UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 LIBRARY ;»■ 
 
 i 
 
 Class Book Volume 
 
 55‘'1 31 \ --l 5- 
 
 Mr 10-20 M 
 
 otOLOGt 
 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
 UNITED STATES GEOEOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR 
 
 Nos. 371-375 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1909 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/mineralresources3713moff 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Geological Survey, bulletin 371; Reconnaissance of Book Cliffs coal field. 
 Same 372; Bibliography of North American geology for 1906 and 1907. 
 Same 373; Smokeless combustion of coal in boiler plants. 
 
 Same 374; Mineral resources of Kotsina-Chitina region, Alaska. 
 
 Same 375; Fortymile quadrangle, Yukon-Tanana region, Alaska. 
 
 169057 
 
DEPARTMENT OE THE INTERIOR 
 
 UNITED 8TATP:S (IEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director 
 
 Bueeetin 871 
 
 RECONNAI SS ANCE 
 
 OE THE 
 
 BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD 
 
 BETWEEN GRAND RIVER, COLORADO 
 AND SITNNVSIDE, UTAH 
 
 BY 
 
 G. B. RICHARDSON 
 
 WASHING TON 
 
 GOVERN M E N T 1’ R I N 1 1 N G OFFICE 
 
 1909 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introduction , 5 
 
 Topography 7 
 
 Relief and drainage 8 
 
 Lowland at base of Book Cliffs 9 
 
 Book Cliffs 10 
 
 Book or Tavapiits Plateau •. 10 
 
 Climate and culture 11 
 
 Descriptive geology 11 
 
 Stratigraphy 11 
 
 Cretaceous system 12 
 
 Dakota sandstone 12 
 
 Mancos shale ‘ 14 
 
 Mesaverde formation 16 
 
 Tertiary system — Eocene series 19 
 
 Structure 21 
 
 Coal 23 
 
 General statement 23 
 
 Occurrence and thickness 24 
 
 Amount of available coal 42 
 
 Character and use of Book Cliffs coal 42 
 
 Physical properties 42 
 
 Chemical composition 43 
 
 Market and use 47 
 
 Development 48 
 
 Index 53 
 
 3 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 I’age. 
 
 Plate I. Map of part of the Book Cliffs coal field 5 
 
 II. A, Bench at base of Book Cliffs, east of Thompsons; B, Fault in 
 
 Mesaverde formation, 2 miles south of Carbonera 10 
 
 III. Generalized columnar section of the rocks of the Book Cliffs coal 
 
 field 12 
 
 IV. Mount Garfield, 9 miles east of Grand Junction 14 
 
 V. A, Typical exposure of Mesaverde formation, north of Thompsons; 
 
 J5, Outcrop of coal in valley of Saleratus Creek 10 
 
 VI. Detailed columnar sections of coal-bearing rocks in Book Cliffs field . . 22 
 
 VII. Little Book Cliffs and Grand River northeast of Palisades 24 
 
 VIII. Coal sections in Book Cliffs coal field 24 
 
 IX. M, Ballard’s coal mine, north of Thompsons; B, Outcrop of coal at 
 
 entrance to Ballard’s mine, showing jointing of coal 28 
 
 X. Property of the Book Cliff Mine Company at the base of the cliffs 
 
 north of Grand Junction 48 
 
 Figure 1. Map showing relation of the Book Cliffs field to adjacent coal fields. 7 
 
 4 
 
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 M«*savt*nl«* toi'iualioii 
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 Hljifkto dark clay shah, HulV saiulstiaie auil«-ou 
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 samlsloue al tlii* top 
 
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T 
 
RECONNAISSANCE OF THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD, 
 BETWEEN GRAND RIVER, COLORADO, AND SUNNY- 
 SIDE, UTAH. 
 
 By G. B. Bichardsox. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. ' 
 
 The Book Cliffs coal field is part of the southern rim of the Uinta 
 Basin, which is an immense structural trough in western Colorado 
 and eastern Utah, around whose margin the outcrop of coal-hearing 
 rocks can be traced for more than 500 miles. (See fig. 1.) From 
 the vicinity of Mount Flilgard, in central Utah, northward to Castle- 
 gate, the coal measures form the eastern escarpment of the Wasatch 
 Plateau. Thence they trend southeastward to Grand River, out- 
 cropping in the Book Cliffs. Beyond Grand River they continue 
 eastward, forming the southern face of Grand Mesa, to the vicinity 
 of Crested Butte. From this point the coal-bearing rocks trend 
 northward and cross Grand River again near Newcastle. North 
 of Grand River they form the Grand Hogback, and beyond the Dan- 
 forth Hills the trend is westward along the southern flank of the 
 Uinta Mountains. This great basin of coal-bearing rocks has been 
 hut partially prospected, and mines are in operation in only a few 
 localities, hut enough of the area has been explored to prove that 
 it is one of the most important coal reserves of the Rocky Mountain 
 region. As a whole, this area is a distinct unit, but for convenience 
 of study and description, it is divided into several parts. The Book 
 Cliffs field is that portion of the southern rim of the Uinta Basin 
 which includes the Book Cliffs and lies between Grand River, Colo- 
 rado, and the Wasatch Plateau, ITtali. 
 
 The geology of the Book Cliffs was first studied by A. C. Peale,^ 
 of the Hayden Survey, who in 1876 examined the eastern part of 
 the field. The western part was included in G. H. Eldridge’s map 
 of the Uinta Basin published in connection with his study of asphalt 
 and bituminous rock deposits. Until recently these papers have 
 
 o An abstractor this report was printed in Contributions to Economic Geology, 1906, Part II: Bull. U. S. 
 Geol. Survey No. 316, 1907. 
 
 f»Peale, A. C., Geological report on the Grand River district: Tenth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. 
 Survey Terr., 1878, pp. 170-185. 
 
 <;Eldridge, G. II., Asphalt and bituminous rock deposits of the United States: Twenty-second Ann. 
 Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 1, 1901, p. 3.32. 
 
6 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 been the only available systematic geologic reports of the region. 
 The presence of coal in the Book Chffs has long been knoAvn. The 
 deposits are mentioned by R. C. Hills® in his report on the coal 
 fields of Colorado, and by L. S. Storrs^ in his paper on the Rocky 
 Mountain coal fields. Arthur Lakes has also referred to part of 
 the area‘s and has described the Book Cliff mine.'^ But the coal field 
 was not examined in detail until 1905, when J. A. Taff, ^ of the United 
 States Geological Survey, studied the western part of the field from 
 the vicinity of Sunnyside to Castlegate, Utah, and its southern con- 
 tinuation along the escarpment of the Wasatch Plateau. 
 
 During three months of the season of 1906 the Avriter, assisted 
 by W. D. Neal, L. J. Pepperberg, and C. D. Perrin, made a recon- 
 naissance survey of the eastern part of the Book Cliffs field from 
 Grand River westward- to the termination of Taff’s work. The 
 attention of the party was devoted mainly to a study of the occur- 
 rence of the coal. The boundary between the Mancos shale and 
 the Mesaverde formation — the most easily recognized horizon near- 
 est the coal — was followed throughout the field, but in the time 
 available detailed mapping of the formations could not be attempted. 
 The location of the Dakota sandstone outcrop below the Mancos shale 
 and the position of the base of the Eocene above the Mesaverde forma- 
 tion were determined only at certain localities, and the boundary 
 between these formations, shown on Plate I by a dotted line, is only 
 approximately located. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 The Book Cliffs form the southern margin of the Book or Tavaputs 
 Plateau, which is situated in the central part of the Colorado Plateau 
 province, between the Rocky Mountains and the Wasatch Range. 
 The southward-facing cliffs, which extend in a great east-west line 
 from Grand River to Castlegate, lie north of and generally in sight 
 of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad and are one of the most 
 striking topograpliic features along that railroad. The cliffs do not 
 form aii unbroken wall, but locally are deeply cut by small streams 
 into a series of spurs which, although much lower than the main 
 mass of the plateau to the north, tower above and dominate the 
 great plain at their base. Tliis plain is eroded in the soft shale 
 underlying the coal-bearing rocks, and it affords a route for the 
 railroad which closely skirts the foot of the cliffs tlnoughout most 
 
 « Hills, 11. C., Coal fields of Colorado: Mineral Resources U. S. for 1892, U. S. Geol. Survey, 189.1, p. .358. 
 b Storrs, L. S., The Rocky Mountain coal field: Twenty-second Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. .3, 1901, 
 p. 436. 
 
 c Lakes, Arthur, The Grand River coal field: Mining Reporter, vol. 51, 1905, pp. .379-.381. 
 d Lake.s, Arthur, The Book ClilTs coal mine: Mine.s and Minerals, vol. 24, 1904, pp. 289-291. 
 eTall, J. A., The Book Cliffs coal field: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 285, 1906, pp. 289-302. 
 
Figure 1. — Map showing relation of the Book Cliffs field to adjacent coal fields. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 7 
 
 of their extent. South of this broad valley stratigraphically lower 
 and harder rocks are exposed in the Uncompahgre Plateau and the 
 
 San Rafael Swell, two great anticlinal uplifts south of the Uinta 
 Basin. 
 
8 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE. 
 
 The altitude of the surface throughout the Book Cliffs field ranges 
 from about 4,000 feet in the lowlands to 8,000 and 9,000 feet above 
 sea level on the plateau. The area is drained by Green and Grand 
 rivers, wliich unite to form the Colorado about 60 miles south of 
 the Book Cliffs. 
 
 Green Biver, after leaving the Uinta Mountains, flows in a south- 
 westerly direction across the Uinta Basin and cuts through the 
 Tavaputs Plateau in a steep, narrow gorge known as Desolation 
 Canyon.” At the mouth of the canyon in the Book Cliffs the stream 
 emerges into the lowlands, where it meanders in a broad valley for 
 10 or 12 miles. It flows across the belt of lowland and enters an- 
 other canyon on its way to its junction with the Grand. Green 
 Biver receives a number of large tributaries in the Uinta Basin — 
 Yampa and AYliite rivers on the east and Uinta and Duchesne on 
 the west; but in its canyon course through the Tavaputs Plateau 
 the only important branch is Price Biver, and in the lowland south 
 of the Book Cliffs there is no addition to its flow. East of Desolation 
 Canyon the plateau drains northward by Kwiant and Yogowotsi 
 creeks, wliich, rising near the rim of the Book Cliffs, enter the river 
 a few miles below the mouth of MTiite Biver. 
 
 Price Biver rises on the Wasatch Plateau, flows southeastward, 
 and emerges from the canyon it has cut in the plateau at Castlegate. 
 Thence it flows along the broad lowland valley at the base of the 
 Book Cliffs for a distance of 25 miles. Instead of continuing in the 
 lowland, however, it crosses the northern end of the San Bafael Swell, 
 flows directly across the lowland valley again, cuts a deep canyon 
 which separates Beckwith Plateau from the Tavaputs Plateau, and 
 finally enters Green Biver about 6 miles above the mouth of Desola- 
 tion Canyon. 
 
 Grand Biver, rising near the Continental Divide, on the Front Bange 
 of the Bocky Mountains, in Middle Park, Colorado, flows southwest ward 
 and enters the area under consideration at the mouth of Boan Creek 
 in a relatively broad valley. A few miles below Boan Creek the river 
 enters Hogback Canyon, in which it flows through the Little Book 
 Cliffs and emerges into the lowland immediately above the town of 
 Palisades. The river crosses the lowland, a lUstance of about 13 miles, 
 to the town of Grand Junction, where it is joined by Gunnison Biver. 
 The Grand then turns abruptly northwestward and follows the south- 
 ern margin of the lowland for 18 miles. Below Fruita it leaves the 
 lowland, and again flowing southwestward cuts across the northern 
 end of the Uncompahgre Plateau, and continuing southwestward, 
 mostly in a canyon course, finally joins the Green. 
 
 With the exception of the Gunnison, Grand Biver receives no large 
 tributaries in the Book Cliffs field. The most imjiortant is Koaii 
 
TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 9 
 
 Creek_, which drains the area between the Little Book Cliffs and the 
 Book Plateau northwest of De Beque. The streams which flow south- 
 ward from the Book Plateau are small, and on account of the slight 
 precipitation and limited drainage area flow intermittently through- 
 out the year. During the dry months the discharge even within the 
 highlands almost ceases and the stream beds across the lowlands 
 are dry. 
 
 The relation of the through-flowing streams to the lowland indi- 
 cates that their general courses were defined before the development 
 of the present topography, for there is little adjustment between the 
 drainage and the outcrops of the hard and soft formations. Grand 
 River conforms only partially with the trend of the lowland; Green 
 River maintains its way directly across the shale belt; Price River, 
 flowing alternately over hard and soft rocks, instead of continuously 
 in the shale lowland, is a good example of superimposed drainage. 
 
 LOWLAND AT BASE OF BOOK CLIFFS. 
 
 The lowland at the base of the Book Cliffs extends in a curved but 
 general westerly direction from Palisades, Colo., to Helper, Utah, a 
 distance of 190 miles. From Palisades it continues southeastward 
 between the Uncompahgre Plateau and Grand Mesa, and from Helper 
 the lowland extends southward between the San Rafael Swell and the 
 Wasatch Plateau, where it is known as Castle Valley. Throughout 
 its extent the lowland is underlain by shale and is not a stream valley 
 in the sense of being carved and occupied by a single master stream; 
 instead, the lowland has been eroded in soft rock by general subaerial 
 action and forms part of several drainage basins. The lowland has 
 been widened by the gradual recession of the Book Chffs northward 
 due to the weathering of the soft shale and the undermining of the 
 overlying hard sandstone which forms the cliffs. By this process the 
 cliffs have retreated, but they have maintained a fairly regular front. 
 
 The average width of the lowland is about 12 miles, having a maxi- 
 mum of 23 miles, in the vicinity of Cisco, and a minimum of 4 miles, 
 near Woodside. The lowland is an undulating^ plain that rises gently 
 toward the bordering highlands and extends between the Book Cliffs 
 on the north and a belt of sandstone hills on the south. It practically 
 coincides with the outcrop of the ‘Mancos shale. The small streams 
 that head in the Book Cliffs and cross the lowland have carved steep 
 arroyos, which impede travel. In the vicinity of the cliffs there are 
 outlying buttes and the shale is eroded into badlands. Adjoining the 
 cliffs there are local fringing remnants of an old outwash gravel- 
 covered plain into which the streams have cut their way 100 feet or 
 more, and south of Grand River, near Palisades, a number of terraces 
 are well developed. The largest, about 150 feet above the river, is 
 
10 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 between a quarter and a half mile wide, and traces of several other less 
 distinct terraces have been found above this one. 
 
 BOOK CLIFFS. 
 
 The Book Cliffs occupy a belt from 1 to 10 miles wide and rise above 
 the adjacent lowland from 2,000 to 6,000 feet. In places the rise is 
 abrupt in one or two sharp precipices; elsewhere it is accomphshed by 
 a series of cliffs and intervening benches. The rocks composing the 
 escarpment are alternating beds of sandstone and shale dipping 
 slightly northward, and the strata present the appearance of the leaves 
 of a book lying flat, hence the name. 
 
 In the area here discussed the cliffs extend in an S-shaped belt from 
 Palisades to Sunnyside. At the east they are much dissected by 
 Poan Creek, and a subordinate escarpment known as the Little Book 
 Cliffs extends northwestward from the mouth of Hogback Canyon. 
 The top of the Little Book Cliffs marks the crest of a ridge whose 
 northeastern flank constitutes a dip slope, and the area between Little 
 Book Cliffs and Roan Creek is a gentle northeastward-sloping mono- 
 cline dissected by southeastward-flovdng streams. 
 
 AVest of the headwaters of Roan Creek the Book Cliffs proper extend 
 to the end of the area mapped. Erosion by East and AA^est Salt 
 creeks has caused the rim of the plateau to recede so much that a few 
 miles east of the LTah-Colorado boundary the distance between the 
 lowlands and the plateau is unusually great. Between the State line 
 and Green River the average distance is about 10 miles. Here a low 
 bench, caused by a great lens of sandstone in the shale, forms the base 
 of the cliffs, as shown in Plate II, A. Above this lowest bench there 
 is a succession of dissected platforms and escarpments up to the 
 summit of the plateau. 
 
 Green River has cut another embayment in the cliffs, and Price 
 River in its canyon course separates a small area, known as the Beck- 
 with Plateau, from the main mass of the upland. The Beckwith 
 Plateau is considerablv dissected on the north and east, but faces the 
 lowland on the west in a practically unbroken scarp more than 1,500 
 feet high. Beyond Price River a similar line of cliffs extends at least 
 as far as Sunnyside. The surface at the summit of this cliff slopes 
 eastward and forms a platform upon which another but more 
 dissected line of cliffs rises 1,500 feet higher. 
 
 BOOK OR TAVAPUTS PLATEAU. 
 
 The crest of the Book cliffs forms the southern rim of the Book 
 Plateau, or, as it is known in I"tah, the Tavaputs Plateau, which 
 viewed from the south, forms an even-topped sky line. The plateau 
 slo])es gently northward toward the axis of the L'inta Basin, but is 
 much dissected by deep canyons. 
 
U. S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 371 PL. II 
 
 A. BENCH AT BASE OF BOOK CLIFFS, EAST OF THOMPSONS. 
 
 B. FAULT IN MESAVERDE FORMATION, 2 MILES SOUTH OF CARBONERA. 
 

 
 . 'Mi 
 
 K*. ?sfe? ' 
 
 
 
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 'if* *•'■ ■ -'il' -''V 
 
 i '. ''^.- ^ •' -H '- ' " ■ - 
 
 ^r:‘ :,^m : . . 
 
 
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STEATIGKAPHY, 
 
 11 
 
 CLIMATE AND CULTURE. 
 
 The climate of the region is arid, the mean annual rainfall at Grand 
 Junction being only 7.8 inches. The vegetation, therefore, is of the 
 desert type, and the shale lowland in its natural state is practically 
 bare or yields a meager growth of desert plants. The uplands 
 receive more rain and support stunted conifers, oaks, etc. In gen- 
 eral, timber suitable for mining purposes is scarce. In the Grand 
 Junction region timber for this purpose is imported, but in the western 
 part of the field it is more plentiful. In the valleys where irrigation 
 is practiced the desert has been converted into a garden, and por- 
 tions of the area rival in productiveness any part of the country. 
 The mean annual temperature is 53°, the summers being warm and 
 the winters usually mild. The percentage of sunshine is 75 and gen- 
 eral climatic conditions are delightful. In the irrigated areas con- 
 tiguous to Grand, Green, and Price rivers there are a number of 
 thriving settlements where fruit growing is an important industry. 
 Grand Junction, the most important place in the field, is a typically 
 progressive western town. The lowland is traversed in an east-west 
 direction by the main line of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY. 
 
 STRATIGRAPHY. 
 
 The general sequence of formations in the coal fields of the Uinta 
 Basin, as determined by recent work of the United States Geological 
 vSurvey,® is shown in the following table: 
 
 Geologic formations in Uinta Basin. 
 
 System . 
 
 Series. 
 
 Formation. 
 
 Tertiary. 
 
 Eocene. 
 
 Green River formation. 
 Wasatch formation. 
 Fort Union or older (?). 
 
 Iinconformity. 
 
 Cretaceous. 
 
 Upper Cretaceous. 
 
 Mesaverde formation. 
 Mancos shale. 
 
 Dakota sandstone. 
 
 Unconformity. 
 
 Jurassic. 
 
 To the subdivisions of the Cretaceous are given the names intro- 
 duced by Whitman Cross for southwestern Colorado.^ This classi- 
 
 ffl Taff, J. A., Pleasant Valley coal district, Utah, and Gale, Hoyt S., Coal fields of the Danforth Hills and 
 Grand Hogback, Colorado: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 316, 1907. 
 i> Cross, Whitman, La Plata folio (No. 60), Geologic Atlas U. S-, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1899. 
 
12 
 
 THE BOOK (’LTFFS COAL FIELD, 
 
 fication differs from that of Peale, of the Hayden Survey, who in his 
 report on the Book Cliffs field® separated the rocks here assigned to 
 the Mesaverde formation into the ‘‘Fox Hills” and the “Laramie.” 
 It was recognized by the Hayden Survey that there is no distinct 
 lithologic break in the Book Cliffs between the “Laramie” and the 
 “Fox Hills,” and the nomenclature employed was an attempt to 
 conform to subdivisions used in other fields. It has been found desir- 
 able, however, to restrict the use of the name “Fox Hills” to the origi- 
 nal area in South Dakota,^ and, as shown below, these rocks are not 
 Laramie, but belong in the Montana group. The classification here 
 adopted is based on the general stratigraphic and areal relations of 
 the rocks and on fossil evidence, as explained on pages 17-19. The 
 Uinta Basin section differs from that of southwestern Colorado 
 and the Yanipa coal field in northwestern Colorado‘S by the 
 absence of the Lewis shale and the Laramie formation between 
 the Mesaverde and the Eocene. This hiatus in the Book Cliffs field 
 appears to be accounted for by the unconformity at the base of the 
 Eocene, which implies that these formations, if they were ever pres- 
 ent in the area under discussion, were removed by erosion previous 
 to the deposition of the overlying Tertiary rocks. 
 
 In the Book Cliffs field the general character and sequence of the 
 rocks is shown by the section in Plate III. The strata are separable 
 into four distinct lithologic divisions, the three Cretaceous forma- 
 tions named and the Eocene rocks, all easily recognizable throughout 
 the field by their physical character and sequence. 
 
 CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 * DAKOTA SANDSTONE. 
 
 The Dakota sandstone in the area here considered possesses the char- 
 acteristic features common to the formation in this general region. It 
 is composed of buff quartzitic sandstone, generally conglomeratic, and 
 local beds of carbonaceous shale and low-grade coal are provisionally 
 included in the formation, although no fossils have been found in them 
 in the Book Cliffs field. The Dakota varies in thickness from about 
 200 feet to less than 25 feet. The outcrop forms a narrow belt of low 
 hills parallel to and about 12 miles south of the Book Cliffs. 
 
 The formation is extremely variable in composition and arrangement 
 of the beds, as shown bv the following sections measured in different 
 parts of the field. At the mouth of Gunnison Kiver, south of Grand 
 
 « Peale, A. C., Geolojiic report on the Grand River district: Tenth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geo^. 
 Survey Terr., 1878. 
 
 b Stanton, T. W., Geology and paleontology of the Judith River beds: Bull. C. S. Geol. Survey No. 257, 
 1905, p. ()6. 
 
 f Fenneman, X. M., and Gale, Hoyt S., The Yainpacoal field: Bull. IT. S. Geol. Survey Xo. 297, 19(Ml. 
 
Jurassic?. I pper Cretaceous. Kocene, 
 
 u. s. geological survey 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 371 PL. Ill 
 
 Description. 
 
 Varicolored shales, buff sandstone, local basal 
 coiiR’lonierate, and subordinate tliin beds of lime- 
 stone containing fresli-water shells. Different 
 sections show diverse stratii>'i'apby. These rocks 
 form the hiirbest cliff's and constitute the Moor of 
 the Uinta basin. 
 
 Alternatiiif? beds of buff sandstone and drab shale 
 with workable beds of coal in the lower jiart of 
 the formation. Fossils occur at several horizons, 
 including leaves, invertebrates, and occasional 
 bones. These are the cliff-making rocks of the 
 Book Cliff's. 
 
 Fissile black to drab clay shale and local lenses of 
 limestone. Thin beds of buff sandstone at the top 
 mark the transition to the overlying formation. 
 Jlarine shells are abundant at two general hori- 
 zons in the uiiper and lower parts of the forma- 
 tion. This shale underlies the broad lowland 
 at the base of the Book Cliff's. 
 
 Buff sandstone, often conglomeratic. 
 
 Red. green, and purple shales with lenses and thin 
 beds of buff' sandstonecontaining dinosaur liones- 
 
 GENERALIZED COLUMNAR SECTION OF THE ROCKS OF THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
STRATIGRAPHY. 
 
 13 
 
 Junction, the following measurements were made, but no Dakota fos- 
 sils were found, and the limits of the formation were not determined : 
 
 Section of strata south of Grand Junction. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Shale, drab (Mancos) 5 
 
 Sandstone, buff, lens (Dakota?) 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous, containing thin layers of coal (Dakota?) 20 
 
 Sandstone, massive, cross-bedded, cream-colored, quartzitic, includ- 
 ing irregular lenses of conglomerate with rounded pebbles of chert 
 
 and quartzite up to 1 inch in diameter (Dakota) 20 
 
 Shale, drab, probably below Dakota 1 
 
 Sandstone, greenish drab, shaly 2 
 
 Shale, greenish drab 20 -f 
 
 68 
 
 Between Grand Junction and Fruita the outcroj) of the Dakota lies 
 immediatel}^ south of Grand River, but the formation is covered h}" 
 sand and gravel at many places. In this locality the carbonaceous 
 shale is well developed, and at several places there are coal prospects. 
 In a creek about midway between Grand Junction and Fruita the fol- 
 lowing section is exposed : 
 
 Section of Dakota (?) coal beds in (reek midivay between Grand Junction and 
 
 Sandstone, buff 4 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 2 
 
 Coal .* 1 6 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 1 
 
 Coal (varies from 2 to 3 feet) 2 6 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 6 
 
 Coal 8 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 8 
 
 12 10 
 
 The formation crosses the river west of Fruita and the following sec- 
 tion was measured south of Loma : 
 
 Section of Dakota sandstone south of Loma. 
 
 Shale, dark with local carbonaceous layers (Colorado). 
 
 Sandstone, buff, including thin layers of shale and lenses of conglom- 
 erate with pebbles of chert and quartzite 
 
 Shale, greenish, sandy 
 
 Sandstone, buff, and conglomerate 
 
 Sandstone, white 
 
 Shale, varicolored (Jurassic). 
 
 Feet. 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 135 
 
 South of Thompsons, Utah, there are 100 feet of massive white and 
 buff sandstones, cross-bedded and locally conglomeratic, lying between 
 drab shale above and varicolored shale below. At this ])lace the car- 
 bonaceous beds seem to be absent, and they were not found farther 
 
14 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 west in the area examined. Near Green River the formation is vari- 
 able. In places south of Elgin the sandstone thins out to a few feet 
 and locally disappears, while nearby it thickens to 40 feet or more. 
 Some exposures show considerable conglomerate, while others show 
 but little conglomerate and much sandstone. 
 
 Characteristic Dakota leaves were found in the sandstone near Elgin 
 and in the vicinity of Woodside. They were examined by F. H. 
 Knowlton, who furnishes the following lists: 
 
 V Dakota fossils from Woodside. 
 
 Laiiriis proteaefolia Lesq. 
 
 Laurus modesta? Lesq. 
 
 Dakota fossils from Elgin. 
 
 cf. Pecopteris striata Heer, from the Unter Atanekerdluk (Cenomanian) 
 beds of Greenland. 
 
 Gleichenia sp.? 
 
 Torreya oblanceolata Lesq. 
 
 Finns sp. (cone scales). 
 
 Liquidambar integrifolium Lesq. 
 
 Andromeda linearifolia? Lesq. 
 
 Salix proteaefolia Lesq. 
 
 The Dakota sandstone is underlain by several hundred feet of red, 
 green, and purple shales with intercalated la3^ers of buff sandstone and 
 thin blue limestone. A number of dinosaur® bones have been found 
 in these beds, which probabl}^ represent the Morrison formation. The 
 contact between the Cretaceous (Dakota) and Jurassic is not everv- 
 where distinct, but in several localities the former is exposed hung un- 
 conformably on an undulating surface of varicolored Jurassic shale. 
 
 MANGOS SHALE. 
 
 The Blancos shale forms the base of the Book Cliffs (Mount Garfield, 
 PI. IV), where it is sculptured into badland topograph}^, and it 
 underlies the broad valle}" between the cliffs and the hills of Dakota 
 sandstone to the south. It is a fissile black, blue-gra\’, and drab clav 
 shale, which contains local lenses of limestone, and, at the top, thin 
 beds of buff sandstone. The shale constitutes a distinct lithologic 
 unit in which there is little variation, though the color of the lower 
 part is generallv darker than the upper. It is much broken bv cracks 
 and joints, which frequenth" contain thin saline films. These locallv 
 effloresce in patches of white powder, some of which were found to 
 consist chiefiv of calcium carbonate, and the unreclaimed areas of 
 shale are characteristicallv coated with alkali.’’ Lenses of blue-grav 
 fossiliferous limestone, from several inches to a few feet in thickness, 
 
 a Riggs, E. S., The dinosaur >>c(is of Orand River valley, Colorado. Field Columbian Mus. geol. series, 
 vol. 1, 1901. 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 371 PU IV 
 
 MOUNT GARFIELD, 9 MILES EAST OF GRAND JUNCTION. 
 
STRATIGRAPHY. 
 
 15 
 
 occur at several horizons, but chiefly in the upper few hundred feet of 
 the formation. This part of the formation is also characterized by 
 beds of buff sandstone, usually thin bedded, by which the Mancos 
 shale grades into the overlying Mesaverde formation. 
 
 From the nature of the exposures the thickness of the Mancos shale 
 is difficult to determine. The best measurement was obtained from 
 a drill hole near the upper terminus of the Book Cliffs Railroad, about 
 10 miles northeast of Grand Junction. This began about 200 feet 
 below the top of the formation, and was still in shale when drilling 
 was stopped at a depth of 2,600 feet, showing a minimum thickness of 
 2,800 feet. The dip of the shale in the valley can be only roughly 
 estimated; but assuming an average of 2° and allowing 1,200 feet 
 for the difference in elevation between the outcrops of base and top 
 of the shale, and a width of outcrop of 11 miles, gives a thickness of 
 about 3,200 feet. 
 
 Marine shells have been found in the shale at two general horizons, 
 one near the base and the other near the top. The lower collections 
 were obtained at several localities within 200 feet of the base of the 
 formation, and among these T. W. Stanton has identified the follow- 
 ing forms: 
 
 Fossils from lower part of Mancos shale. 
 
 Anomia sp. 
 
 Modiola sp. 
 
 Ostrea lugubris Conrad. 
 Inoceramus dimidius White. 
 Inoceramiis fragilis II. and M 
 Scaphites warreni M. and II. 
 
 Prionocyclus macombi Meek. 
 Callista sp. 
 
 Pyropsis? sp. 
 
 Baculites gracilis Shumard? 
 Gryphaea newberryi Stanton. 
 
 Most of the fossils from the upper part of the shale were found in 
 limestone lenses about 250 feet below the lowest coal bed, but a few 
 specimens were obtained in sandstone only 50 feet below the coal. 
 They include the following forms, identified by T. W. Stanton: 
 
 Fossils from upper part of MaJicos shale. 
 
 Lucina sp. 
 
 Baculites compressus Say. 
 
 Baculites ovatus Say. 
 
 Inoceramus cripsi var. barabini Morton. 
 
 Concerning these fossils Stanton reports as follows: 
 
 The fossils of the shale between the Dakota and the coal-bearing rocks indicate that 
 two distinct faunas are represented, one, in the lower part, being characteristic of the 
 Benton shale of the Colorado group, and the other, near the top, equally characteristic 
 of the Montana group. As this agrees perfectly uith the fauna of the Mancos shale in 
 the type locality, and as there is also essential agreement in other respects, such as 
 stratigraphic position, lithologic character, and thickness, it seems justifiable to apply 
 the name Mancos to this shale. 
 
16 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 MESAVERDE FORMATION. 
 
 Well-exposed sections in the face of the Book Cliffs (Pis. IV and 
 X) show that the Mancos shale grades upward into the overlying 
 Mesaverde formation with no apparent break in sedimentation. 
 The transition is marked by the increasing prevalence of sand in the 
 upper part of the Mancos, and in the Book Cliffs field a sharp 
 boundary can not be drawn between the formations. The Mesa- 
 verde consists of alternating beds of buff sandstone and drab or 
 dark shale with, workable beds of coal in the lower part (PL V). 
 These are the escarpment-making rocks of the Book Cliffs, and they 
 are well exposed throughout the area. 
 
 The sections in Plate VI show the general character of the forma- 
 tion. About a third of it is composed of shale, most of which occurs 
 in the lower half, while the upper part consists principally of sand- 
 stone. The areal distribution of the different strata is varied, and 
 no two sections are exactly alike. Some beds of sandstone, however, 
 are persistent for several miles. Coal is practically limited to the 
 lower 700 feet of the formation, and throughout the field one or more 
 beds ranging from 2 to 21 feet thick have been found, as described 
 on pages 24-41, wherever prospecting has been done. The shale 
 of the Mesaverde formation is commonty sandy and is drab in color, 
 but where associated with the coal it is usually carbonaceous. The 
 sandstone is generally buff, though occasionally it is almost white, 
 and in places red. The bedding ranges from thin to massive, some 
 of the layers being only a few inches while others are 50 feet thick, 
 the usual thickness being between 2 and 5 feet. The sandstone is 
 prevailingly fine textured and is conspicuously feldspathic, consist- 
 ing in general of rounded gvains of quartz with considerable feldspar 
 and subordinate mica. Exposed surfaces are often coated with 
 efflorescing salts, and the sandstone locally shows honeycomb weath- 
 ering. The rocks of the Book Cliffs coal field are traversed by 
 numerous joints, which are prominently developed in the sandstone. 
 Two sets, at right angles, are commonly present. 
 
 At many places in the lower part of the formation the sandstone 
 is distinctly red. The color is distributed in irregular patches, gen- 
 erally, if not always, a few feet above a coal bed, and usually at 
 exposed jutting outcrops. There appears to be no difference in 
 general composition between the normal buff sandstone and that 
 colored red, and the distribution of the highly colored rocks is too 
 irregular to be accounted for by differences in original deposition. 
 Similar occurrences have been reported from several of the Rocky 
 Mountain coal fields, and the color is believed to be due to the 
 burning of coal in underlying beds, the formation of the color being 
 analogous to that in the burning of bricks. In Horse Canyon, at 
 the western limit of the present survey, the coal bed is about 16 feet 
 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 371 PL. V 
 
 A. TYPICAL EXPOSURE OF MESAVERDE FORMATION, 25 MILES NORTH OF THOMPSONS. 
 
 J!. OUTCROP OF COAL IN VALLEY OF SALERATUS CREEK. 
 
V-: < 
 
 y ’ •-'• ■ Jc4K.t aJ 
 
 
 [- **^-''"V ''■^■'^•'^* s "■■4 *V ‘'Tii 
 
 I ^ I ■-.«*' • jV. -a* 
 
 uct.< • - • • . . -' ^ 
 
 ^ f 
 
 
 
 
 • S • ^ . 
 
STEATIGKAPHY. 
 
 17 
 
 thick and is normally overlain by buff sandstone. But south from 
 the prospect near the mouth of the canyon, on the west side, the 
 coal locally disappears and its place is* occupied by a thin deposit 
 of wliitish, ashlike material about a foot thick, and the overlying 
 thin-bedded red sandstone is crumpled and broken, as if it had 
 fallen consequent to the burning of the coal. Bits of slaglike material, 
 clinkers, etc., are in the vicinity. 
 
 The thickness of the coal-bearing formation is variable and decreases 
 toward the west. Immediately east of Grand River the entire for- 
 mation is exposed in steep cliffs, and a thickness of 2,200 feet was 
 measured barometrically on the flanks of Grand Mesa. North of 
 Thompsons, Utah, a thickness of about 1,800 feet was measured, 
 but an allowance for dip makes this measurement less reliable. 
 At the mouth of Horse Canyon, in the west end of the field, the 
 formation is only about 1,200 feet thick. As stated on page 19, the 
 erosion of the Mesaverde before the deposition of the overlying 
 Tertiary rocks is probably the cause of the observed difference in 
 thickness. 
 
 Fossils occur in this formation at several horizons and include 
 invertebrates, leaves, and a few bones. Shells were found in many 
 localities between 200 feet above the lowest coal bed and 250 feet 
 below the overlying varicolored deposits. Among the fossil shells 
 Stanton has identified the following species: 
 
 Fossils from Mesaverde formation. 
 
 Corbuia perimdata M. and H. 
 
 Corbula subtrigonalis M. and H. 
 Corbicula cytheriformis M. and II. 
 Campeloma? sp. 
 
 Tulotoma thompsoni White. 
 
 Goniobasis sp. 
 
 Molluscan burrows in fossil wood. 
 
 A number of small lots of fossil leaves were collected from this for- 
 mation at several localities, and at a few places fairly good collec- 
 tions were obtained, which were identified by F. H. Knowlton as 
 follows : 
 
 About a quarter of a mile northwest of the present Book Cliff mine, 
 from a sandstone 30 feet above the upper coal, the following were col- 
 lected : 
 
 Fossil leaves from sandstone near the Booh Clijf mine. 
 
 Ostrea sp. 
 
 Ostrea glabra M. and H. 
 Anomia gryphorhynchus Meek. 
 Anemia micronema Meek. 
 Modiola laticostata White? 
 Modiola cf, regularis White. 
 Unio, several species. 
 
 Sequoia Reichenbachi (Gein.) Heer. 
 Eriocaulon? porosum Lesq. 
 
 Palm (new). 
 
 Ficus latifolia (Lesq.) Knowlton. 
 Myrica Torreyi Lesq. 
 
 Magnolia sp. 
 
 Near the mine entry several specimens of mayor Lesq. 
 
 were obtained. 
 
 63854—09 2 
 
18 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 Three-fourths of a mile northwest of Cameo, about 100 feet above 
 the upper coal, a narrow leaf, apparently Salix, Sequoia Reichen- 
 hachi’i (Gein.) Heer, and fragments of dicot}^ledons were found. 
 
 Fifty feet above Ballard’s coal mine north of Thompsons Anemia 
 elongata (Xewb.) Ivnowlton and Mynca Torreyi Lesq. were found. 
 
 About 200 feet above the coal at Carbonera fragments of dicotyle- 
 dons, including Myrica Torreyi'l Lesq., were found. 
 
 About 8 miles north of Thompsons, 250 feet below the conglomer- 
 ate which is regarded as marking the base of the Eocene, the follow- 
 ing were obtained: 
 
 Fossil leaves from a locality about 8 miles north of Thompsons. 
 
 Sequoia Reichenbachi (Gein.) Heer. 
 Sabalites Grayanus? Lesq. 
 
 Ficus planicostata Lesq. 
 Cinnamomum affine? Lesq. 
 
 Malapoenna new. 
 
 Ficus sp., very large, apparently new. 
 Dicotyledon, very large, with three ribs, 
 prominent teeth, etc., probably new. 
 
 The only fossil bones from this formation were obtained east of 
 Green River, about 500 feet above the top of the Mancos shale. 
 The}’ were determined by J. lY. Gidley, of the United States National 
 Museum, to be the distal ends of femurs of a dinosaur. 
 
 There has been much misapprehension concerning the age of the 
 coal-bearing rocks of the Uinta Basin. In the Book Cliffs field, as 
 already stated, Beale mapped the rocks here referred to the Mesa- 
 verde as two formations and correlated them respectively with the 
 “Fox Hills” and the “Laramie.” Later writers have considered the 
 entire formation to be Laramie, because it overlies marine Cretaceous 
 beds and in turn is overlain by Wasatch strata, and the fauna and 
 flora were believed to belong to the Laramie. 
 
 Just what constitutes the Laramie has long been a problem with 
 geologists, but recent studies of the Rocky Mountain coal fields by 
 the United States Geological Survey have thrown new light on the 
 subject. The reason for assigning the coal-bearing formation of the 
 Book Cliffs to the Mesaverde is explained in the following extract 
 from a letter of T. W. Stanton to the writer, reporting upon fossils 
 collected from this field. 
 
 In northwestern Colorado, southern Wyoming, and elsewhere, many of the coal- 
 bearing rocks previously called Laramie are really older and are overlain by marine 
 Cretaceous formations, thus corresponding with the Mesaverde formation first described 
 in southwestern Colorado. The Mesaverde formation has been identified in the 
 Yampa field, where the stratigraphic evidence is satisfactory that it underlies a thick 
 marine Cretaceous formation, correlated with the Lewis shale, which in turn is over- 
 lain by the Laramie and later formations. South of the Yampa field, in the Danforth 
 Hills and the Grand Hogback, the Mesaverde is clearly recognizable, but here there 
 is an erosional unconformity which cuts out the Lewis and the Laramie and brings the 
 Mesaverde in contact with the Fort Lhiiona and possibly later formations. 
 
 a Gale, II. S., Coal fields of the Danforth Hills and Grand Hogback in northwestern Colorado: Bull. U. S. 
 Geol. Survej-, No. :U(>, 1!*07, pp. 2(14-301. 
 
STEATIGRAPHY. 
 
 19 
 
 The invertebrate fauna of the Mesaverde includes two distinct elements; one con- 
 sisting of marine species is found chiefly in the lower portion, sometimes in beds alter- 
 nating with those containing the other, which consists of fresh-water and brackish- 
 water forms. The marine element is a direct continuation of the upper Mancos fauna 
 and is not safely distinguishable from it without full stratigraphic data. The non- 
 marine fauna is closely related to that of the Laramie, with which it has some species 
 in common, especially in the genera Ostrea and Corhicula. During the past season 
 [1907] the fact has been established that Tulotoma thompsoni, hitherto regarded as 
 a characteristic Laramie species, occurs in both the Laramie and the Mesaverde. 
 
 The invertebrate fossils that have been collected from the coal-bearing rocks of the 
 Book Cliffs all occur in the Mesaverde of northwestern Colorado, and Doctor Knowlton 
 finds that this is essentially true of the plants also. It is admitted that most of the 
 fossils in question from the Book Cliffs would not seem out of place in the Laramie, yet 
 their close agreement with those known to occur in the Mesaverde of a neighboring 
 area, and the general stratigraphic and areal relations of the rocks in which they are 
 found, make their reference to the Mesaverde most reasonable. The uncon formable 
 relations that doubtless exist between those rocks and the overlying Wasatch will 
 explain the absence of the later Cretaceous rocks from the area. 
 
 In the Book Cliffs field the unconformity between the Mesaverde 
 and the overlying Eocene is marked not only by the absence of the 
 Lewis shale and the Laramie, but also by the westward thinning of 
 the Mesaverde formation (p. 17), by the basal Eocene conglomerate, 
 and by the distinct general difference in stratigraphy^ between the 
 underlying buff sandstones and shales, which are brackish- water and 
 fresh-water deposits, and the overlying variegated formation which 
 accumulated under more diverse conditions, probably in part sub- 
 aerial and in part lacustrine. 
 
 TERTIARY SYSTEM EOCENE SERIES. 
 
 Strata of Eocene age cap the Book Cliffs and for several thousand 
 square miles constitute the surface of the Uinta Basin to the north. 
 In the east end of the basin the Hayden Survey® mapped the Wasatch, 
 Green River, Bridger, and Uinta formations of the Eocene, and in the 
 west end G. H. Eldridge * also recognized the same formations. The 
 present reconnaissance survey was not extended north of the crest of 
 the Book Cliffs, and the large area designated Eocene on the map is 
 taken from the authorities above mentioned. 
 
 The lower Eocene beds in the area here considered are composed of 
 local conglomerate, varicolored shale, buff sandstone, and subordinate 
 thin lenses of limestone. The stratigraphy is characteristically 
 varied and many adjacent sections are very unlike; in one place the 
 varicolored shale predominates and in another it is inconspicuous. 
 The conglomerate also is variable in occurrence. In some sections 
 none was seen, while elsewhere there is considerable. One of the best 
 exposures observed is north of Thompsons, where from 10 to 20 feet 
 
 “Hayden’s Atlas of Colorado. 
 
 Eldridge, G. H., Asphalt and bituminous rock deposits of the United States: Twenty-second Ann. 
 Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 1, 1901. 
 
20 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 of gray conglomerate rests upon an undulating surface of massive 
 buff sandstone. The conglomerate is interbedded with lenses of fine 
 red sandstone and is composed of rounded pebbles of quartz, quartz- 
 ite, and chert, colored red, pink, black, and white, in a sandy matrix. 
 Above the conglomerate north of Thompsons there are several beds 
 of buff sandstone and drab shale and three thin intercalated layers of 
 conglomerate, above which there are several hundred feet of red, pur- 
 ple, green and drab shales, including a few thin beds of drab siliceous 
 limestone. 
 
 The following sections indicate general conditions, their upper 
 limits marking no particular horizons. 
 
 Section oj' Eocene in Horse Canyon. 
 
 Feei. 
 
 Shale, yellowish 4 
 
 Limestone, fine buff to white (rich in 
 
 fossils, p 21) 1 
 
 Shale, drab 20 
 
 Sandstone, calcareous 1 
 
 Shale, varicolored 10 
 
 Sandstone, buff 5 
 
 Shale, green, purple, red 15 
 
 Shale, drab 20 
 
 Shale, varicolored 10 
 
 Shale, drab 25 
 
 Sandstone, buff 4 
 
 Shale, drab 10 
 
 Shale, varicolored 40 
 
 Shale, drab 20 
 
 Shale, varicolored 40 
 
 Shale, drab 20 
 
 Sandstone, white 10 
 
 Shale, drab 10 
 
 Sandstone, greenish 1 
 
 Shale, olive-drab, sandy 45 
 
 Shale, buff to drab, sandy 25 
 
 Conglomerate and sandstone 4 
 
 Sandstone, massive, buff (Mesa- 
 
 verde?). 
 
 340 
 
 Section of Eocene 5 miles north of Turner^ s 
 
 Sandstone, buff and white 20 
 
 Shale, red 7 
 
 Shale, purple 2 
 
 I Sandstone, buff 2 
 
 Shale, purple 3 
 
 Shale, drab 12 
 
 Shale, red 7 
 
 Shale, drab 37 
 
 Sandstone, buff 15 
 
 Concealed by talus 115 
 
 Sandstone, buff 25 
 
 Shale, drab 15 
 
 Sandstone, gray 7 
 
 j Shale, purple 7 
 
 I Shale, drab 35 
 
 Sandstone, buff 15 
 
 I Shale, reddish 18 
 
 Sandstone, buff 2 
 
 Shale, drab 25 , 
 
 Sandstone, buff 5 
 
 Shale, drab 25 
 
 Shale, purple 5 
 
 Sandstone, buff 5 
 
 Shale, drab 20 
 
 Shale, red and purple 75 
 
 Sandstone, massive, white (Mesa- 
 
 verde?). 
 
 504 
 
 At least 750 feet of the variegated beds are exposed in this area, but 
 the top of the formation was not determined. Peale" gives the fol- 
 lowing measurements of the Eocene at White Mountain on Grand 
 River north of De Beque: Green River, 2,282 feet; Wasatch, 1,650 
 feet; total Eocene, 3,932 feet. 
 
 «Pcale, A. C., Goological report on the Grand River district: Tenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. 
 Survey Terr., 1878, p. 190. 
 
STRUCTURE. 
 
 21 
 
 Fossils are not abundant in the lower part of the Eocene series in 
 the area under consideration, and collections were made in only two 
 localities, each from thin beds or lenses of limestone. The following 
 determinations were made by W. H. Dali: 
 
 Fossils collected near divide of Hay Creek, north of Turner's ranch, about 200 feet above 
 
 (op of Mesaverde. 
 
 Goniobasis tenera Hall vai\ carter! Conrad. 
 
 Cast of Polygyra (aff. leidyi Hall). 
 
 Impression of Unio sp. 
 
 Fossils from Horse Canyon, Utah, 200 and 350 feet above top of Mesaverde. 
 
 Physa, probably bridgerensis Meek. 
 
 Vivipara panguitchensis White. 
 
 Vivipara, probably wyomingensis Meek. 
 
 Goniobasis sp. 
 
 Dali reports that these are fresh-water shells which do not indicate 
 with much precision their horizon within the Eocene, though they are 
 probably Wasatch. Probably part of the area colored as Eocene on 
 the map includes other Eocene formations in addition to the Wasatch, 
 but the region has not been studied in detail and their differentiation 
 was not attempted. 
 
 The presence or absence of the Fort Union formation, which nor- 
 mally occurs beneath the Wasatch, has not been determined in the 
 Book Cliffs field. In the Grand Hogback, northwest of Newcastle, 
 Colo., T. W. Stanton and H. S. Gale collected fossil plants which F. II. 
 Knowlton refers to the Fort Union, but Gale did not find it practicable 
 to map the rocks containing these fossil leaves distinct from the Wa- 
 satch. In the Book Cliffs field no Fort Union fossils have been found 
 and the age of the thin, variable zone of conglomerate and buff sand- 
 stone at the base of the Eocene remains to be determined. 
 
 STRUCTURE. 
 
 The strata of the Book Cliffs coal field, forming as they do part of 
 the southern margin of the Uinta synclinal basin, dip gently north- 
 ward. The dip is not uniform, however, for this area, besides being 
 included in the zone of folding of the Uinta Mountains and the Uinta 
 Basin, is affected by the uplifts which produced the San Rafael Swell 
 and the Uncompahgre Plateau. That part of the Book Cliffs coal 
 field which is included in the present report is gently warped, the 
 eastern part constituting the end of a low, northward-plunging anti- 
 cline, and the western part the end of a northward-plunging syncline. 
 Conforming with this structure, the irregular S-shaped outline of the 
 cliffs coincides with the strike of the rocks. There are, also, local 
 faults of small displacement. 
 
22 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 The rocks in the foothills at the northern end of the Uncompahgre 
 Plateau, near Grand Junction and Mack, dip northeastward at angles 
 var^dng from 5° to 45°. Near the mouth of Gunnison River the 
 Dakota sandstone dips 5°; west of Fruita the dip is 40° N. 40° E., 
 and east of Mack it is 30° N. 55° E. Several miles west of Mack the 
 direction of the Dakota outcrop turns and trends southwestward and 
 the sandstone dips northwestward at angles ranging from 2° to 15°. 
 
 Between the Uncompahgre Plateau and the San Rafael Swell the 
 rocks are irregularly disturbed, but little is known of the structure. 
 South of the railroad between Cisco and Thompsons the Dakota out- 
 crop trends almost east-west and dips northward. Seven or eight 
 miles southwest of Thompsons the trend turns abruptly southward, 
 forming the nose of a northwestward-pitching anticline. The axis of 
 this fold is eroded and the vari-colored shales of the Jurassic are 
 exposed between ridges of Dakota sandstone which on the north dips 
 10° N. 25° E. South of the town of Green River the dip of the Dakota 
 indicates the presence of another low northward-pitching anticline, 
 the dips varying from 5° to 15°. 
 
 West of Green River the San Rafael uplift causes the highland to be 
 fringed by prominent hogbacks formed by steeply dipping strata. 
 The Dakota outcrop constitutes the outermost belt of foothills, in 
 which the sandstone west of the town of Green River dips almost due- 
 east and in the vicinity of Price River northeast, the angles averaging 
 about 10°. 
 
 The Mancos shale underlying the valley between the Dakota hills 
 and the Book Cliffs doubtless conforms to the general structure of 
 this region, but there are few opportunities for measuring the dips. 
 Locally, however, especially where interbedded limestone and sand- 
 stone outcrop, the dip is shown to be low, and throughout the valle}" 
 it probably ranges between 1° and 5°. 
 
 On the other hand, the structure of the rocks that form the clifls 
 is well exposed. Between Palisades and Carbonera the general dip 
 is northeastward, the usual angle being about 4°. But in the vicinity 
 of the Book Cliff mine, north of Grand Junction, the dip is locally 
 steep, amounting to 25° or 30° N. 50° E. This dip continues down 
 the northeastern side of the Little Book Cliffs, forming a dip slope; 
 the steep inclination soon changes, however, to the prevailing low dip. 
 
 Two miles north of Carbonera a local fold is exposed which causes 
 a southwestward dip of 15°, but the extent of this disturbance was 
 not determined. It is south of the zone of doming found by II. S. 
 Gale® in the White River valley in 1907. From Carbonera to the 
 vicinity of Thompsons the dip in the face of the cliffs is about 5° NIV., 
 but, as is general throughout the field, it becomes less toward the 
 
 a Gale, U. S.. Coal fields of northwestern Colorado and Utah: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 341 1909. 
 
. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 371 PL. VI 
 
 DETAILED COLUMNAR SECTIONS OF COAL-BEARING ROCKS IN BOOK CLIFFS FIELD. 
 
U. S QEOLOQICAL SURVEY 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 371 PL. VI 
 
 gjs.-. 
 
 LOCATION OF SECTIONS 
 
 1. Horse Canyon 
 
 2. 3 miles northeast of Woodside 
 
 3. Northwest end of Beckwith Plateau 5 miles 
 southeast of Woodside 
 
 4. 8 miles northeast of Green River 
 
 5. Second canyon west of Horse Creek 
 
 6. North of Thompsons 
 
 7. Nash's ranch, 9 miles northeast of Thompsons 
 
 8. Bryson’s ranch on Westwater Creek 
 
 9. In the vicinity of Carbonera 
 
 10. West of East Salt Creek 5^4 miles southwest 
 of Turner’s ranch 
 
 11. 24 miles northwest of Malone’s ranch 
 
 12. 1 mile northeast of Malone's ranch 
 
 13. At Nearing mine 
 
 14. At Farmers mine 
 
 15. At Book Cliff mine 
 
 16. At Palisade mine 
 
 1 2 
 
 3 4 
 
 5 6 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 12 13 14 
 
 15 16 
 
 m 200 
 
 300 feet 
 
 DETAILED COLUMNAR SECTIONS OF COAL-BEARING ROCKS IN BOOK CLIFFS FIELD, 
 
OCCUKKENCE OF COAL. 
 
 28 
 
 plateau. Northwest of Thompsons, to the end of the area examined, 
 the influence of the San Kafael Swell is felt and the dips are norths 
 eastward from 2° to 10°. 
 
 The rocks in the Book ClifTs are conspicuously jointed, two sets at 
 right angles being well developed, one of which usually is parallel 
 to the face of the cliffs. The escarpment is gradually being worn 
 back by blocks of sandstone breaking along these cracks and falling 
 down to the base of the cliffs. 
 
 Large faults have not been observed in the Book Cliffs coal field, 
 but several small dislocations were found in the face of the escarp- 
 ment, a few of which will be mentioned. Between Sunnyside and 
 Woodside the coal in the face of the cliffs is so distinctly offset that 
 a fault can be seen at a distance of several miles, and there are several 
 other faults in this vicinity. About 10 miles north of Woodside 
 the plane of one fault strikes N. 65° W. and the displacement amounts 
 to 120 feet. Another fault in the cliffs 3 miles northeast of Wood- 
 side strikes N. 75° W. Here the displacement is only about 20 feet, 
 but the fault is clearly exposed, for it involves a bed of coal and the 
 strata are bent along the plane of dislocation. There is also a small 
 development of breccia. Another fault is clearly exposed in the 
 canyon 2^ miles below Carbonera. (See Pl.TI, B.) There the fault 
 strikes N. 75° E. and the throw amounts to about 50 feet. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 GENERAL STATEMENT. 
 
 Coal of commercial importance occurs in the lower part of the 
 Mesaverde formation at various horizons from 35 to 700 feet above 
 its base. In some localities several beds are present, while in others 
 only one or two have been found, but no single bed has been traced 
 continuously for more than a few miles. (See PI. VI.) So little 
 prospecting has been done that an unqualified statement can not be 
 made, but so far as known one or more workable beds are present 
 throughout the field here considered. The thickness of the coal 
 ranges from a maximum of 21 feet down to mere films of carbonaceous 
 matter. The beds outcrop in the face of the Book Cliffs commonl}^ 
 100 feet or more above their bases, and at distances from the Denver 
 and Rio Grande Railroad which vary from close proximity to a 
 maximum of about 15 miles. The dip is at a low angle northward 
 and the coal underlies an immense area north of the cliffs. The coal 
 is of good quality and compares favorably with that from the Rocky 
 Mountain fields. It is but little prospected, however, and there are 
 only four small mines with railroad connections between Grand River 
 and Sunnyside. 
 
24 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 OCCURRENCE AND THICKNESS. 
 
 The following description begins at the east and proceeds westward. 
 In connection with it the map (PI. I), the stratigraphic section (PI. 
 Ill), and the detailed coal measurements shown on Plate VIII will 
 be of service. 
 
 At the east end of the Book Cliffs two workable beds of coal are 
 known. The lower one occurs between 35 and 60 feet above the 
 top of the Mancos shale, and, though variable, is commonly about 
 4 feet thick. The upper coal is thicker, in places measuring 9 feet, 
 and occurs from 200 to 500 feet above the lower bed. These coal 
 beds have been prospected at several localities between the Cameo 
 mine (No 1 on the map, PI. I) and the Farmers mine (No. 13), and, 
 though they have not .been actually traced throughout that distance 
 and are known to vary in thickness, the beds appear to be continuous. 
 Besides these two main coals there are usually other thin beds, but 
 none of commercial importance has yet been found. 
 
 The following detailed measurements made in the face of the cliffs 
 a quarter of a mile west of the Book Cliff mine show the succession 
 of the strata at that place and indicate the general stratigraphy of 
 the coal measures, although no two sections are exactly alike: 
 
 Section of coal-hearing rocTcs one-fourth mile west of Boole Cliff mine. 
 
 Ft. in. 
 
 Sandstone, massive buff 35 
 
 Sandstone, buff , 15 
 
 Shale, drab and sandy 15 
 
 Coal and bone 1 3 
 
 Shale, drab 17 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 12 
 
 Sandstone, buff 12 
 
 Shale, drab 1 4 
 
 Bone and coal 1 6 
 
 Shale, drab 1 4 
 
 Bone and coal 1 9 
 
 ('i^y 2 
 
 Bone and coal 1 9 
 
 Shale, drab 2 
 
 Sandstone, buff 7 
 
 Shale, sandy 1 4 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous G 
 
 Shale, dral) 9 
 
 (oal 1 G 
 
 Shale, drab 1 8 
 
 Sandstone, buff 2 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous and bone G 
 
 Sandstone, buff 3 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 2 6 
 
 Sandstone, massive buff G G 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 17 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 371 PL. VII 
 
 LITTLE BOOK CLIFFS AND GRAND RIVER NORTHEAST OF PALISADES. 
 

 'V'*’ . r.^'* » ' ' ■ 'i ■‘^■-■■^*«^. ' ■'^''^jHBi .i»-. ^tX*-‘.*y6^ ’^ ■■■ *\ 
 
 
 . 'fu 
 
 '-' i**' - * 
 
 ^Njt'-a -^. .. 1 
 
 ■=•%■'■. /-A- : t- •' 
 
 3 
 
 
 v=-V'k^*l 
 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 371 PL. VIII 
 
 1 
 
 Horse Canyon 
 Tunnel on W. side 
 
 1 2 miles south of 
 Horse Canyon 
 section 
 
 3 
 
 7 miles n 
 Wood 
 
 11 
 
 Uinta R.R. mine 
 
 12 
 
 3 miles SW. of 
 Turner's ranch 
 
 24 
 
 Cameo coal 
 Prospect north of 
 Riverside mine 
 
 25 
 
 Cameo coal 
 Prospect south of 
 Cameo 
 
 l'8'' 
 
 2 ' 2 ' 
 
 6" 
 
 4'4"’ 
 
 m I'l"' 
 
 180 '>^* 
 
 l'2" 
 
 I'lO" 
 
 3' 6" 
 
 6'4" 
 
 22 
 
 Cameo coal 
 Project north of 
 ! Palisades 
 
 180 
 
 Oz 
 
 U 
 
 Lane i g// 1 
 
 ®2'4" 
 
 1 1 ' 8 " 
 
 2 ' 10 '' 
 
 34 
 
 Palisade coal 
 [Prospect 2 miles 
 lof Book Cliff mine 
 
 35 
 
 Palisade coal 
 Garfield mine 
 
 13 
 
 3 miles north of 
 Malone’s ranch 
 
 Cameo coal 
 
 Prospect NE. of 
 Palisade mine 
 
 S3 
 
 Palisade coal 
 Palisade mine 
 
 7 
 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 371 PL. VIM 
 
 1 ^ 2 
 Horse Canvon 1 2 miles south of 
 Tunnel on W". side Horse Canyon 
 section 
 
 3 
 
 7 miles north of 
 Woodside 
 
 24 
 
 Cameo coal 
 Prospect north of 
 Riverside mine 
 
 25 
 
 Cameo coal 
 Prospect south of 
 Cameo 
 
 14 
 
 Lane mine 
 
 4 5 6 
 
 Peterson’s Black Baby mine Prospect west of 
 prospect Ballard’s mine 
 
 Cameo mine 
 
 27 
 
 Cameo coal 
 Cameo mine. 
 
 17 
 
 Hunter mine 
 
 28 
 
 Palisade coal? 
 Corcoran mine 
 
 7 ^ 8 
 
 Ballard’s mine 1 z miles west of 
 
 Nash’s ranch 
 
 2 mile west of 
 Bryan’s ranch 
 
 10 11 12 
 Uinta R.R. mine Uinta R.R. mine 3 miles SW. of 
 
 'Turner’s ranch 
 
 13 
 
 3 miles north of 
 Malone’s ranch 
 
 18 
 
 Prospect south of 
 Hunter mine on 
 lower coal 
 
 29 
 
 Palisade coal? 
 Black Diamond 
 mine 
 
 19 
 
 Cameo coal? 
 Near Steele mine 
 
 5" 5'6" 
 
 30 
 
 Palisade coal? 
 Steele mine 
 
 1 " 
 
 4'10" 
 
 31 
 
 Palisade coal 
 Prospect west of 
 Book Cliff mine 
 
 20 
 
 Cameo coal? 
 Book Cliff mine 
 
 8" 7' 10" 
 
 32 
 
 Palisade coal 
 Old Book Clilf 
 mine 
 
 Cameo coal 
 Prospect north of 
 Palisades 
 
 33 Palisade coal 
 
 Palisade coal Prospect 2 miles 
 it miles south of S. of Book Cliff mine 
 Book Cliff mine 
 
 6 ' 6 '' 
 
 7' 
 
 3'2' 
 
 Cameo coal 
 Prospect NE. of 
 Palisade mine 
 
 3'l0" 
 
 3'10" 
 
 37 
 
 Palisade coal 
 Riverside mine 
 
 6 
 
 r/ 
 
 2 6 
 
 3 ' 
 
 COAL SECTIONS IN BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD, COLORADO AND UTAH. 
 
OCCURRENCE OF COAL. 
 
 25 
 
 Section of coal-hearing rocJcs one-fovrth mile west of Book Cliff' mine — Continued. 
 
 Sandstone, brown 
 
 Shale, sandy 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, drab 
 
 Sandstone, gray 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 
 Shale, drab 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, drab 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, drab 
 
 Sandstone, drab 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Coal “upper bed ” 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Shale, drab, sandy 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Coal 
 
 Bone 
 
 Coal 
 
 Sandstone, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, massive, white 
 
 Shale, drab 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 
 Shale, drab 
 
 Sandstone, brown 
 
 Shale, drab 
 
 Sandstone, massive, brown 
 
 Shale, sandy 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 
 Shale, drab 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Coal “lower bed” 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous, sandy 
 
 Sandstone, massive white 
 
 Shale and sandstone, thin-bedded 
 Shale, Mancos. 
 
 Ft. in 
 1 4 
 
 1 6 
 
 5 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 6 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 4 6 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 () 
 
 4 () 
 
 4 
 
 8 5 
 
 1 () 
 14 
 
 2 () 
 1 5 
 
 1 10 
 2 
 8 
 4 
 
 60 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 37 
 
 16 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 10 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 519 
 
 The lower bed, known as the Palisades coal, outcrops at water level 
 near the mouth of the Hogback Canyon of Grand River, about H 
 miles above Pahsades (PL VII). Thence the coal bed rises rapidly 
 above the valley and can be traced westward along the base of the 
 Book Cliffs for several miles. At the Palisade mine (No. 6) the coal 
 is about 150 feet above the valley, at the Garfield mine (No. 7) 800 
 feet, and at the old Book Cliff mine (No. 9) about 1,200 feet. 
 
26 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 Throughout this distance the coal can be easily followed. At many 
 places it is exposed by erosion, appearing as a black streak in the chffs, 
 and it is usually underlain by a massive white sandstone which is 
 conspicuous as the first heavy sandstone bed above the Mancos shale. 
 This sandstone is not persistent, however, but locally thickens and 
 thins and gives way to shaly beds. The Pahsades coal varies in thick- 
 ness from a few inches to 6 feet. At the Riverside mine (No. 4), a 
 mile northeast of Palisades, near the mouth of the entry, the following 
 section is exposed: 
 
 Section of coal bed at Riverside mine. 
 
 Shale. 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale 
 
 Coal 
 
 Ft. in. 
 6 
 3 
 
 2 6 
 
 3 3 
 
 At the face of the workings the shale parting is IJ inches thick 
 and the lower bench of coal is 2 feet 10 inches thick. 
 
 At the Palisade mine (No. 6) there is from 3 feet 7 inches to 3 feet 
 10 inches of clean coal. 
 
 Two miles west, at the Garfield mine, the Pahsades coal attains 
 the greatest tliickness yet measured. The following section is there 
 exposed : 
 
 Section of coal bed at Garfield mine. 
 
 Sandstone, shaly. 
 
 Coal 
 
 Bone 
 
 Coal 
 
 Bone 
 
 Coal 
 
 Bone 
 
 Coal 
 
 Ft. in. 
 1 1 
 2 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 . 
 
 4 
 
 3 2 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 Total coal bed 
 
 7 Hi 
 
 About 2 miles south of the old Book ClilT mine (No. 9), in an aban- 
 doned prospect, the following section is exposed: 
 
 Section 2 miles south of old Book Cliff mine. 
 
 Shale. Ft. in. 
 
 Coal ■ 2 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 2 1 
 
 Coal and bone 2 7 
 
 Shale 10 
 
 Coal 3 
 
 Shale, sandy 1 6 
 
 Sandstone. 
 
 Total coal bed 
 
 5 9 
 
OCCURRENCE OF COAL. 
 
 27 
 
 In the vicinity of the old Book Cliff mine the lower coal is of variable 
 thickness; in places it measures almost 5 feet, while near by it thins 
 out to almost nothing, as shown by the following sections: 
 
 Section of coal bed at the old Book Cliff mine. 
 
 Sandstone. Ft. in. 
 
 Shale 7 
 
 Coal 4 6 
 
 Shale 8 
 
 Sandstone . 
 
 5 9 
 
 Section of coal bed 1 mile southeast of old Book Cliff mine. 
 
 Shale. Ft. in. 
 
 Coal : 4 6 
 
 Shale 8 
 
 Coal : 3 4 
 
 Shale 8 
 
 Sandstone. 
 
 Total coal bed 8 (5 
 
 Section of coal bed 1 mile southeast of the above section. 
 
 Shale. Ft. in. 
 
 Coal 1 
 
 Shale 9 
 
 Coal 2 10 
 
 Shale 2 G 
 
 Coal 1 8 
 
 Shale 8 
 
 Sandstone. 
 
 9 2 
 
 It is reported that in working the lower coal in the old Book Cliff 
 mine several areas were encountered in which the coal is absent. 
 Northwest of the old mine evidences of thinning are shown by the fol- 
 lowing section: 
 
 Section of lower coal bed near Book Cliff mine. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous, interlaminated with thin coaly layers up 
 
 to one-half inch G 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous and bony 4 
 
 Bone.... 
 
 Coal and bone 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Coal 1 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone. 
 
 in. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 13 8 
 
28 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 About a quarter of a mile west of this place the following section is 
 exposed at the same horizon : 
 
 Section of loirer coal bed near Book Cliff mine. 
 
 Ft. in. 
 
 Shale • () 
 
 Coal 7 
 
 Bone \ 
 
 Coal 1 
 
 Sandstone 2 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 1 
 
 Sandstone. 
 
 Total coal 
 
 West of the Book Cliff mine less prospecting has been done than in 
 the region to the east, but little variation in the thickness of the coal 
 bed has been reported. At the Steele or Keystone mine (Xo. 11) 
 there is 5 feet 3 inches of coal, including 4 inches of bone 1 foot 
 from the top. The roof and floor are of shale, and the coal lies 3 feet 
 above a bed of massive white sandstone. 
 
 At the Black Diamond mine (Xo. 12) the following section was 
 measured : 
 
 Section of coal bed at Black Diamond mine. 
 
 Shale. Ft. in. 
 
 Coal 10 
 
 Clay 2 
 
 Coal 4 8 
 
 Shale. 
 
 Total coal 5 6 
 
 Locally the coal bed is only 3 feet thick. At the Farmers mine the 
 lower bed appears to be only 30 inches thick, but the upper coal is of 
 greater value. 
 
 Except in two important mines, the Book Cliff (Xo. 10) and the 
 Cameo (Xo. 1), the upper coal is not worked on a commercial scale in 
 this locality, partly because the lower coal in general is of better quality, 
 but chiefl}^ because the lower coal is more accessible, occurring several 
 hundred feet nearer the base ot the cliffs. 
 
 The upper bed, known as the Cameo coal, outcrops at river level at 
 Cameo, on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. To the southwest 
 it rises, and north of Palisades is 650 feet above the valley, lying at the 
 base of the second tier of cliffs. (See PI. VII.) From Palisades the 
 outcrop extends northwestward to the vicinity of the Book Cliff mine, 
 at a distance of about a mile and a half from the crest of the lower 
 escarpment. Thence westward the bench below the upper coal dis- 
 appears and the two coal beds outcro]) in the face of the clitfs, almost 
 directl}" one above the other. The position of the upper coal is 
 marked b}" a massive white sandstone almost immediately beneatli it. 
 This sandstone is locally 75 feet thick and can be traced for miles, but 
 it is not constant and locally disa])pears. 
 
OCCURRENCE OF COALr. 
 
 29 
 
 Between the Cameo and the Bob Cat mines the thickness of the 
 upper coal, as exposed in mines and prospects, varies from 4 feet 4 
 inches to 9 feet 8 inches, with one or two partings of shale or bony coal 
 ranging from 5 inches to 3 feet 5 inches in thickness. 
 
 In the Cameo mine the roof is a good, firm, sandy shale, and the 
 floor, where the full thickness of coal is worked, is reported to be sand- 
 stone, but usually the total thickness of the coal is not removed. The 
 coal has the reputation of being dirty, a condition which is due to the 
 partings it contains. The following measurements were made in the 
 mine at the localities indicated ; 
 
 Coal. . 
 Bone. 
 Coal . 
 Bone 
 Coal . . 
 
 Coal . . 
 Bone . 
 Coal . . 
 
 Coal - . 
 Bone. 
 Coal.. 
 
 Coal. 
 Bone. 
 Coal . . 
 
 Sections of coal bed in the Cameo mine. 
 IN THE MAIN ENTRY. 
 
 IN ROOM 5 OFF MAIN ENTR^' 
 
 AT END OF MAIN ENTRY. 
 
 AT THE NORTHWEST END OF THE WORKINOS. 
 
 At a small prospect about a mile south of Cameo, on the west side 
 of the river, the following section was measured . 
 
 Section oj coal bed 1 mile south of Cameo. 
 
 Coal. . 
 Bone. 
 Coal. . 
 Bone. 
 Coal . . 
 
 Ft. 
 
 in. 
 
 S 
 
 10 
 
 
 1 
 
 . H 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 
 Ft. 
 
 in. 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 () 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 7 
 
 Ft. 
 
 in. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 8 
 
 Kl. 
 
 3 
 
 in. 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 
 tie west 
 
 Ft. 
 
 in. 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 2 
 
 . 2 
 
 2 
 
 O 
 
 
 O 
 
 6 
 
 4 9 
 
30 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 A stripping was made of the Cameo coal west of the Grand River 
 bridge above Palisades which showed the following sections: 
 
 Section of Cameo coal bed west of Grand River bridge. 
 
 Ft. in. 
 
 Coal 2 4 
 
 Bone 
 
 Coal- 
 
 Bone 
 
 Coal- 
 
 1 10 
 8 
 
 2 8 
 
 7 lU 
 
 At a prospect north of Palisades the following section is exposed: 
 Section of coal bed at prospect north of Palisades. 
 
 Ft. in. 
 
 Coal 3 6 
 
 Bone 1 
 
 Coal : 2 5 
 
 6 
 
 At the Book Cliff mine (No. 10) about 7 feet of coal is worked, and at 
 the end of the main entry the following section was measured : 
 
 Section of coal bed at end of main entry in Booh Cliff mine. 
 
 Ft. in. 
 
 Coal 3 
 
 Bone I 
 
 Coal 4 6 
 
 7 6i 
 
 At the face of the northwest entry 7 feet of coal is exposed, and 14 
 or 15 inches of bony coal is reported above and below this. In one ol 
 the main rooms the section is as follows: 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Bone 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Section of coal bed in room of Book Cliff mine. 
 
 F . in. 
 
 7 1 
 10 
 6 
 
 8 5 
 
 About a quarter of a mile east of the Steele mine a stripping showed 
 the following section: 
 
 Section of coal bed one-fourth mile east of Steele mine. 
 
 Ft. in. 
 
 (oal 2 6 
 
 Bone 5 
 
 Coal 3 2 
 
 Shale 8 
 
 Sandstone. * 
 
 Total coal bed 6 1 
 
 At the Bob Cat mine (Xo. 14) and in that vicinity" between 44 
 and 55 inches of clean coal is exposed at the upper (?) coal horizon, 
 which occurs about 400 feet above the lower bed worked at the 
 Farmers mine. West of the Bob Cat mine the upper coat has not 
 
OCCURRENCE OF COAL. 
 
 81 
 
 been prospected and little is known of it for several miles. The 
 coal outcrops high up in the face of the cliffs and the lower bed is 
 more accessible. 
 
 There are two small openings on the lower coal west of the Farmers 
 mine, which are known as the Excelsior and Corcoran mines. The 
 Excelsior mine (No. 15) is located high up a hillside, near the head 
 of a small gulch, where the coal is opened along the outcrop at several 
 places. Here 4 feet 7 inches of coal is exposed at the entrance to 
 the workings. Four feet above there is a 4-inch bed, and a foot and a 
 half below there is 2 inches of coal, while 40 feet below the main coal 
 there is an unprospected bed of coal and carbonaceous shale 6 feet 
 thick. A mile west of the Excelsior mine there is a small abandoned 
 prospect known as the Corcoran mine (No. 16). The workings have 
 caved, but there is at least 4 feet of coal exposed near the entrance. 
 
 For 5 miles northwest of the Corcoran property little or no pros- 
 pecting has been done, but at the next wide valley there are pros- 
 pects on two beds of coal. An opening on the lower bed shows 
 the following section: 
 
 Section of coal bed 5 miles northwest of Corcoran mine. 
 
 Sandstone. Ft. in. 
 
 Shale 6 
 
 Coal 3 
 
 Bone 4 
 
 Coal 2 
 
 • Shale : 4 
 
 Sandstone. 
 
 Total coal bed 5 4 
 
 Farther up the same valley an upper coal is well exposed and 
 has been worked at the Hunter mine (No. 17), where the following 
 section was obtained: 
 
 Section of coal beds at Hunter mine. 
 
 Sandstone. Ft. in. 
 
 Coal 2 
 
 Bone 4 
 
 Coal 4 5 
 
 Bone 8 
 
 Coal 7 
 
 Sandstone 25 
 
 (bal 2 
 
 Bone : 1 
 
 Coal 3 
 
 Sandstone. 
 
 39 
 
 The Gross or Kiel mine is situated 5 miles northwest of the Hunter 
 property, near the mouth of Kiel Canyon. Between these mines 
 no prospecting has been done and no information was obtained 
 regarding the coal beds. At the Kiel mine (No. 18) from 3 feet to 
 3 feet 9 inches of coal is exposed at the approximate horizon of the 
 lower bed. 
 
32 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 The next opening is about a -inile and half west of the Kiel, at 
 the Nugent mine (No. 19). Here there are two openings on the 
 lower ( ?) coal, on opposite sides of a gulch. The coal varies in thick- 
 ness from 4 feet 3 inches to 4 feet 8 inches.. 
 
 At the Nearing mine (No. 20), three-quarters of a mile west of the 
 Nugent, the same bed is also worked. At the mouth of the mine 
 the coal measures 4 feet to 4 feet 2 inches and contains a variable 
 streak of bone up to 12 inches thick. At the end of the workings 
 the bone^ disappears and the coal measures 4 feet 7 inches. The 
 coal bed is here 45 feet above the top of the Mancos shale, and in 
 this general vicinity the upper coal appears to be represented by 
 thin carbonaceous layers, 
 been found in this locality. The following section was measured 
 near this mine: 
 
 Section of coal-hearing rocks near Nearing mine. 
 
 Ft. in 
 
 Sandstone, buff 40 
 
 Shale, drab 10 
 
 Sandstone, red 10 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 1 0 
 
 Shale, buff 14 
 
 Coal 8 
 
 Sandstone, buff 7 
 
 Shale, buff 80 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 1 
 
 Sandstone, white and buff 3:1 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 0 * 
 
 Sandstone, white 18 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 10 
 
 Coal, bony 8 
 
 Sandstone, white lo 
 
 Shale, sandy 00 
 
 Sandstone, white 2o 
 
 Shale, buff 30 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 2 6 
 
 Shale, buff 10 
 
 Coal \ 0 
 
 Sandstone, white 10 
 
 Shale, buff 7 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 8 
 
 Coal 2 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 2 0 
 
 Shale, buff 10 
 
 Sandstone, buff 7 
 
 Shale, drab !•> 
 
 Sandstone, buff I 
 
 ('oal 1 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous an<l drab 11 
 
 Sandstone, buff 10 
 
 Shale, drab 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 Shale, Mancos. 
 
 Only one workable coal bed has 
 
 430 2 
 
OCCURRED C'E OF COAL. 
 
 33 
 
 Openings have been made on a coal bed at tlie Lane and Johnson 
 mines, on opposite sides of a creek about 2 miles northwest of the 
 Nearing property. At this place the following measurements were 
 made: 
 
 Section of coal bed at the Johnson mine {No. 22). 
 
 Sandstone. Ft. in. 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 5 
 
 Coal 1 1) 
 
 Bone 
 
 (^al •4,- 
 
 Total coal bed 5 9 
 
 Section of coal bed at the Lane mine {No. 2S). 
 
 Sandstone. Ft. in. 
 
 Shale, sandy 1 
 
 ( 'oal 1 o 
 
 Bone 4 
 
 Coal 3 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 1 
 
 (’oal, bony 1 
 
 Total coal bed 
 
 6 7 
 
 A mile and a half up the creek there are several coal beds which 
 have not been prospected, but which have the following section: 
 
 Section of coal beds Ih miles east of Lane mine. 
 
 Shale. Ft. in. 
 
 ('oal 1 4 
 
 Bone and coal ' 8 
 
 Coal 1 3 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 2 
 
 Coal 3 10 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 18 
 
 Coal - 8 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 7 
 
 Coal 4 1 
 
 Shale. 
 
 38 10 
 
 The following section was measured at about the same hoiizon 
 north of Malone’s ranch: 
 
 Section of coal beds -i miles north of Malone’s ranch. 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous. 
 
 ('oal 
 
 Bone 
 
 Coal 
 
 Bone 
 
 Coal 
 
 Bone 
 
 (’oal 
 
 Shale, sandy 
 
 Coal 
 
 Ft. in. 
 
 1 4 
 () 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 10 
 7 
 
 3 I 
 
 03854-09 3 
 
 18 11 
 
34 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 The higher coal here is in two benches, as at the Hunter mine, 
 hut it has not been prospected. Little is known of the coal between 
 the Lane and Johnson mines and Carbonera, near the Colorado- 
 L^tah lioundaiy. Though undeveloped, coal has been found wherever 
 sections have been made; for instance, at the west side of the en- 
 trance to the canyon of East Salt Creek, 6 miles southwest of Turner’s 
 ranch, there are two beds of coal, one 2 feet and the other feet 
 thick, separated by an interval of about 252 feet. 
 
 Section at entrance of East Salt Creek canyon, 6 miles southwest of Turner's ranch. 
 
 Ft. in. 
 
 Sandstone, red 20-1- 
 
 Coal 5 0 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 21 
 
 Sandstone, white, locally red , 20 
 
 Shale, drab •. 19 
 
 Sandstone, buff 49 
 
 Shale, drab, and thin beds of buff sandstone 54 
 
 Sandstone, buff 19 
 
 Shale, drab 15 
 
 Sandstone, buff and white 30 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 25 
 
 Coal ' 2 
 
 Sandstone, buff and white 30 
 
 Shale, drab, and thin beds of buff sandstone 125 
 
 Sandstone, buff 50 
 
 Shale, Manc(X'«. 
 
 About 3 miles southwest of Turner’s ranch and half a mile up from 
 the mouth of a small eastern tributary of East Salt Creek a waterfall 
 exposes a bed of coal 21 feet 5 inches thick, which is the thickest bed 
 observed in the entire area under consideration. No development 
 and but little jirospecting have been done here, and the lateral extent 
 of this coal bed has not been determined. It appears, however, to 
 be a lens, for in following the coal to the west along the hillside above 
 the gulch it was found to thin out and disappear. 
 
 Considerable })rosj)ecting has been done in the valley of West Salt 
 Creek, and at Carbonera a mine is being worked by the Uinta Railway 
 Coni])any. In this vicinity the local undulating structure (see }). 22) 
 causes the coal to lie within a relatively moderate depth below the 
 surface. The following section was measured here: 
 
 Section of coal-hearino rocks near Carbonera. 
 
 Ft. in. 
 
 Sandstone, fossiliferous, buff (containing Unio vivipara, (ionio- 
 
 basis, And Tulofoma thompsoni) t5 
 
 Shale, drab, and thin beds of buff sandstone 95 
 
 Sandstone, buff ^ 
 
 Shale, carbona(;eous 3 
 
 Sandstone, buff 5 
 
OCCURRENCE OF COAL. 
 
 35 
 
 Section of coal-hearing rocks near Carbonera — Continued. 
 
 Shale, drab 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 
 Coal and bone 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, buff, and shale 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 
 Sandstone, buff, thin bedded, and shale 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Shale, drab, sandy 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 
 Shale, drab 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 
 Shale, drab 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, shaly 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, buff 
 
 Shale, drab 
 
 Sandstone, shaly 
 
 Coal 
 
 Ft. 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 2 
 
 Sandstone, shaly 20 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 3 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 1 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 1 
 
 Sandstone, buff, shaly 2 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 4 
 
 Coal. 2 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 5 
 
 Sandstone, buff 65 
 
 Shale, drab, including several thin beds of buff sandstone 70 
 
 Sandstone, massive, buff GO 
 
 Shale, Mancos. 
 
 ' r o r- 
 
 585 
 
 in. 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 Within a distance of less than 500 feet above the top of the Mancos 
 shale there are five beds of coal, each 2 feet or more thick, and several 
 other thinner carbonaceous layers. At the Carbonera mine the coal 
 l)ed measures more than 7 feet, but it is parted by two layers of bone, 
 
36 
 
 TKE BOOK CLIFFS ('OAL FIKLI). 
 
 wilich greatly decreases the value. The following sections, lueasnred 
 in different ])arts of the mine, show the genei-al condition of the coal 
 bed : 
 
 Sections of coal bed in ('arhonera mine. 
 
 Coal . 
 Hone 
 ('oal. 
 Hone 
 Coa.l . 
 
 End of 
 back 
 entry. 
 
 Room ! Near 
 No. 3. I entrance. 
 
 Ft. in. Ft. in. Ft. in. 
 2 1 1 10 2 
 
 1 1 1 
 10^ 1 S 
 
 5 11 4 
 
 4 3 0 4 3 
 
 7 5‘. 7 0 7 4 
 
 In Utah within the area covered by tliis report there are no ship- 
 ping mines and the (*oal has been prospected in only a few places. 
 The coal lands have not been surveyed by the General Land Office, 
 and the region is even more thinly populated than Colorado; between 
 Carbonera, Colo., and Thompsons, Utah, a distance of more than 50 
 miles, there are only three ranches, which are situated near the moutlis 
 of canyons at the base of the Book Cliffs, wliere feeble streams flow 
 throughout the year. In LTali, as in Colorado, the Mesaverde forma- 
 tion constitutes the cliff-making rocks, and coal lias been found at the 
 usual horizon w^herever sections have been studied. Near Bryson’s 
 ranch, on Westwatcu’ Creek, the following measurements w'ere made: 
 
 Section of coal -hear in g rods near Bryson's ranch, on U'est water ('reek. 
 
 Sandstone, thick bedded, l)ulT 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, drab 
 
 Sandstone, thick bedded, liulT 
 
 Shale,' carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, butT. 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, bntT. 
 
 Coal • 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, thin beddi'd, bulT.. 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, thick bedded, bull’ 
 
 Sandstone, shaly, but’l' 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, bulY. 
 Sandstone, thick bedded, bull’ 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, (“arbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, thin l)edd(Hl, bul’t’.. 
 
 t't. in. 
 
 to 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 ”) 
 
 1 10 
 
 :k") 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 .4 
 
 2 0 
 4 
 
 20 
 
OCCURRENCE OF COAL. 
 
 37 
 
 Section of coal-hearing rocks near Bryson’s ranch, on Westwater Continued. 
 
 Ft. in. 
 
 Sandstone, thick bedded, buff 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, ))uff 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Coal , ' 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, thick bedded, buff 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, buff 
 
 Sandstone, thick bedded, buff . 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, buff 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, buff 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Coal 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, buff, and shale 
 Shale, Mancos. 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 7 
 1 
 
 4 
 3 
 15 
 10 
 15 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 3 
 
 5 
 90 
 
 417 3 
 
 Six beds of coal, ranging from 1 foot 3 inches to 2 feet 10 inches, 
 5vere found in a zone 275 feet thick, the lowest coal occurring 95 feet 
 al)Ove the top of the Mancos shale. From the Utah-Colorado bound- 
 ary to some miles west of Thompsons a bench about 100 feet in 
 height and half a mile to a mile in width, caused by a thick lens of 
 sandstone in the shale, extends along the base of the cliffs, and the 
 coal outcrop therefore lies farther back in the cliffs than usual. 
 
 Near Harms’s ranch (No. 28), at the mouth of Cottonwood Canyon, 
 there is a bed of coal 1 foot 6 inches thick. Mr. Harms reports beds 
 varying in thickness from 2 inches to 3 feet, but says tliat tlie coal 
 contains much bone and is of poor quality. 
 
 About a mile and a half above Nash’s ranch (No. 29), in a canyon, 
 two beds of coal were observed, separated by an interval of about 60 - 
 feet. The lower bed is 1 foot 10 inches thick and occurs 350 feet 
 above the top of the Mancos shale; the higher bed measures 4 feet 8 
 inches, but little attempt has been made to develop it. 
 
 More work has been done on the coal north of Thompsoiis than any- 
 where else in Utah in the area covered by tins report, although the 
 prospecting even in this locality lias not been thorough. Several 
 beds of coal are present. The following section shows five beds more 
 than 2^ feet thick within 125 feet of strata: 
 
 Secflon of coal -hearing rocks north of Thompsons. 
 
 Ft. in. 
 
 Sandstone, inassi\(‘, })ufl’ 25 
 
 Coal , L 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous fj 
 
 Sandstone, thin beddetl 0 
 
38 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 Section of coal-hearing rocks north of Thompsons — Continued. 
 
 Ft. in. 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 2 
 
 Coal 1 6 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 5 
 
 Coal 2 b 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 5 
 
 Coal 5 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 3 
 
 Coal 4 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 2 
 
 Sandstone, buff, shaly 10 
 
 Sandstone, thick bedded, buff 15 
 
 Coal 5 6 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 15 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded 5 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 4 
 
 Coal 2 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 18 
 
 Coal 2 6 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 5 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, buff 15 
 
 Coal 6 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous.., 3 
 
 Coal 1 6 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 9 
 
 Coal 3 6 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous 10 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, buff 40 
 
 Sandstone, thick bedded, interbedded with shale 20 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, buff 25 
 
 Sandstone, thick bedded, buff 30 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, buff 50 
 
 Sandstone, massive, buff 70 
 
 Shale, drab, interbedded with subordinate, thin, buff sandstone 
 
 layers 95 
 
 Sandstone, massive, fine textured, with local lenses of coal up to 
 
 1 foot 3 inches thick 150 
 
 Shale, Mancos. ■ 
 
 The principal work here has been done at the Ballard mine (No. 29), 
 at which the following section was measured (see PI. IX) : 
 
 Section of coal bed at Ballard mine, near Thompsons, Utah. 
 
 Sandstone, shaly. Ft. in. 
 
 Coal 1 3 
 
 Bone 2 
 
 Coal 1 10^ 
 
 Bone 
 
 Coal 2 3 
 
 Shale, carbonaceous. 
 
 At the end of the workings there is o feet 10^ inches of coal with 
 no })artings. 
 
CHARACTER OF COAL. 
 
 43 
 
 substance derived from the leacliing of the adjacent rocks. A test by 
 George Steiger of some of this material from the coal in Horse Canyon, 
 Utah, showed it to be a hydrous silicate of aluminum containing a 
 small amount of calcium carbonate. 
 
 The moisture content of the coal is shown in the table of analyses on 
 pages 44-46. The moisture in the sample as received,’’ which repre- 
 sents the condition of the coal in the mine, ranges from 4.71 to 18.63 
 per cent. By air drying in the laboratory these samples lost between 
 0.10 and 5.30 per cent of their moisture. On exposure to the weather 
 the coal becomes dull and breaks up along the joints into small 
 prisms which finally crumble to powder. The rapidity with which 
 disintegration occurs is not well known, for little coal is allowed to 
 remain about the mines. A considerable amount, however, was 
 found at the prospects in Horse Canyon; although this was reported 
 to have lain in a heap exposed to the weather lor more than a year, it 
 showed little apparent deterioration. 
 
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. 
 
 The following analyses show the composition of a number of samples 
 of coal from the eastern part of the Book Cliffs field. Samples were 
 taken from the most important mines and prospects under uniform 
 conditions, and represent the freshest available material. The sam- 
 ples were collected b}^ cutting a channel across the face of the coal 
 from roof to floor, partings more than a quarter of an inch in thickness 
 being rejected. The material was gathered on canvas, crushed, mixed, 
 and quartered down to about 3 pounds, and sent to the laboratory in 
 sealed cans. The analyses were made at the fuel -testing plant of the 
 United States Geological Survey at St. Louis, under uniform con- 
 ditions prescribed by N. W. Lord.® 
 
 The analysis of each sample is tabulated in two forms, showing the 
 composition of the air-dried sample and the sample as received at the 
 laboratory. The air-dried analysis shows the percentage of the 
 several constituents of the coal after it has been powdered and allowed 
 to lose the moisture that evaporates on exposure to the atmosphere 
 of the laboratory until a constant weight results, the percentage of 
 air-drying loss being shown in the table. The analysis of the sample 
 as received shows the percentage of the several constituents of the 
 coal, including the total amount of water contained in the sample as 
 received at the laboratory, and represents the condition of the coal in 
 the mine. For general purposes the figures for the air-dried sample 
 are best for comparison with other analyses. Proximate analyses of 
 
 a Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 48, 190(i, p. 174 et seq. 
 
44 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 35 samples and ultimate anal 3 ^ses of 13 of the most nearly representa- 
 tive ones are ^iven in the following tables: 
 
 Projcimole analyses of coal samples from the Booh Cliffs coalfield. 
 
 [F. M. Stanton, chemist in charge.] 
 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 
 Lai)oratory No 
 
 3550. 
 
 3547. 
 
 3542. 
 
 3540. 
 
 3546. 
 
 3.541. 
 
 3549. 
 
 3 . 5 : 39 . 
 
 ;3545. 
 
 Sample as received: 
 
 Moisture 
 
 8.42 
 
 8. 17 
 
 7.55 
 
 4. 71 
 
 7. 57 
 
 7. 52 
 
 8. 77 
 
 9.02 
 
 13. 96 
 
 Volatile matter 
 
 33.32 
 
 33.09 
 
 31.07 
 
 34.68 
 
 33. 56 
 
 36.03 
 
 36.55 
 
 34. 51 
 
 31.:30 
 
 Fixed carbon 
 
 47.53 
 
 53 42 
 
 48. 27 
 
 52.66 
 
 52. 91 
 
 50. 46 
 
 48. 72 
 
 50.89 
 
 48. 73 
 
 Ash 
 
 10. 73 
 
 4. 72 
 
 13.11 
 
 7. 95 
 
 5. 96 
 
 5.99 
 
 5. 96 
 
 5. 58 
 
 6. 01 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 .60 
 
 . 57 
 
 .57 
 
 . 56 
 
 .72 
 
 . 85 
 
 .83 
 
 .67 
 
 . ()3 
 
 Loss of moisture on air drying 
 
 4.30 
 
 2.80 
 
 2.60 
 
 .10 
 
 2.20 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.50 
 
 3. 10 
 
 4 . 40 
 
 Air-dried sample: 
 
 Moisture 
 
 4.30 
 
 5. 52 
 
 5.08 
 
 4.61 
 
 5. 49 
 
 5. 63 
 
 6. 43 
 
 6. 11 
 
 10. 00 
 
 Volatile matter 
 
 34. 82 
 
 34.66 
 
 31.90 
 
 34.72 
 
 34.32 
 
 36. 77 
 
 37. 49 
 
 35. 61 
 
 32. 74 
 
 Fixed carbon 
 
 49.67 
 
 54. 96 
 
 49. 5t) 
 
 52.71 
 
 54. 10 
 
 51 49 
 
 49. 97 
 
 52. 52 
 
 .50. 98 
 
 •\sh 
 
 11.21 
 
 4.86 
 
 13. 46 
 
 7.96 
 
 ti. 09 
 
 6. 11 
 
 6 11 
 
 5. 76 
 
 6.28 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 63 
 
 .59 
 
 .59 
 
 . 50 
 
 .74 
 
 87 
 
 .85 
 
 .69 
 
 . tK) 
 
 • 
 
 10. 
 
 11. 
 
 12. 
 
 13. 
 
 14. 
 
 15. 
 
 10. 
 
 17. 
 
 18. 
 
 Laboratory No 
 
 3490. 
 
 3496. 
 
 3494. 
 
 3.581. 
 
 3495. 
 
 3493. 
 
 3489. 
 
 3488. 
 
 3640. 
 
 Sample as received: 
 
 Moisture 
 
 11 42 
 
 10. 75 
 
 10. 89 
 
 11.03 
 
 9. 54 
 
 15. 39 
 
 6.86 
 
 6.52 
 
 5. 40 
 
 Volatile matter 
 
 34. 25 
 
 34.83 
 
 34. 12 
 
 35.90 
 
 34. 49 
 
 32. 57 
 
 34. 20 
 
 35. 75 
 
 33. ;30 
 
 Fixed carbon 
 
 44. 49 
 
 47 58 
 
 44 77 
 
 46. 35 
 
 46.33 
 
 45. 69 
 
 43.90 
 
 48. 37 
 
 55. 57 
 
 .Vsh 
 
 9.84 
 
 6. 84 
 
 10.22 
 
 6.72 
 
 9. 64 
 
 6. 35 
 
 15. 04 
 
 9. 36 
 
 5. 73 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 .84 
 
 . 55 
 
 1.09 
 
 .68 
 
 .78 
 
 .62 
 
 .62 
 
 . 07 
 
 . 49 
 
 Loss of moisture on air drying 
 
 5.60 
 
 3.50 
 
 5.20 
 
 5.80 
 
 3. 10 
 
 7. 20 
 
 1.80 
 
 .60 
 
 20 
 
 Air-<lried sample: 
 
 Moisture 
 
 6. 17 
 
 7. 51 
 
 6.00 
 
 5. 55 
 
 6. 65 
 
 8.83 
 
 .5. 15 
 
 5.96 
 
 . 5. 21 
 
 \ olatile matter 
 
 36. 28 
 
 36. 09 
 
 35. 99 
 
 38.11 
 
 35. 59 
 
 35. 10 
 
 34.83 
 
 35. 96 
 
 33 . 36 
 
 Fixed carbon 
 
 47. 13 
 
 49.31 
 
 47. 23 
 
 49.21 
 
 47. 81 
 
 49.23 
 
 44. 70 
 
 48. 66 
 
 ,55. 69 
 
 -Vsh 
 
 10.42 
 
 7. 09 
 
 10.78 
 
 7. 13 
 
 9.95 
 
 6. 84 
 
 15.32 
 
 9.42 
 
 5. 74 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 .89 
 
 57 
 
 1. 15 
 
 ,7. 
 
