one 
 day. 
 
 If a bill fall due upon a legal festival day, 
 it is payable on the eve thereof. 
 
 All delays of grace, favour, usage, or 
 local custom for the payment of bills are 
 abolished. 
 
 G 
 
82 COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE 
 
 Of the Endorsement . 
 
 The property in a bill is transferred by 
 the way of endorsement. 
 
 The endorsement is dated : it expresses 
 the value given, and states the name of the 
 party to the order of whom it is assigned. 
 If it be not conformable to the dispositions 
 preceding, the transfer is not effected ; it is 
 merely a procuration. 
 
 The antedating of the order is forbidden, 
 upon the penalty of forgery. 
 
 Of the Responsibility . 
 
 All those who have signed, accepted, or 
 endorsed a bill, are held as responsible gua- 
 rantees to the holder. 
 
AS TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 83 
 
 Of the Undertaking . 
 
 The payment of a bill, independently of 
 the acceptance and endorsement, may be 
 guaranteed by an undertaking. 
 
 This guarantee is given by a third party, 
 either upon the bill itself or by a separate 
 act. 
 
 The giver of an undertaking is held re- 
 sponsible in the same way as the drawers and 
 endorsers, save and except the different agree- 
 ments of the parties. 
 
 Of the Payment. 
 
 A bill must be paid in the money indi- 
 cated therein. 
 
 He who pays a bill before maturity, is 
 responsible for the validity of the payment. 
 He who pays a bill at maturity, and with- 
 g 2 
 
84 COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE 
 
 out opposition, is presumed to be validly 
 discharged. 
 
 The holder of a bill cannot be compelled 
 to receive payment before the maturity. 
 
 The payment of a bill made upon a second, 
 third, fourth, &c., is valid when the said 
 second, third, fourth, &c., states that such 
 payment annuls the effect of the others. 
 
 He who pays a bill upon a second, third, 
 fourth, &c., without returning that upon 
 which his acceptance is written, does not 
 effect his discharge as regards the holder of 
 his acceptance. 
 
 The refusal of payment is only admissible 
 in case of the loss of the bill, or the bank- 
 ruptcy of the holder. 
 
 In case of the loss of a bill not accepted, he 
 to whom it belongs may demand the pay- 
 ment thereof upon a second third, fourth, &c. 
 
 If the lost bill be clothed with acceptance, 
 
AS TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 85 
 
 the payment can only be demanded upon a 
 second, third, fourth, &c., by a judge’s order, 
 and by giving security. 
 
 If the party who has lost the bill, whether 
 accepted or not, cannot produce the second, 
 third, fourth, &c., he may demand the pay- 
 ment of the lost bill, and obtain it by the 
 judge’s order, by proving his property therein 
 by his books, and giving security. 
 
 In case of refusal of payment upon the 
 demand made in virtue of the two preceding 
 articles, the proprietor of the lost bill pre- 
 serves all his rights by an act of protest. 
 
 This act must be made on the day after 
 the maturity of the lost bill. 
 
 Notice must be given to the drawers and 
 endorsers in the form and within the time 
 hereafter prescribed for the notice of protest. 
 
 The proprietor of the missing bill must, in 
 order to procure the second thereof, apply to 
 g 3 
 
86 COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE 
 
 his immediate endorser, who is bound to 
 lend him his name, and use his endeavours 
 with his own endorser ; and thus, passing 
 from endorser to endorser, up to the drawer 
 of the bill. The proprietor of the missing 
 bill is liable to the costs and charges. 
 
 The engagement of the security before 
 mentioned ceases after the expiration of three 
 years, if during that time there is neither a 
 demand nor judicial proceedings. 
 
 The payments made on account upon the 
 amount of a bill are discharges to the draw- 
 ers and endorsers. 
 
 The holder is bound to protest the bill 
 for the surplus or unpaid part. 
 
 The judges can grant no delay for the 
 payment of a bill. 
 
AS TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 87 
 
 Of the Payment by Intervention . 
 
 A bill protested for non-payment may be 
 paid by any intervening party for honour of 
 the drawer, or for one of the endorsers. 
 
 The intervention and the payment shall 
 be set forth in the protest, or at the foot 
 thereof. 
 
 He who pays a bill by intervention is in- 
 vested with the rights of the holder, and 
 bound to fulfil the same formalities. 
 
 If the payment by intervention is made 
 for the account of the drawer, all the en- 
 dorsers are discharged. 
 
 If made for an endorser, all the subsequent 
 endorsers are discharged. 
 
 If there is more than one offer of inter- 
 vention, the preference' is given to the one 
 paying for account of the prior party on the 
 bill. 
 
88 COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE 
 
 If the party on whom the bill was origin- 
 ally drawn, and upon whom a protest for 
 non-acceptance has been made, offer to pay 
 it, the preference is given to him over all the 
 others. 
 
 Of the Rights and Duties of the Holder . 
 
 The holder of a bill drawn from the con- 
 tinent and the islands of Europe, and pay- 
 able in the European possessions of France, 
 whether at sight, or at one or more days, or 
 months, or usances, after sight, must demand 
 the payment or acceptance within six months 
 after the date thereof, under pain of losing 
 his recourse against the endorsers and even 
 the drawer, should the latter have made pro- 
 vision for it. 
 
 A delay , or grace, of eight months for a 
 bill drawn from the ports of the Levant, 
 
AS TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 89 
 
 and from the northern coasts of Africa, upon 
 the European settlements of France; and 
 reciprocally from the continent and islands 
 of Europe, upon the French possessions in 
 the ports of the Levant, and on the northern 
 coasts of Africa. 
 
 A delay or grace of one year for bills 
 drawn from the western coasts of Africa, as 
 far as, and including, the Cape of Good 
 Hope. 
 
 It is also a year for bills drawn from the 
 continent and islands of the West Indies, 
 upon the European possessions of France ; 
 and reciprocally from the continent and 
 islands of Europe, upon the French posses- 
 sions or settlements on the western coasts of 
 Africa, on the continent, and on the West 
 India islands. 
 
 The delay , or grace, is two years for bills 
 drawn from the continent and islands of 
 
90 COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE 
 
 the East Indies, upon the European posses- 
 sions of France ; and reciprocally from the 
 continent and the islands of Europe, upon 
 the French possessions or settlements on the 
 continent, or the islands of the East In- 
 dies. 
 
 The above-mentioned delays , or graces, of 
 eight months, one and two years, are doubled 
 during a maritime war. 
 
 The holder of a bill must demand pay- 
 ment on the day of maturity. 
 
 The refusal of payment must be set forth 
 on the day after the maturity, by a protest for 
 non-payment. 
 
 If this day be a legal festival day, the 
 protest is made on the day following. 
 
 The holder is not exempted from the pro- 
 test for non-payment, nor by the protest for 
 non-acceptance, nor by the death or bank- 
 ruptcy of the party on whom the bill is drawn. 
 
AS TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 91 
 
 In case of the bankruptcy of the acceptor 
 before maturity, the holder can protest, and 
 have his recourse. 
 
 The holder of a bill protested for non- 
 payment can bring his action for a guarantee, 
 either individually, against the drawer and 
 each of the endorsers, or collectively, against 
 the endorsers and the drawer. 
 
 The same power exists for each of the 
 endorsers in respect of the drawer and the 
 preceding endorsers. 
 
 If the holder uses his recourse individually 
 against the party preceding him, he must give 
 him notice of protest ; and, in default of re- 
 imbursement, cite him to trial within fifteen 
 days after the date of the protest, if the 
 latter reside within the distance of five my- 
 riameters.* 
 
 The delay , or grace, in respect of the pre- 
 * About a league. 
 
92 COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE 
 
 ceding party (cedant), domiciled at more 
 than five myriameters from the place where 
 the bill was payable, is extended one day 
 for every two myriameters and a half exceed- 
 ing the five myriameters. 
 
 Bills drawn from France, payable out of 
 the continental territory of France in Europe, 
 being protested, the drawers and endorsers 
 residing in France will be sued within the 
 following periods : — 
 
 Two months for those which were payable 
 in Corsica, in the Isle of Elba or Capraja, in 
 England, and in the neighbouring states of 
 France. 
 
 Four months for those which were payable 
 in the other states of Europe. 
 
 Six months for those which were payable 
 in the ports of the Levant, and upon the 
 northern coasts of Africa. 
 
 One year for those which were payable on 
 
AS TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 93 
 
 the western coasts of Africa, as far as, and 
 including, the Cape of Good Hope, and in 
 the West Indies. 
 
 Two years for those which were payable 
 in the East Indies. 
 
 These delays , or graces, shall be observed 
 in the same proportion for the recourse to be 
 had against the drawers and endorsers resid- 
 ing in the French possessions out of Europe. 
 
 The above-mentioned delays , or graces, to 
 be doubled in the time of a maritime war. 
 
 If the holder uses his recourse collectively 
 against the endorsers and the drawer, he is 
 entitled (in respect of each of them) to the 
 delay determined by the preceding articles. 
 
 Each of the endorsers has the right of 
 using the same recourse, either individually 
 or collectively, within the same period. 
 
 In this respect the delay commences from 
 the day after the date of the summons to trial. 
 
94 COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE 
 
 After the expiration of the above delays 
 for the presentation of the bill at sight, or at 
 one or more days or months or usances after 
 sight, for the protest for non-payment, for 
 bringing an action for the guarantee, the 
 holder of the bill is deprived of all rights 
 against the endorsers. 
 
 The endorsers are equally deprived of all 
 actions for the guarantee against their pre- 
 ceding parties, after the aforesaid delays , each 
 as far as he is concerned. 
 
 The same forfeiture is sustained by the 
 holder and the endorsers in respect of the 
 drawer himself, if the latter prove there was 
 provision at the maturity of the bill. 
 
 The holder, in this case, only retains his 
 right of action against the party on whom the 
 bill was drawn. 
 
 The effect of the forfeiture pronounced by 
 the three preceding articles ceases in favour 
 
AS TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 95 
 
 of the holder against the drawer, or against 
 the endorser, who (after the expiration of 
 the delays fixed for the protest, the notice of 
 protest, or the summons to trial,) has re- 
 ceived by account, compensation, or other- 
 wise, the funds intended for the payment of 
 the bill. 
 
 Independently of the prescribed formalities 
 for bringing the action for the guarantee, the 
 holder of a bill protested for non-payment 
 can, on obtaining the permission of the 
 judge, seize for security the moveable effects of 
 the drawers, acceptors, and endorsers. 
 
 Of Protests . 
 
 The protests for non-acceptance or non- 
 payment are made by two notaries, or by a 
 notary and two witnesses, or by a bailiff 
 (huissier) and two witnesses. 
 
 The protest must be made at the domicile 
 
96 COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE 
 
 of the party upon whom the bill was made 
 payable, or at his last known domicile, — at the 
 domicile of the parties indicated by the bill 
 to pay it in case of need, — at the domicile of 
 the third party who has accepted by inter- 
 vention ; the whole by one and the same act. 
 
 In case of a false indication of domicile, 
 the protest is preceded by an act of search 
 and inquiry [perquisition). 
 
 The protest contains the literal copy of 
 the bill, of the acceptance, of the endorse- 
 ments, and of the references therein indicated; 
 and the order to pay the amount of the bill. 
 
 It sets forth the presence or the absence 
 of the party who is to pay, the reason of re- 
 fusal, and the inability or refusal to sign. 
 
 No act on the part of the holder of the 
 bill can supply the protest, except the case 
 provided relating to the loss thereof. 
 
 The notaries and the bailiffs are bound, on 
 
AS TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 97 
 
 pain of being struck off the roll, with all ex- 
 penses, damages and interests, to the parties, 
 to have an exact copy of the protests, and to 
 enter them entire, day by day, and, accord- 
 ing to the order of the dates in a particular 
 register, marked, margined, and kept accord- 
 ing to the forms prescribed for repertories. 
 
 Of the Re-exchange . 
 
 The re-exchange is effected by a re-draft. 
 
 The re-draft is a new bill by means of 
 which the holder reimburses himself upon 
 the drawer, or upon one of the endorsers of 
 the principal of the protested bill, of the costs, 
 and of the new exchange which he pays. 
 
 The re-exchange is regulated, in respect 
 of the drawer, by the course of exchange of 
 the place where the bill was payable upon the 
 place where it was originally drawn. 
 
 H 
 
98 COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE 
 
 It is regulated in respect of the endorsers 
 by the course of exchange of the place where 
 the bill was remitted or negotiated by them, 
 upon the place where the reimbursement is 
 made. 
 
 The re-draft is accompanied by an account 
 of return ( compte de retoun). 
 
 The account of return includes the prin- 
 cipal of the protested bill, the charges of 
 protest, and other legitimate costs, such as 
 commission, brokerage, stamp and postages. 
 
 It sets forth the name of the party upon 
 whom the re-draft is made, and the exchange 
 at which it is negotiated. 
 
 It is certified by an exchange broker. 
 
 In those places where there is no exchange 
 broker, it is certified by two merchants. 
 
 It is accompanied by the bill and protest, 
 or a copy of the protest. 
 
