THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY m» Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. A charge is made on all overdue books. University of Illinois Library Landscape Architecture A COMPREHENSIVE CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR BOOKS, PLANS, PHOTOGRAPHS, NOTES AND OTHER COLLECTED MATERIAL WITH COMBINED ALPHABETIC TOPIC INDEX AND LIST OF SUBJECT HEADINGS BY HENRY VINCENT HUBBARD AND THEODORA KIMBALL CAMBRIDGE HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1920 Landscape Architecture A comprehexsivp: classification scheme FOR BOOKS, PLANS. PHOTOGR.\PHS, NOTES AND OTHER COLLECTED MATERIAL WITH COM BIS ED ALPHABETIC TOPIC ISDEX ASD LIST OF SUBJECT HEADIXGS BY HENRY VINCENT HUBBARD AND THEODORA KIMBALL CAMBRIDGE HAR\ .VRD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1920 COPYRIGHT, 1920 BY HAHVABD TJNIVERSITY PKESS 3 c^, TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface and Guide to the Use of the Classification 5 Definition of the Field of Landscape Architecture ... 5 Usefulness of the Classification 5 Practical Application of the Classification to Arrange- ment of Existing Material G This Classification in relation to other Classification Schemes 7 Preliminary Landscape Architecture Scheme ... 7 City Planning Classification 7 Library of Congress Classification 8 Adaptations to other Systems of Cla.ssification . . 9 Organization of this Classification 9 Headings 9 Num,bering 10 Indentation 11 Explanatory Notes 11 Cross-references 12 Summary Outline 12 Geographical Table 12 The Index and List of Subject Headings 13 Acknowledgments 13 Summary Outline 15 Classification Scheme 21 Geographical Table 91 General 91 Estates and Gardens 93 Alphabetic List of Subject Headings and Index to the Classification Scheme 97 Introductory Note 97 List and Index 99 t^oC^di PREFACE AND GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE CLASSIFICATION DEFINITION OF THE FIELD OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE " Landscape Architecture is the art of fitting land for human use and enjoyment. " The Landscape Architect designs and advises regarding the arrangement, and directs the develojiment, of land and th(> ()l)j(H't8 upon it in connection with private grounds and gartlens, institutions, public parks, playgrounds and squares, cemeteries, streets and parkways, residential communities, and problems of city and regional planning." ' USEFULNESS OF THE CLASSIFICATION This is the first comprehensive classification of the field of Landscape Architecture. It attempts to show in detail both the subjects making up the field, as far as possible in their logical relations and as regarded from various points of view, and also the relation of the field itself to tangent fields. ^ The profession of Landscape Architecture is now so well established, with a background of accomplishment, and pub- lic familiarity with the subject and with its literature is now so general, that a classification can be produced with the reasonable certainty that its main divisions will remain per- manently useful, and that future developments of the sub- ject can find logical places within the present outline, with changes, if at all, only in some of the minor headings. This classification has been worked out primarily for use with the extensive collections of the Harvard School of Landscape .Architecture Library, and has proved increasingly satis- factory through eight years of development and adaptation. The Classification Scheme should prove useful to libra- ries, tO' offices of practitioners, and to students, who need an organized scheme under which to file and record the data ' From Official Statement of Professional Practice, American Society of Landscape Architects, Adopted September, 1919. PREFACE they are collecting, and a logical analysis of the subject showing as a whole the ground which their education may eventually cover. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OP THE CLASSIFICATION TO EXISTING MATERIAL In collections relating to landscape architecture the fol- lowing forms of material are useful for reference : published Uterature, including books, pamphlets, reports, periodical articles, and clippings ; graphic material, published or in orig- inal form, including maps, plans, drawings, photographs, plates, postcards and miscellaneous pictorial matter; manu- script material, including notes and bibliographical refer- ences. In order that one outhne of the subject shall cover material in such various forms, clearly certain sections must provide more particularly for books or pamphlets, and cer- tain other sections more particularly for pictorial material. The several parts of this classification scheme are therefore developed according to the amount and form of material to be classified under each. The classification scheme has been developed also to pro- vide alternative places to classify material when considered from various points of view or with certain special uses in mind. For example, photographs of walls, fences, hedges, and shrub borders enclosing gardens might be classified respectively in the places provided for them as physical objects; i.e., under Structures, 3300 +, and under Plan- tations, 1827, etc., 2424; or again they might be grouped in 4327, being considered as boundaries of a garden. And a selection of a dozen photographs of various subjects, each classifiable elsewhere, might be brought together in 1174, as examples of landscape composition. In the design collec- tion of photographs at the Harvard School of Landscape Architecture Library, it has been found desirable to classify the bulk of photographs according to their actual object classification, but to select groups of photographs suggestive in designing for classification under Landscape Composition, Garden Design, etc. There are similar possibihties for arranging manuscript notes from various points of view, with cross-references as 6 PREFACE necessary. In fact, for the student, the classification scheme has unusual value for the fiUng of notes; and an up-to-date alphabetic index to the notes may be maintained in the printed index to the classification scheme bj- making a check mark against the topics used. THIS CLASSIFICATION IN RELATION TO OTHER CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES Preliminary Landscape Architecture Scheme In the January 1913 issue of the quarterly Landscape Architecture, the authors of this comprehensive Landscape Architecture Classification pubhshed a " Scheme for the Classification of Reference Material in a Landscape Archi- tect's Office," based on the fuller scheme in preparation. The differences between that short scheme and the summary outUne of the present classification are the outcome of ex- perience in classifying large quantities of material since the earlier publication. City Planning Classification While this Landscape Architecture Classification is a reasonably complete and independent scheme within itself, it is nevertheless planned definitely to interlock with the City Planning Classification already published.' In an office or library collecting material extensively on the pubUc problems of the landscape architect, the two schemes should be used together, as they are at the Harvard School of Land- scape Architecture Librarj', where they have been developed and applied simultaneously. Fulfilling the promise made in the preface to the City Planning Scheme, in this Landscape Architecture Scheme numerous cross-references to the Citj- Planning numbers have been made, with an indication of what has proved the more convenient place to classify ma- terial covered by both schemes. ' City Planning: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Subject, arranged for the classification of Books, Plans, Photographs, Notes, and other collected material; with .'Vlphabetic Subject Index; by James Sturgis Pray, Chairman, School of Landscape Architecture, Harvard University, and Theodora Kim- ball, Librarian, School of Landscape Architecture, Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1913. 103 pages. Paper. Price, $1.00 postpaid. PREFACE Library of Congress Classification In the Preface to the City Planning Classification (pp. 9 and 10) will be found a full explanation of the selection of the Library of Congress Classification principle as the basis for both Landscape Architecture and City Planning Schemes. To quote: "It is comprehensive, generally known through the wide circulation of printed catalogue cards numbered according to it, and adapted in principle to serve as a basis for the arrangement of the special field of the Library. This principle is a combination of logical subdivision with con- venient sequence, allowing a maximum of elasticity in de- velopment. Its simple sequential system of numbering was found easy to use in the Library, and convenient of applica- tion to the outhne of the subject without forcing. In cor- respondence with Mr. Charles Martel, then Chief Classifier of the Library of Congress (now Chief of the Catalogue Division) a place was assigned the subject in the general Library of Congress scheme (in which no adequate provision for Landscape Architecture or City Planning existed) in Class N, Fine Arts. Landscape Architecture and City Planning were erected as independent sub-classes co- ordinate with and immediately following Architecture, num- bered NA. As the sub-class designation NB was already in use, it was necessary to use a three-letter combination which would assume Architecture to be NA(A), Landscape Archi- tecture NAB, and City Planning NAC. Although City Planning is not primarily a fine art its fundamental esthetic aspect and its close connection with the practice of Land- scape Architecture and Architecture were considered to justify its position in class N." A library using other portions of the Library of Congress Classification may wish to make use of the cross-references to them inserted in the Landscape Architecture Scheme (as, for instance, to SB and SD, Horticulture and Forestry, TE, Roads, etc.); but the ordinary professional office should not find this necessary, and should be able to group its material conveniently under the numbers afforded by the Landscape Architecture and City Planning Schemes. PREFACE Adaptations to other Systems of Classification. The outline of the subject of Landscape Architecture as given in this classification can be used in connection with other systems of classification in general use. For instance, for the meager section beginning 710 in the Dewey Decimal Classification, the following outline might be substituted: ' .01-.08 Bibliography through Museimis, .11-. 17 Collected Works through General Special (or these form headings could be rearranged to conform with general decimal classi- fication practice); .2 Landscape improvement movement; .3 Legislation; A Study and teaching; .5 Theory of landscape design; .6 Methods of technical procedure; .7 Elements and materials of landscape and landscape design; .8 Types of land- scape designs, according to itse; .9 Geographical arrangement. Subheads could be adjusted and similarly numbered in deci- mal fashion. ORGANIZATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION - Headings The first series of main headings (see the Summary Out- Une) through 300, General special, have been selected from those in general use by the Library of Congress. They might be tenned " form headings," since they refer particularly to the form in which the material appears, e.g., a Periodical, a Dictionary, The phrase " General special " is used as a heading for material, which, though general, is not com- prehensive but deals with some special phase of the general topic, e.g., under the general subject Landscape .Architec- ture, the topic 305, Purpose and utility, appears under Gen- eral special. This heading has been used consistently throughout this scheme, sometimes with subheads, but often merely with a gap in the numbering to permit the insertion of future subheads if desired. The second series of headings beginning with 500, Land- scape improvement movement, constitutes a sj'stematic subdivision of the field, adjusted to the demands of classi- ' Cf. the suggestion for use of the City Planning Classification with the Decimal System (Preface, p. 11). -' Since the organization of this scheme and of the City Planning scheme are on the same principle, much of the following explanation has been taken from that given in the Preface to the City Planning Classification. PREFACE fying kinds of material which, as physical objects, can stand in the files only in one place. As has been stated earlier in this preface, certain headings apply more to literature and certain others more to pictorial matter. Use of the topics will soon reveal this distinction. Certain subheads have been provided uniformly under many analogous headings; beyond this, an exact uniformity of phrase under all sub- heads has not been sought: it has seemed better to use whatever phrases were most expressive in the given instance. However, as far as possible, corresponding parts of the outline itself have been constructed as uniformly as possible, to offer mnemonic advantage, as for instance, under Plants (see explanation on p. 39). In order to present the subject clearly, each major sub- division of the outUne is developed to a certain proportion, even if the subheads are given only as cross-references, e.g., Landscape construction and maintenance, 1400 + . In minor cases, however, only typical topics have been given under a heading, often in order to make clear the kind of material which should be classified there. These type sub- heads have been generally chosen because they represented actual existing material. Gaps have been left in the num- bering for the insertion of other similar subheads. In arranging a series of subheads, a coherent sequence has been preferred to an alphabetic arrangement, on account of the advantage gained for pictorial material, e.g., Pleasure buildings and other pleasure structures, 3150 -|-. In general, the sequence of the actual material as arranged by this scheme has been carefully considered. Numbering. The numbering system is that employed by the Library of Congress, a sequence of simple cardinal numbers, with gaps left between the numbers assigned the topics given, in order to allow for the insertion of new topics. Further ex- pansion may be provided for by the use of decimals, as in section 1850 + of this scheme. In addition to the expansion of the scheme by decimals, numbers for new subheads may be added on the decimal principle as follows: — g, geo- graphic, g5-gl84: (see p. 91) ; ni, material, ml-TO9 (see p. 57) ; 10 PREFACE c, exact cross-subordination, for any series of existing topics in the scheme useful as subdivisions under another topic, e.g., Planting in relation to steps, 1840c3375. The letter is used instead of a decimal point. The numbering of the Scheme was done loosely, since the subject was growing so rapidly, and might develop at an unexpected point or in an unexpected way. Several hun- dred numbers have been left open to provide for such emer- gencies. Sections of the scheme now numbered closely represent subjects which have developed during the eight years in which this scheme has been in preparation. In classifying material in a library using the Library of Congress Classification, the numbers of the outhne would be preceded by NAB, the general class designation for Land- scape .Architecture. For a collection wholly on landscape architecture and using only this scheme, N.\B need not be used, since the numerical designation is sufficient. In a col- lection using the City Planning Scheme (NAC) and this scheme (NAB), B might be used for Landscape Architecture and C for City Planning, or whatever other nuiemonic de- vice seemed preferable. Indentation It has not been possible to express exact coordination and subordination of heads and subheads by the indentation. Often importance or bulk of material has pulled a logically subordinate topic into a more important place. Further- more, indentation by exact logical arrangement would make many of the headings too far to the right of the page for convenient printing; and the insertion of headings to show theoretical relations, where not necessary for clearness, would render the outline clumsy for use in classifying material. Explanatory Notes. Notes have been given throughout the scheme explaining the meaning of a heading and what material should be classi- fied under it, wherever the authors felt that these points were not self-evident. 11 PREFACE Cross-references. Cross-references have been freely made between headings containing related material, and further to call attention to headings under which the same material might be arranged from different points of view. In making these cross- references, where there has been no doubt as to the connec- tion, the number referred to has been given alone without the corresponding heading. In doubtful cases, the heading referred to has been given in addition to the numerical ref- erence. The authors did not feel that it was advisable to give referred-to headings except in doubtful cases, on account of the great increase in bulk which the headings for the very large number of cross-references would have caused. In making the numerical cross-reference to a topic, the initial number only has been used, followed by a plus sign {e.g., Ig004-) if the topic occupies more than one number. Throughout the scheme the numbers and topics given in curves followed by a reference to some other number show where material might be classified if desired for some special purpose, but where the authors do not think it as well placed from a general point of view as under the number re- ferred to. The Index may be used to supplement cross- references in the text. Summary Outline Besides the full Classification Scheme, the authors in- clude a Summary Outline, consisting of the main heads and subheads. This Summary shows the general construction of the Scheme, and also may ser\'e as a briefer basis for ar- rangement of material for a small collection. The topics given in the Summary Outline are printed in capitals in the full scheme, both for emphasis and to facilitate reference from the Summary to the Scheme itself, and these topics are starred in the alphabetic index. Geographical Table The Geographical Table given with this Classification is explained in a note on p. 91. It is accompanied by a special table for use in classifying local material on Estates and Gardens (p. 93). 12 PREFACE The Index and List of Subject Headings A full index to the classification scheme has been com- bined with a set of standard subject headings to be used for card indexes or library catalogues. The use of the Index and Subject Headings is explained in the Introductory Note on p. 97. As has already been suggested, the index may be made a record of a personal collection by check marks against topics on which material has been assembled. In a very small collection, assembled in a vertical file, it may be ad- visable to use only an alphabetic arrangement of material, disregarding the classification numbers, and using the sub- ject headings as a standard series of topics for filing. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge constructive sugges- tions received from niany sources both in the earher stages of the preparation of the Landscape Architecture Classi- fication and during its development and application, especi- ally from Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted, Professor James Sturgis Pray, Professor Fiske Kimball, Mr. Fletcher Steele, Mr. Bremer Whidden Pond, Mr. Elbert Peets, Mr. Charles ^Nlartel of the Library of Congress, and Mr. Stephen F. Hamblin who is largely responsible for the Horticultural sec- tion of the Scheme (nmnbered 1850-1874). Since, however permanent its main structure may be, no scheme is final in detail, the authors of this scheme welcome further construc- tive criticisms arising from the testing of the scheme in per- sonal collections, special libraries, or offices of practising landscape architects. Henry Vincent Hubbard, Theodora Kimball. Cambkidge, Mass., December 30, 1919. Landscape Architecture Classification Summary Outline Only the more important headings are given here. If used in connection with the Library of Congress Classification, prefix NAB to numbers. (0) Bibliography. (1) Periodicals. (15) Yearbooks. (20) Societies. (40) Congresses. Coiifereuces. Conventions. (50) Exhibitions. (70) Museums. 180 Collected Works. 190 Encyclopedias, diet ionaries. , etc. 195 Directories. 200 Biography. 210 History. Historic styles of landscape design. 250 General works. 300 General special, including name, field, jjrofessional opportunities, etc. 500 Landscape improvement movement. 510 Organization. 540 Education of public. 560 Forms of improvement. 700 Legislation. Legal aspects of landscape architec- ture. 900 Study and teaching. 910 Subject matter. 930 Methods. 960 Special countries. 980 Special professional schools. 1000 Theory of l.andscape design. (1005) (Economic theory) See 4000 +, Types of landscape designs, according to use. 15 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Theory of landscape design (continued). 1010 Esthetic theory (General). 1020 Taste. Ideals. Appreciation. Criticism. 1030 Style in landscape design. 1050 Landscape character. 1060 Landscape effect. 1100 Landscape composition. 1115 Fonns of order in composition. 1130 Characteristics of objects, and circumstances modifying their appearance, in landscape composition 1170 Landscape compositions and their composi- tional elements. 1200 Methods of technical procedure. Profes- sional PRACTICE. 1210 Professional conduct and relations. 1230 Organization and equipment of office. 1240 Collection of data. 1246 Office procedure in design. 1250 Presentation of design. 1355 Superintendence of construction and maintenance. 1400 Landscape construction and maintenance. 1500 Elements and materials in landscape and landscape design. 1600 Ground forms. Natural forms of ground, rock, and waters. 1605 Design. 1640 Geologic origin of ground forms. 1650 Special forms and units, according to natural character. 1800 Plants. Vegetation. 1805 Design. Planting design. PlantationTj. 1850 Planting and culture. Horticulture. 1875 Description. Plants as materials of landscape design. (Special forms of plants). 2100 Trees. 2400 Shrubs. lb CLASSIFICATION — SUMMARY OUTLINE Elements and Materials in landscape and l-antd- SCAPE DESIGN (continued). Plants (continued). 2700 Herbaceous plants. 3000 Structures, in landscape. 3005 Design. 3040 Construction and maintenance. (Special forms of structures). 3050 Buildings for residence and other major uses. 3100 Ser^dce buildings and other service structures, including farm buildings, service yards, etc. 3150 Pleasure buildings and other pleasure struc- tures, including pavilions, arbors, garden theaters, stadiums, tennis courts, etc. 3225 Terraces, embankments, structural shore treatment. 3300 Walls, fences, gates, steps, etc. 3400 Minor accessory structures. 3405 Primarily, for service purposes. Service accessories. 3425 Primarily for ornamental and pleasure purposes. " Garden furniture." 3490 Canals, moats, etc. 3495 Dams. 3500 Bridges. 3550 Tunnels. 3600 Roads, paths, etc. 3700 Pipes, conduits, wires. v 3900 Types of landscape. Landscape characters. Natural scenery. " Free land- scape." 3910 Tyi)es according to dominant ground forms and topography. 3920 Types according to dominant vegetation. 3930 TjTses according to climate. 3940 Types according to effect of human occupation and activities. 3975 Types according to locaUty. 17 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE •J 4000 Types of Landscape designs, according to use, including examples. 4200 Gardens. 4700 Frivate estates. 5100 Country club grounds. 5150 Hotel grounds, country, seashore, etc. 5180 Recreation camps. 5200 Hospital, asylum, sanatorium, etc., grounds. 5250 College, university, private school grounds. 5300 Church grounds. 5400 Factory grounds. 5450 Railroad grounds, including station grounds and rights of way. 5500 Grounds of pubUc buildings. 5510 Capitol, city-hall, court-house grounds, etc. 5530 Library and museum grounds. 5550 Public school grounds. 5600 Exposition grounds. 5650 Fair grounds, state, county, and other. 5700 .\inusement parks. 5730 Open-air concert gardens. Tea gardens. Outdoor restaurants. 5750 Zoological parks. 5800 Botanical gardens. 5850 .\rboretums. 5900 Cemeteries. 6000 Public and semi-public reservations, parks, play- grounds, and other outdoor public rec- reation facilities. 6100 Reservations. 6125 Forest and water-supply reservations. 6200 Scenic reservations. 6240 Places containing special natural features and features of historic interest. 6250 Reservations for preservation of animal and bird hfe, and plant life. 6260 Reservations for defence. 6300 Large parks, including large landscape parks. Small parks. Neighborhood parks. Commons, etc. 18 6400 CLASSIFICATION — SUMMARY OUTLINE Types of Landscape designs, according to use, including examples {continued). PubUc and semi-public reservations, etc. {contin'd). 6500 Playgrounds, athletic fields, and provisions for special sports. 6600 Water parks. Recreational waterfronts. 6800 Parks of special countries and cities, including reports of park commissions, arranged geographically. 7000 Landscape designs in larger public problems OF the arrangement of land. 7100 Land subdivision, for residential purposes. 7500 Town and city planning. 8500 Regional planning. 8700 Rural planning. 8900 State planning. 9000 National planning. Landscape Architecture Classification If used in connection with Library of Congress Classification, prefix NAB to numbers. Bibliography. General only. Special bibliographies go with special subjects. Cf. Library of Congress Cla-ss Z (Bibliography). Periodicals. Subdivided by language. Only general periodicals to be classi- fied here; e.g., periodicals relating to Parks go in 6002. See Index under Periodicals. (1) (General.) 2 American and English. 4 French. 5 German. 14 Other. 15 Yearbooks. Societies. Proceedings, sets of publications. For works on formation of landscape improvement societies, their activities, etc., see 513. (20) (General.) 21 International. 22 United States. 23 Latin America. South America, Central America, Mexico. 25 British Empire. 28 France and Belgium. 29 Germany, Austria. 31 Hungary, Bohemia. 32 Italy. 33 Scandinavia, Holland. 35 Spain and Portugal. 36 Switzerland. 39 Other. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Congresses. Conferences. Conventions. Proceedings, etc. (40) (General.) 42 Permanent. Arranged alphabetically by name of congress. 40 Occasional. Arranged chronologically. Exhibitions. Exhibitions in connection with Congresses go here, but with cross-reference from Congresses. Cf. 546, 940. (50) (General.) 52 International. Local. 55 United States. 60 Europe 65 Other. Museums. (70) (General.) Local. 75 United States. 80 Europe. 85 Other. Collected works. General series. 180 Several authors. 185 Individual authors. 190 Encyclopaedias, dictionaries, glossaries, lists of terms, etc. 195 Directories. Biography. 200 Collective. 205 Individual. A-Z. History. Historic styles of landscape design. Cf. (4280), (4477), 4701 + . Only the more clear-cut styles, and those on which literature has appeared, have been chosen for mention here. Other minor styles may be fitted into the outline, if desired. If it is desired to distinguish between a style in the country of its origin and its influence or development in other coun- tries, the letter o may be added to the subdivision number, e. g., 236a, Style of Le Notre abroad. 22 CLASSIFICATION History. Historic styles of landscape design (continued) . 210 General. Comprehensive. Occidental. 212 General. Ancient. 215 General. 217 Egyptian and Mesopotamian. 219 Greek and Roman. 224 Other. ]\Iediaeval. 225 General. 226 Monastic. Cloister garths. 227 Feudal. Mediaeval pleasancos. 228 Communal. Cf. NAC 22.i. Modern, including Renaissance. 230 General. 231 Mohammedan. Moorish in Spain. Cf. 246. 232 Italian Renaissance. Baroque. 233 French Renaissance. 234 English Renaissance. Tudor. Elizabethan. 235 Dutch. 236 Style of Le Notre. French tJrand Style. 237 English " Landscape School." 238 French informal. As developed in France subsequent to the vonuc of the English " Landscape School." Cf. 237a. 239 American landscape style, 1850-. Style of the elder Olmsted and its influence. 240 German formal. 1897-.' 242 Other. Oriental. 243 General. 244 Chinese. 245 Japanese. 246 Persian. 1 1897 is date of the Hamburg Gartenbau-.Vusstellunjj. where Liohtwark's formal plan was notable. (Gothein.) 23 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE History. Historic styles of landscape design (continued) . Oriental (continued). 247 Indian. Moghul. 248 • Other. 249 By country. Use Geographical Table, with g; e.g., 249(787, England; 249fir6 American Colonial. Cf. 4701 +. See note on p. 91. General works. 250 Comprehensive treatises. 254 OutUnes, syllabi, charts, diagrams, etc. Including classification schemes. 258 Pocket-books, tables, etc. 260 Partial works. Treating two or more subdivisions of the general subject. Essays, addresses, lectures. Cf . 542. Text, programs, announcements of addresses and lectures (other than from the landscape improvement I)oint of view) go here. 265 Collective. Miscell; 270 Single. When general; specific go with subject. (280) General collections of material in special forms. " Libraries." Classify here only material which it is desired to keep to- gether as a collection rather than to distribute by subject. 282 Atlases and general collections of plans. 284 Portfolios and general collections of paintings, drawings, sketches, etc. 286 Albums and general collections of photographs, prints, plates, postcards, etc. 288 General collections of lantern slides. 290 General collections of clippings, excerpts, etc. 292 General collections of manuscripts, notes, etc. 294 General collections of books and pamphlets. Chosen as typical; e. g., " ten books on landscape archi- tecture for an office library." 300 General special. 302 Name. Definition. Use of terms. Landscape architecture, landscape gardening, landscape design, etc. 24 CLASSIFICATION General special (continued). 305 Purpose and utility. Landscape design as promoting outdoor life, health, efficiency, pleasure, etc. 310 Field, scope. Relation to other arts, sciences and professions. Landscape architecture as an art, science, or pro- fession. Requirements and opportuni- ties. Professional opportunities. 320 General. 322 General special. 323 War service of landscape architects. 324 Women in the profession of landscape archi- tecture. Landscape improvement movement. Cf. NAC.500 + , City-planning movement. Civic improve- ment. 500 General. 505 General special. Purposes, activities, progress, etc. Organization. 510 General. 513 Societies. 515 University extension work. 519 Other. Education of public. Educational campaigns. Cf. 515, University extension work, above. 540 General. 542 Lectures. Cf. 265 -h. 544 Publications, propaganda. 546 Demonstrations, exhibitions. Cf. (50)+, 940. 548 Teaching in public schools. Cf. 900 + . Forms of improvement. 560 General. 565 " Yard improvement." " Garden contests." Cf. 4200 -I- , 4900 + . 25 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Landscape improvement movement (continued). 568 Improvement of public and semi-public grounds. Cf. 5200-5590. 570 Road and roadside improvement. Cf. 1848, 3605 + . 573 Countryside improvement. Cf. NAC .'580 + . 575 Billboard removal. Cf. NAC 3880. 585 War memorials. Cf. 3440. 590 other. 700 Legislation. Legal aspects of landscape archi- tecture. Put here only general or collected legislation relating to matters within the field of landscape architecture. Legislation relating to professional practice goes in 1213; relating to Parks, etc., in 6014. Cf. NAC 700 + , and notes. Study and teaching. For popular education in landscape improvement, see .540 + . 900 General. 905 General special. Subject matter. 910 General. 911 Theory and practice of landscape design, eco- nomic and esthetic. Study of typical landscape imits. Problems. Criti- cism. Cf. 1000 + , 1246. 912 Theory. 914 Practice. 915 Presentation of design. Drawings, reports, etc. Cf. 12.50 + . 917 Construction and maintenance. Including grading, planting, etc. Cf. 1400 + . 919 Elements and materials of landscape and land- scape design. Cf. 1.500 + . 920 Special contributory subjects. E. g., Geology, Forestry, .■Architecture. 26 CLASSIFICATION Study and teaching (continued). Methods. 930 General. 935 . Courses of study in universities, colleges, tech- nical schools. Cf. 548. 939 '■ Correspondence courses." 940 Study in libraries, collections, exhibitions. Cf. (50)+, 546. 945 Obser\'ation and travel. 946 Travelling fellowships. 947 Study tours. Itineraries. 950 Experience in offices of practitioners. Special countries. 960 United States. 962 England. 964 France. 966 Germany. 978 Other. Special professional schools. Including catalogues and bulletins. Note: word "School" is used in the sense of institution, not in the sense, e.g., English ■■ Landscape ."School." 980 United States. 982 England. 984 France. 986 Germany. 998 Other. Theory of L.-^^ndscape Design. 1000 General. 1002 General special. (1005) (Economic theory.) See 4000-I-, Types of land- scape designs, according to use. Esthetic theory (General). 1010 General. 1015 Psychological basis. 1020 Taste. Ideals. Appreci.\tion. Criticism. 27 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Theory of Landscape Design (continued). Style in landscape design. 1030 General. 1031 General special. Effect of climate, topography, social customs, etc. 1034 Categories. 1035 Formal and Informal. 1036 Formal. Including styles termed " Regular," " Archi- tectural, " Geometrical," " Symmetrical." 1037 Informal. Including styles termed " Gardenesque," etc. 1038 Humanized and Naturalistic. (1039) (Humanized). 1040 Naturalistic. 1041 Classic and Romantic. 1042 Classic. 1043 Romantic. (1047) (Examples.) (1048) (Individual styles.) For discussion of in- dividual designer not included in His- toric styles, see 205. (1049) (Historic styles.) See 210+ , History, in- cluding Historic styles. Landscape character. This term is used to designate the sum of the qualities of a natural landscape, which give it recognizable in- dividuality. Cf. the term Style, as applied to man- made landscape designs. 1050 General. (1055) (Examples.) See 3900 + , Types of landscape. Landscape characters. Landscape effect. 1060 General. 1063 Categories and examples. 1064 Historic examples. 1065 The " Beautiful." 1066 The " Picturesque." 1067 The " Sublime." 1068 Other effects discussed in the older Utera- ture of landscape design. ' E. g., the melancholy, the gay, etc. 28 CLASSIFICATION Theory of Landscape Design (continued). Landscape effect (continued). 1070 Effects due mainly to style or landscape character. E. g., grand. 1075 Effects due mainly to transitory conditions of weather, light or darkness, hour of day, etc. E. g., gloomy. 1077 Effects due mainly to association of ideas. E. g., romantic. Cf. 1043. 1079 Other effects. Landscape composition. 1100 General. 1105 General special. 1107 Comparison with landscape painting. Land- scape architecture in painting. 1109 Unity and attraction of attention, extent of composition, consideration of visual angle, etc. 1111 Emphasis, contrast, variety, climax, domi- FORJIS OF ORDER IN COMPOSITION. 1115 General. Harmony. Unity. 1117 General special. 1120 Repetition. • Including Monotony. 1121 Sequence. Rhythm. 1123 Balance. 1124 Symmetrical balance. Symmetry. 1126 Unsymmetrical balance. Occult balance. Characteristics of objects, and circum- stances MODIFYING THEIR APPEARANCE, IN LANDSCAPE COMPOSITION. 1130 General. 1132 General .special. 1134 (Material.) See 1500+, Elements and ma- terials in landscape and landscape design. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Theory of Laj^dscape Design (continued). Landscape composition {continued). 1137 Shape. Form (in its restricted sense) . 1138 Silhouette. 1140 Size. Scale. 1141 Absolute and relative scale. 1145 Texture. 1147 Color. 1 150 Light and shade. 1152 Orientation. In general. Cf. 3050 + , Buildings. 1153 Shadows. 1154 Night effects. 1155 Perspective. 115(5 Atmosphere and Atmospheric perspective. Aerial perspective. Cf. 1540. 1157 Seasonal effects. The abbreviations .Sp., Su., A., W., may be u.sed here for subdivi.sion.s if desired, for Spring, Summer, Au- tumn, and Winter. 1158 Movement. Effect of wind, etc. 1159 Other. 1160 Illusions (as to characteristics) in landscape composition. Landscape compositions and their compo- sitional ELEMENTS. 1170 General. 1172 General special. 1173 Choice of viewpoints. Pictorial compositions. 1174 General. 1175 Elements in their space relations. 1177 Enframement. 1178 Foregrounds. 1179 Backgrounds. 1180 Planes of distance. (Examples.) 1182 Balanced compositions. Axial arrange- ments. 3Q CLASSIFICATION Theory of Landscape Design (continued). Landscape composition (continued). Pictorial compositions (continued). 1185 Vistas. Cf. 2130 + . Objects in landscape composition according to their design value. 1190 General. 1192 As inclosure. Boundaries and entrances. Cf. 1824 + ,etc., 3300 + , 4327. 1194 As surface decoration. Cf. 2733, 3217, 361.5, 4.331. 1196 As marking points of interest. Accents. Cf. 1821, etc., 3425 + . 433.5. 1197 Other. .\s marking points commanding view.s. Outlooks, etc. 1199 Other. Methods of technical procedure. Profes- sional practice. 1200 General. 1205 General special. Professional conduct and relations. Profes- sional reputation. 1210 General. 1211 Code of professional ethics. 1212 Charges. 1213 Legal relations of the landscape architect. Legislation relating to professional prac- tice. Cf. TOO. 1215 Registration and examinations. 1216 Relations with special parties. 1217 Clients. 1218 Private. 1219 Public. 1220 Other practitioners. Cooperation of practi- tioners. Including cooperation with architects, engineers, etc. Cf. NAC 875. 31 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Methods of technical procedure. Profes- sional Practice (continued). Relations with special parties {continued). Contractors. 1221 General. 1221.5 Construction' contractors. 1221.8 Labor. 1222 Nurserymen. 1222.5 Other. Including jjardeneis. 1223 Advertising and publicity. 1224 Announcements of practitioners. A-Z. 1225 Competitions. For collected material on competitions. C^oniiietitions on special subjects may be filed by subject. 1228 Competitive examinations. Organization and equipment of office. 1230 General. Including location of office, accommodations required, and office management. 1231 Office force. Draftsmen, etc. 1232 Field force. Inspectors, etc. 1233 Field and office equipment. 1233.1 Furniture. 1233.2 Instruments. Cf. 12.51.5. 1233.3 Special labor-saving devices. 1233.4 Supplies. Including tracing cloth, etc., pencils, etc. 1233.5 Blank forms. Including plant order lists, time cards, etc. 1234 .\ccounting systems. 1235 Filing and arrangement of drawings and other material. Including correspondence, reports of field force to office, etc., record of office work planned or executed, etc., etc. 1236 Office reference material. Including standard details, records of dimensions, plant lists, dealers' catalogues and lists including nursery catalogues, books, pamphlets, photographs, etc., etc., and indexes to the same. 1238 Dealers' catalogues and lists. 32 CLASSIFICATION Methods of technical procedure. Profes- sional PRACTICE (continued). Collection of data. 1240 General. Visits to the ground. 