 .80 
 
 . 67 
 
 .63 
 
 . 07 
 
 . 49 
 
 
 19. 
 
 .0. 
 
 21. 
 
 22. 
 
 23. 
 
 24. 
 
 25. 
 
 .V,. 
 
 2T. ‘ 
 
 Laboratory No 
 
 3587. 
 
 3.5S5. 
 
 3586. 
 
 .3.584. 
 
 3730. 
 
 3728. 
 
 3729. 
 
 37.32. 
 
 .3734. 
 
 Sample as received: 
 
 Moisture 
 
 9. 44 
 
 9. 73 
 
 8. 27 
 
 5. 55 
 
 18.63 
 
 9. .32 
 
 10.96 
 
 10. 77 
 
 11.23 
 
 Volatile matter 
 
 35. 51 
 
 35. 27 
 
 36. 90 
 
 36. 01 
 
 ,30. ()1 
 
 33. ()4 
 
 .32. 19 
 
 33.68 
 
 31.51 
 
 Fixed carbon 
 
 49.33 
 
 49. 95 
 
 48. 67 
 
 52. 75 
 
 4<i. 28 
 
 49. 52 
 
 42.45 
 
 48. 36 
 
 4.5.31 
 
 -Vsh 
 
 5. 72 
 
 5. 05 
 
 6. 16 
 
 5. 69 
 
 4. 48 
 
 7.52 
 
 14. 40 
 
 7.19 
 
 11.95 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 1.02 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.26 
 
 .93 
 
 .38 
 
 .51 
 
 . 48 
 
 .56 
 
 . 42 
 
 Loss of moisture on air drying 
 
 5. 50 
 
 5. 20 
 
 3. 60 
 
 1.60 
 
 9 10 
 
 3.00 
 
 4. .50 
 
 .3.90 
 
 4 70 
 
 •\ir-dried sample: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Moisture 
 
 4.17 
 
 4. 78 
 
 4. 84 
 
 4. 01 
 
 10.48 
 
 6. 52 
 
 6.76 
 
 7.15 
 
 6. 85 
 
 Volatile matter 
 
 37. 58 
 
 37. 20 
 
 38. 28 
 
 3() 60 
 
 33. 68 
 
 34.68 
 
 .33. 71 
 
 35. 05 
 
 33 07 
 
 Fixed carbon 
 
 .52. 20 
 
 .52. 69 
 
 50. 49 
 
 .53. 61 
 
 50 91 
 
 51.05 
 
 44. 45 
 
 50. 32 
 
 47. .54 
 
 Ash 
 
 6. 05 
 
 5. 33 
 
 6. 39 
 
 5. 78 
 
 4.93 
 
 7. 75 
 
 15.08 
 
 7 48 
 
 12. .54 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.37 
 
 1.31 
 
 95 
 
 . 42 
 
 .53 
 
 . 50 
 
 .58 
 
 . 44 
 
CHAKA('TER, OF COAL. 
 
 45 
 
 Proximate analyses of coal samples from the Book Cliffs coal field — Continued. 
 
 
 28. 
 
 29. 
 
 30. 
 
 31. 
 
 32. 
 
 33. 
 
 34. 
 
 
 Laboratorj" No 
 
 88.54. 
 
 3856. 
 
 3857. 
 
 3945. 
 
 3957. 
 
 4014. 
 
 4013. 
 
 4015. 
 
 Sample as received: 
 
 Moisture 
 
 12. 74 
 
 6. 35 
 
 9.57 
 
 5. 58 
 
 4.75 
 
 9. 79 
 
 9 01 
 
 5. 20 
 
 Volatile matter 
 
 33. 04 
 
 31.89 
 
 32. 37 
 
 32. 77 
 
 33. 58 
 
 33. 39 
 
 31 78 
 
 36. 03 
 
 Fixed carbon 
 
 .50. 06 
 
 42. 74 
 
 47. 09 
 
 43. 61 
 
 50. 24 
 
 50. 44 
 
 51.03 
 
 52 69 
 
 Ash 
 
 4.16 
 
 J9.02 
 
 10. 97 
 
 18. 04 
 
 11.43 
 
 6. 38 
 
 8.18 
 
 6. 08 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 .46 
 
 .58 
 
 . 46 
 
 .72 
 
 1. 15 
 
 .60 
 
 46 
 
 .83 
 
 Loss of moisture on air drying. 
 
 4.50 
 
 2. 30 
 
 2.50 
 
 1.90 
 
 2. 30 
 
 3 50 
 
 4. 10 
 
 2. 90 
 
 Air-dried sample: 
 
 Moisture 
 
 8.63 
 
 4. 14 
 
 7. 25 
 
 3. 75 
 
 2. 51 
 
 6. 52 
 
 5.12 
 
 2.37 
 
 Volatile matler 
 
 34.60 
 
 32. 64 
 
 33. 20 
 
 33. 41 
 
 34. 37 
 
 34. 60 
 
 33. 14 
 
 37.11 
 
 Fixed carbon 
 
 .52.42 
 
 43. 75 
 
 48. 30 
 
 44. 45 
 
 51. 42 
 
 52. 27 
 
 53. 21 
 
 54. 27 
 
 Ash 
 
 4. .35 
 
 19. 47 
 
 11.25 
 
 18. 39 
 
 11. 70 
 
 6. 61 
 
 8.53 
 
 6. 25 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 .48 
 
 .60 
 
 .47 
 
 .74 
 
 1.18 
 
 62 
 
 . 47 
 
 .85 
 
 Ultimate analyses of coal samples from the Book Cliffs coal field. 
 
 [F. M. Stanton, chemist in charge.] 
 
 % 
 
 Lal>oratory No 
 
 Sample as received: 
 
 .\sh 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 Calories 
 
 British thermal units 
 
 ('arl)on-hydrogen ratio 
 
 Lo.ss of moisture on air drying 
 
 Air-dried sample: 
 
 -\sh 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 1 1 ydrogen J . 
 
 ('arbon 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 ('alories 
 
 Briti.sh thermal units 
 
 1. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 i . 
 
 10. 
 
 18. 
 
 19. 
 
 
 3546. 
 
 3541. 
 
 3545. 
 
 3490. 
 
 3640. 
 
 .3587. 
 
 
 10. 73 
 .60 
 5. 45 
 ()5. 52 
 1.20 
 16. 50 
 6,466 
 11,639 
 13.00 
 
 5. 96 
 .72 
 5.50 
 (i9 47 
 1.56 
 16. 79 
 6,913 
 12, 443 
 13. 20 
 
 5. 99 
 .85 
 5. 26 
 68. 43 
 1 55 
 17.92 
 6, 838 
 12, .308 
 13. 59 
 
 6. 01 
 .63 
 5.82 
 62. 19 
 1.40 
 23. 95 
 6,034 
 10,861 
 11. 66 
 
 9. 84 
 .84 
 5. 46 
 61.84 
 1.07 
 20. 95 
 6, 166 
 11,099 
 12 77 
 
 b. 73 
 .49 
 5. 39 
 70. 18 
 1.20 
 17. 01 
 6.894 
 12', 409 
 13. 07 
 
 5. 72 
 1 02 
 5. 94 
 68. 17 
 1 . 56 
 17. 29 
 6,811 
 12,260 
 12 8,5 
 
 4.30 
 
 2.20 
 
 2. 00 
 
 4. 40 
 
 5 60 
 
 20 
 
 5. .50 
 
 11.21 
 
 6.09 
 
 6. 11 
 
 6.28 
 
 10. 42 
 
 5. 74 
 
 6. 05 
 
 .63 
 
 .74 
 
 .87 
 
 66 
 
 89 
 
 . 49 
 
 1 08 
 
 5. 19 
 
 5.38 
 
 5. 14 
 
 5- 58 
 
 5 13 
 
 5 38 
 
 5 64 
 
 68. 46 
 
 71.03 
 
 ()9. 83 
 
 65. 05 
 
 65. 51 
 
 70 32 
 
 72. 46 
 
 1.26 
 
 1.60 
 
 1.58 
 
 1.47 
 
 1 13 
 
 1.20 
 
 1 65 
 
 13. 25 
 
 15. 16 
 
 16. 47 
 
 20 96 
 
 16. 92 
 
 16. 87 
 
 13. 12 
 
 6, 757 
 
 7,069 
 
 6,978 
 
 6,312 
 
 6, 532 
 
 6,908 
 
 7,207 
 
 12. 162 
 
 12, 723 
 
 12,559 
 
 11,361 
 
 11,757 
 
 12, 434 
 
 12,973 
 
46 
 
 THE KOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 Ultimate analyses of coal samples from the Book Cliffs coal field — Continued. 
 
 
 20. 
 
 21. 
 
 25. 
 
 29. 
 
 34. 
 
 .35. 
 
 Laboratory No. 
 
 358.5. 
 
 .3586. 
 
 3729. 
 
 3856. 
 
 401.3. 
 
 4015. 
 
 
 Sample as received: ■ 
 
 .\sh 
 
 5. 05 
 
 6. 16 
 
 14. 40 
 
 19,02 
 
 8. 18 
 
 6.08 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 l.SO 
 
 1.26 
 
 .48 
 
 .58 
 
 . 46 
 
 .83 
 
 Hydrogen ! 
 
 5. 81 
 
 5. 54 
 
 5. 63 
 
 5. 01 
 
 4.97 
 
 5.26 
 
 Carbon 
 
 68. 84 
 
 67. 48 
 
 58. 42 
 
 59. 10 
 
 62. 22 
 
 71.22 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 1.55 
 
 1.57 
 
 1.24 
 
 1.52 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.29 
 
 O xygen 
 
 17. 45 
 
 17.99 
 
 19 83 
 
 14. 97 
 
 22. 92 
 
 15 32 
 
 Calories 
 
 6,809 
 12,256 
 13. 16 
 
 6, 771 
 
 5, 815 
 
 5,890 
 10,602 
 12. 45 
 
 6, 035 
 
 7,239 
 
 1.3,030 
 
 14.41 
 
 British thermal units 
 
 12,188 
 13. 13 
 
 lo! 467 
 
 10', 863 
 13. 77 
 
 Carbon-hydrogen ratio 
 
 11.59 
 
 
 Loss of moisture on air drying 
 
 5. 20 
 
 3. CO 
 
 4. 50 
 
 2.30 
 
 4.10 
 
 2.99 
 
 
 Air-dried sample: 
 
 ,\sh 
 
 5. 33 
 
 6. 39 
 
 15.08 
 
 19. 47 
 
 8. 53 
 
 6 25 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 1.37 
 
 1.31 
 
 . 50 
 
 .60 
 
 . 47 
 
 85 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 5.52 
 
 5. 33 
 
 5. 37 
 
 4.86 
 
 4 71 
 
 5.09 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 72.62 
 1 63 
 
 70.00 
 
 1.63 
 
 61.17 
 
 1..30 
 
 60. 49 
 1.35 
 
 64.88 
 
 1.30 
 
 73.35 
 
 1.34 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 13. 53 
 
 15. 34 
 
 16. 58 
 
 13. 23 
 
 20. 11 
 
 13.12 
 
 Calories 
 
 7,182 
 
 12,928 
 
 7.024 
 12, 043 
 
 6,089 
 10, 960 
 
 6,029 
 10, 852 
 
 6,293 
 11, 327 
 
 7, 455 
 1.3,419 
 
 British thermal units 
 
 
 
 1-3. Sec. 34, T. 10 S., R. 98 W. 
 
 4. Upper coal, sec. 3, T. 11 S., R. 98 W. 
 
 •5-8. Lower coal, sec. 3. T. 11 S., R. 98 W. 
 
 9. Sec. 0, T. 11 S., R. 98 W. 
 
 10-12. Upper coal, sec. 8, T. 10 S., R. 99 W. 
 
 13. First coal below upper coal, sec. 8, T. 10 S., 
 R. 99 VV. 
 
 14. Sec. 7, T. 10 S., R. 99 W. 
 
 15. Sec. 1, T. 10 S., R. 100 W. Weathered sample. 
 
 16. Sec. 36, T. 9 S., R. 100 W. 
 
 17. Sec. 35, T. 9 S., R. 100 AV. Weathered sample. 
 
 18. Sec. 5. T. 9 S., R. 100 W. 
 
 19. Sec. 27, T. 8 S., R. 101 W. 
 
 20. Sec. 29, T. 8 S., R. 101 W. 
 
 21. Sec. 30, T. 8 S., R. 101 W. 
 
 22. Sec. 18, T. 8S., R. 101 W. 
 
 23. Sec. 16, T. 7 S., R. 102 W. Weathered sample. 
 
 24. Sec. 11, T. 7 S., R. 104 W. 
 
 25-27. Sec. 14, T. 7 S., R. 104 W. 
 
 28. \\ miles northwest of Nash’s ranch, Utah. 
 
 29. 5 miles north of Thompsons, Utah. 
 
 30. 5 miles north of Thompsons, Utah. 
 
 31. 6 miles northeast of Solitude, Utah. 
 
 32. 4 miles east of Woodside, Utah. 
 
 3.3-34. 8 miles south of Sunnyside, Utah. 
 
 35. West side of Horse Canj-on, 6 miles south of 
 Sunnyside, Utah. 
 
 Inspection of the table of proximate analyses of air-dried coals 
 shows the following range in percentages: Moisture, from 2.37 to 
 10.48; volatile matter, from 31.90 to 38.28; fixed carbon, from 43.75 
 to 55.69; ash, from 4.86 to 19.47. The table of ultimate analyses of 
 a'ir-dried coals shows the following range : Hydrogen, from 4.71 to 5.64 ; 
 carbon, from 60.49 to 73.35; nitrogen, from 1.13 to 1.65; oxygen, from 
 13.12 to 20.96; sulphur, from 0.47 to 1.37. The calorific values, de- 
 termined with a Mahler bomb calorimeter, range from 10,852 to 
 13,419 British thermal units. 
 
 Bearing in mind that the range shown hy the anal}'ses is partly due 
 to different stages of weathering of the samples collected, although 
 care was taken to obtain as fresh coal as possible, the analyses indicate 
 that the coals from the different parts of the area examined are not 
 strikingly different. The marked variations in quality of near-by 
 coals, not uncommon in Rocky Mountain fields, especially in 
 Colorado, are not found in the area here considered. Igneous rocks 
 are not known to occur in the Book Cliffs, and the coals are not lo- 
 cally metamorphosed. There are main’ minor differences, however. 
 In the eastern part of the field, for instance, a comparison of analyses 
 of mine samples of coal from the upper and lower beds shows that the 
 
CHAUAC’TEK OF COAL. 
 
 47 
 
 upper bed contains more moisture and ash and less carbon than tlie 
 lower coal, and that the lower coal has a greater efficiency as ex- 
 pressed by the calorific values. Judged by the analyses, the sample 
 of coal showing the best results is the one from Horse Canyon, Utah, 
 which, with 6.25 per cent of ash, gave an efficiency of 13,419 British 
 thermal units, while the best results obtained in the eastern end of the 
 field were from the lower coal near the mouth of the Hogback Canyon 
 of Grand River, which, with 6.09 per cent of ash, showed an efficiency 
 of 12,723 British thermal units. 
 
 An important difference is in the coking quality of these coals. 
 The coal from Sunnyside, Utah, produces a coke of good grade, 
 whereas thus far coals from the vicinity of Grand Junction yield 
 such a low-grade product that they are classed as noncoking. Between 
 these extreme locations, one at the eastern end of the area examined 
 and the other beyond the western limit, no coking tests have been 
 made ; and it remains to be determined what coals, if any, in the east- 
 ern part of the Book Cliffs field will coke. 
 
 Comparison with analyses of other coals examined at the Govern- 
 ment fuel-testing plant shows that the coals from the eastern part of 
 the Book Cliffs field rank favorably with the product of other fields in 
 the Rocky Mountain region and the Mississippi Valley. The Book 
 Cliffs coals are classed as medium-grade bituminous. 
 
 MARKET AND USE. 
 
 The part of the Book Clitfs field under consideration is situated 
 between areas where coal of similar quality and greater thickness is 
 already being developed. The mmes in the vicinity of Newcastle, to 
 the east, and those about Castlegate, to the west, are more favorably 
 situated for the large markets than is the eastern part of the Book 
 Cliffs field. However, because of the proximity of the Denver and 
 Rio Grande Railroad, it probably will not be long before this great 
 reserve of coal will be more actively developed. Denver and Pueblo, 
 Salt Lake City, and the Pacific coast are likely to be the most im- 
 portant outside markets, and there will be a growing local demand 
 in connection with the increase of po})ulation and the development 
 of Colorado and Utah mines. At ])resent the local market is the 
 onlv outlet. 
 
 There are only four mines with railroad connection in the field here 
 discussed, and practically their entire product is used by the towns 
 of Grand Junction, Palisades, and Fruita, and by the Uintah Rail- 
 way. These mines are the Cameo (No. 1), Palisade (No. 6), Book 
 Cliff (No. 10), and Carbonera (No. 25). At Grand Junction, besides 
 a considerable amount of coal used for domestic purposes and for 
 the gas and electric light plants, a sugar-beet factory and a smelter 
 use coal from the Book Cliffs field. The other mines are worked 
 
48 
 
 THE BOOK (’LIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 entirely for domestic purposes and the coal is transported by wagon. 
 In 1906 the average cost of coal at the country mines was SI. 75 a 
 ton; at Palisades the price was quoted at S2.25 a ton, and at Grand 
 Junction the retail price for lump coal not delivered was S3 a ton. 
 Slack sold for between 50 and 75 cents a ton. 
 
 DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 Very little has been done in developing the eastern part of the 
 Book Cliffs coal field. The four mines with railroad connections are 
 reported to have produced in 1905 a total of only 5,300 tons, while 
 the other mines are for the most part country banks that yield but a 
 f(‘w hundred tons each a year. 
 
 The proximity of the field to a trunk railroad and the ease with 
 which short branch lines can be constructed across the shale ])lain to 
 the base of the cliffs render the transportation problem comparatively 
 easy. The situation of the coal, however, several hundred feet above 
 the base of the cliffs, except in the creek valleys, makes it dilficult of 
 access and usually necessitates the construction ol a steep tramway or 
 an aerial cable. Favorable conditions for reaching the coal by shafts 
 are rare, except in the broader valleys, and the greater ])art of the 
 coal probably will be worked from the outcrop. 
 
 An important consideration is the lack of Avater, Avhich will prove 
 a detriment to the commercial development of a large ])art of the 
 field. Thnnighout the greater j^ortion of the year there is either no 
 surface Avater in the Aucinity of the clifls, aAvay from Grand PiATr, 
 or AA^ater is present in very small quantity. Springs are scarce and 
 the prospect of obtaining sufficient supplies of underground Avater is 
 not favorable. The Cameo, Riverside, and Palisade mines, being 
 near Grand River, do not experience this difliculty, and the Book 
 Cliffs mine is located near one of the rare springs. Water is hauled 
 from Atchee by the Uintah RailAA ay for the men at the Carbonera 
 mine. In the Aucinity of several of the AAT>rkings, as in Horse Creek, 
 Utah, there is a small jierennial stream, but for many miles along the 
 cliffs there is insuflicient AA'ater for mining ])urposes. Water from an 
 irrigation canal is hauled by AA^agon to the mines north of Fruita, a 
 distance of 8 or 10 miles. 
 
 The first dcATlopment Avork on the coal in this area is said to Iuia'c. 
 been in 1882 at the old Book Cliff mine, north of Grand Junction. 
 The Cameo mine Avas opened about 1895, and the Palisade mine is 
 reported to haAT been started also about that time. These are th(‘ 
 chief mines of the area and they supply the needs of the settlements 
 in Grand River valley. The Carbonera mine, the only other Avith 
 railroad connections, A\’as not opened until 1904, and is used entirely 
 for the needs of the Uintah RailAvay . Avhich is a short road from ^lack, 
 Colo., to the gilsonite deposits at Dragon, Utah. There are only 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 
 
 
 
 i^.4 
 
 PROPERTY OF THE BOOK CLIFF MINE COMPANY AT THE BASE OF THE CLIFFS NORTH OF GRAND JUNCTION. 
 
V 2 .’ 
 
 f* 
 
 
 
 ^ <s 
 
 . ^ f 1 
 
 SJi ' 
 
 < 
 
 "4^ 
 
 
 * *■ . 
 
 ‘"'I 
 
 
 ~ i^ 
 
 * 4 '► • . 
 
 
 ii*- 
 
 ' '-■'ft<;:, -S 
 
 
 
 
COAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 49 
 
 about thirty other small mines and prospects of any consequence 
 within the area here reported; these are listed and their locations 
 are shown on the map, Plate I. 
 
 The coal is opened at or near the outcrop and generally is worked 
 by the room and pillar system. Where the dip is appreciable entries 
 are run with the strike and the rooms are opened principally up the 
 rise. The long-wall system is used at only one mine, the Riverside. 
 Both roof and floor are generally a firm sandy shale. The workings 
 usually are dry and little trouble is caused by water, but in a few 
 instances, as at the Cameo mine, water level has been reached. Some 
 of the workings are extremely dry and dusty and care must be taken 
 to avoid explosion. Natural ventilation is chiefly depended on, 
 though furnaces are used to some extent. Machines have not been 
 introduced and in general the methods of mining are simple. The 
 following brief descriptions will serve to indicate the present stage of 
 development: 
 
 The Book Cliff mine, operated by the Book Cliff Coal Compan}q is 
 situated in a small ravine in the Little Book Cliffs, about 12 miles 
 north of Grand Junction. The mine is connected with the Denver 
 and Rio Grande Railroad by a narrow-gage road, and the camp con- 
 sists of a number of frame houses, a company store, workshop, etc. 
 (See PL X.) Good water is supplied in moderate quantity from a 
 near-by spring, which was an important factor in determining tli^ 
 location of the mine. 
 
 Considerable prospecting has been done in this vicinity. The lower 
 bed was formerly worked; it has the advantage over the upper bed of 
 being slightly better in quality and of outcropping about 190 feet 
 lower down the cliffs. The old mine® is situated in the ravine next 
 south of the one in which the present workings are located, and was 
 approached by a steeply inclined tramway. The coal was reached 
 by a tunnel cut through the underlying sandstone. Development 
 proved, however, that the lower coal bed in this vicinity varies greatly 
 in thickness, ranging from a few inches to about 4 feet, and after a few 
 years work on the lower bed was abandoned. A considerable quan- 
 tity of coal was mined, however, the largest production of any one 
 year being reported as 18,000 tons. 
 
 In the present mine, which was opened in 1903, the upper coal is 
 worked. It is reached through a tunnel, the mouth of which is sit- 
 uated near the lower coal outcrop, about a quarter of a mile north- 
 east of the terminus of the branch railroad and some 200 feet above 
 it. The tunnel extends northeastward through a heavy bed of sand- 
 stone a distance of 750 feet, where the upper coal is encountered. 
 From the end of the tunnel entries extend northwest and southeast 
 
 o Lakes, Arthur, The Book Cliff coal mines. Mines and Minerals, vol. 24, 1904, p. 289. 
 
 63854—09 4 
 
50 
 
 THE BOOK CLIFFS COAL FIELD. 
 
 about 800 feet in each direction, and several rooms have been opened 
 up the rise. The tunnel not only avoids climbing a precipitous ledge, 
 but has a distinct advantage over an opening on the outcrop. A 
 gravity incline can thus be operated and the workings can be pushed 
 along the strike and up the rise, avoiding, in the early stage of develop- 
 ment at least, a haul up the dip, which in this mine is very steep. In 
 the workings the coal bed dips from 25 ° to 30° X. 55° E., and is trav- 
 ersed by prominent joint planes, the most conspicuous of which strikes 
 between X. 65° E. and X. 75° E. The bed averages about 7 feet 
 thick, with a parting of sandstone, varying from one-fourth inch to 
 3 inches in thickness, about 3 feet from the top. The output of the 
 mine for 1905 was reported as 6,000 tons. 
 
 The Cameo mine, operated by the Grand Junction Mining and 
 Fuel Company, is situated at the mouth of a small creek which 
 enters Grand River about 4 miles above Palisades. The mine is 
 connected with the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad by a short spur. 
 A number of cabins, a store, a shop, etc., have been constructed and 
 water is supplied by a steam pump from a well near the river. 
 
 The coal worked is the upper or Cameo bed. At the entrance to 
 the mine the coal is covered by a few feet of alluvium, and the bed 
 is reached by a slope. Xine feet or more of coal is exposed, but only 
 5 or 6 feet is worked. The roof is a firm sandy shale, but owing to 
 a number of partings the coal is dirty and is reported to produce 
 about 30 per cent of slack. The mine has been in operation eight or 
 nine years and the workings are extensive. The entries run north- 
 west-southeast and the rooms extend northeast and southwest, both 
 up and down the slope. The inclination of the coal is reported to be 
 only about 3°, so that mules can pull the cars aiwwhere, but the 
 workings are at such a distance from the mouth that much time is 
 lost in transit. Some water is encountered, but when it is reached 
 in going down the dip the workings are abandoned. It is proposed 
 to introduce pumps and a system of electric lighting and haulage. 
 The annual product of the mine is reported to be 24,000 tons. 
 
 The Palisade mine is located in the face of the cliffs about 150 
 feet above the valley, a mile northeast of the town of Palisades. 
 The property is controlled by the Palisade Coal and Supply Com- 
 pany, which began operations about 1895. A short spur connects 
 the terminus of the gravity tramway that leads to the mine with the 
 Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. The mine is located on the out- 
 crop and the workings extend in about 1,600 feet. The lower coal, or 
 Palisades bed, is worked, which averages in the mine about 3 feet 10 
 inches thick. Xo trouble is caused by water. The average output 
 of the mine is reported to be 18,000 tons a year, about 35 per cent 
 of which is slack. 
 
COAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 51 
 
 The Carbonera mine has been in operation only two years (1906) 
 and its output is used exclusively by the Uintah Railway Com- 
 pany. The mine is situated on the hillside above West Salt Creek, 
 at the little mining settlement of Carbonera, where there are a few 
 cabins, a shop, etc. Good mountain water is hauled from Atchee 
 and stored in a cistern. The entrance is on the outcrop and the main 
 entry is about 600 feet long. The roof and floor are a firm sandy 
 shale. About 5 feet of coal is mined. Two streaks of bone, from 1 
 inch to 1 foot in thickness, are present, so that the coal is dirty. 
 The daily production is reported to be about 14 tons throughout the 
 year. , 
 
 The other mines and prospects in the area under consideration are 
 small. They are all situated on the outcrop, and the workings at 
 the largest are only a few hundred feet in extent. They are operated 
 only during the winter months to supply the needs of near-by settlers. 
 
INDEX, 
 
 B. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Ballard mine, coal at, view of 38 
 
 sections at and near 38-39 
 
 view of 38 
 
 Beckwith Plateau, description of 10 
 
 section at 39-40 
 
 Black Baby mine, section at 39 
 
 Black Diamond mine, section at 28 
 
 Bob Cat mine, coal at 30 
 
 Book Cliffs bench, view of 10 
 
 Book Chff mine, coal of 47 
 
 development at 49-50 
 
 fossils from 17 
 
 sections at and near 24-25,20-28,30 
 
 view at 48 
 
 Book Plateau, description of 10 
 
 Bryson’s ranch, section near 36-37 
 
 C. 
 
 Cameo, fossils from 18 
 
 Cameo coal, occurrence of 28 
 
 Cameo mine, coal of 28-47 
 
 development of 50 
 
 sections at and near 29 
 
 Carbonera, fault near, view of 10 
 
 fossils from 18 
 
 sections at and near 34-30 
 
 structure at 22-23 
 
 Carbonera mine, coal of 47 
 
 development of 51 
 
 section in 36 
 
 Climate, character of 11 
 
 Coal, amount of 42 
 
 analyses of 43-40 
 
 character of ' 42-47 
 
 development of 48-51 
 
 faulting in 23 
 
 market and use for 47-48 
 
 occurrence and distribution of 23-42 
 
 sections of 22-41 
 
 plate showing 24 
 
 thickness of 24 
 
 Coal-bearing rocks, detailed sections of, plate 
 
 showing . 22 
 
 Coking, tests of 47 
 
 Colorado, coal in 5 
 
 Columnar section, plate showing 12 
 
 Corcoran mine, coal of 31 
 
 section near 31 
 
 Cretaceous rocks, character and distribution 
 
 of 12-19 
 
 Cross, Whitman, rock classification by 11-12 
 
 Culture, status of 11,48-51 
 
 D. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Dakota sandstone, character and distribution 
 
 of 11,12-14 
 
 fossils of 14 
 
 sections of 13 
 
 Dali, W. II., character and distribution of. . . 21 
 
 Development, progress of 48-51 
 
 Drainage, description of 8-9 
 
 E. 
 
 East Salt Creek canyon, section in 34 
 
 Eldridge, G. H., on Uinta Basin 5,19 
 
 Elgin, fossils near 14 
 
 Eocene rocks, character and distribution of. . 19-21 
 Excelsior mine, coal of 31 
 
 F. 
 
 Faults, occurrence and character of 23 
 
 Fort Union, character and distribution of... . 11,21 
 
 Fox Hills, restriction of 12 
 
 Fruita, section near 13 
 
 G. 
 
 Gale, II. S., on Book Cliffs field 22 
 
 Garfield, Mount, view of 14 
 
 Garfield mine, section at 26 
 
 Geology, description of 11-23 
 
 study of 5 
 
 Gidley, J. W., character and distribution of. . 18 
 
 Grand Junction, coal of 47-48 
 
 sections of 13 
 
 Grand River, coal of 47 
 
 description of 8-9 
 
 view on 24 
 
 Grand River bridge, section at 30 
 
 Green River, description of 8, 10 
 
 Green River formation, character and dis- 
 tribution of 11, 19, 20 
 
 Gross mine. See Kiel mine. 
 
 II. 
 
 Harms’s ranch, coal near 37 
 
 Hay Creek, fossils from 21 
 
 Hills, R. C., on Book Cliffs coal 6 
 
 History of field 5-6 
 
 Hogback Canyon, coal of 47 
 
 Horse Canyon, coal of, analysis of 45,40,47 
 
 fossils from 21 
 
 sections in and near 20,41 
 
 Hunter mine, section at 31 
 
 J. 
 
 Johnson mine, section at 33 
 
 53 
 
54 
 
 INDEX 
 
 K. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Kiel mine, coal at 31 
 
 Knowlton, F. H., fossils determined by 14, 
 
 17,19,21 
 
 L. 
 
 Lakes, Arthur, on Book Cliffs coal 6 
 
 Laramie, restriction of 12, 18-19 
 
 Lane mine, sections at and near 33 
 
 Little Book Cliffs, description of 9, 10 
 
 view of 24 
 
 Location of field 5 
 
 Loma, section near 13 
 
 Lord, N. W., analyses by 43 
 
 Lowland, topograph}’- of 9-10 
 
 M. 
 
 Malone’s ranch, section near 33 
 
 Mancos shale, character and distribution of. 9, 
 
 11,14-15 
 
 fossils from 15 
 
 Map of Book Cliffs field 5 
 
 showing location of Book Cliffs field 7 
 
 Mesaverde formation, character and distribu- 
 tion of 11,16-19,36 
 
 coal in .• 23 
 
 fault in -■ 10 
 
 view of 10 
 
 fossils from 17-19 
 
 outcrop of, view of 16 
 
 Mining, methods of 48-51 
 
 N. 
 
 Nash’s ranch, coal near 37 
 
 coal near, analysis of 45, 46 
 
 Neal, W. D., work of 6 
 
 Nearing mine, section near 32 
 
 Nugent mine, coal at 32 
 
 P. 
 
 Palisade mine, coal of 47-48 
 
 development at -50 
 
 Palisades, section at 30 
 
 Palisades coal, occurrence of 25-26 
 
 Peale, A. C., on Book Cliffs field 5, 12, 18, 20 
 
 Pepperberg, L. J., work of 6 
 
 Perrin, C. D., work of 6 
 
 Peterson’s prospect, section at 40-41 
 
 Price River, description of 8, 10 
 
 Price River Canyon, section near 39-41 
 
 R. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Relief, description of 8-9 
 
 Riverside mine, coal at.. .'. 28 
 
 section at 26 
 
 Roan Creek, description of. 8-9, 10 
 
 Rock formations, description of 11-21 
 
 S. 
 
 Saleratus Creek, coal near, view of 16 
 
 San Rafael uplift, structure of 22 
 
 Section, columnar, plate showing 12 
 
 Sections of coal 24^1 
 
 plate showing 24 
 
 Sections of coal-bearing rocks, plate showing. 22 
 
 Solitude, coal near, analysis of 45, 46 
 
 Stanton, T. W., fossils determined by . . 15, 17, 18-19 
 
 Steele mine, coal at 28 
 
 section at , 30 
 
 Storrs, L. S., on Book Cliffs field 6 
 
 Stratigraphy, description of 11-21 
 
 Structure, description of 21-23 
 
 Sunnyside, coal near 47 
 
 coal near, analysis of 45,46 
 
 T. 
 
 Taff, J. A., on Book Cliffs field 6 
 
 Tavaputs Plateau, description of 6, 10 
 
 Tertiary rocks, character and distribution of. 19-21 
 
 Thompsons, coal near, analyses of 45,46 
 
 fossils from 18 
 
 rocks near 19-20 
 
 view of 16 
 
 section near 37-39 
 
 Topography, description of 6-11 
 
 Turner’s ranch, sections near 20,34 
 
 U. 
 
 Uinta Basin, coal in. 5,42 
 
 Utah, coal in 5 
 
 W. 
 
 Wasatch formation, character and distribu- 
 tion of 11,19-21 
 
 Water, lack of 48 
 
 Westwater Creek, section on .36-37 
 
 Woodside, coal near 41 
 
 faults near 23 
 
 fossils near 14 
 
 o 
 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director 
 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 OF 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY 
 
 FOR 
 
 1906 AND 1907 
 WITH SUBJECT INDEX 
 
 BY 
 
 F. B. WEEKS AND J. M. NICKLES 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERN M II N T P R I N T I N G O F F I O K 
 
 1909 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Serials examined 5 
 
 Bibliography 11 
 
 Index 209 
 
 Lists 282 
 
 Chemical analyses 282 
 
 Geologic formations described 284 
 
 Minerals described 314 
 
 Rocks described 315 
 
 3 
 
SERIALS EXAMINED. 
 
 Alabama Geological Survey: Underground water resources [Bull. 9?]. Mont- 
 gomery, Ala. 
 
 American Academy of Arts and Sciences : Proceedings, vol. 41, nos. 16-35, 
 vol. 42, vol. 43, nos. 1-12 ; Memoirs, vol. 13, nos. 3, 4. Boston, Mass. 
 
 American Association for the Advancement of Science : Proceedings, vols. 55-57. 
 
 American Geographical Society : Bulletin, vols. 38, 39. New York. 
 
 American Institute of Mining Engineers : Bi-Monthly Bulletin, nos. 7-18 ; Trans- 
 actions, vols. 36, 37. New York. 
 
 American Journal of Science, 4th series, vols. 21-24. New Haven, Conn. 
 
 American Mining Congress : Papers and Addresses, 8th and 9th Annual Ses- 
 sions. 
 
 American Museum of Natural History : Memoirs, vol. 9, parts 1-3 ; Bulletin, 
 vols. 22, 23 ; Journal, vols. 6, 7. -New York. 
 
 American Naturalist, vols. 40, 41. Boston, Mass. 
 
 American Philosophical Society : Proceedings, vol. 44, no. 181, vol. 45 and vol. 
 46, nos. 185-187 ; Transactions, new ser., vol. 21, pt. 4. Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 American Society of Civil Engineers : Transactions, vols. 56-59. New York. 
 
 Annales de Paleontologie, t. 1, 2. Paris, France. 
 
 Annales des Mines, 6® ser., t. 9-12. Paris, France. 
 
 Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7th ser., vols. 17-20. London. 
 
 Appalachia, vol. 11, nos. 2 and 3, and index to vols. 1-10. Boston, Mass. 
 
 Association of Engineering Societies : Journal, vols. 36-39. Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum: Memoirs, vol. 2, no. 2; Occasional Papers, vol. 
 2, no. 4, and vol. 4, no. 1. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 Boston Society of Natural History : Proceedings, vol. 32, nos. 9-12, vol. 33, 
 vol. 34, no. 1. Occasional Papers, vol. 7, no. 7. Boston, Mass. 
 
 Botanical Gazette, vols. 41-44. Chicago, 111. 
 
 British Columbia Bureau of Mines: Annual Report of the Minister of Mines 
 for 1904, for 1905, and for 1906. Victoria, British Columbia. 
 
 Buffalo Society of Natural Science: Bulletin, vol. 8, nos. 4-6. Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 California Academy of Sciences: Proceedings, 4th ser., vol. 1, pp. 1-6. San 
 Francisco, Cal. 
 
 California Journal of Technology, vols. 8-10. Berkeley, Cal. 
 
 California Physical Geography Club : Bulletin, vol. 1. Oakland, Cal. 
 
 California State Mining Bureau : Report of Board of Trustees for 1902, 1904, 
 and 1906; Bulletins, nos. 21-49. San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 California, University of, Department of Geology : Bulletin, vol. 4, nos. 14-19, 
 vol. 5, nos. 1-11. Berkeley, Cal. 
 
 Canada, Geological Survey : Summary Report, 1905 and 1906 ; Catalogue of 
 Publications; Annual Report, vols. 15, 16. Section of Mines, Annual Re- 
 port for 1906 and for 1907. Ottawa, Ontario. 
 
 5 
 
6 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGA^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Canada, Royal Society : Proceedings and Transactions, 2d ser., vols, 11, 12 ; 3d 
 ser., vol. 1. Ottawa, Ontario. 
 
 Canadian Mining Institute: Journal, vols. 8, 9. Ottawa, Ontario. 
 
 Canadian Mining Journal, new ser., vol. 1, nos. 1-19 (old ser., vol. 28, nos. 3-21). 
 Toronto and Montreal, Canada. 
 
 Canadian Mining Review, vols. 25-27, 28, nos. 1, 2. (Continued as Canadian 
 Mining Journal.) Ottawa, Ontario. 
 
 Canadian Record of Science, vol. 9, no. 5. Montreal, Quebec. 
 
 Carnegie Institution of Washington : Yearbook, nos. 4, 5. Washington, D. C. 
 
 Carnegie Museum: Annals, vol. 3, no. 4, and vol. 4, nos. 1, 2; Memoirs, vol. 2, 
 nos. 6-10. Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Cassier’s Magazine, vol. 29, nos. 3-6, vols. 30-32, vol. 33, nos. 1, 2. New York. 
 
 Centralblatt fiir Mineralogie, Geologie, und Paleontologie, Jahrgang, 1906, 1907. 
 Stuttgart, Germany. 
 
 Chicago Academj^ of Sciences: Natural History Survey, Bulletin, no. 4, pt. 2 
 and no. 6. Chicago, 111. 
 
 Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Journal, vol. 20, nos. 5-7. Cincinnati, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Colorado College Publications: Science Series, vol. 11, nos. 46-53, vol. 12, nos. 
 1-5. Colorado Springs, Colo. 
 
 Colorado School of Mines: Bulletin, vol. 3, nos. 2-4, vol. 4, no. 1. Golden, Colo. 
 
 Colorado Scientific Society : Proceedings, vol. 8, pp. 71-362. Denver, Colo. 
 
 Colorado, University of: Studies, vol. 3, nos. 2^, vol. 4, vol. 5, no. 1. Boulder, 
 Colo. 
 
 Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences (Publications of Yale University) : 
 Transactions, vols. 12, 13, pp. 1-297. New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey: Second Biennial 
 Report, 1905-6 ; Bulletins, nos. 6-8. Hartford Conn. 
 
 Contributions to Indiana Paleontology (Greene), vol. 2, pts. 1-3. New Al- 
 bany, Ind. 
 
 Davenport Academy of Sciences : Proceedings, vols. 10, 11, 12, pp. 1-94. Daven- 
 port, Iowa. 
 
 Delaware County Institute of Science : Proceedings, vol. 1, nos. 2 and 3, vol. 2, 
 vol. 3, no. 1. Media, Pa. 
 
 Denison University, Scientific Laboratories: Bulletin, vol. 13, articles 1 (re- 
 print), 3-6. Granville, Ohio. 
 
 Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft, Zeitschrift, Bd. 58, 59. Berlin, Germany. 
 
 Economic Geology, vol. 1, nos. 3-8, and vol. 2. New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society : Journal, vols. 22, 23. Chapel Hill, N. C. 
 
 Engineering and Mining Journal, vols. 81-84. New York. 
 
 Engineering Association of the South : Transactions for 1905, vol. 16 and Pro- 
 ceedings, vols. 17-18. Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 Engineering Magazine, vol. 30, nos. 4-6, vols. 31-33, vol. 34, nos. 1-3. New York. 
 
 Engineers Club of Philadelphia : Proceedings, vols. 23, 24. Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Field Columbian Museum : Geological Series, vol. 2, nos. 6-10, vol. 3, nos. 2-6. 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 Florida State Geological Survey: Organization and Plans. Tallahassee, Fla. 
 
 Franklin Institute: Journal, vols. 161-164. Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Geographical Journal, vols. 27-30. London. 
 
 Geographical Society of the I’acific : Transactions and Proceedings, 2d ser., 
 vol. 4. San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 Geological Magazine, new ser., decade 5, vols. 3, 4. London. 
 
 Geological Society of America: Bulletin, vol. 16, pp. 531-636, vol. 17, nos. 1-19, 
 and vol. 18, nos. 1-20. Rochester. N. Y. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 7 
 
 Georgia Geological Survey: Bulletins, nos. IS, ami 1 (second edition). Atlanta, 
 Ga. 
 
 Hamilton Scientific Association : Journal and Proceedings, nos. 22, 28. Plam- 
 ilton. Out. 
 
 Harvard College, Museum of Comparative Zoology : Bulletin, vol. 43, no. 5, 
 vol. 4G, nos. 11-13, vol. 48, nos. 2-4, and vol. 49 (Geological Series, vol. 8), 
 nos. 3 and 4, vol. 50, nos. 6-9, vol. 51, nos. 1-8 ; Memoirs, vol. 30, no. 3, 
 vol. 33, vol. 34, no. 1, vol. 35, nos. 1, 2. Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Illinois State Geological Survey: Mineral Production in 1905 and Bulletins, 
 nos. 1-6. Urbana, 111. 
 
 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History : Bulletin, vol. 7, articles 6-9. 
 Urbana, 111. 
 
 Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee : Bulletin, vol. 1. Tokyo, Japan. 
 
 Indiana Academy of Science : Proceedings, 1903-1906. Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
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8 
 
 BIBLIOGKAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906 - 1907 . 
 
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 y 
 
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BIBLIOGRA.PHY OP^ NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 9 
 
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10 BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
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 11 
 
12 BIBLTOGKAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 13 
 
 Alexander, John S. 
 
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14 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
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15 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
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 53 . Geology of Black Hawk County [Iowa]. — Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 16, 
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 Argali, Philip. 
 
 54 . Report on the zinc mines of the east and west Kootenays. — Canada, 
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 55 . The Yak mining, milling, and tunneling comi)any [Leadville, Colo.]. — 
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 Arnold, Ralph. 
 
 56 . Geological reconnaissance of the coast of the Olympic Peninsula, Wash- 
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 Notes briefly the literature bearing on the region and describes its physical features, 
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 57 . The Tertiary and Quaternary pectens of California. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
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 58 . Coal in the Mount Diablo Range, Monterey County, Cal. — V. S. Geol. 
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 59 . The Salt Lake oil field near Los Angeles, Cal. — IT. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
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 60 . New and characteristic species of fossil mollusks from the oil-bearing 
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 (lives figui'os of characteristic species of fossils, chiefly IVlecypoda and Gastropoda 
 from Tertiary horizons of southern California, 
 
16 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Arnold, Ralph — Continued. 
 
 63 . Geology and oil resources of the Summerland district, Santa Barbara 
 County, Cal. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 321, 93 pp., 17 pis., 3 figs., 1907. 
 
 64 . The Santa Maria oil district, California. — Abstract: Science, new ser , 
 vol. 25, p. 825, May 24, 1907. 
 
 The Santa Clara A'alley, Puente Hills, and Los Angeles oil districts, southern 
 California. — See Eldridge and Arnold, no. 779. 
 
 Arnold, Ralph, and Anderson, Robert. 
 
 65 . Diatomaceous deposits of northern Santa Barbara County, Cal. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 438-447, 1907. 
 
 66. Preliminarj" report on the Santa Maria oil district, Santa Barbara 
 County, Cal. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 317, 69 pp., 2. pis., 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy and structural conditions of the field and the economic 
 developments. 
 
 67 . Geology and oil resources of the Santa Maria oil district, Santa Barbara 
 County, Cal. — V. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 322, 161 pp., 26 pis., 1907. 
 
 68. Metamorphism by combustion of the hydrocarbons in the oil-bearing 
 shale of California. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 750-758, 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 Ashley, George Hall. 
 
 69 . Cannel coal in the United States. — Min. World, vol. 23, pi>. 90-92, 381- 
 383, 8 figs., 1905. 
 
 70 . An area of faulting in central Pennsylvania. — Abstract : Science, new 
 ser., vol. 23, p. 33, January 5, 1906. 
 
 71. Clearfield coal field, Pennsylvania. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, 
 pp. 271-275, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic structure of the field and the character and occurrence of the 
 coal beds. 
 
 72 . Notes on clays and shales in central Pennsylvania. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 285, pp. 442-444, 1906. 
 
 Gives a general description of Die clays and shales of the region and particularly of 
 the flint-clay deposits. 
 
 73 . The geological prelude to the San Francisco earthquake. — Pop. Sci. 
 Monthly, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 69-75, 6 figs., July, 1906. 
 
 Gives an account of the geologic structure and geologic history of California. 
 
 74 . The maximum deposition of coal in the Appalachian coal field. — Econ. 
 Geology, vol. 1, no. 8, pp. 788-793, 1906. 
 
 Gives data regarding the thickness of coal seams in various Appalachian fields, with 
 the view' of determining the time required for the formation of the coal beds. 
 
 75. The maximum rate of deposition of coals. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 1, 
 pp. 34^7, 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 From the study of peat bogs and field study of coal basins endeavors to determine the 
 rate of accumulation of coal. 
 
 76 . Were the Appalachian and eastern interior coal fields ever connected V — 
 Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 659-666, 1907. 
 
 The Punxsutawney and Glen Campbell coal fields of Indiana and .Jefferson 
 counties, l*a. — See l*eck and Ashley, no. 1888. 
 
 Correlation of coals. — See White and Ashley, no. 2549. 
 
 Ashley, George Hall, and Glenn, Leonidas Chalmers. 
 
 77 . Geology and mineral resources of i>art of the Cumberland Gap coal field, 
 Kentucky. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper no. 49. 239 pp.. 40 pis., 13 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the physiography, stratigraphy, and geological structure of the region, and 
 in detail the occurrence, character, geological relations, and correlations of the coql 
 seams, 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 17 
 
 Ashworth, James. 
 
 78 . Notes on the Crows Nest coal field, British Columbia. — Manchester 
 Geol. and Min. Soc., Trans., vol. 29, pt. 3, pp. 78-83, 1905; Can. Min. Rev., vol. 
 25, no. 5, pp. 165-167, December, 1905; Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 81, pp. 711- 
 712, April 14, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes upon the character of the coal field and upon the rock slide at Frank, 
 Alberta. 
 
 Atkin, Austin J. R. 
 
 79 . Some further considerations on the genesis of the gold deposits of 
 Barker ville, British Columbia, and vicinity. — Geol. Mag., dec. 5, vol. 3, no. 11, 
 pp. 514-516, 1 fig., November, 1906. 
 
 Discusses briefly the character, occurrence, and origin of these deposits. 
 
 Atwood, Wallace W. 
 
 80 . Red Mountain, Arizona : a dissected volcanic cone. — Jour. Geology, vol. 
 14, no. 2, pp. 138-146, 6 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the volcanic material of which the cone consists, the relations of the deposits 
 to one another, and the physiographic features and geologic history of the cone. 
 
 81 . The glaciation of the Uinta Mountains. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 8, 
 pp. 790-804, 4 figs., 1907. 
 
 Aubury, Lewis E. 
 
 82 . Report of the State mineralogist [California]. — California State Min. 
 Bur., Rept. of Board of Trustees, pp. 13-17, 1902. 
 
 An administrative report. 
 
 83 . Report of the State mineralogist [California]. — California State Min. 
 Bur., Rept. of Board of Trustees, pp. 9-14, 1904. 
 
 An administrative report. 
 
 84 . Report of the State mineralogist [California]. — California State Min. 
 Bur.. Rept. of Board of Trustees, pp. 8-19, 1906. 
 
 An administrative report. 
 
 85 . The copper resources of California. — California State Min. Bur., Bull. no. 
 23, 282 pp., pis., figs., maps, 1902. 
 
 86 . The quicksilver resources of California. — California State Min. Bur., 
 Bull. no. 27, 273 pp., 50 pis., 94 figs., 8 maps, lt)03. 
 
 87 . The structural and industrial materials of California. — California State 
 Min. Bur., Bull. no. 38, pp. 13-378, 149 figs., 1906. 
 
 Ayres, W. S. 
 
 88. Deutschman’s cave, near Banff, British Columbia, Canada. — Am. Inst. 
 Min. Eng., Bi-Mo. Bull., no. 13, pp. 93-112, 17 figs., January, 1907. 
 
 Describes the location, the character of the rocks in which it has been cut, the mode 
 of its formation, and various features of the cave. 
 
 89 . Report on the exploration of Deutschman cave [British Columbia]. — 
 Canada, Dept, of the Interior, Rept. Surveyor-General for 1906, pp. 117-120, 
 1907. 
 
 90 . Supplementary report on the additional exi)loration of Deutschman cave 
 [British Columbia]. — Canada, Dept, of the Interior, Rept. Surveyor-General 
 for 1906, pp. 121-126, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 Babcock, E. J. 
 
 91 . The uses and value of North Dakota clays. — North Dakota State Geol. 
 Survey, 4th Bienn. Rept., pp. 191-243, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Clay and its properties, with special reference to North Dakota clays. — See 
 Clapp and Babcock, no. 471. 
 
 66836— Bull. 372—09 2 
 
18 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Babcock, E. J., and Clapp, C. H. 
 
 92 . Economic geology of North Dakota clays. — North Dakota State Geol. 
 Survey, 4th Bienn. Kept., pp. 95-189, 8 pis., 1906. 
 
 Bagg, Rufus M., jr. 
 
 93 . The minerals of Maguarichic [Mexico]. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 80, 
 pp. 2-3, 4 figs., July 6, 1905. 
 
 Gives notes on the geology of the region, and the occurrence and character of selenite, 
 fluorite, and calcite crystals. 
 
 94 . Fault breccia veins in the Sierra Madre [Mexico]. — Min. and Sci. Press, 
 vol. 92, p. 125, 4 figs., February 24, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the origin of these mineral-hearing lodes. 
 
 Bailey, Gilbert E. 
 
 95 . The saline deposits of California. — California State Min. Bur., Bull. no. 
 24, 216 pp., pis., figs., maps, 1902. 
 
 96 . The desert : its resources, water supply, and development. — Min. lYorld, 
 vol. 23, no. IT, pp. 471—473, map, October 28, 1905. 
 
 Describes the physical features of the desert region of southern California, Nevada, and 
 Arizona. 
 
 97. The borax deposits of California. — Min. World, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 4-5, 
 7 figs., January 6, 1906. 
 
 Bailey, L. W. 
 
 98 . The gypsum deposits of New Brunswick. — Canada, Roy. Soc., Proc. and 
 Trans., 2d ser., vol. 12, sec. 4, pp. 3-14, 7 pis., 1906. Abstract : Science, new 
 ser., vol. 23, pp. 971-972, June 29, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic occurrence and relations of the gypsum beds of New Brunswick, 
 particularly those in the vicinity of Hillsborough, and discusses the origin of the gypsum 
 deposits. 
 
 Bain, H. Foster. 
 
 99 . Zinc and lead deposits of the upper Mississippi Valley. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 294, 155 pp., 16 pis., 45 figs., 1906 ; Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. 
 Hist. Survey. Bull. no. 19, 155 pp., 45 figs., 18 pis. (in atlas), 1906. 
 
 Gives a historical sketch of the development of the field, describes the topography, 
 stratigraphy, and geologic structure, the character, occurrence, and relations of the ore 
 deposits, and the mining developments, and discusses the origin of the ores. 
 
 100. [The coals of Illinois.]. — Illinois State Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 3, pp. 
 9-19, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Gives various ogP egarding the coal fields of Illinois. Includes a geologic map 
 showing the distrihidio- of the coal measures. 
 
 101. A Nevada zinc deposit. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, no 285, pp. 166-169, 
 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic structure of Spring Mountains, and the character and occur- 
 rence of the ore bodies, and discusses the origin of the ores. 
 
 102. The southeastern Illinois oil field. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 92, p. 326, 
 May 19, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of oil in this area. 
 
 103. A persistent error. — Science, new ser., vol. 23, p. 919, June 15, 1906. 
 
 Calls attention to the misuse of the terms “ Des Moines” and “Missourian” applied 
 to coal measures of the western interior States. 
 
 104. Sedi-genetic and igneo-genetic ores. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 
 
 ;:;n : no. loot;. 
 
 rresents a Tlassification of the metal production of the United States according to the 
 L.jde ( f cv-^nceutration of the ores, with a discussion of the data used, 
 
19 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Bain, H. Foster — Continued. 
 
 105 . AVliat slionld appear in the report of a state j?eolo^istV — Econ. Geology, 
 vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 481^87, no. 7, pp. 702-705, 1906. 
 
 106. Some relations of paleogeography to ore deposition in the Mississippi 
 Valley. — Congr. geol. intern., C. R. 10 sess., IMexico, 1906, pp. 483-499, 1907. 
 Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 128-144, 1907. 
 
 Discusses concentration of metals in sedimentary rocks, and more especially the con- 
 centration of zinc and lead ores of the Mississippi Valley as affected by geographic con- 
 ditions prevailing during I*aleozoic sedimentation. 
 
 107 . [Review of] Special report on lead and zinc, by E. Haworth and others 
 (Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 8). — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 186-192, 
 1907. 
 
 108 . The work of the [Illinois] State Geological Survey. — Western Soc. 
 Engrs., Jour., vol. 12, pi>. 233-239, April, 1907 ; Illinois Soc. Engrs. and Survey- 
 ors, 22d Ann. Rept., pp. 51-56, 1907. 
 
 109. Petroleum in Illinois. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 83, pp. 755-756, 2 
 tigs., April 20, 1907. 
 
 110 . Administrative report for 1906. — Illinois State Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 4, pp. 9-35, 1 pi., 1907. [Also issued separately.] 
 
 Includes notes on economic resources. 
 
 111 . Analysis of certain silica deposits. — Illinois State Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 4, pp. 185-186, 1907. 
 
 112 . Contributions to the study of coal. — Illinois State Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 4, pp. 187-188, 1907. 
 
 113 . The mineral industry in 1906 [Illinois]. — Illinois State Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 4, pp. 245-246, 1907. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1905 of zinc and lead ores. — See no. 
 2418. 
 
 Baker, H. P. 
 
 114. The holding and reclamation of sand dunes and sand wastes by tree 
 planting. — Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 13, pp. 209-214, 1906. 
 
 Describes the origin of dunes. 
 
 Baker, J. Willard. 
 
 115 . Monograph on meteorites. — Mineral Collector, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 81-87, 
 no. 7, pp. 97-103, 1905. 
 
 Baker, M. B. 
 
 116 . Clay and the clay industry of Ontario. — Ontario, Bureau of Mines, 
 Rept. 1906, vol. 15, pt. 2, 127 pp., 71 figs., 1906. 
 
 Baldacci, L. 
 
 117 . II giacimento solfifero della Louisiana. [The sulphur de])osits of Louisi- 
 ana.] — Italia, Ministero di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio, Publicazioni del 
 Corpo reale delle Miniere, Roma, Tii)Ografia Nazionale di G. Bertero, 1906. 
 43 pp., 9 pis. 
 
 Baldwin^ A. L. 
 
 The earth movements in the California earthquake of 1906. — See Ilayford and 
 Baldwin, no. 1114. 
 
 Ball, Sydney II. 
 
 118 . Pre-Cambrian rocks of the Georgetown quadrangle, Colorado. — Am. 
 Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, pp. 371-389, May, 1906. 
 
 Describes the topography and general geology, and the occurrence, character, and rela- 
 tions of the pre-Cambrian formations, 
 
20 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Ball, Sydney H. — Coiitiiuied. 
 
 119 . Notes on ore deposits of southwestern Nevada and eastern California. — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 53-73, 1 tig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology, the occurrence and character of gold and silver ores, 
 and the mining developments. 
 
 120 . A geologic reconnaissance in southwestern Nevada and eastern Cali- 
 fornia. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 308, 218 pp., 3 pis,, 17 tigs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the general stratigraphy of the area examined, the topography, structure, 
 and stratified and igneous rocks of the various ranges, with notes on the character and 
 occurrence of the economic minerals. 
 
 121 . Copper deposits of the Hartville uplift, Wyoming. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 315, pp. 93-107, 1907. 
 
 122 . The Hartville iron-ore range, Wyoming. — ^U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, no, 
 315, pp. 190-205, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy and geologic structure of the area, and the occurrence and 
 origin of the iron ores. 
 
 123 . Titaniferous iron ore of Iron Mountain, Wyoming. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 315, pp. 206-212, 1907. 
 
 124 . Portland cement materials in eastern- Wyoming. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 315, pp. 232-244, 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 125 . Mica in the Hartville uplift, Wyoming. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, no, 
 315, pp. 423^25, 1907. 
 
 126 . Graphite in the Haystack Hills, Laramie County, Wyoming. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 426^28, 1907. 
 
 Bancroft, George J. 
 
 127 . The formation and enrichment of ore-bearing veins. — Am. Inst. Min. 
 Eng., Bi-Mo. Bull., no. 15, pp. 499-522, 1907. 
 
 128 . Ore deposition. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 95, pp. 580-581, November 9, 
 1907. 
 
 Barbour, Erwin Hinckley. 
 
 129 . Notice of a new fossil mammal from Sioux Countj", Nebraska. — Nebraska 
 Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 3, 4 pp., 1 pi., 1905. 
 
 Describes S]/ndj/occraft cnnki n. gen. and n. sp. from tho Loup Fork beds at .Vgate, 
 Nebraska. 
 
 130 . Notice of a new fossil rhinoceros from Sioux County, Nebraska. — 
 Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 4, pp. 311-318, 5 tigs., 1906. 
 
 Describes Diceraihcrium arikarcnsc from the Loup Fork beds. 
 
 131. Evidence of loess man in Nebraska. — Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, 
 pt. 6, pp. 329-348, 16 figs., 1907. 
 
 132 . Report on the Honey Creek coal mine. — Nebraska (ieol. Survey, vol. 2, 
 pt. 7, pp. 349-364, 7 figs., 1907. 
 
 133 . Biennial report. — Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 8, pp. 365-387, 1907, 
 
 An administrative report. 
 
 134. Rejtort of the tenth geological expedition of Hon. Charles II. Morrill, 
 season of 1905. — Science, new ser., vol. 2.3, pp. 114-115, .Tanuary 19, 1906. 
 
 135 . The .skull of Sijndyoccras. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 23. pp. 
 288-289, February 23, 1906; Am. Assoc, Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 55, pp, 378, 1906. 
 
 136 . The skulls of yoccras and Protoccras. — Abstract: Science, new ser., 
 vol. 23, p. 623, April 20, 1906. 
 
BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 21 
 
 Barbour, Erwin Hinckley — Continued. 
 
 137 . A workable bed of coni in Nebraska. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 
 51-52, July 13, 1906. 
 
 Notes the discovery of workable coal near Peru, Nebr., its character, and other oc- 
 currences of coal in Nebraska. 
 
 138 . Notice of a new Miocene rhinoceros, Diceratherium arikarense. — Sci- 
 ence, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 780-781, 2 figs., December 14, 1906. 
 
 139 . Report on the geological expedition of Hon. Charles H. Morrill. Season 
 of 1906. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 73-74, January 11, 1907. 
 
 140. Evidence of man in the loess of Nebraska. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, 
 pp. 110-112, January 18, 1907. 
 
 Announces the discovery of human remains in undisturbed loess, detailing the cir- 
 cumstances and conditions of preservation. 
 
 141 . l*rehistoric man in Nebraska. — Putnam’s Monthly, pp. 41.3-415, 502-503, 
 3 figs., January, 1907. 
 
 Describes the finding of human remains in undisturbed loess deposits. 
 
 Barbour, Erwin Hinckley, and Ward, Henry Raldwin. 
 
 142 . Preliminary report on the primitive man of Nebraska. — Nebraska Geol. 
 Survey, vol. 2, pt. 5, pp. 317-327, 4 figs., 1906. 
 
 Barker, F. L. 
 
 143 . Structural geology at Leadville [Colorado]. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 
 28, no. 5, pp. 220-222, 3 figs., DecemV)er, 1907. 
 
 Describes the geological relations and occurrence of the ore deposits. 
 
 Barlow, Alfred Ernest. 
 
 144 . Report on some of the undeveloped zinc deposits of British Columbia. — 
 Canada, Dept, of the Interior, Mines Branch, Report of the Commission to in- 
 vestigate the zinc resources of British Columbia, pp. 273-293, 4 pis., 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology of the area examined. 
 
 145 . On the Quebec side of Lake Timiskaming. — Canada, Geol. Survey^ 
 Summ. Rept. for 1906, pp. 113-118, 1906. 
 
 Gives an account of the geology of the region. 
 
 146 . On the nickel deposits of Webster, western North Carolina. — Canadian 
 Min. Inst., Jour., vol. 9, pp. 303-316, 1 pi. (map), 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of the ores and their geological relations and origin. 
 
 147 . On the origin and relations of the nickel and copper deposits of Sud- 
 bury, Ontario, Canada. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 454-466 ; no. 6, pp. 
 545-553, 1906. 
 
 Gives a historical resume of the literature, and describes the character of the nickel- 
 bearing eruptive rock, and the composition and mode of occurrence of the ore bodies. 
 
 Report of a special committee on the correlation of the pre-Cambrian rocks 
 of the Adirondack Mountains, the “original I.aurentian area” of Canada, and 
 eastern Ontario. — See Adams and others, no. 13. 
 
 Barrel!, Joseph. 
 
 148 . Relative geological importance of continental, littoral, and marine 
 sedimentation. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, pp. 316-356, 4.30^57, 524-568, 10 figs., 
 1906. 
 
 Discusses the conditions under which continental, littoral, and marine deposits are 
 formed and the criteria by which they may be discriminated, and applies these consid- 
 erations to geologic history, particularly of pre-Paleozoic and Paleozoic sedimentation. 
 
22 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Earrell, Joseph — Coutiiuied. 
 
 149 . Geology of the Marysville mining district, Montana : a study of igneous 
 intrusion and contact metamorphism. — TJ. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper no. 57, 
 178 pp., 10 pis., 9 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes Algonkian and Tertiary deposits and igneous rocks and the geologic structure 
 of the region, and discusses the contact and intrusive phenomena. 
 
 150 . Origin and significance of the Mauch Chunk shale. — Geol* Soc. America, 
 Bull., vol. 18, pp. 449-476, 4 pis., 1 fig., December, 1907. Abstract: Science, new 
 ser., vol. 25, p. 766, May 17, 1907. 
 
 Describes the distribution and character of the Mauch Chunk formation and dis- 
 cusses the mode of formation of the shale. 
 
 151 . Itelations between climate and river deposits. — Abstract: Science, new 
 ser., vol. 25, p. 766, May 17, 1907. 
 
 Barringer, Daniel Moreau. 
 
 152. Coon Mountain and its crater [Arizona]. — Philadelphia Acad. Nat. 
 Sci., Proc., vol. 57, pt. 3, pp. 861-886, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the origin of this “ crater.” 
 
 Barringer, Daniel Moreau, and Tilghman, B. C. 
 
 153. The geology of Coon Butte, Arizona. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 
 24, pp. 370-371, September 21, 1906; Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 56-57, p. 
 271, 1907. 
 
 Barus, Carl. 
 
 154 . Vulcanism. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 400-403, September 28, 1906. 
 Discusses the bearing of certain physical facts upon theories of vulcanism. 
 
 155 . Note on volcanic activity. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 24, pp. 483-484, 
 December, 1907. 
 
 Bassler, Ray S. 
 
 156 . A study of the James types of Ordovician and Silurian Bryozoa. — 
 U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 30, pp. 1-66, 7 pis., 1906. 
 
 Includes a short account of the classification of Ordovician strata in the vicinity of 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 157 . The bryozoan fauna of the Rochester shale. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 292, 136 pp., 31 pis., 1906. 
 
 Discusses the distribution and correlation of Niagaran bryozoan faunas and gives 
 systematic descriptions of the Bryozoa of the Rochester shales of New York and On- 
 tario. 
 
 158. Cement and cement materials [of Virginia]. — In Watson, T. L., INIin- 
 eral Resources of Virginia, pp. 86-167, 10 pis., 14 figs., 1907. 
 
 New American Paleozoic Ostracoda. Notes and descriptions of upper Car- 
 boniferous genera and species. — See Flrich and Bassler, no. 2412. 
 
 Bastin, Edson S. 
 
 159 . Some unusual rocks from Maine. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 
 173-187, 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and petrographic characters of prowersose, albite-pyroxene 
 syenite, cortlandite, and porphyritic granite. 
 
 160 . The lime industry of Kuox County, Me. — IT. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 285, pp. 393-400. .3 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the distribution, utilization, general character, and mode of occurrence of 
 the limestones of Knox County, Me. 
 
 161 . Clays of the Penobscot Bay region, Maine. — T^. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 285, pp. 428-431, 1906. 
 
 Describes the distrihution, age, origin, utilization, and composition. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 23 
 
 Bastin, Eclson S. — Continued. 
 
 162 . Feldspar and quartz deposits of Maine. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 315, pp. 383-393, 1907. 
 
 163 . Feldspar and quartz deposits of southeastern New York. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 394-399, 1907. 
 
 Description of the Penobscot Bay quadrangle. — See Smith and others, no. 
 2241. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1900 of quartz (flint) and feldspar. — 
 See no. 2419. 
 
 Bateson, Charles E. W. 
 
 164 . The Mojave mining district of California. — Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Bi-Mo. 
 Bull. no. 7, pp. 65-82, 9 figs., January, 1906; Trans., vol. 37, pp. 160-177, 9 figs., 
 1907. 
 
 Describes the, topography of the region, the rocks and their origin, and the vein 
 system. 
 
 Bather, F. A. 
 
 165 . Charles Emerson Beecher. — London, Geol. Soc., Quart. Jour., vol. 61, 
 Proc., pp. xlix-1, 1905. 
 
 A brief account of his scientific work. 
 
 166. The species of Botryocrinus. — Ottawa Naturalist, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 
 * 93-104, August, 1906. 
 
 Bauer, L. A. 
 
 167. iNlagnetograph records of earthquakes with special reference to the San 
 Francisco earthquake, April 18, 1906. — Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric 
 Electricity, vol. 11, no 3, pp. 135-144, 2 figs., September, 1906. 
 
 168 . Seismograph and magnetograph records of the San Francisco earth- 
 quake, April 18, 1906. — Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 116-127, 2 figs., 
 August, 1906. 
 
 Bauer, L. A., and Burbank^ J. E. 
 
 169 . The San Francisco earthquake of April 18, 1906, as recorded by the 
 Coast and Geodetic Survey magnetic observatories. — Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 17, 
 no. 5, pp. 298-300, May, 1906. 
 
 Bawden, H. Heath. 
 
 170 . Clarence Luther Herrick. — Denison Univ., Sci. Lab., Bull., vol. 13, art. 1, 
 pp. 14-27, 1905. 
 
 Becker, George Ferdinand. 
 
 171 . Present problems of geophysics. — Congress of Arts and Science, Uni- 
 versal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904, vol. 4, pp. 508-522, 1906. 
 
 172 . Methods of igneous intrusion. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 
 622, April 19, 1907. 
 
 173 . Current theories of slaty cleaverage. — Am. Jour Sci., 4th ser., vol. 24, 
 pp. 1-17, 6 figs., July, 1907. Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 967-968, 
 June 21, 1907. 
 
 Beede, Joshua W. 
 
 174 . Fauna of the Salem limestone r Foraniinifera and Anthozoa. — Indiana, 
 Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res., 30th Ann. Rept., pp. 1201-1218, illus., 1906. 
 
 175 . Fauna of the Salem limestone: Echinodernia. — Indiana, Dept. Geol. 
 and Nat. Res., 30th Ann. Rept., pp. 124.3-1270, illus., 1906. 
 
 176 . Fauna of the Salem limestone: Vermes. — Indiana, Dept. Geol. and 
 Nat. Res., 30th Ann. Rept., pp. 1271-1273, illus., 1906. 
 
 177 . Fauna of the Salem limestone: Brachiopoda. — Indiana, Dept. Geol. and 
 Nat. Res., 30th Ann. Rept., pp. 1297-1322, illus, 1906. 
 
24 BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906 - 1907 . 
 
 Beede, Joshua W. — Continued. 
 
 178. Fauna of the Salem limestone: Pelecypoda. — Indiana, Dept. (Jeol. and 
 Nat. lies., 30th Ann. Kept., pj). 1.323-1884, illus., 1006. 
 
 179. A correction. — Science, new ser., yo\. 24, p. 594, November 9, 1906. 
 
 Calls attention to a misstatement in his paper on' the Foraminifera and Anthozoa 
 printed in the 30th Annual Report of the Department of Geology and Natural Resources 
 of Indiana. 
 
 180. Invertebrate paleontology of the upper Permian Red Beds of Oklahoma 
 and the Panhandle of Texas. — Kansas Ihiiv., Sci. Bull., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 113-171, 
 4 pis., 2 figs., March, 1907. 
 
 Reviews the literature upon the Red Beds of Oklahoma, discusses their age and corre- 
 lation, and gives descriptions of the fossils collected. 
 
 Fauna of the Salem limestone : Introduction. — See Cumings and Beede, no. .301. 
 
 Beede, Joshua W., and Rogers, Austin F. 
 
 181. Coal measures faunal studies, I^^ T’^pper coal measures, Neosho River 
 section. — Kansas Univ., Sci. Bull., vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 375-.38S, 1906. 
 
 Gives lists of fossils from the various formations of the coal, measures of Kansas. 
 
 Beede, J. W., and Shannon, Charles W. 
 
 182. [Iron ores of] Martin County [Indiana]. — Indiana, Dept. Ceol. and 
 Nat. Res., 31st Ann. Kept., pp. .38.3^24, 1907. 
 
 Beeler, Henry C. 
 
 183. The north Laramie Peak copper district in Converse, Albany, and 
 
 Laramie counties, Wjmming. Cheyenne, Wyo., Julj' 1, 1904. 16 pp. 
 
 Gives an account of the geology, copper-ore deposits, and mining developments. 
 
 184. A brief review of the South Pass gold district. Fremont County, Wyo. 
 
 Second edition, July 15, 1904. 16 pp. 
 
 Includes a brief account of the geology of the district. 
 
 185. Mining in the Grand Encampment copper district. Carbon and Albany 
 
 counties, Wyoming. Cheyenne, September 1, 1905. 32 pp., 1 fig. 
 
 Includes a brief account of the geology, and of the occurrence and character of the 
 ore deposits. 
 
 186. Mineral and allied resources of Albany County, Wyoming. Laramie, 
 
 Wyoming, 1906. 80 pp., illus. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of various ores. 
 
 Behr, Ernest E. 
 
 187. The mines of Bolanos, old Mexico. — California Jour. Tech., vol. 10. 
 no. 4, j)p. 11-14, November, 1907. 
 
 Bell, J. J. 
 
 188. The Cassiar coal fields in British Columbia. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 83, p. 1007, 3 figs.. May 25, 1907. 
 
 Bell, J. M. 
 
 189. The i)ossible granitization of acidic lower Iluronian schists on the 
 north shore of Lake Superior. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 233-242, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, and relations of the rocks, and discusses the 
 origin of granitic pebbles in Iluronian conglomerate through granitization of schists. 
 
 Bell, Robert. 
 
 190. Summary report of the Geological Survey Department of Canada for 
 
 the calendar year 1905. Ottawa, 190(5. 144 pi)., 2 maps, 3 pis. 
 
 Outlines the work of the survey during the year 100,5. Includes various data relating 
 to the geology of Canada. [The reports by various members of the staff have been listed 
 under the individual authors,] 
 
BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 25 
 
 Bell, Robert — Contiiiueil. 
 
 191. [Report on] the Cobalt mining district. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Siiinm. 
 Rept. for 1905, pj). 94-104, .S ])ls., 1906; Canadian Min. Rev., vol. 27, no. 4, ])j). 
 116-124, October, 190(). 
 
 Gives an account of the s^eneral geolojjy of the area, the occurrence, and character of 
 the silver ores, and the mining operations. 
 
 192. Cobalt district and northward. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. 
 for 1906, pp. 110-112, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes on the occurrence of the ores containing silver, nickel, and cohalt. 
 
 193. The occurrence of diamonds in the drift of some of the northern 
 States. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, ]). 819, November 8, 1906; (’anadian Min. 
 Inst., Jour., vol. 9, pj). 124-127, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the possible sources of th.e diamonds found in drift and th<‘ movement of 
 the drift. 
 
 194. The Cobalt mining district. — Canadian INIin. Jour., vol. 28, no. 10 (new 
 ser., vol. 1, no. 8), pi>. 246-248, July 1, 1907. 
 
 Describes the geology of the Cobalt district, Ontario, and the character and occur- 
 rence of the ore deposits. 
 
 Bell, Robert N. 
 
 195. Seventh annual report of the mining industry of Idaho for the year 
 
 1905. — Idaho, Rejtt. State Inspector of Mines, 1905, 149 pp., illus. [1906]. 
 
 Contains notes on the character, occurrence, and geologic relations of ore deposits. 
 
 196. Eighth annual report of the mining industry of Idaho for the year 
 
 1906. 175 pp., illus., 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of ores. 
 
 197. South Mountain, Idaho. — Eng. and Min. .Tour., vol. 8.8, pp. 28.8-284, 
 2 figs., February 9, 1907. 
 
 Describes the geologic structure and the occurrence of the ore deposits. 
 
 198. Sapphires in Idaho. — Min. World, vol. 26, p. 449, April 6, 1907. 
 
 199. The gold of the Snake River [Idaho]. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, 
 pp. 542-543, .8 figs., April 27, 1907. 
 
 Benient, A. 
 
 200. The necessity for a geological survey of Illinois. — Western Soc. Eng., 
 Jour., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1.81-166, April, 1905. 
 
 201. Distribution of the coal beds of the State [of Illinois]. — Illinois State 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. .8, pp. 19-25, 1 pL, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence and mining of ihe workable coal seams of Illinois. 
 
 202. The Peabody atlas. Shipping mines and coal railroads of the central 
 commercial district of the United States, accompanied by chemical, geological, 
 and engineering data. Chicago, i)ublished by Peabody Coal Company, 1906. 
 149 pp., maps and illustrations. 
 
 Contains data I’egarding the coal fields of the United States, and the occurrence, 
 character, and composition of the coals. 
 
 Benge, Elmer, and Wherry, Edgar T. 
 
 203. Directory of the mineral localities in and around Philadelphia. — Min- 
 eral Collector, vol. 12, pp. 1-3, 49-51, 65-67, 89-91, 105-107, 119-121, 139-142; 
 vol. 13, pp. 7-10, 21-24, 41^3, 60-62, 65-67, 91-9.8, 109-111, 129-132, 1.51-1.54, 
 1906; vol. 13, pp. 161-16.8, 183-184, 1907; vol. 14. pp. 5-7, 25-27, 42, 1907. 
 
 Bensley, P>. Arthur. 
 
 204. The homologies of the stylar cusps in the ui)per molars of the Didel- 
 phyidfe. — Toronto Univ., Studies, Biological Series no. 5, pp. 1-13, 1147-1.59], 
 1906. 
 
26 BTBLTOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGA^, 1906-1907. 
 
 Berkey, Charles P. 
 
 205. Paleogeography of Saint Peter time. — Geol. Soc. America, P.nll., vol. 17, 
 PI). 229-250, 1 pi., 0 figs., 1906. 
 
 Discusses the fjener.ul character, distribution, and stratigraphic position of the Saint 
 Peter sandstone, the textural structure and origin of the material, and the paleo- 
 geographj- of Saint I’eter time. 
 
 206. Notes on the preglacial channels of the lower Hudson I'alley as re- 
 vealed by recent borings. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 24, p. GOl, November 
 80, 1906. 
 
 207. Structural and stratigraphic features of the basal gneisses of the 
 Highlands. — New York State Mns.. Bull. 107, pp. 361-378, 1 pi., 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 208. Interpretation of certain interglacial clays and their bearings upon 
 measurement of geologic time. — Abstract : New A"ork Acad. Sci., Annals, vol. 
 17, pt. 3, }). 574, 1907. 
 
 209. Palaeography of North America during mid-Ordovicic time (illustrated 
 by maps, diagrams, and lantern views! . — Abstract: New York Acad. Sci., An- 
 nals, vol. 17, pt, 3. p. 591, 1907. 
 
 The geology and i)etrography of the Goldfield mining district, Nevada. — See 
 Hastings and Berkey, no. 1091. 
 
 Berry, Edward W. 
 
 210. Isolation and evolution. — Science, new ser., vol. 23, p. 34, January 5, 
 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the distribution of Cretaceous plants. 
 
 211. A note on mid-Cretaceous geography. — Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 
 509-510, March 30, 1906. 
 
 212. Fossil plants along the Chesapeake and Delaware canal. — New York 
 Bot. Garden, Jour., vol. 7, pp, 5-7, 1906. 
 
 Describes a locality in Delaware from which Cretaceous fossil plants have been col- 
 lected. 
 
 213. A brief sketch of fossil plants. — New Jersey Geol. Survey, Ann. Kept. 
 State Geol. for 1905, pp. 97-133, 8 figs., 1906. 
 
 214. The flora of the Cli'ffwood clays. — New Jersey Geol. Survey. Ann Kept. 
 State Geol. for 1905, pp. 135-172, 8 pis., 1906. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence, character, and relations of the Magothy formation in which 
 the flora considered is found, gives lists of species from different localities and descrip- 
 tions of new species. 
 
 215. Living and fossil species of Comptonia. — Am. Naturalist, vol. 40, pp. 
 485-524, 4 pis., July, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the geologic succession of forms of Comptonia and its characters, and gives 
 descriptions of the species with critical notes upon them. 
 
 216. Contributions to the Mesozoic flora of the Atlantic coastal plain. I. — 
 Torrey Bot. Club, Bull., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 16.3-182, 3 pis., March, 1906. 
 
 217. Pleistocene plants from Virginia. — Torreya, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 88-90, 
 May, 1906. 
 
 218. Leaf-rafts and fossil leaves. — Torreya, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 246-248, l 
 fig., December, 1906. 
 
 219. Coastal-plain amber. — Torreya, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 4-6, January. 1907. 
 
 Gives notes on the occurrence of amber, more particularly in Cretaceous beds. 
 
 220. A Tilia from the New .lersey Pleistocene. — Torreya, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 
 80-81, April, 1907. 
 
 221. Contributions to the Mesozoic flora of the Atlantic coastal plain. — 
 Torrey Bot. Club, Bull., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 185-205, 6 pis., April, 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGBAPHY OF NOKTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906 - 1907 . 27 
 
 Berry, Edward W. — Continued. 
 
 222 . Contributions to tlie Pleistocene flora of North Carolina. — .Tour. Geology, 
 vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 338-349, 1907. 
 
 Enumerates the species occurring, witli notes upon their disti-ihution, relations, etc., 
 and gives descriptions of new species. 
 
 223. Pleistocene plants from Alabama. — Am. Naturalist, vol. 41, j)]). 089- 
 700, 2 pis., 1 fig., November, 1907. 
 
 224 . Paleobotanical notes.— Johns Hopkins TTniv., Circ., new ser., 1907, no. 
 7, pp. 79-82 [667-6701, 1907. 
 
 225 . New species of plants from the Magothy formation. — Johns Hopkins 
 Univ., Circ., new ser., 1907, no. 7, pp. 82-89 [670-677], 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 226 . The stomata in ProtophynocJadus suhiiitcf/rifoliH.s fT.,esq.). — Jolms 
 Hopkins Univ., Circ., new ser., 1907, no. 7, pp. 89-91 [677-679], 1907. 
 
 Berry, Edward \V., and Gregory, William K. 
 
 227 . Prorosmarus allcni, a new genus and species of walrus from the upper 
 IMiocene of Yorktown, Virginia. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, pp. 444^50, 
 4 figs., June, 1906. 
 
 Berte, E. 
 
 228 . I.,es eruptions de la Montague Pelee. Recit et observations d’un 
 temoin. — La Geographie, t. 6, no. 3. pp. 133-141, 1 fig., 1902. 
 
 Beyer, S. W. 
 
 229 . Mineral production in Iowa in 1905. — Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 16, pp. 
 17-36, 1906. 
 
 230 . Supplementary report on Portland cement materials in Iowa. — Iowa 
 Geol. Survey, Bull, no 3, 36 pp., 1 pi. (map), 1906. 
 
 Includes data regarding the geological formations which yield raw materials for 
 cement manufacture and gives sections of strata shown in exposures. 
 
 231 . Mineral production in Iowa in 1906. — Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 17, pp. 
 11-25, 4 pis., 1907. 
 
 232 . Physical tests of Iowa limes. — Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 17, pp. 91-1.50, 
 18 pis., 1907. 
 
 Beyer, S. W., and Williams, Ira A. 
 
 233 . The materials and manufacture of Portland cement. — Iowa Geol. Sur- 
 vey, vol. 17, pp. 29-89, 1907. 
 
 234 . The geology of the Iowa quarry products. — Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 17, 
 pp. 201-525, 26 pis., 38 figs., 1907. 
 
 Bibbins, Arthur Barneveld. 
 
 235 . Additional evidence of tropical climate on the Middle Atlantic coast 
 during the lower Cretaceous. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 297-298, 
 February 22, 1907. 
 
 l)escrii)fion of the Patuxent quadrangle. — See Shattuck, and others, no. 2193. 
 Birge, E. A. 
 
 236 . Report of the director of the survey [Wisconsin]. — Wisconsin Geol. 
 and Nat Elist. Survey, Fifth Bienn. Rept. of the Commissioners, pp. 9-35, 1906. 
 
 Describes the work carried on by the survey, 1904-1000. 
 
 Birkinbine, John. 
 
 237 . Iron ore reserves of the United States. — Cassier's Mag., vol. 32, no. 2, 
 pp. 99-105, 2 figs., June, 1907. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1905 of iron ores and manganese 
 ores. — See no. 2418. 
 
28 BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Black welder, Eliot. 
 
 238 . On the probable glacial origin of certain folded slates in southern 
 Alaska. — Jonr. Geology, vol. 15, no. I, pp. 11-14, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Describes the position and lithologic characters of a shale or slate conglomerate near 
 Yakutat Bay and discusses its age and mode of formation. 
 
 239 . Glacial features of the Alaskan coast between Yakutat Baj' and the 
 Alsek River. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no 5, pp. 415-433, 9 figs., 1907. 
 
 240 . Reconnaissance of the Pacific coast from Yakutat to Alsek River. — 
 Abstract: IT. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 314, pp. 82-88, 1907. 
 
 Describes the geologic formations and physiography. 
 
 Blake, William P. 
 
 Origin of orbicular and concretionary structure. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., 
 vol. 36, pp. 39-44, 1 pi., 190(i (Bi-Mo. Bull., no. 4, pp. 677-682, 1905).— See Blake, 
 19, page 39 of Bulletin no. 301, II. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
 241 . Origin of the deiiression known as Montezuma’s Well, Arizonaf — Sci- 
 ence, new ser., vol. 24, p. 568, November 2, 190(5. 
 
 242 . The flanking detrital slopes of the mountains of the Southwest. — Sci- 
 ence,' new ser., vol. 25, pj). 975-978, .Tune 21, 1907. Abstract: Science, new ser., 
 vol. 25, p. 294, February 22, 1907. 
 
 Describes the character of these slopes in tlie Great Basin of Nevada and the Pied- 
 mont region of Arizona and discusses their origin. 
 
 Blatchley, Raymond S. 
 
 243 . The Princeton petroleum field of Indiana. — Indiana, Dept. Geol. and 
 Nat. Res., 31st Ann. Rept., i>p. 559-593, 3 figs., 1 map, 1907. 
 
 Blatchley, W. S. 
 
 244 . The Indiana of nature: Its evolution. — Indiana Acad. Sci., Proc. 1903, 
 pp. 33-59, 6 figs., 1904. 
 
 Describes the geologic history of Indiana. 
 
 245 . The petroleum industry of southeastern Illinois. — Illinois State Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 2, 109 pp., 6‘pls., 3 figs., 1906. 
 
 Gives a general account of the oil and gas developments of Illinois, discusses their 
 origin and mode of occurrence, and describes in detail the oil fields in the southeastern 
 part of the State. E. E. Grout contributes (p. 74) data regarding Randolph County and 
 T. E. Savage (pp. 77-87) concerning the Pike County gas field. 
 
 246 . The geologic distribution of the road materials of Indiana. — Indiana, 
 Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res., 30th ^nn. Rept., pp. 120-160, 1906. 
 
 Describes the origin and occurrence of gravel deposits and the occurrence and geologic 
 horizon of limestones suitable for road-making materials. 
 
 247 . The natural resources of Indiana. — In Dryer's Studies in Indiana 
 Geography, pp. 61-71, 1907. — See no. 74.5. 
 
 248 . The natural resources of the State of Indiana. — Indiana, Dept. Geol. 
 and Nat. Res., 31st Ann. Rept., pp. 13-72, 3 pis., 1907. 
 
 249 . The petroleum industry in Indiana in 1906. — Indiana, Dej)!. Geol. and 
 Nat. Res., 31st Ann. Rept., pp. 429-558, 7 figs., 1 maj*, 1907. 
 
 Includes a general discussion on the occurrence and origin of petroleum and condi- 
 tions of accumulation. 
 
 Blatchley, W. S., and assistants. 
 
 250 . The roads and road materials of Indiana. — Indiana, Dept. Geol. and 
 Nat. Res., .30th Aim. Rept., pp. 17-1057, 25 pis., 59 figs, (outline maps), 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the geologic occurrence of road-making materials. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 29 
 
 Bog-ffild, O. B. 
 
 251 . On some minerals from Narsarsuk at Julianehaab, Greenland. — Med- 
 delelser oni Gronland, Hefte 33, pp. 97-120, 10 figs., 1907 ; Mineral, and Geol. 
 Mils., Copenhagen, Contr. to Mineral., no. 7, 1906. 
 
 Describes physical, crystallographic, and optical characters. 
 
 Bohm, C. Richard. 
 
 252 . Monazite sand. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 81, p. 842, May 5, 1906. 
 Describes the occurrence in North Carolina and South Carolina. 
 
 [Boileau, John W.] 
 
 253 . Coal fields of southwestern Pennsylvania, Washington and Greene 
 counties. Fields of coking coal located in eastern Greene and southeastern 
 Washington counties. Pa., owned and largely controlled by Mr. J. V. Thompson. 
 Copyright, September, 1907, by John W. Boileau. 90 pp., map and illustrations. 
 
 Includes a description of the geologic structure of the area. 
 
 Bonsteel, Jay A. 
 
 254 . The soils of St. Mary’s County [Maryland]. — Maryland Geol. Survey, 
 St. Mary’s County, pp. 125-146, 1907. 
 
 Bonsteel, Jay A., and Burke, R. T. Avon. 
 
 255 . The soils of Calvert County [Maryland]. — Maryland Geol. Survej% (’al- 
 vert County, pp. 135-167, 1907. 
 
 Bordeaux, Albert. 
 
 256 . Les mines d’or de la Californie. — Revue univ. des Mines, 3® ser., t. 53, 
 pp. 30-82, 245-307, 1901. 
 
 Includes an account of the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 Bose, Emilio. 
 
 257 . Sobre algunas faunas terciarias de Mexico. — Mexico, Inst. Geol., Bob, 
 no. 22, 97 pp., 12 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes Mollusca from Tertiary beds of Mexico. 
 
 258 . La fauna de Moluscos del Senoniano de Cardenas, San Luis Potosi 
 [Mexico]. — Mexico, Inst. Geol., Bob, no. 24, 95 pp., 18 pis., 1906. 
 
 Discusses stratigraphic position and correlation of the beds from which the fauna 
 described was derived, and gives systematic descriptions of the Mollusca. 
 
 259 . Excursions a Chavarrillo, Santa Maria Tatetla, Yera Cruz, et Orizaba 
 [Mexico]. — X® Congr. gOd. intern.. Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. II, 11 pp., 
 1 pb, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology of the country along the route traveled. 
 
 260 . Excursions aux mines de soufre de la Sierra de Banderas [Mexico]. — 
 X® Congr. geol. intern.. Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. XIX, 8 pp. 2 figs., 
 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of sulphur deposits. 
 
 « 
 
 261 . Excursion au Cerro de Muleros pres ciudad Juarez (Chihuahua). — 
 X ® Congr. geol. intern.. Guide des Excursion, Mexico, no. XX, 24 pp., 6 pis. 
 (inch geol. map and sections), 1906. 
 
 262 . Excursion dans les environs de Parras [Mexico]. — X® Congr. geol. 
 intern.. Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. XXIII, 16 pp., 6 pis. (incb geol. map 
 and sections). 
 
 263 . Excursions dans les environs de Monterrey et Saltillo [Mexico]. — X® 
 Congr. geol. intern.. Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. XXIX, 17 pp., 3 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology of the region. 
 
30 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Bose, Emilio— CoDtiimed. 
 
 264. De San Luis Potosi a Tampico [Mexico]. — X® Congr. geol. intern., 
 Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. XXX, 16 pp., 6 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology along the route of travel. 
 
 265. Excursion a ITsthme de Tehuantepec. — X® Congr. geol. intern.. Guide 
 des Excursions, Mexico, no. XXXI, 40 pp., 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 An account of the geology of the region. 
 
 266. Nota preliminar sobre la fauna pliocenica de Santa Marfa Tatetla, 
 Ver. — Soc. Geol. Mexicana, Bob, t. 2, no. 2, pp. 51-64, 1906. 
 
 Gives an account of a Pliocene fauna from Santa Maria Tatetla, State of Vera Cruz, 
 Mexico. 
 
 267. Sobre algunos fosiles pleistocenicos recogidos por el Sr. Dr. E. Anger- 
 mann en la Baja California. — Mexico, Inst. Geol., Parergones, t. 2, no. 2, pp. 
 41-15, 1907.. 
 
 Describes Pleistocene mollusks from Lower California referred to the genera Pecten 
 and Fasciolaria. 
 
 268. T"n appareil perfectionne pour la reproduction photographique des sutures 
 d’ammonites et d’ambulacres des oursins. — Soc. cient. “Antonio Alzate,” Mem. y 
 Rev., t. 24, no. 12, pp. 467—175, 4 figs., June, 1907. 
 
 Describes a method for the photographic reproduction of the sutures of ammonites 
 and similar structures. 
 
 Bose, Emilio, and Vigier, Victor von. 
 
 269. Sobre la aplicacion de la potasa caustica a la preparacion de fosiles. — 
 Mexico, Inst. Geol., Parergones, t. 2, no. 2, pp. 49-59, 1907. 
 
 Describes the method of cleaning fossils by caustic potash and the chemical reactions 
 of the process. 
 
 Boule, Marcellin, and Thevenin, A. 
 
 270. Types du Prodrome de Paleontologie stratigrapbique universelle de 
 D’Orbigny. — Ann. de Paleont., t. 1, fasc. 1-2, pp. 1^ (97-101), fasc. 3, pp. 5-12 
 (165-172), 4 pis., 1906. 
 
 Includes figures of and remarks upon the types of fossils described by D'Orbigny from 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, and from the Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 Boutwell, John M. 
 
 Genesis of the ore deposits at Bingham, T"tab. — Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., 
 vol. 36, pp. 541-580, 13 figs., 1906 (Bi-Mo. Bull., no. 6, pp. 1153-1192, 1905).— See 
 Boutwell, 14, page 43 of Bulletin no. 301, U. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
 271. Stratigraphy and structure of the Park City mining district, Utah. — 
 Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 434—458, 1907. 
 
 Describes the general geology, the character, occurrence, and relations of Carboniferous, 
 Triassic, and .Turassic strata, and the geologic structure. 
 
 The i)roduction in the United States in 1906 of lead and zinc, and of quick- 
 silver, — See no. 2419. 
 
 Bovard, John F. 
 
 272. Notes on Quaternary Felidje from California. — California Univ., Dept. 
 Geol., Bull., vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 155-170, 2 pis., 1907. 
 
 Bowers, Stephen. 
 
 273. Reconnaissance of the Colorado Desert mining district. — California 
 
 State ]\Iin, Bur., 1901. 12 pj). 
 
 Describes the geology of the region and the oil developments. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 31 
 
 Bowman, H. L. 
 
 274. Note on the refractive indices of pyromorpliite, miinetite, and vanadi- 
 nite. — Mineralog. Mag., vol. 13, pp. 324-329, December, 1903. 
 
 Bowman, Isaiah. 
 
 275. Northward extension of the Atlantic preglacial deposits. — Am. Jour. 
 Sci., 4th ser., vol. 22, pp. 313-325, 3 figs., October, 1906. 
 
 276. Problems of water contamination. — U. S. Geol. Survey, W.-S. and Irrig. 
 Paper no. 160, pp. 92-95, 1906. 
 
 The discussion has especial i*eference to underground waters. 
 
 Well records on Long Island. — See Veatch and Bowman, no. 2441. 
 
 Bowman, Isaiah, and Reeds, Chester Albert. 
 
 277. Water resources of the East St. Louis district. — Illinois State Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 5, 128 pp., 4 pis. (inch 1 map), 11 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes physiographic features, the stratigraphy, and the water resources. 
 
 Bownocker, John Adams. 
 
 278 . Salt deposits and the salt industry in Ohio. — Ohio Geol. Survey, 4th ser.. 
 Bull. no. 8, 42 pp., 6 figs., 1906. 
 
 Reviews the salt industry in Ohio and describes present operations. Includes notes 
 on the composition of the brines, the geological horizon of the salt beds, and well 
 records. 
 
 Bowron, William M. 
 
 The origin of Clinton red fossil-ore in Lookout Mountain, Alabama. — Am. 
 Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., vol. 36, pp. 587-604, 3 figs., 1906 (Bi-Mo. Bull. no. 6, pp. 
 1245-1262, 3 figs., 1905). — See Bowron, 1, page 44 of Bulletin no. 301, V. S. 
 Geol. Survey. 
 
 Boyle, O. M., Jr. 
 
 279 . The Greenwater mining district, California. — California Jour. Tech., 
 vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 29-32, 2 figs., August, 1907. 
 
 Boynton, C. H. 
 
 280 . The Little Rockies mining district. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 81, p. 181, 
 2 figs., January 27, 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology and the occurrence and character of the gold ores. 
 Branner, John C. 
 
 281 . Geology in its relation to topography . — In Beahan, Willard, The Field 
 Practice of Railway Location, Chapter 5, pp. 115-141, 19 figs., 1904. 
 
 282 . The university training of engineers in economic geology. — Econ. 
 Geology, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 289-294, December-Janaury, 1905-1906. 
 
 283. A bibliography of clays and the ceramic arts. Published by the Am. 
 Ceramic Soc., 1906. 451 pp. 
 
 284 . [Fault lines in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California.] — Min. and Sci. 
 Press, vol. 92, p. 347, May 26, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the movements along the fault lines which produced the California earth- 
 quake. 
 
 285 . The California earthquake: movements along the Santa Cruz fault 
 line. — Palo Altan, May 1, 1906 [not seen] ; Eng. News, vol. 55, no. 20, p. 542, May 
 17, 1906; Mines and Minerals, vol. 26, no. 12, p. 536, July, 1906. 
 
 286 . The relations of the drainage of the Santa Clara Valley, California, to 
 that of the Pajaro River. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 24, j)p. 369-370, 
 September 21, 1906; Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 56-57, p. 270, 1907. 
 
32 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Branner, John C. — Continued. 
 