 In the case where the re-draft is made 
 
AS TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 99 
 
 upon one of the endorsers, it is accompanied 
 by a certificate stating the course of ex- 
 change of the place where the bill was pay- 
 able upon the place whence it was drawn. 
 
 There cannot be several accounts of re- 
 turn upon the same bill. 
 
 The account of return is reimbursed by 
 endorser to endorser respectively, and de- 
 finitely by the drawer. 
 
 The re-exchanges cannot be accumulated. 
 
 Each endorser is liable for one only, as 
 well as the drawer. 
 
 The interest of the principal of the bill 
 protested for nonpayment is due, and cal- 
 culated from the date of protest. 
 
 The interest of the charges of protest, 
 the re-exchange and other legitimate costs 
 are only due and calculated from the de- 
 mand in court. 
 
 No re-exchange is recoverable if the ac- 
 
100 COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE 
 
 count of return is not accompanied by the 
 certificates of the exchange brokers or mer- 
 chants as aforesaid. 
 
 Of the Note to order . 
 
 All the regulations relative to bills, and 
 concerning the maturity, endorsement, re- 
 sponsibility, guarantee, undertaking, pay- 
 ment, payment by intervention, protest 
 rights, and duties of the holder, re-exchange 
 and interests, are applicable to notes to 
 order, without prejudice to the regulations 
 relating to the cases provided by the arti- 
 cles 636, 637, and 638. 
 
 The note to order is dated : it sets forth 
 the sum to be paid ; the name of the party 
 to whose order it is drawn ; the time of 
 payment; the value furnished in money, 
 goods, account or otherwise. 
 
AS TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 101 
 
 Of Limitation . 
 
 All actions relative to bills or notes to 
 order subscribed by merchants, dealers, or 
 bankers, or for commercial purposes are 
 limited to five years, calculated from the 
 date of the protest or from the last judicial 
 process, if there has been no judgment, or 
 if the debt has not been recognised by a 
 separate act. 
 
 Nevertheless the supposed debtors shall be 
 bound, if so required, to affirm upon oath 
 that they are no longer indebted, and their 
 widows, heirs, or representatives, that they 
 faithfully believe that there is nothing due. 
 
 Articles 636, 637, 638, referred to above. 
 
 636. When bills shall be only reputed 
 simple promises, in the terms of the article 
 112, or when the notes to order shall only 
 h 3 
 
102 COMMERCIAL CODE OF FRANCE 
 
 bear the signatures of individuals, not mer- 
 chants, and shall not be grounded on com- 
 mercial transactions, traffic, exchange, bank- 
 ing or brokerage, the tribunal of commerce 
 shall be bound to send the cause before the 
 civil tribunal, if required by the defendant. 
 
 637. When these bills and these notes to 
 order shall at the same time bear the sig- 
 natures of individuals who are merchants, 
 and of individuals who are not merchants, 
 the tribunal of commerce will^ take cognis- 
 ance of it ; but they cannot order an ar- 
 rest against the individuals who are not mer- 
 
 o 
 
 chants, unless they are engaged in commer- 
 cial transactions, traffic, exchange, banking 
 or brokerage. 
 
 638. All actions brought against a pro- 
 prietor ( proprietaire ), agriculturist, or vine- 
 grower, for the sale of provisions of his own 
 growing ; actions brought against a com- 
 
AS TO BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 103 
 
 mercial man, for the payment of provisions 
 and merchandise purchased for his own use, 
 shall not come within the jurisdiction of the 
 tribunal of commerce ; nevertheless, bills 
 drawn by a commercial man shall be deem- 
 ed made for his commercial transactions ; 
 and those of receivers, paymasters, receivers 
 of taxes, or other officers of the public 
 money, shall be considered to have been 
 contracted for the operation of their official 
 situations, when no other cause shall be 
 therein specified. 
 
•' ■ : • ' ■ t- 
 
 
THE INTERPRETER; 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 % 
 
 I. THE CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 II. THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR. 
 
 III. THE USUAL DATES, SIGHTS, AND USANCES 
 OF FOREIGN BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 In <®tgt)t 3tairguagr0 
 
106 THE INTERPRETER. 
 
 FRENCH. 
 
 CARDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 Deux 
 Trois 
 Quatre 
 Cinq 
 
 51 i- 
 
 Sept 
 Huit 
 Neuf 
 Dix 
 * )i,ze 
 Douze 
 VTreize 
 Qtiatorze 
 Ouinze 
 ViSeize 
 Bix-sept 
 Dix -huit 
 1 >ix~neuf 
 Vingt 
 
 Vingt-et-un 
 Vingt deux, &e. 
 
 Trente 
 'iVet'-ct-un 
 Tr ente deux 
 Quxrante 
 C-inquante 
 Soixante 
 ^oi xante dix, or Septante 
 Qaatre-vingt, or Huitante 
 Quatre- vingt dix or \ 
 Nonante J 
 
 Cent 
 
 Cent et un 
 Cent deux, &c. 
 
 Six Cent 
 
 Mille 
 
 Million 
 
 One. 
 
 Two. 
 
 Three. 
 
 Four. 
 
 Five. 
 
 Six. 
 
 Seven. 
 
 Eight. 
 
 Nine. 
 
 Ten. 
 
 Eleven. 
 
 Twelve. 
 
 Thirteen. 
 
 Fourteen. 
 
 Fifteen. 
 
 Sixteen. 
 
 Seventeen. 
 
 Eighteen. 
 
 Nineteen. 
 
 Twenty. 
 
 Twenty-one. 
 Twenty-two, &c. 
 Thirty. 
 
 Thirty-one. 
 Thirty-two, &c. 
 
 Forty. 
 
 Fifty. 
 
 Sixty. 
 
 Seventy. 
 
 Eighty. 
 
 Ninety. 
 
 Hundred. 
 
 Hundred and one. 
 Hundred and two, &c. 
 Six Hundred. 
 Thousand. 
 
 Million. 
 
FRENCH. 
 
 107 
 
 ORDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 Premier 
 
 Second, or Deuxieme 
 Troisieme 
 Qnatrieme 
 Cinquieme 
 Sixieme 
 Septieme 
 Huitieme 
 Neuvieme 
 Dixieme 
 Onzieme 
 Douzieme 
 Treizieme 
 Quatorzieme 
 Quinzieme 
 Seizieme 
 Dix-septieme 
 Dix-huitierne 
 Dixneuvieme 
 Vingtieme 
 Vingt et unieme 
 Vingt deuxieme, &c. 
 Trentieme 
 Quarantieme 
 Cinquantieme 
 Soixantieme 
 Septantieme 
 Huitantieme 
 Nonantieme 
 Centieme 
 &c. &c. 
 
 First. 
 
 Second. 
 
 Third. 
 
 Fourth. 
 
 Fifth. 
 
 Sixth, 
 
 Seventh. 
 
 Eighth. 
 
 Ninth. 
 
 Tenth. 
 
 Eleventh. 
 
 Twelfth . 
 
 Thirteenth. 
 
 Fourteenth. 
 
 Fifteenth. 
 
 Sixteenth. 
 
 Seventeenth. 
 
 Eighteenth. 
 
 Nineteenth. 
 
 Twentieth. 
 
 Twenty-first. 
 
 Twenty-second, &c. 
 
 Thirtieth. 
 
 Fortieth. 
 
 Fiftieth. 
 
 Sixtieth. 
 
 Seventieth. 
 
 Eightieth. 
 
 Ninetieth. 
 
 Hundredth. 
 
108 
 
 THE INTERPRETER. 
 
 MONTHS OF THE YEAR. 
 
 Janvier 
 
 January. 
 
 Fevrier 
 
 February. 
 
 Mars 
 
 March. 
 
 Avril 
 
 April. 
 
 Mai 
 
 May. 
 
 Juin 
 
 June. 
 
 Juillet 
 
 July. 
 
 Aout, or Aoust 
 
 August. 
 
 Septembre, or 7.bre 
 
 September. 
 
 Octobre, or 8.bre 
 
 October. 
 
 Novembre, or 9.bre 
 
 November. 
 
 Decembre, or lO.bre, 
 or X.bre 
 
 | December. 
 
FRENCH. 
 
 109 
 
 DATE — SIGHT — AND USANCE. 
 
 A qidnze jours de date 
 A vingt jours de date 
 A trente jours de date 
 A deux mois de date 
 A trots mois de date 
 A quatre-vingt dix jours 
 de date 
 
 A quatre-vingt dix jours 
 de vue 
 
 A la fin de Janvier or 
 Fin de Janvier 
 Au quinze de Janvier pro- 
 chain 
 A Usance 
 A trots Usances 
 A vue 
 
 A trots jours de vue 
 A presentation 
 
 A la fin du courant 
 
 At fifteen days date. 
 
 At twenty days date. 
 
 At thirty days date. 
 
 At two months date. 
 
 At three months date. 
 
 } At ninety days date. 
 
 At ninety days sight. 
 
 At the end of January. 
 
 On the fifteenth of January 
 J next. 
 
 At Usance. 
 
 At three Usances. 
 
 At sight. 
 
 At three days sight. 
 
 On presentation, 
 f At the end of the present 
 l or current month. 
 
 Usance between France and London is thirty days 
 after the date of the bill. 
 
110 
 
 THE INTERPRETER. 
 
 SPANISH. 
 
 CARDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 Uno 
 
 One. 
 
 Dos 4 
 
 Two. 
 
 Tres 
 
 Three. 
 
 Quatro 
 
 Four. 
 
 Cinco 
 
 Five. 
 
 Seis 
 
 Six. 
 
 Siete 
 
 Seven. 
 
 Ocho 
 
 Eight. 
 
 Nueve 
 
 Nine. 
 
 Diez 
 
 Ten. 
 
 Once 
 
 Eleven. 
 
 Doce 
 
 Twelve. 
 
 Trece 
 
 Thirteen. 
 
 Catorce 
 
 Fourteen. 
 
 Quince 
 
 Fifteen. 
 
 Diez y seis 
 
 Sixteen. 
 
 Diez y siete 
 
 Seventeen. 
 
 Diez y ocho 
 
 Eighteen. 
 
 Diez y nueve 
 
 Nineteen. 
 
 Veinte 
 
 Twenty. 
 
 Veinte-uno, &c. 
 
 Twenty-one, &c. 
 
 Treinta 
 
 Thirty. 
 
 Quarenta 
 
 Forty. 
 
 Cinquenta 
 
 Fifty. 
 
 Sesenta 
 
 Sixty. 
 
 Setenta 
 
 Seventy. 
 
 Ochenta 
 
 Eighty. 
 
 Noventa 
 
 Ninety. 
 
 Ciento 
 
 Hundred. 
 
 Ciento y uno, &c. 
 
 Hundred and one, &c. 
 
 Docientos 
 
 Two Hundred. 
 
 Mil 
 
 Thousand. 
 
SPANISH, 
 
 111 
 
 ORDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 Primero First. 
 
 Segundo Second. 
 
 Tercero Third. 
 
 Quarto Fourth. 
 
 Quinto Fifth . 
 
 Sexto Sixth. 
 
 Septimo Seventh. 
 
 Octavo Eighth. 
 
 Nono, or Noveno Ninth. 
 
 Decimo, or Deceno Tenth. 
 
 Undecimo, or Onceno Eleventh. 
 
 Duodecimo, or Doceno Twelfth. 
 
 Decimo tertio, or Treceno Thirteenth. 
 Decimo quarto, or Cator- j Fourteemh 
 ceno J 
 
 Decimo quinto, or Quin- 1 Fifteenth 
 ceno J 
 
 Decimo sexto 
 Decimo septimo 
 Decimo octavo 
 Decimo nono 
 Vigesimo, or Veinteno 
 Veinteno uno, &c. 
 
 Trigesimo, or Treinteno 
 Quadragesimo, or 
 renteno 
 
 Sixteenth. 
 Seventeenth. 
 Eighteenth. 
 Nineteenth. 
 Twentieth. 
 Twenty-first. 
 Thirtieth. 
 
 Qua ' | Fortieth. 
 
 Quinquagesimo, or Cin-\ p;f . . 
 cuenteno j-riniein. 
 
 Sexagesimo, or Sesenteno Sixtieth. 
 Septuagesimo, or Seten- \ g event j fa 
 teno J 
 
 Octuagesimo, or OchentenoEightieth. 
 Nonagesimo or Noventeno Ninetieth. 
 Centesimo, or Cienteno Hundredth. 
 Milesimo Thousandth. 
 
112 
 
 THE INTERPRETER. 
 
 MONTHS OF THE YEAR. 
 
 Enero 
 
 January. 
 
 Febrero 
 
 February. 
 
 Marzo 
 
 March. 
 
 Abril 
 
 April. 
 
 Mayo 
 
 May. 
 
 Junio 
 
 June. 
 
 Julio 
 
 July. 
 
 Agosto 
 
 August. 
 
 Setiembre 
 
 September. 
 
 Octubre 
 
 October. 
 
 Noviembre 
 
 November. 
 
 Deciembre 
 
 December. 
 
SPANISH 
 
 113 
 
 DATE SIGHT AND USANCE. 
 