1241 Topographical maps. Surveying, Photographic surveying. Includes methods of representing topographical informa- tion, hachuring, contouring, designation of cultivation, ground cover, etc. Cf . Library of Congress Class TA. 1242 Sketches. 1243 Photographs. Photography. 1244 Aerial photographs. Aerial photography. 1245 Reports of visits to ground. 1246 Office procedure in design. Presentation of design. 1250 General. Drawings. Drafting. Rendering. Freehand drawing. Landscape drawing, painting, etc. 1251 General. 1251.5 Drawing instruments and materials. Draft- ing-room instruments and materials. Including ])lanimeters, etc. Cf. 1233.2. 1252 Drawings for special technical uses. Plans. 1263 Studies. 1266 Preliminary plans. 1270 Perspectives and elevations. 1272 Elevations and silhouettes. 1274 Perspectives. Including birdseye perspectives, " birdseye views." 1276 General plans. 1278 Grading and construction plans. Con- struction details. 1282 Profiles and sections. Cross-sections. 1285 Planting plans. Planting details. Cf. 134S, Planting lists. Special kinds of presentation, of drafting, rendering, etc. 1288 General. ; 33 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Methods of technical procedure. Profes- sional PRACTICE (continued). Presentation of design {continued). 1289 Drawings. 1290 Line. 1291 Pencil. 1292 Pen and ink. 1293 Wash. 1294 Monochrome. 1295 Color. 1296 Pastel. Crayon. 1299 Other. Reproductions of drawings. Kinds of prints. 1300 General. 1301 Direct or contact prints, from original or direct-printed translucent negative. Blue prints, Van Dyke prints, etc. 1303 Photographs (by use of lens). Including direct prints from such negatives; i. e., glass and film negatives, photostat negatives. 1304 " Black-hne " prints. Transfer of printer's ink from gelatin surface. 1305 Photolithographs. 1307 Line cuts. 1308 Half-tone cuts. 1309 Other. Rubbings, etc. 1310 Lettering. Titles. Alphabets. 1313 Titles. Cartouches. Legends, notes, etc. 1315 Graphical scales, Northpoints. Key maps, etc. Presentation of special landscape forms. Representation of landscape forms. For representation of topographical information, 1320 General. 1321 Sky. 1321.1 Water. 1322 Ground forms, hills, etc. 1323 Ground surface. 34 CLASSIFICATION Methods of technic.\x procedure. Profes- sional PRACTICE {continued). Presentation of special landscape forms . . . {continued). 1324 Vegetation. 1325 Trees. 1326 Shrubs. 1327 Herbaceous plants. 1328 Structures. 1329 Buildings and minor structures. Archi- tectural forms. 1330 Roads, paths, etc. Models. 1331 General. 1332 Special methods of construction. Special ma- terials. 1333 Models of special landscape forms. 1334 Ground forms. 1335 Plants. 1336 , Structures. Models of special landscape designs. 1337 General. 1338 Estates and gardens. 1339 Other. Written material. Reports, specifications, Usts, etc. 1340 General. 1342 Reports to cUents. 1344 Contracts and specifications. 1346 Estimates. Calculations of quantities and costs. Cf. 1402. 1348 Planting Usts. Cf. 1285. 1355 Superintendence of construction and main- tenance. Cf. I400+. 1356 Construction. 1357 Maintenance. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Landscape construction and maintenance. 1400 General. See also the subdivision Construction and maintenance under Types of landscape designs, 4000 + . 1402 Cost of construction and maintenance. Cf. 1346. See also the subdivision Cost under Types of landscape designs, 4000 + • 1403 Construction. 1404 Maintenance. Construction. (1405) (General). Prefer 1400. 1406 Tree cutting. Tree protection. Cf. 2110, 3925, 1410 Clearing the ground. Removal of rubbish. (1418) (Ditching and drainage.) See3730 + . (1420) (Pipe laying for storm water drainage, subsoil drainage, sewer, water, gas.) See 3710. (1426) (Conduit laying, for electricity.) See 3710. (1429) (Pole line construction, spacing, bracing, clear- ance, etc.) See 3718. Grading and earthwork. Cf. 3225+, 360S. 1431 General. 1432 Rough grading. 1433 Finished grading. 1434 Rock cut and fill. Rock excavation. Blasting. (1436) (Preparation of the soil for planting. Applica- tion of fertiUzers. Cultivation.) See 1853. (1437) (Planting.) See 1850 + . (1440) (Road construction.) See 3610. (1445) (Masonry construction and foundations. Mas- sonry walls, etc. Shore protection.) See 3000?w3-6, 3250 + . (1450) (Wooden construction. Wooden fences, etc.) See 30007??!. 1460 Protection of work from damage. Cf. 1406. 1464 Other. Maintenance. 1465 General. 1466 General special. CLASSIFICATION Landscape construction and maintenance (continued) . 1470 Maintenance of special elements. 1471 Ground forms. 1472 Water shores. 1475 Plants. Cf. 1S70. 1476 Tree areas. 1477 Shrub areas. 1478 Flower beds. 1479' Lawns. 1480 Structures. 1481 Buildings and minor structures. 1483 Roads, paths, etc. Maintenance of special types of landscape de- signs, according to use. 1485 General. (1490) (Special types.) See the special Types, e.g., Estates, etc. (1495) (Management. Estate management. Farm management, etc.) See the special Types, e. g., Estate management. Farm manage- ment, Park administration, etc. Elements and materials in landscape and land- scape DESIGN. 1500 General. Collective. 1540 Atmosphere, sky, clouds, etc. Cf. 1156. 1550 Sky, clouds, etc. Ground forms. Natural forms of ground, rock, .\nd w.\ter. 1600 General. 1602 General special. 1605 Design. For Ground forms as motiving planting and structures, prefer 1836, 3050. 1608 Economic considerations. 1610 Composition. (Esthetic.) 1625 Character of ground forms. Cf. 1050. Landscape character. 37 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Elements ... in landscape . . . (continued). Ground forms, rock, water (continued). 1640 Geologic origin of ground forms. Geology, etc. Cf. 1852.1. For construction, cf. 1431 +, 3225+. 1650 Special forms and units, according to nat- ural CHARACTER. Waterbodies and their shores. 1655 General. 1658 1660 General special. Water in landscape. Compositional value, reflections, etc. 1665 Shore protection. Cf. 3250 + . 1670 Sea and seashore. Cf. 6205 +, 6655. 1680 Lakes, ponds, and their shores. Cf. 6210 + , 06fi0. 1684 Lakes. 1686 Ponds. 1690 Streams and stream banks. Cf. 6215 + , 0065. 1692 Rivers. 1693 Naturalistic canals. 1694 Brooks. 1696 Waterfalls. Cf. 3450,Cascades (artificial). 1700 Types of shores. 1701 Shore outlines. Bays, promontories, etc. 1702 Beaches. 1703 Sand. Cf. 6631. 1704 Gravel. Shingle. 1705 Boulder. 1707 Rock and cliff shores. 1709 Marshy, sedgy shores. 1710 Islands. 1720 Marshes. 1724 Salt. Tidal marshes. 1726 Fresh. 38 CLASSIFICATION Elements ... in landscape . . . {continued). Groltnd forms, rock, water (continued). 1740 1750 Plains. Plateaus. VaUeys. 1760 Hills and mountains. Cf. 6230+. 1764 Hills. 1765 Sand dunes. 1766 Mountains. Rocks. Rocky cliffs, ledges, caves, etc, 1770 General. 1771 Boulders. 1772 Rock outcrop. 1773 Ledges. 1774 CUffs. 1775 Artificial rockwork. 1780 Naturalistic banks and slopes. Cf. 3225 + , 3608. 1782 Boulder banks. 1784 Earth slopes. 1785 Minor modulations of ground surface. 1790 Other. Plants. Vegetation. For convenience in a minute classification of information relating to plants, the sections on Trees, .Shrubs, and Her- baceous plants have been constructed to correspond as far as possible to the topics used under Plants, three hundred numbers having been assigned to each section, and the last two figures of the Classification numbers in nearly all cases being the same for the same topic as applied either to Plants or to Trees, etc.; o. g., 1824, MLxed border plan- tations, 2424, Shrub borders; 190.5, 2205, 2505 2805, FoUage. If a less minute classification is desired, the user may discard many of the subtopics under Trees, Shrubs, etc., and concentrate his descriptive material in 1875-2069. Cross references have not been given in the text for these repeated descriptive topics. See Index under Plants. OtJTLlNE OF SUBDIVISIONS .4S .APPLIED TO Pl.\XTS IN GE.N- ERAL, AND SIMII.ARLV TO TREES. ShRI-BS AND HERB.\CEOtJS PL.\NTS. General. Design. Planting design. Plantations. Planting and culture. Description. Plants as materials of landscape design. General. Collective. (Plants) of special countries. Geographical arrange- ment. , Systematic arrangement, according to Bailey s Cy- clopedia of Horticulture (Decimal subdivisions). LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Elements ... in landscape . . . {continued). Plants. Vegetation (continued). Special groups (e. g., Vines, Bulbs, etc.). Use espe- cially for herbaccnii- |.I:ini>. I.oth grouped and monographs, prcfiM,;,^ ■-i.n.itic arrangement for trees and shnil.-, in. hnlini iiKinographs, un- less particularly oth. rwi-r uioupcil. According to characteristics (form, color, etc.). According to fitness for certain environments and requirements. According to fitness for certain uses. 1800 General. Including dictionaries, such as Bailey's Ci/dnpe'lia of Horticulture. Design. Planting design. Plantations. 1805 General. 1806 Theory of planting design. 1808 Economic considerations. Cf. 2030 + , 1810 Composition. (Esthetic.) 1816 Style and character in planting design. 1818 Formal. 1819 Naturalistic. 1820 Examples of plantations. Composed of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, or any mixed plantations not to be classified under trees, shrubs, or herbaceous plants. 1821 Plantations of specimens. Cf. 2121, 2421. 1822 Topiary work. 1823 Tree and shrub groups. Clumps. ^ Cf. 2123, 2423. 1824 Border plantations. Boundary planta- tions. Inclosing plantations. Cf. 2124, 2424, 2724. 1825 Screen plantations. 1827 Hedges, hedgerows, edgings, etc. General. Cf. 2127, 2427, 2727. 1834 Plantations in relation to other elements. Including sea-^onal effects in plantations. The subdivisions suggested here may be used; or, for very exact classification, the numbers 1835 and 1840 may be followed by c and the classification number of the element as it appears in the full scheme, <■. g.. Planting in relation to fences, 1840e3340. .40 CLASSIFICATION Elements ... in landscape . . . (continued). Pl.anting design (continued). Plantations in relation to: (continued). 1835 Ground forms, including water. Plant- ing in relation to topography. 1836 Ground forms. Hills, valleys, slopes, etc. 1838 Water. Shore planting. Waterside planting. Water planting. Cf. 1996 and 1997, 4354. 4442. 1839 Seashore planting. Cf. 2000, 2011, ptr., 43.5.5, 1840 Structures. 1841 Buildings. 1843 Walls, fences, gates, steps, etc. 1845 Minor accessorj^ structures. 1847 Bridges. 1848 Roads, paths. Roadside planting. (1849) (Planting of types of landscape designs.) With cross-classification by type. In general, it is better to put planting design of Gardens with Gar- dens — Design; of Instates, with Estates — Design, etc. ' Pl.\nting and culture. Horticulture. Cf. Library of Conere?.'! Clsuw SH. 1850 General. Plant environment. 1851 General. 1851.1 Climate. Latitude, altitude, humidity, rainfall. sun and shade, winds, temperature. 1851.5 Planting seasons. Soil. 1852 General. 1852.1 Origin. Geologv. Cf. 1640. 1852.2 Character. Analysis. 1852.3 Physical. 1852.4 Chemical. 1852.5 Soil bacteria. 1852.6 Soil for special crops. 1852.7 Soil sur\'eys. 41 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Elements . . . IN LANDSCAPE . . . (continued). Plant CULTURE {continued). 1853 Methods of soil improvement. 1853.1 Fertilizers. 1853.2 Manures. 1853.3 Chemicals. 1853.4 Compost. 1853.5 Green manures. 1853.6 Cultivation and tillage. 1853.7 Preparation for special crops. 1853.8 Rotation of crops. 1854 Drainage and sub-irrigation. Cf. 3745-3753. 1854.1 Watering. Irrigation. Sprinkling. Lawn sprinkhng. Plant origin and growth. 1855 General. Character and m.anncr. Cf. 1933, etc. 1855.2 Pollination. 1855.3 Seed dispersal. 1855.4 Germination. Horticultural processes. 1860 General. 1860.1 Propagation. Seedage, division, layering, cutting, grafting, budding, etc. 1860.2 Hybridization and selection. Plant breed- ing. 1861 Planting and transplanting. Tree moving. 1862 Pruning and training, staking. 1862.1 .\cclimatization. Plant introduction. 1862.2 Digging and packing. Cold storage. Ship- ment and handling. 1862.3 Protection. Winter protection. 1863 Tree repair. Mechanical injuries. Cf. 2020, etc 1864 Greenhou.ses, hot beds and cold frames, pits. Forcing. Cf. 3140, 3145. CLASSIFICATION Elements ... in landscape . . . (continued). Pl.vnt culture (continued). Plant diseases and pests. 1865 General. Including diseases and pests of Trees, Shrubs, Her- liaceous plants. Vegetable gardens, etc. Cf . 'iCeo +, etc. 1865.1 Preventives and remedies. Control. 1865.4 Plant quarantine. Diseases. 1866 General. 1866.1 Special tj'pes. 1866.2 Fungous. Cf. 2022, etc. 1866.3 Surface. 1866.4 Internal. 1866.5 Physiological. 1866.8 Preventives and remedies. ' Pests. Insect pests. 1867 General. Cf. 2021, etc. 1867.1 Susceptibility. Immunity. 1867.2 Special types of insect pests. 1867.3 Leaf eaters. 1867.4 Sap suckers. 1867.5 Scales. 1867.6 Borers. 1867.7 Galls. 1867.8 Other. 1867.9 Other types of pests. E. g., mice, etc. 1868 Preventives and remedies. 1868.1 Methods. Spraying, etc. 1868.2 Machinery and materials. 1868.3 Parasites. 1870 Plantations: development, main Control. Control. General only. For care of special planta- tions, see the names of the plantations, e.g., Lawns; Gardens, Rock; etc. Cf. 1475. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Elements ... in landscape . . . (continued). Plant culture (continued). 1871 Nurseries. Horticultural tools and implements. Equip- ment. 1872 General. 1872.1 For special purposes. 1872.2 Tillage. 1872.3 Cultivation and maintenance. Including lawn mowers, pruning tools, etc. 1872.4 Transportation. 1872.9 Other. 1873 Plant labels. (1874) (Plant names. Plant nomenclature.) See 1876. Description. Plants as materials of land- scape AND landscape DESIGN. 1875 General. Collective. 1876 Plant names. Plant nomenclature. Codes of plant names. Discussions of form of plant names, etc. 1877 Plants of special countries, states, cities, lo- calities. Geographical arrangement. ITse Geographical Table with g. 1878 Systematic arrangement, according to Bai- ley's Cyclopedia of Horticulture. Use as decimals. 1880 Special groups. 1885 Vines. Climbers. Creepers. 1890 Association groups. Put here plants grouped from points of view not classifiable elsewhere, e. g., plants mentioned by Shakespeare, plants of the colonial garden, plants associated with persons, etc. 1895 Plant curiosities. " Freak " plants. 1900 According to characteristics. 1902 Tabulations and plant lists. " Planting tables." 1905 Foliage. Including " foliage plants." 44 CLASSIFICATION Elements ... in landscape . . . (continued). Plant description (continued). According to characteristics (continued). 1906 Persistence. 1907 Evergreen. Evergreens. Narrow-leaved. Broad-leaved. Deciduous. Form of leaves. Texture. E. g., shiny, rough. Color. Seasonal color. Subdivide if desired with abbreviations Sp. Su., A., W. See note under 1157. 1920 Flower. Including Flowering plants. If further subdivision is necessary, the four succeeding numbers may be used respectively for Form, Color, Time of bloom. Scent. 1925 Fi-uit. If further subdivision is necessary, the four succeed- ing numbers may be used respectively for Form, Color, Time of maturing, Edibility. 1930 Bark. 1933 Rate of growth. 1935 Form. Size. Shape. Habit of growth. 1937 Natural. 1838 Special shapes. Pyramidal, spherical, etc. (1947) (Vines, chmbers.) See 1885. 1954 Modified. (1955) (Topiar}- work.) See 1822. 1960 Texture. 1965 Color. General only. For color of foliage, flower, etc., 1917, 1920+, 1925 + . 1970 Scent. Scented plants. Cf. note under 1920. 1975 Seasonal appearance. Cf. 1918. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE E LEMENTS ... IN LANDSCAPE . . . (continued). Plant description {continued). Seasonal appearance (continued). 1976 Spring. 1977 Summer. 1978 Autumn. 1979 Winter. 1980 According to fitness or unfitness for certain environments and requirements. 1981 Climate. Temperature. 1982 Tropical. 1983 Subtropical. 1984 Temperate. 1985 Arctic. 1986 Sun and shade. 1987 Sun. 1988 Shade. 1990 Soil and physical conditions. 1991 Moisture contents. 1992 Arid and desert. 1993 Irrigated. 1994 Dry sunny fields. 1994.5 Dry woods. 1995 Rich moist woods. 1996 Bog and marsh. Stagnant or springy. 1997 Aquatic. Running or still water. Cf. 2792. 1998 Physical conditions. 1999 Sand. 2000 Sea beach. Cf. 2011. 2001 Heavy clay. 2002 Intensive cultivation. 2003 Alpine. 2003.1 Prairie. 2004 Chemical characteristics. 2005 Acid. 2006 Alkahne. 2007 Humous. 2008 Limestone. CLASSIFICATION Elements ... in landscape . . . (continued). Plant description (continued). According to . . . environments . . . (continued). 2009 Volcanic. 2010 2011 2013 Exposure. Salt spray. Cf. 2000. Wind. 2015 Air. Dust. Smoke. Gases. 2020 Relation to disease, injury, fungous attack. Cf. 1865 + . insect and 2021 Insect . 2022 Fungous. 2030 According to fitness or unfitness uses. i for certain 2035 Specimens. Cf. 1821,2121,2421. 2038 Tub plants. Pot plants for outdoor use. ornamental 2040 Window box plants. 2042 Greenhouse and house plants. Cf. 2796. 2045 Plants suitable for street planting. Cf. 2345. 2048 Plants suitable for naturalizing. Cf. 2789, 4439. 2050 Ground cover. Soil binders. Cf. 2350, 2650, 2950. 2055 Hedges and windbreaks. Cf. 1824 + , 2124+, 2424 + . 2057 Industrial crops. E. g., basket willows. 2059 Bird-attracting plants. Cf. 1925, etc. 2060 Bee-attracting plants. Cf. 1920, etc. 2067 :Medicinal plants. 47 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Elements ... in landscape . . . {continued). Plant description (continued). According to . . . uses {continued). 2069 Plant nuisances. Poisonous plants. Dan- gerous plants. Cf. 2969. '' Trees. 2100 General. In classifying photographs of trees for ready reference when making drawings of Trees, it may be found useful to insert the following topics: 2101 — Nearby foliage and foliage details. 2101.5 — Flower details. 2102 — Trunks. 2103 — Distant Trees. Design, .\rrangement of trees. Tree plan- tations. 2105 General. 2110 General special. E. g., thinning, effect of grazing line, effects from use of large trees moved in, etc. 2120 Examples of tree plantations. 2121 Specimen trees. Cf. 1821. (2122) (Topiary work.) See 1822. 2123 Tree groups. Clumps. Cf. 1823. 2124 Border and screen plantations of trees. Cf. 1824. 2127 Hedges. Cf. 1827 2130 AUees. .\venues of trees. 2131 Clipped. 2133 Pleached alleys. 2135 Espalier trees. Trained fruit trees. 2140 Orchards. 2145 Woodlands. Bosquets. Wood interiors. For naturalistic woodlands jjrefer 392.5. 2150 Planting and culture, .\rl50riculture. Cf. 18.50, Horticulture. Description. 2175 General. Collective. 48 CLASSIFICATION Elements ... in landscape . . . (continued). Plants (continued). Trees (continued). 2177 Trees of special countries. Geographical arrangement. See note under 1877. 2178 Systematic arrangement, according to Bailey. Let attract. Put monographs here. (2180) 2200 2202 (Special groups). According to characteristics. Tabulations and lists of trees. " Plant- ing tables." 2205 Foliage. Put here discussions of characteristic shade- casting quahties. 2206 Persistence of leaves. 2207 2208 Evergreen. Narrow-leaved. Evergreen coni- fers. 2209 Broad-leaved. 2210 Deciduous. 2214 Form of leaves. 2216 Texture. 2217 Color. 2218 Seasonal color. See note under 1918. 2220 Flower. Sec note under 1920. 2225 Fruit. General discussions of fruit trees may go here. See also note under I92r). 2230 Bark. 2233 Rate of growth. 2235 Size. Height. 2236 Form. Shape. Habit. 2260 Textiu-e (form and arrangement of leaves) Cf. 2205 + . 2265 Color. In distance. Color effect. Cf. 2217. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Elements ... in landscape . . . {continued). Plants (continued). Trees (continued). 