 287. Correspondence relating to the siirvej' of the coal fields of Arkansas. — 
 Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 532-537, October 26, 1900. 
 
 288. The policy of the U. S. Geological Survey and its bearing upon science 
 and education. — Science, new ser,, vol. 24, pp. 722-728, December 7, 1906. 
 
 289. A drainage peculiarity of the Santa Clara Valley [California] affecting 
 fresh-water faunas. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 1907. 
 
 Discusses various data regarding the phj^siographic features of the region and changes 
 in elevation in explanation of the present distribution of fresh-water faunas. 
 
 Geology and the earthquake. — See Jordan, no. 1325. 
 
 Branson, E. B. 
 
 290. Fish remains from the Salem limestone of Indiana. — Indiana, Dept. 
 Geol. and Nat. Res., 30th Am\. Kept., pp. 1376-1394, 1906. 
 
 Breger, C. L. 
 
 291. On Eodevonaria, a new sub-genus of CJwnetes. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., 
 vol. 22, pp. 534-536, December, 1906. 
 
 Brewer, William M. 
 
 292. Some observations relative to the occurrence of deposits of copper ore 
 on Vancouver Island, and other portions of the Pacific coast. — Canadian Min. 
 Inst., Jour., vol. 9, pp. 39-48, 1906. 
 
 Describes the mode of occurrence of the copper ores. 
 
 Brinsmade, Robert B. 
 
 293. Talc in northern New York. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 80, pp. 1155- 
 1157, 3 figs., December 23, 1905. 
 
 Describes the occuri’ence. character, and origin of talc deposits. 
 
 294. Hematite mining in New York. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, pp. 493- 
 495, 554-556, illus., 1906. 
 
 Includes a brief account of the geology, occurrence, and origin of the ores. 
 
 295. Kelly, New ^Mexico. A zinc camp whose ores have been made available 
 by modern metallurgical methods. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 49- 
 53, 5 figs.. September, 1906. 
 
 Describes the local geology and the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 296. Lead deposits in northern Kentucky. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 83, 
 pp. 658-659, 2 figs., April 6, 1907. 
 
 Includes a short account of the local geology. 
 
 297. A curious deposit of cerussite in Colorado. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 83, pp. 844-845, 1 fig.. May 4, 1907. 
 
 298. I.ead-silver deposits of Mowry, Arizona. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, 
 no. 12, i)p. 529-531, 5 figs., July, 1907. 
 
 299. Coi)per nwning at Bisbee, Arizona. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, no. 7, 
 pp. 289-293, 5 figs., February. 1907. 
 
 Describes the geology and the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 300. Tombstone, Arizona, I’estored. — Mines and Minerals, vol, 27, no. 8, 
 pp. 371-374, 8 figs., March, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology of the region and the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 301. The Cananea copper deposits [Mexico]. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, 
 no. 9, pp. 422-424, no. 10, pp. 465^69, 8 figs., 1907. 
 
 302. Mining at Bingham, Utah : history and geology of the region. — Mines 
 and Minerals, vol, 28, no. 3, pp. 90-93, no. 4, pp. 105-108, 7 figs., 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 33 
 
 British Columbia. 
 
 Annual report of the minister of mines for the year ending 31st December, 
 
 1904, being an account of mining operations for gold, coal, etc., in the Province 
 of British Columbia. Victoria, B. C., 1905. — See Robertson, no. 2072. 
 
 Annual report of the minister of mines for the year ending 31st December, 
 
 1905, being an account of mining operations for gold, coal, etc., in the Province 
 of British Columbia. Victoria, B. C., 1906. — See Robertson, no. 2073. 
 
 Annual report of the minister of mines for the year ending 31st December, 
 
 1906, being an account of mining operations for gold, coal, etc., in the Province 
 of British Columbia. Victoria, B. C., 1907. — See Robertson, no. 2077. 
 
 Brittain, Doss. 
 
 303 . The new^ sheet ground of the Joplin district. — Min. World, vol. 27, 
 pp. 841-844, 6«-figs., November 9, 1907. 
 
 Britton, Elizabeth G., and Hollick, Arthur. 
 
 304 . American fossil mosses, with description of a new species from Floris- 
 sant, Colo. — Torrey Bot. Club, Bull., vol. 34, pp. 139-142, 1 pi., 1907. New 
 York Bot. Garden, Contr. no. 93, 1907. Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, 
 p. 292, February 22, 1907. 
 
 Broadhead, Garland C. 
 
 305 . Cone in cone. — Science, new ser., vol. 26, p. 597, November 1, 1907. ^ 
 Discusses the occurrence and origin of cone in cone structure. 
 
 Brock, R. W. 
 
 306. Preliminary report on the Rossland, B. C., mining district. — Canada, 
 Geol. Survey, 1906. 40 pp. 
 
 Gives a general description of the area, an outline of its geologic history, and an ac- 
 count of the occurrence, relations, and mining of the ores. 
 
 307 . On operations in the Rossland, B. C., mining district. — Canada, Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Summ. Rept. for 1906, pp. 56-65, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of gold, silver, and copper ores. 
 
 308 . The Larder Lake district. — Ontario, Bureau of Mines, 16th Ann. Rept., 
 vol. 16, pt. 1, pp. 202-218, 15 figs., 1 map, 1907. 
 
 Describes the geology of the region and the occurrence of gold ores. 
 
 309 . The geology and ore deposits of Franklin Camp, British Columbia. — 
 Canadian Min. Jour., vol. 28, no. 10 (new ser., vol. 1, no. 8), pp. 233-236, 
 July 1, 1907. 
 
 Brooks, Alfred H. 
 
 The outlook for coal mining in Alaska. — Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., vol. 36, 
 pp. 489-507, 1 fig., 1906 (Bi-Mo. Buli., no. 4, pp. 683-702, 1 fig., 1905).— See 
 Brooks, 14, page 49 of Bulletin no. 301, U. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
 310 . The geologic survey of Alaska. — Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 
 42-54, 3 figs., January, 1906. 
 
 Reviews the progress of geologic investigation in Alaska. 
 
 311 . The mineral resources of Alaska. — Am. Min. Cong., 8th Ann. Sess., 
 pp. 194-214, 1906. 
 
 312 . Recent publications on Alaska and Yukon Territory. — Econ. Geology, 
 vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 340-359, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Summarizes recent publications bearing upon the economic geology of Alaska and Yukon 
 Territory. 
 
 66836— Bull. 372—09 
 
 3 
 
34 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NOKTH AMEKICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Brooks, Alfred FI. — Continued. 
 
 313. The geology and geography of Alaska. A summary of existing knowl- 
 edge. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper, no. 45, 327 pp., 34 pis., 6 figs., 1906. 
 Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 946-947, June 14, 1907. 
 
 Describes the physiographic features, the general geologic structure and stratigraphy, 
 the geologic history, and the geomorphology. 
 
 314. Report on progress of investigations of mineral resources of Alaska 
 in 1905. Administrative report. — U., S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 284, pp. 1-3, 1906. 
 
 315. The mining industry [in Alaska] in 1905. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 284, pp. 4-9, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Contains notes on the occurrence of mineral resources. 
 
 316. Report on progress of investigations of mineral resources of Alaska in 
 1906. Administrative report. — Lk S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 314^^ pp. 11-18, 1907. 
 
 Gives an outline of geologic work in Alaska in 1006 and a list of publications by the 
 U. S. Geological Survey on Alaska issued in 1906. 
 
 317. The mining industry [in Alaska] in 1906. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 314, pp. 19-39, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 318. The Kougarok region [Alaska]. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 314, 
 pp. 164-181, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Describes the general geology and the distribution of auriferous gravels. 
 
 319. The Circle precinct [Alaska]. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 314, pp. 
 187-204, 1907. 
 
 Describes the general geologic features, the distribution of gold-bearing gravels, and 
 an occurrence of coal. 
 
 320. Geologic reconnaissance map of Alaska. — Abstract: Geol. Soc. America, 
 Bull., vol. 17, pp. 695-700, 1907. 
 
 Gives an outline of the stratigraphy and geologic structure. 
 
 Production of gold and silver in 1905 in Alaska. — See no. 2418. 
 
 The production in Alaska in 1906 of gold and silver. — See no. 2419. 
 
 Brooks, Alfred H., and Kindle, E. M. 
 
 321. The Paleozoic section of the upper Yukon. — Abstract: Science, new 
 ser., vol. 25, pp. 181-182, February 1, 1907. 
 
 Brooks, Alfred II., and others. 
 
 Report on progress of investigations of mineral resources of Alaska in 1905. — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 284, 169 pp., 14 pis., 10 figs., 1906. 
 
 The papers in this report have been listed under the individual authors. 
 
 Report on progress of investigations of mineral resources in Alaska in 1906. — 
 IT. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 314, 235 pp., 4 pis., 9 figs., 1907. 
 
 The papers in this report have been listed under the individual authors. 
 
 Brown, Barnum. 
 
 322. The osteology of Champsosaiirus Cope. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Mem., 
 vol. 9, pt. 1, pp. 1-26. 5 pis., December, 1905. 
 
 323. New notes on the osteology of Triceratops. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., 
 vol. 22, pp. 297-300, 1 pi , 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 324. Gastroliths. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, p 392, March 8, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence of pebbles which have been entitled “ gastroliths.” 
 
 325. Th(‘ Hell Crec'k beds of the upper Cretaceous of Montana : their rela- 
 tion to contiguous dei)Osits, with faunal and fioral lists, and a discussion of their 
 correlation. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, pp. S23-845. 8 figs., 1907. 
 
 Brown, Calvin S. 
 
 326. Eignite of Mississippi. — Mississipf)i State Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 3, 
 71 pp., 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 35 
 
 Brown, Charles W. 
 
 327 . The Jamaica earthquake. — Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 385- 
 493, 18 figs.. May, 1907 ; Scottish Geog. Mag., vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 535-543, Octo- 
 ber, 1907. 
 
 Description of the Penobscot Bay quadrangle. — See Smith and others, no. 2241. 
 Brown, F. A. 
 
 328 . A contribution to Madison County geology. — Iowa Acad. Sci., vol. 13, 
 pp. 203-206, 1906. 
 
 Gives a general section of the Missourian of Madison County, Iowa, with notes, and a 
 list of fossils identified. 
 
 Brown, Harriet Connor. 
 
 329 . Report on the mineral resources of Cuba in 1901. — Civil Report of 
 Brigadier-General Leonard Wood, Military Governor of Cuba, January 1st to 
 May 20th, 1902, vol. 5, pt. 2, 121 pp., 12 pis., |1902VJ. 
 
 “ Prepared hy Harriet Connor Brown, of the Division of mining and mineral resources, 
 under the direction of Dr. David T. Day, of the United States (Jeological Survey, Washing- 
 ton, D. (\, for Brigadier-General I.^onard Wood, Military Governor of Cuba. I’ress of 
 Guggenheimer, Weil & Co., Baltimore.” 
 
 Brown, R. Gilman. 
 
 330 . The vein-system of the Standard mine, Bodie, Cal. — Am. Inst. Min. 
 Eng., Bi-Mo. Bull., no. 16, pp. 587-601, 5 figs., July, 1907. 
 
 Brown, Richard II. 
 
 331 . Record of borehole no. 1 of the Standard Coal and Railway Company, 
 limited, about one mile north of Halfway River Lake, Cumberland Co., N. S. — 
 Nova Scotia Min. Soc., Jour., vol. 10, pp. 162-169, 1907. 
 
 Contains records of the strata passed through in drilling. 
 
 Brown, Robert Marshall. 
 
 332 . The movement of load in streams of variable flow. — Am. Geog. Soc., 
 Bull., vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 147-158, March, 1907. 
 
 Brown, Thomas C. 
 
 333 . Columbia field work in 1905 intercollegiate field courses in geology. — 
 Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 587-590, April 13, 1906. 
 
 Describes the itinerary of a field trip in New York. Includes notes upon Ordovician, 
 Silurian, and Devonian formations of New York. 
 
 334 . Developmental stages in Streptelasma rectum,. Hall. — Am. Jour. Sci., 
 4th ser., vol. 23, pp. 277-284, 13 figs., April, 1907. 
 
 335 . A new Tertiary fauna from the Atlantic coast province. — Abstract : 
 New York Acad. Sci., Annals, vol, 17, pt. 3, pp. 596-597, 1907. 
 
 Browne, David H. 
 
 336 . Notes on the origin of the Sudbury ores. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 5, 
 pp. 467-475, 1906. 
 
 Presents evidence to show the magmatic segregation origin of the Sudbury nickel and 
 copper ores. 
 
 Brues, Charles T. 
 
 337 . Fossil parasitic and phytophagous Hymenoptera from Florissant, Colo- 
 rado. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 22, pp. 491-498, 7 figs., 1906. 
 
 Brunton, D. W. 
 
 Geological mine maps and sections. — Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., vol. 36, pp. 
 508-540, 14 figs., 1906 (Bi-Mo. Bull. no. .5, pp. 1027-1031, 14 figs., 1905).— See 
 Brunton, 1, page 51 of Bulletin no. 301, U. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
36 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NOKTH AMEKICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Brumell, H. P. H. 
 
 .338. Canadian graphite.— Canadian Min. Jour., vol. 28, no. 8 (new ser., 
 vol. 1, no. 6), pp. 163-171, 7 figs., June 1, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence and origin of graphite. 
 
 Bucke, Horace W. 
 
 339. The meaning of striations. — Min. and ISci. Press, vol. 94, p. 432, April 
 16, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence of ores. 
 
 Buckley, Ernest Robertson. 
 
 340. Biennial report of the state geologist. — Missouri Bur. Geol. and Mines, 
 57 pp. [1906]. 
 
 An administrative report. Reviews the work of the bureau for the years 1905 and 190G. 
 
 341. The geology of the Granby area. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 311- 
 314, 1907. 
 
 342. The genesis of the lead and zinc ores of the Mississippi Valley. — 
 Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 427-M33, June, ^1907. 
 
 343. [Review of] Joplin District folio by iv. S. T. Smith and C. E. Sieben- 
 thal. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 518-529, 1907. 
 
 344. [Review of] Zinc and lead deposits of the Upper Mississippi Valley, 
 by H. F. Bain (U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 294). — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 6, 
 pp. 617-624, 1907. 
 
 345. Public roads, their improvement and maintenance. — Missouri Bur. Geol. 
 and Mines, 2d ser., vol. 5, 124 pp., 30 pis. [1907]. 
 
 Includes an account of the occurrence and character of the road-making materials. 
 
 Buckley, Ernest Robertson, and Buehler, H. A. 
 
 346. The geology of the Granby area [Missouri]. — Missouri Bur. Geol. and 
 Mines, 2d ser., vol. 4, 120 pp., 42 pis., 3 figs. [1906]. 
 
 Gives a history of the lead and zinc mining and of the geologic investigation of the 
 area, particularly with reference to the origin of the ores ; describes the topography and 
 general geology, the occurrence and character of the minerals, rocks, and ore bodies, and 
 the mining operations ; and discusses the origin of the lead and zinc and the chemistry 
 of the ore deposits. 
 
 Buckman, 8. S. 
 
 347. Brachiopod nomenclature. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 742-743, De- 
 cember 7, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the nomenclature and genotypes of some genera of brachiopods. 
 
 Buehler, H. A. 
 
 The geology of the Granby area. — See Buckley and Buehler, no. 346. 
 
 Bullock, William Starr. 
 
 348. Copper deposits at Ely, Nevada. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, no. 11, 
 pp. 518-520, 2 figs., June, 1907. 
 
 Burbank, J. E. 
 
 The San Francisco eartlupiake of April 18, 190(5, as recorded by the Coast 
 and Geodetic Survey magnetic observations. — See Bauer and Burbank, no. 169. 
 
 Burchard, Ernest F. 
 
 349. The retniirements of sand and limestone for glass making. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 4.52^.58, 1906. 
 
 Describes the chemical and physical properties of sand and iime rock suitable for glass 
 making. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 37 
 
 Burchard, Ernest F. — Continued. 
 
 350. Glass sand of the middle Mississippi basin. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 285, pp. 459^72, 1906. 
 
 Describes the glass-making industry of the region, the methods of preparation of the 
 sand and its composition and physical properties, glass-sand deposits in use in Illinois 
 and in Missouri, and undeveloped deposits in Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Wisconsin. 
 
 351. The Clinton or red ores of the Birmingham district, Alabama. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 130-151, 1907. 
 
 352. The brown iron ores of the Russellville district, Alabama. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 152-160, 1907. 
 
 353. Portland cement materials near Dubuque, Iowa. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 315, pp. 225-231, 1907. 
 
 354. Glass-sand industry of Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio. — U. S. Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 361-376, 1907. 
 
 355. Notes on various glass sands, mainly undeveloped. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 315; pp. 377-382, 1907. 
 
 356. Southern red hematite as an ingredient of metallic paint. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 430-434, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence and geologic relations of hematite ores in Georgia and Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 Description of the Lancaster and Mineral Point quadrangles. — See Grant and 
 Burchard, no. 1021. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1906 of bauxite and aluminum ; of 
 glass sand, sand, and gravel ; and of fluorspar and cryolite, gyiisum, and gypsum 
 products and barytes. — See na 2419. 
 
 Burckhardt, Carlos. 
 
 357. Geologie de la Sierra de Concepcion del Oro [Mexico]. — X® Congr. 
 geol. intern.. Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. XXIV, 24 pp., geol. map, 1906. 
 
 358. Geologie de la Sierra de Mazapil et Santa Rosa [Mexico]. — X® Congr. 
 geol. intern., Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. XXVI, 40 pp., 17 pis. (inch 2 
 geol. maps), 1906. 
 
 359. La faune jurassique de Mazapil avec un appendice sur les fossiles 
 du cretacique inferieur. — Mexico, Inst. Geol., Boh no. 23, 216 pp., 43 pis., 1906. 
 
 360. Sobre el descubrimiento del Trias marino en Zacatecas. — Soc. Geol. 
 Mexicana, Boh, t. 2, pp. 43-45, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of marine Triassic deposits in Zacatecas, Mexico. 
 
 361. Sobre las rocas fosforiticas de las Sierras de Mazapil y Concepcion 
 del Oro, Zacatecas. — Mexico, Inst. Geoh, Parergones, t. 2, no. 2, pp. 63-67, 1 ph, 
 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and composition of phosphatic rock in the State of Zacatecas, 
 Mexico. 
 
 362. Sur le climat de I’epoque jurassique. — Soc. cient. “Antonio Alzate,” 
 Mem. y Rev., t. 25, no. 1, pp. 45-19, July, 1907. 
 
 Burckhardt, Carlos, and Scalia, S. 
 
 363. Geologie des environs de Zacatecas. — X® Congr. geol. intern.. Guide 
 des Excursions, Mexico, no. XVI, 25 pp., 11 pis. (inch geoh map and sections), 
 1906. 
 
 Burrows, A. G. 
 
 364. Eldorado copper mine [Ontario]. — Canadian Min. Jour., voh 28, no. 5 
 (new ser., voh 1, no. 3), p. 76, 1 tig., April 15, 1907. 
 
38 BTBLTOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Burrows, K. H. 
 
 365. The Lliivia de Oro district, Mexico. — Min. and Sci. I‘ress, vol. 94, pp. 
 664-667, 4 figs.. May 25, 1907. 
 
 Gives notes upon tlie geology and the character and occurrence of the gold ores. 
 Bustamante, M. 
 
 366. Ligero estndio sobre los pozos de “ El Ebano,” explotados por la Mexi- 
 can Petroleum Co. — Soc. Geol. Mexicana, Bob, t. 2, pp. 111-131, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of the petroleum at Ebano, in the State of San Luis Potosi, 
 Mexico. 
 
 Butts, Charles. 
 
 367. The Devonian section near Altoona, Pennsylvania. — Jour. Geology, vol. 
 14, no. 7, pp. 618-630, 9 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, relations, and lithologic characters of Devonian formations 
 near Altoona, Pa. 
 
 368. Economic geology of the Kittanning and Rural Valley (Quadrangles, 
 Pennsylvania. — T. 8. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 279, 198 pp., 11 pis., 14 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the topography, geologic structure, occurrence, character, and relations of 
 Carboniferous strata and (Quaternary deposits, and the mineral resources, chiefly coal, 
 petroleum, natural gas, and clays. 
 
 369. The Warrior coal basin in the Birmingham quadrangle, Alabama. — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 211-222, 1 pi. (map), 1906. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy and structure of the field ; the occurrence, character, and 
 relations of the coal seams ; jand the character and composition of the coal. 
 
 370. Limestone and dolomite in the Birmingham district, Alabama. — U. S. 
 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 247-255, 1907. * 
 
 371. Sand-lime, brickmaking near Birmingham, Ala. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 315, pp. 256-258, 1907. 
 
 372. Clays of the Birmingham district, Alabama. — TJ. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 315, pp. 291-295, 1907. 
 
 373. The northern part of the Cahaba coal field, Alabama. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 316, pp. 76-115, 2 pis., 1P07. 
 
 Byers, Charles Alma. 
 
 374. The possibilities of Salton Sea. — Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 70, no. 1, 
 pp. 5-18, 20 figs., January, 1907. 
 
 Includes data upon the physiographic features of southern California. 
 
 Caballero, Gustavo de J. 
 
 375. I.a region geisseriana al N. de Estado de ^Michoacfin [Mexico]. — Soc. 
 cient. “Antonio Alzate,” Mem. y Rev., t. 22, pp. 203-208, 1905. 
 
 Describes a geyser region in the northern part of the State of Michoacan, Mexico. 
 
 376. Los yacimientos de fierro del Carrizal, Estado de Nuevo T.eon 
 [Mexico]. — Soc. cient. “Antonio Alzate,” Mem. y Rev., t. 22, pp. 183-186, 1905. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of iron deposits. 
 
 377. I.os hervideros de la Sierra de Ozuniatlan. — Soc. Geol. Mexicana, Bob, 
 t. 2, ])p. 35-41, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes upon the geology and mineralogy of the area. 
 
 Cadell, Henry M. 
 
 378. Some old ^Mexican volcanoes. — Scottish Geog. Mag., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 
 281-312, 26 figs., June, 1907. 
 
 Cairnes, I). I). 
 
 379. [Report on] the foothills of the Rocky Mountains south of the main 
 line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. — Canada. Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. for 
 1905, ])p. 62-67, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes upon the geology of the region examined. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 39 
 
 Cairnes, D. D. — Continued. 
 
 380. Explorations in a portion of the Yukon south of Whitehorse. — Canada, 
 Geol. Survey, Sunmi. Kept, for 1906, pp. 22-30, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the general geology and on the occurrence of mineral deposits. 
 
 381. Moose ^Mountain district of southern Alberta. — Canada, Geol. Survey, 
 55 pp., 3 pis., 2 maps, 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of coal, oil, and natural gas, and the general geology of the 
 region. 
 
 382. Kecent developments in mining in the southern Yukon. — Canadian 
 Min. Jour., vol. 28 (new ser., vol. 1), pp. 87-88, 121-122, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of ores. 
 
 Calderon, Salvador. 
 
 383. Sobre los fenomenos de las pegas. — Mexico, Secretaria de Fomento, Bol., 
 2‘" epoca, aho 6, VI, no. 10, pp. 141-158, May, 1907 ; Congr. geol. intern., C. K. 
 10® sess., Mexico, 1906, i)p. 1187-1200, 1907. 
 
 Discusses contact phenomena. 
 
 Calhoun, Fred. H. H. 
 
 384. The Montana lobe of the Keewatin ice sheet. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Prof. Paper no. 50, 62 pp., 7 pis., 31 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes briefly the physiography and general geology of northern Montana, and in 
 detail the character and occurrence of the surface formations, with discussion of the 
 distribution of mountain glaciers and the Keewatin ice sheet and their inter-relations 
 as shown by the drift deposits, and of the drainage with changes produced by the ice. 
 
 California State Earthquake Investigation Commission. — See Lawson and 
 others, no. 1531. 
 
 California State Mining Bureau. 
 
 385. Register of mines and minerals, with map [of each of the following 
 counties, issued separately] : 
 
 Amador County, by John B. Tregloan, 17 pp., 1903. 
 
 Butte County, by W. E. Thorne, 13 pp., 1903. 
 
 Calaveras County, by W. H. II. Penniman, 50 pp., 1900. 
 
 El Dorado County, by J. E. Armstrong, 32 pp., 1902. 
 
 Inyo County, by A. V. Davidson, 24 pp., 1902. 
 
 Kern County, by Marion Anbury, 37 pp., 1904.^ 
 
 Lake County, by George [Madeira, 14 pp., 1901. 
 
 Mariposa County, by E. M. Wilkinson, 19 pp., 1903. 
 
 Nevada County, by Charles E. LTren, 18 pp. 
 
 Placer County, by Ivan H. Parker, 21 pp., 1902. 
 
 Plumas County, by J. A. Edman, 36 pp., 1900. 
 
 San Bernardino County, by G. E. Bailey, 35 pp., 1902. 
 
 San Diego County, by I. A. Ilubon, 15 pp., 1902. 
 
 Santa Barbara County, Lew B. Harris, 12 pp., 1906. 
 
 Shasta County, by M. E. Dittmar, 27 pp., 1902. 
 
 Sierra County, by George F. Taylor, 24 pp., 1903. 
 
 Siskiyou County, by J. M. Davidson, 50 pp., 1900. 
 
 Siskiyou County, by W. S. Lowden, 46 pp., 1900. 
 
 Tuolumne County, by R. P. McLaughlin, 24 pp., 1903. 
 
 Yuba County, by Lew B. Harris, 20 pp., 1905. 
 
 386. Register of oil wells in Los Angeles County, with map, by Charles A. 
 Blackmar, 13 pp., 1903. 
 
 The structural and industrial materials of California. — See Anbury, no 87. 
 Gold dredging in California. — See Doolittle, no. 728. 
 
 Reports. — See Aubury, nos. 82-84. 
 
40 bibliography of north American geologa% 1906-1907. 
 
 Calkins, Frank Cathcart. 
 
 Description of the Snoqnalinie (piadrangle. — See Smith and Calkins, no. 1156. 
 Calvin, Samuel. 
 
 The Aftonian gravels and their relations to tjie drift sheets in the region 
 about Afton Junction and Thayer [Iowa]. — Davenport Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 
 10, pp. 18-31, 7 pis., 1907. [As separate, 1905. See U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 
 801, p. 56]. 
 
 387 . Notes on the geological section of Iowa. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, no. 
 7, pp. 571-578, 1906 ; Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 17, pp. 192-200, 1907. 
 
 Describes briefly tbe occurrence, character, relations, and nomenclature of the forma- 
 tions comprised in tbe geological scale of Iowa. 
 
 388 . Geology of Winneshiek Comity [Iowa]. — Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 16, 
 pp. 37-146, 18 figs., 2 geol, maps, 1906. 
 
 Describes the topographic features and drainage, the stratigraphy, including Cambrian, 
 Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian strata and glacial deposits, and the economic products. 
 
 389 . Some features of the channel of the Mississippi River between Lansing 
 and Dnhnqiie, and their probable history. — Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 14, 
 pp. 213-220, 7 figs., 1907. 
 
 Discusses drainage changes in Iowa and the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 390 . Fifteenth annual report of the state geologist. — Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 
 17, pp. 1-6, 2 pis., 1907. 
 
 Administrative report. 
 
 Campbell, Donald F. 
 
 391 . The iron ore of Shasta County, California. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 
 93, p. 603, 1 fig., Nov, 17, 1906. 
 
 392 . The copper of Shasta County, California.— Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, 
 pp. 28-30, 55-58, 4 figs., January 5, 1907. 
 
 Campbell, Marius R. 
 
 The classification of coals. — Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., vol. 36, pp. 324-340, 
 1906 (Bi-Mo. Bull. no. 5, pp. 1033-1049. 1905). — See Campbell, 21, page 58 of Bul- 
 letin no. 301, F. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
 393 . The Santa Fe peneplain. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 23, p. 267, 
 February 16, 1906. 
 
 394 . Fractured bowlders in conglomerate. — Am. .Tour. Sci.. 4th ser., vol. 22, 
 pp. 231-234, 2 figs., September, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence in Arizona and discusses the origin of the phenomena. 
 
 395 . Natural mounds. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 708-717, 3 figs., 
 1906. 
 
 Notes the form, size, and occurrence of these mounds and discusses tlie various 
 hypotheses advanced to explain their origin. 
 
 396 . Rock folds due to weathering. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 718- 
 721, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes shallow folding in Arkansas, which is explained to be due to weathering. 
 
 397 . The formation of coal. Hypothesis to account for the transformation 
 of vegetable matter into the different grades of coal. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 
 26, no. 12, pp. 565-566, July, 1906. (Reprinted from Econ. Geology, vol. 1, 
 pp. 26-^3, 1905.) 
 
 398 . Review of “ Report on the coals of Maryland,” by William Bullock 
 Clark and others (Maryland Geol. Survey, vol. 5). — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 5, 
 pp. 502-508, 1906. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 41 
 
 Campbell, Marins R. — Continued. 
 
 399 . Survey work on coal during 1905. — TT. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, 
 pp. 203-210, 1906. 
 
 A summary account of the work of the U. S. Geological Survey in examining coal 
 deposits and testing the fuel value of the coals. 
 
 400. Character and use of the Yampa coals. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 297, pp. 82-91, 1906. 
 
 Describes the chemical composition, classification, and utilization. Discusses briefly 
 the classification of coals. 
 
 401 . How long will the coal reserves of the United States last? — Nat. Geog. 
 Mag., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 129-138, 1 fig., February, 1907. 
 
 Contains notes on the distribution and extent of the coal fields and the character of 
 the coals. 
 
 402 . Contributions to economic geology, 1906, part II. Coal, lignite, and 
 peat : Introduction. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 316, pp. 5-12, 1907. 
 
 Gives an outline of the work of the IT. S. Geological Survey in 1906 iipon coal, lignite, 
 and peat. 
 
 403 . The Una del Gato coal field, Sandoval County, N. Mex. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 316, pp. 427-430, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 404 . Coal in the vicinity of Fort Stanton Reservation, Lincoln County, 
 N. Mex. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 316, pp. 431-4.34, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 405 . Coal of Stone Canyon, Monterey County, Cal. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 316, pp. 435^38, 1907. 
 
 Report on the operations of the coal-testing plant of the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, IMo., 1904. — See 
 Parker, Holmes, Campbell, no. 1870. 
 
 Mineral resources of the United States in 1905 : peat. — See no. 2418. 
 Contributions to economic geology, 1906. Part II, Coal, lignite, and peat. — 
 See U. S. Geological Survey. 
 
 Campbell, William. 
 
 406 . The microscopic examination of opaque minerals. — Econ. Geology, vol. 
 1, no. 8, pp. 751-766, 7 figs., 1906. 
 
 407 . Notes on the microscopic examination of the opaque constituents of ore 
 bodies. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 24, p. 691, November 30, 1906. 
 
 Campbell, William, and Knight, C. W. 
 
 408 . The paragenesis of the cobalt-nickel arsenides and silver deposits 
 of Timiskaming [Ontario]. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 81, pp. 1089-1091, 13 figs., 
 June 9, 1906. 
 
 An investigation of the order in which the minerals occurring in the ores have been 
 deposited and the relations which the gangue (calcite) hears to them. 
 
 409 . Microscopic examination of nickeliferous pyrrhotites. Results of a 
 study to settle a much-discussed question in ore deposition, — Eng. and Min. 
 Jour., vol. 82, pp. 909-912, 6 figs., November 17, 1906. 
 
 410 . A microscopic examination of the cobalt nickel arsenides and silver 
 deposits of Temiskaming. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 8, pp. 767-776, 2 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes the structure shown by microscopic examination and the order of origin of 
 the principal constituents. 
 
 411 . On the microstructure of nickeliferous j)yrrhotites. — Econ. Geology, 
 vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 350-366, 4 pis., June, 1907. 
 
 Camsell, Charles. 
 
 412 . [Report on the] Peel River, in the Yukon and Mackemiie districts. — 
 Canada, Geol. Survey, Sumrn. Rept. for 1905, pp. 36-46, 1906. 
 
 Describes the exploration of the region. Includes various data upon its geology. 
 
42 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Camsell, Charles — Continued. 
 
 413. The Similkameen district, B. C. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. Kept, 
 for 1906, pp. 43-55, 1900. 
 
 Gives notes upon the physiography and glaciation, and upon the occurrence and char- 
 acter of Tertiary, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic rocks and of gold and copper ores. 
 
 414. Report on the Peel River and tributaries, Yukon and Mackenzie. — • 
 Canada, Geol. Survey, Ann. Rept., vol. 16, pt. CC, 49 pp., 3 pis., 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology of the region. 
 
 Canada, Department of the Interior. 
 
 415. Canada’s fertile northland. A glimpse of the enormous resources of 
 
 part of the unexplored regions of the Dominion. Evidence before a select com- 
 mittee of the senate of Canada during the parliamentary session of 1906-7, 
 and the report based thereon. Ottawa, 1907. 139 pp., illus. 
 
 The evidence given hy A. P. Low and other geologists of the Geological Survey of 
 Canada contains notes on the mineral resources. 
 
 Canada, Department of the Interior. 
 
 Report of the superintendent of mines. Ann. Rept., pt. 8, 39 pp., 1907. 
 
 Contains reports on economic resources by Engene Haanel, Fritz Cirkel, P. Hille, 
 J. E. Woodman, and Einar Lindeman. See under these authors. 
 
 Canada. Department of the Interior, Mines Branch. 
 
 416. Report of the Commission appointed to investigate the zinc resources of 
 British Columbia and the conditions affecting their exploitation. Ottawa, 
 Canada, 1906. 300 pp., illus. 
 
 Contains data regarding the occurrence of zinc ores in British Columbia. 
 
 Canada, Geological Survey. 
 
 417. Catalogue of publications of the Geological Survey of Canada. — Canada, 
 Geol. Survey, 129 pp., 1906. 
 
 Annual report on the mineral industries of Canada for 1905. Ottawa, 1907, 
 174 pp., pis. and chart. See Ingall, E. D., no. 1270. 
 
 Canadian Mining Journal. 
 
 418. The Ontario meeting of American Institute of Mining Engineers and 
 their tour through the districts of Cobalt, Sudbury, and Moose Mountain. Pub- 
 lished by the Canadian Mining Journal, Toronto, Out., [1907]. 89 pp., illus. 
 
 Includes an historical sketch of the discovery of ore and mining developments at 
 Cobalt, Ontario, and notes on the occurrence of nickel and cobalt ores. 
 
 Canfield, F. A. 
 
 419. Mineralogical notes. — ^Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, pp. 20-22, 1 fig., 
 January, 1907. 
 
 Includes brief notes upon willemite from New Jersey. 
 
 Cannon, George L. 
 
 420. Sauropodan gastroliths. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, p. 116, July 27, 
 1906. 
 
 Notes the discovery of these pebbles with the remains of Atlanfosaurus immanis Marsh 
 at Morrison, Colorado. 
 
 421. Notes on some fossils recently discovered near Denver, Colorado. — 
 Colorado Sci. Soc., Proc., vol. 8, pp. 194—198, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Gives notes upon the occuri’ence and characters of fossil vertebrate remains found in 
 the vicinity of Denver, Colo. 
 
 Capps, S. R., jr. 
 
 422. The girdles and hind limb of Ilolosaunts ahruptus Marsh. — Jour. Geol- 
 ogy, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 350-356, 3 figs., 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 43 
 
 Carden, A. D., and Goldney, G. F. B. 
 
 423 . Notes on the Jamaica earthquake, 14th January, 1907. — The Royal 
 Engineers Jour., vol. 6, no. 4, pji. 213-217, 4 pis., October, 1907. 
 
 Carey, Everett P. 
 
 . 424. The great fault of California and the San Francisco earthquake, April 
 18, 1906. — Jour. Geography, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 2S9-301, 6 figs., 1906. 
 
 Discusses the faulting which produced the San Francisco earthquake and displace- 
 ments along the dine of fracture. 
 
 Carey, Everett P., and Miller, W. J. 
 
 425 . The crystalline rocks of the Oak Hill area, near San Jose, California. — 
 Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 152-169, 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 Carmichael, Alfred. 
 
 426 . Placer mining methods in the Atlin district [British Columbia]. — 
 Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 241-244, 5 figs., January, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology, and on the occurrence of the placer gold. 
 
 Carney, Frank. 
 
 427 . The geology of Perry township. Licking Co., Ohio. — Denison Univ., 
 Sci. Lab., Bull., vol. 13, art. 3, pp. 117-130, 8 pis., 4 figs., June, 1906. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy, topography, glaciation, and drainage of the area. 
 
 428 . Valley dependencies of the Scioto Illinoian lobe in Licking County, 
 Ohio. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 488-495, 5 figs., 1907. Denison Univ., 
 Sci. Lab., Bui. vol 13, art. 4, pf). 131-137, 3 figs., September, 1907. 
 
 429 . Pre-Wisconsin drift in the Finger Lake region of New York. — Jour. 
 Geology, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 571-585, 4 figs., 1907. 
 
 430 . Glacial erosion in longitudinal valleys. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 7 , 
 pp. 722-730, 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes folds and glaciated surfaces in Owasco Lake Valley, New York, produced by 
 glacial action. 
 
 431 . Wave-cut terraces in Keuka Valley, older than the recession stage of 
 Wisconsin ice. — Am. Jour, Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, pp. 325-335, 3 figs.. May, 1907. 
 
 432 . A form of outwash drift. — ^Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, pp. 336- 
 341, 1 fig.. May, 1907. 
 
 Describes a deposit of outwash drift in the Penn Yan quadrangle. New York, and pro- 
 poses the term inter-lobule fan for such deposits. 
 
 433 . The glacial dam at Hanover, Ohio. — Denison Univ., Sci. Lab., Bull., 
 vol. 13, art. 5, pp. 139-153, 5 figs., September. 1907. 
 
 Carpenter, Franklin R. 
 
 434 . Tin in the Black Hills, South Dakota. — Min. World, vol. 25, no. 20, 
 pp. 600-601, 1 fig., November 17, 1906. 
 
 Case, Ermine C. 
 
 435 . A peculiar formation of shore ice. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, no. 2 , pp. 
 134-137, 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes an unusual formation of shore ice on the shore of Lake Michigan and ex- 
 plains how it was formed. 
 
 436 . Report in regard to the completion of a monograph on the Pelycosaurian 
 order of Permian reptiles. — Carnegie Inst, of Washiiigton, Yearb. no. 4, 1905, 
 p. 240, 1906. 
 
 437. On the skull of Edaphofsaurns pof/onias Cope. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
 Bull., vol. 22, pp. 19-26, 1 pi., 7 figs., 1906. 
 
44 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 438. A description of models illustrating the physical geography of Wis- 
 consin. — Milwaukee Normal School Bull., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1-19, January, 1907. 
 Case, Ermine C.— Continned. 
 
 439. AVisconsin : Its geology and physical geography. An account of the 
 
 natural features and climate of the State for students and general readers. — 
 Milwaukee, AVis., Press of Hendee-Bamford-Crandall Co., 1907. 197 pp. illns. 
 
 440. Restoration of Diadectes. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 556-559, 
 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 441. Revision of the -Pelycosauria of North America. Washington, pub- 
 lished by the Carnegie Institution of AA^ashington, July, 1907. 176 pp., 35 pis., 
 
 72 figs. 
 
 442. Description of the skull of BWosaurm striatus Cope. — Am. Mns. Nat. 
 Hist., vol. 23, pp. 65.3-658, 1 pi., 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 443. The character of the Wichita and Clear Fork divisions of the Permian 
 Red Beds of Texas. — Am. Mns, Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, pp. 659-664, 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 444. Additional description of the genus Zatrachys Cope. — Am. Mus. Nat. 
 Hist, Bull., vol. 23, pp. 665-66S, 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes amphibian remains from the Permian of Texas. 
 
 Catlett, Charles. 
 
 445. Occurrence of rutile in Virginia. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 796- 
 797, 1907. 
 
 446. Quantitative field test for magnesia in cement rock and limestone. — 
 Am. Inst. ]Min. Eng., Bi-Mo. Bull. no. 18, pp. 947-951, November, 1907. 
 
 Cayeux, L. 
 
 447. Les ocufs d’insects des lacs de Chaleo et Texcoco, des environs de 
 Mexico, et la formation des oolithes. — Congr. geol. intern., C. R. 10® sess., 
 Mexico, 1906, pp. 1223-1227, 1907. 
 
 448. Structure et classification des gres et quartzites ; pluralite des origines 
 du type quartzite. — Congr. geol. intern., C. R. 10*“ sess., Mexico, 1906, pp. 1211- 
 1222, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the structure, classification and origin of sandstone and quartzites. 
 
 Ceipek, L. 
 
 Analyse des Albit von Amelia. — See Erben and Ceipek, no. 811. 
 
 Chalmers, Robert. 
 
 449. The surface geology of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. — Canada, 
 Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. for 1905, pp. 67-69, 1906. 
 
 450. Surface geology of the Great Plains and British Columbia, etc. — 
 Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. for 190(5, pp. 74-80, 1906. 
 
 Chamberlin, P. W. 
 
 451. The volcanoes of Nicaragua. — 57th Congress, 2d Sess., Sen. Doc. no. 
 131, pp. 27-33, 1903. 
 
 Chamberlin, Thomas C. 
 
 452. The methods of the earth sciences. — Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. Cfc, pp. 
 66-75, November, 1904 ; Congress of Arts and Science, Fniversal Exposition, 
 St. Louis, 1904, vol. 4, pp. 477^87, 1906. 
 
45 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Chamberlin, Thomas C. — Continued. 
 
 453. On a possible reversal of deep-sea circulation and its influence on 
 geologic climates. — Am. Philos. Soc., Proc., vol. 45, no. 182, pp. 33-43, 1906; 
 Jour. Geolog 3 % vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 363-373, 1906. Abstract : Science, new ser., 
 vol. 23, pp. 930-931, June 22, 1906. 
 
 Discusses variations of climate upon the earth in geologic time, some of the controlling 
 factors and more particularly the agencies that affect oceanic circulation. 
 
 454. Fundamental problems of geology. — Carnegie Inst, of Washington, 
 Yearb. no. 4, 1905, pp. 171-185, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the application of the planetesimal hypothesis in the e.vplanation of de- 
 formation of the earth and of climatic oscillations. 
 
 455. “An ignored theory of the Ice age.” — Science, new ser., vol. 24, jii). 531- 
 532, October 26, 1906. 
 
 456. On the growth of the earth by accretion under the planetesimal hypoth- 
 esis. — Abstract : Carnegie Inst, of Washington, Yearb. no. 5, p. 169, 1907. 
 
 457. On certain problems of the lithosphere. — Abstract : Carnegie Inst, of 
 Washington, Yearb. no. 5, p. 170, 1907. 
 
 458. On the former rates of rotation of the earth. — Abstract: Carnegie Inst, 
 of Washington, Yearb. no. 5, i>. 170, 1907. 
 
 459. On certain problems of the h^^drosphere and atmosi)here. — Abstract: 
 Carnegie Inst, of Washington, Yearb. no, 5, p. 171, 1907. 
 
 460. Review of “ The viscous vs. the granular theoi^ of glacial motion,” l>y 
 Oswin W. Willcox. — Jour. Geolog 3 % vol. 15, no. 2, pi). 188-190, 1907. 
 
 461. [Geologic nomenclature.] — Jour. Geologj", vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 817-819, 
 1907. 
 
 462. The fault problem. I.— Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 585-601, 5 figs., 
 no. 7, pp. 704-724, 1907. 
 
 Chamberlin, Thomas C., and Salisbury, Rollin D. 
 
 463. Geology. Vol. 1, Geologic processes and their results. Vol, II, Earth 
 
 historj". Genesis, Paleozoic. Vol. Ill, Earth histoiy, Mesozoic, Cenozoic. New 
 Y"ork, Henry Holt and Company. A^ol. I (second edition, revised), xix, 684 pp., 
 24 pis., 471 figs., 1905. Vol. II, xxvi, 692 pp., 306 figs., 1906. Vol. Ill, xi, 624 
 pp., 270 figs., 1906. * 
 
 Chapman, Robert PI. 
 
 464. The deserts of Nevada and the Death Valley. — Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 17, 
 no. 9, pp. 483^97, 7 pis., September, 1906 : Sci. Am. SuppL, vol. 63, pp. 26126- 
 26129, 6 figs., April 6, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes upon the physical features and rocks of the region. 
 
 Chrysler, M. A. 
 
 The lignites of Brandon, Vt. — See Jeffrej^ and Chrysler, no. 1291. 
 
 On Cretaceous Pityoxyla. — See Jeff'rej' and Chrysler, no. 1292. 
 
 Church, John A. 
 
 465. The Pinguico mine, Guanajuato, Mexico. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 
 82, pp. 959-960, November 24, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology and the ore deposits. 
 
 466. Proano, a famous mine of Ph*esnillo, Mexico. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 84, pp. 53-56, 4 figs., July 13, 1907. 
 
 Includes a short account of the local geoiogy and the vein system. 
 
 467. The mines of La Luz, Guanajuato, Mexico. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 84, PI). 10.5-110, 1.5.3-156, (> figs., 1907.. 
 
 Describes the geology, the vein system, and the occurrence of the ores. 
 
46 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Cirkel, Fritz. 
 
 468. Preliminary report on the examination of the iron ore deposits in the 
 Ottawa Valley.— Canada, Dept. Interior, Kept. Supt. Mines, 1907, pp. 11-13, 1907. 
 
 469. Graphite, its properties, occurrence, refining, and uses.— Canada, Dept, 
 of Mines, Mines Branch, 307 pp., 20 pis., 8 maps, 52 figs., 1907. 
 
 Clapp, C. H. 
 
 470. The clays of North Dakota.— Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 551-504, 
 1907. 
 
 Economic geology of North Dakota clays. — See Babcock and Clapi), no. 92. 
 Clapp, C. H., and Babcock, E. J. 
 
 471. Clay and its properties with special reference to North Dakota clays.— 
 North Dakota State Geol. Survey, 4th Bienn. Kept., pp. 9-01, 1900. 
 
 Clapp, Frederick G. 
 
 472. The Nineveh and Gordon oil sands in western Greene Comity, Pa. — 
 IT. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 302-300, 1900. 
 
 Discusses the correlation of the oil sands in this area. 
 
 473. Evidences of several glacial and interglacial stages in northeastern 
 New England. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 499-501, October 19, 1900. 
 
 474. Clay of probable Cretaceous age at Boston, Massachusetts. — Am. Jonr. 
 Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, pp. 183-186, JMarch, 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of white clay encountered in horinss at Boston, 
 Massachusetts, which, for reasons stated, is considered as probably Cretaceous in age. 
 
 475. Description of the Amity quadrangle [Pennsylvania]. — IT. S. Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Geol. Atlas of U. S., folio no. 144, 15 pp., 8 figs., 3 maps, 1907. 
 
 Describes the topography, the occurrence, character, and relations of Carboniferous and 
 Devonian strata, and of I’leistocene deposits, the geologic structure and history, and the 
 mineral resources, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. 
 
 476. Description of the llogersville quadrangle [Pennsylvania]. — IT. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Geol. Atlas of U. S., folio no. 146, 14 pp., 6 figs., 3 maps and columnar 
 section sheet, 1907. 
 
 Describes the topography, the occurrence, character, and relations of Carboniferous and 
 Devonian strata, and Pleistocene deposits, the geologic structure and history, and the 
 mineral resources, chiefly petroleum, natural gas, and coal, 
 
 477. Economic geology of the Amity quadrangle, eastern Washington County, 
 Pennsylvania. — I^. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 300, 145 pp., 8 pis., 7 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, and relations of Carboniferous strata, the geo- 
 logic structure, and the occurrence of mineral resources : petroleum, natural gas, coal, 
 
 and limestone. 
 
 478. Local glaciation in Maine. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 25, i>. 390, 
 March 8, 1907. 
 
 Oil and gas fields of Greene County, Pennsylvania. — See Stone and (fiapp, no. 
 2314. 
 
 Clark, W. C. 
 
 479. Zinc in (‘astern Tenm^ssee. Mines and miii(‘rals, vol. 27, no. 9, p. 3!)5, 
 April, 1907. 
 
 Clark, William Bullock. 
 
 480. What should appt‘ar in the report of a state geologist? — Econ. 
 yol. 1, 110 . 5, j)p. 489—498, 1906, 
 
 (Jeology, 
 
BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NOKTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 47 
 
 Clark, William Bullock — Continued. 
 
 481 . The Pleistocene fauna [of Maryland]. — Maryland Geol. Survey, Pliocene 
 and Pleistocene, pp. 139-148, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the value of the fossil contents of the Pleistocene deposits of Maryland for 
 correlating the beds with those of other areas. Includes observations and tables show- 
 ing the geographic distribution and geologic range of species. 
 
 482 . Systematic paleontology of the Pleistocene deposits of Maryland : 
 Crustacea, Mollusca, Coelenterata, Protozoa. — Maryland Geol. Survey, Pliocene 
 and Pleistocene, pp. 172-210, 213-210, 26 pis., 1906. 
 
 483 . The classification adopted by the U. S. Geological Survey for the 
 Cretaceous deposits of New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. — Johns 
 Hopkins Univ. Circ., new ser., 1907, no. 7, pp. 1^ [589-592], 1907. 
 
 484 . Publications of the Maryland Geological Survey, Maryland State 
 Weather Service, and JMaryland Forestry Bureau. — Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., 
 new ser., 1907, no. 7, pp. 5-20 [593-608], 1907. 
 
 485. Maryland Geological Survey, Calvert County, Baltimore, 1907. 227 pp., 
 14 pis., 11 figs. With atlas of 3 folded maps. 
 
 486 . Maryland Geol. Survey, St. Mary’s County, Baltimore, 1907. 209 pp., 
 
 16 pis., 12 figs. With atlas of 3 folded maps. 
 
 Clark, William Bullock, Hollick, Arthur, and Lucas, Frederic. 
 
 487 . The Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Maryland : The interpretation 
 of the paleontological criteria. — Maryland Geol. Survey, Pliocene and Pleisto- 
 cene, pp. 139-152, 1906. 
 
 Clark, William Bullock, and Mathews, Edward B. 
 
 488 . Report on the physical features of Maryland, together with an account 
 of the exhibits of Maryland mineral resources made by the Maryland Geological 
 Survey. — -Maryland Geol. Survey (Special Publication, vol. 6, pts. 1 and 2), 
 284 pp., 30 pis., 19 figs., geol. map (in pocket), 1906. 
 
 A general account of the physiography, geology, and mineral resources of the State. 
 
 Clark, William Bullock, and Miller, Benjamin Le Roy. 
 
 489. A brief summary of the geology of the Virginia coastal plain.— ATrginia 
 Geol. Survey, Geol. Ser., Bull. no. 2, pp. 11-24, 1906. 
 
 Gives a summary of the stratigraphy of the coastal plain in Virginia, embracing for- 
 mations of Jurassic (?), Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary age. 
 
 Clarke, Frank W. 
 
 490 . The statistical method in chemical geology. — Am. Philos. Soc., Proc., 
 vol. 45, no. 182, pp. 14-32, 1906. Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 929- 
 930, June 22, 1906. 
 
 Determines the approximate average chemical composition of the earth’s crust and 
 discusses the methods employed and the validity of the resuits obtained. 
 
 491 . The comi)osition of the red clay. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 
 783-789, 1907 ; Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Proc., vol. 27, pp. 167-171, 1907. 
 
 Clarke, John M. 
 
 492 . Nomenclature of the New York geologic formations. — University of 
 the State of New York, High School Department, Bull. 25, pp. 495-506, Decem- 
 ber, 1904. 
 
 493 . Second report, of the director of the science division 1905, including 
 the 59th report of the State ^Museum, the 25th report of the state geologist, and 
 the report of the state paleontologist 1905 (reprinted from the 59th Annual 
 Report of the New York State Museum, vol. 1), pp. 5-99, 1906, 
 
48 BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NOKTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Clarke, John M. — Coutiuued. 
 
 494 . Report of the state geologist and paleontologist [of New York] for 
 
 1905. — New York State Miis., 59th Ann. Kept., vol. 1, pp. 10-41, 8 pis., 1906. 
 
 Outlines the work under progress during 1905. Includes various data relating to the 
 stratigraphic, surficiai, and economic geology of New York. 
 
 495 . What should appear in the report of a state geologist? — Econ. Geology, 
 vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 488-489, 1906. 
 
 496 . Evidences of a Coblenzian invasion in the Devonic of eastern North 
 America. — Festschrift, Adolf v. Koenen, E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhand- 
 lung, Stuttgart, pp. 359-368, 1907. 
 
 497. "Some new Devonic fossils. — New York State Mus., Bull. 107, pp. 153- 
 291, illus., 1907. 
 
 Describes invertebrate fossils from lower Devonian deposits of the Province of Quebec, 
 New Brunswick, and Maine. 
 
 498 . An interesting style of sand-filled vein. — New York State Mus., Bull. 
 K)7, pp. 293-294, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 499 . The Eurypterus shales of the Shawangunk Mountains in eastern New 
 York.— New York State Mus., Bull. 107, pp. 295-326, 10 pis., 1907. 
 
 Discusses their correlation and describes their crustacean fauna. 
 
 500 . Third report of the director of the Science Division 1906, including 
 the 60th report of the State Museum, the 26th report of the state geologist, and 
 the report of the state paleontologist for 1906. — (Reprinted from the 60th Ann. 
 Rept. N. Y. State Mus.). Albany, 1907, 182 pp., 40 pis. 
 
 Includes- various geologic and paleontologic data: Earthquake records, pp. 29-32; an 
 account of limestone caverns of eastern New York, pp. 32-51 ; Appendix B is a supple- 
 ment to the catalogue of type specimens of Paleozoic fossils. 
 
 501 . Eurypterus fauna of the Shawangunk grit. — Abstract : Science, new 
 ser., vol. 25, pp. 294-295, February 22, 1907. 
 
 502 . Lake Champlain. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 26, p. 400, Septem- 
 ber 27, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the origin of the Lake Champlain Valley. 
 
 Clarke, John M., and Luther, D. Dana. 
 
 Geology of the Watkins and Elmira quadrangles [New York], accompanied 
 by a geologic map. — New York State Mus., 58th Ann. Rept., vol. 3 (Bull. 81, 
 1905), pp. 3-29, and geol. map (in pocket), 1906. — See Clarke and Luther, 2, 
 page 68 of Bulletin no. 301, U. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
 Geologic map of the Tally quadrangle [New York]. — New York State Mus., 
 58th Ann. Rept., vol. 3 (Bull. 82, 1905), pp. 33-52, geol. map (in pocket), 
 
 1906. — See Clarke and Luther, 3, on page 68 of Bulletin no. 301, U. S. Geol. 
 Survey. 
 
 Clarke, W. C. 
 
 503 . The zinc belt of Claiborne and Union counties, Tennessee. — Mines and 
 ^Minerals, vol. 27, no. 12, i>. 567, July, 1907. 
 
 Cleland, II. F. 
 
 504 . Restoration of certain Devonian cephalopods with description of new 
 species. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 459-4(59, -14 tigs., 1907. 
 
 505 . Some little-known Mexican volcanoes. — I*op. Sci. Monthly, vol. 71, no. 2, 
 pp. 179-187, 8 tigs., August, 1907. 
 
 Clement, J. K. 
 
 Minerals of tlu' composition MgSiOa ; a case of tetramorphism. — See Allen. 
 Wright, and Clement, no. 28. 
 
BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 49 
 
 Clerc, F. L. 
 
 506 . Ore deposits of the Joplin district. — Colorado Sci. Soc., Proc., vol. 8, 
 pp. 199-220, 1906. 
 
 States and discusses the various explanations which have been given of the genesis of 
 the zinc and lead ore deposits of the Joplin district, Missouri 
 
 507 . The ore deposits of the Joplin region, Missouri. — Am. Inst. Min. Eng., 
 Bi-Mo. Bull., no. 14, pp. 353-376, March, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the origin and form of the lead and zinc deposits of the Joplin district. 
 
 Cobb, Collier. 
 
 508 . Notes on the geology of Currituck Banks [North Carolina J. — Elisha 
 Mitchell Sci. Soc., Jour., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 17-19, 1906. 
 
 509 . Autophytograi)hs. — Abstract: Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Jour., vi^l. 22, 
 no. 3, p. 58, 1906. 
 
 Defines the term and records occurrences. 
 
 510 . Rhsetic flora of Moncure shales. — Abstract: Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 
 vol. 22, no. 3, p. 60, 1906. 
 
 Notes the occurrence of fossil plants in North Carolina. 
 
 511 . Where the wind does the work. — Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 
 310-317, 10 figs., June, 1906; Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Jour., vol. 22, no. 3, 
 pp. 80-85, 1906. 
 
 Describes the shifting of sand on the islands along the coast of North Carolina. 
 
 512. Notes on the geology of Core Bank, N. C. — Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 
 Jour., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 26-28, May, 1907. Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, 
 p. 298, February 22, 1907. 
 
 Cockerell, Theodore Dru Alison. 
 
 513 . The publication of rejected names. — Science, new ser., vol. 17, p. 189, 
 1903. 
 
 Discusses the nomenclature of a fossil fruit from Vermont. 
 
 514 . The origin of the horse. — Nature, vol. 70, pp. 53-54, 1904. 
 
 515 . The snails of New Mexico and Arizona. — Nautilus, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 
 68-71, October, 1905. 
 
 Gives notes upon shells from Pleistocene beds of New Mexico. 
 
 516 . A new fossil ant. — Entomological News, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 27-28, Janu- 
 ary, 1906. 
 
 Describes Ponera hendersoni n. sp. from Tertiary beds near Florissant, Colo. 
 
 517 . A new Tertiary Planorbis. — Nautilus, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 100-101, Janu- 
 ary, 1906. 
 
 518 . Fossil plants from Florissant, Colorado. — Torrey Bot. Club, Bull., vol. 
 33, no. 5, pp. 307-312, 6 figs.. May, 1906. 
 
 519 . A fossil water-bug. — Canadian Entomologist, vol. 38, no. 6, p. 209, 
 June, 1906. 
 
 Gives a description of Corixa florissantella n. sp. 
 
 520 . The fossil fauna and flora of the Florissant (Colorado) shales. — 
 Colorado Univ., Studies, vol.Jl, no. 3, pp. 157-175, 1 j)!., 1906. 
 
 t. 
 
 Gives an account of the character and occurrence of the fauna, discusses the evidence 
 of the fossils as to the age of the deposits, and gives a classified, annotated summary of 
 the fauna and flora. The plate contains figures of new species of plants described in the 
 Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 1900. 
 
 521 . Fossil Hymenoptera from Florissant, C’olorado. — Harvard Coll., Mus. 
 Comp. Zool., Bull., vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 33-58, 1906. 
 
 66836— Bull. 372—09 4 
 
50 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF XORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Cockerell, Theodore Dm Alison — Continued. 
 
 522. A fossil Cicada from Florissant, Colorado.— Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., 
 vol. 22, pp. 457-458, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 523. The fossil Mollusca of Florissant, Colorado. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., 
 vol. 22, pp. 459-462, 5 figs., 1906. 
 
 524. Fossil saw-flies from Florissant, Colorado. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., 
 vol. 22, pp. 499-501, 3 figs., 1906. 
 
 525. A new fly (fam. Mycetophilidae) from the Green River beds. — Am. Jour. 
 Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, pp. 285-286, 1 fig., April, 1907. 
 
 526. Some old-world types of insects in the Miocene of Colorado. — Science, 
 new ser., vol, 26, pp, 446^47, October 4, 1907. 
 
 527. An enumeration of the localities in the Florissant basin, from which 
 fossils were obtained in 1906. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, pp. 127-132, 
 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 528. Fossil dragon flies from Fiorissant, Colorado. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
 Bull., vol. 23, pp. 133-139, 3 figs., 1907. 
 
 529. Some fossil arthropods from Florissant, (’olorado, — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
 Bull., vol. 23, pp. 605-616, 6 figs., 1907. 
 
 530. Some Coleoptera and Arachnida from Florissant, ('olorado. — Am. Mus. 
 Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, pp. 617-621, 1907. 
 
 Gives a list of Coleoptera and Arachnida identified from Florissant, Colorado, includ- 
 ing those found fossil in the shales. 
 
 531. A fossil caterpillar [from the Miocene shales of Florissant, Colorado] . — ■ 
 Canadian Entomologist, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 187-188, June, 1907. 
 
 532. A fossil butterfly of the genus Chlorippc . — Canadian Entomologist, vol. 
 39, no. 11, pp. 361-363, 1 pi., November, 1907. 
 
 Describes Chlorippe tcUmattce n. sp. from the Miocene shales of Florissant, Colorado. 
 
 533. A fossil Tortricid moth. — Canadian Entomologist, vol. 39, no. 12, p. 41(), 
 December, 1907. 
 
 Describes Toririx florissantana n. sp. from the Miocene shales of Florissant, Colorado. 
 
 534. A fossil tsetse-fly in Colorado. — Nature, vol. 76, p. 414, August 22. 1907. 
 
 535. A Miocene wasp. — Nature, vol. 77, p. 80, November 28, 1907. 
 
 536. A new zonitoid shell from the Miocene, Florissant, Colorado. — Nautilus, 
 vol. 21, no. 8, p. 89, December, 1907. 
 
 Describes Vitrea fagalis n. sp. 
 
 Coker, Ernest G. 
 
 An investigation into the elastic constants of rocks, more especially with ref- 
 erence to cubic compressibility. — See Adams and Coker, nos. 10, 11; 
 
 Experimental investigation of the compressibility and plastic deformation of 
 certain rocks. — See Adams and Coker, no. 12. 
 
 Cole, A. D. 
 
 537. C. L. Herrick as a maker of scientific men. — Denison Univ., Sci. Lab., 
 Bull., vol. 13, art. 1, pp. 1-13, 1 pi. (port.), 1905. 
 
 Coleman, Arthur P. 
 
 538. Durham County : geological features. — First Report of the Bureau of 
 Archives for the Province of Ontario, 1903, pp. 46-47, 1 fig., 1904. 
 
 539. The Sudbury nickel field. — Ontario, Bur. Mines, Rept., 1905, vol. 14, 
 pt. 3, 188 pp., illus., 1905. 
 
 Describes the general geology, the occurrence, character, and relations of the ore de- 
 posits, and the character and distribution of eruptive rocks, of Iluronian sediments, and 
 of Pleistocene deposits, and gives an account of the petrography of the nickel eruptive, 
 of the economic developments of the field, and of the minerals found in the Sudbury 
 nickel district of Ontario. 
 
51 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY'^ 190(3-1907. 
 
 Coleman, Arthur 1*. — Continued. 
 
 540. Pre-C;iinbrian noinenclatnre. — Jonr. Geoloj^y, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 00-(>4, 
 1906. 
 
 Discusses, with regard to the report of the special committee of American and C'anadian 
 geologists on the nomenclature of the formations of tliQ Lake Sui)orior region, the rela- 
 tionships of various pre-Cambrian formations in the upper lakes region of Canada and 
 their nomenclature. 
 
 541. The Flelen iron mine, Michipicoten. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 
 521-529, 4 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the local geology, the rocks of the iron formation, the character of the ore 
 body, and the origin of the ore. 
 
 542. Iron ranges of eastern Michipicoten. — Ontario, Bnr. Mines, liept., 1906, 
 vol. 15, pt. 1, pp. 173-199, 13 figs., 1 map, 1906. 
 
 Describes the general features of the area, the occurrence and character of the iron 
 deposits, and the Pleistocene geology. 
 
 543. Magmatic segregation of sulphide ores. — Abstract : British Assoc. Adv. 
 Sci., Kept. 75th meeting, p. 400, 1906. 
 
 544. A lower Hiironian ice age. — Am. Jonr. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, pp. 187- 
 192, March, 1007. Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 769, INlay 17, 1907. 
 
 After referring briefly to evidence for ice ages prior to the glacial period, describes 
 the Huronian “ slate conglomerate ” of Ontario, and striated l)owlders taken therefrom, 
 and discusses the evidence for a lower Huronian ice age. 
 
 545. The need of field work in the study of ore genesis. — Eng. and Min. 
 Jonr., vol. 83, pp. 295-296, February 9, 1907. 
 
 546. The Sudbury laccolithic sheet. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 759- 
 782, 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 547. Interglacial periods in Canada. — Gongr. geol. intern., (’. K. lO*’ sess., 
 Mexico, 1906, pp. 1237-1258, 1907. 
 
 548. Iron ranges east of Lake Nipigon. — Ontario, Bur. ^Mines, 16th Ann. 
 Kept., vol. 16, pt. 1, pp. 105-135, 15 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the geology and the occurrence and character of the iron ores. 
 
 549. Die Sudbury-Nickelerze. — Zeitschr. f. prak. Geol., Jg. 15, p. 221, 1907. 
 Discusses the origin of the Sudbury, Ontario, nickel ores. 
 
 Keport of a special committee on the correlation of the i)re-Cambrian rocks of 
 the Adirondack Mountains, the “ original Laurentian area ” of Canada, and 
 eastern Ontario. — See Adams and others, no. 13. 
 
 Collen, M. 
 
 550. Copper deposits in the Belt formation in Montana. — Econ. Geol., vol. 2, 
 no. 6, pp. 572-575, 1907. 
 
 Colles, George Wetmore. 
 
 551. Mica and the mica industry. — Franklin Inst., Jour., vol. 161, no. 1, pp. 
 
 4.3-58, 5 figs., January, 1906; no. 2, pp. 81-100, 6 tigs., February, 190(3. Ke- 
 printed in book form : The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, 1906. 130 pp., 
 
 36 figs. 
 
 Collier, Arthur J. 
 
 552. Geology and coal resources of the Cape Lisburne region, Alaska. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 278, 54 pi>., 9 pis., 8 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the geography, the stratigraphy, embracing Devonian, Carboniferous, and 
 Mesozoic formations and Quaternary deposits, and in detail the coal resources of .lurassic 
 and Carboniferous age. 
 
 553. Ore deposits in the St. .loe Kiver basin, Idaho. — II. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 285, pp. 129-139, 1 pi., 1 fig., ]90(). 
 
 Describes the geography, drainage, and geology of the area, and the occurrence and 
 character of the mineral resources. 
 
52 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Collier, Arthur J. — Coutiiiued. 
 
 554 . Gold-bearing river sands of northeastern AVashington. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 56-70, 1907. 
 
 Describes the general geology and geologic history of the region, the occurrence of 
 gold-bearing placers, and their relation to the terraces. 
 
 555. The Arkansas coal field. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 316, pp. 137-160, 
 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 556. The Arkansas coal field. AVith reports on the paleontology by David 
 
 AA'hite and G. H. Girty. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 326, 1907. 158 pp., 6 pis., 
 
 29 figs. 
 
 Descril)es the stratigraphy and structure, and the occurrence and character of the coals 
 of western Arkansas. 
 
 The prtKluction in the United States in 1906 of chromite or chromic iron ore; 
 and of talc and soapstone. — See no. 2419. 
 
 Collins, Edgar A. 
 
 557 . The Combination Mine. Early developments and geologic structure. — 
 Alin, and Sci. Press, vol. 95, pp. 397-399, 435-438, 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the local geology and occurrence and character of ores in the Goldtield mining 
 district, Esmeralda County, Nevada. 
 
 558 . A prospecting shaft in the Goldfield district, Goldfield, Nevada. — Inst. 
 Min. and Aletail., Trans., vol. 15, pp. 540-542, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology and occurrence of the ore bodies. 
 
 Collins, Henry F. 
 
 559 . Notes on the wollastonite rock mass, and its associated minerals, of 
 the Santa Fe mine. State of Chiapas, Alexico. — Alin. Alag., vol. 13, pp. 356-362, 
 Deciinber, 1903. 
 
 Collins, AA". H. 
 
 560 . [Kei)ort onj the Lake Superior region between the Pic and Nipigon 
 rivers. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Sumni. Kept, for 1905, pp. 80-82, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes upon the physical features and general geology of the area examined. 
 
 561 . On surveys along the National Transcontinental Railway location 
 between Lake Nipigon and Lac Seul. — Canada Geol. Survey, Summ. Kept, for 
 1906, pp. 103-lt»9, 1906. 
 
 Includes a brief account of the region and its mineral deposits. ^ 
 
 Colorado, State Bureau of Mines. 
 
 562. Report of the State Bureau of Alines for the years 1905-6. 127 pp., 
 
 illus., 1907. 
 
 Contains notes on the occurrence of mineral resources. Includes a paper by Fleck and 
 Haldane on uranium and vanadium deposits. See no. 878. 
 
 Comstock, Theodore B. 
 
 563 . Geological notes. — Southern California Acad. Sci., Jlull., vol. 1, pp. 
 74-77, 1902. 
 
 Idscusses the subject of subsidence and elevation in California and the later geological 
 history of the southern i)ortion of the State. 
 
 564. The V. S. Geological Survey. — Science, new ser.. vol. 2.5, pp. .309-311, 
 February 22. 1907. 
 
 Condon, Thomas. 
 
 565. A new fossil pinniped { Dcsinaiopliocd orajonenffif^) from the Aliocene 
 of the Ort'gon coast. — Oregon Univ. Bull., Supi)l. to vol. 3, no. 3. 14 i>p., 2 i»ls., 
 3 figs., Al.iy, 1906. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 53 
 
 Condra, George Evart. 
 
 566. Observations on glacial . accninnlations of Nebraska. — Abstract: Sci- 
 ence, new ser., vol. 23, j). 620, April 20, 1906. 
 
 567. Oil and gas possibilities in Nebraska. — Abstract : Science, new ser., 
 vol. 23, p. 621, April 20. 1906. 
 
 568. A new limestone in the Indian Territory. — Abstract : Science, new ser., 
 vol. 23, p. 624, April 20, 1906. 
 
 569. Geography of Nebraska. Lincoln, Nebraska, The University Publish- 
 ing Co., 1906. 192 pp., 118 figs. 
 
 Describes physiographic features. 
 
 570. Geology and water resources of the Rei)iiblican River Valley and 
 adjacent areas, Nebraska. — U. S. Geol. Survey, W.-S. and Irrig. Paper, no. 216, 
 71 pp., 13 pis., 3 figs., 1907. 
 
 571. Opening of the Indian Territory. — Am. Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 39, no.* 6, 
 pp. 321-340, 9 figs.. June, 1907. 
 
 Includes a general account of the physiography, geology, and mineral resources. 
 Congres geologique international. 
 
 572. ProceS’Verbanx des seances generates. — Compte Rendn de la X® session, 
 Mexico, 1906, pp. 108-156, 1907. 
 
 Contains discussions of papers relating to the geology of North America. 
 
 Connecticut, State Geological and Natural History Survey. 
 
 573. Second biennial report of the commissioners, 1905-1906. Hartford 
 
 Press, 1906. 23 pp. 
 
 An administrative report. 
 
 Cook, C. W. 
 
 Datolite from Westfield, Massachusetts. — See Kraus and Cook, no. 1426. 
 Cook, Edward H. 
 
 574. La mina Santa Francisca. — Mexico, Secretarla de Fomento, Bol., 2“ 
 epoca, ano 6, no. 6, II, pp. 562-569, 2 pis., 1907. 
 
 Gives notes upon the local geology and the occurrence and character of the silver ores 
 at the Santa Francisca mine in the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico. 
 
 Cooper, W. F. 
 
 575. Geological report on, Bay County [Michigan]. — Michigan State Bd. 
 of Geol. Survey, Ann. Rept., 1905, pp. 135-426, 17 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of Carboniferous and Devonian strata, of 
 Quaternary deposits, and of the coal seams, the physical geography and drainage, the 
 economic products, and the water supply. 
 
 576. Geology and physical geography of Michigan. — Michigan Acad. Sci., 
 Ninth Rept., pp. 136-144, 1907. 
 
 Discusses various physiographic features of Michigan : origin and tilting of the Great 
 Lake basins, pre-Glacial drainage, terraces, etc. 
 
 Corey, G. W. 
 
 577. The Nonesuch sandstone. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, p. 778, 1 fig., 
 October 27, 1906. 
 
 Describes the character of the copper ore in the Nonesuch mine. Porcupine district, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Corkill, E. T. 
 
 578. Mines of Ontario. — Ontario, Bur. Mines, Rept., 1906, vol. 15, pt. 1, 
 pp. 47-107, 35 figs., 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence and geology of ore bodies. 
 
 579. Mica in Ontario. — Canadian Min. Jour., vol. 28, no. 9 (new ser., vOl. 1, 
 no. 7), pp. 196-200, 6 figs., June 15, 1907. 
 
54 BTBLTOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGA^, 1906-1907. 
 
 Cornforth, J. T. 
 
 580. Alaska and its jiossibilities. — Am. Mi-n. Congr., Kept, of Proc., 9th 
 Ann. 8ess., pp. 2(>0-26R, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the mineral resources. 
 
 Coste, Engene. 
 
 581. A'atnral gas and petroleum [in Ontario]. — Ontario, Bnr. Mines, Kept. 
 190G, vol. 15, pt. 1, pp. 108-115, 1906. 
 
 Includes records of borings. 
 
 582. The new Tilbnry and Ilomney oil fields of Kent County, Ontario. — 
 Canadian Min. Jour., vol. 28, no. 11 (new ser., vol. 1, no. 9), pp. 265-268, July 
 15, 1907. 
 
 583. The Tilbury oil field, Ontario. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 84, p. 779, 
 October 26, 1907. 
 
 Courtis, William M. 
 
 584. The Cobalt mining district. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, pp. 5-6, 
 5 figs., July 7, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology, and the occurrence and character of the ores of Cobalt, 
 Ontario. 
 
 585. The Priest Lake mining district, Idaho. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, 
 p. 866, November 10, 1906. 
 
 Contains notes on the general geology and the character of the ore deposits. 
 
 Courtis, W. M. 
 
 586. Gold in Michigan. — Michigan State Board of Geol. Survey, Kept, for 
 1906, pp. 581-584, 1907. 
 
 Crafts, H. A. 
 
 587. Some features of the great earthquake. — Sci. Am., vol. 94, p. 383, May 
 12, 1906. 
 
 Craig, E. H. Cunningham. 
 
 588. Geological structure of Trinidad. — Imperial Inst., Bull., vol. 5, no. 2, 
 pp. 175-179, 1907. 
 
 Crandall, Albert R. 
 
 589. The coals of the Big Sandy Valley, south of Louisa and between Tug 
 Fork and the headwaters of the north fork of Kentucky River. — Kentucky 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 4, 141 pp., 30 pis., 1905. 
 
 Describes the general geology and topography of the area, the occurrence, character, 
 thickness, and relations of the coal seams, giving numerous sections, and the character 
 and composition of the coals. 
 
 Crandall, Roderic. 
 
 590. The Cretaceous stratigraphy of the Santa Clara AAilley region in 
 California. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 24, ]>p. 33-54, 3 figs., July. 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of Cretaceous formations and gives lists of the fossils found 
 in different exposures. , 
 
 591. Tln‘ geolo.gy of the San Francisco Peninsula. — Am. l*hilos. Soc., Proc., 
 vol. 46, no. 185, pp. 3-58, 1 pi. (map), 3 tigs, and sections, 1907. 
 
 Describes the geologic formations and the petrography of their rocks, the geologic 
 structure and physiographic features, and the earth movements in the San Francisco 
 earthquake of April 18, 190G. 
 
 Crane, W. R. 
 
 592. Asphaltic coals in the Indian Territory; forms of the deposits, methods 
 of ])rospecting and mining. — Mines and. Minerals, vol. 2(», no. 6, pp. 252-2.14. 6 
 figs., January, 1906. 
 
 Describes the distribution, relations, and character of the coal deposits. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 55 
 
 Crane, W. R. — Coiitiiuiecl. 
 
 593. Lead and zinc mining in the Qnapaw district^ Oklahoma. — Mines and 
 Minerals, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 445-440, 1 fig.. May, IOOTj 
 
 Describes the character and occurrence of the ores. 
 
 Crespi, R. A. 
 
 594. Geology and development of Agnacate mines, (^osta Rica. — Min. World, 
 vol. 27, pp. 847-848, November 9, 1907, 
 
 Crider, A, F. 
 
 595. Geology and mineral resources of Mississippi. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 283, 99 pp., 4 pis., 5 figs., 1900. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, and relations of Devonian, Mississippian, Cre- 
 taceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary formations, and the mineral resources, mainly clays 
 and cement materials. 
 
 596. Clays of western Kentucky and Tennessee. — TJ. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 285, pp. 417-427, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology and the distribution and character of the Cretaceous and 
 Tertiary clays. 
 
 597. Drainage of wet lands in Arkansas by wells. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 W.-S. and Irrig. Paper no 100, pp. 54-58, 1 fig., 1900. 
 
 598. Cement and I’ortland cement materials of Mississippi. — Mississippi 
 State Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 1, 73 pp., 0 pis., 1907. 
 
 Crider, A. F., and Johnson, L. C. 
 
 599. Summary of the underground-water resources of Mississippi. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, W.-S. and Irrig. Paper no. 159, 86 pp., 6 pis., 11 figs., 1900. 
 
 Describes the topography, the general geology, the character and distribution of 
 Devonian, Carboniferous, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary formations, and the 
 underground-water resources. 
 
 Crook, Alja Robinson. 
 
 600. The making of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. — Pop. Sci. Monthly, 
 vol. 09, pp. 417-124, 7 figs., November, 1906. 
 
 Crosby, William O. 
 
 The limestone-granite contact deposits of Washington Camp, Arizona. — Am. 
 Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., vol. 30, pp. 026-046, 1900 (Bi-Mo. Bull. no. 6, pp. 1217- 
 1238, 1905). — See Crosby, 10, page 78 of Bnlletin no. 301, U. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
 601. Ore deposits of the eastern gold lielt of North Carolina. — Tech. Quart., 
 vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 280-280, September, 1907. 
 
 Describes the general geology, the genetic and structural relations of the gold-bearing 
 formations, and mining developments. 
 
 602. Volcanic action in Alaska. — Science, new ser., vol. 20, p. 78, July 19, 
 1907. 
 
 Cross, Whitman. 
 
 G03. Prowersose (syenitic lamprophyre) from Two Buttes, Colorado. — Jour. 
 Geology, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 105-172, 1900. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, the macroscopic and microscopic characters, and the chem- 
 ical composition, and compares it with similar rocks. 
 
 CC4. Stratigraphic results of a reconnaissance in western Colorado and 
 eastern Utah. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 034-079, 11 figs., 1907. 
 
 Discusses the correlation of Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic, and Carboniferous for- 
 mations. 
 
56 BIBLTOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. . 
 
 Cross, Whitman — Coiitiiined. 
 
 605 . Memoir of George H. Eldridge [1854-1905T. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., 
 vol. 17, pp. 681-687, 1907. 
 
 Gives also a list of his publications. 
 
 606 . Methods of igneous intrusion. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, 
 pp. 621-622, April 19, 1907. 
 
 Glacial phenomena of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. — See Howe and 
 Cross, no. 1247. 
 
 Cross, Whitman, Howe, Ernest, and Irving, J. D. 
 
 • 607 . Description of the Ouray quadrangle f Colorado]. — IT. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Geol. Atlas of V. S., folio no. 1.53, 20 pp., 4 figs., 2 maps, structure-section and 
 illustration sheets, 1907. 
 
 Describes the topography, the character, occurrence, and relations of Algonkian, 
 Devonian, Carboniferous, Triassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary deposits, and 
 of igneous surface and intrusive rocks, geologic structure and history, and the economic 
 resources, chiefly gold, silver, and coal. 
 
 Cross, Whitman, Iddings, .1. P., Pirsson, L. V., Washington, H. S. 
 
 608 . The texture of igneous rocks. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 692-707, 
 7 figs., 1906. 
 
 Discusses the description of the texture of igneous rocks and sets forth a nomenclature 
 for this purpose. 
 
 Cumings, Edgar R. 
 
 609 . — The weathering of the Subcarboniferous limestones of southern In- 
 diana. — Indiana Acad. Sci., Proc., 1905, pp. 85-89, 22 figs., 1906. 
 
 610 . Description of the Bryozoa of the Salem limestone of southern In- 
 diana. — Indiana, Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res., 30th Ann.^Rept., pp. 1274-1296, illus., 
 1906. 
 
 611 . Gasteropoda, Cephalopoda, and Trilobita of the Salem limestone. — 
 Indiana, Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res., 30th Ann. Rept., pp. 1335-1375, illus., 1906. 
 
 Cumings, Edgar R., and Beede, Joshua W. 
 
 612 . Fauna of the Salem limestone of Indiana : Introduction. — Indiana, Dept. 
 Geol. and Nat. Res., 30th Ann. Rept., pp. 1189-1201, 6 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes the localities from which collections were made, and gives general notes 
 in regard to the fauna. 
 
 Curtis, George Carroll. 
 
 613 . Looking into the Caribbean craters. A personal narrative of ascents to 
 the active craters of La Soufriere and Pelee. — The Century Magazine, vol. 65, 
 no. 3, pp. 420-434, 10 figs., January, 1903. 
 
 Cushing, H. P. 
 
 614 . Geology of the Long Lake quadrangle. — New York State Mus., Bull. 
 115, pp. 451-5.31, 20 pis., 2 figs., geol. map, 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, and relations of pre-Cambrian sedimentary and 
 igrfeous intrusive rocks and the petrogra|)bic characters of the latter, the topography and 
 the glaciation. 
 
 615 . How faults should be named and classified. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, 
 no. 4, pp. 43.3-4.35, 1 fig., June, 1907. 
 
 616 . Asymmetric differentiation in a bathylith of Adirondack syenite. — Geol. 
 Soc. America, Bull., vol. 18, pp. 477-492, 1 i)l., December, 1907. Abstract; 
 Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 774, May 17, 1907. 
 
 617 . Physical oscillations during the Cambro-Silurian in northeastern New 
 York. — Abstract ; Science, new ser., vol. 26, p. 40.3, September 27, 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 57 
 
 Cushing-, H. I*. — Continued. 
 
 Report of a special committee on the correlation of the pre-Cambrian rocks 
 of the Adirondack Mountains, the “ original Laiirentian area ” of Canada, and 
 eastern Ontario. — See Adams and others, no. 13. 
 
 Cushman, Joseph A. 
 
 618. Types in the paleontological collections of the Boston Society of Natural 
 History. — Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 249-27.5, May, 1007. 
 
 Daggett, Ellsworth. 
 
 619. The extraordinary faulting at the Berlin Mine, Nevada. — Am. Inst. 
 Min. Eng., Bi-Mo. Bull., no. 14, pp. .331-.344, 5 figs., March, 1907 ; Eng. and Min. 
 Jour., vol. 83, pp, 617-621, 6 figs., March 30, 1907. 
 
 Dale, T. Nelson. 
 
 620. The geological history of Mount Greylock f Massachusetts!. Pitts- 
 field, Massachusetts, 1906. 17 pp., 5 figs. 
 
 621. Slate deposits and slate industry of the United States. — IT. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 275, 154 pp., 25 pis., 15 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the origin, composition, and structure of slate, the methods of quarrying, 
 and the occurrence of slates in various States of the Union. 
 
 622. Note on a new variety of Maine slate. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull no. 
 285, pp. 449-450, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character. 
 
 623. The granites of Maine. With an introduction by George Otis Smith. — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 313, 202 pp., 14 pis., 39 figs., 1907. 
 
 624. Recent work on New England granites. — IT, S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 315, pp. 356-359, 1907. 
 
 Dale, T. Nelson, and Eckel, Edwin C. 
 
 625. Slate deposits of the United States. — T^. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 275, 
 pp. 51-125, 18 pis., 12 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the character and occurrence of slates in various States. 
 
 Dali, William Healey. 
 
 626. Biographical memoir of Charles Emerson Beecher, 1856-1904. (Read 
 before the National Academy of Sciences, November 16, 1904.) Washington, 
 1906. — [Nat. Acad. Sci., Biog. Mem., a^oI. 6], pp. 57-70, 1 pi. (port.). 
 
 Includes a list of his publications. 
 
 627. Note on the genus Psilocochlis Dali. — Nautilus, vol. 20, no. 11, j). 128, 
 March, 1907. 
 
 628. On climatic conditions at Nome, Alaska, during the I’iiocene, and on a 
 new species of Pecten from the Nome gold-bearing gravels. — Am. Jour. Sci., 
 4th ser., vol. 23, pp. 457-458, 1 fig., June, 1907. 
 
 629. A review of the American Volutidie. — Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 48 
 (Quart. Issue, vol. 3, pt. 3), pp. .341-.373, 1907. 
 
 630. Notes on some upper Cretaceous Volutidre, with descriptions of new 
 species and a revision of the groups to which they belong. — Smithsonian Misc. 
 Coll., vol. 50 (Quart. Issue, vol. 4, pt. 1), pp. 1-23, 13 figs., 1907. 
 
 Daly, Reginald. 
 
 631. The differentiation of a secondary magma through gravitative adjust- 
 ment. — Festschrift Harry Rosenbusch, E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhand- 
 lung, Stuttgart, 1906, pp. 203-233, 2 figS. 
 
 The discussion is largely based upon a study of the Moyie sill in the I’urcell Mountain 
 Range along the international boundary between Port Hill, Idaho, and Gateway, Montana. 
 
58 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1901 
 
 Daly, Reginald — Continued. 
 
 632 . The Okanagan batholith of the Cascade Mountain system. — Geol. Soc. 
 America, Bull., vol. 17, pp. 329-376, 14 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, relations, and petrographic features of igneous rocks along 
 the international boundary in the Cascade Mountains. ^ 
 
 633 . Abyssal igneous injection as a causal condition and as an effect of 
 mountain building. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4tb ser., vol. 22, pp. 195-216, 3 figs, Sep- 
 tember, 1906. Abstract; Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 367-368, September 21, 
 1906. 
 
 634 . The nomenclature of the North American Cordillera between the 47th 
 and 53d parallels of latitude. — Geog. Jour., vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 586-606, 1 fig., 
 June, 1906. 
 
 635 . Rei)ort on field operations in the geology of the mountains crossed by 
 the international boundary (49th parallel). — Canada, Dept, of the Interior, 
 Rept. of the Chief Astronomer ([4. IX of the Ann. Dept. Rept. for 1905), pp. 
 278-283, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the geologic structure and stratigraphy. Discusses the occurrence 
 of oil in Alberta. 
 
 636. The limeless ocean of ime-Cambriau time. — Am. .Tour. Sci., 4tb ser., vol. 
 23, pp. 93-115, February, 1907. 
 
 Proposes and discusses the hypothesis of lack of lime salts in the ocean in pre Cambrian 
 time to explain the nonfossil iferous character of Algonkian deposits. 
 
 637 . Report on field operations in the geology of the mountains crossed by 
 the international boundary (49tb parallel). — Canada, Dept, of the Interior, 
 Rept. of the Chief Astronomer (pt. V of the Ann. Dept. Rept. for 1906), pp. 
 1.3.3-135, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology of the country examined. 
 
 638 . Abyssal igneous injection as a causal condition and as an effect of 
 mountain building. — Abstract: Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vols. 56-57, pp. 267- 
 268, 1907. 
 
 Danes, I vie V. 
 
 639 . Im Karstgebiete Jamaica’s. — Soc. bongroise de Geog., Abrege du Bull., 
 Suppl. an Fbldrajzi Kiizlemenyek, vol. 35, livr. 7, ])p. 129-1.30, 1906. 
 
 Describes briefly a study of the karsts of .Tamaica. 
 
 640. Das Erdbeben von San Jacinto am 25. Dezember, 1899. — K. k. geog. 
 Gesell. in Wien, Mitt., Bd. .50, no. 6 u. 7, pp. 339-.347, 1907. 
 
 Describes the San .Tacinto earthquake of December 2 ~*, 1800, of southern California and 
 gives notes upon the geology of the region. 
 
 Dappert, J*. W. 
 
 641 . Sedimentation, its relation to drainage. — Illinois Soc. Eng. and Sur- 
 veyors, 21st Ann. Rept., pp. 82-94, 1906. 
 
 Darton, Nelson Horatio. 
 
 642 . Geology of the Owl Creek ^Mountains, with notes on resources of ad- 
 joining regions in the ceded itortion of the Shoshone Indian Re.^iervatiou, 
 Wyoming. — 59tb Congress, 1st session. Senate Document no. 219, 1906. 48 ])p.. 
 19 pis., 1 fig. 
 
 Describes the topographic features, the character, occurrence, and relations of pre- 
 Camhrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous, Triassic, .Turassic, Cretaceous, and 
 Tertiary rocks, the geologic structure and history, and the mineral and water resources 
 of the area. 
 
 643 . The hot springs at Tbermopolis, Wyoming. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14. no. 
 3, pp. 194-200, 4 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic structure and hot-si)ring deposits at this place, and the char- 
 acter and source of the water and the origin of its heat. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 59 
 
 Darton, Nelson Horatio — Continued. 
 
 644 . Fish remains in Ordovician rocks in Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming, 
 with a resume of Ordovician geology of the Northwest. — Geol. Soc. America, 
 Bull., vol. 17, pp. 541-5GG, 7 pis., G figs., 190G. 
 
 Describes the general geology of the Bighorn uplift and more particularly the occur- 
 rence, character, relations, and faunal content of the Ordovician deposits of Wyoming, 
 Montana, and Colorado. 
 
 645 . Description of the Bald Mountain and Dayton quadrangles, Wyoming. — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas of U. S., folio no. 141, 15 pp., G figs., 7 maps, 
 1 columnar section sheet, 2 illustration sheets, 1906. 
 
 Describes tlie physiographic features, the occurrence, character, and relations of pre- 
 Cambrian igneous rocks and of Cambrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous, Triassicl?), 
 Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary formations, the geologic structure and 
 history, and the economic geology. 
 
 646 . Description of Cloud 1‘eak and Pk)rt IMcKinney quadrangles, Wyoming. — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas of Ik S., folio no. 142, IG pp., 6 figs., 7 ma])S, 1 
 columnar section sheet, 2 illustration sheets, 190G. 
 
 Describes the physiographic features, the occurrence, character, and relations of pre- 
 Cambrian igTieous rocks and of Cambrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous, TriassicI ?) 
 Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary formations, the geologic structure and 
 history, and the economic geology. 
 
 647 . Geology of the Bighorn Mountains. — V. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 
 no. 51, 129 pp., 47 pis., 14 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the topographic features, the occurrence, character, relations, and fauna of 
 pre-Cambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous, Triassic, .Turassic, Ci’etaceous, 
 Tertiary, and Quaternary formations, the glaciation, the geological structure and history, 
 and the economic resources. 
 
 648 . Geology and underground waters of the Arkansas Valley in eastern 
 Colorado. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper no. 52, 90 pp., 27 pis., 2 figs., 190G. 
 
 Describes the configuration and general geology, the occurrence, character, and rela- 
 tions of Cambrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous, Triassic (?), Cretaceous, Tertiary, and 
 Quaternary formations and of igneous rocks, the geologic history, and the underground 
 waters. 
 
 649 . Mineral resources of the Bighorn Mountain region. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 285, pp. 303-310, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and economic value of coal, gold, and other mineral deposits. 
 
 650 . The Great Plains of the central United States. — Scottish Geog. Mag., 
 vol. 32, pp. 9-18, G figs., 1906. 
 
 651 . Discovery of Cambrian rocks in southeastern California. — .Tour. Geol- 
 ogy, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 470-473, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 652. Coals of Carbon County, Mont. — V. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 31G, pp. 
 174-193, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 653 . Red beds in the Laramie mountain r(‘gion. — Abstract: Geol. Soc. Amer- 
 ica, Bull., vol. 17, pp. 724-725, 1907. 
 
 654 . Bighorn Mountains. — Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 18, no. G, j)]). 355-3G4, 8 
 figs., June, 1907. 
 
 655 . Mexico, the treasure house of the world. — Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 18, 
 no. 8, pp. 49.3-519, 23 figs., August, 1907. 
 
 Darton, N. II., and O’Harra, C. C. 
 
 656 . Description of the Devils Tower quadrangle [Wyoming]. — II. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Geol. Atlas of T^. S., folio no. 1.50, 9 pp., 3 maps, columnar section and 
 structure section sheets, 1907. 
 
 Describes the geography, the occurrence, character, and relations of Triassic, .Turassic, 
 Fretaceous, and Tertiary strata, and igneous rocks, the geologic structure and history, 
 the mineral resources, and water supply. 
 
60 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 David, T. W. Edgeworth. 
 
 657. Conditions of climate at different geological ejtoclis, with special refer- 
 ence to glacial epochs. — Congr. geol. intern., C. 11., KF sess., Mexico, 1906, pi>. 
 4.37^82, 9 pis., 1907. 
 
 Davidson, George. 
 
 658. The San Francisco earthquake of April 18, 1900. — Am. Philos. Soc., 
 Proc., vol. 45, pp. 164-165, 1906. 
 
 659. Points of interest involved in the San Francisco earthquake. — Am. 
 Philos. Soc., Proc., vol. 45, pp. 178-182, 1906. 
 
 Davis, Charles A. 
 
 660. Peat, essays on its origin, uses, and distribution in Michigan. — Michi- 
 gan Geol. Survey, Ilept. State Geol. for 1906, pp. 93-395, 19 pis., 19 figs., 1907. 
 
 661. Israel Cook Ilussell. — Michigan Acad. Sci., Ninth Kept., pp 28-31, 1907. 
 
 662. Some interesting glacial phenomena in the Marquette region [Michi- 
 gan]. — INIichigan Acad. Sci., Ninth Kept., pp. 132-135, 1907. 
 
 Davis, Ralph E. 
 
 663. Mississippi Yalley lead and zinc district. — Min. World, vol. 24, no. 18, 
 pp. 548-549, 4 figs., May 5, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology and the occurrence of the ores in the Wisconsin-Iowa-Illinois 
 field. 
 
 Davis, William Morris. 
 
 664. The relations of the earth-sciences in view of their progress in the 
 nineteenth century. — Congress of Arts and Sciences. Fniversal Exposition, St. 
 Louis, 1904, vol. 4, pp. 488-503, 1906. 
 
 665. The geographical cycle in an arid climate. — Geog. Jour., vol. 27, no. 1, 
 pp. 70-73, January, 1906. 
 
 666. The physiography of the Adirondacks. — Science, new .ser., vol. 23, 
 pp. 630-631, April 20, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the formation of scarps in the Adirondacks. 
 
 667. The Colorado Canyon and its lessons. — Liverpool Geol. Soc., Proc., 
 vol. 10, pt. 2,. pp. 98-102, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 668. The sculpture of mountains by glaciers. — Scottish Geog. Mag., vol. 22, 
 no. 2, pp. 76-89, 3 figs., 1906. Abstract: Rrit. Assoc. Adv.*Sci., Kept, of 75th 
 meeting, pp. 393-394, 1906. 
 
 Presents criteria for distinguishing glaciated from nonglaciated mountains. 
 
 669. Incised meandering valleys. — Philadelifiiia Geog. Soc., Hull., vol. 4, 
 no. 4, pp. 1-11 (182-192), 9 figs., 1906. 
 
 670. Professor Nathaniel S. Shaler. — Am. Jour. Sci.. 4th ser., vol. 21, pp. 
 480-481, June, 1906. 
 
 671. Professor Shaler and the Lawrence Scientific School. — Harvard Eng. 
 Jour., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 129-138, November, 1906. 
 
 Describes the work of Professor Shaler at Harvard Thiiversity. 
 
 672. Symposium on general geography: the physical factor. — The Educa- 
 tional P>i-]\ronthly (published by the Chicago Normal School), vol. 1. no. 2, 
 pp. 112-12.3, December, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the use of physiographic data in the teaching of geography. 
 
 673. The j)lace of coa.stal ])lains in systematic physiography. — Jour. Geog., 
 vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 8-15, January, 1907. 
 
 674. Current notes on land forms: Fault blocks in the Sierra Nevada. — 
 Science, new ser., vol. 2.5, p. 72, January 11, 1907. 
 
 675. Current notes on land forms: Technique of physiographic descrip- 
 tions. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, pj). 72-73, January 11, 1907. 
 
61 
 
 BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Davis, William Morris — Continued. 
 
 676 . The systematic study of mountains. — vScience, new ser., vol. 25, p. 396, 
 March 8, 1907. 
 
 677 . The terraces of tho Maryland coastal plain. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, 
 pp. 701-707, May 3, 1907. 
 
 678 . Hanging valleys. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 835-836, 3 figs.. May 
 24, 1907. 
 