 A un mes de la fecha, or *) 
 
 A , , r At one month after date 
 
 A nn mes data J 
 
 A dos meses de la fecha, or 
 
 a i . Y At two months after date 
 
 A dos meses data J 
 
 A tres meses dela fecha, or “j 
 
 A tres meses data 
 
 Awowrcfodiasde la fecha, or n 
 
 A noventa dias data 
 
 A quince dias fecha, or 
 
 A quince dias data 
 
 A vista 
 
 A sesenta dias vista 
 A tres dias vista 
 A presentacion 
 A Uso 
 
 A Uso y medio 
 Por todo Enero, or 
 Por fin de Enero 
 
 | At three months after date. 
 
 ^ At ninety days after date. 
 
 At fifteen days after date. 
 At sight. 
 
 At sixty days sight. 
 
 At three days sight. 
 
 On presentation. 
 
 At Usance. 
 
 At Usance and a half. 
 
 j- At the end of January. 
 
 Usance between Spain and London is two calendar 
 months after the date of the bill. 
 
 I 
 
114 
 
 THE INTERPRETER, 
 
 PORTUGUESE. 
 
 CARDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 One. 
 
 Hum, m. 
 
 Hua ,/. 
 
 Dous, m. 
 
 Duas, f. 
 
 Tres 
 Quatro 
 Cinco 
 Seys 
 Sete 
 Outo 
 Nove 
 Dez 
 Onze 
 Doze 
 Treze 
 Catorze 
 Quinze 
 Dez e seys 
 Dez e sete 
 Dez e outo 
 Dez e nove 
 Vinte 
 
 Yinte e hum 
 Vinte e dous, &c. 
 Trinta 
 Quarenta 
 Cincoenta 
 Secenta 
 Setenta 
 Outenta 
 Noventa 
 Cem, or Cento 
 Duzentos 
 Trecentos 
 Quatrocentos 
 Quinhentos 
 Mil 
 
 Cem mil 
 Milhao 
 
 j- Two. 
 
 Thre^. 
 
 Four. 
 
 Five. 
 
 Six. 
 
 Seven. 
 
 Eight. 
 
 Nine. 
 
 Ten. 
 
 Eleven. 
 
 Twelve. 
 
 Thirteen. 
 
 Fourteen. 
 
 Fifteen. 
 
 Sixteen. 
 
 Seventeen. 
 
 Eighteen. 
 
 Nineteen. 
 
 Twenty. 
 Twenty-one. 
 Twenty-two, &c. 
 Thirty. 
 
 Forty. 
 
 Fifty. 
 
 Sixty. 
 
 Seventy. 
 
 ' Eighty. 
 
 Ninety. 
 
 Hundred. 
 
 Two hundred. 
 Three hundred. 
 Four hundred. 
 
 Five hundred. 
 Thousand. 
 Hundred thousand. 
 Million. 
 
PORTUGUESE. 
 
 115 
 
 ORDINAL 
 
 Primeyro 
 Segundo 
 Tercero - 
 Quarto. 
 
 Quinto 
 
 Sexto 
 
 Septimo 
 
 Outavo 
 
 Nono 
 
 Decimo 
 
 Oudecimo 
 
 Dozeno 
 
 Trezeno 
 
 Catorzeno 
 
 Quinzeno 
 
 Decimo sexto 
 
 Decimo septimo 
 
 Decimo outavo 
 
 Decimo nono 
 
 Yinteino 
 
 Yinteino hum 
 
 Yinteino dous, &c. 
 
 Trinteino 
 
 Quarenteino 
 
 Cincoenteino 
 
 Secenteino 
 
 Setenteino 
 
 Outenteino 
 
 Noventeino 
 
 Centesimo 
 
 Milesimo 
 
 NUMBERS. 
 
 First. 
 
 Second. 
 
 Third. 
 
 Fourth. 
 
 Fifth. 
 
 Sixth. 
 
 Seventh. 
 
 Eighth. 
 
 Ninth. 
 
 Tenth. 
 
 Eleventh. 
 
 Twelfth. 
 
 Thirteenth. 
 
 Fourteenth. 
 
 Fifteenth. 
 
 Sixteenth. 
 
 Seventeenth. 
 
 Eighteenth. 
 
 Nineteenth. 
 
 Twentieth. 
 
 Twenty-first. 
 
 Twenty-second, &c. 
 
 Thirtieth. 
 
 Fortieth. 
 
 Fiftieth. 
 
 Sixtieth. 
 
 Seventieth. 
 
 Eightieth. 
 
 Ninetieth. 
 
 Hundredth. 
 
 Thousandth. 
 
 2 
 
116 
 
 THE INTERPRETER. 
 
 MONTHS OF THE YEAR. 
 
 Janeiro 
 
 Fevreiro 
 
 Mar^o 
 
 Abril 
 
 Mayo 
 
 Junho 
 
 Julho 
 
 Agosto 
 
 Septembro 
 
 Outubro 
 
 Novembro 
 
 Decembro 
 
 January. 
 
 February. 
 
 March. 
 
 April. 
 
 May. 
 
 June. 
 
 July. 
 
 August. 
 
 September. 
 
 October. 
 
 November. 
 
 December. 
 
PORTUGUESE. 
 
 117 
 
 DATE SIGHT AND USANCE. 
 
 A hum mez de data 
 A dous Inezes de data 
 A tres mezes de data 
 A noventa dias de data 
 A quinze dias de data 
 A vista 
 
 A tres dias vista 
 A quarenta dias vista 
 A trinta dias vista 
 A presentagao 
 A Uso 
 
 A Uso e meyo 
 Por tudo o mez de Ja- 
 neiro, or 
 
 A fim de Janeiro * 
 
 A trinta dias precisos 
 
 At one month after date. 
 At two months after date. 
 At three months after date. 
 At ninety days after date. 
 At fifteen days after date. 
 At sight. 
 
 At three days sight. 
 
 At forty days sight. 
 
 At thirty days sight. 
 
 On presentation. 
 
 At Usance. 
 
 At Usance and a half. 
 
 At the end of January. 
 
 At thirty days precisely 
 (i. e. without grace). 
 
 Usance between Portugal and London is two calen- 
 dar months after the date of the bill. 
 
118 
 
 THE INTERPRETER. 
 
 ITALIAN. 
 
 CARDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 Una 
 
 One. 
 
 Due 
 
 Two. 
 
 Tre 
 
 Three. 
 
 Quattro 
 
 Four. 
 
 Cinque 
 
 Five. 
 
 Sei 
 
 Six. 
 
 Sette 
 
 Seven. 
 
 Otto 
 
 Eight. 
 
 Nove 
 
 Nine. 
 
 Died 
 
 Ten. 
 
 Undid 
 
 Eleven.. 
 
 Dodid, or Duodid 
 
 Twelve. 
 
 Tredid 
 
 Thirteen. 
 
 Quattordid 
 
 Fourteen. 
 
 Quindid 
 
 Fifteen. 
 
 Sedid 
 
 Sixteen. 
 
 Didssette, Didasette, or ] 
 Diedsette 
 
 j- Seventeen. 
 
 Diciotto, or Dieciotto 
 
 Eighteen. 
 
 Didnove, Diciannove, o?* ] 
 Dieeinove 
 
 j- Nineteen. 
 
 Yenti 
 
 Twenty. 
 
 Vent’uno 
 
 Twenty-one. 
 
 Ventidue, &c. 
 
 Twenty two. 
 
 Trenta 
 
 Thirty. 
 
 Quaranta 
 
 Forty. 
 
 Cinquanta 
 
 Fifty. 
 
 Sessanta 
 
 Sixty. 
 
 Settanta 
 
 Seventy. 
 
 Ottanta 
 
 Eighty. 
 
 Nonanta, or Novanta 
 
 Ninety. 
 
 Cento 
 
 Hundred. 
 
 Duecento, or Duegento 
 
 Two hundred. 
 
 Mille 
 
 Thousand. 
 
ITALIAN, 
 
 119 
 
 ORDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 Primo 
 
 Secondo 
 
 Terzo 
 
 Quarto 
 
 Quinto 
 
 Sesto 
 
 Settimo 
 
 Ottavo 
 
 Nono 
 
 Decimo 
 
 Undecimo 
 
 Duodecimo 
 
 Terzodecimo 
 
 Quartodecimo 
 
 Quinto decimo 
 
 Sesto decimo 
 
 Decimo settimo 
 
 Decimo ottavo 
 
 Decimo nono 
 
 Yentesimo, or Yigesimo 
 
 Yentesimo primo, &c. 
 
 Trentesimo, or Trigesimo 
 
 Quarantesimo 
 
 Cinquantesimo 
 
 Sessantesimo 
 
 Settantesimo 
 
 Ottantesimo 
 
 Novantesimo, or Nonan-" 
 tesimo 
 Centesimo 
 
 Ducentesimo, or Dugen-] 
 tesimo 
 Millesimo 
 
 First. 
 
 Second. 
 
 Third. 
 
 Fourth, 
 
 Fifth. 
 
 Sixth. 
 
 Seventh. 
 
 Eighth. 
 
 Ninth. 
 
 Tenth. 
 
 Eleventh. 
 
 Twelfth. 
 
 Thirteenth. 
 
 Fourteenth. 
 
 Fifteenth. 
 
 Sixteenth. 
 
 Seventeenth. 
 
 Eighteenth. 
 
 Nineteenth. 
 
 Twentieth. 
 
 Twenty-first, &c. 
 
 Thirtieth. 
 
 Fortieth. 
 
 Fiftieth. 
 
 Sixtieth. 
 
 Seventieth. 
 
 Eightieth. 
 
 Ninetieth. 
 
 Hundredth. 
 
 Two hundredth. 
 Thousandth. 
 
 I 4 
 
120 
 
 THE INTERPRETER. 
 
 MONTHS OF THE YEAR. 
 
 Gennaro, or Gennajo January. 
 Febbraro, or Febbrajo February. 
 
 Marzo 
 
 March. 
 
 Aprile 
 
 Maggio 
 
 Giugnio 
 
 Luglio 
 
 Agosto 
 
 Settembre 
 
 April. 
 
 May. 
 
 June. 
 
 July. 
 
 August. 
 
 September. 
 
 Ottobre 
 
 October. 
 
 Novembre 
 
 November. 
 
 Dicembre 
 
 December. 
 
ITALIAN. 
 
 121 
 
 DATE — SIGHT AND USANCE. 
 
 A guindici giorni dopo ) 
 
 data, or >- At fifteen days date. 
 
 A giorni 15 dopo data J 
 
 Ad un mese dopo data or\ ^ month after date . 
 
 A mese uno dopo data J 
 
 A due mesi dopo data At two months after date. 
 
 A giorni novanta dopo dataAt ninety days after date. 
 
 A giorni novanta dopo vistaAt ninety days after sight. 
 
 Alla fine di Gennajo, or 1 At the end of January, or 
 
 Alla fine del mese di j- At the end of the month of 
 Gennajo J January. 
 
 Ai guindici di Gennajo 1 On the fifteenth of January 
 prossimo, or I next, or 
 
 Ai guindici del mese di | On the fifteenth of the 
 Gennajo prossimo J month of January next. 
 
 Ad Uso At Usance. 
 
 A vista At sight. 
 
 A tre giorni vista, or 1 
 
 A tre giorni dopo vista, or >- At three days after sight. 
 
 A giorni tre dopo vista J 
 
 A piacere At pleasure (« at sight ). 
 
 A presen tazione On presentation {at sight), 
 
 * n n i i , f At the end of the present 
 
 Alla fine del mese corrente < . s. 
 
 L or current month. 
 
 30 giorni dopo data, e) 30 days after date, and there- 
 cosi al 23 Agosto del J- fore on the 23d of August 
 corrente anno 18 — J of the current year, 18 — 
 
 A tutto Settembre { 0n b £ e last ^ of Se P tem " 
 
 A tutto Settembre pros - 1 On the last day of Septem- 
 simo venturo J ber next coming . 
 
 A tutto il diecessette Set- \ All on the seventeenth of 
 tembre, 1837 J September, 1837. 
 
 A mesi tre e mezzo At three months and a half 
 
 Usance between Italy and London is three calendar 
 months after the date of the bill. 
 
122 
 
 THE INTERPRETER. 
 
 GERMAN. CARDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 Ein 
 
 Zwey 
 
 Drey 
 
 Vier 
 
 Fiinf 
 
 Sechs 
 
 Sieben 
 
 Acht 
 
 Neun 
 
 Zehn, or Zehen 
 Elf, or Eilf 
 Zwolf 
 
 Drey zehn, or Dreyzehen 
 
 Vierzehn 
 
 Fiinfzehn 
 
 Sechzehn 
 
 Siebenzehn, or Siebzehn 
 
 Achtzehn 
 
 Neunzehn 
 
 Zwanzwig 
 
 Ein und zwanzwig * 
 Zwey und zwanzwig, &c. 
 Dreissig 
 
 Ein und dreissig 
 Zwey und dreissig 
 Vierzig 
 
 Ein und vierzig 
 Fiinf zig 
 Sechzig 
 
 Siebenzig, or Siebzig 
 Achtzig 
 Neunzig 
 Hundert 
 Hundert und ein 
 Hundert undzwey 
 Zwey hundert 
 Drey hundert 
 Tausend 
 Zehn tausend 
 Hundert tausend 
 Eine million 
 
 One. 
 