2270 Scent. 2275 Seasonal appearance. Cf. 2218. 2276 Spring. 2277 Summer. 2278 Autumn. 2279 Winter. 2280 According to fitness or unfitness for certain environments and requirements. 2281 Climate. Temperature. Use same subdivision.s as 1981 +. 2285 Sun and shade. 2290 Soil and physical conditions. Use same subdivisions as 1990-2009. 2291 Moisture contents. 2298 Physical conditions. 2304 Chemical characteristics. 2310 Exposure. 2311 Salt spray. 2313 Wind. 2315 Air. Dust. Smoke. Gases. 2320 Relation to disease, injury, insect and fungous attack. Cf. 1865 + . 2321 Insect. 2322 Fungous. 2330 According to fitness or unfitness for certain uses. Trees for u.ses not covered above. (?335) (Specimens.) See 2121. (2338) (Tub trees.) See 2038. 2340 Shade trees. 2345 Street trees. Cf. NAC 488.5. 2350 Forest trees. Cf. 6126+, and Library of Congress Class SD. 50 CLASSIFICATION Elements . . . in landscape . . . (continued). Plants (continued). Shrubs, including shrubby vines and arbores- cent plants. 2400 General. Collective. Design. Arrangement of shrubs. Shrub plantations. 2405 General. 2410 ■ General special. 2420 Examples of shrub plantations. 2421 " Specimen " shrubs. Cf. 1821. (2422) (Topiary.) See 1822. 2423 Shrub groups. Clumps. Shrub beds. 2424 Border plantations. Cf. 1824. 2427 Hedges. Cf. 1827. 2429 Edgings. Cf. 1829. (2450) (Planting and culture.) See 1850, 2150. Description. 2475 General. 2477 Shrubs of special countries. Geographical arrangement. See note under 1877. 2478 Systematic arrangement, according to Bailey. Put monographs here. (2480) 2485 (Special groups.) Shrubby vines. Cf. 1885. 248G Garden roses. Cf. 4418. 2500 2502 According to characteristics. Tabulations and lists of shrubs. ing tables." 51 Plant- LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Elements ... in landscape . . . {continued). Plants {continued). Shrubs {continued). 2505 Foliage. 2506 Persistence of leaves. 2507 Evergreen. 2508 Narrow-leaved. Conifers. 2509 Broad-leaved. 2510 Deciduous. 2514 Form of leaves. 2516 Texture. 2517 Color. 2518 Seasonal foliage. See note under 191S. 2520 Flower. See note under 1920. 2525 Fruit. See note under 1925. 2530 Bark. 2533 Rate of growth. 2535 Size. Height. 2536 Form. Shape. Habit. (2547) (Vines.) See 2485. 2560 Texture. (Form and arrangement of leaves.) Cf. 2505 + . 2565 Color. Cf. 2517. 2570 Scent. 2575 Sea.sonal appearance. Cf. 2518. 2576 Spring. 2577 Summer. 2578 Autumn. 2579 Winter. 2580 According to fitness or unfitness for certain environments and requirements. 2581 Climate. Temperature. Use same subdivisions as 1981 + . 52 CLASSIFICATION Elements ... in landscape . . . (continued). Plants (continued). Shrubs (continued). According to . . . environments (continued) . 2585 Sun and shade. 2590 Soil and physical conditions. Use same subdivisions as 1990-200!). 2591 Moisture contents. 2598 Physical conditions. 2604 Chemical characteristics. 2610 Exposure. 2611 Salt spray. 2613 Wind. 2615 Air. Dust. Smoke. Cases. 2620 Relation to disease, injury, insect and fungous attack. Cf. lSfi5 + . 2621 Insect. 2622 Fungous. 2630 According to fitness or unfitness for certain uses. Shrubs for uses not covered above. 2635 ("Specimens.") See 2421. (2638) (Tub plants.) See 2038. 2650 Ground cover. Herbaceous plants, including herbaceous vines. 2700 General. Design. Arrangement of herbaceous plants. Herbaceous plantations. 2705 General. 2710 General special. 2720 Examples of herbaceous plantations. Use 2720 for two or more of the topics given below, e. g., Herbaceous beds and borders. 2724 Borders. Herbaceous borders. Cf. 1S24. 2729 Edgings. Cf. 1829. 53 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Elements ... in landscape . . . (continued). Plants {continued). Herbaceous plants (continued). Examples of herbaceous plantations (cant.) 2731 Flower beds. Herbaceous beds. 2733 Carpet beds. Carpet bedding. 2735 Lawns. Term used here in sense of design-unit, covered with turf. Cf. 2788. 2736 (2741) Turf panels. (Wild gardens.) See 2789 or 4439, ex- cept for photographs. 2750 Planting and culture. Floriculture. Cf. 18.50. 2775 2777 Description. General. Plants of special countries. Geographical arrangement. See note under 1877. (2778) 2780 (Systematic arrangement, according to Bailey.) Special groups. Put monographs here, alphabetically under each group. For Gardens composed of special groups of herbaceous plants, see 44.30+. 2781 Annuals. Cf. 4431. 2782 Biennials. 2783 Perennials. Border Perennials. Peren- nials not otherwise included, etc. Cf. 4433. 2785 Herbaceous vines. Cf. 188.5. 2787 Bulbs. Including lihum, gladiolus, dahlia, etc. Cf. 4437. 2788 Grasses. Including lawn grasses. 2789 Native and naturaUzed plants. "Wild flowers," "wild gardening." Cf. 2048, 4439. 54 CLASSIFICATION Elements ... in landscape . . . (continued). Plants {continued). Herbaceous plants {conlinued). Description {continued) . 2790 Ferns. 2790.5 Mosses, lichens, etc. 2791 Rock and alpine plants, Wall plants. Cf. 4441. 2792 Water plants. Bog and marsh plants go in 2S96. Cf. 4442. 2793 Cut-flower plants. Cf. 4525. 2794 Bedding plants. Cf. 2733, 4444. 2795 Window box plants. Cf. 2040. 2796 Greenhouse (Hothouse) plants. Cf. 2042. 2797 House plants. Cf. 2042. 2798 Sweet herbs. Cf. 2870, 444S. 2799 Vegetables, including decorative use. Let 4.525, Vegetable gardens, attract. 2800 According to characteristics. 2802 Tabulations and lists of herbaceous plants. Plant lists. " Planting tables." 2805 Fohagc. 2814 Fomi. 2816 Texture. 2817 Color. 2820 Flower. 2821 Form. 2822 Color. 2823 Time of bloom. 2824 Scent. 2833 Rate of growth. 2835 Size. Height. Form. Shape. Habit. (2847) (Vines.) See 2785. 55 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Elements ... in landscape . . . [continued). Plants {continued). Herbaceous plants (continued.) Description (contimied) . 2860 Texture. (Form and arrangement of flowers and leaves.) Cf. 2805 + . 2865 Color. Cf. 2814, 282L 2870 Scent. Cf. 2824. 2875 Seasonal appearance. 2876 Spring. 2877 Summer. 2878 Autumn. 2879 Winter (for southern climates). 2880 According to fitness or unfitness for certain environments and requirements. 2881 Climate. Temperature. Use same subdivisions as 1981 +. 2886 Sun and shade. 2890 Soil. Use same subdivisions as 1990-2009. 2891 Moisture contents. For bog gardens, cf. 4443. 2898 Physical conditions. 2904 Chemical characteristics. 2910 Exposure. 2911 Salt spray. 2913 Wind. 2915 Air. Dust. Smoke. Gases. 2920 Relation to disease, injury, insect and fungous attack. Cf. 186.5 + . 2921 Insect. 2922 Fungous. 2930 According to fitness or unfitness for certain uses. See also Special groups, 2780- 2799. 56 CLASSIFICATION Elements ... in landscape . . . {continued). Plants (continued). Herbaceous pl.vnts (continued). According to . . . uses (continued). 2950 Ground cover. Cf. 2050. 2969 Weeds. Cf. 2069. Structuees, in landscape. 3000 General. Collective. Special materials of construction. To be used in any subdivision of structures desired as subarrangement with m. Note special adaptation of this table for use under 3610, Roads, etc. For Earth, see 1431 +, 1784, 3225+, and 3610w8..-). 3000ml Wodd. ml. 5 Rustic. TO 1.8 Thatch. w2 Stucco on wood or metal lath or brick or tile. mS Masonry. mi Brick, mo Stone. m6 Concrete. Cement concrete. Reinforced concrete. ml Terra cotta. Pottery. Tiles. Tesselated work. Mosaic. mS Metal. Ironwork. Leadwork. Bronzework. m9 Other. Combinations, etc. Turf. 3005 Design. 3008 Economic considerations. 3010 Composition. (Esthetic.) 3025 Styles and character. 3040 Construction and maintenance. Buildings for residence and other major USES. 3050 General. Buildings in landscape compositions. Considerations of site. Adaptation to topograph.v, etc. 3054 Building groups. 3054.5 Residential building groups. 57 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Elements ... in landscape . . . (continued). Structures (continued) . 3055 Special buildings. Cf. Library of Congress Class NA, Architecture. In general, buildings will be adequately cared for by Type of landscape designs, according to use, 4000+, where they appear in connection with their grounds, or as general illustrations of Location, Adaptation to topography, etc. The quantity of material on " The House " makes it worth while here to assign that topic a special number. .3060 Residences. Houses. House location. Cf. 4905.1 30(52 Small houses. 3064 Subxirban houses. 3066 Country houses. 3090 Other. Service buildings and other service struc- tures. Cf. 6036, etc., and NAC_.3.568, .3670+. 3100 General. Collective. 3105 Farm buildings. Stables and stable yards, barns and barnyards, sheep-folds, piggeries, henhouses, ice-houses, etc. 3115 Dovecotes, bird-houses, etc. Cf. .576.5. 3117 Apiaries, beehives. 3120 Windmills, water-towers, etc. 3125 Gate-lodges. 3130 Garages and garage yards. 3132 Service yards. 3134 Laundry yards. 3138 Gardener's yards. Compost yards. 3140 Greenhouses. Plant windows. Conserva- tories. Hothouses. Potting sheds.- 3145 Hot beds and cold frames. Cf. 1864. 3149 Other. Including public comfort stations in parks, etc. Cf. CLASSIFICATIOX Elements ... in Landscape . . . {continued). 3150 Pleasure buildings and other pleasure structures. 3153 Outlook towers, gazebos, pagodas, etc. 3155 Pavilions, shelters, etc. Including ca-sini, tempietti, garden temples, tea houses, • summer houses," garden houses, " ruins " in Ro- mantic landscape designs, etc., etc. 3157 Playhouses. 3159 Bandstands. 3160 Pergolas, arbors, etc. 3164 Decorative colonnades, free-standing. 3170 Boat-houses. 3171 Boat-landings. 3172 Bath-houses. Cf. 3449, 6532, 6637. 3180 Orangeries. Stanzoni. 3185 Grottoes. 3190 Mazes, labyrinths, etc. 3195 Garden theaters. 3198 Amphitheaters. Music courts. Outdoor theaters. Stadiums. 3205 Tennis courts. Cf. 6590. 3208 Croquet lawns. Roque courts. Cf. 6592. 3211 Bowling greens. Cf. 6592. 3212 Archery lawns. Cf. 6592. 3217 Parterres. Cf. 2733, 27.34. 3219 Other. Terraces, embankments, and structural SHORE treatment. 3225 General. Cf. 3331, 3631. Terraces, etc. 3230 General. 3232 Terraces. 3234 House terraces. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Elements ... in landscape . . . {continued). Terraces, embankments, etc. (continued). 3240 Sunk panels. 3243 Mounts (as in Tudor gardens) . 3245 Embankments. Structural shore treatment. Shore embank- ments. Cf. 166.5. 3250 General. 3255 Pihng. Bulklieads, ec. (3260) (Retaining walls.) See 3332. 3263 Groynes. 3265 Rip rap. Walls, fences, gates, steps, etc. The subject Steps has been put here rather than with Ways, since it has been found that most of the material treats steps primarily as architectural structures. Pho- lographs go much better here. Cf., however, (3648). 3300 General. Special materials. 3300ml Wood. ml.2 Rail. ml. 3 Lattice. Latticework. Cf. 34.30W1..3. ml. 5 Rustic. m2 Stucco on lath. Stucco on brick or tile. mS Masonry. Stone, brick, etc. to6 Concrete. m7 Terra cotta. mS Metal. m9 Combinations. 3310 Special uses. 3311 Parapets. Cf. 331.5 + . 3314 Details. 3315 Balustrades. 3316 Raihngs. 3316.5 Grilles. 3317 Copings. 60 CLASSIFICATION Elements ... in l.\ndscape ... (continued) . Walls, fences, gates, steps, etc. (continued). 3318 Posts and post-finials. 3319 Niches. Walls. Cf. 4441. 3320 General. Special materials and constructions. 3320TO2 Stucco on brick, tile, wire lath, etc. m4 Brick. mo Stone. mG Concrete. md Combinations. 3330 Special uses. 3331 Retaining walls. C'f. :}22.5 + . 3332 Sea walls. Shore protection retaining walls. 3335 Foundation walls. Fences. 3340 General. Special materials. 3340 ml Wood. m 1 .5 Rustic. w8 Metal. rn8.2 Wire. m9 Combinations. Including garlands between posts, etc. 3345 Special uses. 3346 Sunk fences. "Ha-has." 3348 Back stops, for tennis courts, etc. Cf. 320.5, 6590, etc. Gates and gateways. 3350 General. Special materials. 3350^1 Wood. /h2 Stucco on brick, lath, etc. wi3 Masonry. mi Brick. ^ 61 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Elements ... in landscape . . . {continued). Walls, fences, gates, steps, etc. (continued). Gates and gateways (continued). Special materials (continued). mb Stone. to6 Concrete. m8 Metal. m9 Combinations. 3360 Special uses. 3361 Entrance gates and gateways. 3362 Garden gates. Cf. 3472. 3363 Covered gates and gateways. Lych gates. 3370 Stiles. 3373 Turnstiles. Steps, ramps, perrons, etc. Cf. (3648). 3375 General. 3376 General special. 3377 Steps in relation to traffic. Sizes, etc. 3378 Steps as architectural elements. Special materials. 3380ml Wood. m4 Brick. m5 Stone. m6 Concrete. /n9 Combinations. Turf. 3390 Special forms of steps. 3393 Special forms of slope steps. Perrons 3395 Special forms of ramps. Cf. 3451, Water ramps. Minor accessory structures. 3400 General. 3405 PRUyjARILY FOR SERVICE PURPOSES. Se accessories. Cr. 3700 + , subtopics: Details. 3418 Hitching posts, mounting blocks, etc. 62 CLASSIFICATION Elements ... in landscape . . . (continued). Minor accessory structures {continued). Primarily for service purposes {continued). 3419 Drinking fountains, watering troughs. Cf. (34-17.1). 3420 Tree guards, tree grating? 3421 Lawn guard.s. 3424 Other. Primarily for ornamental and pleasure purposes. " Garden furniture." 3425 General. For printed matter, let .342,5 attract over 30()0 even if a book has a few pergolas and fences in it. 3428 General special. Details of design, e. g., Pedestals. 3430 Special materials. 3430ml Wood. ml. 3 Lattices, trellises, treillage, etc. mS Stone. Concrete. Terra cotta, etc. m4 Brick. tno Stone. m6 Concrete. ml Terra cotta. Pottery. Garden potterj-. mS Metal. m9 Other. 3440 Monuments. Commemorativf structures which are not statuarj-, fountains, etc., or collective material, including statuarj-, etc. Cf. 5916. Fountains, pools, basins, cascades, aque- ducts. Architectural and sculptural water features. " Ornamental water." 3445 General. 3446 Fountains. Water jets. 3447 Wall fountains. (3447.1) (.Drinking fountains.) See 3419. 63 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Elements ... in landscape . . . {continued). Minor accessory structures {continued). Primarily for ornamental and pleasure purposes {contiriued) . Fountains, pools, basins, etc. {continued). 3448 Pools, basins, garden canals (if simply elongated basins), " fish ponds," etc. Cf. 1680. 3449 Swimming pools. 3450 Cascades. Artificial. Cf. 1696. 3451 Water ramps. 3452 Garden aqueducts. Monumental aqueducts would be (■lassifio- of Congress Classification, where subtopics occur as follows: — 3.51ti 3517 3518 3519 3520 3521 3522 3523 3524 .\rehes and arched bridges. Beams and girders. Trestles. Trussed bridges. Cantilever. Tubular. Suspension. Draw. Other. 3525 Special uses. 3526 Road. 3527 Foot. 3529 Railroad. 3534 Other. Tunnels. 3550 General. 3556 Road tunnels. 3557 Foot. 3559 Railroad. 3564 Other. 65 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Elements ... in landscape . . . {continued). Roads, paths, etc. Ways. Cf. NAC 2050+, and Library of Congress Class TE. 3t)00 General. 3601 Cleneral special. 3602 3603 3604 3605 3606 (3607) 3608 (3609) 3610 3610ml w4 m5 mQ mQ.2 r«6.5 m7.5 mS.5 m9 3613 Cf. 570. General. Topographical considerations. Adaptation to topography in location, form, and gradient. Traffic considerations. Adaptation to traffic in form, width, and surface. Form on plan. Curves, turns, angles and junctions. Cf. 3627. Cross-section. Width. Crown. (Surface treatment.) See 3610+ . Roadside grading. Including berms. Cf. 1780. (Roadside planting.) See 1848. Construction and maintenance. Pavements. General. Including questions of types of road surface, dura- bility, ease of repair, relation to traffic, water runoff, heat and cold, etc., and also choice of color, te.xture, etc. Cf. 3615. Special materials. Adapted, with as little change as possible, to avoid conflict with table given 3000?nl, etc. Wood. Brick. Tile. Stone. Cement. Cement concrete. Asphalt. Bituminous. Coal tar. Broken stone. Telford. Macadam. Earth, gravel, cinder. Other. Turf, tan bark, shells, etc. Road binders, ing. 66 Dust prevention. Water- CLASSIFICATION Elements ... in landscape . . . (continued). Roads, paths, etc. (continued). Construction and maintenance, etc. (contin^d). 3615 Decorative surface treatment. Ornamental pavements. Ill general, including ornamental pavements of courts, etc. Cf. note under 3610 above, and 3642. 3620 Details. E. g., Planting strips. Curbs. Gutters. Buffers. Cf. subdivision: Details under Pipes, etc., 3728, 3733, 3743, etc. 3622 Road signs. Roads. Cf. 6039, etc. 3625 General. 3627 Entrance roads. Approach roads. En- trance turns. " Front turns." Turn arounds. Cf. 3605. 3627.1 Forecourts. 3628 Service roads. Service turns. Cf. 3132, 3605. 3631 Causeways. 3632 " Woodroads." 3633 Lanes. 3634 Bridle paths. 3635 Bicycle paths. 3636 Trails. Footpaths. Paths. Walks. Cf. 4331, 6039, etc. 3640 General. 3642 Ornamental pavement of walks and paths. Cf. 361.'-.. 3643 Entrance walks and paths. 3645 Paths for rock planting. 3646 Stepping stones. (3648) (Steps.) See 3375 + . Pipes, Conduits, Wires. Cf. NAC2850 + . 3700 General. 3710 Pipes. Piping. Subsurface utilities. Including electric conduits. 67 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Elements ... in landscape . . . (continued). Pipes, Conduits, Wires (continued). 3715 3718 Wires. Wiring. Overhead wires. Pole lines. (3720) Special utilities. Water supply. Water pipes. 3725 3728 General. Details. A', g., Hydrants. Cf. 344.5 + . Sewerage, drainage, and irrigation. Sewer and drain pipes. 3730 3733 General. Details. E. g., manholes. 3735 3738 Sewerage and sewage treatment. General. Details. 3740 3741 3743 Surface drainage. Storm-water drainage. General. Rainfall data. Details. E. g., Drain-inlets, catch-basins, culverts, etc. Subsurface drainage. Cf. 1854. 3745 3748 General. Details. Irrigation. Cf. 1S.54 + . 3750 3753 General. Details. 3755 3758 3760 3762 3763 Lighting, heating, and power. General. Details. Lighting. Heating. Central heating. 68 CLASSIFICATION Elements ... in landscape . . . {continued). Pipes, Conduits, Wires (continued). Lighting, heating, and power (continued). (3764) (Power.) See 3773. 3768 Gas Ughting and heating. Gas pipes. 3772 Electric lighting, heating and power. Electric conduits, poles and wires. For over- head wires, let 3718 attract. 3773 Electric power supply. Telephone. 3775 General. 3778 Details. Other. 3795 General. 3798 Details. 3800 Other elements. 38L5 People. E. g., crowds as an element in design, as at Versailles. 3825 Animals. E. g., Sheep in the landscape, Waterfowl, etc. 3840 Other. Types of l.\ndscape. Landscape characters. Natural scenery. " Free landscape." Cf. 1050. A few examples only are given to suggest the kind of topics which may be added by the individual user. 3900 General. 3905 General special. 3910 Types according to dominant ground forms AND topography. 3915 Prairies. 3920 Types .\ccording to dominant vegetation. 3925 Woodland types. Esthetic forestrv. Cf. 214.5. 3930 Types according to cumate. 3935 Tropical landscape. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Types of landscape (continued). 3940 Types according to effect of human occupa- tion AND activities. 3945 Pastoral landscape. Pastures. 3948 Meadow landscape. Meadows. 3975 Types according to locality. Geographical arrangement. Use Geographical Talilo, with y. ; c. g., New England, Types of landscape designs, according to use, including examples. 4000 General. Collective. 4001 Special countries. Use here Geographical Table with g, which may also be used throughout types lor local material, including plans and photofcraphs. /•.'. 1 tho land subdivision n\imbers attract. 4920 Construction and maintenance. Estate manjigenipnt may be chussified hero. ("f. 0495). 4922 Cost. House lots (up to one acre). 4925 General. 4930 Designed collectively. Cf, 4918. Prefer 7r00. 4935 Special countries. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Types op landscape designs, according to use, including examples (continued). Private estates (continued). House lots (up to one acre) (continued). (4940) (Designed individually.) See 4900+ . 4945 Special countries. Plans and descriptions of individual estates. Suburban estates. Small estates (one to ten acres). 4975 General. 4980 Designed collectively. Including Summer polonies. ('1.4918. Prefer 7100. 4985 Special countries. Plans and descriptions of individual estates. (4990) (Designed individually.) See 4900+. 4995 Special countries. Country estates. Large estates (over ten acres) . 5025 General. 5045 Special countries. (5046) (Special kinds.) 5047 Castle grounds. 5048 Private estate reserves. Private parks. Game preserves. Deer parks. Cf. 6122. Farms. 5050 General. 5055 Design. 5070 Construction and maintenance. Farm management may be classified here. Cf. (1495). 5075 Examples. 5100 Country club grounds, golf clubs. 5105 Design. 5120 Construction and maintenance. 5125 Examples. 5150 Hotel grounds, country, seashore, etc. Sum- mer hotels. 5155 Design. 5170 Construction and maintenance. 5175 Examples. 76 CLASSIFICATION Types of landscape designs, according to use, including examples (continued) . 5180 Recreation camps. 5185 Design. 5190 Construction and maintenance. 5195 Examples. 5200 Hospital, asvlc.m. sanitarium, etc., grounds. Further subdivision may be made here if desired for special types of asylums, sanitariums, etc. : e. j., Poor farms, Animal homes, etc. Prefer NAB 5200+ to NAC 4645 in a library using both \.\B and XAC Classification Schemes. 5205 Design. 5220 Construction and maintenance. 5225 Examples. 5250 College, university, private school grounds. 5255 Design. 5270 Construction and maintenance. 5275 Examples. 5300 Church grounds. Prefer to NAC 4650. Cf. .5900 + . 5305 Design. 5320 Construction and maintenance. 5325 Examples. 5400 Factory grounds. Prefer to NAC 4655. 5405 Design. 5420 Construction and maintenance. 5425 Examples. 5450 Railroad grounds. Including station grounds and rights of wav. Prefer to NAC 2487, etc. 5455 Design. 5470 Construction and maintenance. 5475 Examples. Grounds of public buildings. Prefer to XAC 4623. 5500 General. Collective. 5510 Capitol, city-hall, court-house grounds, etc. 5515 Design. 5520 Construction and maintenance. 5525 Examples. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Types of landscape designs, according to use, including examples {continued) . Grounds of public buildings (continued). 5530 Library and museum grounds. 5535 Design. 5540 Construction and maintenance. 5545 Examples. 5550 Public ' school grounds. a. 4460, School gardens, and 6560, .School playgrounds. 5555 Design. 5560 Construction and maintenance. 5565 Examples. 5590 Other. 5600 Exposition grounds. Prefer to NAC 3724. 5605 Design. 5620 Construction and maintenance. 5625 Examples. 5650 Fair grounds, state, county, and other. 5655 Design. 5670 Construction and maintenance. 5675 Examples. 5700 .\musement parks. Prefer to NAC 4290. 5705 Design. 5720 Construction and maintenance. 5725 Examples. 5730 Open air concert gardens. Tea gardens. Outdoor restaurants. Prefer to NAC 4280. 5735 Design. 5740 Construction and maintenance. 5745 Examples. 5750 ZoOLOGIC.\L PARKS. Prefer to NAC 4270. 5755 Design. 5765 vBuildings, including Aviaries, Aquariums, etc. ' The word public is here used in the American sense. The great British ' public schools " should be classified with private schools, 5250+. 78 CLASSIFICATION Types of l.\ndscape design, according to use, including examples (continued). Zoological parks (continued). 5770 Construction and maintenance. 5775 Examples. 5800 Botanical gardens. " Museum " gardens. Prefer to NAC 4265. 5805 Design. 5820 Construction and maintenance. 5825 Examples. 5850 .Vrboretums. 5855 Design. 5870 Construction and maintenance. 5875 Examples. Cemeteries. Prefer to \AC 4480 + . Cf. 5300+. 5900 General. Collective. 5902 Proceedings of societies, conferences, etc. 5903 Administration. Regulations. Design. 5905 General. 5907 Styles. 5908 Formal. Architectural. 5909 Informal. Park cemeteries. 5910 Elements. 5911 Ground forms, including water. 5913 Plants. Cemeterj^ planting. 5914 Lots. 5915 Structures. 5916 Monuments. Inoluding headstones and markers. Cf. 3440. 5917 Buildings. Chapels. Columbariums. Mausoleums. 5918 Roads and paths. 5920 Cemeteries in special environments. 5921 According to climate. 5922 According to topography. 5929 According to race, religion, etc. 5940 Construction and maintenance. 5945 Examples. 79 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Types of landscape designs, according to use, including examples (continued). Drill grounds, etc. Cf. NAC 4395. 5950 General. 5955 Design. 5960 Construction and maintenance. 5965 Examples. Public and semi-public reservations, parks, playgrounds, and other outdoor public recreation facilities. Cf. the classification of Parks and reservations provided in the NAC Classification Scheme, 4000 + . A library using both N.\B and NAC Schemes, should prefer NAB 6000+ for matters of internal design; but park systems, relation of parks to distribution of population and to other elements of the city plan should be classified in NAC 4000 +. 6000 General. (Collective. 6001 General special. Including Nomenclature. 6002 Periodicals. 6005 Proceedings of Societies, Conferences, etc. 6009 Statistics. 6010 Special aspects. E. g., sociological, economic. I'se of parks. 6014 Legislation. Creating parks, etc. Administration. Management. 6015 General. 6016 Commissions. 6018 Regulations. 6020 Reports. Discussions of form or value of jjark reports, etc. In- dividual local reports go in 6800 + . 6022 Concessions. Granting of privileges, etc., i . g., camping privileges. Cf. 5180 + , .57.30+. 6025 Design. The subarrangement of topics imder Park design. General, is repeated under Large parks, 6325+, and Small parks, 6425+, to provide for a minute classifi- cation of notes, if desired. For an ordinary collection 6025+ will be found more convenient in use. CLASSIFICATION Ti'PES OF LANDSCAPE DESIGNS, ACCORDING TO USE, including examples (continued). Public and semi-public reservations, parks, ETC. (continued). Design (continued). 6026 Sites. 6027 Styles. 6028 Formal. 6029 Naturalistic. Landscape parks. Cf. 3900 + . 6030 Elements. 6031 Ground forms, including water. 6033 Plants, Park planting. 6034 Picnic groves, music groves, etc. 6034.5 Gardens. Displays of herbaceous plants. 6035 Structures. 6036 Buildings. Including rest houses, shelters, band stands, restaurants, service buildings, etc. Cf. 3105, 3150 + . 6037 Park furniture. Lighting, seats, etc., statuary and monuments in parks. 6038 Bridges. 6039 Roads, paths, entrances, etc. Construction and maintenance. 6040 General. 6041 Cost. Cost accounting. 6045 Special considerations. E. g., Soil fertility, sprinkling. Cf. 1853+ . Reservations. Public reserved land not developed for intensive recre- ative use. Prefer to NAC 4150 + . 6100 General. 6103 Administration. Regulations. 6107 Examples according to ownership. 6110 National. National parks and " National monuments." Cf. 6135, National forests. 6115 State. Provincial for Canada, etc. 6120 County, metropoUtan, and municipal. General only. Local reports go in 6800 + . 81 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Types of landscape designs, according to use, including examples {continued). Public and semi-public reservations, parks, ETC. {continued). Reservations {continued). Examples according to ownership {continued). 6122 Private. Club. Proprietary. E. g., reservations of Appalachian Mountain Club. 6124 Other. Forest and water-supply reservations. 6125 General. Forest reservations. 6126 General. 6128 Administration. Regulations. 6130 Design. . Cf. 392.-. 6131 Construction and maintenance. Cf. 23.50. 6132 Examples. According to ownership. 6135 National. National forests. Cf. 6110, National parks. 6137 State. 6139 Municipal. 6141 Private. 6144 Other. Water-supply reservations. Watershed reservations. Reservoirs. 6150 General. 6155 Watershed reservations. 6158 Administration. Regulations. 6160 Design. 6161 Construction and maintenance. 6162 Examples. 6165 Reservoir reservations. Cf. G210+, Lake reservations and parks. 6165 is for material from special point of view of water supply. 6168 Administration. Regulations, 6170 Design. 82 CLASSIFICATION Types of landscape designs, according to use, including examples (continued). Public and semi-public reservations, parks, etc. (continued). Forest and water-supply reservations (continued). Reservoir reservations (continued). 6171 Construction and maintenance. 6172 Examples. 6190 Scenic reservations. Preservation of land- scape. Shore reservations. Cf. 6600 +. Shore reservations, as distinguished from Recreational waterfronts, are areas not de- veloped for intensive recreation but preserved primarily as naturalistic landscape. 6200 6203 General. Administration. Regulations. 6205 Seashore reservations. Cf. 1670, 6655. 6207 6208 6209 Design. Construction and maintenance. Examples. 6210 Lake and pond reservations. Cf. 1680-t-, 6165, 6660. 6212 6213 6214 Design. Construction and maintenance. Examples. 6215 River reservations. Stream reserva- tions. Waterfall reservations. Cf. I690-I696, 6665. 6217 6218 6219 Design. Construction and maintenance. Examples. 6230 6232 6233 6234 Hill and mountain reservations. Hilltop reservations. Cf. 17(50 + . Design. Construction and maintenance. Examples. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Types of landscape designs, according to use, including examples {continued). Public and seju-public reservations, parks, ETC. {continued). Places containing special natural fea- tures AND features OF HISTORIC IN- TEREST. For " National monuments" as the term is used in the United States, prefer 61 10. 6240 General. 6244 Natural features. Natural monuments. Cf. 6126+, 6200 + . 6246 Historic features. 6250 Reservations for the preservation of animal and bird life, .'vnd plant life. 6252 Animal life. 6254 Bird life. Bird sanctuaries. 6256 Plant life. Reservations for preservation of typical flora. 6260 Reservations for defence. Military resen'ations. 6270 Reserv^ations for other special purposes. Large parks. Prefer to NAC 4240. 6300 General. 6310 Special aspects. Use. Uses for purposes other than the jiriniary use, etc 6315 6325 Administration. Regulations. Design. See note under 602.5. 6326 Sites. 6327 6328 styles. Formal. 6329 6330 Naturalistic. Large landscape parks. Country parks. Elements. 6331 6333 6334 Ground forms, including water. Plants. Park planting. Picnic groves. Music groves, etc. 84 CLASSIFICATION Types of landscape designs, according to use, including examples {continued). Public and semi-public reservations, parks, ETC. {continued). Large PARKS. {continued). « Design {continued). Elements {continued). 6335 Structures. 6336 Buildings. 6337 Park furniture. Lighting. Seats, etc. Statuary- and monuments. 6338 Bridges. 6339 Roads, paths, entrances, etc. 6340 Construction and maintenance. 6341 Cost. 6350 Examples. 6353 Formal. 6355 Naturalistic. Landscape parks. Country parks. Small parks. Commons, garden squares, neighborhood parks, public gardens. Not developed for active recreation. Prefer to XAC 4250 +. 6400 General. 6415 Administration. Regulations. 6425 Design. See note under 6025. 6426 Sites. 6427 Styles. 6428 Formal. 6429 NaturaUstic. Small landscape parks. 6430 Elements. 6431 Ground forms, including water. 6533 Plants. Park planting. 6435 Structures. 6436 Buildings. 6437 Park furniture, etc. Statuary, mon- uments, etc. 6438 Bridges. 6439 Roads, malls, paths, entrances, etc. 85 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Types of landscape designs, according to use, including examples (continued). Public and semi-public reservations, parks, etc. {continued). Small parks, etc. [continued). 6440 Construction and maintenance. 6441 Cost. 6450 Examples. Playgrounds, athletic fields, and provi- sions FOR special sports. Prefer to NAC 4300 +. 6500 General. 6502 Periodicals. 6505 Proceedings of societies, etc. 6509 Statistics. 6510 Special aspects. E. g., Physiological and social value of playgrounds. 6515 Administration. Regulations. Playground management. 6520 Games, etc. Theory of play, etc. Cf. 6580 +. Design. 6525 General. 6526 Sites. 6527 Styles. 6530 Elements. Equipment, in general. 6531 Ground surface. Surfacing. 6532 Swimming pools. Wading pools, etc. 6533 Plants. Playground planting. 6535 Structures. 6536 Buildings. Gymnasiums, fieldhouses, etc. 6537 Fences. Screens. Details, etc. 6538 Apparatus. 6539 Other. Including lighting of playgrounds. 6540 Construction and maintenance. 6541 Cost. 6550 Examples according to types of use. 6555 Recreation centers. Neighborhood centers. Combining provision for all ages. CLASSIFICATION Types of landscape designs, according to use, including examples {continued). Public and semi-public reservations, parks, etc. {continued). Playgroltstds, athletic fields, etc. {cont'd). 6560 School playgrounds. 6564 Roof playgrounds. 6565 Playgrounds for little children. Block in- terior playground;^. 6567 Home playgrounds. 6570 Restricted playfields. 6575 Playfields. Athletic fields. Fields for special sports. Grounds for sports and games. Cf. 3198. Data on sports and games may be grouped here. 6580 General. 6581 Football. Football fields. 6582 Baseball. Baseball fields. 6583 Cricket. Cricket grounds. 6584 Field and track. Areas for field events. Running tracks. 6585 Racing. Race-tracks. Race-courses. 6586 Motor race-tracks. 6587 Polo. Polo fields. 6588 Aviation. Aviation fields. 6589 Golf. Golf courses. Golf links. 6590 Tennis. Tennis courts. Cf. 3205. 6592 Bowling greens, grass rinks, archery lawns, etc. Cf. 3208-3212. 6593 Provision for winter sports. Areas for coasting, tobogganing, etc. Ice skat- ing rinks, hockey rinks, etc. 6594 Other. Put here such provision for sport as hockey fields, basket-ball fields, casting pools, etc. 6595 Playgrounds, etc., of special countries, cities, including special playground reports. Use Geographical Table with g. 87 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Types of landscape designs, according to use, including examples (continued). Public and semi-public reservations, parks, etc. {continued). Water parks. Recreational waterfronts. Cf. 6200 +. Water parks are developed for intensive use. NAC 4370+ may be used instead of NAB G600+, if it is desired to keep Recreational and Commercial waterfronts in close sequence. 6600 6615 6625 6630 6631 General. Administration. Regulations. Design. Elements. Shores. Bathing beaches. Cf. 1703. 6633 6635 6636 6637 Plants. Waterfront planting. Structures. Recreation piers. Bath-houses (Public). Cf. 3172. 6638 Boat-houses (Public). Cf. 3170 6639 Other. 6640 6650 6655 Construction and maintenance. Examples. Seashore parks. Cf. 1670, 620.5 +. 6660 Tjake and pond parks. Cf. 1680+, 6210+. 6665 6799 River parks. Cf. 1690+, 6215 + . Other. 6800 Parks of special countries and cities. Geo- graphical arrangement. Including reports of park commissions. Use Geographical Table, p. 93, changing the initial 47 in each case to 68 and 48 to 69; c. g., Park reports of cities in the United States should be numbered 6827. The Geographical Table given in the NAC Classification, p. 77, will be found even more convenient, as it can be used for local park re- ports exactly as it stands, prefixing NAB. CLASSIFICATION Landscape designs in larger public problems of the arrangement of land. 7000 General. 7100 IjAND SUBDIVISION, FOR RESIDENTIAL PURPOSES. Cf. NAC 1675+, 3380+. The NAC numbers should be preferred to NAB 7100 in any collection dealing consider- ably with public problems. 7500 Town and city planning. Village planning. Cf. NAC Classification. See description on p. 7 of the preface to this NAB Scheme. 8500 Regional planning. Or material may be classified in N.\C .5560 (a new num- ber). 8700 Rural planning. Or material may be classified with NAC 5560. 8900 State planning. Provincial planning. Or material may be classified with NAC 5560. 9000 National planning. Or material may be classified with NAC .5560. 9200 National roads. Cf. Library of Congress Class TE. (9400) (National parks, forests, etc.) See 6110, 6135, etc. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE CLASSIFICATION GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE Adapted from Table II given in X Classification Scheme of the Library of Congress, and corresponding to the geographical table used in the City Planning Classification (NAC. See note on p. 77 of that scheme). Owing to the fact that some of the changes in boundaries caused by the World War may not prove durable, and also that almost no recent material has appeared from the countries most substantially affected, it has seemed best to repeat the Table prac- tically as used for NAC, giving the countries as they existed on January 1, 1914, but italicizing those areas now undergoing essential territorial change. si America. West Indies {contmtieti). gs North America. 957 Porto Rico. 95 United States. 958 Other. ?6 U. S. Colonial.* 959 South America. By sections. 961 -Argentine Repubhc. 963 Bolivia. See note under »27. Cities. below. 965 Brazil. fflO New England. 967 Chile. »11 South. 969 Colombia. <7l4 Central. 971 Ecuador. ffl7 West. 973 Guiana. gl9 Pacific States. 975 Paraguay. ?25 States A-Z. 977 Peru. 927 Cities A-Z. 979 Uruguay. It is most convenient to arrange 981 Venezuela. material alphabetically by cities 983 Europe. as far as possible. 985 Great Britain, England 929 Canada. 987 England. Local. ?31 Mexico. 989 Scotland. !733 Central America. 991 Ireland. S35 British Honduras. 993 Wales. ff37 Costa Rica. 995 Austria-Hungan/. »39 Guatemala. 997 France. 941 Honduras. 999 Germaiiii. 943 Nicaragua. 9101 Greece. 945 Salvador. 9103 Italy. 946 Panama. 9105 Netherlands. 947 AVest Indies. 9107 Holland. 949 Bahamas. 9109 Belgium. Flanders. 951 Cuba. 9IIO PoUiMl. 953 Haiti. 9III Russia. 955 Jamaica. 9II3 Scandinavia. Although an historical not a geographical subdi\-iaion. it is used here for < 91 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Europe — Scandinavia (cont'd). Asia. The Orient (continued). SllS Denmark. gl51 Southern Asia. India. Ceylon gin Iceland. 9153 Indo-China. 9119 Norway. 3I55 French Indo-China. gl21 Sweden. 9I57 Indonesia. Malaysia. gl25 Spain. Spain and Portugal. 9I59 Dutch East Indies. 9125 Portugal. 9I6I Philippines. gl27 Switzerland. 9163 Eastern Asia. gl29 T^lrkey. 9165 China. 9131 Other Balkan States. 9167 Japan. <7l33 Bulgaria. gim Northern Asia. Siberia. gl35 Montenegro. Ru.isia in Asia. <7l37 Rumania. 9I73 Africa. ffl39 Serbia. 9I75 North. ffl41 Others. 9I77 South. 9143 Asia. The Orient. 9I79 Australia. ffU.i Southwestern Asia. Levant. 9I8I New Zealand. Asia Minor. Turkey in Asia. 9183 Pacific Islands. 9147 Persia. 9184 Special A-Z. gU9 Central Asia. ESTATES AND GARDENS GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT under Geographical Table. 4701 America. South America (continued). 4703 North America. 4775 Paraguay. 4705 United States. 4777 Peru. 4706 U. S. Colonial.* 4779 Uruguay. By sections. 4781 Venezuela. To be used only if desired. See note under 4727. Cities. 4783 Europe. 4710 4711 4714 New England. South. Central. 4785 4787 4789 Great Britain. England. England. Local. Scotland. 4717 West. 4791 Ireland. 4719 4725 4727 Pacific States. States A-Z. Cities A-Z. 4793 4795 4797 Wales. Austria-Hungary. France. 4799 Germany. It is most convenient to arrange material alphabetically by cities 4801 Greece. as far as possible. 4803 Italy. 4729 Canada. 4805 Netherlands. 4731 Mexico. 4807 Holland. 4733 Central America. 4809 Belgium. Flanders. 4735 British Honduras. 4810 Poland. 4737 Costa Rica. 4811 Riuf-fia. 4739 Guatemala. 4813 Scandinavia. 4741 Honduras. 4815 Denmark. 4743 Nicaragua. 4817 Iceland. 4745 Salvador. 4819 Norway. 4746 Panama. 4821 Sweden. 4747 West Indies. 4823 Spain. Spain and Portugal. 