 679 . Current notes on land forms: The wolds and vales of belted coastal 
 plains. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 947-948, June 14, 1907. 
 
 680 . Current notes on land forms: Southern Arkansas and northern I.,ouisi- 
 ana. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, j)p. 948-949, June 14, 1907. 
 
 681 . Current notes on land forms: Earthquake fissures and scarps; fault 
 scarps and fault-line scai*i)s. — Science, new ser., vol. 26, pp. 90-92, July 19, 1907. 
 
 682 . Current notes on land forms : Pit craters in Mexico. — Science, new 
 ser., vol. 26, p. 226, August 16, 1907. 
 
 Davison, Charles. 
 
 683 . The San Francisco earthquake of April 18. — Nature, \ ol. 73, pp. 608-610, 
 April 26, 1906. Sci. Am. Suppl., vol. 61, pp. 2.5416-2.5417, May 26, 1906. 
 
 684 . The Kingston earthquake. — Nature, vol. 75, p. 296, January 24, 1907. 
 
 Davison, John M. 
 
 685 . Quartz nodule with radiate structure. — Rochester Acad. Sci., Proc., 
 vol. 3, pp. 268-269, 1906. 
 
 The Estacado aerolite. — ;See Howard and Davison, no. 1242. 
 
 Dawson, George M. 
 
 686. Note on the geological structure of the Selkirk Range (extract from 
 Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 2, pp. 165-176, 1891). — In 
 Wheeler, A. O., The Selkirk Range, vol. 1, Ottawa, Government Printing 
 Bureau, 1905, pp. 405-409, 1 fig. 
 
 Day, Arthur L. 
 
 687 . Mineral solution and fusion under high temperatures and pressures. — 
 Carnegie Inst, of Washington, Yearb. no. 4, 1905, pp. 224-230, 1906. 
 
 Details methods and progress of experimentation upon certain groups of minerals. 
 
 688. Investigation of mineral solution and fusion under high temperatures 
 and pressures. — Carnegie Inst, of Washington, Yearb. no. 5, pp. 177-185, 1907. 
 
 689 . Methods o:^ igneous intrusion. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, 
 p. 622, April 19, 1907. 
 
 Day, Arthur L., Allen, E. T., Shepherd, E. S., White, W. I*., and Wright, 
 Fred. Eugene. 
 
 690 . Die Kalkkieselreihe der Minerale. — Tschermak’s Mineral, u. Petrog. 
 Mitt. (N. F.), Bd. 26, Heft 3, pp. 169-232, 1907. 
 
 Describes experiments upon the melting points of the lime-silica series of minerals. 
 
 Day, Arthur L., and Shepherd, E. S. 
 
 691 . The lime-silica series of minerals. — Am. Chem. Soc., Jour., vol. 28, 
 no. 10, pp. 1089-1114, 2 figs., September, 1906. 
 
 692. The lime-silica series of minerals. With optical study by Fred E. 
 Wright. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 22, pp. 265-302, 4 figs., October, 1906. 
 
 693 . Discussion of paper by T. T. Read : The phase rule and conceptions of 
 igneous magma. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 286-289, December-January, 
 1905-1906. 
 
62 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Day, David T. 
 
 694. Black sands of the placer mines of the United States. — 59th Cong., 
 1st Sess., Sen. Doc. no. 65, pp. 8-15, 1905. 
 
 695. The auriferous black sands of California. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, 
 no. 12, pp. 564-565, July, 1907. 
 
 696. Black sands of the Pacific coast. — Franklin Inst., Jonr., vol. 164, no. 2, 
 pp. 141-153, August, 1907; Min. World, vol. 27, pp. 891, 974, 1013, 1907. 
 
 Mineral resources of the United States, calendar year, 1905. — See U. S. Geo- 
 logical Survey, no. 2418. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1906 of platinum. — See no. 2419. 
 Day, David T., and Richards, R. H. 
 
 697. Investigation of the black sands from placer mines. — U. S. Geol. Sur- 
 rey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 150-164, 1906. 
 
 Presents in tabular form the results of the examination of black sands from the 
 Pacific slope and from various placer-mining districts, and describes concentration ex- 
 periments. 
 
 Mineral resources of the United States, 1905 : black sands. — See no. 2418. 
 Dean, Bashford. 
 
 698. Dr. Eastman's recent papers on the kinship of the Arthrodires. — Sci- 
 ence, new ser., -vol. 26, pp. 46-50, July 12, 1907. 
 
 Deckert, Emil. 
 
 699. Die Yulkanausbriiche von Martinique und St. Vincent. — Frankfurter 
 Vereins f. Geogr. und Statistik, Jahresb., 66-67. iip. 153-156, 1903. 
 
 Describes volcanic eruptions on the islands of Martinique and St. Vincent. 
 
 De Kalb, Courtenay. 
 
 700. Secondary enrichment upward. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 93, p. 176, 
 August 11, 1906. 
 
 Describes an instance of secondary enrichment in copper deposits north of Lake Huron. 
 
 701. Do the geological relations of ore deposits justify the retention of the 
 law of the apex? — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 8, pp. 801-809, 1906. 
 
 702. Geology of the Exposed Treasure lode. Mojave, California. — Am. Inst. 
 Min. Eng., Bi-Mo. Bull., no. 13, pp. 15-24. 3 figs., January, 1907. 
 
 Describes the lithology, the geologic structure, the periods of faulting, and the forma- 
 tion of the ores. 
 
 De Lury, Justin S. 
 
 703. Cobaltite occurring in northern Ontario, Canada. — ^Am. Jour. Sci., 
 4th ser., vol. 21, pp. 275-276, 1 fig., April, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and characters of the crystals. 
 
 Demming, Henry C. 
 
 704. Report of the mineralogist. — Pennsylvania Dept. Agric., 10th Ann. Rept., 
 pp. 438-140, 1905. 
 
 Gives notes on mineral resources of Pennsylvania. 
 
 705. Report of the geologist. — Pennsylvania Dept. Agric., 10th Ann. Rept., 
 pp. 459-462, 1905. 
 
 Includes notes upon the geology and mineral resources of Pennsylvania. 
 
 706. Report of the mineralogist. — Pennsylvania Dept. Agric., 11th Ann 
 Rept., pp. 447-451, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes upon mineral resources of Pennsylvania. 
 
 707. Report of the geologist. — Pennsylvania Dept. Agric., 11th Ann. Rept., 
 pp. 451-454, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes upon the economic resources of Pennsylvania. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 63 
 
 Demming, Heury C. — Continued. 
 
 708 . Report of the mineralogist. — Pennsylvania Dept. Agric., 12th Ann. Kept., 
 pp. 466-470, 1907. 
 
 Gives notes upon the mineral resources of Pennsylvania. 
 
 709 . Report of consulting geologist. — Pennsylvania Dept. Agric., 12th Ann. 
 Rept., pp. 473^76, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes upon the economic resources of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Denis, Theo. 
 
 710 . Western oil, gas, and coal fields.^ — ^Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. 
 for 1906, pp. 164-169, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes on the occurrence of oil, natural gas, and coal in Ontario, Alberta, and 
 British Columbia. 
 
 Dennis, Clifford G. 
 
 711 . Rare mercury ores. — Min. and Sci. l*ress, vol. 95, p. 92, 2 tigs., July 20, 
 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of quicksilver ores at Terlingua, Brewster County, Texas. 
 Derby, Alice Greenwood. 
 
 712 . A subject index of the publications of the Geological Survey of Ohio, 
 from its inception to and including Bulletin number eight, series four. — Ohio 
 Geol. Survey, 4th ser.. Bull. no. 6, pp. 15-233, 1906. 
 
 Derletii, Charles, Jr. 
 
 713 . Some effects of the San Francisco earthquake on water- w’orks, streets, 
 sewers, car tracks, and buildings. — Eng. News, vol. 55, no. 20, pp. 548-554, 20 
 figs.. May 17, 1906. 
 
 714 . The destructive extent of the San Francisco earthquake of 1906. — Eng. 
 News, vol. 55, no. 26, pp. 707-713, 17 figs., June 28, 1906. 
 
 Discusses movement along the fault line, producing the earthquake. 
 
 Dern, John. 
 
 715 . The mining and mineral resources of Utah. — Am. Min. Congr., Rept. 
 of Proc., 9th Ann. Sess., pp. 166-177, 1907 ; Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, no. 6, 
 pp. 250-252, January, 1907. 
 
 Deussen, Alexander. 
 
 716 . Cement resources and industry of Texas. — The Tradesman, Chatta- 
 nooga, Tenn., vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 46-49, November 15, 1906. 
 
 DeWolf, Frank W. 
 
 717 . Coal investigations in the Saline-Gallatin field, Illinois, and the ad- 
 joining area. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 316, pp. 116-136, 2 pis., 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Preliminary investigations of Illinois fire clays. — See Purdy and DeWolf, 
 no. 1973. 
 
 DeWolf e, Loran A. 
 
 718 . The structure and succession at North Sydney and Sydney Mines, 
 C. B. — Nova Scotian Inst. Sci., Trans., vol. 11, pt. 2, pp. 289-323, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, and relations of the Carboniferous strata of the 
 region, including many detailed sections, and gives a summary of the geologic history. 
 
 Diaz, Severo. 
 
 719 . Efemerides del volcan de Colima segun las observaciones practicades 
 en los observatorios de Zapotlan y Colima de 1893 a 1905.— Congr. geol. intern., 
 C. R., 10® sess., Mexico, 1906, pp. 763-960, 6 pis., 1907. 
 
 A daily record of observations made on the volcano Colima, 
 
64 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF XOETH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Dickson, Charles W. 
 
 720. Genetic relations of nickel-copper ores, with special reference to the 
 deposits at St. Stephen, X. B., and Sohland, Germany. — Canadian Min. Inst., 
 Joiir., vol. 9, pp. 236-260, 6 figs., 1906; Canadian Min. Rev., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 144- 
 151, May, 1906. 
 
 Diller, Joseph Silas. 
 
 721. Description of the Redding quadrangle [California]. — U. S. Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Geol. Atlas of V. S., folio no. 138, 14 pp., 1 fig., 3 maps, 1 columnar section 
 sheet, 1906. 
 
 Describes the physiographic features, the occurrence, character, and relations of Devo- 
 nian, Carboniferous. Trlassic, .Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary formations, 
 and of igneous rocks, the geologic structure and history, and the economic resources, 
 chiefiy gold, silver, and copper. 
 
 722. Drainage of the Taylorsville region, California, during the auriferous 
 gravel period. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 23, p. 814, May 25, 1906. 
 
 723. Age of the pre-volcanic auriferous gravels in California.— Washington 
 Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 8, pp. 405-406, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the age of the auriferous gravels of the Sierra Nevada in California in the 
 light of evidence offered by fossil plants and marine shells occurring in Oregon. 
 
 724. The Mesozoic sediments of southwestern Oregon. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th 
 ser., vol. 23, pp. 401^21, 1 fig., June, 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and characters of .Jurassic and Cretaceous formations in south- 
 western Oregon and discusses their relations. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1906 of asbestos. — See no. 2419. 
 Dobbs, W. Stewart. 
 
 725. [Report on a reconnaissance of] the region^ south of Cape Tatnam, 
 Hudson Bay. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. for 1905, pp. 69-73, 1906. 
 
 Gives various data in regard to the character of the region visited and the exposed 
 rocks. 
 
 Dodge, Charles liichards. 
 
 726. The volcano of Colima [Mexico]. — Sci. Am. Suppl., vol. 56, p. 23092, 
 1903. 
 
 Dole, Richard B. 
 
 727. Use of fluorescein in the study of underground waters. — I'. S. Geol. 
 Survey, W.-S. and Irrig. Paper no. 160, pp. 73-85, 1906. 
 
 D’Ooge, Martin L. 
 
 Israel Cook Russell. — See Bombard and D'Ooge, no. 1611. 
 
 Doolittle, J. E. 
 
 728. Gold dredging in California. — California State Min. Bur., Bull. no. 36, 
 pp. 7-108, 70 figs., 3 maps, 1905. • 
 
 Douglass, Earl S. 
 
 729. Generic names of Merycoidcxlonts. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 565- 
 567, November 2, 1906. 
 
 730. Mct'i/cochocnis and a new genus of Merycoidodonts, with some notes on 
 other Agriochceridie. — Carnegie Mus., Annals, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 84-98, 1 pi., July, 
 1907. 
 
 Includes also some discussion of the succession and relations of Tertiary beds of the 
 West. 
 
 731. Some new Merycoidodonts. — Carnegie Mus., ^Annals, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 
 99-109, 9 pis., July, 1907. 
 
 732. New Mervcoidodonts fi-om the Miocene of Montana. — Am. Mus. Nat. 
 Hist, Bull., vol. 2%, pp. S09-S22, 9 figs., 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1U06-1U07. 65 
 
 Dowling*, D. B. 
 
 733 . The northern extension of the Elk River coal basin. — Canada, Ceol. 
 Survey, Snmm. Kept, for 1905, pp. 59-62, 1906. 
 
 Includes data upon the geology of the region. 
 
 734 . Rocky Mountain coal areas between the Bow and Yellowhead passes. — 
 Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. for 1906, pp. 66-73, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology and on the occurrence of coal-bearing beds. 
 
 735 . Cretaceous section in the Moose INIountains district, southern Alberta. — 
 Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 17, pp. 295-302, 1 tig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the character, occurrence, relations, and geologic horizon of Cretaceous forma- 
 tions in Alberta, Canada. 
 
 736 . Report on the Cascade coal basin, All)erta. — Canada, Geol. Survey, 
 
 1907. 37 pp., 5 pis., 5 figs., and 8 maps. 
 
 Describes the geology of the region, the relations and distribution of the coal seams, 
 and the character of the coal. 
 
 737 . The coals and coal fields of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. — 
 Canadian Min. Jour., vol. 28, no. 5 (new ser., vol. 1, no. 3), pp. 81-83, April 15, 
 1907. 
 
 Dresser, John A. 
 
 738 . [Report on] St. Bruno Mountain. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. 
 for 1905, pp. 113-115, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes on the general geology and the rocks of the area. 
 
 739 . A study in the metamorphic rocks of the St. Francis Valley. Quebec.— 
 Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, pp. 67-76, 4 figs., January, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the character, occurrence, and i*elations of metamorphic, igneous, and clastic 
 rocks in this region. 
 
 740 . The Monteregian Hills : a series of volcanic buttes. — Jour. Geog., vol. 5, 
 no. 2, pp. 74-77, 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes their physiographic characters and history. 
 
 741 . Copper deposits of the eastern townships of Quebec.— Econ. Geology, 
 vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 445—453, 1 fig., 1906 ; Can. Min. Rev,, vol. 26, no. 6^ pp. 186-188, 
 June, 1906. 
 
 Describes the classification and distribution of the deposits, their relation to the 
 inclosing rocks, and the origin and value of the ores. 
 
 742 . Igneous rocks of the eastern townshi])s of Quebec. — Geol. Soc. America, 
 Bull., vol. 17, pp. 497-522, 2 pis., 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Reviews previous work upon the area and descril)es the occurrence, lithologic character, 
 and relations of igneous and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. 
 
 743 . Report on the geology of Brome Mountain, Quebec. — Canada, Geol, 
 Survey, Ann. Rept., vol. 16, pt. G, 22 pp., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and petrographic and chemical characters of the igneous rocks. 
 
 Dryer, Charles Redway. 
 
 744 . The geologic features of the Finger T.ak(‘ region, New York. — Abstract : 
 Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 371-372, September 21, 19(X> ; Am. Assoc. Adv. 
 Sci., I’roc., vol. .56-57, p. 272, 1907. 
 
 745 . Studies in Indiana geography. First series, revised tnlition. Terre 
 
 Haute, Indiana, The Inland Publishing Company. 1907. 114 pp., 10 maps. 
 
 Duerden, James E. 
 
 746 . The i)rimary septa in i ugos(‘ corals. — Science, lunv ser., vol. 24, pp. 246- 
 247, August 24, 1906. 
 
 068.36— Bull. .372— B9 5 
 
66 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Duerden, James E. — Coiitiuued. 
 
 747. The morphology of the Madreporaria. VIII, The primary septa of the 
 Kugosa. — Ami. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., vol. 18, pp. 220-242, 21 figs., Sep- 
 tember, 1906. 
 
 The discussion is based in part upon American material. 
 
 748 . Studies of the morphology, physiology, and the develoiiment of recent 
 and fossil corals with bibliography. — Michigan Acad. Sci., Bull., vol. 2, no. 1, 
 pp. 3-4, May, 1905. 
 
 Duffield, M. S. 
 
 749 . The Alaska Central railway. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 81, pp. 755-759, 
 7 figs., April 21, 1906. 
 
 Contains notes on the ph"siography and geology of Alaska. 
 
 Dumais, P. H. 
 
 750 . Qnelqnes apergiis sur la geologie du Saguenay. — Le Natiiraliste Caua- 
 dieu, vol. 27, pp. 11-14, 24-25, 42-47, 72-77, 106-109, 133-136, 178-182, 1900 ; vol. 
 29, pp. 149-152, 172-175, 182-184, 1902; vol. 30, pp. 23-28, 70-74, 137-142, 147- 
 149, 172-176, 1903; vol. 31, pp. 15-19, 42^6, 63-66, 87-88, 1904; vol. 32, pp. 
 15-16, 30-33, 51-54, 1905. 
 
 Dumble, Edwin T. 
 
 751 . Age of petroleum deposits, Saratoga, Texas. — Science, new ser., vol. 23, 
 pp. 510-511, March 30, 1906. 
 
 Prom fossils identified by Dr. W. H. Dali the age is held to be upper Miocene. 
 
 Dutton, Clarence Edward. 
 
 752 . Volcanoes and radioactivity. (Read before the National Academy of 
 Sciences, April 17, 1906.) Englewood, N. J., 1906. 12 pp. Also in Jour. Geol- 
 ogy, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 259-268, 1906 ; and in Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 68, no. 6, 
 pp. 543-550, June, 1906. 
 
 Explains the phenomena of volcanism as due to radioactivity generated in the earth. 
 Eakle, Arthur S. 
 
 753 . Notes on law^sonite, colnmbite, beryl, barite, and calcite. — California 
 Univ., Dept. GeoL, Bull., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 81-94, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence, composition, and crystallographic and other characters of 
 these minerals. 
 
 754 . Weathered pyrite. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 95, p. 492, October 19, 
 1907. 
 
 Eames, Richard, Jr. 
 
 755 . Copper in North Carolina. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 83, p. 583, March 
 23, 1907. 
 
 Eastman, Charles R. 
 
 756 . Dipnoan affinities of Arthrodires. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser.. vol. 21, 
 pp. 131-143, 4 figs., February, 1906. Abstract : Science, new ser.. vol. 23, p. 290, 
 February 23, 1906; Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., I*roc., vol. 55, p. 379, 1906. 
 
 757 . Structure and relations of Mi/lostoma . — Harvard Coll., Mns. Comp, 
 Zool., Bull., vol. 50, no. 1, i)j». 1-29, 5 pis., 8 figs., 1906. 
 
 758 . Mylostomid dentition, — Harvard Coll., Mus. Comp, Zool., Bull., vol. .50. 
 no. 7, pp. 211-228, I j)!., 4 figs., 1907. 
 
 Discusses the relations of the dental parts in Mylostomid fishes. 
 
 759 . Types of fossil cetaceans in the Museum of Comi)arative Zoology. — 
 Harvard College, Mus. Comp. Zool., Bull., vol. 51, no. 3, pih 79-94, 4 i)ls., 
 figs., June, 1907. 
 
 o 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 67 
 
 Eastman, Charles R. — Continued. 
 
 760. Devonic fishes of the New York formations. — New York State Mus., 
 Mem. 10, 235 pp., 15 pis., 35 figs., 1907. 
 
 Eberle, Frank. 
 
 761. The Willamette meteorite. — Min. World, vol. 23, no. 10, ]>. 279, Septem- 
 ber 9, 1905. 
 
 Eckel, Edwin C. 
 
 762. Cement materials of Mississippi. — T". S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 283, 
 pp. 71-84, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of limestones suitable for cement manufacture. 
 
 763. Contributions to economic geology, 1905: Investigation of iron ores and 
 nonmetalliferous minerals. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 20-24, 1906. 
 
 Outlines the work in progress of the IT. S. Geological Survey upon iron ores, fuels, 
 structural materials, and miscellaneous nonmetals. 
 
 764. The Clinton or red ores of northern Alabama. — IT. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 285, pp. 172-179, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the origin of the Clinton ores and describes the geology, occurrence, and 
 chemical characters of the ore bodies, and the mining developments in northern Alabama. 
 
 765. The Oriskany and Clinton iron ores of Virginia. — tJ. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 285, pp. 183-189, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology of the iron district, and the occurrence, character, and 
 origin of the ores. 
 
 766. Cement resources of the Cumberland Gnp district, Teimessee-Virginia. — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 374-376, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology of the district, .ind the character and occurrence of limestones 
 and shales available for cement manufacture. 
 
 767. Clays of Garland County, Arkansas. — T". S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, 
 pp. 407-410, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of the deposits, and the composition of the 
 clays. 
 
 768. Investigations of iron ores, structural materials, etc. — U. S. Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Bull. no. 31.5, pp. 20-25, 1907. 
 
 Summarizes the investigations of iron ores, structural materials, etc., of the U. S. 
 Geological Survey during the year 1900. 
 
 769. The mineral-paint ores of Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania. — IT. S. Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 435^37, 1907. 
 
 770. ^Mineral Paints: Geology and technology. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Mineral 
 Resources for 1906, pp. 1120-1122, 1907. 
 
 Gives a geologic section in the Lehigh Gap district, Pennsjdvania. 
 
 Slate deposits of the United States. — See Dale and Eckel, no. 625. 
 
 The production in the Ihiited States in 1905 of gypsum and gypsum ])rod- 
 ucts. — See no. 2418. 
 
 Contributions to economic geology, 1905. — See TT. S. Geological Survey. 
 Contributions to economic geology, 1906. — See U. S. Geological Survey. 
 Advances in cement technology, 1906. — See no. 2419. 
 
 The production in the Ignited States in 1906 of iron ores, j)ig iron, and steel; 
 and of lime and sand-lime brick. — See no. 2419. 
 
 Eddy, ,1. A. 
 
 771. A remarkable soda spring | New Mexico]. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 
 81, p. 793, April 28, 1906. 
 
 Describes briefly the character of ilu* vvat(M- and tlu* di'posit it has formed. 
 
68 BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NOETH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Ednian, J. A. 
 
 772. The auriferous black sands of California. — California State Min. Bur., 
 Bull. no. 45, pp. 5-10, 1907. 
 
 Edson, G. E. 
 
 773. Historical sketch of the Cambrian age as related to Vermont geology. — 
 Vermont Geol. Survey, Fifth Kept. State Geol., pp. 117-132, 1906. 
 
 Gives an historical outline of geologic work upon the Cambrian deposits of Vermont. 
 
 774. The geology of St. Albans and vicinity. — Vermont Geol. Survey, Fifth 
 Kept. State Geol., pp. 133-155, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, relations, and fossil contents, with lists of fossils, 
 of Cambrian and Ordovician strata in the vicinity of St. Albans, Vt. 
 
 Edwards, George E. 
 
 775. The lead and zinc fields of southwestern Wisconsin. — Min. World, vol. 
 27, pp. 279-280, August 17, 1907. 
 
 Edwards, W. H. 
 
 776. Notes on the production and uses of Canadian chrome. — Canadian Min. 
 Inst., Jour., vol. 9, pp. 35-38, 1906. 
 
 Edwords, Clarence E. 
 
 777. California’s new coal fields. — Min. World, vol. 24, no. 7, p. 245, Feb- 
 ruary 17, 1906. 
 
 Eldridge, George Homans. 
 
 778. The formation of asphalt veins. — Econ. Geology, vol. I, no. 5, pp. 437- 
 444, 1906. 
 
 Describes the distribution of asphalt veins, the nature and origin of the fissures, the 
 dimensions of the veins and their relation to inclosing rocks, and discusses their origin. 
 
 Eldridge, George Homans, and Arnold, Ralph, 
 
 779. The Santa Clara Valley, Puente Hills, and Los Angeles oil districts, 
 southern California. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 309, 266 pp., 41 pis., 17 figs., 
 1907. 
 
 Ellis, E. E. 
 
 780. Occurrence of wjiter in crystalline rocks. — IT. S. Geol. Survey. W.-S. 
 and Irrig. Paper no. 160, pp. 19-28, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Ells, R. W. 
 
 781. [Report onj Graham Island (of the Queen Charlotte group, B. C.). — 
 Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. for 1905, pp. 53-55, 1906; British Colum- 
 bia, Ann. Rept. Minister of Mines, for 1906, ])i). 74-93, 1 map, 1907. 
 
 Gives an account of the examination of the coal deposits in this island. 
 
 782. Southern New Brunswick. — Canada, Geol, Survey, Summ. Rept. for 
 1906, pp. 131-1.39, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the stratigraphy of the region and the occurrence of economic minerals. 
 
 783. Report on Graham Island, B. C. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Ann. Re]ft., 
 vol. 16, pt. B, 45 ])p.. 2 maps, 1906. 
 
 Describes the physical features, the general geology, tile character and occurrence of 
 post-Tertiary, 'I'erliary, and Gretaceous s(>dimentary and pre-Cretaceous and Tertiary 
 igneous rocks, and the occurrence, character, and mining of Cretaceous coals. 
 
 784. Some interesting i)roi)lems in New Brunswick geology. — Canada, Roy. 
 Soc., Proc. and Trans., 2d ser., vol. 11, sect. 4, pp. 21-35, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence and inter-relations of stratified and volcanic rocks, and the 
 strat igi'aphic position, age, and relations of various metamori)bosed rocks of N(‘w liruns- 
 wick. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190G-1007. 
 
 69 
 
 Ells, K. W. — CoiitiiHied. 
 
 785. Notes on the mineral Hiel supply of Canada. — Canada, Roy. Soc., IT’oc. 
 and Trans., 2d ser., vol. 12, sect. 4, pp. 267-290, in0(). Abstract: Science, new 
 ser., vol. 23, p. 973, June 29, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, and extent of coal and other minei’al fuel re- 
 sources of Canada. 
 
 786. Notes on the geology of the islands of Trinidad and Barbados, British 
 West Indies. — Canada, Boy. Soc., Ih-oc. and Trans., 3d ser., vol. 1, sect. 4, pp. 
 115-130, 1907. 
 
 787. Notes on the geology and mineral resources of Trinidad and Barbados, 
 B. W. Islands. — Ottawa Naturalist, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 73-79, August, 1907. 
 
 788. Report on the geology and natural resources of the area included in 
 the northwest quarter sheet, number 122 of the Ontario and Quebec series, com- 
 prising portions of the counties of Pontiac, Carleton, and Renfrew. — Geol. Sur- 
 vey of Canada, Ottawa, 1907. 71 pi>., 1 map. 
 
 Elton, H. L. 
 
 Mines of the Taviche district, Oaxaca, Mexico. — See Place and Elton, no. 1936. 
 Emerson, Benjamin K. 
 
 789. Quartz after prochlorite at Cranston and Worcester and coal plants at 
 Worcester. — Science, new ser., vol. 26, p. 907, December 27, 1907. 
 
 Emerson, Benjamin K., and Perry, Joseph H. 
 
 790. The green schists and associated granites and porphyries of Rhode 
 Island. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 311, 74 pp., 2 pis., 6 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, and relations of the pre-Cambrian and Carbonif- 
 erous stratified rocks and associated igneous rocks. 
 
 Emmens, Newton W. 
 
 791. The Jones iron fields of New Mexico. — Min. Mag., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 109 - 
 116, 6 figs., February, 1906. 
 
 Includes a brief account of the geology and occurrence of this iron-ore deposit. 
 Emmons, Samuel Franklin. 
 
 792. Biographical notice of George II. Eldridge. — x\m. Inst. Min. Eng., Bi-Mo. 
 Bull., no. 8, pp. 247-257, March, 1906; Trans., vol. 37, pp. 339-340, 1907. 
 
 Adds a list of his published papers. 
 
 793. What is a fissure vein? — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 385-387, 1906. 
 
 794. A map and cross-sections of the Downtown district of I.ieadville [Colo- 
 rado!. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 816-817, May 25, 1906. 
 
 795. Useful definitions. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 93, pp. 355-356, Septem- 
 ber 22, 1906. Proper use of mining terms. — Min. World, vol. 25, no. 24, p. 715, 
 December 15, 1906. 
 
 Gives definitions of various terms employed in economic geology. 
 
 796. Los I’ilares mine, Nacozari, Mexico. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 
 (>29-643, 4 figs., 1906. Abstract: Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, pp. 1066-1067, 2 
 figs., December 8, 1906. 
 
 I>escribes the local geology, the character and distribution of the copper ores, and the 
 geologic history of the deposits. 
 
 797. Contributions to economic geology, 1905 : Investigation of metalliferous 
 ores.— TJ. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 14-19, 1906. 
 
 Outlines the work of the U. S. Geological Survey in progress and in course of publica- 
 tion pertaining to metalliferous ores. 
 
 798. Uinta Mountains. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 18, pp. 287-302, 1 pi., 
 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 Reviews previous geologic work in the region, describes the general structure and 
 stratigraphic succession of the Uintas, and discusses the origin of the Green River. 
 
TO BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGA', 1906-1907. 
 
 Emmons, Saiiinel Franklin — ContinueO. 
 
 799. Geological structure of the Uinta Mountains. — Abstract : Science, new 
 ser., vol. 2.Y jq). 767-768, May 17. 1907. 
 
 800. Investigations of metalliferous ores. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Knll. no. 315, 
 PI). 14-19, 1907. 
 
 Summarizes the investigations of the V. S. Geological Survey upon metalliferous ores 
 during the year 190G. 
 
 801. Suggestions for field observations of ore deposits. — Min. and Sci. Press, 
 vol. 95, pp. 18-20, .July 6, 1907. 
 
 802. Biographical memoir of Clarence King, 1842-1901. (Read before the 
 National Academy of Sciences, April 23, 1903). Washington, 1907. — [Nat. 
 Acad. Sci., Biog. Mem., vol. G], pp. 25-55. 1 pi. (port.). 
 
 Includes a list of his principal published works. 
 
 Contributions to ec-onomic geology, 1905. — See U, S. Geological Survey. 
 Contributions, to economic geology, 1906. — See U. S. Geological Survey. 
 
 Emmons, Samuel Franklin, and Irving, John Duer. 
 
 803. The Downtown district of Leadville, Colorado. — U. S. Geol, Survey, 
 Bull. no. 320. 75 pp., 7 pis., 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the geologic structure of the district, and the distribution, relations, and 
 origin of the ores. 
 
 Emmons, William H. 
 
 804. Ore dejtosits of Bear Creek, near Silvertou, Colo. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 285, pp. 25-27, 1906. 
 
 Describes briefly the general geology and the occurrence and character of the gold 
 and silver telluride ores. 
 
 805. The Cashin mine. Montrose County, Colo. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 285, pp. 125-128, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology of the vicinity of the mine and the character and origin of 
 the copper ore. 
 
 806. The Granite-Bimetallic and Cable mines, Pittsburg quadrangle, Mon- 
 tana. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp 31-55, 4 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the geology, the distribution and character of the ores yielding silver, gold, 
 and copper, and the mining developments. 
 
 807. Normal faulting in the Bullfrog district. — Science, new ser., vol. 26. 
 pp. 221-222. August 16, 1907. 
 
 Emmons, William Pt., and Garrey, G. H. 
 
 808. Notes on the Manhattan district [Nevada]. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 308, pp. 84-93, 1907. 
 
 Gives notes on the general geology of the i-egion and the occurrence and character 
 of the ore deposits. 
 
 Engineering and Mining Journal. 
 
 809. The Wisconsin lead and zinc district. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 81, 
 pp. 1183-1186. 7 figs., June 23, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology and the occurrence and character of the ores. 
 
 Engineering News. 
 
 810. The Sthi Francisco distister : earthquake and fire ruin in the Bay 
 counties of California. — Eng. News. vol. .55. no. 17, pp. 478-480. 1 fig.. April 26. 
 1906. 
 
 Erben, Franz, and Ceipek, L. 
 
 811. Analyse des Albit von Amelia [Virginia]. — Tschermak's Min. u. Petrog. 
 Mitt., Bd. 20, Heft 1, p. 85, 1901. 
 
BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 71 
 
 Escobar, 1\. 
 
 812 . Los pozos ai'tesianos do villa Almmada ( E. de Cliiliiiahna ) . — Soo. cient. 
 “Antonio Alzate,” Mem. y Rev., t. 24, no. 3, pp. 121-126, September, 1906. 
 
 Describes artesian wells in the State of Chihuahua, Mexico. 
 
 Evans, Horace F. 
 
 813. The Nicola-Coldwater coal beds [British Colnmbial. — Min. World, vol. 
 23, no. 7, pp. 200-201, August 19, 1905. 
 
 814 . The source of Fraser River gold [British Columbia]. — Min. World, vol. 
 23, no. 9, pp. 258-259, September 2, 1905. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology of the region. 
 
 815 . The Cretaceous stratigraphy of Ashcroft, B. C. — Min. World, vol. 23, 
 no. 10, pp. 285-286, September 9, 1905. 
 
 816. A further reconnaissance into Highland Ahalley, B. C. — Min, World, 
 vol. 23, no. 12, p. 336, September 23, 1905. 
 
 Gives notes upon the geology of the region. 
 
 817 . Molybdenite in British Columbia. — Min. World, vol. 23, no. 16, pp. 
 443-444, October 21, 1905. 
 
 818 . Kamloops [British Columbia] and its geological conditions. — Min. 
 World, vol. 23, no. 17, p. 464, October 28, 1905. 
 
 819 . Interior plateau of British Columbia. — Min. World, vol. 23, no. 21, 
 p. 579, November 25, 1905. 
 
 Gives a general account of the geology. 
 
 820 . A reconnaissance into Tulameen, B. C. — Min. World, vol. 24, pp. 633, 
 665, 696, 726, 747 ; vol. 25, p. 12, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology of the region. 
 
 821 . International geology of Cascade region. — Min. World, vol. 25, no. 9, 
 pp. 236-237, September 1, 1906. 
 
 822 . Copper deposits of Eschelon Mountain, B. C. — Min. World, vol. 25, no. 
 10, p. 266, September 8, 1906. 
 
 823 . The Sirailkameen and its beds. — Min. World, vol. 2.5, no. 13, p. 399, 
 September 29, 1906. 
 
 824 . Marginal differentiation in biotites. — Min. World, vol. 25, no. 25, p. 749, 
 December 22, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence of ore deposits. Includes notes upon the geology of the 
 Similkameen district of British Columbia. 
 
 825 . British Columbia placers : Past and present. — Min. World, vol. 26, pp. 
 
 . 563, 687, 779, 1907. 
 
 826 . Explorations in British Columbia. — Min. World, vol. 26, pp. 333, 384, 
 472, 505-506, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology of the region examined. 
 
 827 . Reconnaissance up West Fork of Kettle River. — Min. World, vol. 27, 
 pp. 65, 317, 1907. 
 
 828 . Certain features of the Rocky Mountain region. — Min. World, vol. 27, 
 
 . pp. 641, 809, 1907. 
 
 829 . Nickel plate mines on Striped Mountain, B. (\ — Min. ’ World, vol. 27, 
 pp. 1015, 1057, 7907. 
 
 Evans, John W. 
 
 830 . How should faults be named and classified? — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, 
 no. 8, pp. 803-806, 1907. 
 
72 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 Everette, Willis Eugene. 
 
 831 . The geology of tlie Klondike. — Sci. Am. Siippl., vol. 64, pp. 410^11, 
 December 28, 1007. 
 
 Fairbanks, Harold Wellman. 
 
 832 . Practical physiography. Boston, Allyn and Bacon, 1906. 542 pp., 
 
 403 figs. 
 
 833 . The great earthquake rift of California. — California Phys. Geog. Club, 
 Ball., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 2-8, 2 pis., October, 1907. See also Jordan, D. S., no. 132.1. 
 
 Fairchild, Herman L. 
 
 834 . The geology of Irondequoit Bay [New York]. — Abstract: Rochester 
 -Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 3, pp. 236-239, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 A brief account of the glacial geology of the region. 
 
 835 . The predecessors of Niagara. — Abstract : Rochester Acad. Sci., Proc., 
 vol. 3, pp. 274-277, 1906. 
 
 Di.scusses drainage in northern United States, particularly New York, during the re- 
 treat of the glacial ice sheet. 
 
 836 . Glacial waters in the Lake Erie basin.— New York State Miis., Bull. 
 106, 86 pp., 23 pis., 4 figs., 1907. 
 
 837 . Drnmlins of central western New York. — New York State ]Miis., Bull. 
 Ill, pp. 391-443, 47 pis., 1907. 
 
 838 . How should faults be named and classified? — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, 
 no. 2, pp. 184-185, 1907. 
 
 839 . Driimlin structure and origin. — Abstract : Geol. Soc. America, Bull., 
 vol. 17, pp. 702-706, 1907. 
 
 840 . Gilbert Gulf (marine waters in Ontario basin.) — Geol. Soc. America, 
 Bull., vol. 17, pp. 712-718, 3 figs., 1907. 
 
 841 . Origin of ^Meteor crater (Coon Butte), Arizona. — Geol. Soc. America, 
 Bull., vol. 18, pp. 493-504, 3 pis., 1 fig., December, 1907. 
 
 842 . Iroquois extinction. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 26, pp. 398-399, 
 September 27, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the drainage of glacial waters in northern New York. 
 
 843. A meteoric crater of Arizona. — Congr. geol. intern., C. R. 10® sess., 
 Mexico, 1906, pp. 147-151, 1907. 
 
 Describes “ Coon Butte ” and discusses its origin. 
 
 Faribault, E. Rodolphe. 
 
 844 . Gold fields of Nova Scotia. — Canada, Geol. Survey. Summ. Rept. for 
 
 1905, pp. 122-124, 1906. 
 
 Gives a brief account of the work done in surveying the gold fields of Nova Scotia. 
 
 845 . Gold fields of Nova Scotia. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. for 
 
 1906, pp. 147-152, 1906. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy and geologic structure of the area, and the occurrence and 
 relations of the gold-hearing rocks. 
 
 Parish, John B. 
 
 846 . The Dolores mine. Chihuahua, Mexico. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 83, 
 p. 849, 1 fig., May 4, 1907. 
 
 Includes a brief account of the geology and of the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 Farnsworth, P. J. 
 
 847 . On the origin of the small mounds of the lower .Mississipi)i Valley 
 and Texas. — Science, new ser,, vol. 23, j)p. 583-584, .\i)ril 13, 1906. 
 
 Gives an explanation of the origin of these mounds. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ P)0G-1907. 73 
 
 Farrington, Oliver Ciiiiiiiigs. 
 
 848. The Shelburne and South Bend meteorites. — Field Ooluinbian Mus., 
 Geol. Ser., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 7-23, 14 pis., 2 tigs., IPOd. 
 
 849. Zoisite from Lower California. — Field Columbian IMus., Geol. Ser., vol. 3, 
 no. 4, pp. 55-57, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, characters, and composition. 
 
 850. Meteorite shower at Modoc, Kansas. — Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 
 582-583, April 13, 1906. 
 
 851. Professor Henry A. Ward [died July 4, 1906]. — Science, new ser., vol. 
 24, pp. 153-154, August 3, 1906. 
 
 A brief sketch of his work in collecting meteorites. 
 
 Sci., 4th ser., vol. 22, pp. 303-309, October, 1906. 
 
 852. Analysis of “ iron shale” from Coon Mountain, Arizona. — Am. Jour. Sci., 
 4th ser., vol. 22, pp. 303-309, October, 1906. 
 
 853. Analyses of iron meteorites compiled and classified. — Field Columbian 
 Mus., Geol. Ser., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 59-110, March, 1907. 
 
 854. Meteorite studies II. — Field Columbian Mus., Geol. Ser., vol. 3, no. 6, 
 pp. 111-129, 15 pis., 1907. 
 
 Describes the Bath Furnace, Chupaderos, Iron Creek, Lamj)a, Mejillones, Modoc, Ponca, 
 Creek, Saline, and Weston meteorites. 
 
 Fawns, Sidney. 
 
 855. Tin deposits of the world. The Mining Jonrnal, London, 1905. 
 
 Includes an account of the tin deposits of the United States (pp. 157-164) [Alaska, pp. 
 159-164, 1 pi.]. 
 
 Fay, Albert Hill. 
 
 856. Geology and mining of the tin deposits of Cape Prince of Wales, 
 Alaska. — Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Bi-Mo. Bull., no. 17, pp. 769-787, 11 figs., September, 
 1907. 
 
 Fels, G. 
 
 857. Ein Anorthitauswiirfling von der Insel St. Christopher. — Zeitschr. f. 
 Kryst. u. Mineral., Bd. 37, Heft 5, i)p. 450-460, 5 figs., 1903. 
 
 Describes the crystallographic features and composition of anorthite of volcanic origin, 
 collected on the island of St. Christopher, West Indies. 
 
 Fenneman, N. M. 
 
 858. Pdoodplains produced without floods. — Am. Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 38, 
 no. 2, pp. 89-91, February, 1906. 
 
 859. Oil fields of the Texas-Louisiana Gulf coastal plain. — U. S. Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Bull. no. 282, 146 ])p., 11 pis., 15 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology, and in detail the geologic structure, sediments, oil 
 horizons, and development of the individual oil fields in Texas and liouisiana, and 
 discusses the origin, properties, and utilization of the petroleum. 
 
 860. Stratigraphic work in the vicinity of East St. Louis. — Illinois State 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 4, pi>. 213-217, 1907. 
 
 861. Clay resources of the St. Louis district, Missouri. — V. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 315, pp. 315-321, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Fenneman, N. M., and Gale, Hoyt S. 
 
 862. The Yanipa coal field, Routt County, Colo. — II. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 285, pp. 226-239, 1 pi. (map), 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic structure and stratigraphy of the field, the occurrence and rela- 
 tions of the coal seams, and the character and composition of the coals. 
 
74 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF KORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Fenneman, N. M., and Gale, Hoyt S, — ( /ontiinKHi. 
 
 863. The Yampa coal field, Routt County, Colorado. — V. 8. Geol. Survey, 
 Rull, no. 297, pp. 7-Sl, t) pis., 2 fiiis., 1900. 
 
 Describes the geologic structure, the occurrence, character, and relations of Archean, 
 Cretaceous, and Tertiary deposits, the character of the coal field, and the occurrence, 
 thickness, and character of the coal seams. 
 
 Fernekes, Gustave. 
 
 864. The formation of Lake Superior copper. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, 
 p. 589, April 12, 1907. 
 
 865. Precipitation of copper from chloride solutions by means of ferrous 
 chloride. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 6. pp. 580-584, 1907. 
 
 Ferrier, W. F. 
 
 Phosphate deposits in western United States. — See Weeks and Ferrier, no. 
 2507. 
 
 Finch, Grant E. 
 
 866. A study of a portion of the Iowan drift border in Fayette County, 
 Iowa. — Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 13, pp. 215-218, 1900. 
 
 Finlay, George I. 
 
 867. On an occurrence of corundum and dumortierite in pegmatite in Colo- 
 rado. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 479-484, 1907. 
 
 868. The Gleneyrie formation and its bearing on the age of the Fountain 
 formation in the Mauitou region, Colorado. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 0, pp. 
 586-589, 1907. 
 
 Fisher, Cassius A. 
 
 869. Description of the Nepesta quadrangle [Colorado]. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Geol. Atlas of U. S., folio no. 135, 5 pp., 2 figs., 3 maps, 1 columnar section sheet, 
 1906. 
 
 Describes the topograph j' and drainage, the occurrence, character, and relations of 
 Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary formations, the geologic history, and the soils, 
 water, and mineral resources. 
 
 870. Preliminary report on the geology and underground waters of the Ros- 
 well artesian area, New Mexico. — U. S. Geol. Survey, W.-S. and Irrig. Paper no. 
 158, 29 pp., 9 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology of the region and the artesian water resources. 
 
 871. Development of the Bear Creek coal fields, Montana. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 269-270, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of the coal beds, and the mining operations. 
 
 872. Mineral resources of the Bighorn basin. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 285. pp. 311-315, 1906'. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of coal, bentonite, gypsum, and other mineral deposits in this 
 part of Wyoming. 
 
 873. Geologj" and water resources of the Bighorn basin, Wyoming. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper no. 53, 72 pp., 16 pis., 1 fig., liK)6. 
 
 Describes the topography and drainage, the occurrence, character, and relations of 
 pre-Cambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, (’arboniferous, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and 
 Tertiary strata and Quaternary deposits, tbe geologic structure and history, and the 
 water and mineral resources. 
 
 874. The Great Falls coal field, Montana. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 316, pp. 161-173, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906 - 1007 . 
 
 75 
 
 Fisher, K F. 
 
 875. Terraces of the West Uiver, Hralt lehoro, Yerinont.- - Boston Soc. Nat. 
 Hist., Proc., vol. .‘13, no. 2. pi). 0-42, 11 pis., 11 ti^s,, 1000, 
 
 Discus.ses the production of terraces in river valleys by the meandering- of the stream 
 controlled by rock ledges, basing the study upon the terraces of the ^Yest River in the 
 vicinity of Brattleboro, Yt. 
 
 Fisher, O. 
 
 876. A sngjgested cause of changes of level in the earth’s crnst. — Ain. .Tour. 
 8ci., 4th ser., vol. 21, pp. 210-220, March, 1000. 
 
 Finds the cause in convection currents in a liquid substratum beneath the cooled crust. 
 
 Flammarion, Camille. 
 
 877. Earthquakes. — Sci. Am. Siippl., vol. 62, pp. 25801-25802, December 
 8 , 1000 . 
 
 Fleck, Herman, and Haldane, Wm. G. 
 
 878. A study of the nraniimi and vanadium belts of southern CV)lorado. — 
 Colorado, State Bnr. Mines, Kept, for 100.5-0, pp. 47-115, 10 pis., 1 fig., 1007. 
 
 Fletcher, Ilngh. 
 
 879. Geological work in the noivthwestern parts of Nova Scotia. — Canada, 
 Geol. Survey, Snmm. Kept, for 1005, pp. 118-122, 1000. 
 
 880. Surveys in western Nova Scotia. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Snmm. Re])t. 
 for 1000, pp. 140-140, 1000. 
 
 Gives notes on the geology of the area and the occurrence of coal. 
 
 Flores, T. 
 
 881. Le Xinantecatl on volcan Nevado de Toluca. — X® Congr, geol. intern., 
 Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. IX, 10 pp., 4 j)l.s., 1900. 
 
 882. Etude miniere du district de Zacatecas [Mexico]. — X*’ Congr. geol. 
 intern.. Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. XVII, 25 pp., 2 pis., 1000. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of the ore deposits. 
 
 Etude de la Sierra de Guanajuato. — See Villarello, Flores, and Kohles, no. 
 2400. 
 
 Foerste, August F. 
 
 883. Silurian clays, with notes on clays of the Waverly and Irvine forma- 
 tions [of Kentucky]. — Kentucky Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 5, pp. 143-178, 190.5. 
 
 Gives chemical analyses, describes the geological position, and discusses possible uses 
 of the various clays. 
 
 884. The Silurian, Devonian, and Irvine formations of east-central Ken- 
 tucky, with an account of their clays and limestones.— Kentucky Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 7, 309 pp., 33 ])ls. nncl. 7 maps), 1000. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence and classification of Silurian and Devonian rocks and the 
 properties and economic value of their limestones and clays. Also describes and figures 
 characteristic fossils of the Sihirian formations of east central Kentucky, chiefly from the 
 Waco limestone horizon. 
 
 Fohs, F. .lulius. 
 
 885. Clays in Crittenden and Invingston counties [Kentucky]. — Kentucky 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 0, pp. 124-142, 1005. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, kinds, origin, and geologic relations. 
 
 886. Classification of faults and fractures into series and sets and its practi- 
 cal application. — Eng, and Min. ,7our„ vol. 81, pp. 558-554, March 24, 1000. 
 
 Includes notes on faulting in western Kentucky. 
 
76 BTBLIOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGA^^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Ford, James. 
 
 887. Theory of the formation of coal fields. — Eii^. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, 
 pp. 255-256, August II, 1006. 
 
 Ford, W. E. 
 
 888. Some interesting beryl crystals and their associations. — Am. .Tour. Sci., 
 4th ser., vol. 22, pj). 217-22.3, 10 figs., September, 1906; ZeitSchr. f. Krystal, u. 
 Mineral., Rd. 43, Heft 1, pp. 12-17, 11 figs., 1907. 
 
 On stibiotantalite. — See Penfield and Ford, no. 1892. 
 
 Forstner, William. 
 
 889. Copi)er in Shasta County, California. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, pp. 
 625-626, 4 figs.. May 18, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the geology of the Shasta copper belt and the occurrence and character of 
 the ores. 
 
 890. Ore deposits in serpentine. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 95, pp. 121-122, 
 July 27, 1907. 
 
 Fowke, Gerard. 
 
 891. Superficial deposits along the Mississippi. — Ohio State Acad. Sci., Proc., 
 vol. 4, pt. 7 (14th Ann. Kept.), pp. 340-.352, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence of glacial deposits'* in southern Illinois and Missouri and 
 their explanation. 
 
 892. Lansing man. — Bureau Am. Ethnology, Bull., vol. 30, pt. 1, pp. 759- 
 760, 2 figs., 1907.. 
 
 Discusses the' occurrence of the human remains and the geologic environment, and 
 discusses the age of the deposits. 
 
 Fraleck, E. L. 
 
 893. Iron pyrites in Ontario. — Ontario, Bur. Mines, 16th Ann. Kept., vol. 16, 
 pt. 1, pp. 149-201, 21 figs., 1907. 
 
 Frank, Fritz J. 
 
 894. Cobalt: Canada’s wonderful silver camp; geological features of the 
 region. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 145-147, 5 figs., November, 1906. 
 
 Fraprie, Frank Roy. 
 
 895. On the chromates of cfesium. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, pit. 309- 
 316. 5 figs., April, 1906; Zeitschr. f. Kryst. u. Mineral., Bd. 42, Heft 2, pp. 113- 
 119, 5 figs., 1906. 
 
 Fraser, Lee. 
 
 896. Coal mining in Michigan. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 84, pp. 594-595, 
 2 figs., September 28, 1907. 
 
 897. Mining the coal measures of Michigan. — Eng. and Min. .Tour., vol. 84, 
 pp. 1024-1027, 9 figs., November 30, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence, character, and composition of the coals. 
 
 Frazer, Per si for. 
 
 898. Rocks of Mount Desert Island, Maine. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 
 16, pp. 583-585, 1906. 
 
 899. The classification of coals. Discussion of pa])er by M. R. Campbell. — 
 Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., vol. .36, pp. 825-833, 190(5 (Bi-Mo. Bull. no. 8, jtp. 
 2.39-246, March, 1906). 
 
 Freeh, Fritz. 
 
 900. I'eher rlie Klima-aenderungen der geologiscluMi Vergangenheit. — Congr. 
 geol. intern., C. R. lO** sess., Mexico. 1906, pp. 290-.325, 1907. 
 
 Discusses geologic changes of climate. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 77 
 
 Freeh, Fritz — Continued. 
 
 901 . Ueber Avicnliden von Bakeozoiscliem Habitus aiis der Trias von Zacate- 
 cas. — Congi*. geol. intern., C. K. 10® sess., Mexico, 1906, pp. 327-340, 2 pis., 1907. 
 
 Discusses climatic conditions prevailing during the Triassic, and describes Aviculidje 
 from the Triassic deposits of Zacatecas, Mexico. 
 
 Frost, Max, and Walter, Paul A. F. 
 
 902 . [Physiography and geology of New Mexico.] — In “ The Land of Sun- 
 shine,” published by the New Mexico Bureau of Immigration, Santa Fe, N. M., 
 pp. 23-39, 11 pis., 1906. 
 
 Gives a general account of the physiographic features and general geology of New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Fuller, Myron L. 
 
 903 . Work of the eastern section of hydrology [of the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey] in 1905, and publications relating to underground waters.— 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, W.-S. and Irrig. Paper no. 160, pp. 1-S, 1906. 
 
 904 . Significance of the term “ artesian.” — U. S. Geol. Survey, W.-S. and 
 Irrig. Paper no. 160, pp. 9-15, 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Discusses the various ways in which the term “ artesian ” has been used and gives 
 definitions. 
 
 905 . Representation of wells and springs on maps. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 W.-S. and Irrig. Paper *no. 160, pp. 16-18, 1906. 
 
 Proposes a system of symbols for representing on maps wells and springs of different 
 character. 
 
 906 . Total amount of free water in the earth’s crust. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 W.-S. and Irrig. Pap?r no. 160, pp. 59-72, 1906. 
 
 907 . Peculiar mineral waters from crystalline rocks of Georgia. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, W.-S. and Irrig. Paper no. 160, pp. 86-91, 1906. 
 
 Describes the composition of the waters and discusses the geologic conditions and the 
 sources of their mineralization. 
 
 908 . Instances of improvement of water in wells. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 W.-S. and Irrig. Paper no. 160, pp. 96-99, 1906. 
 
 909 . Comparative intensities of the New Madrid, Charleston, and San Fran- 
 cisco earthquakes. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. C17-918, June 15, 
 1906. 
 
 910 . Our greatest earthquakes. — Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 76- 
 86, 6 figs., July, 1906. 
 
 Gives an account of the New Madrid, Mo., earthquake, and compares the New Madrid, 
 Charleston, and San Francisco earthquakes. 
 
 911 . Underground water investigations in the United States. — Econ. Geology, 
 vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 554-569, 1906. 
 
 Describes the development of hydrologic investigations in the United States, the char- 
 acter of hydrologic problems and methods of investigation, and the problems awaiting 
 study. 
 
 912 . Clays of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, 
 pp. 432-441, 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology, and the occurrence, character, and structure of the clay 
 beds. Includes a geologic section of the Cape Cod region. 
 
 913 . Glacial stages in southeastern New England and vicinity. — Science, new 
 ser., vol. 24, pp. 467-469, Octc'ber 12, 1906. 
 
 914 . The elevated beaches of Labrador. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 25, 
 p. 32, January 4, 1907. 
 
78 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF XOETH AMERICAN GEOLOGA^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Fuller, Myron L. — Continiiecl. 
 
 915. Notes on the Jainaicn earthquake. — .Jonr. Geology, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 
 096-721, 11 tigs., 1907. 
 
 916. Controlling factors of artesian flows. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 
 25, p. 767, May 17, 1907. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1905 of carbon dioxide and of mineral 
 waters. — See no. 2418. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1906 of phosphate rock. — See no. 2419. 
 Fuller, ]Myron L., and others. 
 
 917. Underground-water papers, 1906. — U. S. Geol. Survey, W.-S. and Irrig. 
 Paper no. 160, 104 pp., 1 pi., 4 tigs., 1906. 
 
 Contains the following papers : 
 
 ^Work of the eastern section of hydrology in 1905, and publications relating to undet 
 ground waters, by Myron L. Fuller, pp. 1-8. 
 
 Significance of the term “ artesian.” by Myron L. Fuller, pp. 9-15. 
 
 Representation of wells and springs on maps, by Myron L. Fuller, pp. 16-18. 
 Occurrence of water in crystalline rocks, by E. E. Ellis, pp. 19-28. 
 
 Flowing-well districts in the eastern part of the northern peninsula of Michigan, oy 
 Frank Leverett, pp. 29-5.3. 
 
 Drainage of wet lands in Arkansas by wells, by A. E. Crider, pp. 54-58. 
 
 Total amount of free water in the earth’s crust, by Myron L. Fuller, pp. 59-72. 
 
 Use of fiuorescein in the study of underground waters, by R. B. Dole, pp. 73—85. 
 Peculiar mineral waters from crystalline rocks of Georgia, by Myron L. Fuller, pp. 
 86-91. 
 
 Problems of water contamination, by Isaiah Bowman, pp. 92—95. 
 
 Instances of improvement of water in wells, by Myron L. Fuller, pp. 5)6-99. 
 
 Fuller, Myron L., and Sanford, Samuel. ^ 
 
 918. Record of deep-well drilling for 1905. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 298, 
 299 pp., 1906. 
 
 Fulton, T. T. 
 
 919. The faults of Battery Point, Sydney, N. S. — Nova Scotian Inst. Sci., 
 Trans., vol. 11, pt. 2, pp. 260-261, 2 pis,, 1906. 
 
 Describes the kinds and directions of the faults. 
 
 Furlong, Eustace L. 
 
 920. The exploration of Samwel cave [California]. — Am. Jonr. Sci., 4th 
 ser., vol. 22, pp. 2.35-247, 3 fl.gs., September, 1906. 
 
 Describes the cave and its deposits, and gives a list of the fossil remains obtained, 
 with notes on their occurrence and age. 
 
 921. Reconnaissance of a recently discovered Quaternary cave deposit near 
 Auburn. California. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 392-394, March 8, 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of vertebrate remains. 
 
 Gage, R. B. 
 
 The glass-sand industiy of New Jersey. — See Kiimmel and Gage, no. 14.36. 
 Gale, Hoyt S. 
 
 922. 'Phe Hahns I’eak gold held, Colorado. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 285, pp. 28-34, 2 pis., 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes briefly the occurrence and relations of the igneous and sedimentary rocks of 
 the region and the occurrence and development of placer and lode gold deposits. 
 
 923. Carnot it(‘ in Rio Blanco County. Colo. — V. S. Geol. Survey. Bull. no. 
 315, pp. 110-117, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 924. Coal fields of the Danforlh Hills and Grand Hogback in northwestern 
 Colorado, — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. .316, i>p. ’264^301, .3 pis., 1907, 
 
 3'he Yainpa coal field, Routt County, Colo. — See Fenneman and Gale, nos. 
 862, 863. 
 
BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 79 
 
 Gallup, F. L. ‘ 
 
 Report on the molding sands of Wisconsin. — See Kies and Gallnp, no. 2065. 
 Ganong, W. F. 
 
 925 . Notes on the natural history and physiography of New Brunswick. — 
 New Brunswick Nat. Hist. Soc., Bull., no. XXIV (vol. 5, pt. 4), pp. 409-474, 
 illus., 1906; no. XXV (vol. 5, pt. 5), pp. 519-546, 3 pis., 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 Contains notes on various physiographic features of New Brunswick. 
 
 Gardner, James H. 
 
 926 . The kaolin deposits adjacent to the eastern rim of the western coal 
 field, with notes on other clays in that region [Kentucky]. — Kentucky Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Bull. no. 6, pp. 7-63, 1905. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, origin, and geologic horizon of the clay deposits, 
 
 927 . Clays of the Red River Valley [Kentucky]. — Kentucky Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 6, pp. 64-79, 1905. 
 
 928 . Clays and sands of the Jackson's Purchase region. — Kentucky Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 6, pp. 80-123, 1905. 
 
 929 . Miscellaneous analyses of Kentucky clays and marls. — Kentucky Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 6, pp. 179-223, 1905. 
 
 Garrey, George FI. 
 
 The Idaho Springs mining district, Colorado. — See Spurr and Garrey, no. 
 2275. 
 
 Notes oil the Manhattan district. — See Emmons and Garrey, no. 808. 
 Garrison, F. Lynwood. 
 
 930 . Gold mining in Santo Domingo. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol, 84, pp. 
 490-492, 5 figs., September 14, 1907. 
 
 931 . The Parral district, Mexico. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, pii. 373-374, 
 2 figs., March 23, 1907. 
 
 Describes the general geolog5% and the character and occurrence of the ores. 
 
 932 . Metallic sulphides in the tuffs of Santo Domingo. — Min. and Sci. 
 Press, vol. 95, pp. 305-310, 6 figs., September 7, 1907. 
 
 933 . Notes on minerals. — Philadelphia, Acad, Nat. Sci., I'roc., vol. 59, pt. 3, 
 pp. 445-446, 1907. 
 
 Gautier, Armand. 
 
 934 . The genesis of thermal waters and their connection with volcanism. 
 Translation by F. L. Ransome of “ La genese des eaux therniales et ses rapports 
 avec le volcanisme,” (Ann. des Mines, 6® ser., t. 9, pp. 316-370, 1906). — Econ. 
 Geology, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 688-697, 1906. 
 
 Geijsbeek, S. 
 
 935 . [Review of| Clays, their occurrence, ])roi)erties, and uses, with special 
 reference to those of the United States, by Heinrich Ries. — Econ. Geology, vol. 
 2, no. 6, pp. 603-606, 1907. 
 
 Geinitz, Eugen. 
 
 936 . Ueber die vulcanischen Ereignisse von Martinique mid St. Vincent. — 
 Ver. d. Freunde d. Natnrg. in Mecklenburg, Giistrow, Archiv, .Tahrg. 56, pp. 
 xxxvii-lii, 1902. 
 
 Describes volcanic eruptions on the islands of Martinique and St. Vincent, 
 
80 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Geinitz, F. E. 
 
 937 . Die Eiszeit. — Die AVisseiiscliaft : Sammliing natiirwisseiischaftliclier 
 
 iind mathematisclier Moiiograpbieii, Heft 16, Bramiscliweig, Friedrich Vieweg 
 und Sohn, 1906. 198 pp., 3 pis., 25 figs. 
 
 Includes a chapter on the glacial period in North America. 
 
 Gentil, L. 
 
 938 . LSnr les ceiidres rejetees par le volcaii de la Montague Pelee le 3 mai 
 ]902. — Soc. geol. de France, Bull., 4® ser., t. 2, pp. 320-321, 1902. 
 
 Describes the character of rocks ejected by Mont Pele. 
 
 George, H. C. 
 
 939 . The Nipissing mine. Cobalt, Ontario. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, pp. 
 967-968, November 24, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 George, R. D. 
 
 940 . Polished pebbles. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 626-627, April 19, 
 1907. 
 
 Gibson, Thomas W. 
 
 941 . Report of the [Ontario] Bur. Mines, 1907, vol. 16, i>t. 1, 248 pp., illus., 
 1907. 
 
 Gidley, James Williams. 
 
 942 . Evidence bearing on tooth-cusp development. — Washington Acad. Sci.. 
 Proc., vol. 8, pp. 91-106, 2 pis., 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 943 . A new genus of horse from the Mascall beds, with notes on a small 
 collection of equine teeth in the University of California. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
 Bull., vol. 22, pp. 386-388, 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 944 . A fossil raccoon from a California Pleistocene cave deposit. — U. S. 
 Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 29, pp. 553-554, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 945 . A new ruminant from the Pleistocene of New Mexico. — U. S. Nat. Mus., 
 Proc., vol. 30, pp. 165-167, 3 figs., 1906. 
 
 946 . New or little known mammals from the Miocene of South Dakota. — 
 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 22, pp. 135-153, 20 figs., 1906. 
 
 947 . A new horned rodent from the Miocene of Kansas. — U. S. Nat. Mus., 
 Proc., vol. 32, pp. 627-636. 8 pis., 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 948 . Revision of the Miocene and Pliocene Equidte of North America. — Am. 
 Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, pp. 865-934, 1907. 
 
 Gilbert, (trove Karl. 
 
 949 . The cause and nature of earthquakes. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 92, 
 pp. 272-273, April 28, 1906. 
 
 950 . The investigation of the San Francisco earthquake. — Pop. Sci. Monthly, 
 vol. 69, no. 2, ])p. 97-115, 14 figs., August, 1906. See also Jordan. D. S., no. 1.325. 
 
 951 . Crescentic gouges on glaciated surfaces. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., 
 vol. 17, pp. 303-316, 1906. 
 
 Dpscrihes the occurrence and character of these markings and gives an explanation 
 of their origin. 
 
 952. Mouliu work under glaciers. — Geol. Soc. xVmerica, Bull., vol. 17, pp. 317- 
 .320, .3 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes a certain type of rock sculpturing and explains how it was produced by 
 the mouliu work of a glacier. 
 
 953 . Gravitational assemblage In granite. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 17, 
 pp. .321-328. 4 pis., 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the localization of phenocrysts of feldspar and of hornblende, and of other 
 I)henomena in granite in the Siei-ra Nevada Mountains, and explains their assemblage 
 as due to gravitational force. 
 
81 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 190G-19U7. 
 
 .Gilbert, Grove Karl — Continued. 
 
 954 . Israel Cook Russell, 1S52-190G. — Jour. (Jeology, vol. 14, no. S, pp. 6Go- 
 667, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Gives an account of his life and work. 
 
 955 . Rate of recession of Niagara Falls. — U. S. (Jeol. Survey, Hull. no. 30G, 
 pp. 5-25, 11 pis., S figs., 1907. 
 
 Explains the cause of \he recession, cites records as to former positions of the falls, 
 and discusses the rate of recession. 
 
 956 . The [San Francisco] earthquake as a natural phenomenon. — IC S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 824, pp. 1-13, 8 pis., 2 tigs., 1907. 
 
 Discusses the fault trace, the dislocations of surface material, the motions constituting 
 the earthquake, and the distribution of intensity. 
 
 The investigation of the California earthquake of 1906. — See Jordan, no. 1325. 
 Gilder, Robert F. 
 
 957 . A primitive human type in America. The finding of the “ Nebraska 
 man.” — Putnam’s Monthly, pp. 407^09, 2 figs., January, 1907. 
 
 Giles, W. B. 
 
 958 . Bakerite (a new borosilicate of calcium) and howlite from California. — 
 Mineral. Mag., vol. 13, pp. 353-355, December, 1903. 
 
 Gilmore, Charles W. 
 
 959 . Notes on the osteology of Baptanodon. With a description of a new 
 species. — Carnegie Mus., INIem., vol. 2, pp. 325-342, 3 pis., 13 figs., 1906. 
 
 960 . Notes on some recent additions to the exhibition series of vertebrate 
 fossils. — U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 30, pp. 607-611, G pis., 190G. 
 
 961 . Notes on a newly mounted skeleton of IMerycoidodon, a fossil mammal. — 
 U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 31, pp. 513-514, 1 pi., 190G. 
 
 962 . The type of the Jurassic reptile Morosanrus agilis redescribed with a 
 note on Camptosaurus. — U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 32, pp. 151-1G5, 2 pis., 9 
 figs., 1907. 
 
 963 . A new species of Baptanodon from the .Turassic of AVyoming. — Am. .Jour. 
 Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, i>p. 193-198, 2 tigs., ^Marcli, 1907. 
 
 Gilpin, Edwin. 
 
 964 . Report on the mines of Nova Scotia. — Nova Scotia, Department of 
 Mines, Report for 190G, 99 pp., 1907. 
 
 Giroux, Joseph L. 
 
 965 . The Giroux mines, Nevada. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, pp. 985-986, 
 November 24, 1906. 
 
 Describes the ore bodies at Ely, Nev. 
 
 Girty, George II. 
 
 966 . Report on fossil invertebrates [of the Cape liisbnrne region, Alaska]. — 
 F. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 278, pp. 22-26, 1906. 
 
 Gives lists of fossils identified from various localities, considered to be of lower Mis- 
 sissippian age, and notes upon the faunas. 
 
 967 . Report on marine Carboniferous fossils from the coal fields of Arkan- 
 sas. — U. S. Geol. Survey, P>ull. no. 326, pj). 31-35, 1907. 
 
 Gives lists of invertebrate fossils identified from various localities. 
 
 Glenn, Leonidas Chalmers. 
 
 968 . Erosion at Ducktown, Tennessee. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 23, 
 p. 288, February 23, 190(5 : Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., I'roc., vol. 55, p. 377, 1906. 
 
 66836— Bull. 372—09 6 
 
82 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Glenn, Leonidas Chalmers — Continued. 
 
 969. The hydrology and geology of the Gulf emhaymeut area of west Ten- 
 nessee, west Kentucky, and southern Illinois. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 
 23, p. 288, February 23, 1900; Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc. vol. 55, p. 377, 1906. 
 
 970. The university training of engineers in economic geology. — Econ. 
 Geology, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 476^79, 1900. 
 
 971. Underground waters of Tennessee and Keiitnclvy west of Tennessee 
 River and of an adjacent area in Illinois. — V. S. Geol. Survey, \Y.-S. and Irrig. 
 Paper no. 164, 173 pp., 7 pis., 13 figs., 1906. 
 
 Gives a general account of the physiography, geology, and underground-water resources. 
 Geology and mineral resources of part of the Cumberland Gap coal field, Ken- 
 tucky. — See Ashley and Glenn, no. 77. 
 
 Goddard, Malcolm. 
 
 972. Fish rema is from the marine lower Triassic of Aspen Ridge, Idaho. — 
 California Univ., Dept. Geol., Bull., vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 145-148, 5 figs., May, 1907. 
 
 Goldsmith, E. 
 
 973. The Jerseyite. — Franklin Inst. Jour., vol. 164, no. 5, pp. 369-373, Novem- 
 ber, 1907. 
 
 Describes the finding and composition of a meteoric stone from New .lersey. 
 Goldthwait, James Walter. 
 
 974. Correlation of the raised beaches on the west side of Lake Michigan. — 
 Jour. Geology, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 411—124, 6 figs., 1906. 
 
 Reviews previous work, records recent observations by the writer, and discusses the 
 relations of the raised beaches bordering Lake Michigan. 
 
 975. The abandoned shore-lines of eastern AYisconsin. — Wisconsin Geol. and 
 Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. no. 17, 134 pp., 37 pis., 37 figs., 1907. 
 
 Gives an outline of the history of the Great Lakes region during the ice age, reviews 
 the work of deciphering this history, and describes in detail the old shore-lines in eastern 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Gordon, Clarence E. 
 
 976. Studies on early stages in Paleozoic corals. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., 
 vol. 21, pp. 109-127, 18 figs., February, 1906. 
 
 977. The primary septa in rugose corals. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 
 345-347, March 1, 1907; Abstract; ibid., pp. 733-734, May 10, 1907. 
 
 978. Early stages of some Palaeozoic corals. — Abstract: New York Acad. Sci., 
 Annals, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 596, 1907. 
 
 Gordon, Charles H. 
 
 979. New Mexico geology. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 109, January 18, 
 1907. 
 
 Calls attention to inaccuracies in recent publications on the geology of New Mexico. 
 
 980. Some features of the geology of Magdalena and Black Range region. — 
 Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 824-825, May 24, 1907. 
 
 981. Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) formations in the Rio Grande Val- 
 ley, New Mexico. — Am. Jonr. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 24, pp. 58-64, 1 fig., July, 1907. 
 
 982. Notes on the Pennsylvanian formations in the Rio Grande Valley, New 
 Mexico. — .Tour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 805-816, 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 Gordon, Charles H., and Graton, Louis Caryl. 
 
 983. Low(‘r Paleozoic formations in New Mexico. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., 
 vol. 21, pp. .39()-.395, ]May, 1906; Science, m‘w ser.. vol. 23, pp. 590-5J)l, April 13. 
 1906. 
 
 I)escrii)es the occurrence and character of Cambrian. Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, 
 and Carboniferous rocks in New Mexico. 
 
83 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Gordon, W. C. 
 
 984 . Tlie Black River section near Bessemer | Micliigan | . — Micliijjan Acad. 
 Sci., 7th Kept., pp. 188-195, 1905. 
 
 Describes the physical features of the area examined and the occurrence, character, 
 and relations of the sedimentary and eruptive rocks of Keweenawan aj^e. 
 
 Gordon, W. C., assisted by Lane, Alfred C. 
 
 985 . A geoloj^ical section from Bessemer down Black River. — Michigan, 
 State Board of Geol. Survey, Rept. for 1900, pp. 397-507, 4 pis., 6 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, and relations of Keneenawan strata. 
 
 Gould, Charles N. 
 
 986 . TThe geology and water resources of the eastern ])ortion of the Pan- 
 handle of Texas. — U. S. Geol. Survey, AY.-S. and Irrig. Paper no. 154, 04 pp., 
 15 pis., 4 figs., 1900. 
 
 Describes the topography and drainage, the general geology and stratigraphy, and the 
 occurrence and character of underground and surface waters. 
 
 987 . The geology and water resources of the western ])ortion of the Pan- 
 handle of Texas. — U. S. Geol. Survey, \Y.-S. and Irrig. Paper no. 191, 70 pi*., 
 7 pis., 3 figs., 1907. 
 
 988 . The oil fields of Oklahoma. — Eng. and Min. Jonr., vol. 84, p. 259, August 
 10, 1907. 
 
 Gow, Paul A., and others. 
 
 989 . Report on the property of the Daly-Judge mining company. Park City, 
 Utah. — Colorado School of Mines, Bull., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 31-70, 15 figs., 1907. 
 
 Includes an account of the local geology and the occurrence, character, and relations 
 of the lead-silver ores. 
 
 990 . The Daly-Judge mine and mill. Park City, Utah. — Mines and Minerals, 
 vol. 28, pp. 32-35, 79-82, 11 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the local geology and the character and occurrence of the lead-silver ores. 
 
 Grabau, Amadeus IV. 
 
 991 . Guide to the geology and paleontology of the Schoharie Valley in east- 
 ern New York. — N. Y. State Mus., Bull. 92 (58th Ann. Rept., vol. 3), pp. 77-386, 
 24 pis., 216 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, relations, and fossil content of Ordovician. Silurian, 
 and Devonian strata of the Schoharie Valley, gives detailed characteristic sections in the 
 Ilelderbergs and lists of fossils found in the various formations with figures of those 
 characteristic, and explains the physiography of the region. 
 
 992 . Relative ages of the Oneida and Shawangunk conglomerates. — Abstract: 
 Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 16. p. 582, 1906. 
 
 993 . Types of sedimentary overlap. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 17, pp. 
 567-636, 17 figs., 1906. Abstract: New York Acad. Sci., Annals, vol. 17, pt. 3, 
 pp. 598-.590, 1907. 
 
 Defines the various kinds of overlap in sedimentation and ia the application of the 
 principles laid down discusses the deposits of the l)asal Paleozoic series, of the basal 
 Mesozoic series, the Saint Peter and Dakota sandstones, and upper Devonian and lower 
 Carboniferous formations of the Appalachian region. 
 
 994 . Discovery of the Schoharie fauna in Michigan. — Abstract: Science, new 
 ser., vol. 23. p. 467, March 23, 1906; Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 17, pp. 
 718-719, 1907. 
 
 995. Notes on th(‘ character and oilgin of the BoltsvilU' formation of the 
 Appalachian region. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 24, j). 691, Novendier 30, 
 1906. 
 
84 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Grabau, Amadeus W. — Continued. 
 
 996. Studies of Gastropoda. III. On ortliogenetic variation in Gastropoda. — 
 Am. Naturalist, vol. 41, pp. G07-(i4(), 3 pis., October, 1907. 
 
 The study is based in part upon fossil material. 
 
 997. Subaerial erosion cliffs and talus in the lower Devonic of Michigan. — 
 Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 295-296, February 22, 1907. 
 
 998. Types of cross-bedding and their stratigraphic significance. — Abstract: 
 Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 296, February 22, 1907. 
 
 999. Geology and scenery of the Tapper Genesee falls. — Science, new ser., 
 vol. 25, pp. 538- 539, April 5, 1907. 
 
 1000. Age aiid stratigraphic relations of the Chattanooga black shale. — 
 Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 771, May 17, 1907. 
 
 1001. The Medina sandstone problem. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25. 
 pp. 771-772, May 17, 1907. 
 
 1002. The Sylvaiiia sandstone — a study in paleogeography. — Abstract : Sci- 
 ence, new ser., vol. 26, p. 832, December 13, 1907. 
 
 1003. Seventh international zoological congress — section of paleozoology. — 
 Science, new ser., vol. 26, pp. 881-883, December 20, 1907. 
 
 Gives an account of the proceedings of the meeting held in Boston, August lh-24, 
 1907, and the titles of the papers presented. 
 
 1004. Evolution of some Devonic spirifers. — Abstract : New York Acad. Sci., 
 Annals, vol. 17, pt. 3, pp. 574-575, 1907. 
 
 Grabau, Amadeus \T., and Shimer, Hervey Woodburn. 
 
 1005. North American index fossils. — School of Mines Quart., vol. 27, no. 2, 
 pp. 138-243, 175 figs., January, 1906; vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 20-100. 46 figs., Novem- 
 ber, 1906. 
 
 Gives brief descriptions of “ index ” fossils : species, genera, and higher groups, with 
 keys to the genera. Includes references to the literature. 
 
 1006. North American index fossils. II. — School of Mines Quart., a’oI. 28, 
 no. 2, pp. 150-221, 89 figs., no. 3, pp. 251-352, 165 figs., 1907. 
 
 Gives brief descriptions and synoptic tables of the hrachiopods. 
 
 Graham, Blakely. 
 
 1007. The Cooney district. New Mexico. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, pp. 
 731-732, October 20, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology and the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 Graham, K. P. D. 
 
 1008. Note on two interesting i)seudomorphs in the McGill Fniversity min- 
 eral collection. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 22, pp. 47-54, 3 figs., July, 1906. 
 
 Describes pseudomorphs after laumontite from Quebec and corundum from Ontario. 
 
 Graichen, W. 
 
 1009. Das Kupfer-Gold-I.ager von Globe, Arizona.— Zeitschr. f. prak. Geol., 
 Jg. 13, Heft 1, pp. 39-40, 1 fig., January, 1905. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of gold-copper ore near Globe. Arizona. 
 
 Granberry, J. II, 
 
 1010. Magnetit(‘ deposits and mining at Mim*ville, N. Y. — Eng. and Min. 
 Jour., vol. 81, pp. 890-893, 98(5-989, 1035-1038, 1082-1084, 1130-11.32, 1178-1179, 
 26 figs., 190(5. Iteprint(Ml (with la'visions by tbe autbor) umb'r tbe title: 33ie 
 Port Henry iron mines. 
 
 Describes the geology and discusses the origin and occurrence of the ores and (he mining 
 operations. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 85 
 
 Granberry, J. H. — Continued. 
 
 1011 . History of the Seluiyler mine, the first copper mine opemt(‘d in the 
 Lnited States. — Eng. and Min. .lonr., vol. 82, i)p. 1116-1119, 3 tigs., December 
 15, 1906. 
 
 Contains notes on the local geoloj?y. 
 
 1012 . The Schuyler mine, Kingsland, New Jersey. — Franklin Inst., Jonr., 
 vol. 164, pp. 13-28, 217-223, 7 tigs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the local geology and the occurrence of copper ores. 
 
 Grant, C. C. 
 
 1013 . Notes on the past collecting season. — Hamilton Sci. Assoc., Jour, and 
 I‘roc., no. 22, pp. 107-114, 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Gives notes on the occurrence of fossils in Silurian strata in the vicinity of Hamilton, 
 Ontario. 
 
 1014 . Additional notes on late collecting season. — Hamilton Sci. Assoc., 
 .Tour, and Proc., no. 22, pp. 115-120, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of fossils in the Silurian beds in the vicinity of Hamilton, 
 Ontario. 
 
 1015 . Notes on the late collecting season. — Hamilton Sci. Assoc., .Tour, and 
 Proc., no. 23, pp. 130-137, 1907. 
 
 Gives notes on Silurian fossils and their occurrence in the vicinity of Hamilton, 
 Ontario. 
 
 1016 . Notes during the collecting season. — Hamilton Sci. Assoc., Jour, and 
 I’roc., no. 23, pp. 1.38-144, 1907. 
 
 Gives notes on Silurian fossils occurring in the vicinity of Hamilton, Ontario. 
 
 Grant, Ulysses Sherman. 
 
 1017 . Report on the lead and zinc deposits of Wisconsin, with an atlas of 
 detailed maps. — Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. no. 14, 100 pp., 
 26 pis. (18 in atlas), 10 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the physiographic features of the Wisconsin lead district, the geologic struc- 
 tui-e of the area, the character, occurrence, and relations of Cambrian and Ordovician 
 strata, and the occurrence, relations, and origin of the lead and zinc ores. 
 
 1018 . Zinc and lead deposits in Wisconsin. — Min. Mag., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 
 453-^60, 7 figs., June, 1906. 
 
 Gives a general account of the geology of the region, and the occurrence, character, 
 and mining of the ores. 
 
 1019 . Structural relations of the Wisconsin zinc and lead deposits. — Econ. 
 Geology, vol. 1, no. 3, pp, 233-242, 4 figs., December-January, 1905-1906. 
 
 Desci’ibes the general and structural geology of the ore deposits, and discusses their 
 origin. 
 
 1020 . Copper and other mineral resources of Prince William Sound. — TJ. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 284, pp. 78-87, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology of the region, and the occurrence and character of 
 deposits of copper ore. 
 
 Grant, Ulysses S., and Burchard, Ernest F. 
 
 1021 . Description of the Lancaster and Mineral Point quadrangles [Wis- 
 coiisin-Iowa-lllinois]. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas of the V. S., folio no. 
 14.5, 14 pp., 11 figs., 4 maps, 1907. 
 
 Describes the topography, the occurrence, character, and relations of Cambrian, Ordo- 
 vician, and Siiurian strata and Quaternary deposits, the geologic structure and history, 
 and the mineral resources, chiefly lead and zinc. 
 
 Gratacap, L. P. 
 
 1022 . The Clove Valley Pleistocene lake basin. — Staten Island Nat. Sci. 
 Assoc., Proc., vol. 8, no, 2, pp. 3-4, 1901. 
 
86 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Gratacap, L. P. — C'oiitinued. 
 
 1023 . Newfonndlanrl, its ijeologjy and mineral resources. — Min. World, vol. 
 2o, no. 19, pp. 52.0-526, .‘> ligs., November 11, 1905. 
 
 1024 . Tbe largest American collection of meteorites. — Pop. Sci. Monthly, 
 vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 21-28, 6 figs., July, 1906. 
 
 Graton, Louis Caryl. 
 
 1025 . Reconnaissance of some gold and tin deposits of the southern Appa- 
 lachians. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, no. 293, pp. 9-118, 7 pis., 14 tigs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, geology, origin, and mining of tin and gold ores 
 in North and South Carolina. 
 
 1026 . Description and petrology of the metamorphic and igneous rocks. — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper no. 54, pp. 41-113, 4 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes the distribution and the petrographic and chemical character of the various 
 igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Cripple Creek district, and discusses their mag- 
 matic derivation. 
 
 Lower Paleozoic formations in New Mexico. — See Gordon and Graton, no. 983. 
 A reconnaissance of the mineral deposits of New Mexico. — See Lindgren and 
 Graton, no. 1603. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1906 of copper. — See no. 2419. 
 Greaves-Walker, A. F. 
 
 1027 . The flint Are clay deposit of northeastern Kentucky. — Am. Ceramic 
 Soc., Trans., vol. 9, pp. 461-472, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Greenawalt, William E. 
 
 1028 . The tungsten deposit of Boulder County, Colo. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 83, pp. 951-952, 1 fig.. May 18, 1907. 
 
 Greene, George K. 
 
 1029 . rUescriptions of Devonian corals.] — Contributions to Indiana Pale- 
 ontology, New Albany, Indiana, vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 1-7, 2 pis., 1906. 
 
 1030 . [On the age of the rocks near Kentland, Newton County, Ind.] — 
 Contributions to Indiana Paleontology, New Albany, Indiana, vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 
 11-17, 3 figs., 1906. 
 
 1031 . [Descriptions of Devonian corals.] — Contributions to Indiana Pale- 
 ontology, New Albany, Indiana, vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 19-21, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 1032 . [Descriptions of Devonian corals.] — Contributions to Indiana Pale- 
 ontology, New Albany, Indiana, vol. 2, pt. 3, pp. 33-38, 3 pis., 1906. 
 
 Gregory, Herbert E. 
 
 1033 . The geology of Connecticut in relation to its water supljh — Con- 
 necticut Bd. Agric., 39th Ann. Kept., pp. 283-297, 1906. 
 
 1034 . The crystalline rocks [of Connecticut]. — Connecticut State Geol. and 
 Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. no. 6, pp. 39-156, 6 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes the kinds and structures of the rocks, and the occurrence, character, and 
 relations of the crystalline formations. 
 
 1035 . Glacial geology [of Connecticut]. — Connecticut State Geol. and Nat. 
 Hist. Survey, Bull. no. 6, pp. 225-259, 7 pis., 5 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the glaciation and glacial deposits of the State. 
 
 1036 . Geological map of Connecticut, 1905. — Abstract: Geol. Soc. America, 
 Bull., vol. 17, p. 727, 1907. 
 
 1037 . Bibliography of the geology of Connecticut. — Connecticut State Geol. 
 and Nat. Hist. Survej", Bull. no. 8, 123 pp., 1907. 
 
 Manual of the geology of Connecticut. — See Rice and Gregorj", no. 2034. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-190'J. 87 
 
 Gregory, Herbert P^rnest, and Robinson, Henry Hollister. 
 
 1038. IT-eliminary geological map of Coiiiiecticnt. — Connecticut State Geol. 
 and Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. no. 7, 39 pp., and map in pocket, 1907. 
 
 The explanatory text accompanying- the map gives a brief outline of the geology of 
 Connecticut, a sketch of the history of geological work in Connecticut, and a summary 
 of the geologic formations of the State. 
 
 Gregory, J. W. 
 
 •1039. Climatic variations, their extent and causes. — Congr. geol. intern., 
 C. B. 10® sess., Mexico, 1906, jtp. 407-426, 1907. 
 
 Gregory, William K. 
 
 1040. The orders of teleostomous fishes. A preliminary review of the 
 broader features of their evolution and taxonomy. — New York Acad. Sci., 
 Annals, vol. 17, pt. 2, pp. 437-508, 2 pis., September, 1907. 
 
 Prorosmarus aUeni, a new genus and species of walrus from the upper Mio- 
 cene of Yorktown, Virginia. — See Berry and Gregory, no. 227. 
 
 Griffith, William. 
 
 1041. Kinds and occurrence of anthracite coal. — Min. Mag., vol. 13, no. 3, 
 pp. 214-221, March, 1906. 
 
 1042. The Matanuska coal field, Alaska. — jMines and Minerals, vol. 26, no. 10, 
 pp. 433-437, 5 figs.. May, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic structure, the occurrence and character of the coal seams, and 
 the quality and composition of the coals. 
 
 Griggs, Robert E. 
 
 1043. The Buffalo River [Minnesota] : an interesting meandering stream. — 
 Am. Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 168-177, 2 figs., March, 1906. 
 
 Discusses factors controlling the meandering of streams. 
 
 Grimsley, G. P. 
 
 1044. Clays, limestones, and cements. — West Virginia Geol. Survey, vol. 3, 
 565 pp., 44 pis., 50 figs. [1906]. 
 
 Describes the composition, occurrence, properties, and xitilization of clays, limestones, 
 and cement materials in AVest Virginia. Includes an outline of the geology of the State. 
 
 1045. Portland cement resources of West Virginia.— Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 83, pp. 998-999, May 25, 1907. 
 
 1046. [Report on the geology of the Panhandle counties of West Virginia.] — 
 West Virginia Geol. Survey, County Reports and Maps : Ohio, Brooke, and Han- 
 cock counties, 378 pp., 16 pis., 37 figs., and 8 maps in atlas [1907]. 
 
 Griswold, W. T. 
 
 1047. The coals of the Steubenville quadrangle in West Virginia. — West Vir- 
 ginia Geol. Survey, County Rei)orts and Maps : Ohio, Brooke, and Hancock 
 counties, pp. 224-2.37, 1 pi. [1907]. 
 
 The production in the Thiited States in 1905 of natural gas and of petro- 
 leum. — See no. 2418. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1906 of petroleum. — See no. 2419. 
 Griswold, W. T., and Munn, M. J. 
 
 1048. Geology of the oil and gas fields in Steubenville, Burgettstown, and 
 Claysville quadrangles, Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 318, 196 pp., 13 pis., 1907. 
 
 Grout, Frank F. 
 
 1049. The composition of coals. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 225-241, 
 4 figs., April-May, 1907. 
 
 Gives a graphic mode of representing. 
 
 Includes a classification. 
 
88 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1006 - 1907 . 
 
 Grout, Frank F. — Coiiliiiiied. 
 
 1050. Cannel coal in noi-tliern Illinois. — Illinois Stato (R'ol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 4, PI), 107-11)S, 1007. 
 
 [Oil fields of] Bandolpli County [Illinois]. — See Blatcdiley, no. 245. 
 
 Guerra, Manuel Fernandez. 
 
 1051. Solucion a las euestiones teenico-.i^eologicas, propuestas por el Sr. 
 Lie. D, Luis INIOidez, presidente de la Academia de .iurisprudencia y leijislacion, 
 sobre si son denuneiables los uiantos de carbon de piedra y los depositos de 
 petroleo que existan en terrenes de propiedad particular. — Soc. Geol. Mexicana, 
 BoL, t. 2, pp. 87-110, 190G. 
 
 Includes a discussion of the occurrence of coal and of petroleum. 
 
 Guild, F. N. 
 
 1052. Notes on some eruptive rocks in Mexico, — Am. .Tour. Sci., 4tb ser., 
 vol. 22, pp. 159-175, 6 figs., August, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, and chemical composition of some eruptive rocks 
 from central Mexico. 
 
 1053. The comi)osition of molybdite from Arizona,— Am. .Tour. Sci., 4tb ser,, 
 vol. 23, pp. 455—456, June, 1907. 
 
 1054. Coon IMountain crater. — Science, new ser., vol. 26, pj). 24-25, July 5, 
 1907. 
 
 Discusses the origin of the depression so named. 
 
 Gulliver, F. P. 
 
 1055. Brewsters Neck, Connecticut. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 24, 
 pp. 368-369, September 21, 1906. 
 
 Describes a glacial deposit of water-laid sand and gravel. 
 
 1056. Ice i)resent during the formation of glacial terraces. — Abstract : 
 Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 770-771, May 17, 1907. 
 
 1057. The American Association for the Advancement of Science. Summer 
 meeting, Section E — Geology and geography.— Science, new ser.. vol, 26, pp. 
 397-404, Sei)tember 27, 1907. 
 
 Describes the excursions made. Includes notes on the geology of the places visited. 
 Gives abstracts of papers presented. 
 
 1058. Brewsters Neck, Connecticut. — Abstract: Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., 
 vol. 56-57, pp. 268-269, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence and mode of formation of certain glacial deposits. 
 
 Gunther, C. G. 
 
 The White Knob copper deposits, Mackaj% Idaho. — See Kemp and Gunther, 
 no, 1372. 
 
 Gwillim, J. C. 
 
 1059. Western coal resources. — Canadian Min. Jour., vol. 28, no. 3 (new 
 ser., vol. 1, no. 1), pp. 16-18, March 15, 1907. 
 
 Haanel, Eugene. 
 
 1060. Report of the superintendent of mines. — Canada, Dept, of the Interior, 
 Ann. Kept., pt. 8, pj). 3-10, 1907. 
 
 Haddon, R. AY. 
 
 1061. Zinc mining in New Alekico. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 81, pp. 845- 
 846, 2 figs.. May 5, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes upon the geology of the Magdalena Range. New Mexico, and the occur- 
 rence of the ores yielding silver, h'ad, zinc, and copper. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 89 
 
 Haehl, H. L.. and otliery. 
 
 1062 . lieport of committee [of the Sail Francisco Association of members 
 of the American Society of Civil Enj^ineers] on the .ideology of the [San Fran- 
 cisco] earthquake. — Ani. Soc. Civil Eng., Proc., vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 307-313, 7 tigs., 
 March, 1907; Trans., vol. 59, pp. 216-222, 2 pis., 2 tigs., December, 1907. 
 
 Halberstadt, Baird. 
 
 1063 . Halberstadt’s general mai) of the bitnminons coal fields of Pennsyl- 
 vania, 1907. 
 
 Haldane, Wm. G. 
 
 A study of the nraninm and vanadium belts of southern Colorado. — See Fleck 
 and Haldane, no. 878. 
 
 Hall, C. W. 
 
 1064 . Some geological features of the Minnesota Seaside Station [Vancouver 
 Island]. — Postelsia, the Yearbook of the Minnesota Seaside Station, St. Paul, 
 Minnesota, 1906, pp. 305-347, 8 pis. 
 
 Describes the lithology of the southwestern part of Vancouver Island and discusses 
 the probable age of the rocks and their origin. 
 
 Hall, W. Carvel. 
 
 1065 . Report of survey of crest line of Niagara Falls. — T^. S. Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Bull. no. 306, pp. 26-31, 1907. 
 
 Halla, Otto. 
 
 1066 . The beaches of Nome. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, p. 688, June 1, 
 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of placer gold at different levels. 
 
 Halse, Edward. 
 
 The occurrence of pebbles, concretions, and conglomerate in metalliferous 
 veins. — Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., vol. 36, pp. 154-177, 13 figs., 1906 (Bi-Mo. 
 Bull. no. 4, pp. 719-742, 13 figs., 1905). — See Halse, 5, page 151 of Bulletin 
 no. 301, U. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
 1067 . The geology of Chiapas and Tabasco, Mexico. — Min. .Tour., London, 
 vol. 79, pp. 243-244, February *24, 1906. 
 
 Hand, W. F. 
 
 A preliminary reiiort on some of the clays of Mississippi. — See Logan and 
 Hand, no. 1609. 
 
 Handlirsch, Anton. 
 
 1068 . A new blattoid from the Cretaceous of North America. — T^. S. Nat. 
 Mus., Proc., vol. 29, pp. 655-6.56, 1 fig., 1906, 
 
 1069 . Revision of American Paleozoic insects. — U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 
 29, pp. 661-820, 109 figs., 1906. 
 
 1070 . Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen. — Leip- 
 zig, Wilhelm Englemann, 1906. IJef. 1—1, 640 pp., 36 pis. 
 
 1071 . Fossil insects and the development of the class Insecta. — Pop. Sci. 
 Monthly, vol. 70, no. 1. pj). 5.5-62, .Tanuary, 1907. 
 
 Translated from the German by Lucy Peck Bush. 
 
 Hanks, Henry G. 
 
 1072 . Notes on “ aragotite,’' a rare California mineral. — Roy. Micro. Soc., 
 .Tour., 1905, pt. 6, pp. 67.3-676, 1905. 
 
 Hansell, N. V. 
 
 Magnetite mines at I.iyon Mountain, N. Y. — See Newland and Hansell, no. 
 1796. 
 
90 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF iS^ORTH AMEFICAK GEOLOGY^ 1906-1901 
 
 Harder, Ediiiimd (Veil. 
 
 1073. The joint system in the rocks of southwestern Wisconsin and its 
 relation to the drainage network. — Wisconsin Univ., Bull., vSci. Ser., vol. 3, no. 
 5, pp. 207-246, 10 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes investigations upon the directions of joints at localities in southwestern 
 Wisconsin, and the drainage system, and discusses their relations. 
 
 Hardinge, H. W. 
 
 1074. The Cobalt district, Ontario. — Min. World, vol. 26, p. 215, February 
 9, 1907. 
 
 Hardman, John E. 
 
 1075. Quebec’s new mineral region. — Canadian Min. Rev., vol. 25, pp. 9-12, 
 4.3-47, 1905. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology of northern Quebec and the occurrence and character 
 of ore deposits. 
 
 1076. Cobalt, Canada, the new silver-mining district. — Eng. Mag., vol. 33, 
 no. 1, pp. 21-.34, 14 figs., April, 1907. 
 
 Includes an account of the geology and the occurrence and character of the ores. 
 Harper, Roland M. 
 
 1077. A phytogeographical sketch of the Altamaha grit region of the coastal 
 plain of Georgia. — New York Acad. Sci., Annals, vol. 17. pp. 1-414, 2<S pis., 17 
 figs., September, 1906. 
 
 Includes a general account of the geology of Georgia, particularly of the Altamaha 
 grit region. 
 
 Harris, Gilbert D. 
 
 1078. Notes on elementary geologic mensuration. Ithaca, 1904. 61 pp. and 
 tables. 
 
 1079. Notes on the geology of the Winnfield sheet. — Louisiana Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 5, 36 pp., 9 pis. (iucl. geol. map). 5 figs,, 1907. 
 
 Describes the topography, economic resources, and the occurrence, character, and rela- 
 tions of Cretaceous. Tertiary, and Quaternary deposits. 
 
 1080. Cartography of southwestern Louisiana with special reference to the 
 .Tennings sheet. — Louisiana Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 6. 24 ])i>., I map, 1907. 
 
 Harrison, Richard C. 
 
 1081. Pockets in gold veins. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol, 94, p. 564, May 4, 
 1907. 
 
 Hartnagel, C. A. 
 