 Two. 
 
 Three. 
 
 Four. 
 
 Five. 
 
 Six. 
 
 Seven. 
 
 Eight. 
 
 Nine. 
 
 Ten. 
 
 Eleven. 
 
 Twelve. 
 
 Thirteen. 
 
 Fourteen. 
 
 Fifteen. 
 
 Sixteen. 
 
 Seventeen. 
 
 Eighteen. 
 
 Nineteen. 
 
 Twenty. 
 
 Twenty-one. 
 Twenty-two, &c. 
 Thirty. 
 
 Thirty-one. 
 
 Thirty-two. 
 
 Forty. 
 
 Forty-one. 
 
 Fifty. 
 
 Sixty. 
 
 Seventy. 
 
 Eighty. 
 
 Ninety. 
 
 Hundred. 
 
 Hundred and one. 
 Hundred and two. 
 
 Two hundred. 
 
 Three hundred. 
 Thousand. 
 
 Ten thousand. 
 
 One hundred thousand. 
 A million. 
 
GERMAN. 
 
 123 
 
 ORDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 The First. 
 
 — Second. 
 — Third. 
 — Fourth. 
 
 Der Erste 
 
 — Zweyte 
 
 — Dritte 
 
 — Vierte 
 
 — Fiinfte 
 
 — Sechste 
 
 — Siebente, or Siebte 
 
 — Achte 
 
 — Neunte 
 
 — Zehnte 
 
 — Elfte, or eilfte 
 
 — Zwolfte 
 
 — Drey zehnte 
 
 — Vierzehnte 
 
 — Fiinfzehnte 
 
 — Sechszehnte 
 
 — Siebenzehnte, or Sieb- 
 zehnte 
 
 — Achtzehnte 
 
 — Neunzehnte 
 
 — Zwanzwigste 
 Eiii und zwanzigste 
 
 — Dreissigste 
 Ein und dreissigste 
 
 — Yierzigste 
 Ein und vierzigste 
 
 — Fiinfzigste 
 
 — Sechzigste 
 
 — Siebenzigste, or Sieb- 
 zigste 
 
 — Achtigste 
 
 — Neunzigste 
 
 — Hundertste 
 Hundert und erste 
 Hundert und zweyte 
 Zwey hundertste 
 Drey hundertste 
 *Tausendste 
 
 &c. &c. 
 
 — Fifth. 
 
 — Sixth. 
 
 — Seventh. 
 
 — Eighth. 
 
 — Ninth. 
 
 — Tenth. 
 
 — Eleventh. 
 
 — Twelfth. 
 
 — Thirteenth. 
 
 — Fourteenth. 
 
 — Fifteenth. 
 
 — Sixteenth. 
 
 — Seventeenth. 
 
 — Eighteenth. 
 
 — Nineteenth. 
 
 — Twentieth. 
 
 — Twenty -first. 
 
 — Thirtieth. 
 
 — Thirty -first, 
 
 — Fortieth. 
 
 — -first. 
 
 — Fiftieth. 
 
 - — Sixtieth. 
 
 — Seventieth. 
 
 — Eightieth. 
 
 — Ninetieth. 
 
 — Hundredth. 
 
 — Hundred and first. 
 
 — Hundred and second. 
 Two hundredth. 
 
 Three hundredth. 
 Thousandth. 
 
124 
 
 THE INTERPRETER. 
 
 MONTHS OF THE YEAR. 
 
 Ja nner, or Januar 
 
 January. 
 
 Februar 
 
 February. 
 
 Marz, or Maerz 
 
 March. 
 
 April 
 
 April. 
 
 Mai 
 
 May. 
 
 Junius 
 
 June. 
 
 Julius 
 
 July. 
 
 August 
 
 August. 
 
 September 
 
 September. 
 
 October 
 
 October. 
 
 November 
 
 November. 
 
 December 
 
 December. 
 
GERMAN. 
 
 1-25 
 
 DATE SIGHT AND USANCE. 
 
 Funfzehn Tagenach datol 
 or r 
 
 Funfzehn Tage nach heute J 
 Fin Monath nach dato,! 
 or 
 
 Fin Monath nach heute J 
 Zwey Monathe nach dato 
 Drey Monathe nach dato 
 Neunzig Tage nach dato 
 Seeks Wochen nach sicht 
 Am ende Januars 
 An letzten Tage Januars, 
 or Januarii J 
 
 Am funfzehnten kunftigen ) 
 Januars J 
 
 A Uso 
 A vista 
 
 Drey Tage nach sicht 
 Am ende Januars, K. J. *1 
 (or komende Jahr) J 
 Am Achten November "| 
 d. J. (or dieses Jahr) J 
 
 Medio Februar, d. J. \ 
 
 Fifteen days after date. 
 
 ■ One month after date. 
 
 Two months after date. 
 
 Three months after date. 
 
 Ninety days after date. 
 
 Six weeks after sight. 
 
 At the end of January. 
 
 On the last day of January. 
 
 On the fifteenth of January 
 next. 
 
 At Usance. 
 
 At sight. 
 
 Three days after sight. 
 
 On the last day of January 
 in the coming year. 
 
 On the eighth of November 
 of this year. 
 
 On the middle of Febru- 
 ary of this year. 
 
 Usance between Germany and London is one ca- 
 lendar month after the date of the bill. 
 
126 THE INTERPRETER. 
 
 DUTCH. 
 
 CARDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 Een 
 
 One. 
 
 Twee 
 
 Two. 
 
 Drie 
 
 Three. 
 
 Yier 
 
 Four. 
 
 Vyf 
 
 Five. 
 
 Zes 
 
 Six. 
 
 Zeven 
 
 Seven. 
 
 Agt 
 
 Eight. 
 
 Negen 
 
 Nine. 
 
 Tien 
 
 Ten. 
 
 Elf 
 
 Eleven. 
 
 Twaalf * 
 
 Twelve. 
 
 Dertien 
 
 Thirteen. 
 
 Yiertien 
 
 Fourteen. 
 
 Vyftien 
 
 Fifteen. 
 
 Zestien 
 
 Sixteen. 
 
 Zeventien 
 
 Seventeen. 
 
 Agtien 
 
 Eighteen. 
 
 Negentien 
 
 Nineteen. 
 
 Twin tig 
 
 Twenty. 
 
 Een en twintig 
 
 T went y-one. 
 
 Twee en twintig, &c, 
 
 Twent y-two. 
 
 Dertig 
 
 Thirty. 
 
 Viertig 
 
 Forty. 
 
 Vyftig 
 
 Fifty. 
 
 Zestig 
 
 Sixty. 
 
 Zeventig 
 
 Seventy. 
 
 Taggentig 
 
 Eighty. 
 
 Negen tig 
 
 Ninety. 
 
 Honderd 
 
 Hundred. 
 
 Duizend 
 
 Thousand. 
 
 Millioen 
 
 Million. 
 
DUTCH. 
 
 127 
 
 ORDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 Eerste 
 
 First. 
 
 Tvveede 
 
 Second. 
 
 Derde 
 
 Third. 
 
 Vierde 
 
 Fourth. 
 
 Yyfde 
 
 Fifth. 
 
 Zesde 
 
 Sixth. 
 
 Zevende 
 
 Seventh. 
 
 Agtste 
 
 Eighth. 
 
 Negende 
 
 Ninth. 
 
 Tiende 
 
 Tenth. 
 
 Elfde 
 
 Eleventh. 
 
 Twaalfde 
 
 Twelfth. 
 
 Dertiende 
 
 Thirteenth. 
 
 Viertiende 
 
 Fourteenth. 
 
 Yyftiende 
 
 Fifteenth. 
 
 Zestiende 
 
 Sixteenth. 
 
 Zeventiende 
 
 Seventeenth. 
 
 Agtiende 
 
 Eighteenth. 
 
 Negen tiende 
 
 Nineteenth. 
 
 Twintigste 
 
 Twentieth. 
 
 Een en twintigste 
 
 Twenty^/fotf. 
 
 Twee en twintigste 
 
 Twenty -second. 
 
 Dertigste 
 
 Thirtieth. 
 
 Yiertigste 
 
 Fortieth. 
 
 Vyftigste 
 
 Fiftieth. 
 
 Zestigste 
 
 Sixtieth. 
 
 Zeventigste 
 
 Seventieth. 
 
 Taggentigste 
 
 Eightieth. 
 
 Negentigste 
 
 Ninetieth. 
 
 Honderste 
 
 Hundredth. 
 
 Duizenste 
 
 Thousandth. 
 
 Millioenste 
 
 Millionth. 
 
128 
 
 THE INTERPRETER. 
 
 MONTHS OF THE YEAR. 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 Maart 
 
 April 
 
 Mei 
 
 Juny 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 January. 
 
 February. 
 
 March. 
 
 April. 
 
 May. 
 
 June. 
 
 July 
 
 August. 
 
 September. 
 
 October. 
 
 November. 
 
 December. 
 
DUTCH. 
 
 129 
 
 DATE — SIGHT — AND USANCE. 
 
 Vyftien da gen na dato, o 
 Vyftien dagen na heden 
 Negentig dagen na dato 
 Fen raaand na dato 
 Twee maanden na dato 
 Drie maanden na dato 
 
 Fifteen days after date. 
 
 Ninety days after date. 
 
 One month after date. 
 
 Two months after date. 
 Three months after date. 
 Opdenlaatstenvan January On the last day of January. 
 Op den vyftienden toekom- ") 
 enden January, or I On the fifteenth of January 
 Op den vyftienden naas- f next. 
 
 ten January J 
 
 A Uso At Usance. 
 
 A vista, or op vertooning At sight, or on presentation. 
 Drie dagen na zigt Three days after sight. 
 
 Usance between Holland and the Netherlands and 
 London is one calendar month after the date of the 
 bill. 
 
 K 
 
130 
 
 ( 
 
 THE INTERPRETER. 
 
 En 
 
 Twa 
 
 Tre 
 
 Fvra 
 
 Fem 
 
 Sex 
 
 Sju 
 
 Atta 
 
 Nie, or Nio 
 
 Tie, or Tio 
 
 Elfva 
 
 Tolf 
 
 Tretton 
 
 Fjorton 
 
 Femton 
 
 Sexton 
 
 Sjutton 
 
 Aderton 
 
 Nitton 
 
 Tjugu 
 
 Tjuguen, &c. 
 
 Tretti 
 
 Forti 
 
 Femti 
 
 Sexti 
 
 Sjutti 
 
 Atti 
 
 Nitti 
 
 Hundra 
 
 Tusen 
 
 SWEDISH. 
 
 CARDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 One. 
 
 Two. 
 
 Three. 
 
 Four. 
 
 Five. 
 
 Six. 
 
 Seven. 
 
 Eight. 
 
 Nine. 
 
 Ten. 
 
 Eleven. 
 
 Twelve. 
 
 Thirteen. 
 
 Fourteen. 
 
 Fifteen. 
 
 Sixteen. 
 Seventeen . 
 Eighteen. 
 Nineteen. 
 Twenty. 
 
 Twenty-one, &c. 
 Thirty. 
 
 Forty. 
 
 Fifty. 
 
 Sixty. 
 
 Seventy. 
 
 Eighty. 
 
 Ninety. 
 
 Hundred. 
 
 Thousand. 
 
SWEDISH, 
 
 131 
 
 ORDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 Forsta 
 
 Andra 
 
 Tredje 
 
 Fjerde 
 
 Femde 
 
 Sjette 
 
 Sjunde 
 
 Attonde 
 
 Nionde 
 
 Tionde 
 
 Elfte 
 
 Tolfte 
 
 Trettonde 
 
 Fjortonde 
 
 Femtonde 
 
 Sextonde 
 
 Sjuttonde 
 
 Adertonde 
 
 Nittonde 
 
 Tjugonde 
 
 Tjugu forsta, &c. 
 
 Trettionde 
 
 Fortionde 
 
 Femtionde 
 
 Sextionde 
 
 Sjuttionde 
 
 Attionde 
 
 Nittionde 
 
 Hundrade 
 
 Tusende 
 
 First. 
 
 Second. 
 
 Third. 
 
 Fourth. 
 
 Fifth. 
 
 Sixth. 
 
 Seventh. 
 
 Eighth. 
 
 Ninth. 
 
 Tenth. 
 
 Eleventh. 
 
 Twelfth. 
 
 Thirteenth. 
 
 Fourteenth. 
 
 Fifteenth. 
 
 Sixteenth. 
 
 Seventeenth. 
 
 Eighteenth. 
 
 Nineteenth. 
 
 Twentieth. 
 
 Twenty-first, &c. 
 
 Thirtieth. 
 
 Fortieth. 
 
 Fiftieth. 
 
 Sixtieth. 
 
 Seventieth. 
 
 Eightieth. 
 
 Ninetieth. 
 
 Hundredth. 
 
 Thousandth. 
 
 K 2 
 
132 
 
 THE INTERPRETER. 
 