4749 Bahamas. 4825 Portugal. 4751 Cuba. 4827 Switzerland. 4753 Haiti. 4829 Turkey. 4755 Jamaica. 4831 Other Balkan St(Ue.i. 4757 Porto Rico. 4833 Bulgaria. 4758 Other. 4835 Montenegro. 4759 South America. 4837 Rumania. 4761 Argentine Republic. 4839 Serbia. 4763 Bolivia. 4841 Others. 4765 Brazil. 4843 Asia. The Orient. 4767 Chile. 4845 Southwestern Asia. Levant 4769 Colombia. Asia Minor. Turkey in Asia 4771 Ecuador. 4847 Persia. 4773 Guiana. 4849 Central Asia. subdivision, it is used here for convenience. 9 3 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Asia. The Orient {continiKd). Asia. The Orient (conlimwd) 4851 Southern Asia. India. Ceylon. 4869 Northern Asia. Siberia. 4853 Indo-China. Russia in Asia. 4855 French Indo-Chin.i. 4873 Africa. 4857 Indonesia. Malaysia. 4875 North. 4859 Dutch East Indies. 4877 South. 4861 Philippines. 4879 Australia. 4863 Eastern Asia. 4881 New Zealand. 4865 CJhina. 4883 Pacific Islands. 4867 .lapan. 4884 Special A-Z. ALPHABETIC LIST OF SUBJECT HEADINGS AND INDEX TO THE CLASSIFICATION SCHEME LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE ALPHABETIC LIST OF SUBJECT HEADINGS AND INDEX TO THE CLASSIFICATION SCHEME INTRODUCTORY NOTE The following list of topics sen'es as an alphabetic index to subjects covered in the classification scheme and also as a set of standard subject headings which may be used for a card index or dictionary catalogue in office or library. The standard form of subject heading selected to designate each topic is indicated by the appearance of a number (or num- bers) directly after the heading. From all other topics given, cross-references (beginning, " see ") have been made to these chosen subject headings. In addition " See also " cross-references have been suggested for the user's con- venience. In case a card index is made according to the standard subject headings, these see also references would point the way to books or pictures indexed under the affili- ated topics referred to. The pa renthes is about numbers has been used to indicate a place usually less desirable for classifjing material than the other number or numbers given for the same topic. In the case of Plants, the construction of the classification scheme makes it possible to classify very minutely, if de- sired; but usually the numbers in parentheses for Plant topics can be disregarded for ordinary librarj' purposes. ^Micre two or more numbers (none being in parentheses) are given for a topic, these alternative numbers should be looked up in the Classification Scheme itself and a choice made before materials is actually classified. The chosen form of subject headings for topics appearing in the Summary Outline to the Classification Scheme are designated by double stars in this index. Subheads have been shown in italic type, conforming to Library of Congress practice. They should be underlined when used in card index headings. 97 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE There are a number of standard subheads which may be used with many major topics — such subheads as Bibliog- raphy; Construction and maintenance; Construction and maintenance. Cost; Design; Nomenclature; Plans; Statis- tics; etc.; and similarly Geographical subdivisions. These have been printed in the following list only where found justified by amount of existing reference material. They may, however, be used as freely as necessary, in a way similar to that shown. See under Landscape architecture, or Parks. ALPHABETIC LIST OF SUBJECT HEADINGS AND INDEX TO THE CLASSIFICATION SCHEME > numbers of topics in the scheme Accents, in landscape composition, see Landscape composition, 1196. Access, see Roads; Paths, etc.; 3600- (3648). Accounting, Park, see Parks — Con- struclion and mainlcnana:. Cost accounUng, 6041. Accounting systems in landscape architect's office, see Land- scape architecture — Profes- sional practice. Office organi- zation and equipment, 1234. Addresses on landscape architecture, see Landscape architecture; Landscape architecture — Lec- liircs, 265-270. Advertising, in professional practice of landscape architecture, see Landscape architecture — Pro- fessioiud practice. Advertising j and publicity, 1223. ] Aerial perspective, see Atmosphere — In landscape composition, 1156. Aerial photography, see Photography, Aerial, 1244. Aerial surveying, see Surveying, Photographic, Aerial, 1244. Alices, 2130-2131. Sec also Pleached alleys. Aliihabets, see Lettering, 1310. Alpine gardens, see Gardens, Alpine, 4441. Alpine plants, see Plants, Alpine, 2003. American Colonial styles of landscape design, see Landscape design — Styles. A merican Colonial, 2'i9g6. American landscape stj-le, see Land- scape design — Styles. American landscape style. Olmsted, 239. Amphitheaters, 3198. See cd-'io Stadiums; Theaters, Outdoor. Amusement parks,** 5700-5725. Ancient historj^ of landscape archi- tecture, see Landscape archi- tecture — History. .Ancient, 215-224. Animals — In landscape, 3825. Animals** — Reservations for prptec- tion, 6252. Announcements, Professional, of the landscape architect, see Land- scape architecture — Profes- sional practice. Announce- ments, 1224. Annuals (herbaceous plants), see Her- baceous plants. Annual, 2781. Apiaries, 3117. Appreciation of landscape, see Land- scape appreciation, 1020. Aquariums, 5765. Aquatic plants, see Plants, Water, (1997), 2792. Aqueducts, Garden, 3452. Arborescent plants, see Shrubs, 24(K)- 2650. Arboretums,** 5850^5875. See also Botanical gardens. Arboriculture, 2150. Sec also Forests and forestry; Horticulture; Tree planting; Trees. Arbors, 3160. See also Peregolas; Pleached alleys; Seats, Covered. Archery lawns, 3212, 6592. Arches, Garden, see Garden arches, 3472. '■ .\rehitecturar' styles of landscape design, see Landscape design — Stvle.'s. Formal, 1036. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Architecture (Library of Congress Classification, NA). See also Buildings. Architecture, Domestic (NA). See also Houses. Architecture, Public (NA). See also Public buildings. Arctic vegetation, see Vegetation^ Arc- tic, 1985, etc. Artificial rockwork, see Rockwork, Artificial, 1775. Asphalt pavements, see Pavements, Asphalt, 3610m6.2. Asylums — Grounds, see Hospitals, asylums, etc. — Grounds, 5200-5225. Athletic fields,** 6575. 5«e aJso Playgrounds; Sports and games — Grounds. Atmosphere — In landscape composi- tion, 1156, 1540. See also Sky, clouds, etc. Atmospheric perspective, see Atmos- phere — In landscape compo- sition, 1156. Automobile camping grounds, see Camps, Recreation, 5180-5195. Automobiles, 3604. See also Parks — Roads and paths, Roads; Turnarounds. Autumn foliage, see Plants — Foliage Autumn, 1918; Trees — Sea- sonal appearance. Autumn 2218. Autumn gardens, see Gardens — Sea- sonal effects. Autumn, 4394. Avenues, .see AUdes, 2130; Roads, entrance to estates, etc., 3627. Aviaries, 5765. Aviation fields, 6588. A.xial arrangements — //; landscape composition, 1182. Babylonian gardens, .see Gardens, Ancient; Landscape architec- ture — History. Ancient; Land- scape design — Styles. Egyptian and Mesopotamian; 217. Backgrounds, in landscape composi- tion, see Landscape composi- tion, 1179. , 3348. See also Baseball grounds; Ten- nis courts; etc. Backyard gardens, see Gardens, Back- yard, 4384. Balance in landscape composition, see Landscape composition, 1123- 1126, 1182. Balustrades, 3315. See also Parapets. Bandstands, 3159 Banks (Earth), 1782-1784. :iH(lscape design — N////. s. Iliilian Renaissance. Baroque, 232. Baseball fields, 6582. Basins, see Pools, basins, etc., 3448- 3449. Basketball fields, 6594. Bath-houses, 3172. Bath-houses, Public, 6637. Bathing beaches, 6631. Bays, see Shores, 1701. Beaches, 1702-1705. See also Bathing beaches, " Beautiful," The, see Landscape de- sign — Esthetic theory; Land- scape effects; 1065. Beauty, in landscape, see Landscape design — Esthetic theory, 1010- 1079. Bedding plants, 2794. See also Carpet beds. Beds ( Plant) , see Bedding plants, 2794 ; Carpet beds, 2733; Herbaceous beds and borders, 2724, 2731; Shrub beds, 2423. Bee-attracting plants, see Plants, Bee- attracting, 2060. Beehives, see Apiaries, 3117. Benches, Garden, see Seats, Garden, 3482. Berms, see Banks (Earth), 1782-1784; Roadside grading, 3608. 100 SUBJECT HEADINGS AND INDEX Berries, see. Plants — Fruit, 1925, etc. Bibliography of landscape architec- ture, see Landscape architec- ture — Bibliography, 0. Bicycle paths, 3635. Biennials (herbaceous ])lants), .see Herbaceous plants, Biennial, 2782. Billboards, 575. Biography of landscape architecture, see Landscape architecture — Biography, 200-205. Bird-attracting plants, xee Plants, Bird-attracting, 2059. Bird-baths, 3458. Bird gardens, see Gardens, Bird, 44(55. Bird-houses, 3115. Bird sanctuaries,** 6254. Birdseye perspectives, see Perspective drawings, Birdseye, 1274. Birdseye views, .see Perspective draw- ings, Birdseye, 1274. Bituminous pavements, see Pave- ments, Bituminous, 3610m6.2. " Black-line " prints, see Reproduction of drawings — Prints, 1304. Blasting, 1434. Block-interior playgrounds, see Play- grounds, Block-interior, 6565. Blue prints, see Reproduction of draw- ings— Prin(«, 1.301. Boat-houses, 3170. Boat-houses, Public, 6638. Boat-landings, 3171. Bog and marsh plants, see Plants, Bog and marsh, 1996, etc. Bog gardens, .see Gardens, Bog and marsh, 4443. Bogs, see Marshes, 1720-1726. Border plantations, 1824, 2124, 2424. See also Windbreaks. Borders, Box, .see Edgings, Bo.x, 2429 Borders, Herbaceous, see Herbaceous beds and borders, 2724. Bosquets, 2145. See also Woodlands. Botanical gardens,** 580O-.5825. Boulder banks, 1782. Boulder beaches, see Beaches, 1705. Boulders, see Rocks — In landscape, 1771. Boundaries, in landscape composition. .see Landscape composition, 1192. Boundary plantations, see Border plantations, 1824, etc. BowUng greens, 3211, 6592. Bowling rinks, see Bowling greens, 3211, 6592. Box edgings, see Edgings, Box, 2429. Boxes, Plant, see Flower pots and boxes; Tree boxes, pots, etc.; Window boxes; 3465-3467. Brick, 3000»i4. Brick pavements, see Pavements, Brick, 3610m4. Bridges,** 3500-3.534. See also Parks — Bridges, Bridges, Draw, 3523. Bridges, Foot, 3.527. Bridges, Railroad, 3.529. Bridges, Road, 3.526. Bridle paths, 3634. Broken stone (as material of roads and paths), .see Roads, Broken stone, 3610;n7.5. Bronzework, 3000m8. Brooks, 1694. Buffers, 3620. .See aUo Gates and gateways, En- trance to estates, etc. Building groups, 3054. Building groups. Residential, 3054.5. .See also Estates (Private) — Grouping. Buildings,** .3050-3090. See also Cemeteries — Buildings; Farm buildings; Parks — Build- ings; Playgrounds — Build- ings; Pleasure buildings and structures; Public buildings; Service buildings and struc- tures. Buildings — Adaptation to topography, 3050. Buildings — In landscape, 3050. Buildings, Plantations in relation to, see Plantations — Relation to buildings, 1841. Bulbous plants, 2787. See also Gardens, Bulb. Bulbs, see Bulbous plants, 2787. Bulkheads, see Shores — Structural treatment, 3255. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Camps,** Recreation, 5180-5195. See also Parks — Concessions. Canals,** 3491. Canals, Garden, see Pools, basins, etc., 3448. Capitols ** — Grounds, 5510-5525. Carpet beds, 2733. See also Bedding plant.s; Knots; Parterres. Cartouches, 1313. Cascades (Artificial), 3450. See also Waterfalls. Casini, see Pavilions, shelters, etc. , 3 1 55. Casting pools, (3594. Castles — Grounds, 5047. Catalogues (Nursery and other deal- ers), see Landscape architecture — Professional practice. Office organization and equipment; Nurseries (Plant) —Catahgiies; 1238. Catch-basins, 3743. Causeways, 3631. Cement concrete, see Concrete, 3000m 6. Cement pavements, see Pavements, Cement concrete, 3(il0m6. Cement stucco, see Stucco, 3000m2. Cemeteries, ♦• 5900-5945. — Administration, 5903. — Buildings, 5917. — Construction and maintenance, 5940. — Design, 5905-5929. — Lots, 5914. — Monuments, see Monuments — In cemeteries, 5916. — Planting, 5913. — Roads and paths, 5918. — Societies, 5902. Central heating, see Heating — Cen- tral .station systems, 3763. Character, Landscape, see Landscape character, 1050-1055. Charges, Professional, of landscape architect, see Landscape archi- tecture — Professional prac- tice. Charges, 1212. Chemical fertilizers, see Fertilizers, 1853.3. Children's gardens, see Gardens, Chil- dren's, 4460. Chinese styles of landscape design, see Landscape design — Sti/lcs. Chinese, 244. Churches **~ Grounds, 5300-5325. Cinders (as material of roads and paths), see Roads, Cinder, 3610m8.5. City-halls **— Grounds, 5510-5525. ("ity planning** (see complete sepa- rate classification scheme, NAC),i 7500. Classic styles of landscape design, see Landscape design — Stijles. CJn^yir. 210, 1042. Classifi(:il li.ii nl liiiiiscape architec- •iiii-. .. l„iiHlscape architec- ture a,i;.siJication, 254. Clay soil. Plants enduring, see Plants, Clay-loving, 2001, etc. Clearing the ground, see Landscape construction and maintenance, 1410. Clients, see Landscape architecture — Professioiinl practice, 1217- 1219. Cliffs, 1774. Climate, Effect on landscape design, sec Landscape design — Style, 1 03 1 ; Plants — Ennromnents, 1851.1, 1981, etc. Clima.x, in landscape composition, .see Landscape composition, 1111. Climbers, see Vines, climbers, etc., 1885, etc. Clipped allies, see AUfes, 2131. Clippings, Landscape architecture (General collections), 290. Cloister garths, see Gardens, Monas- tic, 226. Clouds, see Sky, clouds.etc, 1540-1550. Clubs, Country, see Country clubs — Groimds, 5100-5125. Clumps, see Tree and shrub groups, 1823, 2123, 2423. Coasting grounds, see Winter sports, Areas for, 6293. Code of ethics of landscape architect, see Landscape architecture — Professional practice, 1211. ( " Described on p. 7. 102 SUBJECT HEADINGS AND INDEX Cold frames, see Hotbeds and cold I Congresses on landscape architecture, frames, (1864), 3145. 1 see Landscape architecture — College courses in landscape archi- j Conffresses, {40)-46. tecture, see Landscape archi- | Conifers, see Trees, Evergreen, 2208. tecture — AW^ and ^cacWng, | Conservatories, see Greenhouses 935 , (1864), 3140. Colleges," schools (private), etc. -! Construction, Landscape, see Land- Grounds 5250-5275. scape construction and main- tenance, 1400-(1490). (instruction, Materials of, see Ma- terials of construction, 3000»i 1-9. (instruction plans, see Plans, Con- struction, 1278. Clontractors, 1221. See also Labor; Nurserj-men, Ck)ntracts and specifications, 1344. Colonial gardens, see Gardens — U. S. Colonial, 4706; Landscape de- sign — Slyles. American Co- lonial, 249^. Colonnades, Free-standing, 31(>4. Color — In gardens, see Gardens — Color effects, 4450. Color — In landscape composition, 1147 ^^^J' .fl-<,.i„.l Contrast, in landscape composition, ,S'ee a/so Gardens - Co/or eifec/*, ,ee Landsca,>e composition, see Landscaije composition, Plants — Color. ^^^j Color -/« representation, see Render- j,^^^^^^;^^'^ „„ landscape architec- ing in color, 129o-1299. ^^^^ ^^^ Landscape Architec- Color of vegetation, see Plants — 1 ture — Conffrmes (40)-46. Color, 1965, etc. : Cooperation in professional practice Commons, 6400-6450. ^f landscape architecture, see Competitions in landscape archi- 1 Landscape architecture — Pro- tecture, see Landscape archi-] fessional practice. Cooperation, tecture — Competitions, 1225. j J220. Competitive examinations in land- Qopjngg^ 33x7. scape architecture, see Land- ,. Correspondence courses " in land- scape architecture — Competi- scai)e architecture, see Land- tive examinations, 1228. scape architecture — S(u24o, a2,50. Encyclopedias of landscape architec- ture, see Landscape architec- ture — Dictionaries, etc., 190. Enframements, in landscape composi- tion, see Landscape composi- tion, 1177. Engineering (Library of Congress Classification, T). English " Landscape School," see Landscape design — Styles. English "Landscape School," 237. English Renaissance styles of land- scape design, see Landscape design — Styles. English Re- naissance. Tudor. Elizah'than, 234. Entrance drives, see Roads, Entrance to estates, etc., 3627. Entrance gates and gateways, see Gates and gateways, Entrance to estates, etc., 3361. Entrance paths, see Paths, Entrance to estates, etc., 3643. Entrance roads, see Roads, Entrance to estates, etc., 3627. Entrance turns, .s-ec Turnarounds, 3627. Entrances, Garden, see Gates and gateways, Garden, 3362. Entrances, Park, .see Parks — En- trances, 6039. Entrances, Service, «ee Paths, En- trance to estates, etc., 3643; Roads, Service, 3628. Equipment of landscape architect's office, see Landscape architec- ture — Professional practice. Office organization and equip- ment, 1230-1239. Espalier trees, see Fruit trees. Trained, 2135. Essays on landscape architecture, see Landscape architecture, 265- 270. Estate management, (1495), 4920. Estates** (Private), 4700-5048. (Geo- graphical subdivision to be used.) See also Land subdivision; Sum- mer colonies. Estates (Private) — Construction and ■maintenance, 4920. See also Landscape construction and maintenance. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Estates (Private) — Drngn, 4900- 4918. Estates (Private) — Grouping, 4918, 4930, 4980. See also Building groups, Resi- dential. Estates (Private) — Planting, 1849. E:3tates (Private), Country, 6025- 5048. See also Castles — Grounds; Deer parks; Farms; Game pre- serves (Private); Houses, Coun- try. Estates (Private), Hillside, 4913. Estates (Private), Hilltop, 4914. Estates (Private), House-lot, 4925- 4945. See also Houses, Small. Estates (Private), Large, see Estates (Private), Country, 5025-5048. Estates (Private), Rocky, 4912. Estates (Private,) Seashore, 4910. Estates (Private), Small, see Estates (Private), Suburban, 4975- 4995. P^states (Private), Suburban, 4975- 4995. See also Houses, Suburban. Estates (Private), Waterside, 4909. Esthetic theory of landscape design, see Landscape design — Esthetic theory, 1010-1079. Estimates, 1346. Ethics, Code of, of landscape archi- tect, see Landscape architec- ture — Professional practice, 1211. Evergreens, 1907-1909, 2207-2209, 2507-2509. See also Shrubs, Evergreen; Trees, Evergreen. Examinations in landscape architec- ture, see Landscape architec- ture — Competitive examina- tions, 1228; Landscape archi- tecture — Professional practice. Registration examinatimis, 1215. Excavation, 1431. Exedrae, 3484. Exhibition gardens, see Gardens — Exhiliilions, 4405. Exhibitions of landscape architecture, see Landscape architecture — ExhiUlions, (50)-65. Exhibitions of landscape improve- ment, see Landscape improve- ment — Exhibitions, 546. Exotic plants, see Greenhouse and house plants, 2042, 2796-2797; Plants, Tropical, 1982, etc. Expositions** — Grounds, 5600-5625. Extension work in landscape improve- ment, see Landscape improve- ment — .University extension. Factories** — Grounds, 5400-5425. Fair grounds,** 5650-5675. Fall gardens, see Gardens — Seasonal appearance. Autumn, 4394. Farm buildings, 3105. Farm management, (1495), 5070. Farms, 5050-5075. Fences,** 3340-3348. Fences, Sunk, 3346. Ferns, 2790. Fertilizers, 1853.1-1853.5. Field events, Areas for, 6584. Field hockey, see Hockey fields, 6594. Fieldhouses, see Playgrounds — Buikl- ings, 6536. Filing systems for landscape architect's office, .5ee Landscape architec- ture — Professional practice. Office organization arid equip- ment, 1235. Finals, Post, see Posts and post- finials, 3318. Fireplaces, Outdoor, 6037. Fish ponds, see Lakes, ponds, etc., 1680-1686; Pools, basins, etc., 3448. Floriculture, 2750. ;,/. /,./,»■»;«;, 1037. Informal i;ai.