 1082. Notes on the Ontario, or Silnric, section of eastern New York. — Ab- 
 stract: Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 16. j). 5S2. 1906. 
 
 1083. Stratigraphic relations of the Oneida conglomerate. — N. Y. State 
 Mns., Bull. 107, pp. 29-.3S. 2 pis., 1907. 
 
 1084. Upper Silnric and lower Devonic formations of the Skunnemunk 
 Mountain region. — N. Y. State Mns., Bull. 107, pp. .39-54, 3 i)ls„ 1 geol. maj), 
 1907. 
 
 1085. Geologic map of the Rochester and Ontario Beach quadrangles, — 
 New York State Mns., Bull. 114, 35 pp., geol. map. August, 1907. 
 
 The accompanying text describes the occurrence, character, relations, and faunal con- 
 tent of Silurian strata. 
 
 1086. Structural relations and origin of the limonite beds at Cornwall, 
 N. Y. — Abstract: New York Acad. Sci.. Annals, vol. 17. pt. 3, pii. .597-59S, 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 91 
 
 Hartzell, J. CTilvei’. 
 
 1087 . Conditions of fossilizat ion. — Joiir. Geology, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 2(>i)-289, 
 14 tigs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the conditions in which fossils occur, reviews the usage of authors in regard 
 to the terms original, mold, and cast, gives definitions for these terms, and discusses 
 the mineralization and preservation of invertebrates as affected by the lithological char- 
 acters of formations. 
 
 Harvard University. 
 
 1088 . Nathaniel Southgate Shaler. — Science, new ser., vol. 28, pp. 869—872, 
 June 8, 1906. 
 
 “ Minute adopted by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Harvard TTniversity.” 
 Hastings, John B. 
 
 1089 . Are the quartz veins of Silver Peak. Nevada, the result of magmatic 
 segregation? — Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., vol. 36, pj). 647-654, 1 tig., 1906; Bi- 
 Mo. Bull., no. 1 [7], pp. 9r-16, 1 fig., January, 190(5. 
 
 1090 . The geology of Goldfield, Nevada. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 81, pp. 
 843-844, 2 figs., May 5, 1906. 
 
 Hastings, John B., and Berkey, Charles P. 
 
 1091 . The geology and petrography of the Goldfield mining district, Nevada. — 
 Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Bi-Mo. Bull. no. 8, pp. 29.5-314, 2 figs., March, .1906 ; Trans., 
 vol. 37, pp. 140-159, 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 Hatcher, John Bell. 
 
 1092 . The Ceratopsia : History of discovery, classification, osteology, and 
 
 systematic descriptions. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Mon., vol. 49, pp. .3-1 .57,'- 1907. 
 
 Hatcher, John B., Marsh, Othniel C., and Lull, Richard S. 
 
 1093 . The Ceratopsia. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Mon., vol. 49, 300 pp., 51 pis., 
 125 figs., 1907. 
 
 Hately, J. Geo. 
 
 1094 . Copper mining on the Colorado River. — Min. World, vol. 26, p. 809, 
 1 fig., June 29, 1907. 
 
 Haultain, H. E. T. 
 
 1095 . Corundum at Craigmont fOntariol. — Canadian Min. Jour., vol. 28, 
 no. 12 (new ser., vol, 1, no. 10), pp. 291-296, 3 figs., August 1, 1907. 
 
 Haupt, Lewis M. 
 
 1096 . Changes along the New Jersey coast. — New Jersey Geol. Survey, Ann. 
 Rept. State Geologist for 1905, pp. 27-95, 18 pis., 1906. 
 
 Haven, G. T. 
 
 1097 . Volcanoes give United States two islands. — Mineral Collector, vol. 14, 
 no. 1, pp. 1-3, March, 1907. 
 
 Haworth, Erasmus. 
 
 1098 . History, geography, geology, and metallurgy of Galena-Jo))lin lead 
 
 and zinc. — Kansas. Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 8, pi>. 1-126, 23 ])ls., 7 figs., 1904. 
 
 \ 
 
 Describes the development of the lead and zinc industry and the fieolojry of the lead 
 and zinc deposits of Kansas, and discusses the origin of the ores. 
 
 Economic geology of the Inde])endence quadrangle, Kansas. — See Schrader 
 and Haworth, no. 2144. 
 
 Hay, Oliver P. 
 
 1099 . Descriptions of two new genera (Echmatemys and Xrnoclieh/fi) and 
 two new species {Xcnochchjs formom and Terrapcnc piitnami) of fossil tur- 
 tles. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 22, pp. 27-31, 7 figs., 1906. 
 
92 BTBLTOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906 - 1907 . 
 
 Hay, Oliver F. — Continued. 
 
 1100. On two interesting genera of Eocene turtles, Cliistcnwn Leidy and 
 Anostcira T.ekly. — Ain. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 22, pp. 155-1 GO, 3 figs., 1906. 
 
 1101. Descriptions of new species of turtles of the genus Testudo, collected 
 from the Miocene by the Carnegie Museum ; together with a description of the 
 skull of Stylemijs nebrasccnsis. — Carnegie Mus., Annals, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 15-20, 
 G pis., 11 figs., December, 1906. 
 
 1102. Systematic paleontology of the Pleistocene deposits of Maryland: 
 Beptilia. — Maryland Geol. Survey, Pliocene and Pleistocene, pp. 169-170, pi. xl, 
 fig. 2, 1906. 
 
 1103. Descriptions of seven new species of turtles from the Tertiary of 
 the Lhiited States. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, pp. 847-863, 1 pL, 20 
 figs., 1907. 
 
 1104. A new fossil stickleback fish from Nevada. — U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., 
 vol. 32, pp. 271-273, 1907. 
 
 1105. A new genus and species of fossil shark related to Edestus Leidy. — 
 Science, new ser., vol. 26, pp. 22-24, 1 fig., July 5, 1907. 
 
 1106. The turtles of the Bridger basin. — Abstract: New York Acad. Sci., 
 Annals, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 592, 1907. 
 
 Haycock, Ernest. 
 
 1107. [Report on the] geology of parts of the counties of Labelle and Wright, 
 Quebec. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. Kept, for 1905, pp. 105-112, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes on the general geology and on the occurrence and character of the rocks. 
 Hayes, C. Willard. 
 
 1108. The relation of the federal government to the mining industry. — Am. 
 IMin. Cong., 8th. Ann. Sess.. pp. 46-59, 1906. 
 
 Includes a brief history of the V. S. Geological Survey and some consideration of its 
 relations to the mining industry. 
 
 1109. Contributions to economic geology, 1905: Introduction. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 1-13, 1906. 
 
 Explains the purpose and character of the bulletin and describes the diffei’ent series 
 of publications of tbe T'. S. Geological Survey. 
 
 1110. Introduction to Contributions to economic geology. 1906, part I. — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 7-13, 1907. 
 
 Includes a list of the folios of the Geologic Atlas of the United States, showing the 
 mineral resources described. 
 
 1111. The Gila River alum deposits. — V. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 
 215-223, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Hayford, John F. 
 
 1112. The geodetic evidence of isostasy, with a consideration of the depth 
 and completeness of the isostatic coin])ensation and of the hearing of the evi- 
 dence upon some of the greater i)rol)lems of geology. — Washington Acad. Sci., 
 Proc., vol. 8, pp. 25-40, 1906, 
 
 1113. The earth a failing structure. — Philos. Soc. of Washington, Bull., 
 vol. 1.5, pp. 57-74, December, 1907. 
 
 Hayford, John and Baldwin, A. L. 
 
 1114. The earth movements in the California eartlupiake of 1906. — V. S. 
 Coast and G(‘odetic Survey, Rei>t. of Sui)erintendent for 1906-7, Ai)i)endix 3, 
 [)p. ()7-104, 1907. 
 
93 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Headden, William I*. 
 
 1115. Mineralogical notes, no. III. — Colorado Sci. Soc., Proc., vol. 8, pp. 
 167-182, 1906. 
 
 Describes cassiterite from North Carolina and South Dakota, phosphorescent zinc- 
 blendes from Utah and California, and jamesonite, meneghite, huebnerite, wolframite, 
 and tapiolite from South Dakota. 
 
 1116 . Some pbospliorescent calcites from Fort Collins, Colo., and Joplin, 
 Mo. — Am. Join*. Sci., 4tli ser., vol .21, pp. 301-308, April, 1906. 
 
 1117 . An examination of some coals from lioutt County, Colorado. — Colo- 
 rado Sci. Soc., Proc., vol. 8, pp. 257-280, March, 1907. 
 
 1118 . A study of some Colorado coals — a comparison of some coals from 
 Boulder, Routt, and Delta counties. — Colorado Sci. Soc., Proc., vol. 8, pp. 281- 
 300, May, 1907. 
 
 1119 . Phosphorescent calcites. — Mineral Collector, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 21-22, 
 April, 1907. 
 
 Hedburg", Eric. 
 
 1120 . The Wisconsin zinc fields. — Mining World, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 61-62, 
 January 20, 1906. 
 
 Heikes, V. C. 
 
 Production of gold and silver in 1905 in Arizona, Idaho, and ITfah. — See no. 
 
 2418. 
 
 The production in Arizona and in Utah in 1906 of gold and silver. See no. 
 
 2419. 
 
 Heilprin, Angelo. 
 
 1121 . Mont Pele in its might. A scientific study of the volcano's activity, 
 from data gathered at the crater’s mcmth. — McClure’s Magazine, vol. 19, no. 4, 
 pp. 359-368, 9 figs., August, 1902. 
 
 1122 . The rock of the Pele obelisk and the condition of the volcano in Feb- 
 ruary, 1906. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 25-26, July 6, 1906. 
 
 1123. The shattered obelisk of Mont Pele. — Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 17, no. 8, 
 pp. 465-474, 5 pis., August, 1906. 
 
 Describes the condition of the summit of Mont Pele and discusses the mode of forma- 
 tion of its former spine. 
 
 1124 . The concurrence and interrelation of volcanic and seismic phenomena. — 
 Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 545-551, November 2, 1906. 
 
 1125 . The concurrence and interrelation of volcanic and seismic phenomena. — 
 Congr. geol. intern., C. R. 10® sess., JMexico, 1906, i>p. 187-196, 1907. 
 
 1126 . The Catskill Mountains. — Am. Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 
 19.3-199, April, 1907. 
 
 Describes the physiography and geologic history of the Catskill region. 
 
 Henderson, Junius. 
 
 1127 . The Tertiary lake basin of Florissant, Colorado. — Colorado Univ., 
 Studies, vol. 3, no. .3, pp. 145-1.56, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Gives an account of the mode of formation and character of the Florissant forma- 
 tion of Colorado, notes upon the physiographic and geologic history, and a bibliography. 
 
 1128 . Topographic development of Chalk Bluffs and Pawnee Buttes.— 
 Colorado Sci. Soc., Proc., vol. 8, pi). 247-2.56, 7 figs., March, 1907. 
 
 Hendrixson, W. S. 
 
 1129 . Some features of the Iowa ground waters. — Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc., 
 vol. 14, pp. 187-199, 1907. 
 
94 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Heneage, E. F. 
 
 1130. A consideration of tbe Archean ])eriod of the continents of North 
 America and South Africa, with reference to mineral occurrences. — British 
 Assoc. Adv. Sci., Kept, of 75th meeting, pp. 410—411, 1906. 
 
 Henton, John M. 
 
 1131. An interesting study in geology. — Min. World, vol. 27, p. 975, 1 fig., 
 November 30, 1907. 
 
 Discusses a land slip in Montana. 
 
 Herrick, R. L. 
 
 1132. The Joplin zinc district. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 145- 
 157, 1 pi., 15 figs., November, 1907. 
 
 Includes an account of the geology of the district. 
 
 The Gold Prince mine and mill. — See Scholl and Herrick, no. 2141. 
 
 Hershey, Oscar H. 
 
 1133. Some western Klamath stratigraphy. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, 
 pp. 58-66, Januaiy, 1906. 
 
 Describes the faulting of the region and the occurrence, character, and relations of 
 stratified and volcanic rocks, and discusses the relative age of certain formations. 
 
 Hess, Frank L. 
 
 1134. The York tin region [Alaska]. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 284, pp. 
 145-157, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology, and the occurrence, character, and relations of tin 
 lodes and of tin-bearing gravels. 
 
 1135. Some magnesite deposits of California. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 285, pp. 385-392, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of the deposits and the economic developments. 
 
 1136. Review of “Tin deposits of the world,’' by Sidney Fawns (London, 
 The Mining Journal, 1905). — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 500-502, 1906. 
 
 1137. What is a fissure vein? — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 700-702, 1906. 
 
 1138. The working magnesite deposits of California. — Eng. Mag., vol. 31, 
 no. 5, pp. 691-704, 8 figs., August, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence and character of the deposits. 
 
 1139.. The Carolina tin deposits. — Eng. Mag., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 10-20. 5 figs., 
 October, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology, and on the occurrence and character of the tin deposits. 
 
 1140. The York tin region of Alaska. — Eng. Mag., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 352- 
 369, 8 figs., December, 1906. 
 
 Gives a brief account of the geology, occurrence, and character of the tin ores in the 
 York region of Alaska. 
 
 The Rampart gold placer region. — See Prindle and Hess, no. 1958. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1905 of tin. — See no. 2418. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1906 of antimony, l)ismuth, nickel, 
 cobalt, tungsten, vanadium, molybdenum, titanium, uranium, and tantalum 
 of arsenic : of selenium, and of tin, — See no, 2419. 
 
 Hice, Richard R. 
 
 1141. What should be embraced in a geological study and report on claysV — 
 Am. Ceramic Soc., Trans., vol. 8, ]>]>. 221-225, 1906. 
 
 Hice, Richard R.. and others. 
 
 1142. Report of the committee on cooi)eration with federal and state 
 g(‘ological sni'veys. — Am. Ceramic Soc.. Trans., vol. 9. pp. 741-771, 1907. 
 
 Includes various data relating to the study of and reports on clays. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 95 
 
 Hidden, W. E., ami Warren, C. II. 
 
 1143 . On yttocrasite, a new yttriiuu-tliorinm-nraninni titanate. — Ain. Jour, 
 Sci., 4th ser., vol. 22, pp. .51.V5U), December, 1906; Zeitschr. f. Krystal, u. 
 Mineral., Bd. 44, Heft 1, pp. 18-2.3, T907. 
 
 Hilg-ard, E. W. 
 
 1144 . Soils: their formation, properties, composition, and relations to cli- 
 
 mate and plant growth in the humid and arid regions. New York, The Mac- 
 Millan Company, 1906. 593 pp., 89 figs. 
 
 1145. Some peculiarities of rock-weatheidng and soil formation in the arid 
 and humid regions. — Am. Jour, Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, pj). 261-269, April, 1906. 
 
 1146 . The exceptional nature and genesis of the Mississii)i>i delta. — Science, 
 new ser., vol. 24, pp. 861-866, December 28, 1906. 
 
 1147 . The causes of the glacial epoch. — Congr. geol. intern., C. K.- KE sess,, 
 Mexico, 1906, pp. 431-136, 1907 ; Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 350-354, March 
 1, 1907. 
 
 1148. Exceptional nature and genesis of the Mississippi delta. — Abstract: 
 Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 17, p. 731, 1907. 
 
 Hill, Robert T. 
 
 1149 . The volcano systems of the western hemisphere. Several groups of 
 active volcanoes. — The Century Magazine, vol. 64, no. 3, pp, 473-483, 13 figs., 
 July, 1902. 
 
 1150 . On the origin of the small mounds of the lower Mississippi Valley 
 and Texas. — Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 704-706, May 4, 1906. 
 
 1151 . Geologic and geographic aspects of Mexico. — Min. World, vol. 25, pp. 
 370-372, 459, 540-541, 596, 7 figs., 1906; vol. 26, pp. 69, 187, 1907; vol. 27, pp. 
 589-591, 633-634, 805, 6 figs., 1907. 
 
 1152 . Geology of the Sierra Almoloya, with notes on the tectonic history of 
 the Mexican plateau. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 710-712, May 3, 1907. 
 
 1153. Peculiar formations of the Mexican arid regions. — Eng. and Min. 
 Jour., vol. 83, pp. 662-666, 3 figs., April 6, 1907. 
 
 Discusses physiographic features and the mode of their formation. 
 
 1154 . Characteristics of some Mexican mining regions. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 84, pp. 631-636, 8 figs., October 5, 1907. 
 
 Discusses physiographic features and economic resources of Chihuahua. Sonora, and 
 the western Sierra Madre. 
 
 1155. Geology of the Sierra Almoloya, Mexico. — Min. World, vol. 26, pp. 
 530-532, 560, 6 figs., 1907. 
 
 1156 . Mexico: Its geology and natural resources. — Min. World, vol. 27, pp. 
 686-691, 10 figs., October 26, 1907. 
 
 Hille, F. 
 
 1157 . The Atik-Okan nickel iferous pyrrhotite deposits and their origin. — 
 Canadian Min. Inst.. Jour., vol. 9, pp. 285-301, 1 i)l. (map), 4 figs,, 1906. 
 
 Describes the rock formations of the region and discusses the origin of the iron ores. 
 
 1158 . Preliminary report on the iron ore deposits of western Ontario. — 
 Canada, Dept. Interior, Kept. Supt. Mines, 1907, pp. 13-18, 1907. 
 
 Hillebrand, W. F. 
 
 1159 . Notes on th(‘ chemical comi)Osition of the roofing slates of (‘astern 
 
 New York and western Vermont. — IT. S. G(‘ol. Survev, Bull. no. 275, itj). 39-42, 
 1906. 
 
 1160 . The anal.vsis of silicale and carbonate rocks. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 305, 200 pp., 24 figs., 1907. 
 
96 BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, -1906-1907. 
 
 Hillebrand, W. F., and Schaller, W. T. 
 
 1161. The mercury minerals from Terlinsna, Texas; kleinite, terlingnaite, 
 eglestonite, montroydite, calomel, mercury. — Am. Jour. Sci., Itli ser., vol. 24, 
 pp. 259-274, 4 figs., Sepfember, 1907. 
 
 Hilton, Edward. 
 
 A history of the earthquake and fire in San Francisco. — See Aitken and 
 Hilton, no. 21. 
 
 Himmelwright, A. L. A. 
 
 1162. The San Francisco earthquake and fire: a brief history of the dis- 
 aster. New York, The lloehling Construction Company [lOOO]. 270 pp., illus. 
 
 Hinrichs, G. D. 
 
 1163. Sur les meteorites d’Amana [Iowa]. — Acad. d. Sci., Paris, Compt. 
 Kend., 1. 140, pp. 545-547, 1905. 
 
 Hitchcock, C. H. 
 
 1164. Surfacial geology of the region about Burlington [A'ermont]. — Ver- 
 mont Geol. Survey, Fifth Kept. State Geol., pp. 232-235, 1906. 
 
 1165. The Champlain deposits of northern Vermont. — A'ermont Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Fifth Kept. State Geol., pp. 236-253, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence and character of the deposits and the relations of deposits in 
 different valleys and hasins, and outlines the geological history of the Champlain Valley. 
 
 1166. Geology of Diamond Head, Oahu. — Geol. Soc. America, Bulk, vol. 17, 
 pp. 469-184, 5 pis., 1906. 
 
 Presents the views of previous writers as to the composition and origin of Diamond 
 Head, Oahu, and describes new observations upon the character, occurrence, and rela- 
 tions of the deposits of which it is composed and their hearing upon the method and age 
 of its formation. 
 
 1167. Mohokea caldera. — Geol. Soc. America, Bulk, vol. 17, pp. 485^96, 3 pis., 
 
 1906. 
 
 Describes the physical features and history of the Mohokea caldera of Hawaii and 
 discusses the origin of calderas. 
 
 1168. Glacial Lake Memphremagog. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 25, 
 p. 773, May 17, 1907. 
 
 Hixon, Hiram AV. 
 
 1169. The origin of earthquakes. — Eng. and Alin. Jour., a’oI. 81. p. 864, 
 Alay 5, 1906. 
 
 1170. The geological age of the earth as compared to the life of the sun. — 
 Alin, and Sci. Press, vol. 92, p. 297, Alay 5, 190(k 
 
 1171. 'The ore deposits and geology of the Sudbury district [Ontario]. — 
 Canadian Alin. Inst., Jour., vol. 9, pp. 223-235, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and geologic relations of the ore deposits and discusses their 
 origin. 
 
 1172. The Sudhui’y nickel region. — Eng. and Alin. Jour., vol. 82, jtp. 313-314, 
 1 tig., August 18, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the geologic structure of the Sudbury, Ontario, region. 
 
 1173. Geii(‘sis of ores of the Cobalt district. — Eng. and Alin. Jour., vol. S3, 
 p. ()30, Alarch 30, 1907. 
 
 1174. Ort' dejtosition. — Alin, ;ind Sci. Press, vol. 94, pp. .59.3-594, Alay 11, 
 
 1907. 
 
 1175. A’olcjinic ash. — Alin, and Sci. Press, vol, 95, j). S05), December 28, 1907. 
 Discusses the origin of volcanic ash. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 97 
 
 Hobbs, Williani Herbert. 
 
 1176 . The correlation of fracture systems and the evidences of planetary 
 dislocations within. the earth's crust. — Wisconsin Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 
 vol. 15, pt. 1, 1905. 
 
 Discusses the directions of lines of fracture in various parts of the United States 
 and their correspondence to the major features of the earth’s surface, including details 
 in a table of fracture systems. 
 
 1177 . Suggestions regarding a petrographic nomenclature, based on the 
 quantitative classification. — Abstract: Congress of Arts and Science, Universal 
 Exposition, St. Louis, 1904, vol. 4, p. 604, 1906. 
 
 1178 . On two new occurrences of the “ Cortlandt series” of rocks within the 
 State of Connecticut. — Festschrift Harry Rosenbusch, E. Schweizerbartsche 
 l^erlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 1906, pp. 25-48. 1 pi.. 3 figs. 
 
 Calls attention to two occurrences ot the “ Cortlandt series ” of igneous rocks in the 
 State of Connecticut, and gives petrographic descriptions of the rock types found in 
 them. 
 
 1179 . America and seismological research. — Po]). Sci. Monthly, vol. 69, no. 3, 
 jip. 226-228, September. 1906. 
 
 1180 . Correspondence relating to a study of an area of crystalline rocks in 
 southwestern New England. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 655-658, November 
 23, 1906. 
 
 1181 . On some principles of seismic geology. — Beitriige zur Geophysik 
 (Gerland), Bd. 7, Heft 2, pp. 219-292, 10 figs., 1907. 
 
 Includes a chapter on the seismic geography of the eastern United States and a list 
 of the earthquake epicenters within the eastern United States. 
 
 1182 . Earthquakes, an introduction to seismic geology. New York, D. 
 
 Appleton and Company, 1907. 336 pp., 24 pis.. 1 12 figs. 
 
 1183 . [Seismological research].— Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 182-184, 
 1907. 
 
 1184 . The recent advance in seismology. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, pp. 288- 
 297, 396-409, 4 pis., 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 1185 . The iron ores of the Salisbury district of Connecticut. New York, 
 and Massachusetts. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no.. 2, pp. 153-181, 12 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the history of the mining operations, the geology of the district, the occur- 
 rence of the ores in the various mines, and their composition and origin. 
 
 1186 . Some topographic features formed at the time of earthquakes and 
 the origin of mounds in the Gulf plain. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, pp. 
 245-256, 5 figs., xipril, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the origin of small mounds and adduces evidence in favor of their forma- 
 tion through seismic agencies. 
 
 1187 . Origin of ocean basins in the light of the new seismology. — Geol. Soc. 
 America, Bull., vol. 18, pp. 233-250, 1 pL, 1907. 
 
 1188. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler. — Wisconsin Acad. Sci.. 'Frans., vol. 15, 
 pt. 2, pp. 924-927, 1. pi. (port.), 1907. 
 
 1189 . The Charleston earthquake of August 31st, 1886. in a new light. — 
 Geol. Mag., dec. 5, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 197-202. 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 1190 . Origin of the ocean basins in the light of the new seismology. — Ab- 
 stract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, j). 766, May 17, 1907. 
 
 1191 . Seismotectonic lines and lineaments — a rejoinder. — Science, new ser.. 
 vol. 26, pp. 253-255, 1 fig., August 23, 1907. 
 
 1192 . Earthquakes viewed in a new light. — Michigan Acad. Sci.. 9th Kept., 
 pp. 43-56, 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 66836— Bull. 872—09- 
 
 •7 
 
98 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Hobbs, William Herbert, and Leith, Charles Kenneth. 
 
 1193 . The pre-Cambrian volcanic and intrusive rocks of the P\>x River Val- 
 ley, AVisconsin. — Univ. of AATsconsin, Bull, no. 158, Science Series, vol. 3, no. 6, 
 pp. 247-277, 1 pi., 21 figs.. May, 1907. 
 
 Hobson, Bernard. 
 
 1194 . A new geological map of North America. — Geol. Mag., dec. 5, vol. 3, 
 no. 12, pp. 564-566, December, 1906. 
 
 1195 . An excursion to the volcanoes of Navado de Toluca and Jorullo in 
 Mexico. — Geol. Mag., dec. 5, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 5-13, 1 pi., January, 1907. 
 
 Describes physical, geologic, and petrologic features of Giese volcanoes. 
 
 1196 . The volcanoes of Mexico. — Scottish Geog. Mag., vol. 23, pp. 25-27, 
 1907. 
 
 Idant remains in basalt, Mexico. — See Solorzano and Hobson, no. 2257. 
 Hoffmann, G. Christian. 
 
 1197 . [Report on] chemistry and mineralogy. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. 
 Rept. for 1905, pp. 125-131, 1906. 
 
 Gives a brief account of the work done by the division of chemistry and mineralogy 
 of the Geological Survey of Canada and an annotated list of minerals and rocks added 
 to its museum. 
 
 1198 . Report of the section of chemistry and mineralogy. — Geol. Survey of 
 Canada, Ottawa, 1906. 71 pp. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence and composition of various minerals and economic 
 materials. 
 
 Hogbom, A. G. 
 
 1199 . Zur Petrographie der kleinen Antillen. — Geol. Inst. Univ. TJpsala. 
 Bull., vol. 6, no. 11-12, pp. 214-233, 2 pis., 1905. 
 
 Describes rocks collected from various islands of the Lesser Antilles. 
 
 Holden, R. J. 
 
 1200 . The brown ores of the New River-Cripple Creek district, A'irginia. — 
 V. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 190-193, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic structure of the district and the occurrence, character, and 
 origin of the iron ores. 
 
 1201 . Mineral resources of ATrginia : Iron. — In AAhitson, T. L., Mineral re- 
 sources of Alrginia, pp. 402-491, 8 pis., 20 figs., 1907. 
 
 Holland, AY. J. 
 
 1202 . The osteology of Diplodocm Marsh, with special reference to the 
 restoration of the skeleton of Diplodocits canicpici Hatcher, presented by Mr. 
 Andrew Carnegie to the British Aluseum, Alay 12, 1905. — Carnegie Mus., Mem., 
 vol. 2, pp. 225-278, 8 pis., 30 figs., 1906. 
 
 Hollick, Arthur. 
 
 1203 . The Cretaceous flora of southern New York and New England. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Mon., vol. 50, 219 pp., 40 pis., 1906. 
 
 Reviews the progress of geologic investigation upon the Cretaceous of the region and 
 describes the general character and correlation of the plant-bearing beds and gives sys- 
 tematic descriptions of the plant remains. 
 
 1204. Origin of the amber found on Staten Island. — New York Bot. Garden, 
 vol. 7, pp. 11-12, 1906. 
 
 1205 . A newly discovered outcrop of Triassic rock on Staten Island [New 
 A'orkj. — Staten Island Assoc. Arts and Sciences, vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 16-17, 1906, 
 
 Describes the character and occurrence of Triassic rocks in Staten Island. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 99 
 
 Hollick, Artlmr — Coiitiuned. 
 
 1206 . A fossil forest fire. — Staten Island Assoc. Arts and Sciences, vol. 1, 
 pt. 2, pp. 21-23, 1906. 
 
 Gives an explanation of the occurrence of charred wood in Cretaceous deposits at 
 Kreisherville, Staten Island, New York. 
 
 1207. Insect borings in Cretaceous lignite from Kreiscberville [New York]. — 
 Staten Island Assoc. Arts and Sciences, voi. 1, pt. 2, pp. 23-24, 1906. 
 
 1208 . A soapstone drift bowlder containing magnetite. — Staten Island Assoc. 
 Arts and Sciences, Proc., vol. 1, pt. 2, pi>. 31-32, 1906. 
 
 1209 . The Pleistocene flora [of ^Maryland]. — Maryland Geol. Survey, Plio- 
 cene and Pleistocene, pp. 148-149, 1906. 
 
 1210. Systematic paleontology of the Pleistocene deposits of Maryland: 
 Pteridophyta and Spermatopbyta.— Maryland Geol.- Survey, Pliocene and Pleis- 
 tocene, pp. 217-237, 9 pis., 1906: New York Rot. Garden, Contr., no. 85, 1906. 
 
 1211. Description of new Tertiary fossil flower from Florissant, Colorado. — 
 Torreya, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 182-184, 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 American fossil mosses, with description of a new species from Florissant, 
 Coloi;ado. — See Britton and Hollick, no. 304. 
 
 Hollick, Arthur, and Jeffrey^ Edward C. 
 
 1212 . Affinities of certain Cretaceous plant remains commonly referred to 
 the genera Dammara and HraclujithyUiim. — Am. Naturalist, vol. 40, pp. 189- 
 216, 5 pis., March, 1906; New York Rot. Garden, Contr. no. 79, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of the material, the methods of investigation 
 employed, and gives a description of Protodaw mara speciosa n. gen. and sp., and critical 
 notes upon the other material. 
 
 1213 . Recent identification of Cretaceous gynmosperms from Kreischerville, 
 N. Y.— Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 292-293, February 22, 1907. 
 
 Holmes, Joseph A. 
 
 Report on the operations of the coal-testing plant of the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey at the Tionisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo., 1904. — 
 See Parker, Holmes, Campbell, no. 1870. 
 
 Holmes, Joseph A., and others. 
 
 1214 . Preliminary report on the operations of the fiiei»testing plant of the 
 United States Geological Survey at St. Louis, Mo., 1905. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 290, 240 pp., 1906. 
 
 Contains the following papers : 
 
 Introduction, by J. A. Holmes, pp. 5-15. 
 
 Literature relating to peat and its utilization, pp. 11-16. 
 
 Field work, hy E. W. Parker and ,T. Shober Burrows, pp. 16-28. 
 
 Work of the chemical laboratory, by N. W. Lord, pp. 20-.S0. 
 
 Washing tests, by .Tohn D. Wick, pj). .81-82. 
 
 Steaming tests, by L. P. Breckenridge, pp. 88-85. 
 
 Producer-gas tests, by Robert II. Fernald, pp. 36-87. 
 
 Coking tests, by A. W. Belden, pp. 88-89. 
 
 Briquetting tests, by .1. A. Holmes, pp. 40-52. 
 
 Detailed report of tests, pp. 53-238. 
 
 Holway, Ruliff S. 
 
 1215. The history of the Blue Lakes [California!. — California Phys. Geog. 
 Club, Bull., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 8-13, 2 figs., April, 1907. 
 
 Describes the physiographic origin and history of the lakes in Lake County, California. 
 
 1216 . Physiographic changes bearing on the faunal relationships of the 
 Russian and Sacramento rivers, California. — Science, new ser., vol. 26, pp. 382- 
 383, September 30, 1907. 
 
100 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Horton, F. W. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1905 of platinum and quicksilver. — 
 See no. 2418. 
 
 Hoskins, L. M. 
 
 1217. The rigidity of the earth. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, p. 403, September 
 28, 1900). 
 
 Hotchkiss, W. O. 
 
 1218. Cobalt mining district, Ontario. — Min. World, vol. 23, no. 23, pp. 034- 
 030, 4 figs., December 9. 1905. 
 
 Describes the geology and the occurrence and character of the ore deposits. 
 
 1219. Mining and mineral resources of Wisconsin. — Am. Min. Congr., Kept, 
 of Proc., 9th Ann. Sess., pp. 220-225., 1907. 
 
 Hovey, Edmund Otis. 
 
 1220. Present condition of Mont Pele. — Abstract: Geol. Soc. America, Bull., 
 vol. 16, pp. 566-509, 2 pis., 1900. 
 
 1221. Soufriere of vSaint Lucia. — Abstract: Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 10, 
 pp. 569-570, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 1222. Boiling lake of Dominica. — Abstract : Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 
 16, pp. 570-571, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 1223. The geology of the Guaynojuta district. Chihuahua [Mexico]. — Fest- 
 schrift Harry Rosenbusch, E. Schweizerbartsche I'erlagsbuchhandlung, wStutt- 
 gart, 1900, pp. 77-95, 2 pis., 7 figs. 
 
 1224. The collections illustrating the rocks and minerals of Manhattan 
 Island. — Am. Mus. Jour., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 6-12, 3 figs., January, 1906. 
 
 1225. Geological notes on the western Sierra Madre of Chihuahua, Mexico. — 
 Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 23, p. 467, March 23, 1906. 
 
 1226. [Report of the meeting of] Section E — Geology and Geography: Ameri- 
 can Association for the Advancement of Science. — Science, new ser.. vol. 23, 
 pp. 286-291, February 23, 1906. 
 
 Contains abstracts of papers read at the meeting held at New Orleans, December, lOO."). 
 
 1227. The American Association for the Advancement -of Science. Special 
 meeting, Ithaca, New York, June 28-July 3, 1906. Section E — Geology and 
 Geography. — Science new ser.. vol. 24, pp. 365-372, September 21, 1906. 
 
 Gives an account of the meeting and abstracts of the papers presented. 
 
 1228. Notes on the geology of the Guaynopita, Chihuahua, Mexico, mining 
 district. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 24, p. 369, September 21, 1906. 
 
 1229. The Willamette meteorite. — Am. Mus. Jour., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 105-116, 
 4 pis., July, 1906, 
 
 Describes the finding, subsequent histoi’y, and characters of this meteorite. 
 
 1230. Notes on northern Mexico: Its deserts, plateaus, and canyons. — 
 Bhiladelphia Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 4, no, 5. pp. 1-24 (247-270), 3 pis., October. 
 1906. 
 
 1231. The Tenth International Geological Congress. — Am, Geog. Soc.. Bull., 
 vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 730-741, December, 1906. 
 
 Gives an account of the Tenth International Geological ('ongress held in the City of 
 Mexico, September. 1000, and abstracts of some of the papers presented. Includes notes 
 on the geology of Mexico in the account of the excursions. 
 
 1232. The Selma meteorite. — Am. Mus. Jour., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 8-12, 4 figs., 
 January, 1907. 
 
 Describes the physical characters of this aerolite, found near Selma, .\labama. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1900-11)07. 101 
 
 Hovey, Edmund Otis — Continued. 
 
 1233 . The Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Tehuantepec National Railway.— 
 Am. Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 78-91, 6 figs., February, 1907. 
 
 Includes a brief account of the geology of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. 
 
 1234. The American Association for the Advancement of Science. Meeting 
 of Section E — Geology and Geography. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 293-298, 
 February 22, 1907. 
 
 Gives an account of the meeting and abstracts of the papers presented. 
 
 1235 . La Sierra Madre occidentale de I’etat de Chihuahua. — Congr. geol. 
 intern., C. R. 10® sess., Mexico, 1906, pp. 1259-1268, 1907. 
 
 1236. A geological reconnaissance in the western Sierra Madre of the State 
 of Chihuahua, Mexico. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, pi>. 401—142, 18 pis., 
 13 figs., 1 map, 1907. 
 
 1237 . The Geological Society of America. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 
 761-775, May 17, 1907. 
 
 Gives an account of the meeting in New York, December 27-DO, IfMHi, and abstracts of 
 the papers presented. 
 
 1238 . Notes on the geology of the Guaynopita, Chihuahua, Mexico, mining 
 district. — Abstract : Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., l*roc., vol. 56-57, p. 270, 1907. 
 
 1239 . I'olcanoes of Colima, Toluca, and Popocatepetl. — Abstract : Science, 
 new ser., vol. 25, pp. 764 and 868, May 17 and 31, 1907. 
 
 Remarks on and descriptions of f invertebrate] Jurassic fossils of the Black 
 Hills. — See Whitfield and Hovey, no. 2563. 
 
 The production in the TTiiited States in 1905 of fiuorsitar and cryolite, of 
 salt, of asphaltum and bituminous rock, and of lithium minerals. — See no. 
 2418. 
 
 Howard, Kenneth S. 
 
 1240 . Preliminary notice of a new meteorite from Texas. — Am. Jour. Sci., 
 4th ser., vol. 21, p. 186, February, 1906. 
 
 1241. The Elm Creek aerolite. — Am. .Tour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, i)i). 379-381, 
 2 figs., ^lay, 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and characters of this meteorite from neai- Admire. Kansas. 
 
 Howard, Kenneth S., and Davison, .Tohn M. 
 
 1242 . The Estacado aerolite. — Am. .Tour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 22, i>p. .5.5-60. 
 4 figs., July, 1906. 
 
 Describes occurrence, characters, and chemical composition. 
 
 Howe, Ernest. 
 
 1243 . Glacial phenomena in the San Juan Mountains. — Abstract : Science, 
 new ser., vol. 23, pp. 306-307, February 23, 1906. 
 
 1244 . Report on the geology of the [Panama 1 Canal Zone. — Isthmian Canal 
 Commission, Ann. Rept., for 1907 [60th Congr., 1st sess.. Senate Doc. no. 55], 
 l)p. 108-1.38, 1907. 
 
 1245. Isthmian geology and the Panama Canal. — Ecoii. Geology, vol. 2, no. 7, 
 pp. 639-658, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 1246 . Geology of the Camil Zone.^ — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 26, 
 p. 148, August 2, 1907. 
 
 Description of the Ouray (iinidrangle, Colorado. — Set^ Cross, Howe, and 
 Irving, no. 607. 
 
 Howe, Ernest, and Cross, Whitman. 
 
 1247 . Glacial phenomena of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. — Geol. Soc. 
 Am., Bull., vol. 17, pp. 251-274, 7 pis., 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the character, extent, and evidences of recent and older glaciation. 
 
102 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, PK)6-1907. 
 
 Howley, James R. 
 
 1248. Report on the continuation of the coal boring operations in the central 
 Carboniferous area, near Goose Brook, Humber Yalley, Newfoundland. — New- 
 foundland Geol. Survey. Rept. on Mineral Statistics for 190.5, pp. 19-30, 1900. 
 
 Includes notes upon the character of the strata penetrated in horings. 
 
 1249. Report on the mineral statistics of Newfoundland for the calendar 
 year 1905. — Newfoundland Geol. Survey, 30 pp.. 1900. 
 
 Hrdlicka, Ales. 
 
 1250. Skeletal rqinaius suggesting or attributed to early man in North Amer- 
 ica. — I". S. Bur. of Ethnology. Bull. .33, 113 pp.. 21 pis,. 10 figs.. 1907. 
 
 Hubbard, George D. 
 
 1251. Drumlinoids of the Catatonk folio [New York]. — Am. Geog. Soc., 
 ’Bull., vol. 38, no. 0. pp. 355-305, 0 figs., June, 1900. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, area, elevation, relatiohs. and physical features of the eleva 
 tions to which the term drumlinoids is given, and discusses their origin. 
 
 1252. Experimental physiography. — Am. Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 39. no. 11. 
 pp. 658-606, 3 figs., November. 1907, 
 
 Hudson, George Henry. 
 
 1253. On some Pelmatozoa from the Chazy limestone of New York. — N. Y. 
 State Mus., Bull. 107, pp. 97-152, 10 pis., 8 figs.. 1907. 
 
 1254. On the structure, development, and relationship of Blastoidocrin iis 
 (Billings 18.591. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 730, May 10, 1907. 
 
 1255. Blastoiclocrinus and its tyi>e. — Abstract: Science, new ser.. vol. 26. 
 p. 401, Septemlter 27, 1907. 
 
 Huene, I\ v. 
 
 1256. Ueber die Dinosaurier der aussereuropaischen Trias. — Geol. u. Pahe<uit. 
 Abhandl., N. F.. Bd. 8. Heft 2. pp. 1-60 (97-1.561. 16 ids.. 102 figs.. 1906. 
 
 Includes descriptions and figures of American dinosaurian remains. 
 
 Hunt, W. F. 
 
 The occurrence of sulphur and celestite at Maybee, Michigan. — See Kraus 
 and Hunt, no. 1427. 
 
 Huntington, Ellsworth. 
 
 1257. Some characteristics of the glacial period in nonglaciated regb’nis. — 
 Geol. Soc. Am.. Bull., vol. 18, pp. 351-388. 9 pis., 16 figs.. October. 1907. 
 
 Includes a discussion of the mode of formation of the Moencopie shales of Ftah. 
 
 Hussakof, Louis. 
 
 1258. Studies on the Arthrodira. — Am. .Mus. Nat. Hist., Mem., vol. 9. i>r. 3. 
 I»p. 10.5-1.54, 2 pis., 25 figs.. May. 1906. 
 
 Describes the Arthrodiran jaw and discusses the relationshijis and evolution of the 
 Arthrodira. 
 
 1259. Zehrasoma cleani, a fossil surgeon-fish /rom the \Yest Indies. — Am. 
 Mus. Nat. Hist,, Bull., vol. 23, pp. 125-126. 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 Hutdhins, John Power. 
 
 1260. Gold-dredging practice at Ruby, Montana. — Eng, and Min. Jour., vol. 
 8.3, pp, 1223-1226, 7 figs., .Tune 29, 1907 ; vol. 84, pp. 69-72, 6 figs.. .Inly l.‘>. 1907. 
 
 Contains notes on the character and relations of the deposits. 
 
 1261. The essential data of jdacer investigations. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 84, pp. 339-342, 385-4186, 5 figs., August, 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 103 
 
 Hutchins, John Power — Continued. 
 
 1262 . The nomenclature of modern placer mininj?. — I^ng. and Min. .Tour., 
 vol. 84, pp. 293-296, 4 figs., August 17, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the classification and mode of formation of the placers. 
 
 1263 . Dredging beach gravel deposits near Nome. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 84, pp. 955-961, 8 figs., November 23, 1907. 
 
 Gives notes on the occurrence of placer gold. 
 
 Hutchinson, W. Spencer. 
 
 1264 . The Bonanza silver mines of Cobalt, Ontario. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 83, pp. 793-794, 9 figs., April 27, 1907. 
 
 1265 . Barytes deposits at Five Islands, Nova Scotia. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 84, pp. 825-826, 7 figs., November 2, 1907. 
 
 Idaho. 
 
 [Seventh annual] report of the state inspector of mines, 1905. — See Bell, 
 no. 195. 
 
 Iddings, Joseph P. 
 
 1266 . Rock minerals, their chemical and physical characters and their de- 
 termination in thin sections. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1906. .548 pp. 
 
 The texture of igneous rocks. — See Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, AVashington, no. 
 608. 
 
 Ingall, Elfric Drew. 
 
 1267 . Summary of the mineral production of Canada for 1905. — Canada, 
 Geol. Survey, Mineral Production for 1905, 16 pp., 1906. 
 
 1268 . Section of mines : Annual report for 1904. — Canada, (leol. Survey, 162 
 pp., 1906. 
 
 Gives various data relating to the mineral industries and products of Canada. 
 
 1269 . Report of the mines section. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. for 
 1906, pp. 158-163, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of various ores. 
 
 1270. Annual report on the mineral industries of Canada for 1905. — Canada, 
 Geol. Survey, Section of Mines, 174 pp. and pis., 1907. 
 
 Ingalls, A. O. 
 
 1271 . Earthquakes and their probable origin. — Northwest Min. Jour., vol. 2, 
 no. 1, pp. 2-12, 14 figs., July, 1906. 
 
 Gives a detailed discussion of the Pacific coast earthquakes from 1888 to 1898. 
 Ingalls, Walter Renton. 
 
 1272 . Mining the porphyry ore of Bingham [Utah]. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 
 vol. 84, pp. 431^40, 1 pL, 17 figs., September 7, 1907. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 Includes a brief account of the geology and the occurrence and character of the copper 
 ores. 
 
 1273 . The copper mines of Ely, Nevada. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 84, pp. 
 675-682, 7 figs., October 12, 1907. 
 
 Includes a short account of the local geology and the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 1274 . The silver-lead mines of Eureka, Nevada. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 
 84, pp. 1051-1058, 1 pi., 18 figs., December 7, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 Inkersley, Arthur. 
 
 1275 . Effects of the earthquake and fire upon the City of San Francisco and 
 its buildings. — Sci. Am., vol. 94, pp. 418-120, 9 figs.. May 19, 1906. 
 
104 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF XOETH AMEEICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 International Geological Congress. 
 
 1276. X Reunion ^lel Congreso geologico internacional. (Extracto de las 
 actas de sesiones del Consejo y Generales del Congreso.) — Mexico, Secretaria 
 de Fomento, Boletm, Seg. epoca,-ano 6, \l, no. .3, pp. 4.5-48, no. 4, pp. 49-56, 
 no. 5, pp. 75-79, 1906; no. 6, pp. 81-89, 1907. 
 
 A report of the proceedings of the Tenth International Geological Congress held in the 
 City of Mexico, September, 1906. 
 
 Irving, John Duer. 
 
 1277. Review of “The geological map of Illinois,” by Stuart Weller (111. 
 State Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 1). — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 8, pp. 816-818, 1906. 
 
 The Downtown district of Leadville, Colorado. — See Emmons and Irving, 
 no. 803. 
 
 Description of the Ouray quadrangle, Colorado. — See Cross, Howe, and 
 Irving, no. 607. 
 
 Issel, Arturo. 
 
 1278. A proposito del recente disastro delle Antille, proposta e voti. — Soc. 
 ligustica di sc. nat. e geogr., Atti, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 77-90, 1902. 
 
 Describes phenomena connected with the eruption of Mont Pele. Martinique. 
 
 Jaccaci, August F. » 
 
 1279. Pelee, the destroyer. Splendors and terrors of an eruption at close 
 range. — McClure’s Mag., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 401^16, 13 tigs., September, 1902. 
 
 Jaggar, Thomas A., jr. 
 
 1280. The eruption of Mount Pelee, 1851. Translated from the French of 
 * I.e Prieur, Peyraud, and Rufz. — Am. Naturalist, vol. 38, pp. 51-7.3, Januarj’, 
 
 1904. 
 
 1281. How should faults be named and classified? — Econ. (ieology, vol. 2, 
 no. 1, pp. 58-62, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 1282. Current methods of observing volcanic eruptions. — Abstract : Science, 
 new ser., vol. 25, pp. 764-765, May 17, 1907. 
 
 1283. Experiments illustrating erosion and sedimentation. — Abstract: 
 Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 765, May 17, 1907. 
 
 James, F. AYilton. 
 
 1284. Notes on the Minnewaska region of Ulster County, N. Y. — Abstract: 
 New York Acad. Sci., Annals, vol. 17, pt. 3, pp. 580-581, 1907. 
 
 Jarvis, May M. 
 
 1285. On the fossil genus Porocijstis Cragiii. — Biol. Bull., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 
 388-3J10, 6 figs., November, 1905. 
 
 Jefferson, Mark S. W. ^ 
 
 1286. The scaurs on the river Rouge [Michiganl. — Science, new ser., vol. 19, 
 pp. 150-151, January 22, 1904. 
 
 1287. Lateral erosion on some Michigan rivers. — (^eol. Soc. America, Bull., 
 vol. 18, pp. 3.33-350, 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 1288. Material for geography of Michigan. Ypsilanti, Michigan, 1906. 90 
 
 pp., illus. Reprinted from Normal College News. 
 
 Contains an account of the physiography, including old beaches and moraines. 
 
 1289. T’plift increases rainfall, denudation diminishes it. — Science, new ser., 
 vol. 25. pp. 909-910, June 7, 1907. 
 
 Jeffrey, Edward C. 
 
 1290. Attiiiities of certain Cretaceous plant remains commonly referred to 
 the genera Dammam and BrachiiphyUinn . — New York Bot. Garden. Contr. no. 
 79, 1906. 
 
 Recent identification of Cretaceous gymnosperms from Kreicherville, N. Y. — 
 See Hollick and Jeffrey, no. 1213. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190o-lUU7. 105 
 
 Jeffrey, Edward C., and Chrysler, M. A. 
 
 1291. The lignites of Brandon [Vermont]. — Vermont (4eo]. Survey, Fifth 
 Kept. State (ieol., pp. 195-201, 3 pis., 1900. 
 
 Describes the method of examination employed and the characters of woody material 
 found in the lignite. 
 
 1292. On Cretaceous Pityoxyla. — Bot. Gazette, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 2 pis., 
 July, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, state of preservation, and in detail the structure of the 
 wood of Pityoxyla from Staten Island, New York, and from Massachusetts, characterizes 
 two species, and discusses the relations oT living and fossil pines. 
 
 Jenney, Walter P. 
 
 1293. Structural features of the Ontario mineral belt. Park City, Utah. 
 Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 92, pp. 6-7, 1 fig., January 6, 1906. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy and the relations, of the ore-bearing veins. 
 
 1294. The fissure system of the Ontario mineral belt [Utah]. — Min. and Sci. 
 Press, vol. 92, pp. 24-25, 3 figs., January 13, 1906. 
 
 1295. Block-faulting and its relation to ore deposition. — Min. and Sci. Press, 
 vol. 92, pp. 54-55, 2 figs., January 27, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the conditions under which block-faulting took place, its characteristics, and 
 connection with ore deposition. 
 
 1296. The ore deposits of the Ontario mineral belt [Utah]. — Min. and Sci. 
 Press, vol. 92, pp. 108-109, 2 figs., February 17, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence and origin of ore deposits. 
 
 Jennings, E. P. 
 
 1297. The Lost Packer copper gold lode [Idaho]. — Canadian Min. Inst.. 
 Jour., vol. 9, pp. 54-57, 1906; Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 92, pp. 435-436, June .30, 
 1906. 
 
 1298. Genesis of the copper deposits of Yerington, Nev. — Eng. and Min. 
 Jour., vol. 83, pp. 1143-1144, June 15, 1907 ; Camidian Min. .Tour., vol. 28, no. 14, 
 (new ser., vol. 1, no. 12), pp. .S65-.366, September 1, 1907. 
 
 Johnson, B. L. 
 
 1299. Pleistocene terracing in the North Ctirolina coastal itlain. — Science, 
 new ser., vol. 26, pp. 640-642, November 8. 1907. 
 
 Johnson, Douglas Wilson. 
 
 1300. The scope of applied geology, and its place in the technical school. — 
 Econ Geol., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 243-256, December-January, 1905-1906; Tech. 
 Quart., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 25-36, 1906. 
 
 1301. The New England intercollegiate geological excursion, 1905. Geology 
 of the Nantasket area. — Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 15.5-156, January 26, 1906. 
 
 1302. Report on the geological excursion through New ^Mexico, Arizona, and 
 Utah, summer of 1906. — Tech. Quart., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 408^15, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on physiographic features of the region examined. 
 
 1303. Drainage modifications in the Tallulah district. — Boston Soc. Nat. 
 Hist., Proc., vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 211-248, 2 pis., 9 figs., 1907. 
 
 Reviews previous work, describes the general geology and physiography of the region, 
 the rock types and structural relations in the Tallulah district, and its topographic- 
 features, considers the principles governing river capture, and applies these to explain 
 drainage changes in the Tallulah district. South Carolina-Georgia. 
 
 1304. Volcanic necks of the Mount Taylor region. New .Mexico. — Geol. Soc. 
 America, Bull., vol. 18, pj). 303-324, (> pis., 10 figs., 1907. Abstract: Science, new 
 ser., vol. 25, p. 769, May 17, 1907. 
 
106 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OP^ NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY", 1906-1907. 
 Johnson, Douglas Wilson — Continued. 
 
 1305. A recent volcano in the San Francisco Mountain region, Arizona. — 
 Philadelphia, Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 6-11, 3 pis., 3 figs., July, 1907. 
 
 Describes a lava flow of recent origin. 
 
 1306. Current notes on land forms : Biver terraces in Vermont. — Science, 
 new, ser., vol. 25, pp. 71-72, January 11, 1907. 
 
 1307. River capture in the Tallulah district, Georgia. — Science, new ser., 
 vol. 25, pp. 428^32, March 15, 1907. 
 
 Discusses drainage changes in the region of tl^ upper Savannah River. 
 
 1308. Current notes on land forms : A ])eneplain in the Grand Canyon dis- 
 trict. — Science, new ser., vol. 26, pp. 837-838. December 31, 1907. 
 
 Johnson, L. C. 
 
 Summary of the underground \vuter resources of Mississippi. — See Crider and 
 Johnson, no. 599. 
 
 Johnson, R. D. O. 
 
 1309. Tennessee phosphate. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 80, pp. 204-207, Au- 
 gust 5, 1905. 
 
 Gives notes upon the geology of the phosphate-producing area, and describes the 
 origin, occurrence, and character of the phosphate deposits. 
 
 1310. A unique lead deposit. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 81, p. 794, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes upon the occurrence and character of a deposit of lead ore in Madison 
 County, Mo. 
 
 Johnson, Woolsey McA. 
 
 1311. The Kelly mine. New Mexico, and treatment of its ores. — Min. World, 
 vol. 27, pp. 267-269, 2 figs., August 17, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the local geology and the occurrence of the lead-zinc ores. 
 
 Johnston, Robert A. A. 
 
 1312. [Report on] work in Charlotte County, N. R, — Canada. Geol, Survey, 
 Summ. Rept. for 1905, pp. 117-118, 1906. 
 
 1313. Surveys on parts of the proposed route of the Transcontinental Rail- 
 way in New Brunswick. — Canada Geol. Survey, Summ. Rei>t. for 1906, pp. 127- 
 130, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes on the geology of the region. 
 
 1314. The Chambord meteorite. — Ottawa Naturalist, vol. 20, no. 3, p. 51. 
 June, 1906. 
 
 Gives data in regard to the occurrence and surface characters of this meteorite from 
 Quebec. 
 
 Johnston, W. A. 
 
 1315. [Report on the geological surve.v of j the Peterborough sheet. — Canada. 
 Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. for 1905, pp. 92-94, 1906. 
 
 Gives various data in regard to the geology and mineral resources of the area. 
 
 1316. Peterborough, Ih-ince Edward, and Sinicoe sheets. — Canada, Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Summ. Rept. for 1906, pp. 124-126, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes on the geology of the area. 
 
 Jones, Charles Colcock. 
 
 1317. Phosphate rock in Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming. — Eng. and -Min, Jour., 
 vol. 83, pp. 953-955, 6 figs.. May 18, 1907. 
 
 Jones, F. O. . 
 
 1318. Glacial rock sliding. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no, 5. j)p. 48.5-487, 1 fig., 
 1907. 
 
 Describes an occurrence of rock displacement due lo ice pressure near Elmira, New 
 York. 
 
BlBLIOGHAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190G-1907. 107 
 
 Jones, Fayette A. 
 
 1319. Mineral resources of Ne^y Mexico. — Am, Min. Cong,, Stli Ann. Sess., 
 pp. 135-143, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes on the occurrence of mineral resources in New Mexico. 
 
 1320 . Placers of Santa Fe ('oniity. New ^lexico. — Min. World, vol. 2.5, no. 14, 
 p. 425, October 0, 1906. 
 
 1321 . The Lordsbnrg mining region. New ^Mexico. — Eng. and Min, Jour., 
 vol, 84, pp. 444—445, 2 figs., September 7, 1907. 
 
 Gives a brief account of the geology and of the ores. 
 
 Jones, James O. 
 
 1322 . On the effect of the recent seismic disturbances in Guatemala, Costa 
 Kica, and Nicaragua upon the level of the waters in Lakes Nicaragua and 
 Managua. — 57tb Cong., 2d Sess., Sen. Doc. no. 131, 33 pp., 1903. 
 
 Jordan, David Starr. 
 
 1323. The earthquake rift of 1906. — Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 69, no. 4, i)p. 
 289-309, 20 figs., October, 1906. 
 
 Explains the nature of the San Francisco earthquake, the course of the rift, and effects 
 produced. 
 
 1324 . The fossil fishes of California. With supi)lenientary notes on other 
 species of extinct fishes. — California T"niv., Dept. Geol., P>ull., vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 
 95-144, 2 pis., .33 figs., April, 1907. 
 
 An annotated list of the species of fossil fishes recorded from the rocks of California, 
 with descriptions of a number of new species. 
 
 Jordan, David Starr, Editor. 
 
 1325 . The California earthquake of 1906. San Francisco, A. M. Robertson, 
 
 1907. 371 pp., illus. 
 
 Contains articles by — 
 
 David Starr .Iordan: The earthquake rift of April, lOOG. pp. 1—62 (reprinted from 
 Pop. Sci. Monthly, October, 1906). 
 
 .John Casper Branner : Geology and the earthquake, j)]). 68-78 (reprinted from Out West, 
 vol. 24, no. 6, .Tune, 1906). 
 
 Charles Derleth, jr. : The destructive extent of the California earthquake of 1906 ; its 
 effect upon structures and structural materials, within the earthquake belt, pp. 79-212 
 (not reprinted). 
 
 (irove Karl Gilbert : The investigation of the California earthquake of 1906, ])p. 213— 
 2.56 (reprinted from Pop. Sci. Monthly, August, 1906). 
 
 Stephen Taber: Local effects of the California earthquake of 1906, ])p. 2.57-280 (reprinted 
 from .Tour. Geolog.v. vol. 14, no. 4). 
 
 F. Omori : Preliminary notes on the cause of the California earthquake of 1906, pp. 
 281-318 (reprinted from the Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee, Bull., vol. 
 1, no. 1). 
 
 Harold W. Fairbanks: The great earthquake rift of California, pp. 319-388 (reprinted 
 from California Phys. Geol. (dub, Bull., vol. 1, no. 2). 
 
 Mary Austin : The Temblor : a personal narrative, pp. 339-361 ( reprinted from Out West, 
 vol. 24, no. 6, June, 1906). 
 
 Joseph, M. H. 
 
 1326 . Tungsten ore in Washington, — b]iig. and Min. Jour., vol. 81, p. 409, 
 March 3, 1906. 
 
 Notes briefly the occurrence of tungsten ore in northern Washington. 
 
 Joyce, W. E. 
 
 1327. New supiilies of aidliracite coal. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 84, pp. 
 216-217, August 3, 1907, 
 
 Judd, Edward K. 
 
 1328 . The Virgillna f Virginia 1 copper belt. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol, 82, 
 pp. 1005-1008, 5 figs., December 1, 1906. 
 
 Contains notes on the character of the ores. 
 
108 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NOKTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Judd, Edward K. — Continued. 
 
 1329. Soft iron ore in Tennessee. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 88, p. 507, 
 March 23, 1907.. 
 
 1330. The bauxite industry in the South. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 83, 
 pp. 574-575, March 23, 1907. 
 
 1331. The barytes industry in the South. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. S3, 
 pp. 751-752, 1 fig., April 20, 1907. 
 
 1332i New development in coal fields of New Mexico. — Eng. and Min. Jonr., 
 vol. 84. pp. 8-11, 6 figs., July 6, 1907. 
 
 Judd, Emerson W'. 
 
 1333. New coal developments in northern New Mexico. — Eng. and Min. .Tour., 
 vol. SO, pp. 300-301, 2 figs., August 19, 1905. 
 
 Gives notes upon the occurrence and character of the coals. 
 
 Julien, Alexis A. 
 
 1334. The occlusion of igneous rock within metamorphic schists, as illustrated 
 on and near Manhattan Island, New York. — New l^ork Acad. Sci., Annals, vol. 
 16, pt. 3, pp. 387-446, 2 pis., 1906. 
 
 Defines the term occlusion, considers processes attending occlusion, and different kinds 
 of occlusion and their occurrence, describes various outcrops exhibiting occlusions, and 
 the petrographic characters of the rocks, and discusses the genesis of serpentinoid schists 
 and the distribution of occlusion tracts and ancient centers of volcanic activity along 
 the Appalachian belt. 
 
 1335. Determination of brucite as a rock constituent. — Abstract : Geol. Soc. 
 America, Bull., vol. 16, p. 586, 1906. 
 
 1336. Notes on glaciation of Manhattan Island. — Abstract: Science, new 
 ser., vol. 23, p. 388, March 9, 1906. 
 
 1337. Glaciation of Manhattan Island, New York. — Abstract : Geol. Soc. 
 America, Bull., vol. 17, pp. 708-709, 1907. 
 
 1338. Notes on the glaciation of Manhattan Island. — Abstract : New York 
 Acad. Sci., Annals, vol. 17, pt. 3. p. 609, 1907. 
 
 1339. Determination of brucite as a rock-constituent. — Abstract : New York 
 Acad. Sci., Annals, vol. 17, pt. 3, pp. 581-582, 1907. 
 
 1340. Present structural character and probable former extent of the Pali- 
 sade trap. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 184, February 1, 1907. 
 
 1341. Relations of physiography to structure at Manhattan Island and 
 vicinity. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 762-763, May 17, 1907. 
 
 1342. Evidence of the stal)ility of the rock foundations of New York City. — 
 Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 868, May 31, 1907. 
 
 1343 On the pebbles at Hbrwick (Cape Cod), ]NIass., and on rude arrow- 
 heads found among them. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 26, pp. 831-832. 
 I )ecember 13, 1907. 
 
 Jumeau, E. P. 
 
 1344. Ive phosphate de chaux (gisements connus) et les exploitations aux 
 
 Etats-Pnis en 1905. Paris. Ch. Dunod, 1905. 198 p[)., .34 pis., 1 map. 
 
 Contains an extended account of the phosphate industry in Florida. Discusses the 
 origin, distribution, etc., of Florida phosphates. 
 
 Kay, G. F. 
 
 1345. Nickel de])osits of Nickel Mountain, Oregon. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 31.5. pp. 120-127, 1907. 
 
 Keele, Joseph. 
 
 1346. A rec'onnaissMiice survey on the Stewart River. — Canada, Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Summ. Rept. for 1905, pi). 32-36, 1906. 
 
 Includes data upon the geology of the region examined. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 109 
 
 Keele, Joseph — Continued. 
 
 1347 . Report on the upper Stewart River region, Yukon. — Canada, Geol. 
 Survey, Ann. Rept., vol. 16, pt. C, 23 pp., 4 pis,, 1906. 
 
 Keffer, Frederic. 
 
 1348 . Methods of mining in the Boundary district, British Colunihia, — 
 Eng. Mag., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 441-454, 17 figs., June, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of the copper ores. 
 
 1349 . Copper-smelting practice in the Boundary district, British Columbia. — 
 Eng. Mag., vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 715-727, 9 figs., August, 1907. 
 
 Includes a classification of the copper ores. 
 
 1350 . The Emma mine fBoundary district, British Columbia]. — Eng. and 
 Min, Jour., vol. 84, pp. 490^91, September 14, 1907 ; Canadian Min. Jour., vol. 
 28, no. 17 (new ser., vol. 1, no. 15), pp, 463-465, 5 figs., October 15, 1907. 
 
 Keilhack, K. 
 
 1351 . Ueber das Onyxvorkommen von Etla, Oaxaca. — Congr. geol. intern., 
 C. R. 10® sess., Mexico, 1906, pp. 759-762, 1907. 
 
 Describes an occurrence of marble at Etla, in the State of Oaxaca, and discusses its 
 origin. 
 
 Keith, Arthur. 
 
 1352 . Description of the Nantahala quadrangle [North Carol ina-Teimes- 
 see]. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol, Atlas of U. S., folio no. 143, 11 pp., 3 maps and 
 structure-section sheet, 1907. 
 
 Describes the geography, the general geology, the occurrence, character, and relations 
 of the geologic structure and the mineral resources, marble, talc, kaolin, mica, corundum, 
 iron, and gold. 
 
 1353 . Description of the Pisgah quadrangle [North Carolina-South Caro- 
 lina]. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas of U. S., folio no. 147, 8 pp., 3 maps, 
 structure-section and illustration sheets, 1907, 
 
 Describes the topography, the general geologic record, the occurrence, character, and 
 relations of Archean, Cambrian, and intrusive rocks, the geologic structure, and the 
 mineral I’esources. • 
 
 1354 . Description of the Roan Mountain quadrangle [Tennessee-North Caro- 
 lina]. — U. S. Geol. Survey., Geol. Atlas of U. S., folio no. 151, 11 pp., 3 figs., 
 3 maps, structure-section and illustration sheets, 1907. 
 
 Describes the geography, the occurrence, character, and relations of pre-Cambrian, 
 Cambrian, Ordovician, and Triassic ( ?) sedimentary and igneous rocks, the geologic 
 structure, and the mineral and water resources. 
 
 1355 . The Appalachian mountains and valleys. — ^Abstract : Science, new ser., 
 vol. 25, pp. 865-867, May 31, 1907. 
 
 Keith, N. S. 
 
 1356 . The copper deposits of New Jersey. — Min. Mag., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 468- 
 475, 7 figs., June, 1906. 
 
 Kelley, Walter S. 
 
 1357 . What is a fissure vein? — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 5, p. 484, 1906. 
 Kellogg*, L. O. 
 
 1358 . Sketch of the geology and ore deposits of the Cochise mining district, 
 Cochise County, Arizona. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 651-659, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology of the district, and the character, occurrence, and origin of the 
 wolframite and copper ores. 
 
 Kemp, James Furman. 
 
 1359 . Earthquakes and volcanoes : the great natural cataclysms. — The Cen- 
 tury Magazine, vol. 64. no. 4, pp. .593-609, 17 figs., August, 1902. 
 
110 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NOETH AMEEICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Kemp, James Fiirmau — Coutiuued. 
 
 The copper deposits at San Jose, Taniaiilipas, Mexico. — Am. lust. Min. Eng., 
 Trans., vol. 36, pp. 178-203, 3 figs.. 1906 (Bi-Mo. Bull., no. 4, pp. 885-912, 3 figs., 
 1905). — See Kemp, 32, page 190 of Bulletin no. 301, V. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
 1360. The problem of the metalliferous veins. — Ecou. Geology, vol. 1, no. 3, 
 pp. 207-232, December-January, 1905-1906 ; Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 14-29, 
 January 5, 1906 ; New York Acad. Sci., Annals, vol. 17, pt. 3, pp. 632-657, 1907 ; 
 Smithsonian lust.. Ann. Kept, for 1906, pp. 187-206, 1907. 
 
 IMscusses the formation of ore deposits, particularly the part taken by meteoric and by 
 magmatic waters. 
 
 1361. The geology of Jell. — Canadian Min. Bev., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 11-13, 
 January, 1906; Min. and Sci. I’ress, vol. 92, p. 243, April 7, 1906. 
 
 A humorous paper read at the dinner of the Journal Club of the Geological Depart- 
 ment, Columbia University, on the evening of May 18, 1905. • 
 
 1362. The physiography of the Adiroudacks. — Pop! Sci. Monthly, vol, 68, 
 no. 3, pp. 195-210. 14 figs., March, 1906. 
 
 1363. On the formation of garnet zones at the contacts of eruptive rocks 
 and limestones. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol, 92, pp. 220-221, March 31, 1906. 
 
 1364. The problem of the metalliferous veins. — Ecou. Geology, vol. 1, no. 7, 
 pp. 699-700, 1906. 
 
 1365. Dikes. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, pp. 85-88, 3 tigs., January 19, 
 1907. 
 
 1366. Ore deposits at the contacts of intrusive rocks and limestones; and 
 their significance as regards the general formation of veins. — Cougr. geol. 
 intern.. C. R. 10^ sess.. Mexico, 1906, pp, 519-531, 1907 ; Ecou. Geology, vol. 2, 
 no. 1, pp. 1-13, 1907. 
 
 1367. Some new points in the geology of copper ores. — Min. and Sci. Press, 
 vol. 94, pp. 402—103, March 30, 1907 ; Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 83, pp. 1192-1193, 
 June 22, 1907 ; Canadian Min. Jour., new ser., vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 274-275, July 15, 
 1907. 
 
 1368. Dike^ of mica-i)eridol ite from Fayette County, southwestern Pennsyl- 
 vania. — Abstract : Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 17, p. 691, 1907. 
 
 1369. Physiography of the lower Hudson valley. — Abstract : Science, new 
 ser., vol. 25, p. 762, May 17, 1907. 
 
 1370. Physiography of the Adiroudacks ( with lantern illustrations and 
 map). — Abstract: New York Acad. Sci., Annals, vol. 17, pt. 3, pp. 589-591, 1907. 
 
 1371. Recent interesting discovery of human implements in an abandoned 
 river channel in southern Oregon. — Abstract : New York Acad. Sci., Annals, 
 vol. 17, pt. 3, pp. 606-608, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the local geology. 
 
 Report of a special ccunmittee on the correlation of the pre-Cambrian rocks 
 of the Adirondack ^lountains, the ** original Laurentian area ” of Canada, and 
 eastern Ontario. — See Adams and others, no. 13. 
 
 Kemp, J. F., and Gunther, C. G. 
 
 1372. The AVhite Knob copper deposits, Mackaj% Idaho. — Am. Inst. Min. 
 Eng., Bi-Mo. Bull., no. 14, pp. 301-,‘^S, 14 figs., March. 1907. 
 
 Describes the geological relations of the mineralized area, the character and occur- 
 rence of the rocks, the contact phenomena, and the mode of formation of the ores. 
 
 Kemp, J. F., and Ross, J, G. 
 
 1373. A peridotite dike in the coal measures of southwestern I’ennsylvauia. — 
 New York Acad. Sci., Annals, vol. 17, pt. 2, pp. 509-518. September, 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. Ill 
 
 Kennedy, Stewart. 
 
 1374. Lignite of iiorthea stern AVyoining. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, 
 no. 7, pp. 294-297, 6 figs., February, 1907. 
 
 Kerr, H. L. 
 
 1375. Exploration in Mattagami Valley. — Ontario, Bnr. Mines, Kept., 1906, 
 vol. 15, pt. 1, pp. 116-135, 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Includes an account of the economic resources, the geology and petrology, and evidences 
 of glaciation. 
 
 Keyes, Charles Roll in. 
 
 1376. [Notes on the classitication of American Carboniferous deposits]. — 
 Jour. Geology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 71-76, 1906. 
 
 1377. Carboniferous formations of New Mexico. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, 
 no. 2, pp. 147-154, 1906. 
 
 Describes the extent, character, and occurrence of the Carboniferous deposits of New 
 Mexico and discusses their correlation with those of the Mississippi Valley and of the 
 Appalachian region. 
 
 1378. Orotaxial signiticance of certain nnconformities. — Am. .Tour. Sci., 4th 
 ser., vol. 21, pp. 296-800, 2 figs., April, 1906. 
 
 This discussion is based mainly upon the stratigraphic succession exhibited in New 
 Mexico. 
 
 1379. The Dakotan series of northern New Mexico. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th 
 ser., vol. 22, pp. 124-128, August, 1906. 
 
 1380. Geological section of New Mexico. — Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 
 921-922, June 15, 1906. 
 
 1381. T Tse of the term Permian in American geology. — Science, new ser., 
 vol. 24, pp. 181-182, August 10, 1906. 
 
 1382. Carboniferous coal measures in the southwest. — Eng. and IMin. Jour., 
 vol. 81, p. 1129, June 16, 1906. 
 
 Calls attention to coals of Carboniferous age in New Mexico and describes briefly the 
 geology of these deposits. 
 
 1383. Physiography of New Mexico. — Jour. Geogra])hy, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 251- 
 256, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the physiographic provinces of New Mexico, tlie location of various topo- 
 graphic features, and the drainage system. 
 
 1384. Lime Creek fauna of Iowa in soutlnvestern United States and north- 
 ern Mexican region. — Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 13, pp. 197-198, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of a Devonian fauna at Lake Valley, New Mexico, and gives 
 a list of the forms identifled. 
 
 1385. Alternation of fossil faunas.— Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 13, pp. 199- 
 201, 1906, 
 
 Describes instances of alternations of fossil faunas and discusses their bearing upon 
 (juestions of correlation of strata. 
 
 1386. Mescal Canyon coal field. New Mexico. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. S3, 
 p. 957, 2 figs.. May 18, 1907. 
 
 Describes the geology of the coal beds, and the character of the coal. 
 
 1387. Volcanic craters in the Southwest. — Geol. Soc. America, Hull., vol. 
 17, pp. 721-723, 5 pis., 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 1388. Tertiary terranes in New Mexico. — xVbstract : Geol. Soc. America, 
 Bull., vol. 17, p. 725, 1907. 
 
 1389. Physiographic significance of the Mesa de Maya. — Iowa Acad. Sci., 
 Proc., vol. 14, pp. 221-222, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Describes physiographic changes that have taken place in the area along the southern 
 boundary of Colorado. 
 
112 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Keyes, Charles Rolliii — Continued. 
 
 1390. Tertiary terranes of New Mexico. — Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 14. 
 pp. 22.3-228, 1907. 
 
 Describes the distribution, relations and correlation of Tertiary formations in New 
 Mexico. 
 
 1391. Volcanic phenomena about Citlaltepetl and Popocateptl. — Abstract : 
 Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 14, pp. 229-230,- 1907. 
 
 Gives notes upon the geology of these Mexican volcanoes. 
 
 1392. Cerargyritic ores : their genesis and geology. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2. 
 no. 8, pp. 774-780, 1907. 
 
 1393. Aggraded terraces of the Rio Grande. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 24, 
 pp. 467-472, 3 figs., December, 1907. 
 
 Kimble, George W. 
 
 1394. Pockets in the upper portion of gold veins. — Min. and Sci. Press, 
 vol. 94, pp. 343-344, 1 fig., March 16, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology of Mt. Thompson, Eldorado County, Cal. 
 
 1395. The ancient river channels of California. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 
 94, pp. 726-727, 2 figs., June 8, 1907. 
 
 Kindle, Edward M. 
 
 1396. Notes on the range and distribution of Reticularia Iwvis. — Jour. Geol- 
 ogy, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 188-193, 1906. 
 
 1397. Faunas of the Devonian section near Altoona, Pa. — Jour. Geology, 
 vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 631-635, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes upon the paleontologic character of Devonian formations present in the 
 Altoona section and lists of the fossils identified. 
 
 1398. The iron ores of Bath County, Ky. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, 
 pp. 180-182, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic relations and character of the ores, and their development. 
 
 1399. Note on a Tertiary basin in northern Alaska. — Science, new ser., 
 vol. 25, pp. 506-507, March 29, 1907. 
 
 Reports the discovery of Tertiary strata on the Porcupine River. 
 
 1400. Notes on the Paleozoic faunas and stratigraphy of southeastern 
 Alaska. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 314-337, 6 figs., 1907. 
 
 Review-s briefly previous literature on the region, outlines the stratigraphy of the 
 region, and describes the character, occurrence, and relations of Silurian, Devonian, and 
 Carboniferous faunas, with lists of species. 
 
 The Paleozoic section of the upper Yukon. — See Brooks and Kindle, no. 321. 
 King, Francis Plaisted. 
 
 1401. Basic magnesian rocks associated with the corundum deposits of 
 Georgia. (A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins I’niversity for the degree 
 of Doctor of Philosophy.) Baltimore, ^Id., 1906. 32 pp. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and geological relations of the corundum-bearing rocks of 
 (ieorgia. and more particularly their petrographic characters and chemical composition, 
 and discusses their origin. 
 
 Kinney, Bryce A. 
 
 1402. Report of the state supervisor of natural gas for the year 1906. — 
 Indiana, Dept. Geol. and Nat. Hist., 31st Ann. Rept., pp. 597-607, 1907. 
 
 Kip, II. Z. 
 
 1403. A new method for the determination of the hardness of minerals. — 
 Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 24. ]ii); 23-32, 4 figs.. July. 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 113 
 
 Klotz, Otto. 
 
 1404 . Earthquakes. — Ottawa Lit. and Sci. Soc., Trans., no. 4, pp. 1.30-144, 
 1907. 
 
 1405 . Recession of Alaska glaciers. — Geog. .Tour., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 419-421, 
 October, 1907. 
 
 1406 . Seismograpliic and magnetic work. — Canada, Dept, of the Interior, 
 Kept, of the Chief Astronomer (pt. 1' of the Ann. Dept. Report for 1906), 
 pp. 7-37, 4 pis., 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Gives a general discussion of the subject of earthquakes. 
 
 Knapp, G. N. 
 
 1407 . [The Cretaceous formations of New .Jersey 1. — New .lersey Geol. Sui-- 
 vey. Paleontology Series, vol. 4. Text, pp, 15-20, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the correlation of Cretaceous formations of New .7('rs<'.v. 
 
 Knapp, M. A. 
 
 1408 . The fault system of eastern Santa Eulalia | Mexico]. — Eng. and Min. 
 Jour., vol. 81, pp. 99.3-994, 2 figs., May 26, 1906. 
 
 Knight, Cyril W. 
 
 1409 . Analcite-trachyte tuifs and breccias from southwest Alberta. Canada. — 
 Canadian Rec. Sci., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 2(>5-278, 3 figs., 1905. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of analcite rocks in southwest Alberta and the results of 
 microscopic and chemical examination, and discusses the primary origin of the analcite. 
 
 1410 . A new occurrence of pseudo-leucite. — Am. .Tour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, 
 pp. 286-293, 2 figs., April. ItlOt;. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and characters of leucite rock from Yukon Territory and com- 
 pares it with material from other sources. 
 
 1411 . Oil and gas in Kent [County, OntarioJ. — Ontario, Bur. Mines, 16th 
 Ann. Rept„ vol. 16, pt. 1, pp. 92-104, 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 A microscopic examination of the cobalt nickel arsenides and silver deposits 
 of Temiskaming. — See Campbell and Knight, no, 410. 
 
 The paragenesis of the cobalt nickel arsenides and silver deposits of Timis- 
 kaming. — See Campbell and Knight, no. 408. 
 
 Microscopic examination of nickeliferous pyrrhotites. — See Campbell and 
 Knight, no. 409. 
 
 The re-formation of soda-leucite. — See Read and Knight, no. 1997. 
 
 On the microstructure of nickeliferous jiyrrhotites. — See Campbell and 
 Knight, no. 411. 
 
 Grenville-Hastings unconformity and the ])robable identity in age of the 
 Grenville limestone with the Keewatin iron formation of the Lake Superior 
 region. — See Miller and Knight, no. 1759. 
 
 Knight, C, Y. 
 
 1412 . A curious occurrence of sulphur. — Min. and Sci. l*ress, vol. 94, p. 242, 
 February 23, 1907. 
 
 Notes on occurrence of bornile in serpentine near Sliiugle Springs, Eldorado County,- 
 California. 
 
 Knight, Nicholas. 
 
 1413 . The determination of silica. — Iowa Acad, Sci., Proc., vol. 14, pp. 201- 
 211, 1907. 
 
 Discusses methods and results of determinaiion of silica in rocks. 
 
 Knight, Nicholas, and Wheeler, Ward II. 
 
 1414 . Dolomite and magnesite with reference to the separation of calcium 
 and magnesium. — Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 13, pp. 167-171, 1906, 
 
 Discusses methods of determining the calcium and magnesium content of a mineral 
 or rock. 
 
 66836— Bull. 372—99 8 
 
114 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NOETH AMEEICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Knopf, Adolph. 
 
 1415. Notes oil the foothill copper belt of the Sierra Nevada. — California 
 Univ., Dept. Geol., Bull., vol. 4, no. 17, pp. 411-423, 1906. 
 
 Gives a general “Itcconnt of the geology and describes the occurrence, character, and 
 relations of the copper deposits. 
 
 1416. An alteration of Coast Range serpentine. — California Univ., Dept. 
 Geol., Bull., vol. 4, no. 18, pp. 425—130, 1900. 
 
 Discusses the composition and the character of alteration that has taken place in the 
 rock. 
 
 Stratigraphic succession in the region northeast of Cook Inlet, Alaska. — See 
 Paige and Knopf, no. 1860. 
 
 Reconnaissance in the ^lataunska and Talkeetua basins, with notes on the 
 placers of the adjacent region. — See Paige and Knopf, no. 1861. 
 
 Geologic reconnaissance in the Matannska and Talkeetna basins, Alaska. — 
 See Paige and Knopf, no. 1862. 
 
 Knowlton, Frank Hall. 
 
 1417. Report on ^Mesozoic fossil plants from northwestern Alaska. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survej", Bull. no. 278, pp. 29-.30, 1906. 
 
 Gives a list of plants identified and notes upon them. 
 
 1418. Change of name. — Washington Biol. Soc., Proc., vol. 19, p. 95, 1906. 
 
 Proposes the name of Qucrcus hnfcheri to replace Qiiercus mouiana Knowlton, preoc- 
 cupied. 
 
 1419. Description of a collection of Kootanie plants from the Great Falls 
 coal field of Montana.— Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 50 (Quart. Issue, vol. 4, pt. 
 1), pp. 105-128, 4 pis., 1907. 
 
 Koch, Fred AV. 
 
 1420. California's inland sea. — California Ifiiys. Geog. Club, Bull., vol. 1, 
 no. 1, pp. 4-7, 2 figs., April, 1907. 
 
 Includes physiographic notes on the Salton sink region. 
 
 Koch, Aval ter E. 
 
 1421. Ore deposition. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 95, p. 300, September 7, 
 1907. 
 
 Koenig'sberg’er, Job. 
 
 1422. Bergfahrten in Alexiko und Colorado. — Schweizer Alpenclub, Jahrbuch. 
 .Tg. 42, pp. 210-235, 1 pi., 8 figs., 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the volcanoes of Mexico, and on physiographic and geologic feU' 
 lures of Colorado. 
 
 Kraus, Edward Henry. 
 
 1423. On the origin of the sulphur deposits at the AA’oolmith quarry, Monroe 
 County, Alich. — Alichigan Acad. Sci., 7th Rept., pp. 26-29. 1905. 
 
 1424. Essentials of crystallography. Ann Arbor. Alicli.. 1906. 162 pp.. 427 
 
 figs. 
 
 1425. I'he teaching of crystallography. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, pj). 855- 
 856, December 28, 1906, 
 
 Kraus, Edward Henry, and Cook, (-. AA’. 
 
 1426. Datolite from AA’estfield, Massachusetts. — Am. .lour. Sci., 4th ser.. 
 vol. 22, pp. 21-28, 6 figs., July, 1906; Zeitschr. f. Kryst. u. Mineral., Bd. 42, Heft. 
 4, pp. 327-333, pi. iv, 190(5. 
 
 Describes the crystallography and chemical composition. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 115 
 
 Kraus, Edward H., and Hunt, W. F. 
 
 1427. The occurrence of sulphur and celestite at Maybee, Michigan. — Ain. 
 •Tour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, pp. 2.37-244, 8 figs., March, 1906; Zeitschr. f. Kryst. 
 n. Mineral., Bd. 42, Heft 1, pp. 1-12, 3 figs., 1906. 
 
 Kraus^ Edward H., and Scott, I. D. 
 
 1428. Ueher interessante ainerikanische Pyritkrystalle. — Zeitschr. f. Krystal, 
 n. Mineral., Bd. 44, Heft 2, pp. 144-1.53, 3 pis., 1907. 
 
 Describes the crystallographic characters and composition of pyrite crystals from Colo- 
 rado and New .Tersey. 
 
 Kreutz, Stefan. 
 
 1429. Ueher Zwillingskrystalle des Calcites von (xuanajuato, Mexico. — 
 Tschei’inak’s Mineral, n. Petrog. Mitt. (N. F. ), Bd! 26, Heft 1-2, pp. 140-141, 
 1907. 
 
 Describes tbe crystallography of calcite from Guanajhiato, Mexico. 
 
 Kiimmel, Henry B. 
 
 1430. Administrative report of the state geologist [of New .Jersey]. — New 
 Jersey Geol. Survey, Ann. Kept. State Geol. for 1905, pp. 1-24, 190(5. 
 
 Includes various data relating to the geology of the State. 
 
 1431. The chemical composition of the white crystalline limestones of Sussex 
 and Warren counties [New Jersey], with analyses hy R. B. Gage. — New Jersey 
 Geol. Survey, Ann. Rept. State Geologist for 190.5, i>p. 173-191, 1906. 
 
 1432. Notes on the mining industry [in New Jersey]. — New Jersey Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Ann. Rept. State Geologist for 1905, pj). 317-.325, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the iron, zinc, and copper mines and their production. 
 
 1433. The peat deposits of New Jersey. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 
 24-33, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of peat deposits in New .Jersey and the character, composition, 
 and fuel value determined by testing samples. 
 
 1434. Administrative report. — New Jersey Geol. Survey, Ann. liept. State 
 Geol. for 1906, pp. 1-16, 1907. 
 
 1435. Notes on the mining industry [New .Jersey]. — New Jersey Geol. Sur- 
 rey, Ann. Rept. State Geol. for 1906, pp. 173-lSl, 1907^ 
 
 Kiimmel, Henry B., and Gage, R. B. 
 
 1436. The glass-sand industry of New Jersey. — New Jersey Geol. Survey, 
 Ann. Rept. State Geol. for 1906, pp. 77-96, 4 pis., 1907. 
 
 Kunz, George Frederick. 
 
 1437. Gems, jewelers’ materials, and ornamental stones of Galifornia. — 
 California State Min. Bur., Bull. no. 37, pp. 9-1 .5.5, 51 figs., 1905. 
 
 1438. [Peridotite dike upon Manhattan Island]. — Abstract: Science, new ser., 
 vol. 23, p. 388, March 9, 1906. 
 
 1439. [Modoc, Scott County, Ivansas, meteorite]. — Abstract: Science, new 
 ser., vol. 23, pp. 388-389, March 9, 1906. 
 
 1440. History of the gems found in North Carolina. — North (’arolina Geol. 
 and Econ. Survey, Bull. no. 12, 60 iip., 15 pis., 1907. 
 
 1441. Gems and precious stones of Mexico. — Congr. geol. intern., (’. R. 
 10® sess., Mexico, 1906, i>p. 1029-1080, 1907. 
 
 1442. Occurrence of the diamond in North America. — Abstract : Geol. Soc. 
 America, Bull., vol. 17, pp. 692-694, 1907. 
 
 1443. Description of the Modoc, Scott County, Kansas, meieorit(‘. — Abstract: 
 New York Acad. Sci., Annals, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 626, 1907. 
 
 Mineral resources of the United States, 1905: iwecious stones. — See no. 2418, 
 
116 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Kunz, Georjie F., and Washington, Henry S. 
 
 1444. Occnrrence of diamonds in Arkansas. — I". S. Geol. Survey, Mineral 
 Uesonrces for 1006, pi). 1247-12.51, 1907. 
 
 1445. Note on the forms of Arkansas diamonds. — Am. .Torn*. Sei., 4th ser., 
 Ami. 24, pp. 275-276, September, 1007. 
 
 Lacroix, A. 
 
 1446. Sur qnelqiies productions boiieuses accompagnant les eruptions de la 
 Montague Pelee. — Revue gen. d. Sci. pures et appliquees, t. 14. no. 3, pp. 11.5- 
 116, 2 pis., February 15, 1003. 
 
 Discusses mud flows accompanying the eruptions of Mont PelA 
 
 1447. I/eruption de la Martinqiue. — Soc. de Seconrs des Amis des Sciences, 
 Lull., pp. 40-93, 1903 [not seen] ; Re\'Ue scientifique, 4® ser., t. 20, no. 22, pp. 
 (574-086, 1003. 
 
 1448. Les dernieres eruptions de Saint-Vincent. — Annales de Geograpbie, 
 Ann. 12, pp. 261-268. 3 pis.. May 15, 1903. 
 
 1449. Sur le gisement de la calcMoine et des hois silicities de la Martinique. — 
 Soc. franqaise de Mineral., Bull., t. 26, no. 0, pp. 150-152, June, 1903. 
 
 Gives notes upon the occurrence of minerals upon the Island of Martinique. 
 
 1450. Sur la production de rocbes quartziferes an conrs de lYumption actuelle 
 de la Montague I’elee. — Acad. d. Sci., Paris. Compt. rendu, t. 138. pp. 702-707, 
 :\larcli 28, 1004. 
 
 Discusses the formation of (juartz-bearing eruptive rocks. 
 
 1451. Le mode de formation d’un dome volcanique et la cristallisation 
 des rocbes eruptives quartziferes, d’apres les observations faites an conrs de 
 I’eruption de la Montague Pelee. — Revue gen. d. Sci. pures et appliquees. t. 16, 
 no. 7, pp. 301-315, 8 tigs., April 1.5, 1005. 
 
 Discusses the mode of formation of the “ spine ” of Mont Pele. 
 
 1452. Sur un gisement de redondite a la ^lartinique. — Soc. franqaise de 
 Mineral., Bull., t. 28, pp. 1.3-16, 1905. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of a deposit of redondite on the coast of Mar- 
 1 inicpie. 
 
 1453. Observations faites a la Montague Pelee siu‘ les conditions presidani 
 a la itroduction de la tridymite dans les rocbes volcaniques. — Soc. franqaise de 
 Mineral., Bull., t. 28, pp. 56-60, 1005. 
 
 Discusses the formation of certain volcanic rocks. 
 
 1454. Le sulfate de soude des fumerolles secondaires a haute temperature 
 de la Montague Pelee. — Soc. franqaise de Mineral., Bull., t. 28, pp. 60-68, 1005. 
 
 Describes the character and action of fumaroles following the eruption of Mont Pole, 
 and sulphate of soda produced in these fumaroles. 
 
 1455. Contributions ji Tetude des bribes et des conglomerats volcaniques 
 ( Antilles 1002-100.3. AT'sm’e 1006). — Soc. geol. de France, Bull., 4® ser., t. 6, i>p. 
 6.3.5-685, 4 pis., 11 figs., 1007. 
 
 Discusses the formation of the ‘‘ siune " of Mont Pele. and the constitution of the 
 rocks erupted. 
 
 1456. Sur la constitution mineralogique du dome recent de la Montague 
 Pelee. — Acad. d. Sci., Paris, Compt. rend., t. 144. pp. 160-17.3, 1007. 
 
 Discusses the constitution of the recent “spine” of Mont Pele. 
 
 Laflamme, .7. C. K. 
 
 1457. Les Iremblements de terre de la region de (Quebec. — Canadti. Roy. Soc.. 
 Proc. ;ind ^bvins., .‘>d ser., vol. 1. sect. 4. j)]). 157-183, 1 tig.. 1007. 
 
 GiA’os a list of earthquakes, with notes, that have taken place in Quebec. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 117 
 
 Lakes, Arthur. 
 
 1458. Fissure veins and ore deposits as waterwaj^s. — Min. World, vol. 22, 
 no. 25, pp. 658-659, illus., June 24, 1905. 
 
 1459. San Juan region and some of its peculiar mines. — Min. World, vol. 22, 
 no. 2, pp. .34-35, 6 tigs., July 15, 1905. 
 
 1460. Geologj" and economicjil geology. — Min. World, vol. 23, no. 11, |)p. 
 312-314, September 16, 1905. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy of the Denver basin, Colorado. 
 
 1461. Coal resources along the line of the Moffat road | Colorado 1. — Min, 
 World, vol. 23, no. 19, p. 520, 1 fig., November 11, 1905. 
 
 1462. The anthracite area of lioutt County | Colorado] . — Min. World, vol. 
 23, no. 20, pp. 552-553, 2 figs., November 18, 1905. 
 
 1463. Some of the veins and ore deposits of the Wood River district, Id;Tho. — 
 Min. World, vol. 23, no. 25, i)p. 696-697, December 23, 1905. 
 
 1464. Colorado anthracite. The fields of the State and the infiuence of 
 eruptive rocks in metamorphosing the bituminous deposits. — Mines and ^Minerals, 
 vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 275-276, 2 figs., January, 1906. 
 
 1465. Mineral and hot springs in Colorado. — Min. World, vol. 24, no. 11, 
 pp. 359-360, 2 figs., March 17, 1906. 
 
 1466. The Dollarhide mine, Idaho. — Min. World, vol, 24, no. 14, p. 437, 
 
 2 figs., April 7, 1906. 
 
 Describes the local geology, and the occurrence and character of the ore. 
 
 1467. Fossil flora and its relation to climate and coal beds. — Mines and 
 Minerals, vol. 26, no. 9, p. 401, April, 1906. 
 
 1468. The evolution of a mineral vein. — Min. and Sci. l*ress. vol. 92, p. 349, 
 4 figs., May 26, 1906. 
 
 1469. The Tonopah volcanoes. The probable causes to which are due the 
 appearance of the country and also the ore deposits. — Mines and ^Minerals, vol. 
 26, no. 12, p. 554, 4 figs., .July, 1906. 
 
 1470. Coals changed by heat in Colorado, — rMines and Minerals, vol. 26, 
 
 no. 12, pp. 566-567, July, 1906. * 
 
 1471. The Utah coal fields of the Wasatch, near Grass Creek and Weber 
 Canyon. Thick veins of lignitic coal with numerous faults, — Mines and Min- 
 erals, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 61-62, 2 figs., September, 1906. 
 
 1472. The Gunnison gold belt of Colorado. — Min. World, vol. 25, no. 19, 
 p. 576, 2 figs,, November 10, 1906, 
 
 1473. A trip to San Juan, Colorado. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, no. 8, 
 pp. 351-352, March, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology of the region. 
 
 1474. The spontaneous combustion of coal and its effect on the surrounding 
 strata. — Colorado Sci. Soc., Pi*oc., vol. 8, i>p. 301-304, May, 1907. 
 
 1475. The Maple Leaf mine, Colorado. — Min. World, vol. 26, p. 32J). 2 figs., 
 March 9, 1907. 
 
 1476. Natural gas wells and spring of White River. — Min. World, vol. 26, 
 p. 419, 2 figs., March .30, 1907. 
 
 1477. The natural bridges of Ftah. — Min. World, vol. 26, j). 595, 5 tigs.. 
 May 11, 1907. 
 
 1478. Sketch of the oil fields of Colorado. — Min, AVorld. vol. 26, p. 6S4, June 
 
 1, 1907. ^ 
 
 1479. The coals of Routt County, Colorado. — Min, World, vol. 26. pp. 748-750, 
 
 3 figs., June 15, 1907. 
 
 1480. A new coal field in British Columbia. — Min. World, vol. 27, pp. .547- 
 548, 4 figs., October 5, 1907. 
 
118 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190«-1907. 
 
 Lakes, Arthur — Contiuued. 
 
 1481. Some ore deposits of Similkameeii district, B. C. — Min. World, vol. 27, 
 pp. S85-886, 3 tigs., November 16, 1907. 
 
 Lamb, H. Mortimer. 
 
 1482. Oil the advisability of the establishment of a federal Department of 
 Mines [in the Dominion of Canada]. — Canadian Min. Inst., .Tour., vol. 9, pp. 
 87-106, 1906 ; Canadian Min. Rev., vol. 26. no. 4, pp. 105-112, Aiull, 1906. 
 
 Lambe, Lawrence M. 
 
 1483. [Report on] vertebrate iialeontology. — Canada. Geol. Survey, Summ. 
 Rept. for 1905, pp. 135-137, 1906. 
 
 Gives a short account of the work on vertebrate paleontology done daring the year 
 for the Geological Survey or Canada. 
 
 1484. Note on the age of the Horsehy, Similkameeii, and Tranqnille Ter- 
 tiary beds of the southern interior of British Columbia. — Canada, Geol. Survey, 
 Summ. Rept. for 1905, tip. 137-138, 1906. 
 
 1485. [Report on verterbrate paleontology.] — Canada. Geol. Survey, Summ. 
 Rei)t. for 1906, pp. 170-174, 1906. 
 
 Gives a report upon the work in vertebrate paleontology of the Geological Survey of 
 (^anada. 
 
 1486. Notes on the fossil corals collected by Mr. A. I*. Low at Beechey 
 Island, Southampton Island, and Cape Chidley, in 1904. — Cruise of the Nep- 
 tune, pp. 322-328, 3 figs., 1906. [See I.ow, no. 1623.] 
 
 1487. Descriptions of new species of Testmlo and Buena with remarks on 
 some Cretaceous forms. — Ottawa Naturalist, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 187-196, 2 pis., 
 .Tanuai‘y, 1906. 
 
 1488. Borcmys, a new Chelonian genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta. — 
 Ottawa Nat., vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 232-234, March, 1906. 
 