 MONTHS OF THE YEAR. 
 
 Januari 
 
 January. 
 
 Februari 
 
 February. 
 
 Martii, or Marts 
 
 March. 
 
 April 
 
 April. 
 
 Maj 
 
 May. 
 
 Junii, or Juny, or] 
 Junius J 
 
 j~ June. 
 
 Julii, or July, or 1 
 Julius J 
 
 Ijiily. 
 
 August 
 
 August. 
 
 September 
 
 September. 
 
 October 
 
 October. 
 
 November 
 
 November. 
 
 December 
 
 December. 
 
SWEDISH. 
 
 138 
 
 DATE SIGHT 
 
 Femton dagar ifran dato 
 Twa manader ifran dato 
 En manad ifran dato 
 Tre manader ifran dato 
 Nittio {or Nitti ) dagar l 
 ifran dato J 
 
 Wid Januarii manad s slut 
 Dem femtonde nastfol- "1 
 jande Januarii J 
 
 A vista 
 
 Tre dagar efte sigt 
 Sex wecker ifran dato 
 Wid forevisning 
 A Uso 
 
 AND USANCE. 
 
 Fifteen days after date. 
 Two months after date. 
 
 One month after date. 
 Three months after date. 
 
 Ninety days after date. 
 
 At the end of January. 
 
 On the fifteenth of January 
 next. 
 
 At sight. 
 
 Three days after sight. 
 
 Six weeks after date. 
 
 On presentation. 
 
 At Usance. 
 
 Usance between Sweden and London is seventy-five 
 days after date. 
 
134 
 
 THE INTERPRETER 
 
 DANISH. 
 
 CARDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 Een, or Eet 
 To 
 
 Tre, or Trende 
 
 Fire 
 
 Fem 
 
 Sex 
 
 Syv 
 
 Otte, or Aatte 
 
 Ni 
 
 Ti 
 
 Ell eve 
 
 Tolv 
 
 Tretten 
 
 Fiorten 
 
 Femten 
 
 Sexten 
 
 Sytten 
 
 Atten 
 
 Nitten 
 
 Tyve 
 
 Een og tyve 
 To og tyve, &c. 
 Tredive 
 Fyrgetive 
 Hal vtredsindstyve 
 Tredsindstyve 
 Halvfierdesindstyve 
 Firesindstyve, or 
 Fiiresindstyve 
 Halvfemtesindstyve 
 Hundrede 
 
 Eet tusende, or tusinde 
 
 One. 
 
 Two. 
 
 Three. 
 
 Four. 
 
 Five. 
 
 Six. 
 
 ' Seven. 
 
 Eight. 
 
 Nine. 
 
 Ten. 
 
 Eleven. 
 
 Twelve. 
 
 Thirteen. 
 
 Fourteen. 
 
 Fifteen. 
 
 Sixteen. 
 
 Seventeen. 
 
 Eighteen. 
 
 Nineteen. 
 
 Twenty. 
 
 Twenty-one. 
 
 Twenty-two, &c. 
 
 Thirty: 
 
 Forty. 
 
 Fifty. 
 
 Sixty. 
 
 Seventy. 
 
 | Eighty. 
 
 Ninety. 
 
 Hundred. 
 
 A thousand. 
 
DANISH, 
 
 135 
 
 ORDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 Forste 
 
 Ander, or Andet 
 Tredie 
 Fierde 
 Femte 
 
 Siette, or Sjette 
 
 Syvende 
 
 Ottende 
 
 Niende 
 
 Tiende 
 
 Ellevte 
 
 Tolvte 
 
 Trettende 
 
 Fiortende 
 
 Femtende 
 
 Sextende 
 
 Syttende 
 
 Attende 
 
 Nittende 
 
 Tyvende 
 
 Een og tyvende 
 
 To og tyvende, &c. 
 
 Tredivte 
 
 Een og tredivte, &c. 
 
 Fergetyvende 
 
 Halvtredsindstvvende 
 
 Tredsindstyvende 
 
 Halvfierdesindstyvende 
 
 Fiirsindstyvende 
 
 Halvfemtesindstyvende 
 
 Hundrede 
 
 Hundrede og forste, &c. 
 Tusendste 
 
 First. 
 
 Second. 
 
 Third. 
 
 Fourth. 
 
 Fifth. 
 
 Sixth. 
 
 Seventh. 
 
 Eighth. 
 
 Ninth. 
 
 Tenth. 
 
 Eleventh. 
 
 Twelfth. 
 
 Thirteenth. 
 
 Fourteenth. 
 
 Fifteenth. 
 
 Sixteenth. 
 
 Seventeenth. 
 
 Eighteenth. 
 
 Nineteenth. 
 
 Twentieth. 
 
 Twenty-first. 
 
 Twenty-second, &c. 
 
 Thirtieth. 
 
 Thirty-first, &c. 
 
 Fortieth. 
 
 Fiftieth. 
 
 Sixtieth. 
 
 Seventieth. 
 
 Eightieth. 
 
 Ninetieth. 
 Hundredth. 
 Hundred and first. 
 Thousandth. 
 
136 
 
 THE INTERPRETER. 
 
 MONTHS OF THE YEAR. 
 
 Januari 
 
 January. 
 
 Februari 
 
 February. 
 
 Martii, or Marts 
 
 March. 
 
 April 
 
 April. 
 
 Mai 
 
 May. 
 
 Juni, or Junius 
 
 June. 
 
 July, or Julius 
 
 July. 
 
 August 
 
 August. 
 
 September 
 
 September. 
 
 October 
 
 October. 
 
 November 
 
 November. 
 
 December 
 
 December. 
 
DANISH. 
 
 137 
 
 DATE AND SIGHT. 
 
 Femlen dage efter dato 
 Een maaned efter dato 
 To maaneder efter dato 
 Halvfemtesindstyve dage 
 efter dato 
 
 Ved slutningen af Ja- 
 nuarii, or 
 
 Med Januarii maaned s 
 udgang 
 
 Fifteen days after date. 
 One month after date. 
 Two months after date. 
 
 At ninety days after date. 
 
 At the end of January. 
 
 Den femtende nsestkom- 
 mende Januarii 
 Sex uger efter dato 
 Tre maaneder efter dato 
 A vista 
 
 Tre dage efter sigt 
 Ved Foreviisning 
 Paa anfordring 
 
 I On the fifteenth of January 
 J next. 
 
 Six weeks after date. 
 
 Three months after date. 
 At sight. 
 
 Three days after sight. 
 
 On presentation. 
 
 On demand. 
 
 No Usance. 
 
 THE END. 
 
London : 
 
 Printed by A. Spottiswoode, 
 New- Street. Square. 
 

39, Paternoster Row, London, 
 May , 1838. 
 
 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS. 
 
 LATELY PUBLISHED BY 
 
 ® @ KT © MI ASSES) © ®. 
 
 THE ROBBER. 
 
 A Tale. 
 
 By G. P. R. James, Esq. 
 
 Author of “The Gipsy,” “ Mary of Burgundy,” &c. &c. 3 vols. post 8vo. 
 
 LIFE AND ADMINISTRATION OF EDWARD, 
 FIRST EARL OF CLARENDON; 
 
 With Original Correspondence and Authentic Papers, never before published. 
 By Thomas Henry Lister, Esq. 
 
 3 thick vols. 8vo. with Portrait and Facsimiles, price 21. 8s. cloth lettered. 
 
 MR. BAKEWELL’S INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY. 
 
 Fifth Edition, considerably enlarged from the Fourth Edition, and with new 
 Sections and Cuts. Price One Guinea, cloth lettered. 
 
 PETER PLYMLEY’S LETTERS. 
 
 New Edition, post 8vo. 7s., cloth lettered. 
 
 A HISTORY OF PRICES; 
 
 With Reference to the Causes of their Principal Variations, from 1792 to the 
 Present Time. 
 
 By Thomas Tooke, Esq., F.R.S. 2 vols. 8vo. price 1Z. 16s. cloth lettered. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE MODERN CLASSIFICATION 
 OF INSECTS. 
 
 By J. O. Westwood, Sec. Ent. Soc. London. Part I. Coloured Plate, 2s. 6d. 
 
 J 
 
E3- 
 
 MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO. S LIST OF 
 
 - ' 
 
 VOYAGES , TRAVELS , GEOGRAPHY , Sfc. 
 
 THE AMERICANS, 
 
 IN THEIR SOCIAL, MORAL, AND POLITICAL RELATIONS. 
 
 By Francis J. Grund. 
 
 2 vols. 8vo. price 24s. in cloth. 
 
 One of the most ably-written boohs we have had in our hands for a long time. The 
 energy of language , strength of reasoning , and force arid originality of remark , by which it 
 is distinguished , entitle it to be ranked among the first literary productions of its class of the 
 present day.”— Scotsman. 
 
 EGYPT AND MOHAMMED ALI ; 
 
 Or, Travels in the Valley of the Nile. 
 
 By James Augustus St. John, Esq. 2 vols. 8vo. 30s. bds. 
 
 “A highly interesting and minutely drawn picture of the country and its people.” 
 
 New Monthly Magazine. 
 
 GREECE AND THE LEVANT; 
 
 Or, Diary of a Summer’s Excursion in 1834. 
 
 By the Rev. Richard Burgess, B.D.of St. John’s College, Cambridge, 
 author of “ The Topography and Antiquities of Rome.” 
 
 2 vols. fcap. 8vo. 14s. bds. 
 
 JOURNAL OF A RESIDENCE IN NORWAY. 
 
 By Samuel Laing, Esq. 1 vol. Second edition, 8vo. price 14s. cloth lettered. 
 <f A book which everybody should read.”— Dublin Review, Nov. 1st, 183”. 
 
 SIR EDWARD SEAWARDS NARRATIVE OF HIS 
 SHIPWRECK, 
 
 And Consequent Discovery of certain Islands in the Caribbean Sea. 
 
 With a Detail of many Extraordinary Events in his Life, from 1733 to 1749, 
 as written in his own Diary. 
 
 Edited by Miss J. Porter. Second edition. 3 vols, small 8vo. 21s. cloth. 
 
 “ The most curious and instructive work that has appeared since the first dawn of discovery , 
 and in the history of navigation.”— Spectator. 
 
 SKETCH OF ANCIENT AND MODERN GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 For the use of Schools. 
 
 By Samuel Butler, D.D. Lord Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, 
 late Head Master of Shrewsbury Royal Free Grammar School. 
 
 8vo. new edition, corrected, 9s. bds. 
 
 An Abridgment of the same, 12mo. price 2s. cloth. 
 
 By the s 
 
 Atlas of Modern Geography, 
 Consisting of 23 Coloured Maps, from 
 a new set of Plates, 
 
 Corrected, with an Index of all 
 the Names. 
 
 8vo. 12s. half-bound. 
 
 *** The latitude and longitude are 
 
 e Author. 
 
 Atlas of Ancient Geography, 
 22 cold. Maps, and Accentuated Index. 
 8vo. 12s. half-bound. 
 General Atlas of Ancient and 
 Modern Geography, 
 
 45 cold. Maps, and two Indexes. 
 4to. 24s. half-bound, 
 en in the Indexes to these Atlases. 
 
 c? 
 
 =□ 
 
 2 
 
NEW WORKS AND NE*W EDITIONS. 
 
 □ 
 
 Voyages, $c. — continued . 
 
 MALTE BRUN’S SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY; 
 
 With an Index of 44,000 Names. Complete in 9 vols. 8vo. price £7. boards. 
 By the same Author. 
 
 Principles of Mathematical, Physical, and Political Geography. 2d Edit. 8vo. 15s. 
 
 SEVEN WEEKS IN BELGIUM, SWITZERLAND, 
 LOMBARDY, PIEDMONT, SAVOY, &c. &c. 
 
 By John Roby, Esq. M.R.S.L. 
 
 Author of “Traditions of Lancashire/ ” &c. &c. 
 
 2 vols. post 8vo., with Map and numerous Engravings on Wood, from the 
 Author's Sketches, price, 25s. cloth lettered. 
 
 ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY; 
 
 Comprising a complete Description of the Earth; exhibiting its relation to the 
 Heavenly Bodies, its Physical Structure, the Natural History of each Country, 
 and the Industry, Commerce, Political Institutions, and Civil and Social 
 State of all Nations. 
 
 By Hugh Murray, F.R.S.E. 
 
 Assisted in 
 
 Astronomy, &c. by Prof. Wallace, I Botany, &c. by Sir W. J. Hooker, 
 Geology, &c. by Prof. Jameson, | Zoology, &c. by W. Swainson, Esq. 
 With 82 Maps, drawn by Sidney Hall, and upwards of 1000 other Engravings on 
 Wood, from Drawings by Swainson, T. Landseer, Sowerby, &c. representing 
 the most remarkable objects of Nature and Art in every region of the Globe. 
 
 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 1579, price 3l. half bound vellum. 
 
 “ It is without a rivah ”— Asiatic Journal.—* 1 The most perfect booh on its subject"— Atlas. 
 
 NEW GENERAL ATLAS OF FIFTY-THREE MAPS, 
 
 On Colombier Paper, 
 
 With the Divisions and Boundaries carefully coloured. 
 