|iii>, -t Ciardens, Infor- mal, 4273. Informal styles of landscape design, see Landscape design — Styles. Informal, 1037. Insect pests, 1867-1868.3. Instruments (general), for the use of the landscape architect, see Landscape architecture — Pro- fessional practice. Office organi- zation and equipment, 1233.2. Instruments, Drawing, see Drawing instruments, 1251.5. Ironwork, 3000m8. Irrigation, 1854-1854.1, 3750-3753. Islands, 1710. ItaUan styles of landscai)e design, see Landscape design — Styles. Italian Renaissance. Baroque, 232. J Japanese styles of landscape design, see Landscape design — Styles. Japanese, 245. Jets, Water, see Fountains, 344fi. Ivitchen gardens, .see Gardens, Vege- table, 452.5^545. Knots, 2734. L Labels, Plant, see Plant labels, 1873. Labor, 1221.8. Labyrinths, see Mazes, 3180. Lake and pond reservations and jiarks, 6210-6214, 6660. Lakes, ponds, etc., 1680-1686. Land subdivision,** Residential. 7100 Landscape,** 1050-10.55, 3900-3975. 1 Landscape (continued). See also Landscape preservation; Reservations, Landscape. Landscape** — Types, 3900-3975. See aiso Meadows; Pastoral land- scape; Tropical landscape; Woodlands; etc. Landscape appreciation,** 1020. Landscape architect, see Landscape architecture. Landscape architect's oflBce, see Land- scape architecture — Profes- sional practice. Office organiza- tion and equipment, 1230-1239. Landscape architecture,** 250-294. (General works, essays, out- lines, tables, etc.) ** — Bibliography, 0. **— Biography, 200-205. — Classification, 254. — Competitions, 1225. — Competitive examinations, 1228. ** — Congresses, (40)-46. — Definition, 302. — Design, see Landscape design, 1000-1199. ** — Dictionaries, etc., 190. ** — Directories, 195. — Examinations, see Landscape architecture — Competitive ex- aminations, 1228; Landscape architecture — Professional practice. Registration examina- tions, 1215. ** — Exhibitions, (50)-65. See cdso Gardens — Exhibitions; Landscape improvement — Ex- hibitions. **— History, 210-249. See also Landscape design— Styles. — History. Ancient, 215-224. — History. Mediaeval, 225-228. — History. Modern, 230-242. — History. Onental, 243-248. — Lectures, 265-270. See also Landscape improvement — Lectures. * * — Legislation, 700. See also Contracts and specifica- tions; Landscape architecture I — Professional practice. Legal i relations. 12 SUBJECT HEADINGS AND INDEX Landscape architecture (conlinued). **— Museums, (70)-85. — Name, 302. **— Periodicals, (1)-14. — Professional opportunities, 320- 324. **— Professional practice, 1200-1357. See also Contractors; Landscape architecture — Competitions; Landscape architecture — Tech- nical procedure; Nurserymen. — Professional practice. Advertis- ing arul publicity, 1223. — Professional practice. Announce- ments, 1224. — Professional practice. Charges, 1212. — Professional practice. Coopera- tion, 1220. — Professional practice. Legal re- lations, 1213. See also Landscape architecture — Professional practice. Regis- tration. — Professional practice. Office or- ganization and shipment, 1230- 1239. — Professional practice. Registra- tion, 1215. — Professional practice. Registra- tion examinations, 1215. — Professional practice. Reports, 1245, 1342. **— Societies, (20)-39. **— Study and teaching, 900-998. See also Landscape architecture — Study tours; Landscape archi- tecture — Travelling fellow- ships; Landscape improve- ment — Study and teaching {Public schools); Landscape improvement — University ex- tension. — Study tours, 947. — Styles, see Landscape design — Styles, 210-249, 1034-(1047). **_ Technical procedure, 1200-1357. .Sec also Landscape architecture — Professional practice; Land- scape construction and main- tenance. — Travelling fellowships, 946. 1 Landscape arohitecture {continued). — War service, 323. ** — Yearbooks, 15. Landscape character,** 1050-(1055). See also Landscape — Types. Landscape composition,'* 1100-1199. See also Atmosphere; Axial ar- rangements; Color; Illusions; Light and shade; Movement; Night effects; Outlooks; Per- spective; Scale; Seasonal ef- fects; Shape; Silhouette; Texture; Vistas. Landscape construction** and main- tenance, 1400-(1490). See also Subdivision: Construc- tion and maintenance, under Types (according to use), e.g.. Gardens, Parks, etc. Landscape construction and main- tenance — Cost, 1402-1404. Landscape construction** and main- tenance — Superintendence, 1355-1357. Landscape design,** 911-915, 1000- 1199, 1246, 1346. See also subdivision Design under the special Types (according to use), e.g.. Gardens, Parks, etc. '* — Economic theory, (1005), 1608, 1808, 3008. See also Landscape designs — Types, according to use. **— Esthetic theory, 1010-1079. See also Landscape character; Landscape composition ; Land- scape effects; Style — In land- scape design . **— Presentation, 1250-1346. See also headings beginning: Rep- resentation . **— Styles,' 210-249, 1034-(1049). See also Style — In landscape design . — Styles. American Colonial, 249ffO. — Styles. American landscape. Olmsted, 239. 1 The names of the styles following are those most often recognized. Others may be added in corresponding form- If it is desirable to have an indication for styles occurring outside the country of their origin, parentheses con- LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Landscape design (conlinued) . ■ — Styles. Chinese, 244. — Styles. Classic, 219, 1042. — Styles. Dutch, 235. — Styles. Egyptian and Mesopo- tamian, 217. — Styles. English " Landscape School," 237. — Styles. English Renaissance. Tudor. Elizabethan, 234. — Styles. Formal, 1036. See also names of styles charac- terized by formal design; e.g., French Grand; Italian Renais- sance. — Styles. French Grand. Le Notre, 236. — Styles. French informal, 238. — Styles. French Renaissance, 233. — Styles. German formal. 1897-, 240. — Styles. Greek, see Landscape de- sign — Styles, Classic, 219. — Styles. Indian. Moghul, 247. — Styles. Informal, 1037. See also Landscape design — Styles. American landscape. Olmsted; Landscape design — Styles. English " Landscape School "; Landscape design — Styles. French informal; Land- scape design— Styles. Romantic. — Styles. Italian Renaissance. Ba- roque, 232. — Styles. Japanese, 245. — Styles. Landscape, see Landscape design — Styles. American landscape, 239; — Landscape design — Styles. English " Landscape School," 237. — Styles. Monastic, see Gardens, Monastic, 226. — Styles. Moorish, 231. — Styles. Naturalistic, 1040. See also Landscape design — Styles. American landscape. Olmsted; Landscape design — Styles. Japanese; Landscape design — Styles. Romantic. — Styles. Persian, 246. — Styles. Roman, see Landscape design — Styles. Classic, 219. Landscape design {continued). — Styles. Romantic, 1043. Landscape designs** — Types, accord- ing to use, 4000-6800 +. See also names of types; e.g., Gardens, Parks, etc. Landscape drawing, see Drawing. Landscape, 1251; Representa- tion of landscape forms, 1320- 1330. Landscape effects,** 1060-1079. Landscape extension, see Landscape improvement — University ex- tension, 515. Landscape forestry, see Forests and forestry. Esthetic, 3925. Landscape gardening, see Landscape architecture. Landscape improvement,** 500-590. See also Billboards; Roads — Improvement; Roadside plant- ing; Rural improvement; War memorials; Yard improve- ment. ** — Educational campaigns, 540-548. • — Exhibitions, 546. — Lectures, 542. — Societies, 513. — Study and teaching (Public schools), 548. — University extension, 515. Landscape maintenance, see Land- scape construction and main- tenance, 1400-(1490). Landscape painting, 1 107. Landscape parks, see Parks, Land- scape, 6029, etc. Landscape preservation,** 6190- 6230. See also Landscape — Types; Res- ervations, Landscape. Landscape reservations, see Reser- vations, Landscape, 6190- 6230. " Landscape School," see Landscape design — Styles. English ■■ L„r,ir„,„ Srhonl," 237. LandscnjH -I \ I , i' Landscape design — Sli/h.^. Aniirican landscape style. Olmsted, 239; Landscape design — Styles. English " Landscape School," 237; etc. 14 SUBJECT HEADINGS AND INDEX Landscape superintendence, see Landscape constniction and maintenance — Superintend- ence, 1355-1357. Lanes, 3633. Lantern slides, Landscape architec- ture (General collections), 288. Lanterns, Garden, 3468. Lattices, trellises, treillage, etc., 3300ml.3, 3430ml.3. Laundry yards, 3134. Lawn grasses, see Grasses, 2788. Lawn guards, 3421. Lawn mowers, 1872.3. Lawn sprinkling, see Watering — Lawns, 1854.1. Lawn tennis courts, see Tennis courts, 3025, 6590. LawM, 2735. .See also Bowling greens; Croquet lawns, etc.; Grasses; Panels, Turf; Turf. Leadwork, 3000m8. Lectures on landscape architecture, see Landscape architecture — Lectures, 265-270; Landscape improvement — Lectures, 542. Ledges, see Rocks — In landscape, 1773. Legal aspects of landscape architec- ture, see Landscape architec- ture — Legislation, 700; Land- scape architecture — Profes- sional practice. Legal retalions, 1213. Legislation relating to landscape arch- itecture, see Landscape ar- chitecture — Legislation, 700; Landscape architecture — Pro- fessional practice. Legal re- lations, 1213; Landscape archi- tecture — Professional practice. Registration, 1215; Parks — Legislation, 6014. Le Notre, Style of, see Landscape de- sign — Styles. French Grand. Le Ndtre, 236. Lettering, 1310. Libraries'* — Grounds, 5530-5545. Lichens, see Mosses, lichens, etc., 2790.5. 1 Light and shade — In landscape com- position, 1150-1154. Lighting, 3760. ■See also Electric lighting; Gar- dens — Lighting; Gas-lighting; Parks — Lighting; Play- grounds — Lighting. Line cuts, see Reproduction of draw- ings — Line cuts, 1307. Line drawing, see Drawing, Line, 1290. Lithographs, see Reproduction of drawings — Lithographs, 1305. Lots, Cemetery, see Cemeteries — Lots, 5914. Lots, House, see Estates (Private), House-lot, 4925-4945. Lych gates, see Gates and gateways, Covered, 3363. M Macadam roads, see Roads, Mac- adam, 3610m7.5. Maintenance, Landscape, see Land- scape construction and main- tenance, 1400-(1490). Management of types of landscajie designs, according to use (1495), see under the special types, e.g.. Estate manage- ment; Farm management; Parks — Administration; etc. Manholes, 3733. Manures, see Fertilizers, 1853.2, 1853.5. Manuscripts, Landscape architecture (General collections), 292. Maps, Topographical, see Topographi- cal maps, 1241. Marine parks, see Seashore reserva- tions and parks, 6655. Marsh gardens, see Gardens, Bog and marsh, 4443. Marsh plants, .se* Plants, Bog and marsh, 1996, etc. Marshes, 1720-1726. Marshes, Fresh, 1726. Marshes, Salt, 1724. Masonry, 3000m3-6. Materials of construction, 3000. See also Names of special mate- rials, e.g.. Brick, Concrete, etc. Mazes, 3190. Meadows, 3948. 15 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Mediaeval gardei Gardens, Me- Mountain reservations and parks, see diaeval, 225-228; Gardens, Monastic, 226; Pleasances, Me- diaeval, 227. Mediaeval history of landscape archi- tecture, see Landscape archi- t(ecture — History. Mediaeval, 225-228. Mediaeval pleasances, see Pleasances, Mediaeval, 227. Medicinal plants, see Plants, Medici- nal, 2067. Metalwork, SOOOmS. iS'ce also Bronzework; Ironwork; Lead work. Metropolitan parks, see Parks, Met- ropolitan and county, 6120. Military reservations, 6260. Moats, 3492. Models, 1331-1339. Modern history of landscape archi- tecture, see Landscape archi- tecture — Histoii/. Modem, 230-242. Moghul (Indian) style of landscape design, see Landscape design — Styles. Indian. Moghul, 247. Mohammedan styles of landscape de- sign, see Landscape design — St7jles, subdivisions: Indian. Moghul, 247; Moorish, 231; Persian, 246. Monastic gardens, sec Gardens, Mo- nastic, 226. Monotony, in landscape composition, see Landscape composition, 1 120. Monuments, 3440. Monuments — In cemeteries, 5916. Monuments, National, see Historic features in landscape, (6230); Parks, National, 6110. Monuments, Natural, see Natural monuments, 6244. Moorish style of landscape design, see Landscape design — Styles. Moorish, 231. Mosses, lichens, etc., 2790.5. Motor race-tracks, see Race-tracks, Motor, 6586. Motoring, Provision for in large land- scape parks, see Parks — Use, 6010; Parks — Roads, 6039. Hill and mountain reservations and parks, 6230-6234. Mountains and hiUs, see Hills and mountains, 1760-1766. Mounting blocks, 3418. Mounts (in Tudor gardens), 3243. Movement — In landscape composi- tion, 1158. See also Animals — In landscape: Crowds — In landscape. Municipal forests, see Forests and forestry. Municipal, 6139. Municipal landscape reservations, see Reservations, Landscape, 6190- 6230. Municipal parks, see Parks, Municipal, 6120. Municipal water-supply areas, .see Water-supply reservations, 6150-6172. " Museum " gardens, see Botanical gardens, 5800-5825. Museums** — Grounds, 5530-5545. Museums of landscape architecture, see Landscape architecture — Musewns, (70)-85. Music courts, 3198, 6034. Music groves, see Music courts, 0034. N Name of profession of landscape arch- itecture, see Landscape archi- tecture — Name, 302. Names, Plant, see Plant names, (1874), 1876. National forests, see Forests and fores- try. National, 6135. National monuments, see Historic features in landscape, (6240); Parks, National, 6110. National parks, see Parks, National, 6110. National planning,** 9000. Native plants, see Plants, Native (and note), 1877, etc., 2789. Natural monuments,** 6244. Natural scenery, see Landscape, 1050- (1055), 3900-3975. Naturalistic design, see Landscape design — Styles. Naturalistic, 1040. 116 SUBJECT HEADINGS AND INDEX Naturalistic gardens, see Gardens, Naturalistic, 4274; Gardens, Wild, 4439. Naturalistic styles of landscape design, see Landscape design — Styles. Naturalistic, 1040. Naturalized plants, see Plants, Wild- garden, (2048), 2789. Neighborhood parks, see Parks, Neigh- borhood, 6400-64.50. Niches, 3319. Night effects — In landscape compo- sition, 1154. See also Gardens — Night effects. Northpoints, 1315. Nuisances, Plant, see Plant nuisances, 2069, 2969. Nurseries (Plant), 1871. Nurseries (Plant) — Catalogues, 1238. Nurserymen, 1222. () Offices of landscape architects, see Landscape architecture — Pro- fessional practice. Office organ- ization and equipment, 1230- 1239. " Old-fashioned " gardens, see Gar- dens, " Old-fashioned," 4465. Olmstedian style of landscape design, see Landscape design — Styles. American landscape. Olmsted, 239. Orangeries, 3180. Orchard gardens, see Gardens, Fruit, 4414. Orchards, 2140. See also Fruit trees. Oriental landscape architecture, see Landscape architecture — His- tory. Oriental; Landscape de- sign — Styles. Chinese; Jap- anese; etc.; 243-248. Orientation, 1152. " Ornamental water," see Water — In landscape, 1660; Water features (architectural and sculptural), 3445-3452. Outdoor life, 305. (Landscape archi- tecture as promoting.) Outdoor recreation areas, see Camps Recreation, 5180-5195; Parks, 6000-6800-f-; Playgrounds, 6500-6595; Reservations, Pub- he, 6100-6260; Waterfronts Recreational, 6600-6665. Outdoor theaters, see Theaters, Out- door, 3198. Outlooks, 1197, 3153. See oiso Gazebos; Towers. Overhead wires, see Wires, Overhead, 3718. Overlooks, .see Outlooks, 1197, 3153. P Pagodas, 3153. Painting, 1251. See also Landscape painting. Panels, Sunk, 3240. Panels, Turf, 2736. Pantagraphs, see Drawing instruments 1251.5. Parapets, 3311. See also Balustrades; Copings; Railings. Park accounting, see Parks — Con- struction and maintenance. Cost accounting, 6041. Park cemeteries, see Cemeteries, 5909. Park commissions, see Parks — Com- missions, 6016. Park furniture, 6037, (6337), (6437). Park reports, .see Parks — fl«por(s, 6020. Park seats, see Seats, Park, 6037, etc. Parks,** 6000-6800 + . (Geographi- cal subdivision to be used.) See also Playgrounds; Reserva- tions, Public. — Administration, 6015. See also Parks — Commi-isions; Parks — Regulations. — Bridges, 6038. — Buildings, 6036, (6336), (6436). See also Parks — Restaurants; Pa- vilions, shelters, etc.; Play- grounds — Buildings; Service buildings and structures. — Commissions, 6016. — Concessions, 6022. See also Camps, Recreation; Parks — Restaurants. 117 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Parks (continued). — Construction and maintenance, 6040-6045, (6340-6345), (6440- 6445). — Construction and maintenance. Cost accounting, 6041. — Design, 6025-6039, (6325), (6425). See also Gardens — In parks. — Entrances, 6039, (6339), (6439). • — Legislation, 6014. — Lighting, 6037, (6337), (6437). — Nomenclature, 6001. — Paths, see Parks — Roads and paths, 6039, (6339), (6439). — Periodicals, 6002. — Planting, 6033, (6333), (6433). — Regulations, 6018. — Reports, 6020. — Restaurants, 6036, (6336), (6436). .See also Restaurants, Outdoor. — Roads and paths, 6039, (6.339), (6439). — Shelters, see Parks — Buildings, 6036, (6336), (6436). — Societies, 6005. — Statistics, 6009. — Use, 6010. Parks, Amusement, see Amusement parks, 5700-5725. Parks, Country, see Parks, Landscape, 6029, 6329. Parks, County, see Parks, Metropoli- tan and County, 6120. Parks, Formal, 6028, 6328, 6428. (Let attract in preference to Large and Small.) Parks, Hill and mountain, see Hill and mountain reservations and parks, 6230-6634. Parks, Lake and pond, see Lake and pond reservations and parks, 6660. Parks, Landscape, 6029, 6329, 6429. (Let attract in preference to Large and Small.) Parks,** Large, 6300-6355. (Prefer Formal or Landscape to Large, if possible.) Parks, Metropolitan and county, 6120. Parks, Municipal, 6120. Parks, National, 6110. Parks, Neighborhood, 6400-6450. ■See also Parks, Small; Recrea- tion centers. Parks, River, see River reservations and parks, 6665. Parks, Seashore, see Seashore reserva- tions and parks, 6655. Parks,** Small, 6400-6450. (Prefer Formal, Landscape, or Neigh- borhood, to Small, if possible.) Parks, State, 6115. Parks, Water, see Waterfronts, Recrea- tional, 6600-6665. Parks, Zoological, see Zoological parks, 5750-5775. Parterres, 3217. Pastel drawing, see Drawing, Pastel, 1296. Pastoral landscape, 3945. Pastures, see Pastoral landscape, 3945. Paths,** 3600-3620, 3640-(3648). .See also Bicycle paths; Bridle paths; Stepping stones; Trails. Paths, Entrance to estates, etc., 3643. Pavements, 3610. iSee also Roads. Pavements, Asphalt, 3610to6.2. Pavements, Bituminous, 3610m6.2. See also Pavements, Asphalt. Pavements, Brick, 3610m4. Pavements, Cement concrete, 3610to6. Pavements, Concrete, see Pavements, Cement concrete, 3610m6. Pavements, Ornamental, 3615, 3642. Pavements, Stone, 36107«5. Pavements, Tar, 3610m6.5. Pavements, Tile, 3610m4. Pavements, Wood, 3610to1. Pavihons, shelters, etc., 3155. See also Arbors; Bandstands, Bath - houses; Boat - houses ; Gazebos; Pagodas; Parks — Buildings; Pergolas; Tea houses. Pedestals, 3428. .See also Monuments; Statuary; Sundials; Urns, vases, etc. Pen and ink drawing, see Drawing, Pen and ink, 1292. Pencil drawing, xee Drawing, Pencil, 1291. 118 SUBJECT HEADINGS AND INDEX Perennials (herbaceous i)Iants), see Herbaceous plants, Perennial, 2783. Pergolas, 3160. .See also Arbors. Periodicals on landscape architecture, parks, etc., see Landscape archi- tecture — Periodicals, (1)-14 ; Parks — Periodicals, 6002; Playgrounds — Periodicals, 6502. Perrons, 3393. Persian style of landscape design, see Landscape design — Styles. Persian, 246. Perspective, 1270-1274. Perspective — In landscape compnxi- tion, 1155. Perspective, Aerial, see Atmosphere — In landscape composition, 1156. Perspective, Atmospheric, see Atmos- phere — In landscape compo- Htion, 1156. Perspective drawings, 1270-1274. Perspective drawings, Birdseye, 1274. Perspectives, see Perspective draw- ings, 1270. Pests, see Insect pests; Plants — Diseases and pests; Trees — Diseases and pests; etc.; 1865- 1868.3. Photographic surveying, see Survey- ing, Photographic, 1241, 1244. Photographs (Reproduction of draw- ings), see Reproduction of draw- ings — Photographs, 1303. Photographs, Landscape architecture (General collections), 286. Photography, 1243. Photography, Aerial, 1244. See also Surveying, Photographic, Aerial, 1244. Photolithographs, see Reproduction of drawings — Lithographs, 1305. Picnic groves, 6334. .See also Fireplaces, Outdoor. Pictorial compositions, see Landscape composition, 1174-1185. Pictorial representation, see Repre- sentation (Graphic), 1270-1274. 