 1489. A new species of Hyrucodon (H. yriscidens) from the Oligocene of 
 the Cypress Hills, Assiniboia. — Canada, Roy. Soc.. Proc. and Trans., 2d ser.. 
 vol. 11. sect. 4, pp. .37—12, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 T490. Fossil horses of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Assiniboia. — 
 Canada. Roy. Soc., Proc. and Trans., 2d ser., vol. 11, sect. 4, pp. 4.3-52, 1 pi., 
 1906. 
 
 1491. On Amy.::on breviyinne Cope, from the Amyzon beds of the southern in- 
 terior of British Columbia, — Canada, Roy, Soc., l*roc. and Trans., 2d ser., vol. 
 12, sect. 4, pp. 151-156, 1 pi., 1906. Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 970- 
 971, June 29, 1906. 
 
 1492. On a new crocodilian genus and species from the .Judith River forma- 
 tion of Alberta. — Canada. Roy. Soc., Proc. and Trans.. 3d ser., vol. 1, sect, 4. 
 pp. 219-244, 5 pis., 1907. 
 
 1493. On a tooth of Oribos, from Pleistocene gravels near Midway. B. C. — 
 Ottawa Naturalist, vol. 21. no. 1, pp. 15-18, 1 pi., April, 1907. 
 
 Lammers, Theo. L. 
 
 1494. The iMurray gold belt. Idaho. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, pp. 636- 
 637, May 18, 1907. 
 
 Describes the local geology and the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 Landes, Henry. 
 
 1495. Cement resources of Washington. — F. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, 
 PI). .377-383, 1906. 
 
 Describes the character and occurn'nce in counties of northern Washington of lime- 
 stones and shales available for ceiiKuit manufacture. 
 
 1496. Round about Mount Baker. — Mazama. vol. .3. no. 1, pp. 5-8, 2 pis., 
 March, 1907. 
 
 Gives notes upon the geology and the glaciers. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 119 
 
 Lane, Alfred C. 
 
 1497 . Annual report of the state geologist [Michigan]. — Michigan Miner, 
 vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 9-13, March, 1906. 
 
 Gives extracts from the report for 1905. 
 
 1498 . The possibility of deep cracks in the earth. — Michigan Miner, vol. 8, 
 no. 6, 'May, 1906. 
 
 1499 . Seventh annual report of the state geologist to the Board of Geological 
 Survey for the year 1905. — Michigan State Board of Geol. Survey, Ann. Rei)t. 
 for 1905, pp. 535-571, 1 fig., 1906. Abstract: Michigan Miner, vol. 9, no. 1, pi>. 
 9-13, December, 1906; no. 2, pp. 9-13, January, 1907. 
 
 An administrative report, but includes various notes relating to the geology of the 
 State. 
 
 1500. Die Korngrosse der Auvergnosen. E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuch- 
 
 handlung, Stuttgart, 1906. 19 pp., 1 pi., 6 figs. 
 
 Discusses size of grain with respect to distance from sides, particularly in the Med- 
 ford, Mass., dike, and cites a practical application of the theory of the size of grains in 
 cooled magmatic masses. 
 
 1501 . The influence of varying degrees of superfusion in magmatic differen- 
 tiation. — Canadian Min. Inst., Jour., vol. 9, pp. 210-217, 1906. 
 
 1502 . Salt water in the lake mines. — Michigan Miner, vol 8, no. 7, jip. 9-12, 
 June, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence and source of waters in deep mines and their relation to the 
 distribution of copper ores. 
 
 1503 . The interior of the earth. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, i>p. 404—105, 
 September 28, 1906. 
 
 1504 . The chemical evolution of the ocean. — Abstract : .Tour. Geology, vol. 
 14, no. 3, pp. 221-225, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the variation in the ratio of sodium to chlorine in the water of the ocean 
 during geologic time. Includes analyses of waters from various sources, upon which 
 the discussion is based. 
 
 1505 . The geologic day. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 425-429, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the problem of determining the contemporaneity in time of geologic forma- 
 tions and the criteria which may be used. 
 
 1506 . Discussion of paper by Marius R. Campbell: Hypothesis to account 
 for the transformation of vegetable matter into the different grades of coal. — 
 Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 498-499, 1906. 
 
 1507 . Geology of Keweenaw I*oint [Michigan]. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, 
 no. 5, pp. 204-206, 4 figs., December, 1906. 
 
 1508 . Eighth annual report of the state geologist. — Michigan, State Board 
 of Geol. Survey, Rept. for 1906, pp. 573-601, 1907. 
 
 An administrative report, but includes notes on Michigan geology. 
 
 1509 . The geology of Keweenaw Point, a brief description. — Lake Su])erior 
 Min. Inst., Proc., vol. 12, pp. 81-104,-6 figs., 1907 . 
 
 Describes the geologic structure of the Keweenawan region of the Upper Peninsula 
 of Michigan, the occurrence and character of -the copper-bearing beds, and the source 
 of the copper. 
 
 1510 . Salt water in the Lake mines. — Lake Superior Min. Inst., Proc., vol. 
 12, pp. 154-163, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Describes differences in chemical composition of shallow surface-derived and deep mine 
 waters in the Lake Superior copper mines, and discusses the sources of the deep waters, 
 and the part they may have taken in the distribution of the coi)per deposits. 
 
 1511 . Chemical evolution of the ocean. — Abstract: Geol. Soc. Americ.-i, 
 Bull., vol. 17, p. 691, 1907. 
 
 1512. The formation of Lake Superior copper. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, 
 p. 589, April 12, 1907. 
 
120 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190()-1907. 
 
 Lane, Alfred C. — Continued. 
 
 1513. Genetic connections of some granitic dikes. — Abstract: Science, new 
 ser., vol. 25, p. 774, May 17, 1907. 
 
 1514. Different manifestations of the opliitic texture. — Abstract: Science, 
 new ser., vol. 25, pp. 774-775, May 17, 1907. 
 
 1515. Tbe early surroundings of life. — Science, new ser., vol. 20, i)p. 129-148, 
 August 2, 1907. 
 
 1516. Oil and gas prospects in Michigan. — Michigan Miner, vol. 9, no. 4. 
 pp. 9-12 ; no. 5, pp. 9-12, 4 figs., 1907. 
 
 1517. Dr. Carl Ludwig Rominger. — Michigan Miner, vol. 9. no. 7, pp. 9-11, 
 June, 1907. 
 
 A geological section from Bessemer down Black River. — See Gordon and 
 Lane, no. 9S5, 
 
 Lane, A. C., and Seaman, A. E. 
 
 1518. Notes on the geological section of Michigan. Part I. The pre-Ordo- 
 vician. — .Tour. Geol., vol. 15. no, 7, i)p. 6S0-095, 1907. 
 
 Laney, Francis B. 
 
 The building and ornamental stones of North Carolina, — See Watson and 
 I.aney, no. 2494. 
 
 Lang‘s Herbert. 
 
 1519. The copijer belt of California. — Eng, and Min. Jour., vol. 84, pp. 
 909-913, 903-900, 1000-1010, (* figs., Novembei-, 1907. 
 
 Lang, S. S. 
 
 1520. The Burro Mountain copper district [New Mexico]. — Ting, and Min. 
 Jour., vol. 82, pp. 395-390, 1 fig., September 1, 1900. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of copper oros. 
 
 L apparent, A. de. 
 
 1521. La montagne Pelee et ses eruptions. — Annales de Geographie, no, 74, 
 anil. 1.5, pp. 97-110, 1905. 
 
 Describes the eruptions of Mont Pele on the Island of Martinicpu*. 
 
 1522. Le tremblement de terre de la Californie, d'apres le rapport ]>re- 
 liminaire ofiiciel. — Acad. d. Sci., Paris, Compt. rend., t. 143, pj). 18-20, 1900, 
 
 Gives an outline of the report of the California State Earthquake Investi^ration Com- 
 mittee. See no. l,5o'l. * 
 
 Law, E. Stanley. 
 
 1523. Notes on a useful mineral [graphite]. — Mineral Collector, vol. 12. 
 pp. 169-173, 180-184, 1900. 
 
 1524. On a rare occurrenci* in Delaware County. l*eun. — Mineral Collector, 
 vol. 14, no. .3, pp. 33-35, 1 pi., ^la.v, 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and crystallographic characters of euxenite. 
 
 Lawrence, Benjamin B. 
 
 1525. Co])p('r mining in Cuba. — ^lin. and Sci, Pn'ss, vol. 9.“>, p, 002. Novem- 
 ber 17, 1900. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of cojiper ores in Cuba. 
 
 Lawson, Andr(*w C. 
 
 1526. The copper deposits of the Robinson mining district, Nevada. — Cali- 
 forniti T"niv., Dept. Geol., Bull., vol. 4. no. 14, ])i>. 287-^357. 190(). 
 
 Describes the geologic formations of Carboniferous and Devonian age of the region, 
 their correlations with the Eureka section, and the occurrence, character, and relations 
 of the irruptive rocks and contained copper ores and gives an annotated list of the 
 minerals observed. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907* 
 
 121 
 
 Lawson, Andrew C. — Continued. 
 
 1527 . The geomorpliic features of the middle Kern [California]. — California 
 Univ., Dept. Geol., Bull., vol. 4, no. 16, pp. 397-409, 4 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes physiographic features of the region and considers their explanation. 
 
 1528 . The geomorphogeiiy of the Tehac-hapi Valley system [California]. — 
 California Univ., Dept. Geol., Bull., vol. 4, no. 19, pp. 431—162, 10 i)ls., 1906. 
 
 Describes physical characters and drainage of valleys in the southern part of the 
 Sierra Nevada, the geologic formations of the surrounding mountains, and the geologic 
 history of the region. 
 
 1529 . Tehachapi Valley. — Abstract: Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 17, p. 729, 
 1907. 
 
 1530 . Methods of igneous intrusion. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 25, 
 pp. 622-623, April 19, 1907. 
 
 Lawson, Andrew C., and others. 
 
 1531 . Preliminary report of the [California] State earthquake investigation 
 commission. [1906], 20 pp. Reprinted in Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 92, no. 24, 
 pp. 399-401, 4 hgs., June 16, 1906; Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 961-967, June 29, 
 1906; Sci. Am. SuppL, vol. 61, no. 1590, pp. 254S2-25484, June 23, 1906; Nature, 
 vol. 74, pp. 285-286, July 19, 1906; Scottish Geog. Mag., vol. 22, pp, 423—4.30, 1906. 
 
 Includes various data relating to the geologic structure of the State of California 
 and to the earthquake of April 18, 19(H). 
 
 Lawson, Publius V[irgilius]. 
 
 1532 . Story of the rocks and minerals of Wisconsin. Appleton, Wisconsin, 
 
 Press of the Post Publishing Comi)any [1906]. 202 pp., illus. 
 
 Leach, W, W. 
 
 1533 . The Telkwa mining district, B. C, — Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. 
 Kept, for 1906, pp. 35-42, 1906; British Columbia, Ann. Kept. Minister of Mines, 
 for 1906, pp. 93-100, 1907. 
 
 Gives notes on the general geology and on the occurrence and character of coal and 
 ore deposits. 
 
 1534. The Telkwa River and vicinity, B. C. — Canada, (ieol. Survey, 1907, 
 23 pp. and addenda 8 pjt., 1 map. 
 
 Includes an account of the geology and the occurrence of coal. 
 
 1535. Some notes on the economic geology of the Skeena River [British 
 Columbia]. — Canadian Min. .Tour., vol. 28. no. 4 (new ser., vol. 1, no. 2). i)]). 58- 
 60, April 1, 1907. 
 
 Gives an account of the geology and the occurrence of coal. gold, and other mineral 
 resources. 
 
 Le Conte, Joseph N. 
 
 1536. The Evolution group of peaks. — Sierra Club Bull., vol. 5, no, 3, pp. 
 229-237, 3 pis., 1905. 
 
 Descrihe.s the physiographic features of this section of the Sierra Nevada Mountains of 
 California. 
 
 1537. The motion of the Nisqually glacier, Mt. Rainier, U, S, A. — Zeitschr. 
 f. Gletcherkunde, Bd. 1, Ileft 3, pp. 192-199, 4 tigs., 1906; Sierra Club Bull., 
 vol. 6, no, 2, pp. 108-114, 3 pis., January. 1907. 
 
 Describes the location, character, and rate of movement of the glacier. 
 
 Lee, Harry R. 
 
 1538. P.vrites and marcasites. — Mineral Collector, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1-2, 
 March, 1906, 
 
 Gives notes upon the occurrence of these minerals in eastern New .lerse^ and upon 
 their characters. 
 
122 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Lee, Willis T. 
 
 1539. Gypsum beds and water storage in the Pecos Valley of New Mexico. — 
 Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 23, p. 306, February 23, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic structure of the region. 
 
 1540. Geology and water resources of Owens ^'alley, California. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, W.-S. and Irrig. Paper no. 181, 28 pp., 6 pis., 1906. 
 
 Descril)es the geography, the stratigraphy, geologic structure and history of the valley, 
 and the underground and surface water conditions. * 
 
 • 1541. Geology of the lower Colorado River. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 
 
 17, pp. 275-284, 3 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes the character of the detrital formations* in the valley of the lower Colorado 
 River, the physiographic history of the lower part of the Colorado River, and the recent 
 geologic history of the area. 
 
 1542. The Engle coal field, New Mexico. — V. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, 
 p. 240, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of the coal deposits. 
 
 1543. The Cove Creek sulphur beds, Utah. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 315, 
 pp. 485-189, 1907. 
 
 1544. The Iron County coal field, Utah. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 316, 
 pp. 359-375, 1 pi., 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 1545. Water resources of the Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico, and their 
 development. — U. S. Geol. Survey, W.-S. and Irr. Paper no. 188, 50 pp., 10 pis., 
 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 Includes an account of the geography and geology of the valley and of its geologic 
 history. 
 
 1546. Note on the red beds of the Rio Grande region in central New Mexico. — 
 Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 52-58, 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and i-elations of red beds in central New Mexico of two dif- 
 ferent ages, the earlier of Carboniferous and the later of upper Cretaceous age. 
 
 1547. Afton craters of southern New Mexico. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., 
 
 vol. 18, pp. 211-220, 2 pis., 1 fig., 1907. Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, 
 pp. 768-769, May 17, 1907. ^ 
 
 Describes the situation, character, and geologic relations of these depressions and dis- 
 cusses the mode of their formation. 
 
 1548. The late history of the lower Colorado River. — Abstract: Science, new 
 ser., vol. 25, pp. 390-391, March 8, 1907, 
 
 Presents the succession of geologic events in the region and discusses their correlation 
 with those of other regions. 
 
 Lee, Willis T.. and Nickles, John M. 
 
 1549. Classified list of papers dealing with coal, coke, lignite, and peat 
 contained in the publications of the T". S. Geological Survey. — V. S. Geol. Sur- 
 vey. Bull. 316, pp. 51.8-532, 1907. 
 
 Lees, James II. 
 
 1550. Report of the assistant state geologist. — Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 17, 
 pp. 7-10, 1907. 
 
 Administrative report. 
 
 1551. The skull of Paleorhinus, a Wj’oming phytosaur.-rJoiir. Geology, vol. 
 15, no. 2, pp. 121-151, 8 tigs., 1907. 
 
 Leith, Charles Kenneth. 
 
 A summary of Lake Superior geology with special reference to recent studies 
 of the iron-bearing series. — Am. Inst. Min. Eng.. Trans., vul. 36. i>p. 101-153, 
 4 figs., 1*906 (Bi-.Mo. Bull. no. 3, pp. 453-507, 4 figs., 1905).— See Leith. 14, 
 page 218 of Bulletin no. 301, U, S. Geol. Survey. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190G-1907. 123 
 
 Leith, Charles Kenneth — Continuecl. 
 
 1552. Iron ores of the western United States and British Columbia. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Bulb no* 285, pp. 194-200, 1906. 
 
 Gives a summarized account of the iron-ore deposits of Wyoming, Washin|>ton, British 
 Columbia, Colorado, California, and Utah. 
 
 1553. Review of “ Cobalt nickel arsenides and silver,” by Willet G. Miller 
 (13th Report of the Ontario Bureau of Mines, 1904, part 1, and 14th report, 
 1905, part 2). — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 8, i>i). 29.5-298, I)eceinber-.T;inuary, 
 1905-1906. 
 
 1554. Iron ore reserves. — Econ. Geol., vol. 1, no. 4, i>p. 360-868. 1906; Smith- 
 sonian Inst., Ann. Rept. for 1906, pp. 207-214, 1907. 
 
 Discusses estimates as to the extent of the world's supply of iron ore. and gives a 
 general account of the iron ore deposits of the TTnited States. 
 
 1555. The university training of engineers in economic geology. — Econ. 
 Geology, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 479-481. 1906. 
 
 1556. Review of “The geology of the Granby area,” by E. R. Buckley and 
 H. A. Buehler (Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines, 2d ser., vol. 4). — Econ. 
 Geology, vol. 1, no. S, pp. 811-816, 1906. 
 
 1557. The geology of the Cuyuna iron range, Minnesota. — Econ. Geology, 
 vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 14.5-152, 1907. 
 
 Describes the geologic formations and structure of the region .and the occurrence and 
 geologic relations of the iron ores. 
 
 1558. The metamorphic cycle. — .Tour. Geology, vol, 15, no. 4, j)]). .303-313 
 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 The i)re-Cambrian volcanic and intrusive rocks of the Fox River Valley, 
 Wisconsin. — See Hobbs and Leith, no. 1193. 
 
 Lenher, Victor. 
 
 Marignacite, a new variety of pyrochlore from Wausau, Wisconsin. — See 
 Weidman and lienher, no. 2513. 
 
 Leonard, Arthur Gray. 
 
 1559. Geology of Clayton County [Iowa]. — Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 16, pj). 
 21.3-.307, 5 pis., 19 figs., 2 geol. maps, 1906. 
 
 Describes the physiography, the stratigraphy, including Cambrian, Ordovician, and 
 Silurian strata and glacial deposits, and the economic resources. 
 
 1560. The North Dakota-Montana lignite area. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 285, pp. 316-3.30, 1906. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy of the lignite region and the character and composition 
 of the coals. 
 
 1561. What should appear in the report of a state geologist? — Econ. Geology, 
 vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 570-571, 1906. 
 
 Geology, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 570-571, 1906. 
 
 1562. Administrative rei)ort. — North Dakota State Geol. Survey, 4th Bienn. 
 Rept., pp. 1-7, 1906. 
 
 1563 Stratigraphy of North Dakota clays. — North Dakota State Geol. Sur- 
 vey, 4th Bienn. Rept., pj). 6.3-94, 4 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes the distribution and character of Cretaceous and Tertiary formations, and 
 the occurrence and composition of their shales and clays. 
 
 1564. The coal fields of parts of Dawson, Rosebud, and (bister counties, 
 Mont. — U. S. Geol. Survey. Bull. no. 316, pj). 194-211, 1 pi.. 1907. 
 
 LePrieur, Peyraud, and Rufz. 
 
 Eruption du volcan de la Montague Pelee, 1851. db-anslated by T. A. .laggar, 
 jr. — See no. 1280. 
 
124 BIBLIOGEAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 LeRoy, Osmond Edgar. 
 
 1565. On surveys in New Westminster district and Texada Island, B. C. — 
 Canada Geol. Survey, Summ. Kept, for 1906, pp. 31-34, 1900. 
 
 Gives notes on the geology and ore deposits. 
 
 1566. The Marble Bay copper deposit. — Canadian Min. .Tour., vol. 28, no. 9 
 (new ser., vol. 1, no. 7), pp. 200-202, June 15, 1907. 
 
 Describes the general geology, and the occurrence, relations, and origin of copper 
 deposits on Texada Island. British Columbia. 
 
 Leuschner, A. O. 
 
 1567. The [San Francisco] earthtiuake. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 92, p. 274. 
 April 28, 1906. 
 
 Describes the earthquake shocks : time, character, etc. 
 
 Leverett, Frank. 
 
 1568. Drumlins in the Grand Traverse region of Michigan. — Abstract: Geol. 
 Soc. America, Bull., vol. 16. p. 577, 1906. 
 
 1569. Flowing- well districts in the eastern part of the northern peninsula 
 of Michigan. — F. S. Geol. Survey, W.-S, and Irrig. Paper no. 160. pp. 29-5.3, 
 
 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 1570. Dr. I. C. Russell [died May 1, 19061. — Michigan Acad. Sci., Bull., 
 vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-2, May, 1906. 
 
 A brief account of his work. 
 
 1571. Geological conditions of municipal and institutional water supplies in 
 Michigan. — Michigan Acad. Sci.. Eighth Rept., pp. 99-105, 1906. 
 
 1572. The glacial deiiosits of Indiana. — In Dryer's Studies in Indiana Geog- 
 raphy. ])p. 29-40, 2 pis., 1907. See no. 745. 
 
 Leverett, Frank, and others. 
 
 1573. Flowing wells and municipal water supplies in the southern portion 
 of the southern peninsula of Michigan. — F. S. Geol. Survey, W.-S. and Irrig. 
 ITiper, no. 182, 292 pp., 5 pis., 44 iigs., 1906. 
 
 1574. Flowing wells and municipal water supplies in the middle and north- 
 ern portions of the southern peninsula of Michigan. — F. S. Geol. Survey, W.-S, 
 and IiT. Paper no, 183, 393 jip., 5 pis., 69 figs., 1907. 
 
 Levy, Louis Edward. 
 
 ’1575. In memoriam : Angelo ITeilprin. — Franklin Inst. Jour., vol. 1(54, no. 5, 
 pp. 313-326, 1 pi. (port,), November. 1907. 
 
 Lewis, J. Yolney. 
 
 1576. An Ontario lead deposit. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1. no. 7, pj). 682-687, 
 
 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the location and geology of a lead vein in Hastings County. Ontario, and 
 discusses the origin of the ore. 
 
 1577. The double crest of Watchung Mountain. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 1, 
 l)p. 39-15, 3 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the physiographic features of the region, discusses briefly jirevious explana- 
 tions, and explains more fully another hypothesis to account for the parallel crests. 
 
 1578. Copper deposits of the New Jersey Triassic, — Ecoii. Geology, vol. 2, 
 no, ‘>. pj). 242-257, 1 pi., 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 1579. Structure and correlation of Newark trap rocks of New Jersey. — • 
 Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. IS, pj). 195-210, 2 i)ls„ 1907. 
 
 1580. The ori.gin and relations of the Newark rocks. — New Jersey Geol. Sur- 
 vey. Ann. Re])t. State Geol. for 1906, j)]). 99-129, 2 pis., 4 tigs.. lt)07. 
 
 Discusses tho character and origin of the Newark sediments, the geologic relations and 
 origin of the trap rocks, and subsecpient deformation and erosion. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 125 
 
 Lewis, J. 7'oluey — Conti uiied. 
 
 1581 . TRe Newark (Triassic) copper ores of New Jersey. — New Jersey Geol. 
 Survey, xiiin. Kept. State Geol. for 1906, pp. 1.31-164, 3 pis., 4 figs., 1907. 
 
 1582 . Properties of trap rocks for road construction. — New Jersey Geol. 
 Survey, Ann. Kept. State Geol. for 1906, i>p. 165-172, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 1583 . Correlation of the Newark traji rocks of New Jersey. — Abstract: 
 Science, new ser., vol. 26, pp. 177-17S, August 9, 1907. 
 
 1584 . Glance as an original copper ore. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 84, ]). 688, 
 October 12, 1907. 
 
 Liebenam, \Y. A. 
 
 1585 . Der Cripple Creek Golddistrikt, seine Entdeckung, Entwicklung, Geolo- 
 gie, und Zuknnft. — Berg-und hiittenin. Zeituug, Jg. 63, pp. 2-5, 29-32, 57-60, 
 89-92, 117-121, 161-164, 2 pis., 1904. 
 
 Describes the discover.v, development, geology, and future of the Cripple Creek, Colo- 
 rado, gold district. 
 
 Lincoln, Francis Cburcb. 
 
 1586 . Magmatic emanations. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 258-274, 1907. 
 Discusses the kinds aud nature of emanations from cooling igneous magmas. 
 
 1587 . The association of alunite with gold in the Goldfield district, Nevada. — ■ 
 Econ. Geology, vol.* 2, no. 8, pp. 801-803, 1907. 
 
 Lindeman, Eiuar. 
 
 1588. Keport on iron-ore deposits. — Canada, Dept. Interior, Kept. Supt. 
 Mines, 1907. pp, 32-37, 1907. 
 
 Lindgren, Waldemar. 
 
 The occurrence of stibnite at Steamboat Sitrings, Nevada. — Am. Inst. Min. 
 Eng,, Trans., vol. 3(>. ])i>. 27-31, 1906 (Bi-Mo. Bull no. 2, pp. 275-278, 1905). — See 
 Lindgren, 24, page 222 of Bulletin no. 301, U. S. Geol, Survey. 
 
 1589 . Ore deposition and deep mining. — Min. and Sci. I’ress, vol. 92, p. 41, 
 January 20, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence of ores. 
 
 1590. The Hamilton mine. New Mexico. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 23, 
 pp. 697-698, May 4, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of pre-Cambrian strata. 
 
 1591. Metasomatic proces.ses in the gold deposits of Western Australia. — 
 Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 6, pj). 530-544, 1906. 
 
 After describing the gold deposits of Western Australia, compares their features with 
 those of Colorado and California deposits. 
 
 1592. Discussion of paper by John A. Keid : Sketch of the geology ami ore 
 deposits of the Cherry Creek district, Arizona. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 7, 
 pp. 698-699, 1906. 
 
 1593. Kevi('w of “Geology of the Tonopah mining district,” by J. E. Spurr 
 (U. S. Geol. vSurvey, I’rof. Paper no. 42). — P]con. Geology, vol. 1, no, 7. pp. 711- 
 715, 1906. 
 
 1594 . Gold and pyrite. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 93, p. 22<), August 25, 1906. 
 Discusses the relations between gold and pyrite in mineral veins. 
 
 1595 . The Annie Lauric' mine, Piute Count.v, Utah. — U. S, Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 285, pp. 87-90, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology and the occurrenc<* and character of the ore-deposits yielding 
 gold and silver. 
 
 1596. The gold deposits of Dahlonega, Gji. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 293, pp. 119-128, 2 pis., 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology and the occurrence and mining of the gold deposits. 
 
126 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-190*7. 
 
 Lindgren, WMldemar — Continued. 
 
 1597. The relation of ore-deposition to phj'sical conditions. — Congr. geol. 
 intern., C. R. 10® sess., Mexico, 1906, pp. 701-724, 1907 ; Econ, Geology, vol, 2, 
 no. 2, pp. 105-127, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the character of ore deposits and the conditions hy which these were pro- 
 duced. 
 
 1598. [Review of] The copper deposits of the Robinson mining district, 
 Nevada, by A. C. Lawson (California, Univ., Dept. Geol., Bull., vol. 4, no. 14). — 
 Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 195-.304, 1907. 
 
 1599. Some gold and tungsten deposits of Boulder County, Colorado. — Econ. 
 Geology, vol. 2, no, 5, pp. 453-463, 1907. 
 
 Describes the local geology and the occurrence and character of the ores. 
 
 1600. Present tendencies in the study of ore deposits. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, 
 no. 8, pp. 743-762, 1907. 
 
 1601. The development of the metal mining industries in the western states. — 
 Am. Min. Cong., Rept. of Proc., 9th Ann. Sess., pp, 1.56-165, 1907. 
 
 1602. Methods of igneous intrusion. — Abstract: Science, new ser„ vol. 2.5, 
 p. 623, April 19, 1907. 
 
 Production of gold and silver. 1905, in Colorado, New Mexico, South Dakota, 
 southern Api)alachian States, Texas, and Wyoming. — See no. 2418. 
 
 Lindgren, Waldemar, and others. 
 
 Production of gold and silver in the United States, 1905. — See no. 2418. 
 
 Idle lu’oduction in the United States in 1906 of gold and silver. — See no. 2419. 
 
 Lindgren, Waldemar, and Graton, Louis Caryl. 
 
 1603. A reconnaissance of the mineral deposits of New Mexico. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 74-86, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general physiographic features, the occurrence and character of sedi- 
 mentary and igneous rocks, the geologic structure, and the geographic and geologic dis- 
 tribution of ore deposits and their age. 
 
 Lindgren, Waldemar, and Ransome, Frederick Leslie. 
 
 1604. Geology and gold deposits of the Ci‘ip])le Creek district, Colorado. — 
 V. S, Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper no. 54, 516 pp.. 29 pis., 64 figs.. 1906. 
 
 Describes the general features of the area, the geological structures, the occurrence and 
 character of the igneous and metamorphic rocks, the minerals, and the character, occur- 
 rence, relations, and genesis of the ore deposits, and gives detailed descriptions of the 
 mines. ^ 
 
 Lines, Edwin F. 
 
 1605. Clays and shales of Clarion quadrangle. Clarion County, Pa. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 335-343, 1907. 
 
 1606. Coals of the Clarion quadrangle. Clarion County, Pa. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. 316, pp. 13-19, 1 pi.. 1907. 
 
 Logan, William N. 
 
 1607. Circular on the underground waters of Mississippi. — Mississippi Agric. 
 
 Exj). Station, 1905. 16 ])p. 
 
 1608. Clays of Mississi])))!. Part I. Brick clays and clay industry of 
 northern Mississippi. — Mississippi State Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 2. 255 pp.. 42 
 pis., 14 figs., 1907. 
 
 Logan, AV. N., and Hand, W. F. 
 
 1609. A i)reliminary report on some of the clays of Mississippi. — Mississippi, 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 3 (Bull, Alississippi Agric. and Mech. Coll., vol. 2, no, 3, 
 .Inly, 1905), 88 pp., 23 figs. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPPIY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 127 
 
 Log’an, W. N., and Perkins, W. R. 
 
 1610 . The imdergroiind waters of Mississip])!. — Mississippi Agric. Exp. Sta- 
 tion, Bull. no. 89, 112 pp., 23 figs., .Taniiary, 1905. 
 
 Lombard, Warren R., and D’Ooge, Martin L. ^ 
 
 1611 . Israel Cook Russell. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 426-431, October 
 5, 1906 
 
 A sketch of his life. 
 
 Loomis, Frederic B. 
 
 1612 . Wasatch and Wind River primates. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, 
 ])p. 277-285, 8 figs., April, 1906. 
 
 Discusses characters and relationships, and gives descriptions of various species. 
 
 1613 . A fossil bird from the Wasatch. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 22, 
 pp. 481^82, 3 figs., December, 1906. 
 
 1614 . Wasatch and Wind River rodents. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, 
 pp. 123-130, 7 figs., February, 1907. 
 
 Characterizes several new species of Parainijs and one new species of Sciuravus. 
 
 1615 . Origin of the Wasatch deposits. — Am. Jour, Sci,, 4th ser,, vol. 23, 
 pp. 356-364, 3 figs.. May, 1907. 
 
 From a study of the character of the fauna and the lithologic characters of the geo- 
 logic section concludes that the Wasatch beds of Wyoming are of flood-plain origin. 
 Describes two new species of vertebrates from these beds. 
 
 Lord, Edwin C. E. 
 
 1616 . Examination and classification of rocks for road building, including 
 the jiliysical properties of rocks with reference to their mineral composition 
 and structure. — V. S. Dept. Agric., Office of Public Roads. Bull. no. 31, 29 pp., 
 10 pis., 1907. 
 
 Loring, Frank ('. 
 
 1617. Oobalt fOntariol. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 95, pi>. 814-815. 2 figs., 
 December 28, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology and the occurrence of the silver ores. 
 
 Louderback, George Davis. 
 
 1618 . Study of the basin range structure and glaucoidiane and associated 
 schists of California and Oregon. — Carnegie Inst, of Washington, Yearb. no. 4, 
 1905, p. 191, 1906. 
 
 1619 . The relation of radioactivity to vulcanism. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, 
 no. 8, pp. 747-757, 190(>. 
 
 Discusses the bearing of the radioactivity shown to be present in igneous rocks upon 
 certain problems of geology, and more particularly its inadequacy to explain tbe phe- 
 nomena of volcanism. 
 
 1620 . Benitoite, a new California gem mineral, with chemical analysis by 
 Walter C. Bla.sdale. — California Fniv., Dept. Geol., Bull. vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 149- 
 153, July, 1907. 
 
 1621 . Where mammoths roved. Recent discoveries in Carson, Nevada, State 
 
 # 
 
 prison — footprints that made geologists wonder — theory of their human 
 origin. — Sunset Magazine, vol. 19, no. 3. pp. 205-216, illus., July, 1907. 
 
 Louis, Henry. 
 
 1622 . What is a fissure vein? — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 481-484, 1906. 
 Low, Alfred Peter. 
 
 1623 . Rei)ort on the Dominion Government Expedition to Hudson Bay and 
 the Arctic Islands on board the D. G. S. NeiJune, 190.3-1904. Ottawa, Govern- 
 ment Printing Bureau, 1906. 355 pp., illus. 
 
 Includes a summary of the geology of the northeastern coasts of America and reports 
 by Lambe and Ami on the fossils collected. 
 
128 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Low, Alfred Peter — Continued. 
 
 1624. Report on the Chibougamau mining region in tlie northern part of 
 
 the Province of Quebec. — Canada, Geol. Survey, 1906. 61 pp. and map. Ab- 
 
 stract: Quebec, Dept, of Colonization, Mines, and Fisheries. Mining Operations 
 for 1905, pp. 24-36, 1906. 
 
 Gives a general description of the region, an account of the geology, with detailed de- 
 scription of the rock exposures, and of the mineral deposits. 
 
 1625. Summary report of the Geological Survey Department of Canada for 
 the calendar year 1906. Ottawa, 1906. 296 pp. 
 
 Gives an outline of the condition and work of the survey. Includes short reports by 
 various members of the staff. 
 
 Lucas, Frederic A. 
 
 1626. The elephants of the Pleistocene. — Maryland Geol. Survey, Pliocene 
 and Ideistocene. pp, 149-152, 2 pis., 1906. 
 
 1627. Systematic paleontology of the Pleistoc*ene deposits of Maryland : Mam- 
 malia. — Maryland Geol. Survey, Pliocene and Pleistocene, pp, 157-169, 7 pis., 
 1906. 
 
 Ludlow, Edwin. 
 
 1628. Les gisements carboniferes de Coahuila [Mexico]. — X*" Congr. geol. 
 intern.. Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. XXVIII, 17 pp., 1 pL, ln06. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of coal deposits. 
 
 Lull, Richard Swan. 
 
 1629. A new name for the dinosaurian genus Cenitops. — Am. Jour. Sci.. 
 4th ser., vol. 21, p. 144, February, 190(5. 
 
 Proposes the name Proceratops for Ceratops, preoccupied by Rafinesque. 
 
 1630. Volant adaptation in vertebrates. — Am. Naturalist, vol. 40, pp. .527- 
 566, 14 tigs., August, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the subject of flight in the various classes of fossil and living vertebrates, 
 and the modifications of structure required thereby. 
 
 1631. Phylogeny, taxonomy, distribution, habits, and environment of the 
 Ceratoi)sia. — V. S. Geol. Survey, Mon., vol. 49, pp. 159-198, 1907. 
 
 1632. The evolution of the horse family as illustrated in the Yale collec- 
 tions. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, pp. 161-182, 16 figs., March, 1907; Yale 
 Univ., Peabody Mus, Nat. Hist., Guide no 1, 22 pp., 16 figs., 1907. 
 
 The Ceratopsia. — See Hatcher and others, no. 1093. 
 
 Luther, D. Dana. 
 
 1633. Geologic map of the Buffalo quadrangle [New York]. — New York 
 State Mus„ Bull. 99, 29 pp., geol. map (in ])ocket), 1906. 
 
 1634. Geology of the Penn Yan-Hammondsport (juadrangles, — New York 
 State Mus., Bull. 101, pp. 37-58, geol. map, 1906. 
 
 Describes the distribution, character, thickness, and fossil contents of the Devonian 
 formations of this area. • 
 
 Geology of the AVatkins and Elmira quadrangles. — See Clarke and Imthei'. 
 G(‘ologic map of the Tully quadrangle. — Sa^ Clarke and Luther. 
 
 Lyman, R. II. 
 
 1635. Coal mining at Holden. AA". Yi\. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, pp. 1120- 
 1122, 1170-1172, 11 figs., 15)06. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence and character of the coals. 
 
 McAdie, Alexander G. 
 
 1636. Catalogue of earthquakes on the Pacific coast, 1897-1906. — Smith- 
 sonian Misc. Coll., vol. 49, 64 i)p., 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 129 
 
 McBeth, William A. 
 
 1637. All esker in Tippecanoe County, Ind. — Indiana Acad. Sci., Proc., 1001, 
 pp. 45-46, 1 fig., 1905. 
 
 Describes the formation of the esker. 
 
 1638. Notes on the delta of the Mississippi Hirer. — Indiana Acad. Sci., Proc., 
 1904, pp. 47-49, 1 fig., 1905. 
 
 Macbride, Thomas H. 
 
 1639. Geology of Sac and Ida counties LlowaJ. — Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 16, 
 pp. 509-562, 1 pL, 2 geol. maps, 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the topography and drainage, the stratigraphy, including Cretaceous and 
 Pleistocene deposits, and the economic products. 
 
 1640. On certain fossil plant remains in the Iowa herbarium. — Davenport 
 Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 10, pp. 153-162, 12 pis., 1907. 
 
 McCallie, S. W. 
 
 1641. Stretched pebbles from Ocoee conglomerate. — .Tour. Geology, vol. 14, 
 no. 1, pp. 55-59, 3 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, physical characters, chemical composition, and microscopic 
 structure of these pebbles from the Ocoee conglomerate of Georgia. 
 
 1642. Some notes on schist-conglomerate occurring in Georgia. — .Tour. Geol- 
 ogy, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 474-^78, 4 figs., 1907. 
 
 1643. A preliminary report on the marbles of Georgia (second edition, re- 
 vised and enlarged). — Georgia, Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 1, 126 pp., 52 pis., 3 tigs., 
 2 maps, 1907. 
 
 McCarthy, Gerald. 
 
 1644. Ground and deep waters of North Carolina. — North Carolina Board 
 of Health, Bull., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 6 figs., April, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the arrangement of the strata and the underground water re- 
 sources. 
 
 McCaskey, H. D. 
 
 The production of gold and silver in 1906 in the southern Appalachian States; 
 in Texas; and in Vermont. — See no. 2419. 
 
 McClung, C. E. 
 
 1645. The University of Ivansas expedition into the John Day region of 
 Oregon. — Kansas Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 20, pt. 1, pp. 67-70, 1903. 
 
 Gives notes upon the character, occurrence, and age of the .Tohn Day beds of Oregon. 
 
 McClure, W. Frank. 
 
 1646. A great mammoth’s tooth. — Sci. Am., vol. 90, p. 60, 1 fig., January 23, 
 1904. 
 
 Describes the finding of a molar of Elephas iJiiiiiif/enius near Amboy, Ohio. 
 
 McConnell, R. G. 
 
 1647. Report on recent mineral discoveries on Windy Arm, ’fagisli Lake 
 [Yukon]. — Canada, Geol. Survey, 12 pp., 1905. 
 
 1648. [Report on the] headwaters of White River. — Canada, Geol. Surv(‘y, 
 Summ. Rept. for 1905, pp. 19-26, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes on the topography, geology, petrology, and mineral resouiees of the area 
 examined, 
 
 1649. [Report on the] Windy Arm district, northwestern British (Columbia. — 
 Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. for 1905, pp. 26-32, 1903. 
 
 Gives notes on the physical character, the general geology, the minerals, and the 
 mining developments of the region examined. 
 
 66836— Bull. 372—09 
 
 9 
 
130 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 McConnell, II. G. — Contiiiued. 
 
 1650. Klondike district. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Snnim. Kept, for 1906, pp. 
 20-21, 1906. 
 
 Describes work upon the gold-bearing gravels of the Klondike district in Yukon Ter- 
 ritory, Canada. 
 
 1651. Recent mineral discoveries on Windy Arm of Tagish Lake [British 
 Columbia]. — British Columbia, Ann. Rept. Minister of Mines, 1905, pp. 64-68, 
 
 1906. Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 15-16, August, 1906. 
 
 1652. Note on Windy Arm silver-bearing veins. — Canadian Min. Inst., vol. 9, 
 pp. 49-53, 1906. 
 
 Describes the local geology and the occurrence of silver ores, 
 
 1653. Report on gold values in the Klondike high level gravels. — Canada, 
 Geol. Survey, 1907. 34 pp., 3 pis., 2 figs., 1 map. 
 
 1654. Rapport sur les teneurs en or des hauts-graviers du Klondike. — Canada, 
 
 Ministere des Mines, Comm, geol,, 1907. 38 pp., 3 pis., 2 figs., 1 map. 
 
 This is a French edition of the preceding. 
 
 McCormick, E. 
 
 1655. Diente, Mexico. — Min. and Sci. I’re.ss. vol. 95, p. 648, November 23, 
 
 1907. 
 
 Gives a brief account of the local geology and the occurrence and character of the 
 lead-zinc ores. 
 
 McCourt, W. E. 
 
 1656. Fire tests of some New York building stones. — New York State Mus., 
 Bull. 100, 38 pp., 26 ])ls., 1906. 
 
 Includes petrographic descriptions of various building stones. 
 
 1657. The fire-resisting qualities of some New Jersey building stones. — New 
 Jersey Geol. Survey, Ann. Rept. State Geologist for 1906, pp. 19-76, 23 pis., 1907. 
 
 A report on the peat deposits of northern New Jersey. — See Parmelee and 
 McCourt, no. 1874. 
 
 MacDonald, 1). F. 
 
 1658. Economic features of northern Idaho and northwestern Montana. — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 41-52, 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology, the stratigraphy, and the geologic structure of the 
 region, and various mining developments. 
 
 Macdonald, J. A. 
 
 1659. The occurrence and development of the cobalt-ore deposits [of northern 
 Ontario]. — Eng. Mag., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 406-416, 5 figs., June. 1!)06. 
 
 Macdougal, Daniel Trembly. 
 
 1660. The desert basins of the Colorado delta. — Am. Geog. Soc.. Bull., vol. 
 39, no. 12, pp. 705-729, 11 figs., December, 1907. 
 
 Describes the physiographic features of the region. 
 
 1661. The delta of the Rio (^)lorado. — Am. Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 
 1-16, 6 figs., January, 1906. New York Bot. Garden, (\)utr. no. 77, 19 (m;. 
 
 Includes data upon the physiographic character of the n*gion. 
 
 McGee, W J 
 
 1662. (Raciation in the Sonoran province [Mexico]. — Science, new ser., 
 vol. 24, pp. 177-178, August 10, 1906. 
 
 Holds that the deposits ascribed by Merrill [see no. 1721] to glacial action are of 
 volcanic origin. 
 
 1663. River sediment tis a factor in applied geology. — Abstract : Science, new 
 ser., vol. 25, i>. 765, M;iy 17, 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 131 
 
 McGregor, J. H. 
 
 1664. The Piiytosauria, with special reference to AJ i/sfrionuch us and Rli ifti- 
 dodon. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Mem., vol. 9, pt. 2, pp. 29-101, (> i»ls., 2(5 fi^s., Feb- 
 ruary, 1906. 
 
 Gives a full discussion of the taxonomic history and relationships, and a classification 
 of the Phytosauria. 
 
 Machacek, Fritz. 
 
 1665. Die Aiipalachien. — Vierleljahrsheften fiir den geogr. Unterricht, Wien, 
 Jahrg. 2, pp. 61-75, 1903. 
 
 Describes the physiographic features and general structure of the Appalachians. 
 Mclnnes^ William. 
 
 1666. I Report on] the headwaters of the Winisk and Attawai>iskat Rivers. — 
 Canada Geol. Survej% Summ. Rept. for 1905, pp. 76-80, 1906. 
 
 Includes data upon the rock exposures in the area examined. 
 
 1667. Explorations along the proposed line of the Hudson Ray Railway. — 
 Canada Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. for 1906, i>p. 87-98, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology of the area examined. 
 
 McIntosh, Kenneth. 
 
 1668. The question of subsidence at Louisbourg, Cfipe Kreton. — Nova Scotian 
 Inst. Sci., Trans., vol. 11, pt. 2, pp. 264-270, 1906. 
 
 Presents evidence to show that there has been no recent subsidence of the coast 
 of Nova Scotia. 
 
 McIntyre, Albert W. 
 
 1669. Copper deposits of Washington. — Am. Min. Congr., Rept. of Proc., 9th 
 Ann. Sess., pp. 238-250, 1907. 
 
 McKee, Ralph H. 
 
 1670. The primeval atmosphere. — Science, new ser., vol. 23, j»p. 271-274, 
 February 16, 1906. 
 
 McLaughlin, R. P. 
 
 1671. Geology of the Rodie district, Cjilifornia. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 
 94, pp. 795-796, 1 fig., June 22, 1907. 
 
 Mallet, J. W. 
 
 1672. A stony meteorite from Coon Rutte, Arizona. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., 
 vol. 21, pp. 347-355, 4 tigs.. May, 190(>. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, characters, and comi)osition. 
 
 Mansfield, George Rogers. 
 
 1673. Post-Pleistocene drainage modifications in the RIack Hills and Rig- 
 horn Mountains. — Harvard Coll., Mus. Comp. Zook, Rulk, vol. 49 (Geol. Ser., 
 vol. 8, no. 3), pp. 59-87, 4 pis. (maps), 9 tigs., 1906. 
 
 1674. The origin and structure of the Roxbury conglomerate. — Harvard 
 Coll., Mus. Comp. Zook, Rulk, vol. 49 (Geol. Ser., vol. 8, no. 4), pp. 91-271, 7 
 pis., 10 tigs., 1906. 
 
 Discusses the origin of conglomerates in general, and describes (he lithology, distribu- 
 tion, relations, and structure of the Roxbury | Massaclmsef ts | congiom(>rate and discusses 
 its origin. 
 
 1675. The characteristics of various types of conglomerates. — Jour. Geology, 
 vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 550-555, 1907. 
 
 Manson, Marsden. 
 
 1676. Climats des temi)S geologi<pies, leur developpement et leurs causes. — 
 Congr. geol. intern., C. R. 10*^ sess., .Mexico, lOOfi, pp. 349^05, 2 pis., 1907. 
 
132 
 
 BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190(3-1907. 
 
 Marsh, Otbniel C. 
 
 The Ceratopsia. — See Hatcher and others, no. 10D.‘). 
 
 Marsters, Vernon Freeman. 
 
 1677. A preliminary report on a portion of the serpentine l)elt of Lamoille 
 and Orleans comities. — Vermont Geol. Survey, Fifth liept. State Geol.. ];p, 
 35-(31, 1906. 
 
 The paper, which appeared in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 
 16, pp. 419—446, 1905, is here reprinted in part. 
 
 1678. The serpentines and associated asbestos of Belvidere Moimtain. ^'er- 
 mont. — Abstract: New York Acad. Sci., Annals, vol. IT. pt. 3, pp. 073-574, 1907. 
 
 Martin, Daniel S. 
 
 1679. The mineralogical and geological cabinets of South ('arolina ('ol- 
 lege. — South Carolina Coll., Bull., no. 4, pp. 11-22, .January. l!)()Ci. 
 
 Describes the work of rehabilitation and indicates the scope of the collections. 
 
 Martin, George Curtis. 
 
 1680. Distribution and character of the Bering River coal. — I". S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 2S4, pp. 65-77, 1 pi., 2 tigs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy and geologic structure, the occurrence, character, and rela- 
 tions of the coal seams, and the physical characters and composition of the coals. 
 
 1681. Preliminary statement of the Mataiiuska coal field.- — F. S. Geol. 
 Survey. Bull, no, 2S4, pp. SS-100, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology and the areal distribution and character of the coal 
 seams, and the qualitj’ of the coat. 
 
 1682. A reconnaissance of the Matanuska coal field. Alaska, in 1905. — F. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 289, 36 pp., 5 pis., 4 figs.. 1906. 
 
 Describes the geography, stratigraphy, and geologic structure of the region, and the 
 occurrence and character of the coals. 
 
 1683. The Alaska coal fields. — F. S. Geol. Survey. Bull. no. 314, pp. 40— 1(5, 
 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 1684. Petroleum at Controller Bay [Alaska]. — F. S. Geol. Survey. Bull. no. 
 314, pp. 89-103, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Martin, H. T. 
 
 1685. Some new features in rintacriiuis . — Kansas Fniv. Sci. Bull., \n\. 4. 
 no. 6, pp. 193-196, 2 pis., March, 1907. 
 
 Martin, Lawrence. 
 
 1686. Observations along the front of the Rocky Mountains in ^Montana. — 
 Abstract: Am. Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 38, no. 2, pp, 98-99, February, 1906. 
 
 Describes physiographic features. 
 
 1687. Possible oblique minor faulting in Alaska. — Econ. Gt'ology, vol. 2, no. (5. 
 pp. 576-579, 1 fig.. 1907. 
 
 Rec*ent changes of level in the Yakiitat P>ay region. Alaska. — Stv Tarr ami 
 Martin, no. 2356. 
 
 Recent change of level in Alaska. — See Tarr and Martin, no. 2357. 
 
 Glaciers and glaciation of Yakutat Bay, Alaska. — See Tarr and Martin, no. 
 2358. 
 
 Clays and shales of southwestm n Cambria County. Ihumsylvania. — Set* Phalen 
 and Martin, no. 1923. 
 
 Position of Hubbard glacit*r frtmt in 1792 and 17i>4. — Set* I'arr and Martin, 
 no. 2359. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1000 - 1907 . 
 
 133 
 
 Marvin, C. F. 
 
 1688 . The record of the great [San Francisco] eartiuiuake written in Wash- 
 ington by the seismograph of the V. S. Weather Knrean. — Nat. Geog. Mag., 
 vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 296-298, May, 1900. 
 
 Maryland Geological Survey. 
 
 1689 . [Geological] map of Maryland, prepared by Maryland Geological Sur- 
 vey, Win. Bullock Clark, State Geologist. 1907. Scale 1 : 187,500. 
 
 Mathews, Edward B. 
 
 1690 . Anticlinal domes in the Piedmont of Maryland, — Johns Hopkins T^niv. 
 Circ., new ser., 1907, no. 7, pp. 27-34 [615-622], 2 ids., 1907. 
 
 Report on the physical features of iNIaryland. — See Clark and Mathews, no. 
 488. 
 
 Mattair, L. H. 
 
 1691 . New silver district in the Temagami reserve [Ontario]. — Eng. and Min. 
 Jonr., vol. 83, p. 1144, 1 fig., June 15, 1907. 
 
 Matthes, F. E. 
 
 1692 . The new map of the Yosemite Yalley. — Abstract : Science, new ser., 
 vol. 26, pp. 146-148, August 2, 1907. 
 
 Matthew, George F. 
 
 1693 . A review of the flora of the Little River group. — Canada, Roy. Soc., 
 Proc. and Trans., 2d ser., vol. 12, sect. 4, pp. 99-149, 8 pis., 1906. Abstract: 
 Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 972-973, June 29, 1906. 
 
 1694 . New species and a new genus of Devonian plants. — New Brunswick 
 Nat. Hist. Soc., Bull., no. XXIV (vol. 5, pt. 4), pp. 393^98, 2 pis., 1906. 
 
 1695 . Notes on Cambrian faunas : No. 9, Ostracoda ; 10, Trilobita. — New 
 Brunswick Nat. Hist. Soc., Bull., no. XXIV (vol. 5, pt. 4), pp. 406, 475^80, 1906. 
 
 Gives descriptions of species of Ostracoda and Trilobita, and notes upon the Cam- 
 brian fauna of Anse au Loup, Labrador. 
 
 1696 . A new genus and a new species of Silurian fish. — Canada, Roy. Soc., 
 Proc. and Trans., 3d ser., vol. 1, sect. 4, pp. 7-11, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 1697 . On some new species of Silurian and Devonian plants. — Canada, Roy. 
 Soc., Proc. and Trans., 3d ser., vol. 1, sect. 4, pp. 185-197, 1 ph, 4 figs., 1907. 
 
 1698 . Note on Archwozoon . — New Brunswick Nat. Hist. Soc., Bull., no. XXV 
 (vol. 5, pt. 5), pp. 547-552, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 Matthew, William Diller. 
 
 1699 . The osteology of Sinopa, a creodont mammal of the middle Eocene. — • 
 U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 30, pp. 203-233, 1 pi. and 20 figs., 1906. 
 
 1700 . Hypothetical outlines of the continents in Tertiary times. — Am. Mus. 
 Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 22, pp. 353-383, 7 figs, (paleogeographic maps), 1906. 
 
 Presents geologic, paleontologic, and zoologic data upon which the paleogeographic 
 maps representing the outlines of the continents at different periods of Tertiary time 
 iire based. 
 
 1701 . Fossil Chrysochloridre in North America. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, 
 IM>. 786-788, December 14, 1906. 
 
 Notes the discovery in North America of Chrysochlorid moles, and discusses the hear- 
 ing of this discovery upon questions of paleogeography. 
 
 1702 . A lower Miocene fauna from South Dakota. — Am. INIus. Nat. Hist., 
 Bull., vol. 23, pp. 169-219, 2(5 figs., 1907. 
 
 Liscusses the occurrence, character, and relations of the mammalian fauna of Ihe 
 Uosehud l)eds, and gives descrij)! ions of new si)ecies. 
 
134 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190()-1007. 
 
 Matthew, William Dilier, and Gidley, James Williams. 
 
 1703. New or little-known mammals from the Miocene of South Dakota. — 
 
 Am. ]\Ins. Nat. Hist., P>ull., vol. 22, pp. 20 fisjs., 1900. 
 
 Mead, Charles S. 
 
 1704. Adaptive modifications of occipital condyles in Mammalia. — Am. Nat- 
 uralist, vol. 40, pp. 475-483, 12 figs., July, 190G. 
 
 Mead, H. L. 
 
 1705. Minerals of Washington. — Washington Uuiv., P>iill„ ser. 2, no. 2.5, pp. 
 40-48, .Tannary, 190G. 
 
 Mead, Warren J. 
 
 1706. Kedistribiition of elements in the formation of sedimentary rocks. — 
 Jour. Geology, vol, 15, no. 3, pp. 238-2.5G, 6 figs., 1907. 
 
 Meeks, Reginald. 
 
 1707. The iron-ore mines of the Mesabi range. — Eng. and Min. .Tonr., vol. 84, 
 pp. 193-195, 3 figs., August 3, 1907. 
 
 1708. The Montreal River silver district [Ontario]. — Eng. and ]Min. Jour., 
 vol. 84, pp. 544-548, 9 figs., September 21. 1907. 
 
 Mercalli, Giuseppe. 
 
 1709. I>e antiche eruzioni della ^Montagna Pelee. — Soc. italiana di Sci. nat. 
 in Milano, Atti, vol. 41, fasc. 3, pp. 313-322, November, 1902. 
 
 I)escribe.s eruptions of Mont Pole that took place in 17G2 and 1851. 
 
 1710. I vulcaui attivi della terra, morfologio, dinamismo, prodotti, distribu- 
 zione geografica, cause. Milano, Plrico Hoepli, 1907. 422 pp., 25 pis.. 82 figs. 
 
 Includes an account of the volcanoes of North America. 
 
 Merriam, John C. 
 
 1711. On the occurrence of Desmostylus Marsh. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, 
 pp. 151-152, August 3, 190G. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence and proper reference of the fossils to which the name 
 Desmostylus has been applied. 
 
 1712. Recent discoveries of Quaternary mammals in southern California. — 
 Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 248-250, August 24, 190G. 
 
 1713. Carnivora from the Tertiary formations of the John Day region, — 
 California Univ., Dept, Geol., Bull., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-G4, 6 pis., 18 figs., 190G. 
 
 1714. l‘reliminary note on a new marine reptile [Oniyhalosaitrus ncvadfunis 
 n. gen and sp.] from the middle Triassic of Nevada. — California T"niv., Dept. 
 Geol., Bull., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 71-79, 2 pis., 1 fig., 190G. 
 
 1715. Recent cave exploration in California. — Am. Anthropologist (ii. s.), 
 vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 221-228, April-.Tune, 190G. 
 
 Gives notes on the occurrence* of Quaternary mammalian remains in caves of California. 
 
 1716. The occurrence of middle Tertiary mammal-hearing beds in north- 
 western Nevada. — Science, new ser., vol. 2G, j)]). 380-.382. September 20, 1907. 
 
 Merriam, John C., and Sinclair, William.J. 
 
 1717. Tertiary faunas of the John Day region. — California Univ., Dept, 
 Geol., Bull., vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 171-205, October, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the stratigraphic succession and correlation of the Cenozoic formations in 
 the .Tohn Day basin of Ore;j:on and their faunas, listing the vertebrate fossils by forma- 
 tions, and gives a bibliography of the geology and paleontology of the .lobn Day region. 
 
 Merriam, L. B. 
 
 1718. The development of a lu^w coal litdd in Colorado. — Western Soc. Eng,, 
 .Ttmr., vol. 8. no. G, jtp. (517-G37, 8 figs., Dectunher, 1903. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of coal beds. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 135 
 
 Merrick, A. W. 
 
 1719 . The clay slide at the Boone viaduct, Boone, Iowa. — Western Soc. Eng., 
 Jour., vol. 11, no. 3, pi). 332-339, June, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the local geology. 
 
 Merrill, Frederick J. H. 
 
 1720 . The mercury deposits of Mexico. — Min. World, vol. 24, no. 7, p. 244, 
 February 17, 1906. 
 
 1721 . Evidences of glaciation in southern Arizona and northern Sonora. — 
 Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 116-118, July 27, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of morainal material north and south from 
 Nogales, Ariz. 
 
 1722 . The Copete district, central Sonora [Mexico]. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 82, pp. 628-629, 2* figs., October 6, 1906. 
 
 Describes the local geology and the occurrence of copper ores. 
 
 1723 . The mining camps of Sinaloa, Mexico. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, pp. 
 635-636, 3 figs., October 6, 1908. 
 
 Contains notes on the general geology of the State. 
 
 1724 . Paleozoic strata in Sonora [Mexico]. — Eng. and .Min. Jour., vol. 82, 
 p. 897, November 10, 1906. 
 
 A brief note calling attention to the occurrence of Paleozoic strata in the State of 
 Sonora, Mexico. 
 
 1725 . The mines of Planchas de Plata. The interesting geology of an his- 
 toric mining district of Sonora [Mexico]. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, pp. 
 1111-1112, 1 fig., December 15, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology and the ore bodies. 
 
 1726 . Shear zones in Sonora [Mexico]. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 83, p. 583, 
 March 23, 1907. 
 
 1727 . Heretical vein types in Sonora [Mexico]. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 83, 
 p. 657, April 6, 1907. 
 
 1728 . The mineralization of Mexico. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 83, p. 667, 
 April 6, 1907. 
 
 General observations on the occurrence of ore deposits in Mexico. 
 
 1729 . Santa Cruz, a new copper camp in Sonora [Mexico], — Eng. and Min. 
 Jour., vol. 83, p. 1043, 1 fig., June 1, 1907. 
 
 1730 . Copper in the Sonora quartz veins. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 84, p. 
 498, September 14, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 1731. Erosion and oxidation in Sonora [Mexico]. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 
 95, p. 268, August 31, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the character and occurrence of ore deposits in Sonora. 
 
 Merrill, George P. 
 
 1732. A treatise on rocks, rock-weathering, and soils. New edition. New 
 York, The Macmillan Company, 1906. 400 pp., 31 pis., 42 figs. 
 
 1733 . A new meteorite from Scott County, Kansas. — Science, new ser., vol. 
 23, pp. 391-392, March 9, 1906. 
 
 1734 . The development of the glacial hypothesis in America. — Pop. Sci. 
 Monthly, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 300-322, April, 1906. 
 
 1735 . On a new stony meteorite from Modoc, Scott County, Kansas. — ^Am. 
 Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, pp. 356-360, May, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, characters, and composition. 
 
 1736 . Contributions to the history of American geology. — TJ. S. Nat. Mus., 
 Ann. Kept., 1904, pp. 189-733, 37 pis., 141 figs., 1906. 
 
 Ad historical account of the development of geological science in America. 
 
136 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Merrill, George P. — Continued. 
 
 1737. Hniversity training of engineers in economic geology. — Econ. Geology, 
 vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 387-391, 1906. 
 
 1738. Catalogue of the type and figured specimens of fossils, minerals, rocks, 
 and ores in the Department of Geology, United States National Museum. Part 
 II. Fossil vertebrates ; fossil plants ; minerals, rocks, and ores. — U. S. Nat. 
 Mus., Bull., no. 53, pt. 2, 370 pp., 1907. 
 
 1739. On a newly found meteorite from Selma, Dallas County, Alabama. — 
 U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 32, pp. 59-61, 2 pis., 1907. 
 
 1740. Notes on the composition and sh'ucture of the Hendersonville, North 
 Carolina, meteorite. With chemical analyses by Wirt Tassin. — U. S. Nat. Mus., 
 Proc., vol. 32, pp. 79-82, 2 pis., 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Describes the phj’sical characters, structure, and composition. 
 
 1741. On the meteorite from Rich Mountain, Jackson County, North Caro- 
 lina. — U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 32, pp. 241-244, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 1742. On a peculiar form of metamorphism in siliceous sandstone. — U. S. 
 Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 32, pp. 547-550, 1 pi., June 15, 1907. 
 
 1743. A peculiar form of metamorphism in siliceous sandstone. — Abstract: 
 Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 985, June 21, 1907. 
 
 The building and ornamental stones of North Carolina. — See Watson and 
 Laney, no. 2494. 
 
 Merrill, George P., and Tassin, Wirt. 
 
 1744. Contributions to the study of Canyon Diablo meteorites. — Smithsonian 
 Misc. Coll., vol. 50 (Quart. Issue, vol. 4, pt. 2), pp. 203-215, 4 pis., 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 Merz, Alfred. 
 
 1745. Beitriige zur Klimatologie und Hydrographie Mittelamerikas. Leip- 
 zig, C. G. Naumann, 96 pp. 4 pis. [1907]. 
 
 Includes a brief account of the general geology of the San Juan Valley in Nicaragua and . 
 Costa Rica. 
 
 Middleton, George. 
 
 1746. Notes on Georgia’s geology. — Mineral Collector, vol. 13, pp. 101-104, 
 115-118, 137-141, 1906. 
 
 Miers^ H. A. 
 
 1747. Obituary: Samuel Lewis Penfield. — Mineral Mag., vol. 14, pp. 264-268, 
 
 1 pi. (port.), February, 1907. 
 
 • 
 
 Miller, Arthur M. 
 
 1748. Classification and mapping of the lower Ordovician of Kentucky. — 
 Abstract: Ohio Naturalist, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 447-448, .January, 1906. 
 
 Miller, Benjamin LeRoy. 
 
 1749. Description of the Dover quadrangle [Delaware-Maryland-New Jer- 
 sey]. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas of IT. S., folio no. 137, 10 pp., 1 fig., 2 
 maps, 1906. 
 
 Describes the physiographic features, the occurrence, character, and relations of 
 Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary formations, the geologic history, and the economic 
 geology. 
 
 1750. The economic resources of Calvert County [Maryland]. — Maryland 
 Geol. Survey, Calvert County, pp. 123-134, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 1751. The economic resources of St. Mary’s County [Maryland]. — Maryland 
 Geol. Survey, St. Mary’s County, pp. 113-124, 1907. 
 
 A brief summary of the geology of the Virginia coastal plain. — See Clark and 
 Miller, no. 242. 
 
 Description of the Patuxent quadrangle. — See Shattuck and others, no. 2193. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, P)0G-1907. 
 
 137 
 
 Miller, G. W. 
 
 1752. Elements of inininj? geology and metallurgy. Second edition. The 
 
 Daily Mining Record, Publishers, Denver Colorado, 190G. 489 pp., 2.37 figs. 
 
 Includes a synoptic account of the classification, character, and relations of ore deposits. 
 
 1753. The mine examiner and prospector’s companion. A practical treatise 
 
 on mining geology, mine examinations, mineralogy, ore-milling practice, etc., 
 of the Rocky IMonntain and Pacific Coast regions. Denver, Colorado, Hall and 
 Williams, [1907]. 387 pp., 58 figs. 
 
 Gives a general account of the origin, occurrence, and character of ore deposits. 
 
 Miller, Willet G. 
 
 1754. Pre-Cambrian rocks in the vicinity of Lake Temiskaming, Ontario. — 
 Abstract: Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 16, pp. 581-582, 1906. 
 
 1755. The cobalt-nickel deposits of Temiskaming, Ontario. — Mines and Min- 
 erals, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 540-542, 2 figs., July, 1906. Abstract from Report of 
 Ontario Bureau of Mines, 1905, part 2. See Miller, 13, page 246 of U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 301. 
 
 1756. Minerals and how they occur. A hook for secondary schools and 
 
 prospectors. Toronto, The Copp, Clark Company [1906]. 2.52 pp., 193 figs. 
 
 1757. Lake Abitihi gold deposits. — Ontario, Bur. Mines, 16th Ann. Rept., vol. 
 16, pt. 1, pp. 219-220, 1907. 
 
 A brief account of the geology and gold deposits. 
 
 1758. Mines and mining of Cobalt [Ontario]. — Canadian Min. Jonr., vol. 28, 
 no. 3 (new ser., vol. 1, no. 1), pp. 7-11, 3 figs., March L5, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology and the occurrence and chai’acter of the ores. 
 
 Miller, Willet G., and Knight, Cyril W. 
 
 1759. Grenville-Hastings unconformity and the probable identity in age of 
 the Grenville limestone with the Keewatin iron formation of the Lake Superior 
 region. — Ontario, Bur. Mines, 16th Ann. Rept., vol. 16, pt. 1, 1907, pp. 221-223. 
 
 Discusses the relations and correlations of pre-Cambrian formations of southeastern 
 Ontario. 
 
 Milne, John. 
 
 1760. AVorld-shaking earthquakes in relation to volcanic eruptions in the 
 West Indies. — British Assoc. Adv. Sci., Rept. 72d meeting, 1902, pp. 682-683, 
 1903. 
 
 1761. Seismological investigations. Eleventh report of the Committee. — 
 British Assoc. Adv. Sci., Rept. of 76th meeting, 1906, pp. 92-103, 1907. 
 
 Contains references to North American earthquakes. 
 
 Moffit, Fred H. 
 
 1762. Gold fields of the Turnagain Arm region [Alaska]. — IT. S. Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Bull. no. 277, pp. 7-52, 12 pis., 4 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the topography and drainage of the region, the occurrence, character, and 
 relations of the sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic (?), Mesozoic, and Cenozoic age, and of 
 igneous rocks, the geologic history, and th? occurrence and mining of placer and lode 
 gold. 
 
 1763. Gold mining on Seward Peninsula [Alaska]. — V. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 284, pp. 132-144, 1 pi., 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of gold-bearing gravels. 
 
 1764. The Nome region [Alaska]. — T". S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. .314, pp. 
 126-145, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Describes the general geology, the structure of Hie veins, and Hie jilacer deposits, and 
 other economic resources. 
 
138 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Mollmann, W. 
 
 1765. Der Cripple Creek Golddistrict [Colorado]. — Berg- iind hiittenm. 
 Zeitnng, Jahrg. 61, no. 44, pp. 549-551, October 31, 1902. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 Montgomery, Thomas H., Jr. 
 
 1766. A list of the types of fossil vertebrates in the museum of the Univer- 
 sity of Texas. — Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Holl, Mass., Biol. Bull., 
 ^'ol. 8, no. 1, pp. 56-58, December, 1904. 
 
 Moody, A. E. 
 
 1767. Aggradation and degradation of valleys. — Ohio Naturalist, vol. 8, 
 no. 1, pp. 191-197, 1 pi., November, 1907. 
 
 Describes an experiment made to show what a river can do toward filling and degrad- 
 ing its valley. 
 
 Mooers, Charles A. 
 
 1768. The soils of Tennessee, their chemical composition and fertilizer re- 
 quirements. — University of Tennessee, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bul- 
 letin, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 49-90, December, 1906. 
 
 Moore, C. E. 
 
 1769. Earthquake effects at Santa Clara, Palo Alto, and San Jose, Cal. — 
 Eng. News, vol. 55, no. 19, pp. 526-527, 4 figs.. May 10, 1906. 
 
 Moore, E. S. 
 
 1770. Additional notes on the iron ranges of eastern Michipicoten. — Ontario, 
 Bur. Mines, Kept., 1906, vol. 15, pt. 1, pp. 200-206, 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the physiographic fharacter of the area, and the occurrence, character, 
 and relations of the geologic formations. 
 
 1771. Iron ranges east of Lake Nipigon, the ranges around Lake Winde- 
 gokan. — Ontario, Bur. Mines, 16th Ann. Kept., vol. 16, pt. 1, pp. 136-148, 5 
 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the geology, and the occurrence and character of iron ores. 
 
 Morse, William Clifford. 
 
 1772. The Columbus esker. — Ohio Naturalist, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 63-72, 6 figs., 
 February, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the terminology and general occurrence of eskers, and describes particularly 
 an esker located in Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 Moseley, E. L. 
 
 1773. Change of level at the west end of Lake Erie. — Abstract: Michigan 
 Acad. Sci., 7th Kept., pp. 38-39, 1905. 
 
 Cites evidence to show that the west end of Lake Erie is sinking. 
 
 Moses, Alfred J. 
 
 1774. The determination of the geometrical constants of a crystal from its 
 interfacial angles. — School of Mines Quart., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 432—461, 21 figs., 
 July, 1906. 
 
 Moses, Alfred J., and Parsons, Charles Lathrop. 
 
 1775. Elements of mineralogy, crystallography, and blowpipe analysis from 
 a practical standpoint, including a description of all common or useful minerals, 
 the tests necessary for their identification, the recognition and measurement 
 of their crystals, and a concise statement of their uses in the arts. Third 
 edition. Part I rewritten. Parts II, III, and IV extensively revised. New 
 York, D. Van Nostrand Company, 15)06. 444 pp., 583 figs. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, l‘)0G-iy07. 
 
 139 
 
 Munk, J. A. 
 
 1776. The meteorite mountain riddle solved. — Los Angeles Journal of Eclectic 
 Medicine, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 187-190, September, 1906. 
 
 Describes the Coon Butte, Arizona, and presents the arguments advanced to show 
 that the crater is the result of impact of a huge meteorite. 
 
 Munn, M. J. 
 
 Geology of the oil and gas fields in Steubenville, Hurgettstown, and Clays- 
 ville quadrangles, Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. — See Griswold and 
 Munn, no. 1048. 
 
 Murphy, T. D. 
 
 1777. The mines of El Doctor [Mexico]. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 9.5, pp. 
 241-245, 4 figs., August 24, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology and the occurrence of the lead-silver ores. 
 
 Murgoci, G. M. 
 
 1778. Suggestion as to the origin of riebeckite rocks. — Geol. Soc. America, 
 Bull., vol. 16, pp. 575-576, 1906. 
 
 1779. I. Contribution to the classification of the ami)hil)oles. II. On some 
 glaucophane schists, syenites, etc. — California T"niv., Dept. Geol., Bull., vol. 4. 
 no. 15, pp. 359-396, 9 figs., 1906. 
 
 Discusses the properties and relations of the amphiholes of the glaucophane schists 
 and describes the composition of the glaucophane schists studied. 
 
 Murray, J. C. 
 
 1780. Prospectng in Ungava. — Canadian Min. Jour., vol. 28 (new ser., 
 vol. 1), pp. 109-112, 148-149, 173-174, 11 figs., 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology. 
 
 Muscovici, Armand. 
 
 1781. Notes on a deposit of nickeliferous pyrrhotite at ^Malachite Point 
 [Quebec]. — Canadian Min. Inst., Jour., vol. 9, pp. 221-222, 1906. 
 
 Nagant, H. 
 
 1782. Rare earths in the Province of Quebec. — Quebec, Dept, of Coloniza- 
 tion, Mines, and Fisheries. Mining Operations for 1905, pp. 39-43, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of rare minerals in the Province of Quebec. 
 
 Naramore, Chester. 
 
 The production of gold and silver in 1906 in Colorado, N'ew Mexico, South 
 Dakota, and Wyoming. — See no. 2419. 
 
 Narraway, J. E., and Raymond, I'ercy E. 
 
 1783. A new American Cybcle. — Carnegie Mus., Annals, vol. 3*, no. 4, ]>j). 599- 
 604, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Nason, Frank L. 
 
 1784. Limestones associated with pyrites and pyrrhotite of the Appalachian 
 system. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, pp. 170-172, July 28, 19(K>. 
 
 Discusses the relations of the pyrite ores to the associated limestones. 
 
 Nattress, Thomas. 
 
 1785. The geological continuity of Essex and Kent counties, Ontario, and 
 Monroe and Wayne counties, Michigan. — Michigan Acad. Sci., Ninth R(‘pt., pp. 
 177-184, 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 Navarro, D. V. 
 
 1786. Le cobalt dans IT^tat de Jalisco. — Soc. cient. “Antonio Alzute.” Mem. 
 y Rev., t. 25, no. 2, i>p. 51 -.57, August, 1907. 
 
 Describes the local geology and the occurrence of coltall a( Pilniamo, .lalisco, Mexico. 
 
140 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, lOOC-1907. 
 
 Neill, A. T. 
 
 1787. Report of the geological section [of the Hamilton Scientific Associa- 
 tion] for the year ending May, 1907. — Hamilton Sci. Assoc., Jour, ami Proc., no. 
 23, pp. 125-127, 1907. 
 
 Neill, James W. 
 
 1788. Secondary enrichment. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 93, p. 380, Septem^ 
 her 29, 1900. 
 
 Discusses briefly the subject of secondary enrichment in mineral veins. 
 
 Nelson, C. Nelson. 
 
 1789. The Sahiiaripa district, Sonora, Mexico. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, 
 pp. 629-031, 1 fig., October 0, 1900. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology of the district. 
 
 Newland, David H. 
 
 The mining and quarry industry of New York State. Report of opera- 
 tions and ])roduction during 1904. — New York State Mus., 58th Ann. Rept., vol. 
 2 (Bull. 93, 1905), pp. 909-970, 1906. See Newland, 2, on page 251 of Bulletin 
 301, r. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
 1790. The mining and quarry industry of New York State. Report of opera- 
 tions and production during 1905. — New York State Mus., Bull. 102, 199 pp., 
 1900. 
 
 1791. Recent earthquakes recorded at Albany, N. Y. — Science, new ser., 
 vol. 23, p. 851, June 1, 1900. 
 
 1792. Zinc ore in northern New York. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 81, pp. 
 1094-1095, June 9, 1900. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of zinc ore in St. Lawrence County, N. Y. 
 
 1793. The mining and quarry industry of New York state. Report of opera- 
 tions and productions during 1906. — New York State Mus., Bull. 112, 80 pp., 
 1907. 
 
 1794. On the associations and origin of the nontitaniferous magnetites in 
 the Adirondack region. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2,. no. 8, pp. 763-773, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 1795. The iron ores of the Adirondack region. — Abstract: Science, new ser., 
 vol. 20, pp. 401—103, September, 1907. 
 
 Newland, David H., and Hansell, N. Y. 
 
 1796. ^Magnetite mines at Lyon Mountain, N. Y\ The geology of an interest- 
 ing district, nature of the ore, and methods of mining. — Eng. and !Min. .Tour., 
 vol. 82, pp. 863-805, 916-918, illus., November 10, 1900. 
 
 Newman, Bruno. 
 
 1797. The mining district of Asientos, Mexico. — Eng. and IMin. .Tour., vol. 
 8.3, pi>. 1044-1040, 3 figs., .Tune 1, 1907. 
 
 New Mexico. 
 
 Rei)ort of the mine inspector for the Territory of New Mexico to the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior for the year ended .Tune 30, 1900. — See Sheridan, no. 2195. 
 
 Rei)ort of the mine insi)ector for the Territory of New ^Mexico to the Secretary 
 of the Interior for the y(‘ar ended .Tune 30, 1907. — See Sheridan, no. 2190. 
 
 Nicholas, Francis C. 
 
 1798. Economic g('ology and mimu'al dei)osits. — Min. WorM, vol. 
 4!)2, ()2(), 0S9, 714-715, 777, 190(5 : vol. 20, pp. 39, (57, .331, 447, (52.5, 
 
 25, i)p. 203, 
 751. 1907; 
 
 vol. 27, PI). 14.5, 192-193, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the formntion of ore deposits. 
 
 1799. 3'h(‘ Fnion coj)i)(‘r mines of North Garoliua. — Min. \Yorld, vol. 27, i)p. 
 S';;i-SS4, NovemlxT 10, 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1007. 141 
 
 Nicholas, Francis C. — Continued. 
 
 1800 . The Gold Hill copper mine, and its development. — Min. World, vol. 27, 
 pp. 1001-1002, 4 tigs., December 7, 1907. 
 
 1801 . Recent ’developments at Furnace Creek copper mines. — Min. World, 
 vol. 27, pp. 1087-1088, 3 tigs., December 21, 1907. 
 
 Nichols, Henry Windsor. 
 
 1802 . New forms of concretions. — Field Columbian Mus., Geol. Ser., vol. 3, 
 no. 3, pp. 25-54, 9 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, appearance, and constitution of concretions from various 
 localities, and discusses the mode of their formation. After describing nodules from 
 the Challenger and Argus banks in the Atlantic Ocean, discusses the formation of mag- 
 nesian limestone. 
 
 1803 . Absence of lead and copper from certain deep sea deposits. — Econ. 
 Geology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 309-311, 1907. 
 
 Nickles, John M. 
 
 Classitied list of papers dealing with coal, coke, lignite, and peat contained 
 in the publications of the U. S. Geological Survey. — See Lee and Nickles, no. 
 1549. 
 
 Nicol, John M. 
 
 1804 . Black sand. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, pp. 82-84, January 19, 1907. 
 Nicolas, F. J. 
 
 Catalogue of publications of the Geological Survey of Canada. — See Canada, 
 Geological Survey, no. 417. 
 
 Norton, William Harmon. 
 
 1805 . Geology of Bremer County [Iowa|. — Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 16, pp. 
 319—105, 10 tigs., 2 geol. maps, 1906. 
 
 Describes the topography and drainage, the stratigraphy — Ordovician, Silurian, Devo- 
 nian, and Pleistocene — and the economic products. 
 
 Norwood, Charles J. 
 
 1806 . Clays in several parts of Kentucky, with some account of sands, 
 marls, and limestones. — Kentucky Geol. Survey, Bull. no. (J, 223 i)p., 1905. 
 
 Contributes various notes to the articles on clays comprising this bulletin. 
 
 1807 . Report on the progress of the survey for the years 1904 and 1905. — ■ 
 Kentuckj" Geol. Survey, 56 pp., 1905. 
 
 An administrative report, but includes various data pertaining to the geology of 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Obalski, J. 
 
 1808 . A new mining district in Quebec. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 79, p. 513, 
 March 16, 1905. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of various ores. 
 
 1809 . Chibogomo mining district. — Quebec, Dept. Colonization, Mines, and 
 Fisheries. Mining Operations in the Province of Quebec for tlu‘ year 1905, i)p. 
 23-36, 1906. 
 
 Gives an account of the mining district. Includes part of a report by Low [see no. 
 1624] on the geology and mineral resources of the district. 
 
 1810 . Rare earths in pegmatite veins. — Canadian Min. Inst., Jour., vol. t), 
 pp. 72-73, 1906. 
 
 1811 . Mining operations ii\ the Province' of (luehee for tlu' year 1906. — 
 Quebec, Dept, of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, 59 pp., 7 pis., and map, 1907. 
 
142 BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Obalski, J. — Coiitiiined. 
 
 1812 . New discoveries in northern Quebec. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 88, 
 p. 559, March 23, 1907; Canadian Min. Jour., vol. 28, no. 4 (new ser., vol. 1, 
 no. 2), p. 46, April 1, 1907. 
 
 Calls attention to discoveries of mineral deposits. Includes notes on the geology. 
 
 1813 . Rare earths in pegmatite veins. — Can. Min. Inst., Jour., vol. 9, pp. 
 72-73, 1906. 
 
 Offret, A. 
 
 1814 . El X congreso geologico internacional en Mexico. — Mexico, Secretaria 
 de Fomento, Boh, 2'* epoca, aho 7, no. 1, VI, pp. 1-48, August, 1907. 
 
 Gives an account of the Tenth International Geological Congress, held in Mexico, lOOG. 
 
 O’Harra, C. C. 
 
 Description of the Devils Tower (piadraugle, Wyoming. — See Darton and 
 O’Harra, no. 656. 
 
 Ogilvie, Ida H. 
 
 1815 . A contribution to the geology of southern Maine. — New York Acad. 
 Sci., Annals, vol. 17, pt. 2, pp. 519-5.58, 2 pis., 2 tigs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the physiographic features pf Boothbay quadrangle, and the character, 
 occurrence, and composition of the igneous rocks and their metamorphism. 
 
 Ohern, D. W. 
 
 1816 . Contributions to the paleontology of the Paleodevonian of Maryland. — 
 Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., new ser., 1907, no. 7, pp. 91-93 [679-681], 1907. 
 
 Omori, Fusakichi. 
 
 1817 . Note on the San Francisco earthquake of April 18, 1906. — Publications 
 of the [.Japan] Earthquake Investigation Committee in Foreign Languages, no. 
 21, Appendix II, 3 pi>., 1 j)h, Tokyo, 1906. 
 
 1818 . On the great earthquake of April 18th, 1906, of San Francisco. — 
 Jour. Geog. (published by the Tokyo Geog. Soc.), vol. 18, no. 215, pp. 764-777, 
 November, 1906. [In Japanese.] 
 
 1819 . On the estimation of the time of occurrence at the origin of a dis- 
 tant earthquake from the duration of the first preliminary tremor observed at 
 any place. — Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee, Tokyo, Japan, Bull., 
 vol. I, no. 1, pp. 1—1, .Tanuary, 1907. 
 
 Includes time data regarding the San Francisco eartlupiake of April IS, 190G. 
 
 1820 . ITeliniinary note on the cause of the San Francisco earthquake of 
 April 18, 1906. — Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee, Tokyo, Japan, 
 Bull., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7-25, 6 pis., 9 figs., January, 1907. See also Jordan, 
 no. 1325. 
 
 1821 . Preliminary note on the seismographic obsi'rvatious of the San Fran- 
 cisco earthquake of April 18, 1906. — Imperial p]arthquake Investigation Commit- 
 tee, Tokyo. .Tapan, Bull., vol. 1, no. 1, j)]). 26-43, 6 pis,, January, 1907. 
 
 Tabulates seismographic records of the San Francisco eartluiuake made at various 
 eartlupiake observation stations and discusses tlie rate of transmission. 
 
 1822 . Note on the tninsit velocities of the Guatemala eartlKpiake of April 
 19, 1902, — Iinperitil Eartlupiake Investigjition Committee, Tokyo, Japan, Bull., 
 vol, 1, no. 1, pp. 44-46, 1 pi., Januaiy, 1907. 
 
 1823 . Comparison of the faults in the thr(‘e earthqmikes of Mino-Owari, 
 Formosa, and San Fnincisco. — Imperial Eartluiuake Investigation Committee, 
 Tokyo, Ja])an, Bull., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 70-72, 1 tig,, March, 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 143 
 
 Ordonez, Ezequiel. 
 
 1824 . Sobre algunos ejemplos probables de tiibos de erupcioii. — Soc. cient. 
 “Antonio Alzate,” Mem. y Rev., t. 22, pp. 141-150, 1905. 
 
 Describes probable examples of volcanic necks. 
 
 1825 . Las rocas arcaicas de Mexico. — Soc. cient. “Antonio Alzate,” Mem. y 
 Rev., t. 22, nos. 7-8, pp. 315-331, 1 pi., 1905. 
 
 1826 . Los xalapazcos del Estado de Puebla. Segunda parte. — Mexico, Inst. 
 Geol., Parer., t. 1, no. 10, pp. 349-393, 10 pis., 7 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes physical features and geological structure of volcanic craters in the State 
 of Puebia, Mexico. 
 
 1827 . Excursion de Mexico a Jalapa [Mexico]. — X® Congr. geol. intern., 
 Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. I, 11 pp., 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology of the country along the 'route traveled. 
 
 1828 . Excursion de Esperanza a Mexico. — X® Congr. geol. intern., Guide des 
 Excursions, Mexico, no. Ill, 2 pp., 1906. 
 
 Gives notes on the geology of the country between these places. 
 
 1829 . L’archaique du Canon de Toniellm. — X® Congr. geol. intern., Guide des 
 Excursions, Mexico, no. V, 30 pp., 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 1830 . Excursion de Mexico a Patzcuaro et Uruapam. — X® Congr. geol. in- 
 tern., Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. VIII, 18 pp., 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology of the country between these places. 
 
 1831 . Le Jorullo. — X® Congr. geol. intern.. Guide des Excursions, Mexico, 
 no. XI, 55 pp., 12 pis., 1906. 
 
 1832 . Les crateres d’explosion- de Valle de Santiago [Mexico]. — X® Congr. 
 geol. intern.. Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. XIV, 8 pp., 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 1833. Oil in the State of Vera Cruz. — Min, and Sci. Press, vol. 95, pp. 247- 
 248, 2 figs., August 24, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology of the State. 
 
 Analisis quimico de la chiluca y de la cantera. — See lioel and Ordonez, no. 
 2080. 
 
 Oregon, University of. 
 
 1834 . In memory of Thomas Condon, Professor of Geology, 1876-1906. — 
 Univ. of Oregon, Bull., new ser., vol. 4, no. 8, 64 pp., 3 pis. (port.), June, 1907. 
 
 Oregon, University of. Department of Chemistry. 
 
 The mineral resources and mineral industry of Oregon for 1903. — See Staf- 
 ford, no. 2276. 
 
 Orr, Ellison. 
 
 1835 . Exposures of Iowan and Kansan ( ?) drift, east of the usually ac- 
 cepted west boundary line of the driftless area. — Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 
 14 , pp. 231-2.36, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Orton, Edward, jr. 
 
 1836 . The kaolin deposits of Bollinger County, Missouri. — Am. Ceramic Soc., 
 Trans., vol. 9, pp. 62-94, 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 Orton, Edward, jr., and Peppel, Samuel Vernon. 
 
 1837 . The limestone resources and the lime industry in Ohio. — Ohio Geol. 
 Survey, Fourth Ser., Bull. no. 4, 365 pp., 53 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the composition and distribution by counties of limestones suitable for cement 
 manufacture their occurrence and character by geological formations, and their utiliza- 
 tion. 
 
144 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Osborn, Henry Fairfield. 
 
 1838 . The present problems of paleontology. — Congress of Arts and Science, 
 Universal Exposition, St. Lonis, 1904, vol. 4, pp. 56G-5S5, 1906. 
 
 1839 . The skeleton of Brontosaurus and skull of Morosaurus. — Nature, vol. 
 73, pp. 282-284, 4 figs., January 18, 1906. 
 
 1840 . The causes of extinction of Mammalia. — Am. Naturalist, vol. 40, pp. 
 767-795, November; pp. 829-859, December, 1906. 
 
 1841 . Tyj'annosaurus, upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur. (Second com- 
 munication.) — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., P>ull., vol. 22, pp. 281-296, 1 pi., 12 figs., 
 
 1906. 
 
 1842 . Explorations of John Bell Hatcher for the paleontological monographs 
 of the United States Geological Survey, together with a statement of his con- 
 tributions to American geology and paleontology. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Mon., 
 vol. 49, pp. xvii-xxvi, 1907. 
 
 1843 . Tertiary mammal horizons of North America. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
 Bull., vol. 23, pp. 237-253, 3 figs., March 30, 1907. 
 
 Gives a composite section of the Eocene and Oligocene deposits of the Rocky Moun- 
 tain basin and discusses the correlation of Tertiary deposits of North America and the 
 character and relations of their mammalian faunas. 
 
 1844 . A mounted skeleton of the Columbian mammoth (EJephas columhi ). — 
 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, pp. 255-257, 1 pi., March 30, 1907. 
 
 1845 . A mounted skeleton of Naosaurus, a pelycosaur from the Permian of 
 Texas. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, pp. 265-270, 2 pis., 3 figs., March 30, 
 
 1907. 
 
 1846 . Evolution as it appears to the paleontologist. — Science, new ser., vol. 
 26, pp. 744-749, November 29, 1907. 
 
 1847 . A paleontological trip to northwestern Nebraska. — Abstract : Science, 
 new ser., vol. 26, pp. 871-872, December 20, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of vertebrate remains. 
 
 1848 . The reclassification of the Mammalia. — Abstract: New York Acad. Sci., 
 Annals, vol. 17, pt. 3, pp. 611-613, 1907. 
 
 Osburn, Raymond C. 
 
 1849 . Adaptive modifications of the limb skeleton in aquatic reptiles and 
 mammals. — New York Acad. Sci., Annals, vol., 16, pt. 3, pp. 447-482, 3 pis., 1906. 
 
 Discusses modifications in limb structure by which mammals and reptiles have been 
 adapted to aquatic life. The discussion is based in pait upon fossil forms. 
 
 1850 . The origin of vertebrate limbs. Recent evidence upon this problem 
 from studies on primitive sharks. — New York Acad. Sci., Annals, vol. 17, pt. 2, 
 no. 2, pp. 415—136, September, 1907. 
 
 Osgood, Wilfred H. 
 
 1851 . Mastodon remains in the Yukon Valley. — Washington Biol. Soc., Proc., 
 vol. 18, pp. 254-255, 1905. 
 
 O’Sullivan, Owen. 
 
 1852 . [Report on] a survey of the coast of Hudson Bay from York Factory 
 to Severn River. — Canada Geol. Survey, Summ. Re[)t. for 1905, pp. 73-76, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes upon the physical character of the country examined. 
 
 1853 . On explorations along the proposed route of the Canadian Northern 
 Railway, between Split Lake and Fort Churchill. — Canada Geol. Survey. Summ. 
 Rept. for 1906, iq). 99-102. 1906. 
 
 Gives notes on the physical features of the region examined. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 145 
 
 Pack, Fred J. 
 
 1854 . Geology of Pioche, Nevada, and vicinity. — School of Mines Quart., 
 vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 285-312, 5 pis., 7 figs., April, 1906; no. 4, pp. 365-386, 3 pis., 2 
 figs., July, 1906. 
 
 Reviews previous geologic work upon the area, and describes the occurrence, char- 
 acter, and relations of stratified rocks of Cambrian age, and of igneous rocks, the geologic 
 structure and its topographic expression, the petrography of the igneous rocks, and the 
 economic geology of the area, including an account of the character, occurrence, and age 
 of the ore bodies. 
 
 1855 . Cambrian fossils from the Pioche Mountains, Nevada, — Jour. (Jeology, 
 vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 290-302, 3 pis., 1906. 
 
 Reviews correlations of the Cambrian section of the I’ioche Mountains and gives 
 descriptions of the fossils collected, including several new species. 
 
 Packard, George A. 
 
 1856 . Round Mountain camp, Nevada. Its location, geology, and mining 
 activities. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 83, pp. 150-151, 4 figs., January 19, 1907. 
 
 1857 . Gold measures of Tangier, Nova Scotia. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 95, 
 pp. 430-431, 4 figs., October 5, 1907. 
 
 Page, William N. 
 
 1858 . The formation of coal fields. — Min. World, vol. 25, no. 6, p. 158, August 
 II, 1906. 
 
 Paige, Sidney. 
 
 1859 . The Herendeen Ray coal field. — V. S. Geol. Survey, Rull. no. 284, pp. 
 101-108, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology of the region, and the occurrence and character of the coal beds. 
 
 Paige, Sidney, and Knopf, Adolph. 
 
 1860 . Stratigraphic succession in the region northeast of Cook Inlet, 
 Alaska. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 18, pp. 325-332, 1 fig., 1907. Abstract : 
 Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 182, February 1, 1907. 
 
 1861 . Reconnaissance in the Mataiiuska a Ad Talkeetna basins, with notes 
 on the placers of the adjacent region. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 314, pp. 
 104-125, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 1862 . Geologic reconnaissance in the Matanuska and Talkeetna basins, 
 Alaska. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 327, 71 pp., 4 pis., 4 figs., 1907. 
 
 Descril)es the general geology, the occurrence, character, and relations of .Jurassic, 
 Cretaceous, and Tertiary strata, the geologic history of the region, and the character 
 and occurrence of coal, gold, and copper deposits. 
 
 Palache, Charles. 
 
 1863 . On octahedrite, brookite, and titanite from Somerville, Massachusetts, 
 U. S. A. — Festschrift Harry liosenbusch, E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuch- 
 handlung, Stuttgart, 1906, pp. 311-321, 8 figs. 
 
 1864 . Mineralogical notes. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 24, pp. 249-2.58, 
 8 figs., September, 1907 ; Zeitschr. f. Krystal, u. Mineral., Bd. 44, Heft 1, pp. 14- 
 22, 7 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes zoisite and phenacite from Massachusetts and chalmersite from Brazil. 
 
 1865. Occurrence of olivine in the serpentine of Chester and Middlefield, 
 Mass. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 24, pp. 491-495, December, 1907. 
 
 Palmer, Leroy A. 
 
 1866 . Modern mining at Alta, Utah. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 26, no. 10, i>p. 
 438-440, 3 figs.. May, 1906. 
 
 Includes an account of the local geology and the occurrence of the ore bodies. 
 
 66836— Bull. 372—09 
 
 10 
 
146 
 
 BrBLIOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Park, James. 
 
 1867. A text-book of mining geology for the use of mining students and 
 miners, l.ondon, Charles Griffin and Co., Ltd., 1906. 219 pp., 3 pis.. TS figs. 
 
 Contains references to the occurrences of ore deposits in North America. 
 
 1868. Contact metamorpbism in its relation to ore deposits. — ]SIin. and Sci. 
 Press, vol. 93, pp. 544-545, November 3, 1906. 
 
 Parker, Edward IV. 
 
 1869. The known coal fields of the United States. — Min. World, vol. 22, 
 no. 18, pp, 469—171, 1 pL, May 6, 1905. 
 
 The production in the L'nited States in 1905 of coal. — See no. 2418, 
 
 The production in the United States in 1906 of coal. — See no. 2419. 
 
 Parker, Edward W., Holmes, Joseph A., Campbell, Marius E. 
 
 1870. Report on the operations of the coal-testing plant of the United States 
 Geological Survey at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo., 1904. 
 Part I. Field work, classification of coals, chemical work. Part II. Boiler tests. 
 Part III, Producer-gas, coking, briquetting, and washing tests. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Prof. Paper no. 48. 1492 pp., 13 pis., 135 figs., 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the geologic occurrence of coals tested. 
 
 Parks, William Arthur. 
 
 1871. [Report on] the valley of the Tobique River, N, B. — Canada, Geol. 
 Survey, Summ. Rept. for 1905, pp. 115-117, 1906. 
 
 Gives a brief account of the geology of the area examined. 
 
 1872. The Stromatoporoids of the Guelph formation in Ontario. — Univ. of 
 Toronto Studies. Geol. Ser,, no. 4, 40 pp., 6 pis., 1907. 
 
 1873. The Cobalt [Ontario] mining district, past and present. — Hamilton 
 Sci. Assoc., Jour, and Proc., no. 23, pp. 42-45, 1907. 
 
 Parmelee, C. W., and McCourt, W. E. 
 
 1874. A report on the peat dojiosits of northern New Jersey. — New .Tersey 
 Geol. Survey, Ann. Rept. State Geol. for 1905, pp. 223-313, 1 pi,, 1906. 
 
 Describes the origin, occurrence, chemical composition, technology, and uses of peat, 
 the testing and valuation of New Jersey peats, and their distribution in northern New 
 Jersey. 
 
 Parr, S. W. 
 
 1875. The coals of Illinois. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 81. p. 86, January 
 13, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of the coals of the Stale. 
 
 1876. Composition and character of Illinois coals. — Illinois State Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 3, pp. 27-78, 15 figs., 1906. 
 
 Includes a classification of coals>(^ 
 
 1877. Chemical analyses of certain coals. — Iliinois State Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 4, pp. 188-197, 1907. 
 
 Parsons. Charles I.athrop. 
 
 Elements of mineralogy. — See Moses and Parsons, no. 1775, 
 
 Parsons, Floyd W. 
 
 1878. (^oal mining by open stripping in Pennsylvania. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 81. pp. 1239-1240, 4 figs.. June 30, 1906. 
 