 Constructed entirely from New Drawings, and engraved by Sidney Hall. 
 
 Folded in half, and bound in canvas . . . £ 8 18 6 
 
 Ditto, half bound in Russia 990 
 
 In the full extended size of the Maps, half-bound in Russia .10 0 0 
 Alphabetical Index of all the Names contained in the above Atlas, 
 
 With references to the Number of the Maps, and to the Latitude and Longitude in 
 which the Places are to be found. Royal 8vo. 21s. cloth. 
 
 ORIGINAL PICTURE OF LONDON, 
 
 Corrected to the present time; with a Description of its Environs. 
 Re-edited, and mostly written, by J. Britton, F.S. A., &c. 
 
 18mo. with upwards of 100 Views of Public Buildings, Plan of the Streets, 
 and 2 Maps, 9s. neatly bound ; with the Maps only, 6s. 
 
 EDINBURGH GAZETTEER, 
 
 Containing a Description of the various Countries, States, Cities, Towns, 
 Mountains, Seas, Rivers, Harbours, &c. of the World. 
 
 2d Edit.8vo. with an Abstract of the last Population Return, and Maps, 18s. 
 
 As an Accompaniment to the above Work, 
 
 NEW GENERAL ATLAS, BY A. ARROWSMITH. 
 Comprehended in 54 Maps, including Two New Maps, with recent Discoveries. 
 Royal 4to. half-bound, ll. 16s. plain ; coloured, 2 1. 12s. 6d. 
 
 3 
 
MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO.’s LIST OF 
 
 E3 
 
 HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 £3 
 
 A VIEW OF THE REIGN OF JAMES II. 
 
 From his Accession to the Enterprise of the Prince of Orange. 
 
 By the late Right Hon. Sir James Mackintosh. 
 
 In 4to., with a Portrait, 31 s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 u We have no hesitation in pronouncing this fragment decidedly the best history now extant 
 of the reign of James the Second. It contains much new and curious information , of v>hich 
 excellent use has been made. The accuracy of the narrative is deserving of high admiration .” 
 
 Edinburgh Review. 
 
 Also, the above Completed to the SETTLEMENT of the CROWN, 
 by the Editor. 
 
 To which is prefixed, 
 
 A Notice of the Life, Writings, and Speeches of Sir James Mackintosh. 
 4to. 3 1 . 3s. 
 
 LIFE AND TIMES OF WILLIAM III. 
 
 King of England and Stadtholder of Holland. 
 
 By the Honorable A. Trevor, M.P. F.A.S. &c. (now Lord Dungannon.) 
 2 vols. 8vo. with Portrait, &c. price 24s. 
 
 LIFE OF FREDERICK II. KING OF PRUSSIA. 
 
 By Lord Dover. 
 
 2 vols. Svo. with Portrait, Second Edition, 28s. 
 
 “ A most delightful and comprehensive work.—J udicious in selection, intelligent in arrange- 
 ment, and graceful in style . ,, ~ Literary Gazette. 
 
 MEMOIRS OF SIR WILLIAM TEMPLE. 
 
 By the Right Hon. Thomas Peregrine Courtenay, 
 
 2 vols. 8vo., with Portrait, 28s. 
 
 LIFE OF SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, BART. 
 
 By his Brother, Dr. John Davy. 
 
 2 vols. 8vo. with Portrait, 28s. 
 
 LIFE OF EDWARD THE BLACK PRINCE. 
 
 By G. P. R. James, Esq. 
 
 Author of “ Attila,” “ The Gipsy/’ &c. &c. 
 
 2 vols. 8vo. 11 . 11s. 6d. 
 
 HISTORY OF THUCYDIDES; 
 
 Newly translated into English, and illustrated with very copious Annotations, &e. 
 By the Rev. S.T. Bloomfield, D.D. &c. Editor of the Greek Testament. 
 
 3 vols. 8vo. with Maps, 2/. 5s. bds. 
 
 “ A version as literal and as perspicuous as erudition and industry combined can render it.” 
 
 Eclectic Review. 
 
 □' 
 
 4 
 
 ■a 
 
NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS, 
 
 History and Biography — continued. 
 
 GIBBON’S HISTORY OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: 
 
 For the Use of Families and Young Persons. 
 
 Reprinted from the Original Text, with the careful Omission of all Passages of 
 an irreligious or immoral tendency. 
 
 By Thomas Bowdler, Esq. F.R.S. &c. 
 
 5 vols. 8vo. 3 1. 3s. bds. 
 
 MEMOIRS OF JOHN DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH; 
 
 With his Original Correspondence. 
 
 By the Rev. Archdeacon Coxe. 6 vols. 8vo. with an Atlas, 5 1. 5s. 
 By the same Author. 
 
 Memoirs of the Kings of Spain I History of the House of 
 from 1700 to 1788. Austria. 
 
 5 vols. 8vo. Si. bds. | 5 vols. 8vo. 3 1. 13s. 6d. bds. 
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 
 
 From the Earliest Period to the Death of Elizabeth. 
 
 By Sharon Turner, Esq. F.A.S. R.A.S.L. 12 vols. 8vo. Si. 3s. bds. 
 
 The above may be had in the following separate portions : — 
 History of the Anglo-Saxons. 3 vols. 8vo. 6th Edit. 2 1. 5s. bds. 
 England during the Middle Ages. 5 vols. 8vo. 3d Edit. Si. bds. 
 The Reign of Henry VIII 2 vols. 8vo. 3d Edit. It. 6s. bds. 
 
 Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. 2 vols. 8vo. 3d Edit. It. 12s. bds. 
 
 THE COURT AND CHARACTER OF CHARLES I. 
 
 By Lucy Aikin. 
 
 2 vols. 8vo. with Portrait, 2d Edit. 28s. bds. 
 
 “ Miss Aikin's present work , and her previous Memoirs of the Courts of Elizabeth and 
 James I. are very acceptable additions to our literature .”— Edinburgh Review. 
 
 By the same Authoress. 
 
 Memoirs of the Court of Queen Elizabeth. 6th Edit. 2 vols. 25s. 
 Memoirs of the Court of King James I. 3d Edit. 2 vols. 24s. 
 
 A COMPLETE LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY; 
 
 Compiled from the best Sources, chiefly German, and adapted to the Use of 
 Colleges and Schools. 
 
 By the Rev. J. E. Riddle, M.A. Translator and Editor of 
 Scheller’s Latin Lexicon for the Oxford University Press. 8vo. 21s. cloth. 
 *** The English-Latin portion is in the Press, and will shortly be published. 
 
 YOUNG SCHOLARS LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY; 
 
 Being an Abridgment of the above. 
 
 Square 12mo. price 7s. bound and lettered. 
 
 In these Dictionaries especial attention has been paid to etymology, including 
 the Greek derivations ; also to the number and order of meanings, construction of 
 words, and quantities. In the smaller work all words of low style, or such as 
 are otherwise useless to beginners, have been omitted. 
 
 5 
 
MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO. S LIST OF 
 
 BOTANY ; GARDENING , $•<?. 
 
 BY SIR JAMES EDWARD SMITH, M.D. F.R.S. 
 
 LATE PRESIDENT OF THE LINNiEAN SOCIETY, &C. 
 
 THE ENGLISH FLORA. 
 
 The Flowering Plants, and the Ferns. New Edit, in 4 vols. 8vo.2J. 8s. 
 
 Vol. V. Part 1, 12s.— C r yptogamia : comprising the Mosses, Hepaticae, 
 Lichens, Characeae, and Algae. 
 
 By Sir W. J. Hooker, LL.D. F.R.A. and L.S., &c. &c. 
 
 Vol. V. Pait 2, 12s. — The Fungi — (completing the Work), by Sir W. J. Hooker, 
 and the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S., &c. 
 
 Compendium op the English Flora. 
 
 Second Edition, with Additions and Corrections. 
 
 By Sir W. J. Hooker, LL.D., &c. 12mo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Samb in Latin. 5th Edition, 12mo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 INTRODUCTION to the STUDY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL 
 AND SYSTEMATICAL BOTANY. 
 
 New Edition, with Illustrations of the Natural Orders (combining the object of 
 Sir James Smith's “ Grammar" with that of his “ Introduction.") 
 
 Edited by Sir W. J. Hooker, LL.D. &c. 8vo. 36 Plates, 16s. cloth. 
 
 BY SIR WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER, K.B.LL.D. 
 
 REGIUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW, &C. 
 
 THE BRITISH FLORA. 
 
 The Flowering Plants, and the Ferns. 8vo. 3d Edition, 12s. 
 
 Vol. II. Part 1 of the above, (Cryptogamia) 8vo. I2s. 
 
 Vol. II. Part 2 (Fungi) completing the work, by Sir W. J. Hooker, and the 
 Rev. M. J. Berkeley. 8vo. 12s. 
 
 MUSCOLOGIA BRITANNICA. 
 
 Containing the Mosses of Great Britain and Ireland, systematically arranged 
 and described : with Plates. 
 
 By Sir W. J. Hooker, LL.D. F.L.S. &c. and T. Taylor, M.D. F.L.S. &c. 
 Svo. 2d Edit, enlarged, 31s. 6d. plain; 31. 3s. coloured. 
 
 ICONES PLANTARUM ; 
 
 Or, FIGURES, with brief Descriptive Characters and Remarks, of NEW or 
 RARE PLANTS, from the Author's Herbarium. 
 
 2 vols. 8vo. with 200 Plates, price 2 l. 16s. cloth lettered. 
 
 *** A continuation is in the Press. 
 
 6 
 
NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS. 
 
 □ — — . ■ --- 
 
 Botany , <Jc. — continued. 
 
 BY J. C. LOUDON, F.L.S. &c. &c. 
 
 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PLANTS. 
 
 Comprising the Description, Specific Character, Culture, History, Application in 
 the Arts, and every other desirable Particular, respecting all the Plants 
 Indigenous to, Cultivated in, or introduced into Britain. 
 
 With nearly 10,000 Engravings on Wood. Second edition, corrected. 
 
 1 large vol. 8vo. 3 1 . 13s. 6d. boards. 
 
 “ The most useful and popular botanical work that has ever appeared in the English 
 language.”— Jameson's Philosophical Journal. 
 
 HORTUS BRITANNICUS; 
 
 A Catalogue of all the Plants Indigenous to, or Cultivated in Britain. 
 
 Part 1. — The Linnzean Arrangement, in which nearly 30,000 Species are 
 enumerated, &c. : preceded by an Introduction to the Linnaean System. 
 Part 2. — The Jussieuean Arrangement of nearly 4000 Genera; with an Intro- 
 duction to the Natural System, and a description of each Order. 
 
 8vo. 23s. 6d. in cloth. 
 
 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING; 
 
 Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, 
 and Landscape Gardening. 
 
 New Edit, greatly enlarged ; with nearly 1000 Engravings on Wood. 8vo. 2 1 . 10s. 
 
 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AGRICULTURE; 
 
 Comprising the Theory and Practice of the valuation, Transfer, Laying out, 
 Improvement, and Management of Landed Property, & c. &c. 
 
 3d Edit. With nearly 1300 Engravings on Wood. 1 large vol. 8vo. 2 1 . 10s. 
 
 THE CULTIVATION OF THE VINE ON OPEN WALLS. 
 
 By Clement Hoare. 
 
 8vo. new Edition, with Additions, price 7s. 6d. 
 
 “ Mr. Hoare has thrown more light on the subject of vine culture than any British gardener 
 who has written on the subject” — Loudon's Gardener’s Magazine. 
 
 “ One of the best productions upon any horticultural subject which has been published for 
 some years.*' — Athenaeum. 
 
 FIRST STEPS TO BOTANY. 
 
 By J. L. Drummond, M.D. 12mo. 100 Woodcuts. 3d. Edition, 9s. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE ; 
 
 Comprehending the Cultivation of Plants, the Husbandry of Domestic Animals, 
 and the Economy of the Farm. 
 
 By David Low, Esq. F.R.S.E. 
 
 Professor of Agriculture in the University of Edinburgh. 
 
 1 vol. 8vo. second edition, with Alterations and Additions, 18s. cloth lettered. 
 
 “ Ought to be in every farmer's hands .”— New Farmer’s Journal, Dec. 4, 1837. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 
 
 By Sir Humphry Davy, Bart., LL.D. F.R.S., &c. 
 
 .Fifth edition, with Notes by his brother, Dr. John Davy, 8vo. 15s. 
 
 E j - — ■ ■ — ■■ ■ ' ■■■■■ ■■ tJ 
 
 7 
 
MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO. S LIST OF 
 
 E3 
 
 U 
 
 Botany , continued . 
 
 BY JOHN BINDLEY, Ph. D. F.R.S. L.S. &c. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE LONDON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE AND IN 
 THE ROYAL INSTITUTION. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 
 
 Second Edition, with Corrections and considerable Additions. 
 
 1 large vol. 8vo. with numerous Plates and Woodcuts, 18s. cloth. 
 
 44 We have no hesitation in pronouncing this Introduction to Botany , by Dr. Lindley , to be 
 the most valuable and perfect in any language we are acquainted with.’*— Medical Gazette. 
 