1 I " Picturesque," The, see Landscape design — Esthetic theory; Land- j scape effects; 1060. ! Piers, Recreation, 6636. I Piggeries, see Farm buildings, 3105. Piling, see Shores — Stntclural treat- ment, 3255. Pipe-laying, see Pipes and pipe-laying, (1420), 3710. Pipes** and pipe-laying, (1420), 3710. See also Aqueducts; Conduits, Electric; Gas-pipes; Sewer- pipes; Subsurface utilities; Water-pipes. Piping, see Pipes and pipe-laying, (1420), 3710. Plains, 1740. 1 Planes of distance, in landscape com- position, see Landscape compo- sition, 1180. Planimeters, 1251.5. Plans, 1263-1285. Plans, Construction, 1278. Plans, Detail, 1278. Plans, General, 1276. Plans, Grading, 1278. Plans, Landscape Architecture (Gen- eral collections), 282. Plans, Planting, 1285. Plans, Preliminary, 1266. Plans, Show, see Landscape design — Presentation, 1251. Plans, Topographical, see Topographi- cal maps, 1241. Plant breeding, 1860.2. Plant introduction, 1862.1. Plant labels, 1873. Plant lists,' 1902, 2202, 2502, 2802. Plant materials of landscape design, see Planting design; Plants — In landscape; 1800-2969. Plant names, (1874), 1876. Plant naturalization, .see Gardens, Wild, 4439; Plant introduc- tion, 1862.1; Plants, Wild- garden, (2048), 2789. Plant nuisances, 2069, 2969. .See also Poisonous plants; Weeds. Plant order lists, 1233.5. 1 The term Plant lists ha« been used for lista of plants according to size, color, uses, etc.. as distinguished from Planting lists to accompany planting plans. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Plant pots and boxes, see Flower pots and boxes; Tree boxes, pots, etc.; Window boxes; 3466-3467. Plant quarantine, 1865.4. Plant windows, 3140. See also Greenhouses. Plantations,** 1820-1849, 2120-2145, 2420-2429, 2720-2741. See also vUl^es; Border planta- tions; Bosquets; Carpet beds; Edgings; Gardens; Ground cover; Hedges; Herbaceous beds and borders; Lawns; Orchards; Panels, Turf; Plant- ing design; Pleached alleys; Roadside planting; Screen plantations; Seashore ))lant- ing; Shrub beds; Topiary work; Tree and shrub groujis: Waterside planting; Wind- breaks; Woodlands. — Maintenance, 1870. — Relation to buildings, 1841. — Relation to roads, see Roadside planting, 1848. — Relation to structures, 1840-1848. — Relation to topography, 1835. — Relation to water, see Seashore planting, 1839; Waterside planting, 1838. — Seasonal e feats, 1834. (Subdivide: Spring, Summer, Autumn, Win- ter.) See also Gardens — Seasonal ef- fects; Plants — Seasonal ap- pearance, — Thinning, 2110. See also Tree cutting (Landscape construction). Planting, see Plantations; Planting and transplanting; Planting design; Plants; (1437), 1800- 2969. Planting, Roadside, see Roadside planting, 1848, 2045, (3609). Planting about buildings; bridges; etc., see Plantations — Rela- tion to buildings; etc., 1841; etc. Planting and transplanting, 1861. See also Tree moving. Planting design,** 180.5-1849, 2105, 2405, 2705. Planting design {continued). See also Landscape character; Landscape design. Planting design — Color effects, 1960, 2260, 2560, 2860. Planting design — Se (dso Railroads, Subdivisions: Planting, Rights of tvay, Station grouiuls. Railroads — Planting, 5463. Railroads — Rights of way, 5450-5475. Railroads — Station grounds, 5450- 5475. Rain and rainfall, 3741. Ramps, 3395. Ramps, Water, see Water ramps, 3451. Recreation areas, Outdoor, see Camps, Recreation, 5180-5195; Parks, 6000 - 6800 -I- ; Playgrounds, 6.500-<;595; Reservations, Pub- lie, 0100-6260; Waterfronts Recreational, 6600-6665. Recreation camps, see Camps, Recre- ation, 5180-5195. Recreation centers, 6555. Recreation piers, see Piers, Recreation, 6636. Reflections (in water surfaces in land- scape), see Water — In land- scape, 1660. Regional planning,** 8500. Registration of landscape architects, see Landscape architecture — Professional practice. Registra- lion, 1215. Reinforced concrete, see Concrete, Re- inforced, 30OOm6. Renaissance styles of landscape design, see Landscape design — Styles, subdivisions : English Renais- sance, 234; French Renaissance, 233; Italian Renaissance, 232. Rendering, 128f^l299. .See also Representation (Graphic), Decorative. Rendering in color, 1295, 1299. Repetition, in landscape composition, .?ec Land-scape composition, 1 120. Reports, Landscape architect's, see Landscape architecture — Pro- fessional practice. Reports, 1245, 1342. Reports, Park, .see Parks — Reports, 6020. Representation (Graphic). 1250. See also Drawing; Land.seape de- sign — Presentation. Representation (Graphic), Decora- tive, 1289. See a/so Rendering. Representation of architectural forms, 1329. Representation of landscape forms, 1320-1330. See also Drawing; Models; Ren- dering; etc., and names of specific forms, e.g., Trees. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Representation of trees, see Trees — Representation, 1325. Reproduction of drawings, 1300-1309. — Half-tone cuts, 1308. — Line cuts, 1307. — Lithographs, 1305. — Photographs, 1303. — Pnnts, 1301. (Subdivide if ne- cessary into: Blue, Van Dyke, etc.) — Rubbings, 1309. Reputation, Professional, of the landscape architect, see Land- scape architecture — Profes- sional practice, 1210. Reservations, Forest, see Forest reser- vations, 6126-6144. Reservations,** Landscape, 6190- 6230. Reservations,** Public, 6100-6260. (Public reserved land not de- veloped for intensive recreative use. Cf. Parks.) .See also Animals — Reservations for protection; Bird sanctu- aries; Forest reservations; Military reservations; Parks, National; Plants — Reserva- tions for protection; Reserva- tions, Landscape; Water-sup- ply reservations; and Lake, Hill and mountain. River, and other landscape forms which are publicly reserved. Reservations, Water-supply, see Water- supply reservations, 6150- 6172. Reserve gardens, see Gardens, Re- serve, 452.5-4545. Reservoirs, 6165-6172. Residence groups, see Building groups, Residential, 3054.5. Residences, see Estates (Private); Houses, 3060. Restaurants, Outdoor, 5730-5745. See also Concert gardens; Tea gardens. Restaurants, Park, see Parks — Res- taurants, 8036. Retaining walls, see Walls, Retaining, (3260), 3331-3332. Rhythm, in landscape composition, see Landscape composition, 1121. Riding paths, see Bridle paths, 3634. Rinks, see Bowling greens, 3211, 6592; Skating rinks, 6593. Rip rap, see Shores — Structural treat- ment, 3265. River reservations and parks, 6215- 6219; 6665. Rivers, 1692. Road binders, 3613. See also Dust prevention. Road signs, 3622. Roads,** 3600-3636. See aho Bridle paths; Causeways; Lanes; Pavements; Planting strips (Road); Roadside grad- ing; Roadside planting; Trails; Turnarounds; " Woodroads ' ' ; and NAC Classification, Streets. Roads — Adaptation to topography and traffic, see Roads — Design. 3603-3604. Roads — Construction and mainten- ance, 3610. See also Pavements; Road bind- ers. Roads — Cross-section, width, etc., see Roads — Design, 3606. Roads — Design, 3602-(3609). Roads — Improvement, 570. See also Roadside planting. Roads — Location , see Roads — De- sign, 3603. Roads, Broken stone, 3610?re7.5. Roads, Cinder, 36107n8.5. Roads, Earth, 3610m8.5. Roads, Entrance to estates, etc., 3627. See also Roads, Service. Roads, Gravel, 3610m8.5. Roads, Macadam, 3610w7.5. Roads, National, 9200. Roads, Parks, see Parks — Roads, 6039; etc. Roads, Service, 3628. Roads, Shell, 3610?n9. Roads, Tanbark, 3610m9. Roads, Telford, 3610m7.5. Roads, Turf, 3610/n9. Roadside grading, 3608. 124 SUBJECT HEADINGS AND INDEX Roadside iniproveinent, see Roads — Improvement, 570; Roadside planting, 1848. Roadside planting, 1848, 2045, (3609). .See also Trees, Street. Rock (factor in construction), 1434. .S'ee also Blasting. Rock (natural forms), .sec Rocks — In landscape, 1770-1775. Rock gardens, see Gardens, Rock, 4441. Rock planting, see Gardens, Rock, 4441; Plants, Rock, (2003), 2791. Rock plants, see Plants, Rock, (2003), 2791. Rocks** — In landscape, 1770-1775. Rocky sites for estates, see Estates (Private), Rocky, 4912. Rockwork, Artificial, 1775. Roman style of landscape design, see Landscape design — Styles. Classic, 219. Romantic styles of landscape design, see Landscape design — Styles. Romantic, 1043. Roof gardens, 4388. Roof playgrounds, see Playgrounds, Roof, 6564. Roque courts, see Croquet lawns, 3208. Rose gardens, see Gardens, Rose, 4418. Roses, Garden, 2486. See also Gardens, Rose. Rotation of crops, 1853.8. Rubbings (of pencil drawings), see Reproduction of drawings — Rubbings, 1309. Ruins (in Romantic land.s^apc de- signs), 3155. Running tracks, 6584. Rural improvement, 573. Rural planning,'* 8700. Rustic work, 3000ml. 5. Sand beaches, see Beaches, 1703. Sand dunes, see Dunes, Sand, 1765. Sandy soil. Plants enduring, see Plants, Sand-loving, 1999, etc. Sanitariums — Grounds see Hospitals, asylums, etc. — Grounds, 5200- 5225. Scale — In landscape composition, 1140-1141. Scales, Graphical, 1315. Scenery, Natural, see Landscape, 1050-1055, 3900-3975. Scenic reservations, see Reservations, Landscape, 6190-6230. Scent of vegetation, see Plant.s — .S'ceH(, 1970, etc. Scented gardens, see Gardens, Scented, 4448. Scented plants, see Plants — Scent, 1970, etc. School gardens, see Gardens, School, 4460. School playgrounds, see Playgrounds, School, 6560. Schools, Private — Grounds, see Col- leges, schools (private), etc. — Grounds, 5250-5275. Schools, Professional, of landscape architecture, see Landscape architecture — Study and leach- ii^, 900-998. Schools,** Public — Grou/u/«, 5550- 5565. See also Gardens, School; Play- grounds, School. Schools, Public — Study and teaching of landscape improvement, see Landscape improvement — Study and teaching (Public schools), 548. Screen plantations, 1827, 2127, 2427. See also Border plantations. Sculpture, see Statuary, 3460. Sea and seashore, 1670. See also Beaches; Shores. Sea walls, see Walls, Sea, 3332. Seashore, see Sea and seashore, 1670. Seashore estates, see Estates (Pri- vate), Seashore, 4910. Seashore gardens, see Gardens, Sea- shore, 4355. Seashore planting, 1839. Seashore plants, see Plants, Seashore, 2000, 2011, etc. Seashore reservations and parks, 6205- 6209, 6655. Seasonal appearance of vegetation, see Plants — Seasonal appearance, 1975, etc. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Seasonal effects — In landscape, 1157. See also Gardens — Seasonal ef- fects; Plantations — Seasonal effects; Winter effects — In landscape. Seats, Covered, 3483. iSee also Arbors. Seats, Gardens, 3482-3484. Seats, Park, 6037, (6337), (6437). Sections, see Cross-sections; Profiles; 1282. Sequence, in landscape composition, see Landscape composition, 1121. Service accessories,** 340,5-3424. Sei-vice buildings** and structures, 3100-3149. See also names of buildings and structures for service purposes; e.g., Bird-houses; Dovecotes; Farm buildings; Garages and garage yards; Gardener's yards; Gate-lodges; Greenhouses; Sta- bles and stableyards; Water- towers; Windmills. Service courts, see Sei-vice yards. Service gardens, .see Gardens, Service, 4525-4545. Service roads, «ee Roads, Service, 3628. Service yards, 3132. See also Garages and garage yards; Gardener's yards; Laun- drj- yards; Stables and stable- yards. Sewage treatment, 3735-3738. Sewer-pipes, 3738. Sewerage, 3735-3738. Shade, Light and — In landscape con- position, see Light and shade — In landscape composition, 1 150- 1154. Shade, Plants enduring, see Plants, Shade-enduring, 1988. Shade trees, see Trees, Shade, 2340. Shadows — In landscape. See Light and shade — In landscape com- position, 1153. Shakesperian gardens, see Gardens, Shakesperian, 4465. | Shape — /// landscape composition, 1137-1138. I 126 Shape of plants, sec Plants — Habit and shape, 1935-(1955), etc. Sheepfolds, see Farm buildings, 3105. Shells (as material of roads and paths), see Roads, Shell, 3610m9. Shelters, see Pavihons, shelters, etc., 3155. Shingle beaches, see Beaches, 1704. Shore planting, see Seashore planting, 1839; Waterside planting, 1838. Shore reservations and parks, 6200- 6219. See also Bathing beaches; Sea- shore reservations and parks; Waterfronts, Recreational. Shore treatment, see Shores, 1665- 1709; Shores — Siniclural treat- ment, 3250-3265. Shores, 1665-1709. See aho Beaches; Sea and sea- shore. Shores** — Structuraltreatment, 3250- 3265. Show plans, see Landscape design — Presentation, 1251. Shrub beds, 2423. Shrub gardens, 4416. Shrub groups. ;e Gardens, Shrub, Shrub beds; Tree and shrub groups; 2423. Shrub plantations, see Shrub beds; Shrubs; Tree and shrub groups; 2405-2429. Shrubs,** 2400-2650. Shrubs — Diseases and pests, see Trees — Diseases atid pests, 1865. Shrubs — Fruit, 2525. Shrubs, Evergreen, 2507. Shrubs, Specimen, see Plants, Speci- men, 2421. Shrubby vines, see Vines, climbers, etc., 2485. Signs, Guide, in parks, etc., 6037, (6337), (6437). Signs, Road, see Road signs, 3622. Silhouette — In landscape composi- tion, 1130. Silhouettes, 1272. Site, choice for an estate, park, etc., see Estates (Private) — 4905 ; Parks — Design, SUBJECT HEADINGS AND INDEX Size — In landscape cmnposition, see Scale — In landscape compo- sition, 1140-1141. Skating ponds, see Lakes, ponds, etc., 1680-1686; Skating rinks, 6593. Skating rinks (Ice), 6593. Sketching, see Drawing, Freehand; Drawing, Landscape; 1251. Sky, clouds, etc., 1540-1550. See also Atmosphere — In land- scape composition. Slope steps, see Perrons, 3393. Slopes, 1784. Smoke-enduring plants, sec Plants, Smoke-enduring, 2015, etc. Social customs. Effect on landscape design, see Landscape design — Style, 1031. Societies for landscape improvement, see Landscape improvement — Societies, 513. Societies of cemetery superintendents, etc., see Cemeteries — Societies, 5902. Societies of landscape architecture, see Landscape architecture — So- cieties, (20)-39. Societies of park superintendents, park users, etc., see Parks — Societies, 6005. Societies of playgrounds, see Play- ' grounds — Societies, 6505. Soil-binding plants, see Ground cover, 2050, etc. Soil improvement, 1853-1854.1. Soil surveys, 1852.7. Soils, 1852-1852.7. Specifications, see Contracts and speci- fications, 1344. Specimen gardens, see Gardens, Speci- men, 4405. Specimen plants, see Plants, Specimen, 1821, etc.. Splines, see Drawing instruments, 1251.5. Sports and games — Grounds, 6580- 6594. .See also Athletic fields; Play- grounds; Winter sports, Areas for; and the names of areas for special sports, e.g.. Football; Field events, etc. Spraying, 1868.1. Spring gardens, see Gardens — Sea- sonal eifecls. Spnng, 4392. Sprinkling, see Watering, 1854.1. Stables and stableyards, 3105. Stadiums, 3198. Stairways (Outdoor), see Steps, 3375- 3395. Stanzoni, see Orangeries, 3180. State fair groimds, «ee Fair grounds, 5650-5675. j State forests, see Forests and forestr>-, I State, 6137. State parks, see Parks, State, 6115. State planning,** 8900. Statuary," 3460. Stepping stones, 3646. Steps,** 3375-3395. See also Perrons; Kamps. StUes, 3370. See also Turnstiles. Stone, 3000m5. Stone, Broken (as material of roads and paths), see Roads, Broken stone, 3610m7.5. Stone pavements, see Pavements, Stone, 3610w5. Stones (in Japanese gardens), see Gardens — Japan, 4867; Land- scape design — Styles. Japan- ese, 245. Storm-water drainage, see Drainage, Surface, 3740-3743. Streams. 1690-1696. See also Brooks; Rivers; Water- falls. Street planting, see Roadside i)lant- ing, 1848, 2045, (3609). Street trees, see Trees, Street, 2345. Streets, see Roads, 3600-3636. Structures** — In landscape, 3(XX>- 3798. See also Buildings — In land- scape; Roads; etc. Stucco, 3000»n2. Study of landscape architecture, see Landscape architecture — Study and leaching; — Slitdy tours; — TrawlUng fellowships; > If the City Plunning Classification is used. Statuary may be divided (like ' Garden and Civic. 127 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Study of landscape improvement, see Landscape improvement — Study and teaching {Public schools), 548; Landscape im- provement — University ex- tension, 515. Style** — In landscape design, WiO- (1049). Styles of landscape design, see Land- scape architecture — History; Landscape design — Styles (special subdivisions); 210-249, 1034-(1049). " Sublime," The, see Landscape de- sign — Esthetic theory; Land- scape effects; 1067. Subsurface drainage, sec Diainuge, 3745-3748. Subsurface utiUties, 3700-3798. See also Conduits, Electric; Gas- pipes; Sewer-pipes; Water- pipes. Subtropical plants, see Plants, Sub- tropical, 1983, etc. Suburban estates, see Estates (Pri- vate), Suburban, 4975-4995. Suburban house lots, see Estates (Pri- vate), House-lot, 4925-4945. Suburban houses, see Houses, Subur- ban, 3064. Succulent plants, see Bedding plants, 2794; Greenhouses and house plants, 2796-2797. Summer colonies, 4980. Summer hotels — Grounds, see Hotels — Grounds, 5150-5175. ■■ Summer houses," see Arbors, 3160; Gazebos, 3153; Pavilions, shel- ters, etc., 3155. Sundials, 3470. Sunk fences, see Fences, Sunk, 3349. Sunk panels, see Panels, Sunk, 3240. Sunken gardens, see Gardens, Sunken, 4455. Superintendence, see Landscape con- struction and maintenance — Superintendence, 1355-1357. Surface decoration, in landscape com- position, see LandscaiJe com- position, 1194. Surface drainage, see Drainage, Sur- face, 3740-3743. Surveying (Topographical), 1241. Surveying, Photographic, 1241. See also Photography. Surveying, Photographic, Aerial, 1244 See also Photography, Aerial. Swimming pools, 3449. Swimming pools, Public, 6532. Symmetrical " styles of landscape design, see Landscape design — St^jles. Formal, 1036. Symmetry, in landscape composition, see Landscape composition, 1124. Tables, Garden, 3486. Tanbark (as material of roads and paths) of, see Roads, Tanbark, 3610to9. Tar pavements, see Pavements, Tar, 3610m6.5. Taste, in landscape and landscape de- sign, see Landscape apprecia- tion ; Landscape design — Es- thetic theory; 1020. Tea gardens, 5730-5745. See also Restaurants, Outdoor. Tea houses, 3155. Teaching of landscape architecture, see Landscape architecture — Study and teaching, 900-998. Teaching of landscape improvement, see Landscape improvement — Study and teaching (Public schools), 548; Landscape im- provement — University exten- sion, 515. Telephone 3775-3778. See also Wires, Overhead. Telford roads, see Roads, Telford, 3610m7.5. Temples, Garden, sec Pavilions, shel- ters, etc., 3155. Tennis courts, 3205, 6590. .See also Backstops (Tennis, etc.). Terra cotta, 3000to7. Terraced gardens, see Gardens, Ter- raced, 4302. Terraces,** 3230-3234. Terraces, House, 3234. Texture — In landscape composition, 1145. 128 SUBJECT HEADINGS AND INDEX Texture {conlinued). See aUo Plants — Texlure. Texture of vegetation, see Plants — Texture, 1965, etc. Thatch, 3000?h1.S. Theaters, Garden, 3195. Theaters, Outdoor, 3198. See also Theaters, Garden. Theory of landscape design (Esthetic, or Economic), see Landscape desig;n—Econo7nic theory, { 1005), 1608, 1808, 3008; Landscape design — Esthetic theory, 1010- 1079. Theory of landscape design (General), see Landscape design, 1000- (1199). Thinning of plantations, see Planta- tions • — Thinning, 2110. Tidal marshes, see Marshes, Salt, 1724. Tile pavements, see Pavements, Tile, Tiles, 3000w7. Titles (on drawings), 1313. See also Cartouches. Tobogganing grounds, see Winter sports, Areas for, 6593. Tools, Horticultural, 1872-1872.3. iSee also Lawn mowers. Topiary gardens, see Gardens, To- piary; Topiary work; 4412. Topiary work, 1822, (1955), (2122), (2422). See also Gardens, Topiary. Topographical maps, 1241. See also Surveying (Topographi- cal). Topography, see Ground forms ^/« landscape, 1600-1790. Topography, ICfTect on landscajic de- sign, see Landscape design — Style, 1031. Tours for study of landscape architec- ture, see Landscape architec- ture — Study tours, 947. Towers, 3153.