 Gontains notes on coal-hearing strata in the Hazleton district. 
 
 1879. Mining in the George's Creek coal field [Maryland]. — Eng. and Min. 
 Jour., vol. 82, pp. 6874J91, 7 figs., October l.'l. 1906. 
 
 Contains notes on the geology and character of the coal. 
 
BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NOBTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1U07. 147 
 
 Parsons, Floyd W. — Continued. 
 
 1880. Coal mining in the Fairmont field, West Virginia, — Kng. and -Min. 
 Jour., vol. 82, pp. 1018-1020, 1070-1074, 7 figs., December, 1906. 
 
 Contains notes on the geology and character of the coal. 
 
 1881. Coal mining in soutliern West Virginia. — Eng. and Min. Jonr., vol. 84, 
 l)p. 881-885, 7 figs., November 9, 1907. 
 
 1882. The coal mining situation in nortliern Wyoming.— Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 84, pp. 930-935, 5 figs., November 16, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence and character of the coals. 
 
 1883. Montana’s great coal fields and its collieries. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 84, pp. 978-981, 5 figs., November 23, 1907. 
 
 Parsons, T. S. 
 
 1884. Some unknown American natural bridges. — Mimn’al Collector, vol. 14, 
 no. 7, PI). 103-104, September, 1907. 
 
 Describes natural bridges in southeastern I'tah. 
 
 Parsons, W. F. C. 
 
 1885. Prospecting for iron on* in tin* Torbrook iron district, Annapolis 
 County, Nova Scotia. — Canadian Min, Inst., Jonr., vol. 9, pp. 31-34, 1906. 
 
 Payne, C. A. 
 
 1886. The zinc ores of N'irginia. — Eng. and Min. Jonr.. vol. 78, ]». 544, Octo- 
 ber 6, 1904. 
 
 Discusses the origin of the zinc ores. 
 
 Pearce, Richard. 
 
 1887. A trachytic bowlder [from Colorado]. — Cornwtill, Roy. Geol. Soc., 
 Trans., vol. 12, pt. 9, p. 760, 1904. 
 
 Peck, Frederick R., and Ashley, George II. 
 
 1888. The Pnnxsiitawney and Glen Cami)bell coal fields of Indiana and 
 Jefferson comities, Pa.— U. S. Geol. Survey, Rull. no. 285, i)p. 276-279, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic structure, and the occurrence and character of the coal beds. 
 
 Penck, Albrecht. 
 
 1889. The relations of physiography to the other sciences. — Congress of Arts 
 and Science, Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904, vol. 4, pp. 607-625, 1906. 
 
 Penfield, Samuel Tj. 
 
 1890. On the drawing of crystals from stereograi)hic and gnomonic pro- 
 jections. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, pp. 206-215, 13 figs., March, 1906. 
 Zeitschr. f. Krystal, u. Mineral., Kd. 43, Heft 1, pp. 1-11, 13 figs., 1907. 
 
 1891. Tables of minerals, including the uses of minerals and statistics of 
 
 the domestic production. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1907. 88 pp. 
 
 Penfield, Samuel L,, and Ford, W. E,‘ 
 
 1892. On stibiotantalite. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 22, pp. 61-77, 18 figs., 
 July, 1906; Zeitschr. f. Kryst. u. Mineral., Rd. 42, Heft 4, pp. 334-350, 18 figs., 
 190(1 
 
 Describes the occurrence, crystallographic and other characters, and chemical com- 
 position of stibiotantalite crystals from San Diego County, California. 
 
 Penfield, S. L., and Stanley, F. C. 
 
 1893. On the chemical composition of amphibole. — Am. Jonr. Sci., 4th ser., 
 vol, 23, PI). 23-.51, 5 figs, January, 1907; Zeitschr. f. Krystal, u. Mineral., Rd. 
 43, pp. 233-260, 5 tigs., 1907. 
 
148 BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Penhallow, David I’earce. 
 
 1894. Observations upon some noteworthy leaf variations, and tlieir bearing 
 upon paleontological evidence.— Ca.nadian Kec. Sci., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 279-305, 
 11 figs., 1905. 
 
 1895. Notes on Tertiary and Cretaceous plants. — Abstract: Science, new ser., 
 vol. 23, p. 972, June 29, 1900. 
 
 1896. A manual of the North America gynmosperms, exclusive of the Cyca- 
 
 dales, blit together with certain exotic species. Boston, Ginn and Company, 
 1907. 274 pp., 55 pis., 48 figs. 
 
 Includes descriptions of fossil genera and species. 
 
 1897. Contributions to the Pleistocene fiora of Canada. — Am. Nat., vol. 
 41, pp. 443-452, 2 figs., July, 1907. 
 
 Includes descriptions of new species of Acer and (ilcditfichia. 
 
 1898. A contribution to our knowledge of the origin and develoi)inent of 
 certain marsh lands on the coast of New England. — Canada, Boy. Soc., Proc. 
 and Trans., 3d ser., vol. 1, sect. 4, pp. 13-55. 5 pis., 1907. 
 
 1899. Notes on fossil woods from Texas. — ('anada, Roy. Soc., Proc. and 
 Trans., 3d ser., vol. 1, sect. 4, pp. 93-113, 4 pis., 1907. 
 
 Includes a discussion of the stratigraphic position, relations, and character of the 
 Yegua clays. 
 
 1900. A report on fossil plants from the international boundary survey for 
 1903-5, collected by Dr. R. A. Daly. — Canada, Roy. Soc., I’roc. and Trans., 3d 
 ser., vol. 1, sect. 4, pp. 287-351, 9 pis., 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 1901. A blazing beach [spontaneous combustion of gases from organic 
 debris]. — Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 557-564, 1 fig., June, 1907. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Topographic and Geologic Survey Commission. 
 
 1902. Report 1899-1906. Harrisburg, 1906. 308 pp., 1 pi. (index map). 
 
 Includes an account of the methods of work employed and gives records of results. 
 
 Peppel, Samuel Vernon. 
 
 1903. The manufacture of artificial sand stone or sand-lime brick. — Ohio 
 Geol. Survey, Fourth ser.. Bull. no. 5, 79 pp., 2 pis., 6 figs., 1905 [1906?]. 
 
 The limestone resources and the lime industrj’ in Ohio. — See Orton and 
 Peppel, no. 1837. 
 
 Perisho, Ell wood C. 
 
 1904. The state survey of South Dakota. — Sioux City, Iowa, Acad. Sci. and 
 Letters, Proc., vol. 2, pp. 79-84, 1906. 
 
 Presents briefly in outline the work already accomplished by the state geological 
 survey, the work in hand, and lines of investigation in view. 
 
 1905. What should appear in the report of ti state geologist. — Econ. Geology, 
 vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 435^38, June, 1907. 
 
 Perkins, Edwin T. 
 
 1906. Mining and smelting ;it Granby, Missouri. — Eng. and ^lin. .Jour., 
 vol. 84, pp. 388-390, 1 fig., August 31, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology, character, and occurrence nf the zinc and lead ores. 
 
 Perkins, George II. 
 
 1907. Mineral resources [of Vermont 1. — Vermont Geol. Survey. Fifth Rejd. 
 State (ieol., pp. l-(52, 1(5 ])ls., 2 tigs.. 1906. 
 
 Gives an account of the progress of the mineral industries of the State during llie 
 biennium 100.'>— U)0(». Includes notes on the occurrence of building stones, slate, and 
 other products. (Jives a full discussion of the occurrence, character, and origin of 
 asbestos deposits. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190G-1907. 149 
 
 Perkins, (Jeorge H. — Continued. 
 
 1908. The lignite or brown coal of Brandon | Vermont J. — Vermont Geol. 
 SiirA’ey, Fifth Kept. State Geol., i)p. 188-194, 3 pis., 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the character of the lignite and of the plant remains found in it. 
 
 1909 . Fossils of the [Brandon] lignite. — Vermont Geol. Survey, Fifth Kept. 
 State Geol., pp. 202-230, 7 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of the Tertiary fruits at Brandon, Vt., and gives systematic 
 descriptions and figures of the fossils. 
 
 1910 . The drinking waters of Vermont. — Vermont Geol. Survey, Fifth Ilept. 
 State Geol., pp. 254-344, 1906. 
 
 Includes data upon the underground waters. 
 
 Perkins, W. R. 
 
 The underground waters of Mississippi. — See Logan and Perkins, no. 1610. 
 Perry, Joseph H. 
 
 The green schists and associated granites and porphyries of Rhode Island. — 
 See Emerson and Perry, no. 790. 
 
 Peter, Robert. 
 
 1911 . Chemical report of the coals, clays, mineral waters, etc., of Ken- 
 tucky. — Kentucky Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 3, 77 pp., 1905. 
 
 Petereit, A. H. 
 
 1912 . Crystallized native copper from Bisbee, Arizona. — Am. Jour. Sci., 
 4th ser., vol. 23, p. 232, 1 tig., March, 1907. 
 
 Peterson, O. A. 
 
 1913 . New suilline remains from the Miocene of Nebraska. — Carnegie Mus., 
 Mem., vol. 2, pp. 305-324, 2 pis., 4 figs., 1906. 
 
 1914 . Preliminary description of two new species of the genus Dicenitherium 
 Marsh, from the Agate Spring fossil quarry. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 
 281-283, August 31, 1906. 
 
 1915 . The Agate Spring fossil quarry [Nebraska]. — Carnegie Mus., Annals, 
 vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 487-494, 1 pi., 5 tigs,, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of vertebrate remains in the quarry and the method of col- 
 lecting, gives a pi-ovisional list of the fauna, and discusses the origin of the sediment 
 forming the matrix. 
 
 1916 . The Miocene beds of western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming and their 
 vertebrate faunae. — Carnegie Mus., Annals, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 21-72, 11 pis., 20 
 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and relations of the Miocene formations in western Nebraska 
 and eastern Wyoming and gives lists of the vetebrate fossils of each and descriptions of 
 the new forms. 
 
 Phalen, William Clifton. 
 
 1917 . Review of “The origin of Clinton red fossil ore in Lookout Mountain, 
 Alabama,’,’ by William M. Bowron (Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., vol. 36, pp. 587- 
 604). — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. (>, ])p. 584-588, June, 1906, 
 
 1918 . Origin and occurrence of certain iron ores of northeastern Kentucky. — 
 Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 7, ])p. 660-673, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 1919. Copper deposits near Luray, Va. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, 
 pp. 140-143, 1906. 
 
 Describes the rocks of the region, and the occurrence and origin of the copper ores. 
 
 1920 . Coal resources of the Kenova quadrtingle. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 285, pp. 259-2()8, 1 lig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology, the occurrence and character of the coal beds, and the 
 composition and character of the coals in northeastern Kentucky and adjacent parts o£ 
 Ohio. 
 
150 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NOETH AMEEICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Phalen, William (''lifton — Contiimed. 
 
 1921. Clay resources of northeastern Kentucky. — TJ. S. Oeol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 385, PI). 411-116, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of coal measures and recent clay beds, and the 
 composition of the clays. 
 
 1922. Coal resources of Johnstown, Pa., and vicinity. — IT. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 316, pp. 20-41, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 Phalen, W. C., and Martin, Lawrence. 
 
 1923. Clays and shales of southwestern Cambria County, Pa. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 344-354, 1907. 
 
 Philippi, E. 
 
 1924. Ueber junge Intrusionen in Mexiko und ihre Beziehungen zur Tek- 
 tonik der durchbrochenen Schichtgesteine, nach den Forschungeii von E. Bose 
 und C. Burckardt. — Centralbl. f. Mineral., pp. 449^60, 6 tigs., 1907. 
 
 Discusses phenomena attendant upon intrusions as exemplified in Mexico. 
 
 Phillips^ William B. 
 
 1925. Terlingua quicksilver district [Texas]. — Min. World, vol. 23, pp. 
 259-260, 1905. 
 
 Describes the general geology and the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 1926. Quicksilver deposits of Terlingua district, Brewster County, Texas. — 
 Am. Min. Cong., 8th Ann. Sess., pp. 184-193, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology of the district and adjacent regions of Texas. 
 
 Pickering, William H. 
 
 1927. Lunar and Hawaiian physical features compared. — Am. Acad. Arts 
 and Sciences, Mem., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 151-179, 16 pLs., 1906. 
 
 Contains data in regard to volcanic craters upon the Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 1928. The place of origin of the moon — the volcanic problem. — Jour. Geol- 
 ogy, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 23-38, 4 tigs., 1907. 
 
 Piers, Harry. 
 
 1929. Economic minerals of Nova Scotia. Catalogue and description of a 
 collection at the Provincial Exhibition, Halifax. Revised Edition. 60 pp. — In 
 Kept, of the Dei>t. of Mines, Nova Scotia, for 1906, Halifax, 1907. 
 
 Pilsbry, H. A. 
 
 1930. PJaiiorhis alahamensU and dilatatm in the Floridian Pliocene. — 
 Nautilus, vol. 19, no. 3, p. 34, July, 1905. 
 
 Proposes the name Planorhis alahaniensifi avns for a Pliocene form differing from the 
 recent form. 
 
 Pirsson, Louis V. 
 
 1931. Samuel Lewis Pentield [obituary]. — ^Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 22, 
 j)p. .35.3-367, 1 pi. (port.), November, 1906. 
 
 Includes a list of his papers. 
 
 1932. [Obituary notice of] Israel Cook Russell. — Am. .Tour. Sci., 4th ser., 
 vol. 21, p. 481, June, 190(J. 
 
 1933. Angelo Heilprin. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 24, p. 284, Sei)tember. 
 1908. 
 
 4'he texture of igneous rocks. — See Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, Washington, 
 no. 608. 
 
 Pirsson, Louis V., and Washington, Henry S. 
 
 1934. Contributions to the geology of New Hampshire: No. II, Petrography 
 of the Belknai) Mountains. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 22, ])p. 4.39-457, 49.3- 
 514, 1906. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 151 
 
 Pirsson, Louis V., and Washington, Henry S, — Continued. 
 
 1935. Contributions to the geology of New Hampshire: No. Ill, on Red 
 Hill, Monltonboro. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, pp. 257-276, April, pp. 
 433-447, June, 1907. 
 
 Describes the general geology of the Red Hill in Monltonboro, New Hampshire, and 
 the occurrence and relations of the intrusive rocks and their petrographic characters and 
 composition. 
 
 Place, A. E., and Elton, H. L, 
 
 1936 . Mines of the Taviche district, Oaxaca, Mexico. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 84, pp. 625-626, October 5, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology and the occurrence and character of the silver ores. 
 
 Plate, H. R. 
 
 1937 . The old camp at Ward, Nevada. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, p. 281, 
 March 2, 1907. 
 
 Gives notes on the local geology and the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 Plotts, William. 
 
 1938 . Nature’s wonderful laboratory. — The Humanitarian Review, vol. 5, 
 no. 11, pp. 408-414, 1 fig., November, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the origin of coal and petroleum. 
 
 Poole, Henry S. 
 
 1939 . [Report on] the Nanaimo-Comox coal field. — Canada, Geol. Survey, 
 Summ. Rept. for 1905, pp. 55-59, 1906; British Columbia, Aim. Rept. Minister 
 of Mines, for 1906, pp. 204-206, 1907. 
 
 Gives various data regarding the occurrence of coals in this region. 
 
 1940 . On the age of the conglomerate capping the Cambrian rocks of Nova 
 Scotia. — Nova Scotian Inst. Sci., Trans., vol. 11, pt. 2, pi>. 236-244, 1906 . 
 
 Describes the stratigraphic position and relations of the conglomerate and discusses 
 its age. 
 
 1941 . Subsidence of the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. — Nova Scotian Inst. 
 Sci., Trans., vol. 11, pt. 2, pp. 262-263, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the question whether there has been recent subsidence of the coast of Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 1942 . Features of the continental shelf off Nova Scotia. — Canada, Roy. Soc., 
 Proc. and Trans., 2d ser., vol. 12, sect. 4, pp. 67-82, 1 pi. (map), 1906. Abstract: 
 Science, new ser., vol. 23, p. 972, June 29, 1906. 
 
 1943 . The barytes deposits of Lake Ainslie and North Cheticamp, N. S., with 
 notes on the production, manufacture, and use of barytes in Canada. — Geol. 
 Survey of Canada, Ottawa, 1907. 43 pp. 
 
 Porter, John T. 
 
 1944 . Properties and tests of fuller’s earth. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull., no. 315, 
 pp. 268-290, 1907. 
 
 Describes the geology, origin, and composition. 
 
 Pratt, Joseph Hyde. 
 
 1945. Arizona asbestos deposits. — Min. World, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 17, July 8, 
 1905. 
 
 1946 . The graphite industry. — Min. World, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 64-66, July 22, 
 1905. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of graphite deposits. 
 
 1947 . Corundum and its occurrence and distribution in the United States. — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 269, 175 ]>p., 18 pis., 26 figs., 190(). 
 
 A revised and enlarged edition of Bulletin no. 180, U. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
152 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGA% 1906-1907. 
 
 Pratt, Joseph Hyde — Continued. 
 
 1948. The cement gold ores of Deadwood, Black Hills, South Dakota. — 
 Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Jour., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 23-27, 1906. 
 
 Describes the distribution and thickness of the auriferous cement-conglomerate and 
 the localization of the gold values. 
 
 1949. The building and ornamental stones of North Carolina, a review. — 
 Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 6.3-79, 5 figs., 1906. 
 
 1950. The mining industry in North Carolina during 190.5. — North Carolina 
 Geol. and Ecou. Survey, Ecou. Paper no. 11, 96 pp., 1907. 
 
 1951. The mining industry in North Carolina during 1906. — North Carolina 
 Geol. and Ecou. Survey, Ecou. Paper no. 14, 144 pp., 20 pis., 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence and geologic relations of various mineral deposits. 
 The production in the United States in 1905 of steel-hardening metals, of 
 abrasive materials, of monazite and zircon, and of talc and soapstone. — See no. 
 2418. 
 
 Preiswerk, H. 
 
 1952. Diopsid aus dem Eozoon-Kalk von Cote St. Pierre, Canada. — Zeitschr. 
 f. Kryst. u. Mineral., Bd. 40, Heft 5, pp. 498-500, 1 fig., 1905. 
 
 Describes the crystallographic features and composition of diopside from Quebec. 
 
 Preston, H. L. 
 
 1953. A new method of etching iron meteorites, with special adaptation 
 for photographic or plate purposes. — Rochester Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 3, pp. 
 264-267, 1906. 
 
 Price, George McCready. 
 
 1954. Illogical geology, the weakest point in the evolution theory. Los 
 Angeles, Cal., 1906. 93 pp. 
 
 Frindle, Louis M. 
 
 1955. Yukon placer fields [Alaska]. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 284, 
 pp. 109-127, 1 pi., 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the placer deposits and the mining developments. Includes notes on the 
 geology of the region, and the occurrence of coal. 
 
 1956. The Yukou-Tanana region, Alaska. Description of Circle quadrangle. — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 295, pp. 7-27, 1 pi. (map), 3 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the geography, the general geology, and the distribution and character of 
 the gold placers. 
 
 1957. The Bonnifieid and Kantishna regions [Alaska]. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 314, pp. 20.5-226, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 Describes the geography and general geology of the region, and the distribution of 
 gold-bearing placers, and coal deposits. 
 
 Prindle, Louis M., and Hess, Frank Jj. 
 
 1958. The Rampart gold placer region, Alaska. — T". S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 280, 54 pp., 7 pis., 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes tbe geography, surface relief, and drainage, the chai-acter and occurrence 
 of sedimentary formations of Devonian, Carhoniferous, Cretaceous, and Tertiary age, 
 and of igneous rocks, and the gold placers of the region. 
 
 Pritchett, Annie II. 
 
 1959. Fossil Cephalopoda, described by Hyatt and Cragin, in the museum of 
 the Universitj’ of Texas. — Biol. Btdl. vol. 8, no. (“>, pp. 36.5-366, May, 1905. 
 
 Giv(‘s a list of the species with references to the report in which the description was 
 published. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 153 
 
 Prosser, Charles S. 
 
 1960 . Stratigraphic geology. — Ohio State Acad. Sci.. P?*oc., vol. 4, pt. 7 
 (14th Ann. Kept.), pp. 340-348, I90t>. 
 
 Gives a general account of the progress of stratigraphic geology in the United States, 
 and more particularly in the State of Ohio. 
 
 1961 . Section of the Manlius limestone at the northern end of Helderberg 
 Plateau. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 46-51, 1907. 
 
 Describes in detail the beds of the Indian Ladder section .with respect to lithologic 
 character, fossil contents, thickness, and other features, and discusses the nomenclature, 
 position, and correlation of the various beds. 
 
 Prosser, Mary Wilson. 
 
 1962. A bibliography of the publications relating to the geology of Ohio other 
 than those of the State geological survey. — Ohio Geol. Survey, 4th ser.. Bull. 
 6, pp. 235-332, 1906. 
 
 Pugh, Griffith Thompson. 
 
 1963 . Pleistocene deposits of South Carolina. With an especial attempt at 
 ascertaining what must have been the environmental conditions under which 
 the Pleistocene Mollusca of the State lived. A thesis submitted to the faculty 
 of Vanderbilt University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Nashville, 
 Tenn., 1905. 74 pp. 
 
 Reviews previous work, describes the geographical distribution of the Pleistocene of 
 the Coastal plain, and the geographic and stratigraphic relations of the Pleistocene of 
 South Carolina, gives tables of South Carolina IMeistocene fossils, and discusses the 
 environmental conditions under which the fauna lived. 
 
 Pultz, John Leggett. 
 
 1964 . Mining in the Cumberland Gap coal held. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 
 83, pp. 808-810, 2 figs., April 27, 1907. 
 
 / 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of the ores. 
 
 Purdue, A. H. 
 
 1965 . Structural relations of the Wisconsin zinc and lead deposits. — Econ. 
 Geology, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 391-392, 1906. 
 
 Notes the mode of occurrence of zinc in Arkansas, and its concentration in synclines. 
 
 1966 . A topographic result of the alluvial cone. — Indiana Acad. Sci., Proc., 
 1903, pp. 109-111, 6 figs., 1904. 
 
 1967 . Cave sandstone of the southern Ozarks. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., 
 vol. 18, pp. 251-256, 1 pi., 1 fig., 1907. Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, j). 
 764, May 17, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence and mode of formation of these sandstone deposits, which 
 are held to be of Ordovician age. 
 
 1968 . The phosphates of northern Arkansas. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 83, 
 p. 1038, June 1, 1907. 
 
 1969 . On the origin of limestone sink-holes. — Science, new ser., vol. 26, 
 pp. 120-122, July 26, 1907. 
 
 1970 . Developed i)hosphate deposits of northern Arkansas. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 315, i>p. 46.3-473, 1907. 
 
 1971 . Description of the Winslow (luadrangle [Arkansas-Indian Territory]. — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas of the U. S., folio no. 154, 6 ])])., 4 figs., 2 maps 
 and columnar-section sheet, 1907. 
 
 Describes the topography, the occurrence, character, and relations of ('arhoniferous 
 strata, the geologic structure and history, and the mineral and water resources. 
 
154 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NOETH AMEEICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Purdy, Ross C. 
 
 1972. [Review of] Clays, their oceiirreiice, i)roperties, and uses, by Heinrich 
 Ries. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 513-518, 1907. 
 
 Report of the committee on cooperation with federal and state geological 
 surveys. — See Hice, R., and others, no. 1142. 
 
 Purdy, Ross C., and DeWolf, Frank W. 
 
 1973. Preliminary investigations of Illinois fire clays. — Illinois State Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 4. pp. 129-175, 1 pi., 3 figs., 1907. 
 
 Purington, Chester W. 
 
 1974. Vein mining in Alaska. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 92, p. 310, 1 fig.. 
 May 12, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of ore deposits in Alaska. 
 
 1975. Do the geological relations of ore deposits justify the retention of the 
 law of the apex? — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 572-580, 4 figs., 1906. 
 
 Purington, C. W. 
 
 1976. The Vulture mine, Arizona. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, pp. 308-310, 
 3 figs., March 9, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence of gold in various geologic formations, and describes the 
 geology and occurrence of gold ores in Mariposa County, Arizona. 
 
 1977. Copper in serpentine. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94. pp. 719-720, June 
 8, 1907. 
 
 Discusses an occurrence of copper in serpentine and its origin. 
 
 Rafter, George W. 
 
 Hydrology of the State of New York. — New York State Mus., 58th Ann. Rept., 
 vol. 2 (Bull. 85, 1905), pp. 1-902, 45 pis., 74 figs., 4 maps (2 in pocket), 1906. — 
 See Rafter, 1, page 278 of Bulletin no. 301, F. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
 Ralph, Edward W. 
 
 1978. Mining conditions at Ely, Nevada. — Min. and' Sci. Press, a’oI. 94, pp. 
 120-121, 2 figs., January 26, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of the copper ores. 
 
 Rand, J. C. 
 
 1979. Some minerals occurring at Worcester, Mass. — Mineral Collector, vol. 
 12, no. 11, pp. 16.5-166, January, 1906. 
 
 Ransome, Frederick I.eslie. 
 
 1980. The probable cause of the San Francisco earthquake. — Nat. Geog. 
 Mag., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 280-296, 11 figs.. May, 1906; Min. and Sci. Press., vol. 
 92, no. 24, i)p. 396-.397, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic structure of the region surrounding San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 1981. Geology of the Bisbee district, Arizona. — Eng. and Min. .Tour., vol. 81, 
 1 ». 1103, June 9, 1906. 
 
 A short note calling attention to a misstatement regarding the author’s work. 
 
 1982. Review of “ The coi)per deposits of the Clifton-Morenci district, 
 Arizona,” by Waldemar IJndgren. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. (>12-61,5, 
 June, 1906. 
 
 1983. The directions of movement and the nomenciature of faults. — Econ. 
 Geology, vol. 1, no. 8. j)p. 777-787, 4 figs., 1906. 
 
 1984. I’reliminary account of Goldfield, Bullfrog, and other mining districts 
 in southern Nevada. — V. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 303, j)]). 7-S3, 5 pls„ 15 figs., 
 1!M»7. 
 
 r)(“scril)es the general geology of these districts, the occurrence, character, origin, and 
 relations of the ore deposits, yielding principally gold, and the mining developments. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906 -1907. 155 
 
 Ransome, Frederick Leslie — Continued. 
 
 1985. The association of alunite vvitli gold in the Goldfield district, Nevada. — 
 Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 007-092, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 Describes the composition of alunite-bearing rocks of the region, and discusses the 
 character of the gold ores and their origin. 
 
 Geology and gold deposits of the Cripple Creek district, Colorado. — See liind- 
 gren and Ransome, no. 1004. 
 
 Rathbun, J. C. 
 
 1986. Marble in the Northwest. — Min. World, vol. 24, no. 14, p. 441, April 7, 
 1900. 
 
 Mr 
 
 Describes the occurrence of marble in Washington and in Alaska. 
 
 Raymond, Percy E. 
 
 1987. The Chazy formation and its fauna. — Carnegie Mus., Annals, vol. ,S, 
 no. 4, pp. 498-598, 3 pis., 1900. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy and subdivisions of the Chazy, giving numerous measured 
 sections from various localities in New York, Vermont, and Canada, with annotated lists 
 of fossils from the various zones or beds, discusses the supposed ecpiivalents of the Chazy 
 in other areas, ‘and gives systematic descriptions of the new species. 
 
 1988. An Ordovician gastropod retaining color markings. — Nautilus, vol. 19, 
 no. 9, pp. 101-102, 2 figs., January, lOOO, 
 
 1989. On the occurrence, in the Rocky Mountains, of an upper Devonic 
 fauna with Glymenia. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, pp. llG-122, F^ehruary, 
 1907. 
 
 Describes the character of the Devonian beds near Three Forks, Montana, giving lists 
 of fossils obtained from the successive beds and discusses the correlation of the fauna. 
 
 1990. On the discovery of reptilian remains in the Pennsylvanian near Pitts- 
 burg, Pennsylvania. — Science, new ser., vol. 2G, pp. 835-83G, December 13, 1907. 
 
 A new American CyheJe. — See Narraway and Raymond, no. 1783. 
 
 Raymond^ Rossiter W. 
 
 1991. Geology of Jamaica as related to its history. — Min. and Sci. Press, 
 vol. 95, pp. 145-14G, August 3, 1907. 
 
 Read, Thomas T. 
 
 1992. The secondary enrichment of copper-iron sulphides. — Am. Inst. 
 Eng., Bi-Mo. Bull. no. 8, pp. 2G1-2G7, March. DOG; Trans., vol. 37, j)]). 297 
 
 Min. 
 
 -303, 
 
 1907. 
 
 1993. Gold mining in the southern Appalachians. — Abstract: Science, new 
 ser., vol. 23, p. 389, March 9, 1900. 
 
 1994. The secondary enrichment of copper-iron sulphides. — Am. Inst. Min. 
 Eng., Bi-]Mo. Bull., no. 13, p. 145, .Linuary, 1907. 
 
 1995. Oxidation of pyrite. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. .5, p. .505, 1907. 
 
 1996. Gold mining in the southern Appalachians. — xVbstract ; New York Acad. 
 Sci., Annals, vol. 17, pt. 3, ]). G25, 1907. 
 
 Read, Thomas T., and Knight, C. W. 
 
 1997. The re-formation of soda-leucite. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, pp. 
 294-295, 190G. 
 
 Reagan, Albert B. 
 
 1998. Geology of Monroe County, Indiana, north of the latitude of Bloom- 
 ington. — Indiana Acad. Sci., Proc., 1903, pp. 20.5-2.33, geol. maj), 1904. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy, comprising Mississippian formations and glacial deposits, 
 and the physiography. 
 
156 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190G-1907. 
 
 Reagan, Albert K. — Continued. 
 
 1999. What is the age of the Aubrey limestone of the Rocky Monntains? — 
 Indiana Acad. Sci., l*roc., 1903, p. 235, 1904. 
 
 Sets forth the evidence from -which it is concluded that the Aubrey limestone is of 
 upper Carboniferous age. 
 
 2000. Some fossils from the lower Aubrey and upper Red Wall limestones in 
 the vicinity of Fort Apache, Arizona. — Indiana Acad. Sci., Proc., 1903, i)p. 237- 
 246, 1 pi., 1904. 
 
 2001. The fossils of the Red Wall compared with those of the Kansas coal 
 measures.— Indiana Acad. Sci., Proc., 1903, pp. 249-251, 1904; Centralbl. f. 
 Mineral., pp. 609-611, 1907. 
 
 Arranges in parallel columns lists of fossils identified from the upper Red Wall forma- 
 tion of Arizona and from the Kansas coal measures to determine the age of the former. 
 
 2002. Some geological studies of northwestern Washington and adjacent 
 British territory. — Kansas Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 20, pt. 2, pp. 95-121, 2 pis., 2 
 maps, 1907. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy, particularly glacial deposits, and fossils from the sub- 
 glacial till. 
 
 Redway, Jacques W. 
 
 2003. Some notes on the San Francisco earthquake. — Geog. Jonr., vol. 29, 
 no. 4, pp. 436-440, 6 figs., April, 1907. 
 
 2004. The vagaries of the Colorado River. — Scottish Geog. Mag., vol. 23. 
 no 7, pp. 360-363, 1 tig., July, 1907. 
 
 Includes physiographic notes on the region of the lower Colorado River. 
 
 Redwood, Boverton. 
 
 2005. Petroleum: A treatise on the geographical distribution and geological 
 
 occurrence of petroleum and natural gas; etc. Edition 2. I.ondon, Charles 
 Griffin & Company, 1906. 2 vols., 1046 pp., 29 pis., 337 figs. 
 
 Includes an account of petroleum and natural gas in the United States. 
 
 Reeds, Chester Albert. 
 
 Water resources of the East St. Louis district. — See Bowman and Reeds, no. 
 277. 
 
 Reid, George D. 
 
 2006. The Seven Devils and Snake River district [Idaho-Oregon]. — Eng. and 
 Min. Jonr., i>p. 401-402, 4 figs., August 31, 1907. 
 
 Gives notes on the geology of this copper-bearing area and the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 Reid, Harry Fielding. 
 
 2007. Les variations periodi(pies des glaciers: Etats-Thiis. X""* rapport, 
 1904. — Arcli. des Sci. jJiys. et nat., 4'”*' per., t. 20, no. 7, pp. 18.5-1S7, 1905. 
 
 A short account of the variations of glaciers in the United States in 1004. 
 
 2008. Studies of the glaciers of Mount Hood and Mount Adams. — Zeitschr. 
 f. GUdscherkunde, Bd. 1, Heft 2, pp. 113-132, 5 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the physical features of these volcanic mountains and the former and present 
 extent and position of their glaciers. 
 
 2009. The variations of glaciers. XL — .Tour. Geology, vol. 14, no. 5, jtp. 402- 
 410, 19(M). 
 
 A summary of (he tenth annual report of the International Committee on glaciers. 
 Adds a report on the glaciers of the United States for 100.">. 
 
 2010. Les v.arijitions iK'rioditpies des glaciers. XP"*' rapport. 1905. Etats- 
 Unis,- -ZtMtsch. f. (Jlel scherknnde, Bd. 1, Heft 3, pp. 178-lSO. 19(M;. 
 
 Gives brief notes on the condition of glaciers in the United States in lOO.l and a list 
 of the papers hearing on the subject. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 157 
 
 Reid, Harry Fielding — Continued. 
 
 2011 . Records of seismographs in North America and the Hawaiian Islands. — 
 Terrestial Magnetism and Atmos[)heric Electricity, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 185-197, 
 December, 1906. 
 
 2012. A proof of Kurowski’s rule for determining the height of the neve 
 line on glaciers. — Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., new ser., 1907, no. 7, pp. 21-23 
 [609-611], 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 2013 . On the internal and basal melting of the ice of glaciers.— Johns Hop- 
 kins Univ. Circ., new ser., 1907, no. 7, i>p. 24-26 [612-614], 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 2014 . Rapport de la Commission internationale des glaciers. — Congr. geol. 
 intern., C. R., 10® sess., Mexico, 1906, pp. 164-170, 1907. 
 
 Reid, John A. 
 
 2015 . A detail of the great fault zone of the Sierra Nevada. — Abstract: 
 Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 16, p. .593, 1906. 
 
 2016 . Sketch of the geology and ore deposits of the Cherry Creek district, 
 Arizona. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 417^36, 4 tigs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology of the area, the occurrence and relations of pre-Cambrian 
 and Carboniferous rocks, the faulting and structure, and the occurrence and character 
 of the gold and copper-ore deposits. 
 
 2017 . How should faults be named and classified? — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, 
 no. 3, pp. 298-308, 3 figs., 1907. 
 
 2018 . The ore deposits of Copperopolis, Calaveras Co., California. — Econ. 
 Geology, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 380-^17, 1 pL, 7 figs., June, 1907. 
 
 Describes the local geology, and the occurrence, character, and origin of the copper ores. 
 
 2019 . The training of economic geologists and the teaching of economic, 
 geology. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 418-427, June, 1907. 
 
 2020 . Secondary changes at Cherry Creek, Arizona. — Min. and Sci. Press, 
 vol. 94, pp. 31-33, 2 figs., January 5, 1907. 
 
 2021 . The country east of the Mother Lode [California]. — Min. and Sci. 
 Press, vol. 94, pp. 279-280, 1 fig., March 2, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the local geology of the Shady Run mine in Placer County, Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 2022 . The meaning of striations. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, p. 783, June 
 22, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence and origin of ores. 
 
 2023 . vSome ore deposits in the Inyo Range, California. — Min. and Sci. Press, 
 vol. 95, pp. 80-82, 3 figs., July 20, 1907. 
 
 Describes the geology and the character and occurrence of the ores. 
 
 Ricco, A. 
 
 2024 . Terremoto di San Francisco al 18 Aprile 1906. — Accnd. Gioenia di Sci. 
 nat. in Catania, Boll. (n. s.), fasc. 90, pp. 2-6, May, 1906. 
 
 Describes the registration of the San Francisco earthquake by seismometers at Catania, 
 Italy, and the rate of transmission. 
 
 Rice, Claude T. 
 
 2025 . Tonopah, Nevada. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, jtp. 10(5-108, 4 tigs., 
 July 21, 1906. 
 
 Gives a brief account of the geology, and of the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 2026 . Mining at Tonopah [Nevada]. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, p. 199, 
 
 2 figs., August 4, 1906. 
 
 Contains notes on the ore veins. 
 
 2027 . The Bullfrog mining district, Nevada. — Eng. and INIin. Jour., vol. 82, 
 pp. 534-536, 6 figs., September 22, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of the ore bodies. 
 
158 BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Rice, Claude T. — Continued. 
 
 2028. The Manhattan inininjr district, Nevada. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, 
 pp. 581-584, 9 tigs., September 29, 190G. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology and the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 2029. (iold and silver at Fairview, Nev. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, pp. 
 729-730, G tigs., October 20, 1906. 
 
 Contains notes on the local geology and the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 Rice, IVilliain North. 
 
 2030. The geography of Connecticut as related to geological structure and 
 history. — Connecticut State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. no. 6, pp. 15-38, 
 8 pis., 1 tig., 190G. 
 
 Gives a summary of the geology and physiography of the State and of its geologic 
 structure and history. 
 
 2031. The Triassic | Of Connecticut!. — (Onnecticut State Geol. and Nat. Hist 
 Survey, Hull. no. G, pi). 157-222, 10 pis., IG tigs., 190G. 
 
 Reviews previous work, describes the distribution, character, conditions of de|»ositioti. 
 fossils, and relations of the Triassic strata, the occurrence, character, and relations 
 of the associated rocks, the deformation to which the area has been subjected, and its 
 geologic structure. 
 
 2032. On the use of the words synclinoriuin and anticlinoriuni. — Abstract : 
 Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 28G-2S7, February 23, 190G; Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 
 Proc.. vol. 55, pp. 375-376, 1906. 
 
 2033. The contributions of America to geology. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, 
 pp. 161-175, February 1, 1907 ; Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., I’roc., vol. 5G-57, pp. 4G1- 
 484, 1907. 
 
 Address of the vice-president and chairman of Section K — Geology and geography, 
 .\merican Association for the Advancement of Science, New York meeting, December, 
 lOOG. 
 
 Rice, William North, and Gregory, Herbert Ernest. 
 
 2034. Manual of the geology of Connecticut. — Connecticut State Geol. and 
 Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. no. 6, 273 pp., 31 pis., 22 tigs., 1906. 
 
 Rich, John Lyon. 
 
 2035 I.ocal glaciation in the Catskill Mountains. — Jour, (ieology, vol. 14, 
 no. 2, pp. 113-121, 4 tigs., 1906. 
 
 Summarizes the literature on the former existence of local glaciers in New England 
 and New York, and describes various remains of local glaciation in the northern Cats- 
 kills. 
 
 Richards, B. H. 
 
 Mineral resources of the Fnited States, 11M15: black sands — See ikk 241S. 
 Investigation of black sands from placer mines. — See Day and Richards, 
 no. 697. 
 
 Richards, Ralph W. 
 
 2036. Synopsis of mineral characters, alphabetically arranged for laboratory 
 and field use. New York, John Wiley A Sons. 1907. 99 pp., 17 tigs. 
 
 Richardson, C. H. 
 
 2037. The areal and economic geolog.v of northeastern Vermont. — Vermont 
 Geol. ,8ni-vey. Fifth Rei)t. State Geol., i>p. 63-115, 17 pis., 190(1. 
 
 Describes the drain.age, topography, and glaciation of the area, the occurrence, char 
 acter. and relations of pre-Cambrian, onlovician, Devonian, and metamorphic and irrup- 
 tive rocks, and the economic products. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 159 
 
 Richardson, Clifford. 
 
 2038 . The petroleums of North America. A comparison of the character of 
 those of the older and newer fields. — Franklin Inst., Jour., vol. 102, pp, 57-70, 
 81-128, 1906. 
 
 Richardson, George B. 
 
 2039 . The Franklin Mountains, Texas. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 23, 
 pp. 266-267, February 16, 1906. 
 
 Gives a brief account of the stratigraphy and geologic structure. 
 
 2040 . Occurrence of underground waters in Sanpete and Sevier valleys, 
 Utah. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 23, p. 817, May 25, 1906. 
 
 2041 . Underground water in the valleys of Utah Lake and Jordan River, 
 Utah. — U. S. Geol. Survey, W.-S. and Irrig. Paper no. 157, 81 pp., 9 pis., 5 figs., 
 
 1906. 
 
 Describes the topography and drainage, the general geology, and the occurrence and 
 character of underground water. 
 
 2042 . Tin in the Franklin Mountains, Texas. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 285, pp. 146-149, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology and the occurrence and character of the tin ore. 
 
 2043 . Coal in Sanpete County, Utah. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 
 280-284, 1 pi. (map), 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology, the occurrence and character of the coal beds, and the 
 composition and character of the coals. 
 
 2044 . Underground waters in Sanpete and central Sevier valleys, T"tah. — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, W.-S. and Irrig. Paper no. 199, 63 pp., 6 pis., 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 Includes an account of the geology. 
 
 2045 . The Book Cliffs coal field, between Grand River, Colorado, and Sunny- 
 side, Utah. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 316, pp. 302-320, 1 pL, 1907. 
 
 2046 . Structure of the Franklin Mountains, Texas. — Abstract : Science, new 
 ser., vol. 25, p. 768, May 17, 1907. 
 
 Rickard, Forbes. 
 
 2047 . The Boundary district, British Columbia. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, 
 pp. 511-513, 3 figs., April 20, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of the copper ores. 
 
 Rickard, T. A. 
 
 2048 . Geology of the mines at El Oro, Mexico. — Min. and Sci. Press., vol. 93, 
 pp. 350-354, 8 figs., September 22, 1906. 
 
 2049 . The geological distribution of gold. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 93, pp. 
 477-480, 2 figs., October 20, 1906. 
 
 2050 . Journeys of observation. San Francisco, Dewey Publishing Company, 
 
 1907. 255 pp., illus. * 
 
 Includes notes on the geology and ores of Mexico. 
 
 Bound with this : Across the San Juan Mountains. 1.30 pp., illus. 
 
 2051 . Geological distribution of gold. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, no. 6, 
 pp. 256-257, January, 1907. 
 
 2052. The geological distribution of gold. — Am. Min. Congr., Rept. of I*roc., 
 9th Ann. Sess., pp. 226-233, 1907. 
 
 . 2053 . Cobalt, Ontario. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, pp. 23-2.5, 5 figs., Janu- 
 ary 5 , 1907. 
 
 2054 . The geology of the Veta Madre r^foxico]. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 
 94, pp. 534-537, 4 figs., April 27, 1907. 
 
 2055 . Lodes in the Tertiary eruptives of Colorado. — Min. and Sci. Press, 
 vol. 95, pp. 180-182, 3 figs., August 10, 1907. 
 
160 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Rickard, T, A,, and others. 
 
 2056. After earthquake and fire. A reprint of the articles and editorial com- 
 ment appearing in the Mining and Scientific Press immediately after the dis- 
 aster at San Francisco, April 18, 1906. San Francisco, Mining and Scientific 
 l‘ress, 1906. 194 pp., illns. 
 
 A reprint of papers appearing in the Mining and Scientific Press in the issues of April 
 28, May o, and June 16, in the main relating to the California earthquake. 
 
 Ries, Heinrich. 
 
 2057. Clays: their occurrence, properties, and uses. With especial reference 
 
 to those of the United States. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1906. 4t‘0 pp., 
 
 44 pis., 65 figs. 
 
 2058. The clays of Texas. — Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Bi-Mo. Bull. no. 11, pp. 767- 
 805, 9 figs., September. 1906; Trans., vol. 37, pp. 520-558, 9 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the geologic horizons and geographic distribution of the clays of Texas, and 
 their composition, classification, and properties. 
 
 2059. The clays of Wisconsin and their uses. — Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. 
 Hist. Survey, Bull. no. 15, pp. 1-191, 19 pis., 5 figs., 1906. 
 
 2060. The clays of the Virginia coastal plain. — Virginia Geol. Survey, Geol. 
 Ser., Bull. no. 2, pp. 25-176, 15 pis., 10 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the origin, composition, properties, and classification of clays, and gives a 
 detailed account of the Virginia coastal plain localities producing clays. 
 
 2061. Economic geology of the United States. Second edition. New York, 
 
 The Macmillan Company, 1907. 451 pp., 25 pis., 97 figs. 
 
 2062. What should be embraced in a geological study and report on clays? — 
 Am. Ceramic Soc., Trans., vol. 9, pp. 480—482, 1907.. 
 
 2063. Notes on the rational composition of clav'; —Am. Ceramic Soc., Trans., 
 vol. 9, pp. 772-776, 1907. 
 
 2064. Clays of Virginia. — In Watson, T. .i^., Mineral resources of Virginia, 
 pp. 167-187, 6 pis., 1907. 
 
 Extracted from Bulletin no. 2, Virginia Geol. Survey. See no. 2060. 
 
 Ries, Fleinrich, and Gallup, F. L. 
 
 2065. Report on the molding sands of Wisconsin. — Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. 
 Hist. Survey, Bull. no. 15, pp. 192-247, 11 pis., 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Riggs, Elmer S. 
 
 2066. The carapace and plastron of BusUrmi/fi a new fossil tortoise 
 
 from the I.aramie beds of Montana. — Field Columbian Mus., Geol. Ser., vol. 2, 
 no. 7, pi>. 249-256, 3 pis., 1906. 
 
 Ritter, Etienne A. 
 
 2067. The genesis of mineral waters: a discussion of their relations to vol- 
 canic action and the formation of ore deposits. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82. 
 pp. 869-870. November 10, 1906. 
 
 2068. Le tremblement de terre de San Francisco du 18 avril 11M)6. — S('v. 
 geol. de France, Bull., 4*" ser., t. (>, no. 4-5, i>p. 287-293, 1 fig,, 1906. 
 
 2069. Les basins lignitiferes et houillers des Montagues Kocheuses. — Annales 
 des Mines, Ur ser., t. 10, livr. 7, pp. .5-84, 1906. 
 
 An account of the coal beds of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 2070. The origin of ore deposits. Edition 3. Denver, Colorado. 1907. 84 pp, 
 17 figs. 
 
 Roberts, Milnor, and others. 
 
 2071. The School of Mines series of rock specimens from the State of Wash- 
 ington, collected and described by the School of Mines of the University of 
 Washington. — Washington Univ., Bull., ser. 2, no. 25, 40 pp., January, 1906. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 161 
 
 Robertson, William Fleet. 
 
 2072 . Report of [British Columbia] Bureau of Mines. — British Columbia, 
 Ann. Kept. Minister of Mines, for 1904, Victoria, B. C., 1905. 317 pp., pis. and 
 maps. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology and on the occurrence of ores in British Columbia. 
 
 2073 . Report of [British Columbia] Bureau of Mines. — British Columbia, 
 Ann. Rept. Minister of Mines, for 1905, Victoria, B. C., 1906. 273 pp., pis. and 
 maps. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology and on the occurrence of ores in British Columbia. 
 
 2074 . The northern interior plateau lying between the Fraser and Skeene 
 rivers. — British Columbia, Ann. Rept. Minister of Mines, for 1905, pp. 89-137, 
 1906. 
 
 Includes notes upon the geology of the region, and the occurrence and character of 
 coal beds, and the quality of the coals. 
 
 2075 . Windy Arm mineral locations. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 81, pp. 701- 
 704, 2 figs., April 14, 1906. 
 
 Describes mineral developments in the northern part of British Columbia. 
 
 2076 . Do the geological relations of ore deposits justify the retention of the 
 law of the apex? — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 8, pp. 809-810, 1906. 
 
 2077 . Report of [British Columbia] Bureau of Mines. — British Columbia, 
 
 Ann. Rept. Minister of Mines, for 1906, Victoria, B. C., 1907. 277 pp., pis. 
 
 and maps. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology and the occurrence of ores in British Columbia. 
 Robinson, Henry Hollister. 
 
 2078 . The Tertiary peneplain of the plateau district, and adjacent country, 
 in Arizona and New Mexico. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 24, pp. 109-129, 5 figs., 
 August, 1907. 
 
 Preliminary geological map of Connecticut. — See Gregory and Robinson, no. 
 1038. 
 
 Robles, R. 
 
 2079 . Etude miuiere de la “ I'eta Colorado ” de Minas Nuevas ^ Hidalgo del 
 Parral (Etat de Chihuahua). — X® Coiigr. geol. intern.. Guide des Excursions, 
 Mexico, no. XXII, 15 pp., 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Describes the character, occurrence, relations, and origin of the ore deposits. 
 
 Etude de la Sierra de Guanajuato. — See Villarello, Flores, and Robles, no. 
 2460. 
 
 Roel, F., and Ordonez, E. 
 
 2080 . Analisis qumiico de la chiluca y de la cantera. — Soc. Geol. Mexicana. 
 Bol., t. 2, pp. 47-50, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and composition of some building stones. 
 
 Rogers, Austin Flint. 
 
 2081 . Minerals of the Galena-Joplin lead and zinc district. — Kansas Univ. 
 Geol. Survey, vol. 8, pp. 445-509, 14 pis., 1 fig., 1904. 
 
 Gives descriptions of the minerals with bibliography of publications relating to them, 
 and discusses their paragenesis. 
 
 2082 . The determination of minerals in crushed fragments by means of the 
 polarizing microscope. — School of Mines (^lart., vol. 27, no. 3, j)]). 340-359, 1 pi., 
 3 figs., April, 1906. 
 
 Includes an alphabetic list of minerals with their microscopic and optical characters 
 as observed with the polarizing microscope. 
 
 2083 . Some points in teaching crystallography. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, 
 pp. 620-621, November 16, 1906. 
 
 66836— Bull. 372—09 11 
 
162 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Rog-ers, Austin Flint — Continued. 
 
 2084 . Stober's method of making crystal drawings. — School of Mines Quart., 
 vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 222-225, 1 pi., 1 fig., January, 1907. 
 
 2085 . The gnomonic projection from a graphical standpoint.— School of Mines 
 Quart., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 24-33, 7 figs., 1907. 
 
 2086 . Aegirite and riebeckite rocks from Oklahoina. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, 
 no. 3, pp. 283-287, 1907. 
 
 Coal measures faunal studies, IV. Upper coal measures, Neosho River sec- 
 tion. — See Beede and Rogers, no. 101. 
 
 Rosenbusch, H. 
 
 2087 . Remarques sur la roca verde et les intercalations argileuses dans 
 celle-ci. — X*" Congr. geol. intern.. Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. XVI, pp. 
 17-20, 1906. (See Burckhardt and Scalia, no. 363.) 
 
 2088 . Remarques sur quelques roches eruptives de la region de la Sierra 
 de Concepcion del Oro [Mexico]. — X® Congr. geol. intern.. Guide des Excur- 
 sions, Mexico, no. XXIV, pp. 13-15, 1906. 
 
 2089 . Remarques sur les roches eruptives de la region de la Sierra de INIazapil 
 et Santa Rosa [Mexico]. — X® Congr. geol. intern.. Guide des Excursions, Mexico, 
 no. XXVI, pp. 25-28, 1906. 
 
 Ross, J. G. 
 
 A peridotite dike in the coal measures of southwestern Pennsylvania. — See 
 Kemp and Ross, no. 1373. 
 
 Rowe, Jesse Perry. 
 
 2090 . Montana coal and lignite deposits. — Montana Univ., Bull. no. 37 (Geol. 
 Ser. no. 2), 82 pp., 26 pis., 9 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the location, extent, and geology of the various coal and lignite fields of the 
 State, the character and mining of the coals, and the coal and lignite resources of the 
 various counties. 
 
 2091 . Montana coal and lignite deposits. — Min. World, vol. 26, pp. 62-65, 
 7 figs., January 19, 1907. 
 
 2092 . Montana coal mines. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 481-484, 
 2 figs., June, 1907. 
 
 2093. Montana g 3 q)sum deposits. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 
 59-60, 3 figs., September, 1907. 
 
 Rowley, R. R. 
 
 2094 . [Descriptions of fossils.] — Contributions to Indiana I’aleontology. 
 [Greene, New Albany, Indiana], vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 7-11, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Gives systematic descriptions of Devonian and Mississippian crinoids. 
 
 2095 . [Descrii)tions of fossils.] — Contributions to Indiana Paleontology. 
 [Greene, New Albany, Indiana], vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 21GH, 1906. 
 
 Gives descriptions of various species of trilol)ites and crinoids. 
 
 Rubio, Pascnal Ortiz. 
 
 2096. El Axalapazco de Tacambaro. — Soc. Geol. Mexicana, Boh, t. 2, pp. 
 65-69, 1906. 
 
 Describes a crater lake and discusses its origin. Includes notes on the rocks in the 
 vicinitj'. 
 
 Ruedemann, Rudolf. 
 
 2097 . Cephalopoda of the Beekmantown and Chazy formations of the Cham- 
 plain basin. — New York State Mus., Bull. 90, and .58th Ann. Rept., vol. 3, pp. 
 389-611, .38 pis., 57 figs., 1906. 
 
 2098. The Lower Siluric paleogeography of the Champlain basin. — Abstract: 
 Science, new ser., vol. 26, pp. 399-100, September 27, 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 163 
 
 Riihl, Alfred. 
 
 2099 . tiberblick iiber die geographischen nnd geologiscben Verbaltnisse 
 Alaskas. — Petermann’s Mitteilimgun, Band 53, Heft 1, pp. 1-16, 1907. 
 
 Gives a general account of the physiography and geology of Alaska. 
 
 Ruhm, H. D. 
 
 2100 . Phosphate mining in Tennessee. — Eng. and Min. Jour. vol. 83, pp. 
 522-526, 5 figs., March 16, 1907. 
 
 Describes briefly the origin and distribution of the Tennessee phosphate deposits. 
 Russell, Israel G. 
 
 2101 . Drnmlin areas in northern Michigan. — Michigan Acad. Sci., 7th Kept., 
 pp. 36-37, 1905. Abstract: Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 16, pp. 577-578, 190(5. 
 
 2102 . Physiographic problems of to-day. — Congress of Arts and Science, Uni- 
 A^ersal Exposition, St, Louis, 1904, vol. 4, pp. 627-649, 1906. 
 
 2103 . Memoir of William Henry Pettee. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 16, 
 pp. 558-560, 1906. 
 
 2104. The surface geology of portions of Menominee, Dickinson, and Iron 
 counties, Michigan. — Michigan, State Board of Geol. Survey, Kept, for 1906, 
 pp. 7-91, 12 pis., 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Describes the topography, drainage, and glacial geology of the region. 
 
 2105 . Concentration as a geological principle. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., 
 vol. 18, pp. 1-28, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the various methods by which concentration is effected. 
 
 2106 . Drumlins of Michigan. — Abstract: Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 17, p. 
 707, 1907. 
 
 Ruthven, A. G. 
 
 2107 . An ecological survey in the Porcupine Mountains and Isle Royale, 
 Michigan. — Michigan State Board of Geol. Survey, Ann. Kept, for 1905, pp. 
 17-47, 14 figs., 1906. 
 
 Includes a brief account of the geology of the region. 
 
 Rutledge, J. J. 
 
 2108 . Davis pyrites mine, Massachusetts: a unique deposit and some unusual 
 methods of mining. — Eiig. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, pp. 673-676, 724-728, 772- 
 775, illus., 1906. 
 
 Includes a brief account of the geology and the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 Sachs, A. 
 
 2109 . Der Kleinit, ein hexagonales Quecksilberoxychlorid von Terlingua in 
 Texas. — K. preussischen Akad. d. Wiss., Sitzb., no. .52, pp. 1091-1094, 1905. 
 
 Describes the characters and composition of kleinite from Terlingua, Texas. 
 
 2110 . Notiz zu der chemischen ZusammenSetzuiig des Kleinits. — Centralbl. 
 f. Mineral., pp. 200-202, 1906. 
 
 Describes the chemical composition of kleinite from Terlingua, Texas. 
 
 2111 . Zinnoberkj’istalle aus Sonoma County in Kalifornien; Gips- und Kalk- 
 spatkristalle von Terlingua in Texas. — Centralbl. f. Mineral., pp. 17-19, 1907. 
 
 Describes the crystallographic characters of minerals from California and Texas. 
 
 Sadtler, Benjamin. 
 
 2112 . Gold and tin in northwestern Black Hills. — Min. AVorld, vol. 24, no. 17, 
 pp. 520-522, 5 figs., April 28, 1906. 
 
164 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NOKTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Salisbury, Rolliii D. 
 
 2113. Tbe Illinois geological survey. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 65-67, 
 1906. 
 
 Reviews the history of the state geological surveys in Illinois and describes the 
 organization of the survey recently inaugurated. 
 
 2114. Glacial geology of the Bald Mountain and Dayton quadrangles, Wyo- 
 ming. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas of U. S., folio no. 141 pp. 9-12, 1906. 
 
 2115. Glacial geologj' of the Cloud Peak and Fort McKinney quadrangles, 
 IVyoming. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas of U. S., folio no. 142, pp. 9-12, 
 1906. 
 
 2116. Glacial geology of the Bighorn Mountains. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. 
 Paper no. 51, pp. 71-90, 11 pis., 9 figs., 1906. 
 
 2117. Physiography. New York, Henry Holt and Company, 1907. 770 pp., 
 
 26 pis., 707 figs. 
 
 A general treatise intended for students of early college or normal school grade. 
 Geology. — See Chamberlin and Salisbury, no. 463. 
 
 Sample, Clarence C. 
 
 2118. Amber in Santo Domingo. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. SO, pp. 2.50-251, 
 August 12, 1905. 
 
 Gives notes upon the geology of the island, and describes the amber-bearing strata, 
 and the occurrence and utilization of the amber. 
 
 Sanford, Samuel. 
 
 2119. Record of deep-well drilling for 1905: well records. — U. S. Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Bull. no. 298, pp. 15-296, 1906. 
 
 Sapper, .Karl. 
 
 2120. Erdbebenserie von Masaya (Nicaragua) 1. bis 5. Januar, 1906. — Cen- 
 tralbl. f. Mineral., Geol., u. Pahiont., 1906, no. 9, pp. 257-259, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes a series of earthquakes at Masaya, Nicaragua, in January, 1906. 
 
 Sardeson, Frederick W. 
 
 2121. The folding of subjacent strata by glacial action. — Jour. Geology, vol. 
 14, no. 3, pp. 226-232, 3 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes upthrust folds in stratified rocks under glacial deposits and explains how 
 they were produced by the movement of glacial ice. 
 
 2122. Galena series. — Geol. Soc. Am., Bull., vol. 18, pp. 179-194, 2 figs., 1907. 
 Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 771, May 17, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the distribution, relations, and nomenclature of Ordovician formations of 
 the upper Mississippi Valley included in the Galena series. 
 
 Sarle, Clifton J. 
 
 2123. Ai'thropJnjcu.s and DadahiH of burrow origin. — Rochester Acad. Sci., 
 Proc., vol. 4, pp. 203-210, 4 figs., 1906. 
 
 Concludes that Arthrophycus aru\' Dwdalufi were burrows, prohablj' of sedentary Poly- 
 chaeta, and explains how they were produced. 
 
 2124. Preliminary note on the nature of Taonurus . — Rochester Acad. Sci., 
 Proc., vol. 4, PI). 211-214, 1906. 
 
 Savage, T. E. 
 
 2125. A preliminary report on the peat resources of Iowa. — Iowa Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Bull. no. 2, pp. 5-21, l‘.)05. 
 
 2126. Report on tests of Iowa coals made at the Government coal-testing 
 ing i)lant at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo., 1904. — Iowa 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 2, pp. 22-38, 1905, 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190()-190I. 
 
 165 
 
 Savag-e, T. E. — Continued. 
 
 2127 . Report of the assistant state geologist [Iowa]. — Iowa Geol. Survey, 
 vol. 16, pp. 13-15, 1906. 
 
 A brief report of work done in 1905. 
 
 2128 . Geology of Jackson County [Iowa]. — Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 16, pp. 
 563-648, 15 figs., 2 geol. maps, 1906. 
 
 Describes the topography and drainage, the stratigraphy, including Ordovician, Silu- 
 rian, Devonian, and Carboniferous strata, and glacial deposits, and the economic products. 
 
 2129 . Water resources of the Springfield cpiadrangle [Illinois]. — Illinois State 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 4, pp. 235-244, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the physiography, geology, and underground waters. 
 
 2130 . Geological map of Iowa. — Iowa Geol. Survey, 1907. Scale 8 miles to 
 1 inch. 
 
 Pike County [Illinois] gas field. — See Blatchley, no. 245. 
 
 Scalia, S. 
 
 Geologie des environs de Zacatecas. — See Burckhardt and Scalia, no. 363. 
 Schaeberle, J. M. 
 
 2131 . An ignored theory of the ice age. — Science, ne^v ser., vol. 24, pp. 439- 
 440, October 5, 1906 ; p. 695, November 30, 1906. 
 
 Schaaf-Regelman, E. 
 
 2132 . Rare metals and minerals and their uses. — Eng. Mag., vol. 33, no. 1, 
 pp. 91-98, April, 1907. 
 
 2133 . Asbestos: its mining, preparation, markets, and uses. — Eng. Mag., 
 vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 68-80, 11 figs., October, 1907. 
 
 Schaller, Waldemar T. 
 
 2134 . Siderite and barite from Maryland. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, 
 pp. 364-370, 3 figs., May, 1906 ; Zeitschr. f. Krystal, u. Mineral., Bd. 42, Heft 4, 
 pp. 321-326, pi. iv, 1906. 
 
 Describes the chemical and crystallographic properties. 
 
 2135 . The chemical composition of molybdic ocher. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., 
 vol. 23, pp. 297-303, April, 1907 ; Zeitschr. f. Krystal, u. Mineral., Bd. 43, Heft 
 4, pp. 331-337, 1907. 
 
 2136 . Mineralogical notes. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 24, pp. 152-158, 
 August, 1907 ; Zeitschr. f. Krystal, u. Mineral., Bd. 44, Heft 1, pp. 1-8, 1 fig., 
 1907. 
 
 Describes purpurite from South Dakota and Connecticut, manganotantalite from Maine, 
 evansite from Idaho and Alabama, tourmaline from the Island of Elba, and zinnwaldite 
 from Alaska. 
 
 2137 . Notiz fiber Powellit und Molybdit. — Zeitschr. f. Krystal, u. Mineral., 
 Bd. 44, Heft 1, pp. 9-13, 1907. 
 
 The mercury minerals from Terlingua, Texas ; kleinite, terlinguaite, egle- 
 stonite, montroydite, calomel, mercury. — See Hillebraud and Schaller, no. 1161. 
 
 Scheffel, Earl R. 
 
 2138 . The origin of Spring Valley gorge. — Denison Univ., Sci. Lab., Bull., 
 vol. 13, art. 6, pp. 154-166, 3 figs., September, 1907. 
 
 Schneider, Philip F. 
 
 2139 . The paleobotany of Onondaga. — Abstract: Onondaga Acad. Sci., Proc., 
 vol. 1, pp. 31-32, 1903. 
 
 Includes notes upon the fucoids of the Medina, Clinton, and Niagara formations. 
 
166 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Schneider, Philip F. — Continued. 
 
 2140 . A preliminary report on the Arkansas diamond field. — Arkansas, Bureau 
 of Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture, 16 pp., 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 Includes an account of the local geology and the character of the rock in which the 
 diamonds occur in Pike County, Arkansas. 
 
 Scholl, George P., and Herrick, R. L. 
 
 2141 . The Gold Prince mine and mill [at Animas Forks, Colorado]. — Mines 
 and Minerals, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 337-345, 14 fig.s., March, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of the gold ores. 
 
 Schrader, Frank Charles. 
 
 2142 . The Durango-Gallup coal field of Colorado and New Mexico. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 241-258, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology of the field, the occurrence and character of the coal beds, and 
 the composition and character of the coals. 
 
 2143 . Copper deposits of the Zuiii Mountains, New Mexico. — Abstract; 
 Science, new ser., vol. 23, p. 916, June 15, 1906. 
 
 Schrader, Frank C., and Haworth, Erasmus. 
 
 2144 . Economic geology of the Independence quadrangle, Kansas. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 296, 74 pp., 6 pis., 3 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy and geologic structure, and the occurrence, character, and 
 utilization of petroleum, natural gas, coal, and other mineral resources. 
 
 Schuchert, Charles. 
 
 2145 . Memoir of Charles Emerson Beecher. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 
 16, pp. 541-548, 1 pi. (port.), 1906. 
 
 Includes a list of his writings. 
 
 2146 . A new American pentremite. — U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 30, pp. 759- 
 760, 3 figs., 1906. 
 
 2147 . The Russian Carboniferous and Permian compared with those of India 
 and America. A review and discussion. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 22, pp. 
 29-46, July, pp. 143-158, August, 1906. 
 
 2148 . The Tenth International Geological Congress at Mexico City. — ^Am. 
 Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 22, pp. 463-465, November, 1906. 
 
 Schultz, Alfred Reginald. 
 
 2149 . Some observations on the movements of underground water in confined 
 basins. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 170-181, 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 2150 . Gold development in central Uinta County, Wyo., and at other points 
 on Snake River. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 71-88, 2 pis., 1907. 
 
 2151 . Coal fields in a portion of central Uinta County, Wyo. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 316, pp. 212-241, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 Schwarz, Ernst H. L. 
 
 2152 . The thickness of the ice cap in the various glacial periods. — Geol. 
 Mag., dec. 5, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 120-124, March, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the thickness of the Greenland ice cap. 
 
 Schwarz, T. E. 
 
 Features of the occurrence of ore at Red Mountain, Ouray County, Colo. — 
 Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., vol. 36, pp. 31-39, 3 figs., 1906 (Bi-Mo. Bull. no. 2, 
 pp. 267-274, 3 figs., 1905). — See Schwarz, 2, page 300 of Bulletin no. 301, U. S. 
 Geol. Survey. 
 
 Scott, I. I). 
 
 Ueber intere.«!sante amerikanische ryritkrjstalle. — Set' Kraus and Scott, no. 
 1428. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1007. 167 
 
 Scott, William B. 
 
 2153 . Memoir of John B. Hatcher. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 16, pp. 
 548-555, 1 pi. (port.), 1906. 
 
 Includes a list of his writings. 
 
 2154 . An introduction to geology. Second edition revised throughout. New 
 York, The MacMillan Company, 1907. 816 pp., 17 pis., 811 figs. 
 
 Seaman, A. E. 
 
 Notes on the geological section of Michigan. Paid I. The i»re-Ordovician. — • 
 See Lane and Seaman, no. 1518. 
 
 Seamon, W. H. 
 
 2155 . Observations in southwestern Chihuahua [Mexico], — Min. World, vol. 
 25, no. 11, pp. 306-308, 5 figs., September 15, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology of the region. 
 
 Seddon, William. 
 
 2156 . Workable coal seams of western Pennsylvania. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 84, pp. 549-550, September 21, 1907. 
 
 See, T. J. J. 
 
 2157 . The San Francisco earthquake of April 18. — Nature, vol. 74, p. 30, 
 May 10, 1906. 
 
 2158 . The cause of earthquakes, mountain formation, and kindred phenomena 
 connected with the physics of the earth. — Am. Philos. Soc., Proc., vol. 45, pp. 
 274-414, 17 figs., 1906. 
 
 2159 . The nature and origin of volcanic heat. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, 
 pp. 301-303, September 7, 1906. 
 
 2160 . The rigidity of the earth. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 558-559, 
 November 2, 1906. 
 
 2161 . On the temperature, secular cooling, and contraction of the earth, and 
 on the theory of earthquakes held by the ancients. — Am. Philos. Soc., Proc., 
 vol. 46, pp. 191-299, 4 figs., 1907. 
 
 2162 . The new theory of earthquakes and mountain formation, as illustrated 
 by processes now at work in the depths of the sea. — Amer. Philos. Soc., Proc., 
 vol. 46, pp. 369-415, 3 pis., 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 Seely, Henry M. 
 
 2163 . Cryptozoa of the early Champlain sea. — Vermont Geol. Survey, Fifth 
 Kept. State Geol., pp. 156-173, 5 pis., 1906. 
 
 Reviews the history of the genus, discusses its structure, occurrence, relationships, 
 and classification, proposes a new order and family, and describes new species from 
 Vermont and New York deposits. 
 
 2164 . Beekmantowm and Chazy formations in the Champlain Valley. Contri- 
 butions to their geology and paleontology. — Vermont Geol. Survey, Fifth Kept. 
 State Geol., pp. 174-187, 7 pis., 1906. 
 
 Sellards, E. H. 
 
 2165 . Some sink-hole lakes of north central Florida. — Abstract: Science, new 
 ser., vol. 23, pp. 289-290, February 23, 1906; Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 55, 
 pp. 378-379, 1906. 
 
 2166 . Systematic paleontology of the Pleistocene deposits of Maryland : 
 Tnsecta. — Maryland Geol. Survey, Pliocene and Pleistocene, pp. 170-172, pi. 40, 
 fig. 3, 1906. 
 
 2167 . Geological history of cockroaches. — Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 68, no. 3, 
 pp. 244-250, 8 figs., March, 1906 
 
168 BIBL10GRA.PHY OF NOETH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Sellards, E. H. — Continued. 
 
 2168. Types of Permian insects. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 22, pp. 249- 
 258, 8 figs., September, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the characters and classification of the Odonata, describing particularly Tupus 
 permianns new genus and species. 
 
 2169. Types of Permian insects. Part II. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, 
 pp. 345-355, 13 figs.. May, 1907. 
 
 2170. Occurrence and use of artesian and other underground water. — Florida 
 Agric. Exp. Station, Bull. no. 89, p. 87-113, 3 figs., March, 1907. 
 
 2171. Florida State Geological Survey, organization and plans, 1907. 11 pp. 
 
 2172. Venation of the wings of Paleozoic dragon-fiies. — Abstract: Science, 
 new ser., vol. 25, pp. 731-732, May 10, 1907. 
 
 2173. Origin of sink-holes. — Science, new ser., vol. 26, p. 417, September 27, 
 1907. 
 
 2174. Notes on the spore-bearing organ (Jodonotheca and its relationship 
 with the Cycadofilices. — New Phytologist, vol. 6, pp. 175-178, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Shaler, Millard K. 
 
 2175. Gypsum in northwestern New Mexico. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 315, pp. 260-265, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 2176. A reconnaissance survey of the western part of the Durango-Gallup 
 coal field of Colorado and New Mexico. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 316, pp. 
 376-426, 2 pis., 1907. 
 
 Shaler, Millard K., and Gardner, James H. 
 
 2177. Clay deposits of the western part of the Durango-Gallup coal field 
 of Colorado and New Mexico. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 296-302, 
 1907. 
 
 Shamel, Charles H. 
 
 2178. Do the geological relations of ore deposits justify the retention of the law 
 of the apex? — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 62-77, 4 figs., 1907. 
 
 2179. Mining, mineral, and geological law. New York, Hill Publishing Com- 
 pany, 1907. 627 pp., 101 figs. 
 
 Shannon, Charles W. 
 
 2180. The drainage area of the east fork of White River [Indiana]. — In- 
 diana Acad. Sci., Proc., 1906, pp. 53-70, 1 pi., 20 figs., 1907. 
 
 Includes an account of the geology of the area. 
 
 2181. The iron-ore deposits of Indiana. — Indiana, Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res., 
 31st Ann. Rept., pp. 299-428, 18 pis., 7 figs., 1907. 
 
 Iron ores of Martin County, Indiana. — See Beede and Shannon, no. 182. 
 
 Sharwood, W. J. 
 
 2182. Some associations of gold with pyrite and tellurides. — Min. and Sci. 
 Press, vol. 94, pp. 117-119, 11 figs., January 26, 1907. 
 
 2183. Gold tellurides. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, pp. 731-732, 4 figs., 
 June 8, 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of gold ores at Goldfield, Nevada. 
 
 Shattuck, George Burbank. 
 
 2184. The Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Maryland. — Maryland Geol. 
 Survey, Pliocene and Pleistocene, pp. 21-137, 31 pis., 9 figs., 1906. 
 
 Reviews previous work bearing upon the subject, with a bibliography, describes the 
 general stratigraphic relations and physiography, the character, distribution, and rela- 
 tions of I’iiocene and I’leistocene formations, and the geologic history of the region. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 169 
 
 Shattuck, George Burbank — ^Coiitinned. 
 
 2185 . Description of the St. Marys quadrangle [Maryland-Virginia]. — U. S. 
 Geol, Survey, Geol. Atlas of U. S., folio no. 136, 7 pp., 1 fig., 2 maps, 1906. 
 
 Describes the physiography, the occurrence, character, and relations of Tertiary and 
 Quaternary formations, the geologic history, and the economic resources. 
 
 2186 . Development of knowledge concerning the principal features of Cal- 
 vert County, with bibliography. — Maryland Geol. Survey, Calvert County, pp. 
 25-53, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 2187 . The physiography of Calvert County [Maryland]. — Maryland Geol. 
 Survey, Calvert County, pp. 55-65, 2 pis., 1907. 
 
 2188 . The geology of Calvert County [Maryland]. — Maryland Geol. Survey, 
 Calvert County, pp. 67-121, 6 pis., 7 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy, structure, and areal distribution of Eocene, Miocene, and 
 Pleistocene formations. 
 
 2189 . Development of knowledge concerning the physical features of St. 
 Mary’s County [Maryland], with bibliography. — Maryland Geol. Survey, St. 
 Mary’s County, pp. 25-53, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 2190 . The physiography of St. Mary’s County [Maryland]. — Maryland Geol. 
 Survey, St. Mary’s County, pp. 55-66, 1 pi., 3 figs., 1907. 
 
 2191 . The geology of St. Mary’s County [Maryland]. — Maryland Geol. Sur- 
 vey, St. Mary’s County, pp. 67-112, 10 pis., 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy, structure, and areal distribution of Tertiary and Quater- 
 nary deposits. 
 
 2192 . Some geological rambles, near Yassar College, Poughkeepsie [New 
 York.] Poughkeepsie, The Yassar College Press, 1907. 108 pp., illus. 
 
 Shattuck, George Burbank, Miller, Benjamin LeRoy, and Bibbins, Arthur. 
 
 2193 . Description of the Patuxent quadrangle [Maryland-District of Colum- 
 bia]. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas of U. S., folio no. 152, 12 pp., 2 figs., 3 
 maps, and columnar-section sheet, 1907. 
 
 Describes the topography, the occurrence, character, and relations of .Turassic (?), 
 Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary deposits, the geologic history, and the mineral and 
 water resources. 
 
 Shepard, Edward M. 
 
 2194 . Underground waters of Missouri, their geology and utilization. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, W.-S. and Irrig. Paper no. 195, 224 pp., 6 pis., 6 figs., 1907. 
 
 Includes an account of the stratigraphy and geologic history. 
 
 Shepherd, E. S. 
 
 The lime-silica series of minerals. — See Day and Shepherd, nos. 691, 692. 
 Discussion of paper by T. T. Read : The phase rule and conceptions of igneous 
 magmas. — See Day and Shepherd, no. 693. 
 
 Die Kalkkieselreihe der Minerale. — See Day and others, no. 690. 
 
 Sheridan, Jo E. 
 
 2195 . Report of the mine inspector for the Territory of New Mexico to the 
 
 Secretary of the Interior for the year ended June 30, 1906. Washington, Gov- 
 ernment Printing Office, 1906. 87 pp. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence and character of coal seams and chemical analyses 
 of coals. 
 
 2196 . Report of the mine inspector for the Territory of New Mexico to the 
 Secretary of the Interior for the fiscal year ended -June 30, 1907. Washington, 
 Government Printing Office, 1907. 48 pp. 
 
170 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Sherzer, William H. 
 
 2197 . Glacial notes from the Canadian Rockies and Selkirks.^ — Science, new 
 ser., vol. 23, pp. 351-354, March 2, 1906. 
 
 Describes the condition of various glaciers. 
 
 2197a. Glaciers of the Canadian Rockies and Selkirks.— Smithsonian Contr. 
 to Knowledge, vol. 34, xii, 135 pp., 42 pis., 1907. 
 
 2198 . The Lefroy, a parasitic glacier. — Abstract: Geol. Soc. America, Bnll., 
 vol. 17, pp. 707-708, 1907. 
 
 2199 . Origin of the massive block moraines in the Canadian Rockies and 
 Selkirks. — Abstract: Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 17, p. 708, 1907. 
 
 Shimek, B. 
 
 2200 . The loess and associated interglacial deposits. — Abstract: Geol. Soc. 
 America, Bull., vol. 16, p. 589, 1906. 
 
 2201 . The loess of the Missouri River. — Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 14, 
 pp. 237-256, 6 figs., 1907. 
 
 Discusses the origin of the loess, particularly the shells of the terrestrial mollusks in 
 the loess. 
 
 Shimer, Hervey Woodbnrn. 
 
 2202 . Old age in Brachiopoda, a preliminary study. — Am. Naturalist, vol. 
 40, pp. 95-121, 30 figs., February, 1906. Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 23, 
 p. 290, February 23, 1906 ; Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 55, p. 379, 1906. 
 
 Describes and illustrates the characters which mark old age in brachiopods. 
 
 2203 . An almost complete specimen of Strenuella strenua (Billings). — Am. 
 Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, pp. 199-201, 3 figs., March, 1907. 
 
 Describes a specimen of the trilobite Strenuella strenua from the lower Cambrian 
 slates of Massachusetts. 
 
 2204 . A lower-middle Cambrian transition fauna from Braintree, Mass. — 
 Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 24, pp. 176-178, 1 fig., August, 1907. 
 
 2205 . The broader features of the geologic history of North America in 
 diagram. — Tech. Quart., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 287-291, 1 fig., September, 1907. 
 
 North American index fossils. — See Grabau and Shimer, nos. 1005, 1006. 
 
 Siebenthal, C. E. 
 
 2206 . Alluvial slopes. — Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 748-749, May 11, 1906. 
 
 2207 . Gypsum of the ITncompahgre region, Colorado. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bnll. no. 285, pp. 401-H03, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology and the occurrence and relations of the gypsum beds. 
 
 2208 . Gypsum deposits of the Laramie district, Wyoming. — U. S. Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 404-405, 1906. 
 
 Describes tlie occurrence and character of deposits of rock gypsum and gypsite. 
 
 2209 . Bentonite of the Laramie basin, Wyoming. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 285, pp. 445-447, 1906. 
 
 Describes the physical characters, composition, and uses of the clay and the geologic 
 occurrence and distribution of the deposits. 
 
 2210 . Notes on glaciation in the Sangre de Cristo Range, Colorado. — Jour. 
 Geology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 15-22, 6 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes various evidence of glaciation in the Sangre de Cristo Range and shows 
 that the morainic remains indicate two periods of glaciation. 
 
 2211 . Coal of Laramie basin, Wyoming. — V. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 316, 
 pp. 261-26.3, 1907. 
 
 Description of the .Joplin district. — See Smitii and Siebenthal, no. 2251. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 171 
 
 Silver, L. P. 
 
 2212 . The Animikie iron range. — Ontario, Rnr. Mines, Kept., 1906, vol. 15, 
 pt. 1, pp. 156-172, 6 figs., 1 map, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, and relations of the pre-Camhrian rocks, and the 
 character and composition of the iron ores, and discusses their origin. 
 
 Sinclair, William J. 
 
 2213 . Some Edentate-like remains from the Mascall beds of Oregon. — Ouli- 
 fornia Univ., Dept. Geol., Bull., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 65-66, 3 figs., 1906. 
 
 2214 . Volcanic ash in the Bridger beds of Wyoming. — Am. Mns. Nat. Hist., 
 Bull., vol. 22, pp. 273-280, 4 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general features of the geology, the lithologic and stratigraphic classifi- 
 cation of the Bridger group, and the mode of accumulation of the Bridger beds. 
 
 Tertiary faunas of the John Day region. — See Merriam and Sinclair, no. 1717. 
 Slichter, Charles S. 
 
 2215 . The underflow in Arkansas Valley in western Kansas. — V. S. Geol. 
 Survey, W.-S. and Irrig. Paper no. 153, 90 pp., 3 pis., 24 figs., 1906. 
 
 Slichter, Charles S., and Wolff, H. C. 
 
 2216 . The underflow of the South Platte Valley. — IT. S. Geol. Survey, W.-S. 
 and Irrig. Paper no. 184, 42 pp., 13 figs., 1906. 
 
 Sloan, Earle. 
 
 2217 . A preliminary 'report on the clays of South Carolina. — South Carolina 
 Geol. Survey, ser. 4, Bull. no. 1, 175 pp., 8 pis., 1904. 
 
 2218 . Geology and mineral resources [of South Carolina]. — Handbook of 
 South Carolina, chapter 5, pp. 77-145, illus.. South Carolina, State Dept, of 
 Agriculture, Commerce, and Immigration, 1907. 
 
 Slocom, Arthur W. 
 
 2219 . A list of Devonian fossils collected in western New York, with notes 
 on their stratigraphic distribution. — Field Columbian Mns., Geol. Ser., vol. 2, 
 no. 8, pp. 257-265, 2 pis., 1906. 
 
 2220 . New processes of taking impressions of natural molds of fossils. — 
 Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 591-592, April 12, 1907. 
 
 2221 . New crinoids from the Chicago area. — Field Columbian Mns., Geol. 
 Ser., vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 273-306, 6 pis., 11 figs., 1907 [issued Jan. 3, 1908]. 
 
 Hypsocrinus, a new genus of crinoids from the Devonian. — See Springer and 
 Slocom, no. 2268. 
 
 Smith, Carl D. 
 
 Ozokerite deposits in Utah. — See Taff and Smith, no. 2338. 
 
 Smith, Essie Alma. 
 
 2222 . Development and variation of Pentremites conoideus. — Indiana, Dept. 
 Geol. and Nat. Res., 30th Ann. Kept., pp. 1219-1242, 3 figs., 1906. 
 
 Includes a discussion of the dwarfing of the fauna of the Salem limestone. 
 
 Smith, Eugene A. 
 
 2223. Memoir of Henry McCalley.— Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 16, pp. 
 555-558, 1906. 
 
 Includes a list of his writings. 
 
 2224 . The overlap of the St. Stephens limestone on the lower Tertiary for- 
 mations in Crenshaw and Pike counties, Ala. — Abstract : Science, new ser., 
 vol. 23, pp. 287-288, February 23, 1906. 
 
 2225 . On the Jackson anticlinal in Clarke County, Ala. — Abstract: Science, 
 new ser., vol. 23, p. 288, February 23, 1906, 
 
172 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Smith, Eugene A. — Continued. 
 
 2226. On some post-Eocene and other formations of the Gulf region of the 
 United States. — Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 481^91, March 30, 1906. 
 
 Describes the progress of geologic investigation of the Gulf coastal region since 1881, 
 and particularly the stratigraphic position, relations, and genesis of the Grand Gulf 
 formation. 
 
 2227. Sketch of the mineral resources of Alabama. — In “ The Alabama Op- 
 Iiortunity,” published by the [Alabama] Department of Agriculture and Indus- 
 tries, pp. 169-184 [1906]. 
 
 2228. On some post-Eocene and other formations of the Gulf region of the 
 United States. — Am. .Assoc. Adv. Science, Proc., vol. 55, pp. 357-374, 1906. 
 
 Discusses particularly the stratigraphic position, character, and genesis of the Grand 
 Gulf formation. 
 
 2229. The underground water resources of Alabama. — Alabama Geol. Sur- 
 vey [Bull. no. 9 (?)], 388 pp., 30 pis., 23 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the physical geography, geology, and climate of the State, the occurrence, 
 character, and geologic horizon of the underground waters of each county, and dis- 
 cusses the classification and composition of the waters. 
 
 Smith, George Otis. 
 
 2230. Two occurrences of graphite [in Maine]. — Abstract: Science, new ser., 
 vol. 23, pp. 915-916, June 15', 1906. 
 
 2231. Graphite in Maine. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 480-483, 
 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of two deposits of graphite in western Maine, 
 and discusses their origin and economic value. 
 
 2232. Review of “ Economic Geology of the United States,” by H. Hies. — 
 Econ. Geol., vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 719-725, 1906. 
 
 2233. The occurrence of granite in Maine. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 313, pp. 7-12, 1907. 
 
 2234. Note on a mineral deposit in Maine. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 315, pp. 118-119, 1907. 
 
 2235. Twenty-eighth annual report of the Director of the United States 
 Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior for the fiscal year ended 
 June 30, 1907. Washington, 1907. 80 pp., 1 pi. 
 
 An administrative report outlining the operations of the U. S. Geological Survey 
 during the fiscal year ended .Tune 30, 1907. 
 
 2236. Methods of igneous intrusion. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, 
 p. 023, April 19, 1907. 
 
 2237. Relations of Geological Survey to mining industry. — ^lin. World, vol. 27, 
 ])p. 924-920, November 23, 1907. 
 
 2238. The possibilities and limitations of Geological Survey work as ap- 
 plied to mining industry. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 95, pp. 6.52-054, November 
 23, 1907. 
 
 2239. The work of the V. S. Geological Survey. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 
 84, ])p. 1019-1020, November 30, 1907. 
 
 The i)roduction in the United States, in 1905, of asbestos, of graphite, and of 
 mica. — See no. 2418. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1906 of grai>hite. — See no. 2419. 
 
 Smith., George Otis, and Calkins, Frank Cathcart. 
 
 2240. Descri])tion of the Snoqualmie quadrangle [Washington]. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Geol. Atlas of U. S., folio no. 139, 14 pp., 3 maps, 1 columnar-sections 
 sheet, 1906, 
 
 Describes the geographic and pliysical features, the occurrence, character, and relations 
 of pre-Tertiary and Tertiary sedimentary and igneous rocks, the geologic structure and 
 history, and the economic resources, cbiefly coal. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 100(3-1907. 173 
 
 Smith, George Otis, Bastin, Edsoii S., and Brown, Charles W. 
 
 2241 . Description of the Penobscot Bay quadrangle 1 Maine]. — IT. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Geol. Atlas of U. S., folio no, 149, 14 pp., 2 maps and structure-section 
 sheet, 1907. 
 
 Describes the topography, the occurrence, character, and relations of (’aml)rian and 
 Silurian rocks, the geologic structure and history, and the economic resources. 
 
 Smith, James Perrin. 
 
 2242. The paragenesis of the minerals in the glaucophane-bearing rocks of 
 California. — Am. Philos. Soc., l*roc., vol. 45, pp. 188-242, 190(3. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of glaucophane-bearing rocks in California, their mineral 
 constituents and the alteration which they have undergone in the process of metamor- 
 phism, and the petrographic characters and derivation of the glaucophane-bearing rocks. 
 
 2243 . The stratigraphy of the western American Trias.— Festschrift, Adolf 
 V. Koenen, E, Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, pp. 877—484, 
 1 pL, 1907. 
 
 Discusses principles of stratigraphic correlation and the correlation of Triassic strata 
 based upon paleontologic data, and gives a summary of the later stratigraphy of western 
 North America. 
 
 Smith, Leonard S. 
 
 2244. Water powers of northern Wisconsin. — V. S. Geol. Survey, W.-S. and 
 Irrig. Paper no. 156, 145 pp., 5 pis., 5 tigs., 1906. 
 
 Includes a brief general account of the geology of Wisconsin. 
 
 Smith, Philip S. 
 
 2245. Gold fields of the Solomon and Niukluk River basins [Alaska]. — IT. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 314, ])p. 146-156, 1907. 
 
 2246 . Geology and mineral resources of Iron Creek [Alaska]. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 314, pp. 157-163, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 2247 . The gray iron ores of Talladega County, Ala. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 315, pp. 161-184, 1907. 
 
 Smith, T. Elliott. 
 
 2248 . El Oro, the premier gold canq) of Mexico. — Min. World, vol. 24, no. 13, 
 pp. 412-413, March 31, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the local geology and on the occurrence of gold ores. 
 
 Smith, W. S. Tangier. 
 
 2249 . Igneous rocks of the northwestern Black Hills. — Abstract : Geol. Soc. 
 America, Bull., vol. 17, p. 729, 1907. 
 
 2250 . The administration of the U. S. Geological Survey. — Science, new ser., 
 vol. 26, pp. 286-287, August 30, 1907. 
 
 Smith, W. S. Tangier, and Siebenthal, C. E. 
 
 2251 . Description of the Joplin district [Missouri-Kansas]. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Geol. Atlas of U. S., folio no. 148, 20 pp., 13 figs., 3 maps, mine maps 
 and illustration sheets, 1907. 
 
 Describes the topography, the occurrence and character of Carboniferous strata and 
 Quaternary deposits, the geologic structure and histoiy, and the occurrence and genesis 
 of the lead and zinc ores. 
 
 Smith, Warren D. 
 
 2252. Discussion of paper by Marius It. Campbell: Hypothesis to account for 
 the transformation of vegetable matter into different grades of coal. — Econ. 
 Geology, vol. I, no. 6, pp. 581-583, 190(). 
 
 Smith, William S. 
 
 2253 . Mineral resources of Uintah Reservation [Utah]. — Min. World, vol. 
 23, no. 18, pp. 491-492, 1 fig., November 4, 1905. 
 
174 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Smyth, Henry Lloyd. 
 
 2254. The relations between gold and pyrite. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 93, 
 pp. 58-59, 4 figs., July 14, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the relations between pyrite and gold in ore-bearing veins. 
 
 2255. Magnetic observations in geological and economic work. I. — Econ. 
 Geology, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 367-379, 5 figs., June, 1907. 
 
 Snedaker, J. A. 
 
 2256. Copper mines in Colorado. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 83, pp. 817-818, 
 April 27, 1907. 
 
 Solorzano, M. M., and Hobson, Bernard. 
 
 2257. Plant remains in basalt, Mexico. — Geol. Mag., dec. 5, vol. 4, no. 5, 
 pp. 217-219, 1 pi.. May, 1907. 
 
 Sovereign, L. Douglas. 
 
 2258. Valuable crystals and rare minerals of San Diego County, California. — 
 Min. World, vol. 23, no. 19, pp. 521-522, November 11, 1905. 
 
 Spandel, Erich. 
 
 2259. Die Foraminiferen des Permo-Carbon von Hooser, Kansas, Nord 
 Amerika. — Saecular-Feier der Naturliistorischen Gesellschaft in Nlirnberg, 1801- 
 1901, Festschrift, pp. 175-194, 10 figs., [1901]. 
 
 Spencer^ Arthur Coe. 
 
 The magmatic origin of vein-forming waters in southeastern Alaska. — Am. 
 Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., vol. 36, pp. 364-371, 1906 (Bi-Mo. Bull. no. 5, pp. 971- 
 978, 1905). — See Spencer, 17, page 315 of Bulletin no. 301, U. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
 The origin of vein-filled openings in southeastern Alaska. — Am. Inst. Min. 
 Eng., Trans., vol. 36, pp. 581-586, 3 figs., 1906 (Bi-Mo. Bull. no. 6, pp. 1211-1216, 
 3 figs., 1905). — See Spencer, 18, page 315 of Bulletin no. 301, U. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
 2260. What is a fissure vein? — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 286, December- 
 January, 1905-1906. 
 
 2261. The Juneau gold belt, Alaska. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 287, pp. 
 1-137, 34 pis. (inch maps), 37 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the geography, the general geology and geologic structure, the occurrence, 
 character, relations, and origin of the ore deposits, the associated minerals, and the 
 economic developments. 
 
 2262. Magnetite deposits of the Cornwall t5qie in Berks and Lebanon 
 counties. Pa. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 185-189, 1907. 
 
 Discusses more particularly the occurrence and origin of the iron ores. 
 
 Spencer, Joseph William Winthrop. 
 
 2263. [Report on] Niagara Falls and Niagara district. — Canada Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Summ. Kept, for 1905, pj). 87-91, 1906. 
 
 Gives various data in regard to Niagara Falls. 
 
 2264. The Jamaica earthquake. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 
 966-967, June 21, 1907. 
 
 2265. Recession of the Niagara Falls. — Geol. Mag. dec. 5, vol. 4, no. 10, 
 pp. 440-441, October, 1907. 
 
 2266. The Falls of Niagara, their evolution and varying relations to the 
 
 Great Lakes; characteristics of the power and the effect of its diversion. — 
 Canada, Geol. Survey, 1907. 400 pp., 43 pis., 30 figs., 1 map. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 175 
 
 Spring-er, Frank. 
 
 2267 . Discovery of the disk of Onychocrinns, and further remarks on the 
 Crinoidea Flexibilia. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 467-523, 4 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes the ventral structure of Onychocrinns and discusses the relation of various 
 members of the Flexibilia and the evolution of certain structural features. Gives a 
 synoptic arrangement of the genera. 
 
 Springer, Frank, and Slocom, Arthur Ware. 
 
 2268 . Hypsocrinus, a new genus of crinoids from the Devonian. — Field 
 Columbian Mus., Geol. Ser., vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 267-271, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Spurr, Josiah Edward. 
 
 Genetic relations of the western Nevada ores. — Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., 
 vol. 36, pp. 372-402, 1906 (Bi-Mo. Bull. no. 5, pp. 939-969, 1905). — See Spurr, 31, 
 page 319 of Bulletin no. 301, U. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
 2269 . What is a fissure vein? — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 282-285, 
 December-January, 1905-1906. 
 
 2270 . The southern Klondike district, Esmeralda County, Nev. A study 
 in metalliferous quartz veins of magmatic origin. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 4, 
 pp. 369-382, 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology, the character of the Igneous rocks, and the occurrence 
 and origin of the gold and silver ores. 
 
 2271 . Ore deposits of the Silver Peak quadrangle, Nevada. — U. S. Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Prof. Paper no. 55, 174 pp., 24 pis., 40 figs., 1906. • 
 
 Describes the character, occurrence, and relations of Cambro-Ordovician, Tertiary, and 
 Quaternary sediments, of pre-Tertiary igneous rocks, of Tertiary and Quaternai-y lavas, 
 and of the gold and silver ores and other economic minerals, and the mining operations, 
 and discusses the genetic relations of ore deposits and the theory of metalliferous veins 
 of magmatic quartz. 
 
 2272 . How should faults be named and classified? — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, 
 no. 2, pp. 182-184, no. 6, pp. 601-602, 1907. 
 
 2273 . A theory of ore deposition. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 781-795, 
 1907. 
 
 2274 . The Goldfields district, Nevada. — Abstract: Franklin Inst., Jour., vol. 
 164, no. 2, pp. 155-160, August, 1907. 
 
 Describes the geology and the character, occurrence, and origin of the ores. 
 
 Spurr, Josiah Edward, and Garrey, George H. 
 
 2275 . The Idaho Springs mining district, Colorado. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 285, pp. 35-40, 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology, the placer deposits, the character and occurrence of 
 the ores, and the types of veins. 
 
 Stafford, O. F. 
 
 2276 . The mineral resources and mineral industry of Oregon for 1903. — 
 Oregon Univ., Bull., new ser., vol. 1, no. 4, 112, viii pp., 5 pis., 1904. 
 
 Stanley, F. C. 
 
 On the chemical composition of amphibole. — See Penfield and Stanley, no. 
 1893. 
 
 Stauffer, Clinton li. 
 
 2277 . The Hamilton in Ohio. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 590-596, 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, and relations of various Devonian formations 
 of the State of Ohio, more particularly those considered to be of Hamilton age. 
 
 2278 . The Devonian limestones of central Ohio and southern Indiana. — Ohio 
 Naturalist, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 184-186, June, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the correlation of Devonian formations on the opposite sides of the Cincin- 
 nati anticline, 
 
176 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Stead, Geoffrey. 
 
 2279. Notes on a grindstone quarry at Stonehaven, Gloucester Co., N. B. — 
 New Brunswick Nat. Hist. Soc., Bull., no. XXIV (vol. 5, pt. 4), pp. 407-408, 1906. 
 
 Describes briefly the position of the rock and the strain found in it, when quarried. 
 
 Stearns, Robert E. C. 
 
 2280. Fossil Mollusca from the John Day and Mascall beds of Oregon. — 
 California Univ., Dept. Geol., Bull., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 67-70, 4 figs, 1906. 
 
 Stephenson, L. W. 
 
 2281. Some facts relating to the Mesozoic deposits of the coastal plain of 
 North Carolina. — Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., new ser., 1907, no. 7, pp. 93-99 
 [681-687], 1907. 
 
 Sterki, V. 
 
 2282. Fossil land and fresh water Mollusca collected in Defiance County, 
 Ohio. — Ohio Naturalist, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 110-111, March, 1907. 
 