 A NATURAL SYSTEM OF BOTANY; 
 
 Or, a Systematic View of the Organization, Natural Affinities, and Geographical 
 Distribution of the whole Vegetable Kingdom, together with the Uses of 
 the most important Species in Medicine, the Arts, &c. 
 
 2d Edition, with numerous Additions and Corrections, and a complete List 
 of Genera, with their Synonyms, l vol. 8vo. I8s. cloth. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH FLORA, 
 
 Arranged according to the Natural Orders. 
 
 2d. edition, with numerous Additions, Corrections, and Improvements. 
 12mo. 10s. 6d. boards. 
 
 A KEY TO STRUCTURAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND 
 
 Systematic Botany. 
 
 For the use of Classes. 8vo. 4s. 6d. 
 
 FIRST PRINCIPLES OF HORTICULTURE. 
 
 2s. sewed. 
 
 GUIDE TO THE ORCHARD and KITCHEN GARDEN. 
 By G. Lindley, C.M.H.S. Edited by J. Lindley, Ph. D. F.R.S. &c. 
 
 1 large volume, 8vo. 16s. boards. 
 
 CONVERSATIONS ON BOTANY. 
 
 With Twenty-two Engravings. 
 
 12mo., 8th Edition, enlarged, 7s. 6d. plain; 12s. coloured. 
 
 CONVERSATIONS ON VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY; 
 
 Comprehending the Elements of Botany, with their Application to Agriculture. 
 By Jane Marcet. 2 vols. 12mo., with Plates, 2d Edit. 12s. 
 
 THE NEW BOTANIST’S GUIDE TO THE LOCALITIES 
 
 Of the Rarer Plants of Great Britain. 
 
 By Hewett Cottrell Watson, F.L.S. 
 
 2 vols. 12mo. price 16s. 6d. 
 
 Vol. 1, contains England and Wales, price 10s. 6d. 
 
 Vol. 2, Scotland and the adjacent Isles, price 6s. 
 
 With a copious Supplement to England and Wales. 
 
 By the same Author. 
 
 Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of British Plants. 
 12mo. 6s. 6d. 
 
 U*" 
 
 
 8 
 
NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 POETRY , %c. 
 
 SOUTHEY’S POETICAL WORKS, 
 
 COLLECTED BY HIMSELF. 
 
 Yols. I. to VII. 
 
 To be completed in Ten Volumes. 
 
 Foolscap 8vo. with Frontispiece and Vignette, price (each) 5s. cloth lettered. 
 Vol. I. contains Joan of Arc; — Vols. II. and III. Juvenile and Minor 
 Poems Vol. IV. Thalaba Vol. V. Madoc Vol. VI. & VII. Ballads 
 and Metrical Tales. 
 
 LALLA ROOKH. 
 
 By Thomas Moore, Esq. 
 
 New Edit, with 4 Engravings. Fcp. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Demy 8vo. without plates, 14s. 
 
 JAMES MONTGOMERY’S POETICAL WORKS. 
 
 A complete collected Edition, 3 vols. small 8vo. 18s. 
 
 THE MORAL OF FLOWERS. 
 
 With 24 beautifully coloured Plates, royal 8vo. 3d Edition. 30s. half-bound. 
 
 “ Full of exquisite poetry."— Blackwood’s Magazine. 
 
 By the same Author. 
 
 THE SPIRIT OF THE WOODS. 
 
 1 vol. royal 8vo. with 26 beautifully-coloured Engravings, price 36s. half-bound. 
 
 “ The two elegant volumes with which Mrs. William Hey has favoured the public, are 
 well fitted to lend grace and ornament to that which is solid and useful”— Med. Gazette. 
 
 REMAINS OF HENRY KIRKE WHITE, 
 
 Selected, with prefatory Remarks, by Robert Southey, Esq. 
 
 The only complete Editions. 2 vols. 8vo. lZ.4s.; and in I vol. 24mo. 5s. 
 N.B. The property of the Family having been invaded, it is necessary to 
 state that these are the only Editions which contain the Life by Mr. 
 Southey, and the whole of the contents of the Third Volume. 
 
 FAMILY SHAKSPEARE; 
 
 In which nothing is added to the Original Text; but those Words and Expressions 
 are omitted, which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a Family. 
 
 By T. Bowdler, Esq. F.R.S. 
 
 New Edition. 1 vol. 8vo. with 36 Illustrations. 30s. cloth; gilt edges, 31s. 6d. 
 The same work, in larger type, without Illustrations, in 8 vols. 8vo. 4/. 14s. 6d. 
 
 AIKIN’S SELECT WORKS OF THE BRITISH POETS, 
 
 From Jonson to Beattie. With Biographical and Critical Prefaces. 
 
 1 vol. Svo. 18s. in cloth ; or neatly done up, gilt edges, 20s. 
 
 SOUTHEY’S SELECT WORKS of the BRITISH POETS, 
 From Chaucer to Withers. With Biographical Sketches. 
 
 1 vol. Svo. uniform with “ Aikin’s Poets,” 30s. cloth; or gilt edges, 1Z. 11s. 6d. 
 
 JOANNA BAILLIE’S POEMS, &c. 
 
 New Dramas, 3 v. 8vo 36s. Plays on the Passions, 3 v. 8vo. 1 1 . lls. 6d. 
 
 LS 
 
 9 
 
MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO.’S LIST OF 
 
 n r: -v__- ■ n 
 
 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 
 
 BAKEWELL’S INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY. 
 
 New edition. 8vo. 2is. cloth lettered. 
 
 GEOLOGY OF THE SOUTH-EAST OF ENGLAND; 
 
 With Figures and Descriptions of the Fossils of the South Downs, and of the 
 Extraordinary Fossil Reptiles of Tilgate Forest. 
 
 By Gideon Mantell, LL D. F.R.S., Fellow of the Geological Society, &c. 
 8vo. with 75 Plates, coloured Map, and Woodcuts, 21s. 
 
 A TREATISE ON PRIMARY GEOLOGY: 
 
 Being an Examination, both Practical and Theoretical, of the Older Formations. 
 By Henry S. Boase, M.D. 
 
 Secretary of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, &c. 
 
 Second Edition, 8vo. with Woodcuts, 12s. 
 
 NEW SYSTEM OF GEOLOGY; 
 
 In which the great Revolutions of the Earth and Animated Nature are 
 reconciled to Modern Science and to Sacred History. 
 
 By A. Ure, M.D. F.R.S. 
 
 8vo. with 7 Plates, and 51 Woodcuts, 21s. 
 
 A TREATISE ON GEOLOGY. 
 
 By John Phillips, F.R.S. G.S., Professor of Geology in King's College, &c. 
 Vol. 1 (to be completed in two volumes), with numerous illustrative Wood-cuts, 
 price 6s. cloth lettered. 
 
 CONVERSATIONS ON MINERALOGY. 
 
 Third Edition enlarged, 2 vols. 12mo. with Plates by Mr. and Miss Lowry. 
 Price 14s. cloth, lettered. 
 
 CONCHOLOGY. 
 
 MANUAL of the LAND and FRESH-WATER SHELLS 
 OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. 
 
 By W. Turton, M.D. 
 
 Foolscap 8vo. 150 coloured Figures, 10s. 6d. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO LAMARCK’S CONCHOLOGY. 
 
 By E. A. Crouch, F.L.S. 
 
 4to. 22 Plates, 31s. 6d. plain; 3 L 3s. coloured. 
 
 AN EPITOME OF LAMARCK’S TESTACEA. 
 
 By C. Dubois, F.L.S. and F.H.S. 8vo. 14s. 
 
 LINNJEAN SYSTEM OF CONCHOLOGY. 
 
 By J. Mawe. 8vo. Thirty-seven Plates, 21s. plain ; 2 1. 12s. 6d. coloured. 
 
 EJ 
 
 10 
 
 -a 
 
NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY , 8fc. 
 
 DR. ARNOTT’S 
 
 ELEMENTS of PHYSICS, Or NATURAL PHILOSOPHY; 
 
 Written for universal use, in plain or non-technical language. 
 
 Vol. I. 8vo. 5th edition, Enlarged, price 21s. 
 
 Contains Treatises on Mechanics, Hydrostatics (with an account of the Floating 
 Bed, lately contrived by Dr. Arnott for the relief of the bed ridden), 
 Pneumatics, Acoustics, Animal Mechanics, &c. 
 
 Vol. II. Part 1, price 10s. 6d. contains Treatises on Heat, Optics, &c. ; and 
 Vol. II. Part 2 (to complete the work) will contain Electricity, Magnetism, 
 and Astronomy. 
 
 “ A useful and excellent work .’*— Sir J. Herschel. 
 
 TREATISE ON THE STEAM ENGINE; 
 
 Historical, Practical, and Descriptive. 
 
 By John Farey, Engineer. 
 
 4to. illustrated by numerous Woodcuts, and 25 Copper plates, 5/. 5s. bds. 
 Vol. II. is in the press. 
 
 PHILOSOPHICAL CONVERSATIONS; 
 
 In which the Causes of Daily-occurring Phenomena are familiarly Explained. 
 By F. C. Bakewell. 1 vol. 12mo. 5s. 6d. 
 
 CONVERSATIONS ON NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 By Jane Marcet. 
 
 8th Edition, 10s. 6d. boards. With 22 Engravings by Lowry. 
 
 By the same Author. 
 
 Conversations on Chemistry, 2 vols. 12mo. 13th Edit. Plates. 14s. 
 
 ENTOMOLOGY, ORNITHOLOGY, 8fc. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY; 
 
 Or, Elements of the Natural History of Insects. 
 
 By W. Kirby, M.A.F.R.S. & L.S. and William Spence, Esq.F.L.S. 
 4 vols. 8vo. with Plates, and Portraits of the Authors, price 4 1 . 
 
 AN OUTLINE OF THE SMALLER BRITISH BIRDS. 
 
 By R. A. Slaney, Esq. Foolscap 8vo. Cuts, 4s. 6d. 
 
 LETTERS TO A YOUNG NATURALIST, 
 
 On the Study of Nature and Natural Theology. 
 
 By J. L. Drummond, M.D. 12mo. Cuts, 7s. 6d. 
 
 BOOK OF NATURE; 
 
 A Popular Illustration of the General Laws and Phenomena of Creation. 
 By J. Mason Good, M.D. F.R.S. 3 vols. 3d Edit. 24s. 
 
 TAXIDERMY; 
 
 Or, The Art of Collecting and Preparing Objects of Natural History. 
 12mo. Plates, 4th Edition, 7s. 6d. 
 
 11 
 
MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO. S LIST OF 
 
 RELIGION , THEOLOGY , 
 
 COLLEGE AND SCHOOL GREEK TESTAMENT, 
 
 With English Notes. 
 
 I thick Vol. 12mo. price 12s. cloth lettered. 
 
 By the Rev. S. T. Bloomfield, D.D. F.S.A., Vicar of Bisbrooke, Rutland. 
 
 By the same Editor. The Greek Testament. 
 
 With English Notes, Critical, Philological, and Exegetical, partly selected and 
 arranged from the best Commentators, Ancient and Modern, but chiefly Original. 
 Second Edition, greatly enlarged, in 2 thick vols. 8vo. price 2 1 . 
 
 GREEK & ENGLISH LEXICONofthe NEW TESTAMENT. 
 By E. Robinson, D.D. 
 
 Professor of Biblical Literature in the Theological Seminary, New York. 
 Edited, with careful revision, corrections, occasional additions, and a Preface. 
 
 By the Rev. S. T. Bloomfield, D.D. F.S.A, 
 
 “ This is a booh which ought to be in the hands of every theological student ” 
 
 Congregational Magazine. 
 1 vol. 8vo. price 28s. in cloth, lettered. 
 
 THE SUNDAY LIBRARY; 
 
 A Selection of Sermons from Eminent Divines of the Church of England. 
 With Notes, &c. by the Rev. T. F. Dibdin, D.D. 
 
 Complete in 6 vols. small 8vo. with 6 Portraits of distinguished Prelates, 30s. cloth. 
 
 THE SACRED HISTORY OF THE WORLD; 
 
 By Sharon Turner, Esq. F.S.A. and R.A.S.L. 5th Edit. 2 vols. 8vo. 28s. 
 The Third and concluding Volume is just published, price 14s. 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 By John Burns, M.D. 
 
 Regius Professor of Surgery in the University of Glasgow, &c. 
 12mo. 4th Edition, 7s. bds. 
 
 LETTERS FROM AN ABSENT GODFATHER; 
 
 OR, A COMPENDIUM OF RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION FOR YOUNG PERSONS. 
 
 By the Rev. J. E. Riddle, M.A., Curate of Harrow. 
 
 Author of “ First Sundays at Church,” &c. &c. 
 
 Foolscap 8vo. 6s. cloth lettered. 
 
 “ An admirable manual of Christian duties.’*— St. James’ Chronicle. 
 
 NATURAL EVIDENCE OF A FUTURE LIFE, 
 
 Derived from the Properties and Actions of Animate and Inanimate Matter. 
 By F. C. Bakewell. In 1 vol. 8vo. 12s. 
 
 DISCOURSES ON THE SOCINIAN CONTROVERSY. 
 
 By Ralph Wardlaw, D.D. Glasgow. Svo. fifth Edition, 15s. cloth lettered. 
 By the same Author. Sermons. Svo. 12s. 
 
 ORIENTAL CUSTOMS: 
 
 Applied to the Illustration of the Sacred Scriptures. 
 
 By Samuel Burder, A.M. &c. 
 
 New Edition, 12mo. 8s. 6d. cloth lettered. 
 
 12 
 
NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 SPORTING . 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS TO YOUNG SPORTSMEN. 
 
 By Lieut. -Col. P. Hawker. 
 
 7th Edition, enlarged (30 Plates and Cuts), 18s. cloth, 
 
 “ Col. Hawker is one of the best shots in England , and his * Instructions to Sportsmen ’ the 
 very best book we have on the subject.*’— Blackwood's Magazine. 
 
 TROUT AND SALMON FISHING IN WALES. 
 
 By George Agar Hansard. 
 
 Fcap. 8vo. 6s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 “ A delightful companion to the lovers of the rod and line.**— Gentleman’s Magazine. 
 
 THE GUN; 
 
 Or, a Treatise on the Nature, Principle, and Manufacture of the various 
 descriptions of small Fire-Arms. 
 
 By William Greener. 1 vol. 8vo. price 15s. 
 
 " I have no hesitation in saying that I consider it by far the best work ever 
 written on the subject, and I should recommend the perusal of it to every gun- 
 maker in the United Kingdom — Extract of a Letter from Col. Hawker. 
 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY, COMMERCE, 8fc. 
 
 M-CULLOCH’S COMMERCIAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 Illustrated with Maps and Plans. 
 
 New Edit, corrected and improved. With a new and enlarged Supplement. 
 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 1350. 2l. 10s. bds. 
 
 *** The Supplement may be had separately, price 7s. 6d. 
 
 LIBER MERCATORIS; or, the Merchant’s Manual: 
 
 Being a practical Treatise on Bills of Exchange, particularly as relating to the 
 Customs of Merchants; with the French Code relating to Bills of Exchange. 
 By F. Hobler, Jun. Attorney-at-Law ; Author of “ Familiar Exercises 
 between an Attorney and his Articled Clerk.” 
 
 Foolscap 8vo. price 6s. cloth lettered. 
 
 STEEL S SHIP-MASTER S ASSISTANT AND OWNER’S 
 MANUAL; 
 
 Containing General and Legal Information necessary for Owners and Masters of 
 Ships, Ship-Brokers, Pilots, and other persons connected with the Merchant 
 Service. New Edition, newly arranged, and corrected to 1836 (containing the 
 New Customs Laws, &c.), by J. Stikeman, Custom-House Agent. 
 
 With Tables of Weights, Measures, Monies, &c., by Dr. Kelly. 
 
 1 large and closely-printed vol. 21s. bds. ; 22s. 6d. bd. 
 
 CONVERSATIONS ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 
 
 By Jane Marcet. 12mo. 6th Edition, 9s. bds. 
 
 By the same Authoress. 
 
 John Hopkins’ Notions on Political Economy. 12mo. 4s. 6d. 
 
 13 
 
MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO.’s LIST OF 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 THE ROBBER. A Tale. 
 
 By G. P. R. James, Esq. Author of “ The Gipsy)” “ Darnley,” &c. &c. 
 
 3 vols. post 8vo. 
 
 By the same Author. 
 
 ATTILA: A ROMANCE. 3 vols. post 8vo. 
 
 The Gipsy, 3 vols. I Life and Adventures of John 
 
 Mary of Burgundy. 3 vols. | Marston Hall. 3 vols. 
 
 One in a Thousand; or, the Days of Henri Quatre. 3 vols. 
 
 PLAIN DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING WILLS, 
 
 ACCORDING to THE NEW ACT, 
 
 Which came into force on the 1st of January, 1838, and the strictest conformity 
 with which is necessary in all Wills made subsequently to that date. 
 
 By J. C. Hudson, of the Legacy Duty Office, Somerset House. 
 
 Author of “ The Executor’s Guide.” 
 
 Foolscap 8vo. Fifth Edit. 2s. 6d., cloth lettered, gilt edges. 
 
 THE EXECUTOR’S GUIDE. 
 
 By J. C. Hudson, of the Legacy-Duty Office, Somerset House. 
 Foolscap 8vo. price 5s. in cloth, gilt edges. 
 
 A POPULAR LAW DICTIONARY; 
 
 Familiarly explaining the Terms and Forms of English Law ; 
 
 Adapted to the comprehension of Persons not educated for the Legal Profession, 
 and affording Information peculiarly useful to Magistrates, Merchants, 
 Parochial Officers, and others. 
 
 By Thomas Edlyne Tomlins, Attorney and Solicitor. 
 
 1 vol. post 8vo., containing nearly Six Hundred Pages, 
 price 18s. cloth lettered. 
 
 * # * The whole work has undergone careful and able revision, with reference to its 
 legal accuracy, by an eminent Barrister. • 
 
 ESSAYS IN NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 By Charles Waterton, Esq. 
 
 With a View of Walton Hall, and an Autobiography of the Author. 
 
 1 vol. fcp. 8vo. 8s. cloth lettered. 
 
 HOWITT’S RURAL LIFE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 2 vols. post 8vo. beautifully illustrated with woodcuts, by Samuel Williams. 
 Price 24s. in cloth lettered. 
 contents : 
 
 Life of the Aristocracy ; Life of the Agricultural Population; 
 Picturesque and Moral Features of the Country ; 
 
 Causes of the strong Attachment of the English to Country Life ; 
 
 The Forests of England ; Habits, Amusements, and Condition of the People. 
 
 “ A valuable work , and cannot fail of becoming popular .” — Literary Gazette. 
 
 MRS. BRAY’S NEW NOVEL. 
 
 TRELAWNY OF TRELAWNE; or, The Prophecy: 
 
 A Legend of Cornwall. 
 
 3 vols. post 8vo. price 1 1 . 11s. 6d. 
 
 THE DOCTOR, &c. 
 
 Yol. IV. post 8vo. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Vols. 1 to 3 may be had, price 1Z. 11s. 6d. 
 
 “ Rich , beyond almost any other of the time , in the best knowledge , and in the most 
 beautiful literature.”— Quarterly Review, No. 104, p.345. 
 
 14 
 
NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS, 
 
 ARCHITECTURE , THE FINE ARTS , £c. 
 
 DICTIONARY OF THE ARCHITECTURE 
 AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE AGES; 
 
 Including the Words used by Old and Modern Authors. 
 
 By John Britton, F.S.A. &c. 
 
 Part 1. with 12 Engravings by J. Le Keux ; Part II. with 10 Engravings; 
 and Part III. with 13 Engravings. 
 
 The Volume will contain at least 40 Engravings, and be completed in 4 Parts, 
 royal 8vo. 12s. each; medium 4to. 21s.; imperial 4to. 31s. 6d. 
 
 Part IV. will be published shortly. 
 
 T. F. HUNT’S ARCHITECTURAL WORKS. 
 
 Hints on Picturesque Domestic 
 Architecture ; 
 
 In a Series of Designs for Gate-Lodges, 
 Gamekeepers’ Cottages, &c. 
 
 4to. New Edition, with Additions, 
 and a new set of Plates. 
 
 21s. bds. ; India Proofs, 31s. 6d. 
 
 Designs for Lodges, 
 Gardeners’ Houses, & other Buildings, 
 in the Modern or Italian style; 
 
 In a Series of 12 Plates, 
 with Letter-press. 
 
 Royal 4to. 21s. bds. ; India Proofs, 
 31s. 6d. 
 
 Designs for Parsonage-Houses, 
 Alms-Houses, &c. &c. 
 
 In a Series of Twenty-one Plates, 
 with Letter-press. 
 
 Royal 4to. 21s. ; India Proofs, 31s. 6d. 
 
 Exemplars of 
 Tudor Architecture, 
 Adapted to Modern Habitations. 
 With illustrative Details, selected 
 from Ancient Edifices; 
 and Observations on the Furniture of 
 the Tudor Period. 
 
 Royal 4to. with 37 Plates, 2 1 . 2s. ; 
 India Proofs, 3Z.3s. 
 
 LECTURES 
 
 ON THE HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES OF PAINTING. 
 
 By Thomas Phillips, Esq. R.A. F.R.S. and F.S.A. late Professor of 
 Painting in the Royal Academy. 8vo. 13s. in cloth. 
 
 “ There is not a passage in them with which a liber ally -educated gentleman should not be 
 acquainted.”— Literary Gazette. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF MUSICAL COMPOSITION; 
 
 Comprehending the Rules of Thorough Bass, and the Theory of Tuning. 
 By William Crotch, Mus. Doc., Professor of Music in the University of 
 Oxford. 
 
 2d Edition, small 4to. with Plates, 12s. in cloth. 
 
 By the same Author. 
 
 Substance of Several Courses of Lectures on Music. 7s. 6d. 
 
 ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF COTTAGE, FARM, AND VILLA 
 ARCHITECTURE AND FURNITURE. 
 
 By J. C. Loudon, F.L.S. &c. 
 
 New Edition. 1 large vol. 8vo. With above 11,000 pages of Letter-press, 
 and illustrated with upwards of 2000 Engravings, price 3 1 . in bds. 
 
 15 
 
MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO.’s LIST OF NEW WORKS. 
 
 n . r 
 
 2 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS . 
 
 HINTS TO MOTHERS FOR THE MANAGEMENT 
 OF HEALTH 
 
 DURING THE PERIOD OF PREGNANCY AND IN THE LYING-IN ROOM. 
 By Thomas Bull, M.I). 
 
 Physician Accoucheur to the Finsbury Midwifery Institution, &c. 
 
 1 vol. foolscap 8vo. 5s. cloth lettered. 
 
 DOlS^Tc^DUTIES ; 
 
 Or, Instructions to Young Married Ladies on the Management of their 
 Households, and the Regulation of their Conduct. 
 
 By Mrs. W. Parkes. 12mo. 4th Edit. 10s. 6d. cloth lettered. 
 
 “ The volume before us is a perfect Vade Mecum for the young married lady , who may 
 resort to it on all questions of household economy and etiquette .” — New Monthly Mag. 
 
 LEILA; Or, the Siege of Granada. A Romance. 
 
 By Edward Lytton Bulwer, Esq. 
 
 Author of “ The Pilgrims of the Rhine,” &c. &c. 
 
 1 vol. royal 8vo., with 15 highly-finished Historical Engravings, and Portrait of 
 the Author, after Chalon, 31s. 6d ; India Proofs, 2 1. 12s. 6d. 
 
 On May 14. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS to EXECUTORS^ ADMINISTRATORS. 
 
 By J. H. Brady, late of the Legacy Duty Office, Somerset House. 
 
 8vo. Fifth Edition, enlarged, 8s. 
 
 *** The above work contains information of a more technical nature than 
 Mr. Hudson’s Executor’s Guide, and is therefore adapted to the use of Attorneys 
 as well as the Public. 
 
 On VALUATION of PROPERTY for the POOR’S RATE. 
 
 By J. S. Bayldon. 8vo. new Edit, enlarged, 7s. 6d. 
 
 By the same Author. 
 
 Art of Valuing Rents and Tillages, &c. New Edition, 7s. bds. 
 
 LACON ; or, Many Things in Few Words. 
 
 By the Rev. C. C. Colton. New Edition, 8vo. 12s. 
 
 SELECTIONS FRO^ThE^DIN BURGH REVIEW; 
 
 With a preliminary Dissertation, and Notes. 
 
 Edited by Maurice Cross, Esq. 4 large vols. 3 1. 3s. bds. 
 
 on femTi^TmpTovement. 
 
 By Mrs. John Sandford. 2 vols. 12mo. price 12s. in cloth. 
 
 By the same Authoress. 
 
 Woman in her Social and Domestic Character. 5th Edit. 12mo. 6s. 
 MAUNDER’S T^AslI^^OT KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 Ninth Edition. ISmo. 8s. 6d. cloth ; 10s. 6d. embossed and gilt. 
 
 MAUNDER’S bToGIRAPhIcAL TREASURY. 
 
 8s. 6d. cloth; 10s. 6d. embossed and gilt. 
 
 HINTS ON ETIQUET^eXThE^USAGES OF SOCIETY. 
 
 By Afyturyos, Sixteenth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. Cd. gilt edges. 
 
 SHORT WHIST; Its Rise, Progress, & Laws. 
 
 By Major A* * * * *. 
 
 With Maxims for Beginners, and Observations to make anyone a Whist Player. 
 Fifth Edition, fcap. 8vo. with Frontispiece, 3s. in fancy cloth, gilt edges. 
 
 Lr — ■ — — — — — — — □ 
 
 London: printed by Manning and Smithson, Ivy-lane, St. Paul’s. 
 
. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
'Y BOUND 8Y " 
 
 westley, son/I 
 
 I AN D JAR VIS, | 
 K LON DON. J 
 
 AND JARVIS, 
 s^y LONDON, f