 Gives a list of the species identified from deposits supposed to be loess. 
 
 Sternberg, Charles H. 
 
 2283. The Loup Fork Miocene of western Kansas. — Kansas Acad. Sci., Trans., 
 vol. 20, pt. 1, pp. 71-74, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes upon the physical character of and the occurrence of vertebrate fossils 
 in these beds. 
 
 2284. Portheus molossus, Cope, and other fishes from the Kansas chalk. — 
 Abstract : Science new ser., vol. 25, p. 295, February 22, 1907. 
 
 2285. The great inferior tusked mastodon of the Loup Fork Miocene. — 
 Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 971-972, June 21, 1907. 
 
 2286. Some animals discovered in the Ipssil beds of Kansas. — Kansas Acad. 
 Sci., Trans., vol. 20, pt. 2, pp. 122-124, 1907. 
 
 Gives notes upon vertebrate fossils from western Kansas and states in what museums 
 they are now preserved. 
 
 Sterrett, Douglas B. 
 
 2287. ^lica deposits of western North Carolina. — North Carolina Geol. and 
 Econ. Survey, Econ. Paper no. 14, pp. 82-107, 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 2288. Mica deposits of western North Carolina. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 315, pp. 400-422, 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 2289. Monazite in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, ]\Iineral Resources for 1906, pp. 1196-1204, 1907. 
 
 Describes the geologic occurrence and relations of monazite deposits. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1906 of mica ; of monazite and zircon ; 
 and of precious stones. — See no. 2419. 
 
 Stevens, Horace J. 
 
 2290. The copper handbook. A manual of the copper industry of the world. 
 Compiled and published by Horace J. Stevens, Houghton, Mich., 1906. 
 
 Contains a chapter on the geology of copper, pp. 21-2G. 
 
 2291. Mines of the Lake Superior copper district. — Lake Superior Min. Inst., 
 I’roc., vol. 12, pp. 8-24, 8 figs., 1907. 
 
 Contains notes on the geology of the Lake Superior copper district of Michigan. 
 
 Stevenson, .Tohn .1. 
 
 2293. A bit of Quaternary geology [Vermont]. — Abstract: Science, new ser., 
 vol. 23, p. 388, March 9, 1906. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPPIY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 177 
 
 Stevenson, John J. — Continued. 
 
 2294. Carboniferous of the Appalachian basin. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., 
 vol. 17, pp. 65-228, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the distribution, character, nomenclature, and correlation of Carboniferous 
 formations in the Appalachian region. 
 
 2295. Carboniferous of the Appalachian basin. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., 
 vol. 18, pp. 29-178, 1907. 
 
 Describes the distribution and correlation of the members of the Monongahela and 
 Dunkard formations in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio. 
 
 2296. A bit of Quaternary geology. — Abstract : New York Acad. Sci., Annals, 
 vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 609, 1907. 
 
 Des(h’ibes a small area in northwestern Vermont. 
 
 Stewart, John L. 
 
 2297. Ore deposits and industrial suiiremacy. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 3, 
 pp. 257-264, December-Januaiy, 1905-1906. 
 
 Stieglitz, J. 
 
 2298. On the relations of equilibrium between the carbon dioxide of the 
 atmosphere and calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate and bicarbonate in 
 solutions in water in contact with it. — Abstract : Carnegie Inst, of Washington, 
 Yearb. no. 5, pp. 171-172, 1907. 
 
 Stines, Norman S. 
 
 2299. The geology of the Coffee Creek mining district [California]. — Min. 
 and Sci. Press, vol. 95, pp. 25-26, July 6, 1907. 
 
 Stokes, H. N. 
 
 2300. Experiments on the solution, transportation, and deposition of copper, 
 silver, and gold. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 644-650, 1906. 
 
 Describes chemical experiments made to determine conditions and modes of ore 
 deposition. 
 
 I 2301. Experiments on the action of various solutions on pyrite and marca- 
 
 site. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 14-23, 1907. 
 
 ■r 
 
 Stokes, Ralph. 
 
 f- 2302. Mining in the Boundary copper field. — Min. World, vol. 27, pp. 179- 
 182, 5 figs., August 3, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology, and the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 2303. The Cobalt silver field as an industry. — Min. World, vol. 27, pp. 306- 
 309, 346-349, 427^29, 17 figs., 1907. 
 
 ! Includes notes on the geology and the occurrence of the ores. 
 
 I 2304. The Sudbuiy nickel-copper field, Ontario. — Min. World, vol. 27, pp. 
 507-510, 553-555, 8 figs., 1907. 
 
 t 2305. The asbestos industry of Quebec. — Min. World, vol. 27, pp. 637-639, 
 799-801, 9 figs., 1907. 
 
 ' 2306. The St. Eugene silver-lead mine, British Columbia. — Min. World, vol. 
 
 27, pp. 967-968, 1 fig., November 30, 1907. 
 
 2307. Mining in the Rossland district, British Columbia. — Min. World, vol. 
 27, pp. 1083-1084, 1123-1125, 4 figs., 1907. 
 
 Stone, Ralph W. 
 
 2308. Coal fields of the Kachemak Bay region [Alaska]. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 277, pp. 55-73, 5 pis., 1 fig., 1906. 
 
 Gives a history of the coal mining in the region, and describes the general geology 
 and in detail the occurrence and character of the coal deposits and the composition and 
 fuel value of the coals. 
 
 66836— Bull. 372—09 
 
 12 
 
178 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Stone, Ralph W. — Coiitiniiecl. 
 
 2309. Reconnaissance from Circle to Fort Hamlin [Alaska]. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 2S4, pp. 128-131, 1906. 
 
 Gives an account of the geography and geology of the region traversed. 
 
 2310. The Elkhoru coal field, Kentucky. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 316, 
 pp. 42-54, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 2311. The Russell Fork coal field, Virginia. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 316, pp. 55-67, 1 pL, 1907. 
 
 2312. Coal mining in Dante, Va. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 316, pp. 
 68-75, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy, and the occurrence, character, composition, and mining 
 of the coals. 
 
 2313. The Pine Mountain fault. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 620, 
 April 19, 1907. 
 
 Stone, Ralph W., and Clapp, Frederick G. 
 
 2314. Oil and gas fields of Greene County, Pa. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 304, 110 pp., 3 pis., 7 figs., 1907. 
 
 Storms, W. H. 
 
 2315. Earthquake lines. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 92, p. 289, 2 figs.. May 5, 
 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic structure to which the California earthquake of April 18, 1906, 
 was due. 
 
 2316. Gold veins in granite in California. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 92, p. 348, 
 May 26, 1906. 
 
 2317. The Black Hills of South Dakota. — Min« World, vol. 24, pp. 242, 272- 
 273, 303-304, 1906. 
 
 Gives a description of the geology of the Black Hills region and of its ore deposits. 
 Stose, George W. 
 
 2318. The sedimentary rocks of South Mountain, Pennsylvania. — Jour. Geol- 
 ogy, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 201-220, 3 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the topography, stratigraphy, and geologic structure of the region. Gives 
 a table of the geologic formations, showing their thickness, character, and relations. 
 
 2319. The glass-sand industry in eastern West Virginia. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 285, pp. 473-475, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic relations, chai-acter, and occurrence of the sand rock of eastern 
 West Virginia and the economic development. 
 
 ’• 2320. White clays of South Mountain, Pennsylvania. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 315, pp. 322-334, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 2321. Phosphorus ore at Mount Holly Springs, Pa. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 315, pp. 474-483, 1907. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1906 of phosphorus. — See no. 2419. 
 Stotesbury, Harold W. 
 
 The Yak mining, milling, and tunnelling company, Leadville. Colorado. — 
 See Armington and Stotesbury, no. 55. 
 
 Stout, W. H. 
 
 2322. Report of the geologist. — Pennsylvania, Dept. Agric., 11th Ann. Rept., 
 I)p, 455—157, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes iipon the geology of T’ennsylvania. 
 
 2323. Geology as related to agriculture. — Pennsylvania, Dept. Agric., 12th 
 Ann. Rept., pp. 470-471, 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1U07. 
 
 179 
 
 Sullivan, E. C. 
 
 2324 . Tile secondary enrichment of copper-iron suiphides. — Am. Inst. Min. 
 Eng., Bi-Mo. Buii. no. 13, pp. 143-145, January, 1907. 
 
 2325 . The interaction between minerals and water solutions with special 
 reference to geologic phenomena. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 312, 69 pp., 1907. 
 
 Surface, G. T. 
 
 2326 . Physiography of Virginia. — Am. Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 
 741-753, December, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic history and the physiographic evolution of the State of Virginia. 
 
 2327 . Geography of Virginia. — Philadelphia, Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 5, no. 4, 
 pp. 1-60, 1 pi., October, 1907. 
 
 Includes an account of the topographic features and of the mineral resources. 
 
 Swartz, Charles K. 
 
 2328 . The Ithaca fauna of Maryland. — Johns Hopkins tJniv. Circ., new ser., 
 1907, no. 7, pp. 50-55 [638-643], 1907. 
 
 2329 . The relation of the Columbus and Sandusky formations of Ohio. — ■ 
 Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., new ser., 1907, no. 7, pp. 56-65 [644-653], 1907. 
 
 Taber, C. A. M. 
 
 2330 . The cause of geologic periods. Boston, Geo. H. Ellis Co., 1907. 68 pp. 
 Taber, Stephen. 
 
 2331 . Some local effects of the San Francisco earthquake. — Jour. Geology, 
 vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 303-315, 9 figs., 1906. See also Jordan, no. 1325. 
 
 Describes the faulting which produced the earthquake and its movements, as shown 
 by various local displacements. 
 
 Taff, Joseph A. 
 
 2332 . Description of the Muscogee quadrangle [Indian Territory]. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas of U. S., folio no. 132, 7 pp., 1 fig., 3 maps, 1 columnar 
 section sheet, 1906. 
 
 Describes the physiographic features, the occurrence, character, and relations of pre- 
 Cambrian, pre-Carhoniferous, and Carboniferous formations, the geologic structure and 
 history, and the economic resources. 
 
 2333 . Natural coke in the Wasatch Plateau. — Abstract: Science, new ser., 
 vol. 23, p. 696, May 4, 1906. 
 
 2334 . Notes on the Weber River coal field, Utah. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 285, pp. 285-288, 1906. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy and stnicture of the field, and the occurrence, character, 
 and composition of the coals. 
 
 2335 . Book Cliffs coal field, Utah, west of Green River. — II. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 285, pp. 289-302, 1 pi. (map), 1906. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy and structure of the field, and the occurrence, character, 
 and composition of the coals. 
 
 2336 . The Durango coal district, Colorado. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 316, 
 pp. 321-337, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 2337 . The Pleasant Valley coal district, Carbon and Emery counties, Utah. — • 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, no, 316, pp. 338-358, 1 pL, 1907. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1906 of asphalt and bituminous rock. — 
 See no, 2419. 
 
 Tatf, Joseph A., and Smith, Carl D, 
 
 2338 . Ozokerite deposits in Titah. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, pp. 369- 
 372, 1906: 
 
 Describes the geologic relations of the deposits, the character of the mineral, and the 
 economic developments. 
 
180 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF XOETH AMERICAX GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Taft, H. H. 
 
 2339. Goldfield and Touopali. — Eng. and Mill. Jour., vol. 81, pp. 55T-55-S, 
 March 24, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the general geology and the occurrence of the gold ores. 
 
 2340. Notes on Inyo County, California. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 81, pp. 
 704-705, April 14, 1906. 
 
 Contains notes on the geology and physiography of the area and on the occurrence 
 of borax deposits. 
 
 2341. Mining in southern Nevada. A region that includes the mining dis- 
 tricts of Goldfield, Bullfrog, Tonopah, Death Valley, etc. — Mines and Minerals, 
 vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 515-518, 2 figs., June, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology of the region. 
 
 2342. Notes on southern Nevada and Inyo County, California. — Am. Inst. 
 Min. Eng., Trans., vol. 37, pp. 178-197, 1907. 
 
 Talmage, J. E. 
 
 2343. Seismographs in Utah. — Science, new ser., vol. 26, pp. 556-558. October 
 25, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology in the vicinity of Salt Lake City. 
 
 Tarr, R. P. 
 
 2344. The Washington coal situation. — Eng. and Mill. Jour., vol. 83, p. 4010, 
 May 25, 1907. 
 
 2345. The Montana coal situation. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 84, pp. 550- 
 551, September 21, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence, character, and composition of coals. 
 
 Tarr, Ralph S. 
 
 2346. The Yakutat Bay region [Alaska]. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 284, 
 pp. 61-64, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geography, stratigraphy, and the economic resources — petroleum, coal, 
 and gold. 
 
 2347. Glacial erosion in the Finger Lake region of central New York. — Jour. 
 Geology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 18-21. 1906. 
 
 Presents further evidence that the Finger Lake valleys are due to glacial erosion. 
 
 2348. Watkins Glen and other gorges of the Finger Lake region of central 
 New York. — Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 387-397, 8 figs.. May, 1906. 
 
 Describes the topography of the region and explains the formation of the gorges. 
 
 2349. The advancing Malaspina Glacier. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 34-37, 
 January 4, 1907. 
 
 Describes changes in the condition of the glacier due to its advance. 
 
 2350. Second exi>edition to Yakutat Bay, Alaska. — Philadelphia Geog. Soc., 
 Bull., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 4 pis., 1 fig., January, 1907. 
 
 Describes the glaciers in this region. 
 
 2351. Glacial erosion in Alaska. — Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 99- 
 110, 14 figs., February, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the origin of various physiographic features. 
 
 2352. Recent advance of glaciers in the Yakutat Bay region, Alaska. — Geol. 
 Soc. America, Bull., vol. 18, pp. 257-286, 17 pis., 1907. 
 
 2353. The Malaspina Glacier. — Am. Geog. Soc.. Bull., vol. .39, no. 5. pp. 273- 
 285, 5 figs., 3Iay, 1907. 
 
 2354. Recent changes in the ^lalaspina and other glaciers of the Yakutat 
 Bay region, Alaska. — Abstract : Science, new ser.. vol. 25. p. 770, May 17, ltH)7. 
 
 2355. Earthcpiakes and their causes. In San Francisco's Great Disaster, 
 by Sydney Tyler, pp. 17-43, 1906. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190G-1907. 181 
 
 Tarr, Ralph S., and Martin, Lawrence. 
 
 2356 . Recent changes of level in the Yakiitat Bay region, Alaska. — Geol. Soc. 
 America, Bull., vol. 17, pp. 29-64, 12 pis., 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Presents physiographic, hiological, and other evidences of changes of level in the 
 vicinity of Yakutat Bay, 'Alaska, produced by an eartl’'iiiako in 1899. 
 
 2357 . Recent change of level in Alaska. — Geog. Jour., vol. 28, no. I, pi). .80-4.‘>. 
 9 figs., July, 1906. 
 
 2358 . Glaciers and glaciation of Yakutat Bay, Alaska. — Am. Geog. Soc., Bull., 
 vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 145-167, 25 figs., March, 1906. Abstract: ibid., vol. 38, no. 2, 
 pp. 99-101, February, 1906. 
 
 2359 . Position of Hubbard Glacier front in 1792 and 1794. — Am. Geog. Soc., 
 Bull., vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 129-136, 3 figs., March, 1907. 
 
 Tassin, Wirt. 
 
 2360 . Note on an occurrence of graphitic iron in a meteorite. — U. S. Nat. 
 Mus., Proc., vol. 31, pp. 573-574, 1-fig., 1906. 
 
 Contributions to the study of the Canyon Diablo meteorites. — S(‘e Merrill and 
 Tassin, no. 1744. 
 
 Taylor, Arthur E. 
 
 2361 . On the peat deposits of northern Indiana. — Indiana, Dept. Geol. and 
 Nat. Res., 31st Ann. Rept., pp. 73-298, 10 pis., 44 figs., 1907. 
 
 Taylor, Frank Bursley. 
 
 2362 . Relation of Lake Whittlesey to the Arkona beaches. — ^Michigan Acad. 
 Sci., 7th Rept., pp. 29-36, 1 fig., 1905. Abstract: Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 
 16, pp. 587-589, 1906. 
 
 Describes the glacial lakes antecedent to Lake Michigan and the occurrence and rela- 
 tions of the beaches by which their existence has been determined. 
 
 2363 . A short history of the Great Lakes. — In Dryer's Studies in Indiana 
 Geography, pp. 90-111, 4 figs., 1907. See no, 745. 
 
 2364 . Distribution of drumlins and its bearing upon their origin. — Al)- 
 stract : Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 17, p. 726, 1907. 
 
 Taylor, Thomas U. 
 
 2365 . Underground waters of the coastal ])lain of Texas. — TJ. S. Geol. Sur- 
 vey, W.-S. and Irrig. Paper no. 190, 73 pp., 3 pis., 1907. 
 
 Teller, Edgar E. 
 
 2366 . Notes on the fossil fish-spine, Phlijctmiacanthufi felleri (Eastman). — 
 Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc., Bull., new ser., vol. 4, pp. 162-167, 5 pis., October, 
 1906. 
 
 Tertsch, H. 
 
 2367 . Optische IJntersuchung von Hornblenden und Titanit aus Essexit von 
 Montreal [Canada]. — Tscherihaks Mineral, u. Petrog. Mitt., Bd. 25, Heft 6, 
 pp. 458-482, 8 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the optical characters of hornblende and titanite in essexite from Montreal, 
 Quebec. 
 
 Thevenin, A. 
 
 Types du Prodrome de Paleontologie stratigraphique universelle de D’Or- 
 bigny. — See Boule and Thevenin, no. 270. 
 
 Thomas, Kirby. 
 
 2368 . Mexican coal deposits. — Min. World, vol. 22, no. 18, p. 472, May 6, 1905. 
 
182 BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Thompson, Phillips. 
 
 2369. Iron ore in Ontario. — Eng. and Min. Jonr., vol. 81, pp. 719-720, April 14, 
 1906. 
 
 Gives notes upon the occurrence and character of the iron ores. 
 
 2370. The Sndbnry nickel region. — Eng. and Min. Jonr., vol. 82, pp. 3-A, 
 2 figs., .Tilly 7, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology and occurrence of the nickel ores of the Sudbury region, Ontario. 
 
 2371. Coal in Alberta. — Eng. and Min. ,Tonr., vol. 82, ]>. 924, November 17, 
 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of coal beds in Alberta, Canada. 
 
 Thomson, Elilui. 
 
 2372. The nature and origin of volcanic heat. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, 
 pp. 161-166, August 10, 1906. 
 
 Tiffany, J. E. 
 
 2373. Virginia anthracite field. A region showing coal formations, the values 
 of which have not yet been thoroughly proved by prospecting. — Mines and 
 Minerals, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 349-350, March, 1906. 
 
 Tight, W. G. 
 
 2374. Pleistocene phenomena in the Mississippi basin ; a working hypothesis. — 
 Abstract: Geol. Soc. America. P>nll., vol. 17, p. 7.30, 1907. 
 
 2375. Preglacial drainage in the Mississippi ATilley ; a working hypothesis. — 
 Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 772-773, May 17, 1907. 
 
 Tilghman, Benjamin Chew. 
 
 2376. Coon Butte, Arizona. — Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 57, pt. 3, 
 pp. 887-914, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the origin of the “ crater ” at this locality. 
 
 The geology of Coon Butte, Arizona. — See Barringer and Tilghman, no. 153. 
 Todd, James E. 
 
 2377. Some variant conclusions in Iowa geology. — Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc., 
 vol. 13, pp. 183-186, 1906. 
 
 Discusses certain geologic features in Iowa upon which the writer has reached different 
 conclusions from those previously recorded by others. 
 
 2378. More light on the origin of the Missouri River loess. — Iowa Acad. 
 Sci., Proc., vol. 13, pp. 187-194, 1906. 
 
 Describes a deposit in South Dakota formed in Lake Dakota in late glacial time and 
 discusses the hearing of the evidence it offers and that of similar deposits upon the origin 
 of the loess. 
 
 2379. Recent alluvial changes in southwestern Iowa. — Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc., 
 vol. 14, pp. 257-266, 3 figs., 1907. 
 
 2380. Effects of certain characteristics of rocks on their erosion. — Iowa Acad. 
 Sci., Proc., vol. 14, pp. 267-270, 1907. 
 
 Tolman, Cyrus F., jr. 
 
 2381. Methods of investigating iiroblems in faulting. — Min. Mag., vol. 13, no. 
 2, pp. 99-108. 6 figs., February, 1906. 
 
 2382. How should faults be named and classified? — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, 
 no. 5, pp. 506-511, 1907. 
 
 Tomlinson, AV. II. 
 
 2383. Determination of minerals by petrogra pineal methods. — Mineral Col- 
 lector, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 89-90, August, 190(). 
 
1B3 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ADliTFl AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1900-1907. 
 
 Tovote, W. 
 
 2384. Das Pechbleiide-Vorkommeii in (iilpiii County, Colorado. — Oestor- 
 reicliische Zeitsclir. f. Berg- und Hiitteiiw., Jg. 54, no 18, pp. 223-224, May 5, 
 1906. 
 
 Describes the local geology and the occurrence of pitchblende in Gilpin County, 
 Colorado. 
 
 2385. Ein Ausflng durcli Boulder County, Colorado. — Oesterreicbisehe Zeit- 
 scbr. f. Berg- und Hiittenw., Jg. 54, no. 22, pp. 281-283, 2 figs., June 2, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes on the local geology and on the occurrence of the wolfram ores. 
 
 2386. Gold Road, die bedeutendste Goldgrube Arizonas. — Oesterreicbisebe 
 Zeitscbr. f. Berg- und Hiittenw., Jg. 54, no. 42, ))p. 549-5.50, October 20, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of gold and the mining operations at Gold Road, Arizona. 
 
 Tower, Walter Sbeldon. 
 
 2387. Regional and economic geography of Pennsylvania. I, Physiography. — 
 Philadelphia Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 9-28, 1 pi.; no. 3, pp. 1-24 (11.3- 
 136), 1 pi.; no. 4, pp. 12-36 (19.3-217), 2 figs.; no. .5, pp. 2.5-35 (271-281), 1906. 
 
 2388. Regional and economic geography of Pennsylvania. Part 2. Coal 
 mining and iron and steel industry. — Philadelphia Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 5, no. 
 2, pp. 21-35, April, 1907. 
 
 Describes the structure of the anthracite and bituminous coal fields. 
 
 2389. Petroleum and minor mineral products in Pennsylvania. — Philadelphia, 
 Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 5, no. 3, pp 24-41, July, 1907. 
 
 Travis, Charles. 
 
 2390. Pyrite from Cornwall, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. — Am. Philos. 
 Soc., Proc., vol. 45, pp. 131-148, 10 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes crystallographic features of two varieties of Cornwall pyrite. 
 
 True, Frederick W. 
 
 2391. New name for Pontoleon, — Washington Biol. Soc., Proc., vol. 18, p. 253, 
 1905. 
 
 Proposes the name PontoUs in place of Pontoleon, preoccupied, given to a fossil sea 
 lion from Oregon. 
 
 2392. Description of a new genus and species of fossil seal from the Miocene 
 of Maryland. — U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 30, pp. 835-840, 2 pis., 1906. 
 
 2393. Remarks on the type of the fossil cetacean Agarophius pygmwus 
 
 (Muller). — City of Washington, Smithsonian Inst., Publ. no. 1694, 1907. 8 
 
 pp., 1 pi. 
 
 2394. Observations on the type specimen of the fossil cetacean Anoplonassa 
 forcipata Cope. — Harvard Coll., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bull., vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 
 97-106, 3 pis., 1907. 
 
 Trumbull, L. W. 
 
 2395. Sulphur mining and refining in Wyoming. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 
 27, no. 7, pp. 314-316, 5 figs., February, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence and origin of the sulphur. 
 
 2396. Cement plaster industry in Wyoming. — Min. World, vol. 26, p. 387, 
 4 figs., March 23, 1907. 
 
 Turner, H. H. 
 
 2397. The times and places of earthquakes. — Pop. Sci. ^Monthly, vol. 68, 
 no. 6, pp. 537-542, June, 1906. 
 
184 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Turner, H. W. 
 
 2398. The Terlingim quicksilver deposits. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 
 265-281, 3 figs., December-January, 1905-1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology, the geologic occurrence of the oi-e deposits, the char- 
 acter and extent of the lodes, the origin of the ores, and the associated minerals. 
 
 2399. The ore deposits of Copperopolis, California. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, 
 no. 8, pp. 797-799, 1907. 
 
 2400. The sodium nitrate deposits of the Colorado. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 
 94, pp. 634-635, 4 figs., May 18, 1907. 
 
 2401. Faulting in the Red Cloud mine [Idaho]. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 95, 
 pp. 747-748, 3 figs., December 14, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of the lead-silver ores. 
 
 Turner, Scott. 
 
 2402. A simple classification of igneous rocks. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, 
 pp. 404-405, March 30, 1907. 
 
 Tyler, Sydney. 
 
 2403. San Francisco’s great disaster. — Philadelphia, P. W. Ziegler Co., 1906. 
 424 pp., illus. . 
 
 Includes a chapter by R. S. Tarr on earthquakes and their causes. See no. 2355. 
 Tyrrell, J. Burr. 
 
 2404. A Canadian Department of Mines or Geological Survey. — Canadian 
 Min. Inst., Jour., vol. 9, pp. 107-111, 1906. 
 
 2405. Vein formation at Cobalt, Ontario. — Canadian Min. Jour., vol. 28, 
 no. 12 (new ser., vol. 1, no. 10), pp. 301-303, 3 figs., August 1, 1907. 
 
 2406. Concentration of gold in the Klondike. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 4, 
 pp. 343-349, 2 figs., June, 1907 ; Canadian Min. Jour., vol. 28, no. 15 (new ser., 
 vol. 1, no. 13), pp. 403-405, 4 figs., September 15, 1907. 
 
 Udden, Johan August. 
 
 2407. The origin of the small sand mounds in the Gulf coast country. — 
 Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 849-851, June 1, 1906. 
 
 Describes occurrence and character of these mounds and suggests hypotheses for their 
 explanation. 
 
 2408. Report on a geological survey of the lands belonging to the New York 
 and Texas Land Company (Ltd.), in the upper Rio Grande emhayment in 
 Texas. — Augustana Library Publications, Rock Island, 111., no. 6, pp. 51-107, 
 7 pis., 1 map, 1907. 
 
 2409. A sketch of the geology of the Chisos country, Brewster County, 
 Texas. — ITiiv. of Texas, Bull. no. 93 (Sci. ser. no. 11), 101 pp., April 15, 1907. 
 
 Describes the physiography of the region, the occurrence, character, relations, and 
 economic value of Ordovician, Carboniferous. Cretaceous, and Tertiary strata, and of 
 igneous rocks, the geologic structure and history, and the mineral resources, particularly 
 quicksilver and coal. 
 
 Udden, Jon A. 
 
 2410. The Delafield drill core [ Illinois]. — Illinois State Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 4, pp. 203-211, 1907. 
 
 Gives notes upon the strata (coal measures) passed through in the drilling. 
 
 Ulrich, Edward Oscar. 
 
 2411. Systematic paleontology of the Pleistocene deposits of Maryland: 
 Molluscoidea. — Maryland Geol. Survey, Pliocene and Pleistocene, pp. 210-212, 
 2 ligs., 1906. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 185 
 
 Ulrich, Edward Oscar, and Bassler, Ray S. 
 
 2412. New American Paleozoic Ostracoda. Notes and descriptions of upper 
 Carboniferous genera and species. — U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 30, pp. 149-164, 1 
 pi., 1906. 
 
 Underhill, B. M. 
 
 2413. The evolution of the horse. — Delaware County Institute of Science, 
 vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 115-127, 2 figs., July, 1907 ; Sci. Am. Suppl., vol. 64, pp. 412-414, 
 5 figs., December 28, 1907. 
 
 Underhill, James. 
 
 2414. Areal geology of the lower Clear Creek (Colorado). — Colorado ITniv., 
 Studies, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 263-376, 5 figs., 1906; Colorado Sci. Soc., Proc., vol. 8, 
 pp. 103-122, 5 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the topography, the general geology, and the occurrence, characters, and 
 relations of the metamorphosed igneous rocks occupying the area. 
 
 Upham, Warren. ' 
 
 2415. Quaternary history of the upper Mississippi Valley. — Abstract: Geol. 
 Soc. America, Bull., vol. 17, pp. 725-726, 1907. 
 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils. 
 
 2416. Soil survey field book. Field season, 1906. 319 pp. 
 
 Contains a classification of soils. 
 
 Field operations of the Bureau of Soils. — See Whitney, nos. 2570, 2571. 
 
 U. S. Geological Survey. 
 
 2417. The San PT’ancisco earthquake and fire of April 18, 1906, and their 
 effects on structures and structural materials. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 324, 170 pp., 57 pis., 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 Contains the following papers : 
 
 Preface, by Joseph A. Holmes, pp. xi-xii. 
 
 The earthquake as a natural phenomenon, by G. K. Gilbert, pp. 1-1.3. 
 
 The effects of the earthquake and fire on various structures and structural materials, by 
 Richard L. Humphrey, pp. 14-61. 
 
 The effects of the earthquake and fire on buildings, engineering structures, and structural 
 materials, by John S. Sewell, pp. 62-130. 
 
 The earthquake and fire and their effects on structural steel and steel-frame buildings, 
 by Frank Soule, pp. 131-158. 
 
 List of papers relating to the earthquake and fire, pp. 159-161. 
 
 2418. Mineral resources of the United States, calendar year 1905, 1403 pp., 
 1906. 
 
 Contains the following papers, largely statistical in character, relating to the produc- 
 tion, condition of the industry, etc., but also in some cases containing notes on the 
 geology and occurrence of the products treated : 
 
 Mineral products of the United States in 1904 and 1905, pp. 23-41. 
 
 Value, by States, of mineral products in 1905, by Wm. Taylor Thom, pp. 42-52. 
 
 (Metals.) 
 
 Antimony, by C. C. Schnatterbeck, pp. 435-439. 
 
 Bismuth, by C. C. Schnatterbeck, pp. 441-443. 
 
 Copper, by Charles Kirchhoff, pp. 34.3-302. 
 
 Gold and silver, by Y^aldemar Lindgren and others, pp. 11.3-341. 
 
 Production in the United States, by Waldemar Lindgren, pp. 11.3-127. 
 
 Alaska, by Alfred H. Brooks, j)p. 127-134, 
 
 Arizona, by V. C. Heikes, pp. 134-162. 
 
 California, by Charles G. Yale, pp. 162-185. 
 
 Colorado, by Waldemar Lindgren, .pp. 185-214. 
 
 Idaho, by V. C. Heikes, pp. 214-242. 
 
 Montana, by Alexander N. Winched, pp. 242-259. 
 
 Nevada, by Charles G. Y'ale, pp. 259-275. 
 
186 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF YOETH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 U. S. Geological Survey — Continued. 
 
 Gold and silver — Continued. 
 
 New Mexico, by Waldemar Lindgren, pp. 275-284. 
 
 Oregon, by Charles G. Yale, pp. 284—293. 
 
 South Dakota, by Waldemar Lindgren, pp. 293-297. 
 
 Southern Appalachian States, including Alabama. Georgia. Maryland, North Carolina, 
 South Carolina, and Tennessee, by Waldemar Lindgren, pp. 297-304. 
 
 Texas, by Waldemar Lindgren, pp. 304-305. 
 
 Utah, by V. C. Heikes, pp. 305—331. 
 
 Washington, by Charles G. Yale. pp. 331-337. 
 
 Wyoming, by Waldemar Lindgren. pp. 337-341. 
 
 Iron ores, by .John Birkinbine, pp. 53-87. 
 
 Lead, by Charles Kirchhoff, pp. 363-370. 
 
 Manganese ores, by .John Birkinbine. pp. 87-111. 
 
 Platinum, by F. W. Horton, pp. 423-434. 
 
 Quicksilver, by F. W. Horton, pp. 393-404. 
 
 Silver. See Gold and silver. 
 
 Steel-hardening metals, by Joseph Hyde I’ratt. pp. 405-421. 
 
 Tin, by Frank L. Hess. pp. 44.5-451. 
 
 Zinc, by Charles Kirchhoff, pp. 371-377. 
 
 Zinc and lead ores, by H. Foster Bain, pp. 379-392. 
 
 (Fuels.) 
 
 Coal, by Edward W. Parker, pp. 453-714. 
 
 Coke, by Edward W. Parker, pp. 715—766. 
 
 Gas. coke, tar, and ammonia at gas works and in retort coke ovens, by Edward W. 
 Parker, pp. 767-797. 
 
 Natural gas, by W. T. Griswold, pp. 799-812. 
 
 Petroleum, by W. T. Griswold, pp. 81.3-920. 
 
 (Structural materials.) 
 
 Cement : 
 
 Advance in cement technology, by Edwin C. Eckel, pp. 921-923. 
 Statistics of cement industry, by L. L. Kimball, pp. 924-944. 
 Clay-working industries, by Jefferson Middleton, pp. 945-1002. 
 Lime and sand-lime brick, by Edwin C. Eckel, pp. 1003—1006. 
 
 Sand and gravel, by A. T. Coons, pp. 1007—1010. 
 
 Slate, pp. 1011-1020. 
 
 Stone industry, by A. T. Coons, pp. 1021-1067. 
 
 (Abrasive materials.) 
 
 Abrasive materials, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, pp. 1069-1085. 
 
 (Chemical materials.) 
 
 Arsenious oxide, by C. C. Schnatterbeck, pp. 1087-1089. 
 
 Borax, by Charles G. Yale, pp. 1091-1096. 
 
 Bromine, by Frederick .1. H. Merrill, pp, 1097-1098. 
 
 Fluorspar and cryolite, by Edmund Otis Hovey, pp. 1099-1103. 
 Gypsum and gypsum products, by Edwin C. Eckel, pp. 1105-1115. 
 I’hosphate rock, by Edmund Otis Hovey, pp. 1117-1126. 
 
 Salt, by Edmund Otis Hovey, pp. 1127-1135. 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite. pp. 1137-1143. 
 
 Barytes, pp. 1145-1146. 
 
 Mineral paints, pp. 1147-1154. 
 
 (Miscellaneous.) 
 
 Asbestos, by George Otis Smith, pp. 115,5-1159. 
 
 Asphaltum and bituminous rock, by Edmund Otis Hovey, pp. 1161-1169. 
 Bauxite and 'aluminum, pp. 1171-1174. 
 
 Black sands, by David T. Day and B. H. Richards, pp. 1175-1258. 
 Carbon dioxide, by Myron L. Fuller, pp. 1259—1263. 
 
 Graphite, by George Otis Smith, pp. 1265-1269. 
 
 Lithium minerals, by Edmund Otis Hovey. pp. 1271-1272. 
 
 Magnesite, by Charles G. Yale, pp. 1273-1278. 
 
 Mica, by George Otis Smith, pp. 1279-1283. 
 
 Mineral waters, by Myron L. Fuller, pp. 128,5-1308. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-190L 187 
 
 U. S. Geological Survey — Continued. 
 
 Monazite and zircon, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, pp. 1313-1.317. 
 
 Peat, by .Marius R. Campbell, pp. 1319-1322. 
 
 Precious stones, by George Frederick Kunz, pp. 1323-1358. 
 
 Quartz (flint) and feldspar, by Heinrich Ries, pp. 1359-1360. 
 
 Talc and soapstone, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, pp. 1361-1368. 
 
 2419. Mineral resources of the United States. Calendar year, 1906. 1307 
 
 pp., 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 Contains the following papers, largely statistical in character, relating to the produc- 
 tion, condition of the industry, etc., but also in some cases containing notes on the 
 geology and occurrence of the products treated : 
 
 Introduction, by David T. Day and E. W. Parker, pp. 9-12. 
 
 Summary of mineral production of the United States in 1906, compiled by \Vm. Taylor 
 Thom, pp. 13-65. 
 
 (Metals.) 
 
 Antimony, by Frank L. Hess, pp. 511-516. 
 
 Bauxite and aluminum, by Ernest F. Burcbard, pp. 501-510. 
 
 Bismuth, by Frank L. Hess, p. 517. 
 
 Chromite or chromic iron ore, by Arthur .7. Collier, pp. 541-542. 
 
 Copper, by L. G. Graton, pp. 373-438. 
 
 Gold and silver, by Waldemar Lindgren and others, pp. 111-371. 
 
 Production in the United States, by Waldemar Lindgren, pp. 111-134. 
 
 Alaska, by Alfred H. Brooks, pp. 134-146. 
 
 Arizona, by V. C. Heikes, pp. 147-177. 
 
 California, by Charles G. Yale, pp. 178-198. 
 
 Colorado, by Chester Naramore, pp. 199-240. 
 
 Idaho, by V. C. Heikes, pp. 240-267. 
 
 Montana, by Alexander N. Winchell, pp. 267-287. 
 
 Nevada, by Charles G. Yale, pp. 287-300. 
 
 New Mexico, by Chester Naramore, pp. 300-312. 
 
 Oregon, by Charles G. Yale, pp. 312-318. 
 
 South Dakota, by Chester Naramore, pp. 319-323. 
 
 Southern Appalachian States, including Alabama, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, 
 South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, by H. D. McCaskey, pp. 323-333. 
 
 Texas, by H. D. McCaskey, pp. 333-334. 
 
 Utah, by V. C. Heikes, pp. 334-362. 
 
 Vermont, by H. D. McCaskey, p. 362. 
 
 Washington, by Charles G. Yale, pp. 362-368. 
 
 Wyoming, by Chester Naramore, pp. 368-371. 
 
 Iron ores, pig iron, and steel, by Edwin C. Eckel, pp. 67-102. 
 
 Lead, by J. M. Boutwell, pp. 439-457. 
 
 Manganese ores, by Edwin C. Eckel, pp. 103-109. 
 
 Nickel, cobalt, tungsten, vanadium, molybdenum, titanium, uranium, and tantalum, by 
 Frank L. Hess, pp. 519-540. 
 
 Platinum, by David T. Day, pp. 551-562. 
 
 Quicksilver, by J. M. Boutwell, pp. 491-499. 
 
 Silver. See Gold and silver. 
 
 Tin, by Frank L. Hess, pp. 543-549. 
 
 Zinc, by J. M. Boutwell, pp. 459-489. 
 
 (Fuels.) 
 
 Coal, by E. W., Parker, pp. 56.3-753. 
 
 Coke, by E. W. Parker, pp. 755-809. 
 
 Natural gas, by B. Hill, pp. 811-826. 
 
 Petroleum, by W. T. Griswold, pp. 827-896. 
 
 (Structural materials.) 
 
 Cement : 
 
 Advances in cement technology, 1906, by Edwin C. Eckel, pp. 897-905. 
 
 Statistics of cement industry in 1906, by L. L. Kimball, pj). 906-931. 
 
 Clay-working industries, by Jefferson Middleton, pp. 933-983. 
 
 Glass sand, sand, and gravel, by Ernest F. Burchard, pp. 993-1000. 
 
 Lime and sand-lime brick, by Edwin C. Eckel, pp. 985-991. 
 
 Slate, by A. T. Coons, pp. 1001-1005. 
 
 Stone, by A. T. Coons, pp. 1007-1041. 
 
188 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190G-1907 
 
 U. S. Geological Survey — Contiuiied. 
 
 (Abrasive materials.) 
 
 Abrasive materials, by Douglas B. Sterrett. pp. 1043-1054. 
 
 (Chemical materials.) 
 
 Arsenic, by Fr.ank L. Hess, pp. 1055-10.58. 
 
 Barytes, with a note on strontium, by Ernest F, Burcharcl, pp. 1109-1114. 
 
 Borax, by Charles O. Yale. pp. 1059-1062. 
 
 Fluorspar and cryolite, by Ernest F. Burchard. pp. 106.3-1067. 
 
 Gypsum and gypsum products, by Ernest F. Burchard, pp. 1069-1078. 
 
 Mineral paints, pp. 111.5—1122. 
 
 Phosphate rock and phosphorus : 
 
 Phosphate rock, by Myron L. Fuller, pp. 1079-1084. 
 
 Phosphorus, by George W. Stose, pp. 1084-1O90. 
 
 Salt and bromide, by A. T. Coons, pp. 1091-1101. 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite, pp. 1108-1108. 
 
 (Miscellaneous.) 
 
 Asbestos, by .1. S. Diller, pp. 112.3-1129. 
 
 Asphalt and bituminous rock, by .Joseph A. TafE. pp. 11.31-1137. 
 
 Graphite, by George Otis Smith, pp. 1139-1143. 
 
 Magnesite, by Charles G. Yale, pp. 1145-1147. 
 
 Mica, by Douglas B. Sterrett, pp. 1149-1163. 
 
 Mineral waters, by Samuel Sanford, pp. 116.5-1194. 
 
 Monazite and zircon, by Douglas B. Sterrett. 1195-1209. 
 
 Peat, by Marius R. Campbell, pp. 1211—1212. 
 
 Precious stones, by Douglas B. Sterrett. pp. 121.3-1252. 
 
 Quartz (flint) and feldspar, by Edson S. Bastin, pp. 1253-1270. 
 
 Selenium, by Frank L. Hess. p. 1271. 
 
 Talc and soapstone, by Arthur J. Collier, pp. 1273-1275. 
 
 Contributions to economic geology, 1005. — T. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 2S5, 
 506 pp., 13 pis., 16 figs., 1906. 
 
 The papers in this bulletin have been listed under the individual authors. 
 Contributions to economic geology. 1906. Part I. Metals and nonmetals, ex- 
 cept fuels. — V, S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 31.5, .505 pp., 4 pis., 20 figs., 1907. 
 
 The papers in this bulletin have been listed under the individual authors. 
 Contributions to economic geology, 1906. Part II. Coal, lignite, and peat. — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 316, -543 pp., 23 pis., 6 figs., 1907. 
 
 The papers in this bulletin have been listed under the individual authors. 
 
 Report on progress of investigations of mineral resources of Alaska in 1906. — 
 See Brooks, A. H., and others. 
 
 Vallat, B. W. 
 
 2420. The iron ores and system of mining at Sunrise mine, Wyoming. — 
 Colorado Sci. Soc., Proc., vol. S, pp. 315-322, 6 pis., 1907. 
 
 Van Hise, Charles Richard. 
 
 2421. The problems of geology. — Congress of Arts and Science. Fniversal 
 Exposition, St. Louis, 1904, vol. 4, pp. 52.5-548, 1906. 
 
 2422. The geology of the Cobalt district [Ontario], — Abstract: Canadian 
 5Iin. .lour., vol. 28, no. 4 (new ser.. vol. 1, no. 2), pp. 44—15, April 1. 1907. 
 
 Discusses the origin of the silver-cobalt ores, and their geologic relations. 
 
 Report of a special committee on the correlation of the pre-Cambrian rocks 
 of the Adirondack Mountains, the “original Laurentian area” of Canada, and 
 eastern Ontario, — See Adams and others, no. 13. 
 
 Van Horn, F. B. 
 
 2423. The mineral production of Illinois in 1905. — Illinois State Geol. Sur- 
 vey, 14 pjb 1906. 
 
 2424. Limestones available for fertilizers. — Illinois State Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 4. i>p. 177-183, 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190G-1907. 189 
 
 Van Wagenen, H, R. 
 
 2425 . Tungsten in Colorado. — Colorado School of Mines, Bull., vol. 3, no. 2, 
 pp. 138-169, 2 figs., January, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence In Colorado of ores containing tungsten. 
 
 Vaux, George, and Vaux, William S. 
 
 2426 . Les variations periodiques des glaciers, 1905. British Columbia and 
 Alberta. — Zeitschr f. Gletscherkunde, Bd. 1, Heft 3, p. 180, 1906. 
 
 Gives a short account of the condition in 1905 of the glaciers of British Columbia 
 and Alberta. 
 
 2427 . Observations made in 1906 on glaciers in Alberta and British Colum- 
 bia. — Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 58, pp. 568-579, 5 pis., 1907. 
 
 2428 . Observations made in 1907 on glaciers in Alberta and British Colum- 
 bia. — Philadelphia, Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 59, pt. 3, pp. 560-563, 1907. 
 
 Vaux, William S. 
 
 2429 . Modern glaciers : their movements and the methods of observing 
 them. — Philadelphia, Eng. Club, Proc., vol. 24, no, 3, pp. 259-283, 13 figs., July, 
 1907. 
 
 Veatch, Arthur C. 
 
 2430 . On the human origin of the small mounds of the lower Mississippi 
 Valley and Texas. — Science new ser., vol. 23, pp. 34-36, January 5, 1906. 
 
 Describes character and occurrence of these mounds and states objections to con- 
 sidering them of human origin. 
 
 2431 . Long Island water resources. — Supplement to the Taxpayer [Brook- 
 lyn, N. Y.j, April 21, 1906. 15 pp., 6 figs. 
 
 An account of the geologic structure and history of Long Island and its underground 
 water resources. 
 
 2432 . Age and type localities of the supposed Jurassic fossils collected north 
 of Fort Bridger, Wyoming, by Fremont in 1843. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 
 21, pp. 457-460, June, 1906. 
 
 2433 . Fluctuations of the water level in wells, with special reference to Long 
 Island, New York. — IT. S. Geol. Surv., W.-S. and Irrig. Paper no. 155, 83 pp., 
 9 pis., 17 figs., 1906. 
 
 2434 . Outlines of the geology of Long Island [New York]. — U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, Prof. Paper no. 44, pp. 15-52, 10 pis., 20 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic structure, the occurrence, character, and relations of Creta- 
 ceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary deposits and the geologic history of Long Island. 
 
 2435 . Underground water conditions of Long Island. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Prof. Paper no. 44, pp. 53-85, 9 pis., 16 figs., 1906. 
 
 2436 . Geology and underground water resources of northern Louisiana and 
 southern Arkansas. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper no. 46, 422 pp., 51 pis., 
 33 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the geologic history and structure, the occurrence, character, and relations 
 of Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary formations, the general underground water 
 conditions and principal water-bearing horizons, and the underground water prospects 
 by counties. 
 
 2437 . Coal and oil in southern Uinta County, AYyo. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 285, pp. 331-353, 3 pis. (maps and sections), 1906. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy and structure of the area and the occurrence, character, and 
 geologic relations of coal beds and of petroleum. 
 
 2438 . Geology and underground water resources of northern Louisiana with 
 notes on adjoining districts. — Louisiana, Geol. , Survey, Bull. no. 4, 209 pp., 26 
 pis., 18 figs., 1906. 
 
 This paper is made up of excerpts from Professional Paper no. 46 of the U. S. Geo- 
 logical Survey. See no. 24.36. 
 
190 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Veatch, Artliur C. — Continued. 
 
 2439. On the origin and definition of the geologic term “ Laramie.” — Jour. 
 Geology, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 526-549, 1907. Abstract : Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., 
 vol. 24, pp. 18-22, July, 1907. 
 
 2440. Coal fields of east-central Carbon County, Wyo. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 316, pp. 244-260, 1 pL, 1907. 
 
 Veatch, Arthur C., and Bowman, Isaiah. 
 
 2441. Well records on Long Island. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper no. 44, 
 pp. 116-337, 11 pis., 7 figs., 1906. 
 
 Veatch, Otto. 
 
 2442. The term “ colluvial *’ as applied to clay deposits. — Science, new ser., 
 vol. 24, p. 782, December 14, 1906. 
 
 Defines the term and explains the origin of the material to which it is applied. 
 
 2443. Kaolins and fire clays of central Georgia. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 315, pp. 303-314, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 Verri, A. 
 
 2444. Le eruzioni della Montagna Pelee e del vulcano Laziale. — Soc. geol. 
 italiana. Boll., vol, 24, pp. 84-88, 1905. 
 
 Describes phenomena attending the eruption of Mont Pele in 1902. 
 
 Verrill, Addison E. 
 
 2445. The Bermuda Islands. Part IV, Geology and paleontology, and Part 
 A’, An account of the coral reefs. — Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci., Trans., vol. 
 12, pp. 45-348, 25 pis., 180 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the geologic structure, the occurrence and relation of the Tertiary and later 
 deposits, the geologic history of the islands, and invertebrate fossils. 
 
 Vicaire, A. 
 
 2446. Les gisements petroliferes des Etats Unis. — Soc. de ITnd. min., St. 
 Etienne, Bull., 4® ser., t. 4, pp. 681-849, 5 pis., 11 figs., 1905 ; t. 7, pp. 433^88, 
 3 pis., 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 An extended account of the petroleum industry and petroleum deposits of the United 
 States. 
 
 Vigier, ATctor von. 
 
 Sobre la aplicacion de la potasa caustica a la preparacion de fosiles. — See 
 Bose and Vigier, no. 269. 
 
 Villafana, Andres. 
 
 2447. El volcau Jorullo. — Mexico, Inst. Geol., Parergoues, t. 2, no. 3, pp. 73- 
 130, 8 pis., 1907. 
 
 Describes situation, topography, geologic structure, and petrography of the volcano 
 Jorullo, in Mexico. 
 
 Villarello, Juan D. 
 
 2448. Descripcion de las minus “ Santiago y anexas ” de Estado de Michoacan 
 [Mexico]. — Soc. cient. ‘Antonio Alzate,” Mem. j’ Rev., t. 22, pp. 125-140, 3 
 pis., 1 fig., 1905. 
 
 Describes the geology, occurrence, and origin of the gold and silver ores. 
 
 2449. Reseiia del mineral de Arzate (Estado de Durango). — Soc. cient. 
 “Antonio Alzate.” Mem. y Rev., t. 23, pp. 211-240, 1905. 
 
 Describes the geology, the mines, and the occurrence and origin of the ore deposits, 
 
 2450. Descripcion de algunas minas de Zacualpan (Estado de Alexico). — 
 Soc. cient. “Antonio Alzate,” Mem. y Rev., t. 23, pp, 2.51-266. 1906. 
 
 Describes the local geology, and the occurrence, character, and origin of the ore 
 deposits. 
 
BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NOETH AMEEICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 191 
 
 Villarello, Juan D. — Coiitiiiuecl. 
 
 2451. Description des mines “ La Bella Union,” (Etat de Guerrero). Genese 
 des gisements de mercure. — Soc. cient. “Antonio Alzate,” Mem. y. Rev., t. 23, 
 pp. 395-411, 1905, 
 
 Describes the local geology, and the occurrence, character, and origin of the mercury 
 ores. 
 
 2452 . Aplicacion de la flnoresceina a cuestiones de salnbridad ptiblica. — 
 Soc. cient, “Antonio Alzate,” Mem. y Rev., t. 24, no. 2, pp. 51-62, August, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the use of fluorescein in the study of underground waters. 
 
 2453 . Un nuevo fluoroscopio. — Soc. cient. “Antonio Alzate,” Mem. y Rev., 
 t. 24, no. 2, pp. 63-72, 1 fig., August, 1906. 
 
 Describes a new fluoroscope for use in the study of underground waters. 
 
 2454 . Hidrologia subterranea de las cercanias de Jiutepec (Estado de More- 
 los) [Mexico]. — Soc. cient. “Antonio Alzate,” Mem. y Rev., t. 24, no. 4, pp. 
 159-171, October, 1906. 
 
 Discusses underground waters in the environs of Jiutepec, State of Morelos, Mexico. 
 
 2455 . Le mineral de Mapinn [Mexico]. — X*" Congr. geol. intern.. Guide des 
 Excursions, Mexico, no. XVIIl, 18 pp., 2 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes the character, occurrence, relations, and genesis of the ore deposits. 
 
 2456 . Le mineral d’Aranzazu (Etat de Zacatecas). — X® Congr. geol. intern., 
 Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. XXV, 29 pp., 3 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes the local geology, and the occurrence, character, and origin of the copper 
 ores, and the mines. 
 
 2457 . Sur le remplissage de quelques gisements metalliferes. — Congr. geol. 
 intern., C. R., 10® sess., Mexico, 1906, pp. 533-553, 1907. 
 
 2458 . Hidrologia subterranea de los alrededores de Queretaro [Mexico]. — 
 Mexico, Secretaria de Fomento, Bol., 2^ epoca, ano 7, no. 4, IV, pp. 65-81 ; no. 5, 
 IV, pp. 84-96, 3 pis., 1907. 
 
 Discusses the underground water resources of Queretaro. 
 
 2459 . Geologie chimique des gisements de soufre de MapimI, Etat de Du- 
 rango. — Soc. cient. “Antonio Alzate,” Mem. y. Rev., t. 26, no. 4, pp. 115-145, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the origin of sulphur deposits. 
 
 Villarello, .1. D., Flores, T., and Robles, R. 
 
 2460 . Etude, de la Sierra de Guanajuato [Mexico]. — X® Congr. geol. intern., 
 Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. XV, 33 pp., 2 pis. (geol. map and sections), 
 
 1906. 
 
 Includes an account of the ore deposits. 
 
 Vogdes, Anthony Wayne. 
 
 2461 . Bibliographical sketch of Dr. *John B. Trask, first state geologist 
 of California. — San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 27-30, 1 pi. (port.), 
 
 1907. 
 
 Gives a sketch of his life (1824-1879) and a list of his geological and paleontological 
 publications. 
 
 2462 . The genus Encrinurus : its history, its species, its proper division in 
 the family of trilobites. — San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Trans., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 
 61-82, 3 pis., 1907. 
 
 Wade, William Rogers. 
 
 2463 . Burro Mountain copper district [New Mexico]. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 84, pp. 355-356, 5 figs., August 24, 1907. 
 
 Waitz, Paul. 
 
 2464 . Phenonienes postparoxysmiques du San Andres, Michoacan. — X® Congr. 
 geol. intern.. Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. X, 29 pp., 1906. 
 
192 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Waitz, Paul — Continued. 
 
 2465. Les geysers d’lxtlan, Michoacan. — X® Congr. geol. intern., Guide des 
 Excursions, Mexico, no. XII, 22 pp., 4 pis., 1906. 
 
 2466. Le volcaii de Colima. — X® Congr. geol. intern.. Guide des Excursions, 
 Mexico, no. XIII, 28 pp., 4 pis., 1 tig., 1906. 
 
 2467. Esquisse geologique et petrograpliique des environs de Hidalgo del 
 Parral. — X® Congr. geol. intern.. Guide des Excursions, Mexico, no. XXI, 21 
 pp., 5 pis. (incl. geol. map and sections), 1906. 
 
 2468. Algunos experimentos en geyseres artificiales. — Soc. Geol. Mexicana, 
 BoL, t. 2, pp. 71-85, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Describes experiments with artificial geysers. 
 
 Walcott, Charles D. 
 
 2469. Cooperation of the United States Geological Survey and state mining 
 bureaus. — Am. Min. Cong., 8th Ann. Sess., pp. 82-98, 1906 ; Min. World, vol. 23, 
 no. 21, pp. 577-579, November 25, 1905. 
 
 2470. Algonkian formations of northwestern Montana. — Geol. Soc. America, 
 Bull., vol. 17, pp. 1-28, 11 pis., 1906. 
 
 Describes and correlates Algonkian sections in Montana. 
 
 2471. Twenty-seventh annual report of the Director of the United States 
 
 Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1905-6. AVashington, Gov- 
 ernment I*rinting Office, 1906. 104 pp., 24 pis. (maps). 
 
 Outlines the work of the U. S. Geological Survey during the fiscal year ending June 30, 
 1906. 
 
 2472. Principles which govern the United States Geological Survey in its 
 relations with other geological surveys and working geologists. — Science, new 
 ser., vol. 24, pp. 692-693, Noveml)er 30, 1906. 
 
 2473. Louis Agassiz. — Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 50 (Quart. Issue, vol. 4, 
 pt. 2), pp. 216-218, 1 pi. (port.), 1907. 
 
 Correspondence relating to the survey of the coal fields of Arkansas. — See 
 Brainier, no. 287. 
 
 The policy of the U. S. Geological Survey and its bearing upon science and 
 education. — See Branner, no. 288. 
 
 Walker, T. L. 
 
 2474. [Report on] the Muskoka district. — Canada, Geol. Sprvey, Summ., 
 Rept. for 1905, pp. 84-86, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes upon the geology of the region examined. 
 
 Walsh, George E. 
 
 2475. Prospecting for rare metals and earths. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 94, 
 
 pp. 218-219, February 16, 1907. # 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of rare earths. 
 
 Walter, Paul A. E. 
 
 [Physiography and geology of New Mexico]. — See Frost and Walter, no. 902. 
 Ward, Henry Baldwin. 
 
 2476. Peculiarities of the “ Nebraska man.” — Putnam’s Alonthly, pp. 410- 
 41.3, 3 figs., January, 1907. 
 
 Preliminary report on the primitive man of Nebraska. — See Barbour and 
 Ward, no. 142. 
 
 Warner, ,T. II. 
 
 2477. The Waterloo quartzite. — Min. AVorld, vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 420-422, 
 2 figs., A])ril 22, 1JM)5. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of pre-Cambrian strata in southern Wisconsin. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, l'.)0G-1907. 
 
 193 
 
 Warren, Charles H. 
 
 2478 . The minera logical examination of sands. — Tech. Quart., vol. 19, no. 4, 
 pp. 317-338, 1906. 
 
 Gives an account of the methods employed to examine sands for minerals and of the 
 characters of .the minerals found. 
 
 On yttrocrasite, a new yttrium-thorium-uranium titanate. — See Hidden and 
 Warren, no. 1143. 
 
 Warwick, A. W. 
 
 2479 . Notes on mining conditions in and a section across the Sierra Madre 
 Mountains in Mexico. — Colorado Sci. Soc., Proc., vol. 8, pp. 123-156, 5 pis., 1906. 
 
 Includes data upon the geologic structure of the Sierra Madre and the occurrence and 
 character of the rocks, mainly of volcanic origin. 
 
 2480 . Topographical and other notes on the Choix-Guadalupe y Calvo mining 
 districts [Mexico]. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 95, pp. 686-688, 2 figs., November 
 30, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology. 
 
 Washburne, Chester W. 
 
 2481 . Thomas Condon. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 280-282, 1907. 
 Gives a brief account of his life (1822-1907) and a list of his writings. 
 
 Washington, Henry S. 
 
 2482 . The formation of leucite in igneous rocks. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15 , 
 pp. 257-279, 357-395, 3 pis., 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 The texture of igneous rocks. — See Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, Washington, 
 no. 608. 
 
 Contributions to the geology of New Hampshire : no. II, Petrography of the 
 Belknap Mountains. — See Pirsson and Washington, no. 1934. 
 
 Occurrence of diamonds in Arkansas. — See Kunz and Washington, no. 1444. 
 Note on the forms of Arkansas diamonds. — See Kunz and Washington, no. 
 1445. 
 
 Washington, University of. 
 
 The School of Mines series of rock specimens from the State of Washington. — 
 See Roberts, Milnor, and others, no. 2071. 
 
 Watson, Thomas Leonard. 
 
 2483 . A preliminary report on the ocher deposits of Georgia. — Georgia Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 1.3, 81 pp., 11 pis., 2 figs., 5 maps, 1906. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy and geologic structure of the Cartersville district, the geo- 
 graphic distribution, geologic position, and genesis of the ocher deposits, the composition 
 and physical properties of the ocher, and the economic developments. 
 
 2484 . Lead and zinc deposits of the Virginia-Tennessee region. — Am. Inst. 
 Min. Eng., Trans., vol. 36, pp. 681-737, 29 figs., 1906 (Bi-Mo. Bull., no. 8, pp. 
 139-195, 29 figs., March, 1906). Abstract: Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, pp. 
 17-19, 63-65, 3 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology of the region, the distribution of the ore deposits, and the 
 alteration, mode of occurrence, and origin of the ores. Adds a bibliography. 
 
 2485 . Lithological characters of the Virginia granites. — Geol. Soc. America, 
 Bull., vol. 17, pp. 52.3-540, 4 pis., 7 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the distribution and lithologic characters of various types of granite occurring 
 in the Piedmont region of Virginia. 
 
 2486 . Occurrence of unakite in a new locality in Virginia. — xVm. Jour. Sci., 
 4th ser., vol. 22, p. 248, September, 1906. 
 
 66836— Bull. 372—09 13 
 
194 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Watson, Thomas Leonard — Continued. 
 
 2487. The copper deposits of Virginia. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, pp. 
 824-825, 2 figs., November 3, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of copper ores in various parts of the State. 
 
 The Virginia copper deposits. — See Weed and AVatson, no. 2504. 
 
 2488. Fluorite and barite in Tennessee. — Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Bi-Mo. Bull., 
 no. 13, p. 77, January, 1907 ; Trans., vol. 37, p. 890, 1907. 
 
 A brief note in regard to the occurrence of fluorite and barite in Tennessee. 
 
 2489. On a dike of diabase in the Potsdam sandstone in the A'alley of \ir- 
 ginia. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, pp. 89-90, February, 1907. 
 
 Refers briefly to recorded occurrences of dikes penetrating Paleozoic rocks of ATrginia 
 and describes the occurrence and character of an igneous rock in Cambrian sandstone in 
 Augusta County, Virginia. 
 
 2490. The occurrence of nickel in A'irginia. — Am. Inst. ^lin. Eng., Bi-Mo. 
 Bull., no. 17, pp. 829-843, 8 figs., September, 1907. 
 
 2491. Geology of the ATrginia barite deposits. — Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Bi-Mo. 
 Bull., no. 18, pp. 953-976, 9 figs., November, 1907. 
 
 2492. Occurrence of rutile in A'irginia. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 
 493-504, 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the local geology and the occurrence and character of rutile deposits near 
 Roseland, Nelson County, ATrginia. 
 
 2493. Mineral resources of A'irginia. — The A'irginia Jamestown Exposition 
 
 Commission, Lynchburg, 1907. 618 pp., 83 pis. (inch maps), 101 figs. 
 
 The section on cement and cement nriaterials is by R. S. Bassler (pp. SG-16T), on 
 clays by Heinrich Ries (pp. 167-187), and on iron bj’^ R. J. Holden (pp. 402-491). 
 
 Watson, Thomas Leonard, and Laney, Francis B., with the collaboration of 
 George P. Merrill. 
 
 2494. The building and ornamental stones of North Carolina. — North Carolina 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 2, 283 pp., 32 pis., 11 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the varieties, distribution, geologic relations, character, microscopic struc- 
 ture, and weathering qualities of the building stones. 
 
 Weatherbe, D’Arcy. 
 
 2495. Boring machines. — Nova Scotia, Dept, of Mines, Kept, for 1904, pp. 
 82-93, 1905. 
 
 Contains records of strata passed through in borings in Nova Scotia. 
 
 Webster, Clement L. 
 
 2496. Description of a new genus [^Vesten^a^ of gastropod from the Hack- 
 berry group of Iowa. — Iowa Naturalist, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 54-55, July, 1905. 
 
 2497. Description of new species of gastropods from the lower and middle 
 beds of the Hackberry group of Iowa. — Iowa Naturalist, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 2—4, 
 January, 1906. 
 
 Weed, AValter Harvey. 
 
 2498. Shifting of the continental divide at Butte, Montana. — Abstract: Geol. 
 .Soc. America, Bull., vol. 16, p. 587, 1906. 
 
 2499. The copper mines ^f the Fnited States in 1905. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 285, pp. 93-124. 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the general condition of the copper indusiry in the T'nited States, and the 
 geology, character, occurrence, and other features of the copper ores of the several States. 
 
 2500. Ore shoots. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, p. 196, 3 figs., August 1, 
 190(>. 
 
 Discusses the localization of pay ore in ore shoots. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ lU0G-it)O7. 
 
 U)5 
 
 Weed, Walter Harvey — Continued. 
 
 2501. The copper mines of the United States. — Min. and Sci. I’ress, vol. 93, 
 pp. 484-485, 1 fig., October 20, 1900. 
 
 Includes notes on the geologic occurrence of copper ores. 
 
 2502. The copper mines of the world. — New York, Hill Publishing Company, 
 1907. 375 pp., 159 tigs. 
 
 Includes accounts of the copper districts of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. 
 
 2503. Mutual displacement by intersecting veins. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 
 83, pp. 1145-1146, 4 figs., June 15, 1907. 
 
 Weed, Walter Harvey, and Watson, Thomas Leonard. 
 
 2504. The Virginia copper deposits. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 309- 
 330, 10 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the distribution of copper deposits in Virginia, the character of the deposits 
 and associated rocks, and the origin of the ores. 
 
 Weeks, Fred Boughton. 
 
 2505. Bibliography and index of North American geology, paleontology, 
 petrology, and mineralogy for the years 1901-1905, inclusive. — U. S. Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Bull. no. 301, 770 pp., 1906. 
 
 2506. Stratigraphy and structure of the Uinta Range. — Geol. Soc. America, 
 Bull., vol. 18, pp. 427-448, 6 pis., 3 figs., November, 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and relations of pre-Cambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and 
 Tertiary formations, and the geologic structure of the region. 
 
 Weeks, F. B., and Terrier, W. F. 
 
 2507. Phosphate deposits in western United States. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, 
 no. 315, pp. 449M:62, 1 pL, 3 figs., 1907. Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 
 620-621, April 19, 1907. 
 
 Wegener, Georg. 
 
 2508. Eiiiige neue Aufuahmen vom Mont Pele. — Gesell. f. Erdk. zu Berlin, 
 Zeitschr., 1903, no. 6, pp. 431-M33, 4 pis., 1903. 
 
 Describes observations made upon Mont Pele in March, 1903. 
 
 2509. Am Mont Pele ini Miirz, 1903. — Geog. Zeitschr., Jg. 9, Heft. 10, pp. 545- 
 559, October, 1903. 
 
 Describes observations on Mont Pele in March, 1903. 
 
 2510. Reisen im Westindischen Mittelmeer. Fahrten und Studien in den 
 Antilleii, Colombia, Panama, and Costarica im Jahre 1903. Zweite Auflage. 
 Berlin, Allgemeiner Verein fiir Deutsche Literatur, 1904. 302 pp., 45 figs. 
 
 An account of travels in the West Indies and Central America. Includes notes on the 
 physiography of the regions visited and a description of Mont Pele on the Island of 
 Martinique. 
 
 Weidman, Samuel. 
 
 2511. Irvingite, a new variety of lithia-mica. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., voi. 
 23, pp. 451-454, June, 1907. 
 
 2512. The geology of north central Wisconsin. — Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. 
 Hist. Survey, Bull. no. 16, 697'pPv 76 pis. (inch maps), 38 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes in detail the distribution, relations, and petrographic characters of pre- 
 Cambrian sedimentary and igneous intrusive rocks and of Cambrian strata, the glacial 
 geology, and the physiography of the area, 
 
 Weidman, Samuel, and Lenher, Victor. 
 
 2513. Marignacite, a new variety of pyrochlore from Wausau, Wisconsin. — 
 Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 23, pp. 287-292, 3 figs., April, 1907. 
 
 Describes the characters and composition of this mineral occurring in a quartz-bear- 
 ing pegmatite from northern Wisconsin, 
 
196 BIBLIOGKA*L»HY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 11)06-1907. 
 
 Weller, Chas. A. 
 
 2514. Barytes mines of the Commercial Mining and Milling Company [Ten- 
 nessee]. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 83, p. 851, 2 tigs., May 4, 1907. 
 
 Weller, Stuart. 
 
 2515. Classification of the upper Cretaceous formations of New Jersey. — 
 Abstract: Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 16, p. 579, 1906. 
 
 2516. Fauna of the Cliffwood clays. — Abstract: Geol. Soc. .America Bull., 
 vol. 16, p. 580, 1906. 
 
 2517. The geological map of Illinois. — Illinois State Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 1, 
 26 pp. and geol. map, 1906. 
 
 The letterpress accompanying the map gives a general account of the stratigraphy of 
 the State and of the materials used in compiling the map. 
 
 2518. Geologic structure of the State [of Illinois]. — Illinois State Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Bull. no. 2, pp. 21-22, 1 pL, 1906. 
 
 Discusses more particularly the axes of deformation of the State and briefly describes 
 the principal geological formations. 
 
 2519. Kinderhook faunal studies. IV. The fauna of the Glen Park lime- 
 stone. — St. Louis Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 435-471, 2 pis., 1906. 
 
 A description of the geologic section near Glen Park station, Missouri, from which the 
 fossils were obtained, precedes their systematic descriptions and a discussion of the 
 time relations of the fauna and of the distribution of Kinderhook faunas. 
 
 2520. A report on the Cretaceous paleontology of New Jersey, based upon 
 the stratigraphic studies of George N. Knapp. — -New Jersey Geol. Survey, 
 Paleontology series, vol. 4, Text, 871 pp.. Plates, pp. 875-1106, 111 pis., 1907. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence and correlation of New .Jersey Cretaceous formations, with 
 an analysis of their faunas, including lists of species, and the classification and corre- 
 lation of the faunas, and gives descriptions of the invertebrate fossils. 
 
 2521. The paleontology of the Niagaran limestone in the Chicago area : The 
 Trilobita.— Chicago Acad. Sci., Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. no. 4, pt. 2, pp. 161-281, 
 10 pis., 1907. 
 
 2522. The pre-Richmond unconformity in the Mississippi Valley. — Jour. Geol- 
 ogy, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 519-525, 1 fig., 1907. 
 
 2523. Notes on the geology of southern Calhoun County [Illinois]. — Illinois 
 State Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 4, pp. 219-233, 1907. 
 
 2524. The geological map of Illinois (second edition). — Illinois State Geol. 
 Survey, Bull. no. 6, 34 pp. and geol. map (in pocket), 1907. 
 
 Wells, Horace L. 
 
 2525. Samuel Lewis Penfield [died August 12, 1906]. — Science, new ser., vol. 
 24, pp. 252-253, August 24, 1906. 
 
 Wemple, Edna M. 
 
 2526. New cestraciont teeth from the west-American Triassic. — California 
 Univ., Dept. Geol., Bull., vol. 5, no. 4., pp. 71-73, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Wendebom, B. A. 
 
 2527. I)er Ducktown-Kupfergrubendistrict in den Vereinigten Staaten von 
 Nordanierika. — Berg- und hiittenm. Zeitung, Jg. 62, no. 7, pp. 86-88, February 
 13, 1903. 
 
 Describes the geological relations, characters, and occurrence of the copper ores of 
 the Ducktown, Tenn., copper district. 
 
 Westgate, Lewis G. 
 
 2528. Abrasion by glaciers, rivers, and waves. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 2, 
 pp. 113-120, 3 figs., 1907. 
 
BTBLTOGEAPIIY OF NOKTH AMEKICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 197 
 
 Wheeler, Arthur O. 
 
 2529. Nakimii caves [British Coliiiiibia ]. — ('aiiada. Dept, of the Interior, 
 Kept. Surveyor-General for 1906, pp. 103-117, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 Wheeler, H. A. 
 
 2530. The fire-clays of Missouri. — Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., vol. 35, pp. 
 720-734, 1905. Abstract : Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 78, pp. 834-835, November 
 24, 1904. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, and composition of fire-clays of Missouri. 
 
 2531. The Wisconsin zinc district: an old lead and zinc producing district 
 which modern machinery and methods have rendered profitable. — Mines and 
 Minerals, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 368-372, 1 fig., March, 1906. 
 
 Describes the geology of the district, and the occurrence and character of the deposits. 
 
 2532. Is the drilling sufficiently deep in the Wisconsin zinc region? — Eng. 
 and Min. Jour., vol. 82, pp. 167-168, July 28, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence of zinc ores below the Galena horizon. 
 
 Wheeler, W. M. 
 
 2533. The expedition to Colorado for fossil insects. — Am. Mus. Jour., vol. 
 6, no. 4, pp. 199-203, 5 figs., October, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes on the character and occurrence of the fossils at Florissant and the deposits 
 in which they occur. 
 
 Wheeler, Ward H. 
 
 Dolomite and magnesite with reference to the separation of calcium and 
 magnesium. — See Knight and Wheeler, no. 1414. 
 
 Wherry, Edgar T. 
 
 2534. Note on luminescent spodumene. — Mineral Collector, vol. 14, no. 2, 
 pp. 31-32, April, 1907. 
 
 2535. A new occurrence of scapolite. — Mineral Collector, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 
 37-39, May, 1907. 
 
 Describes scapolite from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
 
 2536. How quartz crystals form. — Mineral Collector, vol.. 14, no. 10, pp. 145- 
 151, December, 1907. 
 
 Directory of mineral localities in and around Philadelphia. — See Benge and 
 Wherry, no. 203. 
 
 White, Americus Frederic. 
 
 2537. Composition of the waters of Rockbridge County, Virginia, and their 
 relation to the geological formations. Thesis presented to Washington and Lee 
 University. Winchester, Ya., George F. Norton Publishing Co., 1906. 38 pp., 1 pi. 
 White, Charles A. 
 
 2538. Die Mutationstheorie und die Palaontologie. — Natnr und Schule, 
 Leipzig, Jahrg. 3, pp. 248-253, 1901 [not seen]. 
 
 2539. Memoir of Fielding Bradford Meek, 1817-1876. — Nat. Acad. Sci., Biog. 
 Memoirs, vol. 4, pp. 7.5-91, 1902. 
 
 Includes a list of his writings. 
 
 2540. Biographical memoir of John Strong Newberry, 1822-1892. (Read 
 before the National Academy of Sciences, April 17, 1902.) Washington, 1906. — 
 [Nat. Acad. Sci., Biog. Mem., vol. 6] pp. 1-24, 1 pi. (port.). 
 
 Includes a list of his published papers. 
 
 White, David. 
 
 2541. A source of hydrocarbons in the Ordovician. — Abstract : Science, new 
 ser., vol. 23, pp. 814-816, May 25, 1906. 
 
198 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGA^ 190G-1C07. 
 
 White, David — Continued. 
 
 2542. Geological i-'ositiou of the principal insect-bearing localiti(‘S of the 
 American I’aleozoic. — U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 29, pp. 664-668, 1906. 
 
 2543. Report on fossil plants [from the Cape Lisbnrne region, Alaska). — 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 27S, p. 22, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 Gives a list of the plants identified and considers them to indicate a lower Mississip- 
 pian age. 
 
 2544. A remarkable fossil tree trunk from the middle Devonic of New 
 York. — New York State Mus., Bull. 107, pp. 327-360, 11 pis., 1907. 
 
 2545. Report on the field work in the coal districts of the State. — Illinois 
 State Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 4, pp. 201-203, 1907. 
 
 Gives notes upon the stratigraphy of the coal measures of Illinois, based upon the 
 study of fossil plants. 
 
 2546. Report on fossil plants from the coal measures of Arkansas. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 326, pp. 24-31, 1907. 
 
 Gives lists of plants identified from various localities. 
 
 2547. A composite Lycopod type from the Devonian. — Abstract: Science, new 
 ser., vol. 25, p. 269, February 15, 1907. 
 
 2548. Some problems concerning the formation of coal. — Abstract : Science, 
 new ser., vol. 25, pp. 965-966, June 21, 1907. 
 
 White, David, and Ashley, George H. 
 
 2549. Correlation of coals. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper no. 49, pp. 206- 
 212, 1906. ' 
 
 Discusses the correlation of coal seams in the Appalachian region with special refer- 
 ence to the Cumberland Gap coal field of eastern Kentucky. 
 
 White, I. C. 
 
 2550. Introduction [to the Report on the geology of the Pan Handle counties 
 of West Virginia]. — West Virginia Geol. Survey, County Reports and Maps • 
 Ohio, Brooke, and Hancock counties, pp. vii-xxi, 1 fig. [1907]. 
 
 Includes a discussion of the occurrence of certain coal beds. 
 
 White, W. P. 
 
 On wollastonite and pseudo-wollastonite, polymorphic forms of calcium meta- 
 silicate. — See Allen and White, no. 27. 
 
 Die Kalkkieselreihe der Minerale. — See Day and others, no. 690. 
 
 Whiteaves, J. F. 
 
 2551. [Report on] paleontology and zoology. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. 
 Rept. for 1905, pp. 131-134, 1906. 
 
 Gives a short account of the work done in paleontology and zoology during the year 
 by the Geological Survey of Canada. 
 
 2552. [Report on] paleontology" and zoology. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. 
 Rept. for 1906, pp. 170-174, 1906. 
 
 Gives an outline of the work of the year in this section the Geological Survey of 
 Canada. 
 
 2553. The fossils of the Silurian (Upper Silurian) rocks of Keewatin, Mani- 
 toba, the northeastern shore of Lake Winnipegosis, and the lower Saskatchewan 
 River. — Canada Geol. Survey, Paleozoic Fossils, vol. 3, pt. 4, pp. 24.3-298, 14 pis., 
 1906. 
 
 Gives critical notes upon the fossils from these places and systematic descriptions of 
 some of them. 
 
 2554. Idle Canadian species of Plcctoceras and Barrandroccras. — Canada, 
 Geol. Survey, Paleozoic Fossils, vol. 3, pt. 4, pp. 299-312, 6 pis., 1906. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGA^ 1906 - 1907 . 199 
 
 Whiteaves, J. F. — Continued. 
 
 2555. Hlnstrations of f-evon species of fossils from the Cambrian, Camhro- 
 Silnrian, and Devonian rocks of Canada. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Paleozoic Fos- 
 sils, vol. 3, pt. 4, pp. 313-325, 1 pi., 8 figs., 1900. 
 
 2556. Revised list of the fossils of the Guelph formation of Ontario. — Canada, 
 Geol. Survey, Paleozoic Fossils, vol. 3, pt. 4, pp. 327-340, 1906. 
 
 Includes critical notes on some of the fossils. 
 
 2557. Paleozoic fossils. Appendix : Errata et corrigenda. — Canada, Geol. Sur- 
 vey, Paleozoic Fossils, vol. 3, pt. 4, pp. 341-345, 1906. 
 
 2558. Notes on Cyrtoccras cuncatum. — Ottawa Nat., vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 133- 
 134, 2 figs., October, 1906. 
 
 2559. Illustrations of the fossil fishes of the Devonian rocks of Canada. 
 Part III. Supplementary notes. — Canada, Roy. Soc., Proc. and Trans., 3d ser., 
 vol. 1, sect. 4, pp. 245-275, 4 pis., 1907. 
 
 2560. Description of a Canadian species of Peltoceras. — Ottawa Naturalist, 
 vol. 21, no. 5, I’p. 80-82, 1 fig., August, 1907. 
 
 Describes Peltoceras occidentale n. sp. from rocks of presumably Jurassic age on Red 
 Deer River, Alberta. 
 
 Whitfield, R. P. 
 
 2561. Notice of an American species of the genus Iloploparia McCoy, from 
 the Cretaceous of Montana. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, pp. 459-461, 
 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 2562. Remarks on and descriptions of new fossil Unionidte from the Laramie 
 clays of Montana. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, pp. 623-628, 5 pis., 1907. 
 
 Whitfield, R. P., and Hovey, E. O. 
 
 2563. Remarks on and descriptions of [invertebrate] Jurassic fossils of the 
 Black Hills. — ^Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 22, pp. 389-402, 21 pis., 1906. 
 
 Whitlock, Herbert P. 
 
 2564. Books of reference on geology and paleontology. — Congress of Arts 
 and Science, Thiiversal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904, vol. 4, pp. 757-759, 1906. 
 
 2565. Minerals from Lyon INIountain, Clinton County [New York]. — New York 
 State Mus., Bull. 107, pp. 55-96, 11 pis., 1907. 
 
 2566. Kalkspat von Lyon Mountain, Clinton County, N. Y. — Zeitsch. f. 
 Krystal, u. Mineral., Bd. 43, Heft 4, pp. 321-330, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and crystallographic characters of calcite from Lyon Moun- 
 tain, New York. 
 
 2567. Some new crystallographic combinations of calcite from West Pater- 
 son, N. J. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser,, vol. 24, j)]). 426^28, 3 figs., November, 1907. 
 
 Whitman, A. R. 
 
 2568. A tin deposit near Spokane [Washington]. — ]\Iin. and Sci. Press, vol. 
 
 94, pp. 697-698, June 1, 1907. 
 
 2569. A tin deposit near Spokane [Washington]. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 
 
 95, p. 49, 1 fig., June 13, 1907. 
 
 Whitney, Milton, and others. 
 
 2570. Field operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1904. — U. S. Dept. Agric., 
 
 Bureau of Soils, Sixth Report, Washington, 1905. 1151 pp., 1 pL, 45 figs., 53 
 
 maps (in separate case). 
 
 Contains soil surveys of the following areas : 
 
 .Alabama, Macon County, by Henry ,T. Wilder and Hugh H. Bennett, pp. 291-316. 
 Alabama. Sumter County, by William G. Smith, pp. 317-342. 
 
 Arizona-California, Yuma area, by .1. Garnett Holmes and others, pi). 102.5-1048. 
 California, Bakersfield area, by Macy 11. Lapham and Charles A. Jensen, pp. 1089-1114. 
 
200 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOG i, 190G-1D07. 
 
 Whitney, Milton, and others — Continued. 
 
 California, Sacramento area, I)y Macy H. Lapham, pp. 1049-1088. 
 
 California, San Bernardino area, by .1. Garnett Holmes and others, pp. 111.5-1151. 
 Colorado, Greely area, by J. Garnett Holmes and N. R. Neill, pp. 951-994. 
 
 Florida, Gainesville area, by Thomas D. Rice and W. .1. Geib, pp. 269-290. 
 
 Georgia, Bainbridge area, by Elmer O. Fippin and .1. A. Drake, pp. 247-268. 
 
 Georgia, Dodge County, by Charles W. Ely and A. M. Griffen, pp. 231-246. 
 
 Indiana, Boonville area, by A. W. Mangum and N. R. Neill, pp. 727-750. 
 
 Indiana, Marshall County, by Frank Bennett and Charles W. Ely, pp. 689-706. 
 
 Indiana, Scott County, by A. W. Mangum and N. R. Neill, pp. 707-726. 
 
 Iowa, Tama County, by Charles W. Ely and others, pp. 769-790. 
 
 Kansas, Allen County, by J. A. Drake and W. E. Tharp, pp. 875-894. 
 
 Kansas, Garden City area, by James L. Burgess and George N. Coffey, pp. 895-934. 
 Kentucky, Warren County, by Thomas D. Rice and W. J. Geib, pp. 527-542. 
 
 Louisiana, De Soto Parish, by Grove B. Jones and La Mott Ruhlen, pp. 375-396. 
 Michigan, Alma area, by W. Edward Hearn and A. M. Griffen, pp. 639-664. 
 
 Michigan, Munising area, by Thomas D. Rice and W. J. Geib, pp. 565-580. 
 
 Michigan, Owosso area, by A. W. Mangum and Charles J. Mann, pp. 665-688. 
 
 Michigan, Saginaw area, by W. E. McLendon and M. Earl Carr, pp. 603-638. 
 
 Mississippi, Biloxi area, by W. Edward Hearn and M. E. Carr, pp. 353-374. 
 
 Mississippi, Jackson area, by J. O. Martin and O. L. Ayrs, pp. 343-352. 
 Missouri-Illinois, O’Fallon area, by Elmer C. Fippin and J. A. Drake, pp. 815-844. 
 Missouri, Saline County, bj' M. Earl Carr and H. L. Belden, pp. 791-814. 
 
 Missouri, Webster County, by J. A. Drake and A. T. Strahorn, pp. 845-858. 
 
 Nebraska, Kearney area, by J. O. Martin and A. T. Sweet, pp. 859-874. 
 
 New York, Auburn area, by J. E. Lapham and Hugh H. Bennett, pp. 95-118. 
 
 North Dakota, Cando area, by Elmer O. Fippin and James L. Burgess, pp. 925-950. 
 Ohio, Coshocton area, by Thomas D. Rice and W. J. Geib, pp. 565-580. 
 
 Ohio, Wooster area, by Thomas A. Caine and W. S. Lyman, pp. 543-564. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Adams County, by Henry J. Wilder and H. L. Belden, pp. 119-150. 
 
 Rhode Island, by F. E. Bonsteel and E. P. Carr, pp. 47-72. 
 
 South Carolina, Charlestown area, by F. E. Bonsteel and E. P. Carr, pp. 207-230. 
 
 South Carolina, Lancaster County, by Aldert S. Root and L. A. Hurst, pp. 169-184. 
 
 South Carolina, Orangeburg area, by Frank Bennett and A. M. Griffen, pp. 185-206. 
 Tennessee-North Carolina, Greeneville area, by Charles N. Mooney and O. L. Ayrs, pp. 
 493-526. 
 
 Tennessee, Lawrence County, by Charles N. Mooney and O. L. Ayrs, pp. 475-492. 
 
 Texas, Anderson County, by William T. Carter, jr., and A. E. Kocher, pp. 397-420. 
 
 Texas, Austin area, by A. W. Mangum and H. L. Belden, pp. 421-446. 
 
 Texas, San Antonio area, by Thomas A. Caine and W. S. Lyman, pp. 447-474. 
 
 Utah, Bear River area, by Charles A. Jensen and A. T'. Strahorn, pp. 995-1024. 
 Vermont-New York, Vergennes area, by Henry J. Wilder and H. L. Belden, pp. 73-94. 
 Virginia, Appomattox County, by Thomas A. Caine and Hugh H. Bennett, pp. 151-168. 
 Wisconsin-Minnesota, Superior area, by Thomas A. Caine and W. S. Lyman, pp. 751-768. 
 
 2571. Field operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1905. — T". S. Dept. Agric., 
 Bureau of Soils, Seventh Report, Washington, 1907. 1089 pp., 2 pis., 45 figs., 
 
 and 47 soil maps (in separate case). 
 
 Contains soil surveys of the following areas : 
 
 Alabama, Blount County, by William G. Smith and F. N. Meeker, pp. 407-424. 
 
 Alabama, Dallas County, by E. P. Carr and others, pp, 453-472. 
 
 Alabama, Lauderdale County, by F. E. Bonsteel and others, pp. 389-405. 
 
 Alabama, Montgomery County, by W. E. IMcLendon and Charles J. iSIann, pp. 425-452. 
 California, Stockton area, by Macy H. Lapham and W. W. Mackie, pp. 997-1031. 
 Colorado, Grand Junction area, by J. Garnett Holmes and Thomas D. Rice, p|). 949-974, 
 Florida, Leon County, by Henry .1. Wilder and others, pp. 363-388. 
 
 Georgia, Spalding County, by J. E. Lapham and others, pp. 351-361. 
 
 Indiana, Newton Count 3 % by N. P. Neill and W. E. Tharp, pp. 747—779. 
 
 Indiana, Tippecanoe County, by N. P. Neill and W. E. Tharp, pp. 781-813. 
 
 Kansas, Brown County, by James L. Burgess and others, pp. 911-926. 
 
 Kentuckj% McCracken County, by Thomas D. Rice. pp. 679-694. 
 
 Kentucky, Madison County, by A. M. Griffen and Orla L. Ayrs, pp. 659-678. 
 
 Louisiana, East Baton Rouge I’arish, by Charles W. Ely and others, pp. 517-535. 
 Ixiuisiana, Tangipahoa Parish, by A. M. Griffen and Thomas A. Caine, pp. 493-515. 
 Michigan, Oxford area, by Grove B. Jones and M. Earl Carr, pp. 731-745. 
 
 Minnesota, Carlton area, by W. ,T. Geib and Grove B. Jones, pp. 815-835. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190G-1907. 201 
 
 Whitney, Milton, and others — Continued. 
 
 Missis.sippi, Crystal Springs area, by James L. Burgess and W. E. Tharp, pp. 473-401. 
 Missouri, Crawford County, by W. Edward Hearn and Charles J. Mann, pp. 865-878. 
 Missouri, Scotland County, by W. Edward Hearn and Charles .1. Mann, pp. 870-802. 
 Montana, Gallatin Valley, by Macy 11. Lapham and Charles W. Ely, pp. 075-006. 
 Nebraska, Sarpy County, by A. E. Kocher and Lewis A. Hurst, pp. 803-000. 
 
 New York, Binghamton area, by Elmer O. Fippin and William T. Carter, jr., pp. 71-06. 
 New York, Tompkins County, by Jay A. Bonsteel and others, pp. 30—70. 
 
 North Carolina, Duplin County, by Aldert S. Root and Lewis A. Hurst, pp. 280-307. 
 North Carolina, 1‘erquimans and Pasquotank counties, by J. E. Lapham and W. S. Ly- 
 man, pp. 271-288. 
 
 North Dakota, Carrington area, by A. E. Kocher and Lewis A. Hurst, pp. 027-048. 
 
 Ohio, Cleveland area, by J. E. Lapham and Charles N. Mooney, pp. 605-714. 
 
 Ohio, Westerville area, by J. E. Lapham and Charles N. Mooney, pp. 715-720. 
 Pennsylvania, Chester County, by Henry J. Wilder and others, pp. 135-174. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Montgomery County, by Henry J. Wilder and others, pp. 07—133. 
 
 South Carolina, Cherokee County, by .J. A. Drake and II. L. Belden, pp. 333-340. 
 
 South Carolina, York County, by .1 A. Drake and II. L. Belden, pp. 300-332. 
 
 Tennessee, Henderson County, by M. Earl Carr and Frank Bennett, pp. 643-657. 
 
 Texas, Houston County, by William T. Carter, jr., and A. E. Kocher, pp. 537-565. 
 
 Texas, Lavaca County, by Charles N. Mooney and others, pp. 623-642. 
 
 Texas, Lee County, by James L. Burgess and W. S. Lyman, pp. 601-621. 
 
 Texas, Waco area, by A. W. Mangum and M. Earl Carr, pp. 567-500. 
 
 Virginia, Hanover County, by Hugh H. Bennett and W. E. McLendon, pp. 213-245. 
 Virginia, Louisa County, by Hugh H. Bennett and W. E. McLendon, pp. 101-212. 
 Virginia, Yorktown area, by R. T. Avon Burke and Aldert S. Root, pp. 247-270. 
 Washington, Everett area, by E. P. Carr and A. W. Mangum, pp. 1053—1070. 
 
 Washington, Island County, by E. P. Carr and A. W. Mangum, pp. 1033-1051. 
 
 West Virginia, Upshur County, by A. M. Griffen and Orla L. Ayrs, pp. 175-100. 
 
 Wisconsin, Carlton area, by W. J. Geib and Grove B. Jones, pp. 815—835. 
 
 Wisconsin, Portage County, by P. N. Meeker and R. T. Avon Burke, pp. 837-864. 
 
 Wieland, G. R. 
 
 2572. The osteology of Protostega. — Carnegie Mus., Mem., vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 
 279-304, 3 pis., 8 figs., 1906. 
 
 2573. Plastron of the Protosteginse. — Carnegie Mus., Annals, vol. 4, no. 1, 
 pp. 8-14, 5 pis., 2 figs., 1906. 
 
 2574. American fossil cycads. — Carnegie Inst, of Washington, Publ. no. 34, 
 196 pp., .50 pis., 138 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence of fossil cycads, their preservation and external characters, 
 the methods of study employed, and their structure and relationships. 
 
 2575. Dinosaiiriau gastroliths. — Science, new ser., vol. 23, pp. 819-821, May 
 25, 1906. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence and characters of the pebbles so named. 
 
 2576. Gastroliths. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, i)p. 66-67, .January 11, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence and distinguishing features of gastroliths associated with 
 dinosaurian remains. 
 
 Wilder, Frank Alonzo. 
 
 2577. The lignite coals of North Dakota. — Econ. Geology, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 
 674-681, 1906. 
 
 Describes the extent and geologic horizon of the lignite deposits of North Dakota and 
 the character and fuel efficiency of the lignite coals of North Dakota. 
 
 2578. Fourteenth annual report of the state geologist [Iowa]. — Iowa Geol. 
 Survey, vol. 16, pp. 1-12, 1 pi., 1906. 
 
 An administrative report outlining the work done and indicating future work and its 
 needs. 
 
 2579. Memoir of Albert Allen Wright [1846-1905]. — Geol. Soc. America, Bull., 
 vol. 17, pp. 687-690, 1907. 
 
 Gives also a list of his publications. 
 
202 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 190()-1907. 
 
 Willcox, Oswiii W. 
 
 2580 . The viscous vs. the granular theory of glacial motion. Imng Branch, 
 
 N. J. I'uhlished by the author, 190(1. 23 p]). 
 
 2581 . The iron concretions of the Kecibank sands. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, 
 no. 3, pp. 243-252, 8 figs., 1900. 
 
 Describes the occurrence and character of these concretions and discusses the mode of 
 their formation. 
 
 Williams, H. J. Carnegie. 
 
 2582 . The Bruce Mines, Ontario, 1846-1906. — Canadian Min. Jour., vol. 28, 
 no. 4 (new ser., vol. 1, no. 2), pp. 47-51, 4 figs., April 1, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the local geology and the occurrence of the copper ores. 
 
 Williams, Henry Shaler. 
 
 2583. The Devonian section of Ithaca, N. Y. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, no. 7, 
 pp. 579-598, 1906. 
 
 Discusses rules of correlation and nomenclature and their application to this section. 
 
 2584 . Revision of the geological section passing through Ithaca, N. Y. — 
 Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 365-367, September 21, 1906. 
 
 2585 . A new brachiopod, Rensselaeria mainensis, from the Devonian of 
 Maine. — U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 32, pp. 267-269, 2 figs., 1907. 
 
 2586. The Devonian section of Ithaca, N. Y. Part II. The discrimination of 
 the Xunda-Chemung boundary. — Jour. Geology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 93-112, 1907. 
 
 2587 . Revision of the geological section passing through Ithaca, N. Y. — 
 Abstract : Am. Assoc. Adv, Sci., Proc., vol. 56-57, pp. 265-267, 1907. 
 
 Williams, Ira A. 
 
 2588. Geology of Franklin County [Iowa]. — Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 16, pp. 
 453-507, geol. maps, 10 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the topography and drainage, the stratigraphy, including Devonian and Car- 
 boniferous stratified rocks and glacial deposits, and the economic products. 
 
 The materials and manufacture of Portland cement. — See Beyer and Williams, 
 no. 233. 
 
 The geology of Iowa quarry products. — See Beyer and Williams, no. 234. 
 Willimott, C. W. 
 
 2589. The mineral pigments of Canada. — Canada Geol. Survey, 39 i>p., 1906. 
 Includes notes on the occurrence in Canada of various minerals which may he used for 
 
 pigments. 
 
 Willis, Bailey. 
 
 2590 . Geologic research in continental histories. — Carnegie Inst, of Wash- 
 ington, Year!), no. 4, 1905, pp. 204-214, 190(5. 
 
 2591 . Carte geologique de FAmerique du Nord. 1906. Scale 1 : 5,000,000. Pre- 
 pared for the Congres giiologique interv.ational, X"* session, Mexico, 1906. 
 
 2592. Geographic history of Potomac River. — U. S. Geol. Survey, W.-S. and 
 Irr. Paper no. 192, pp. 7-22, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 2593 . How should faults Ik* named and classified? — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, 
 no. 3, pp. 295-298, 1907. 
 
 2594 . Carte geologicjue de FAmerique du Nord. — Congr. geol. intern., C. R. 
 1(P sess., IMexico, 1906, pp. 211-225, 1907. 
 
 Describes the construction, nomenclature, classification, and coloring of the geological 
 map of North America prepared for the International Geological Congress, held in Mexico, 
 190G. 
 
 2595 . The Aiipalachian revolution. — Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 2.5, 
 p. 867. May 31. 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906 - 1907 . 203 
 
 Willis, Bailey — Continued. 
 
 2596 . Current theories of slaty cleavage. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 
 25, i>. 908, June 21, 1907. 
 
 2597 . Thrusts and recumbent folds, a suggestion bearing on Alpine struc- 
 ture. — Science, new ser., vol. 25, pp. 1010-1011, 1 fig., June 28, 1907. 
 
 2598 . A theory of continental structure applied to North America. — Geol. 
 Soc. America, Bull., vol. 18, pp. 389-412, October, 190'7. 
 
 Williston, Samuel W. 
 
 2599. American amphicoelian crocodiles. — Jour. Geology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 
 1-17, 12 figs., 1900. 
 
 Reviews the literature relating to American amphicoelian crocodiles, discusses their 
 characters and relationships, and describes Ccclosuchua reedii new genus and species. 
 
 2600 . North American plesiosaurs: Elasmosaurus, Cimoliasaurus, and Poly- 
 cotylus. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, pp. 221-230, 4 pis., 5 figs., March, 1900. 
 
 Discusses characters and relationships and gives descriptions of various species. 
 
 2601 . The skull of Bracliauclienius, with observations on the relationships of 
 the Plesiosaurs. — U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 32, pp. 477-489, 4 pis., June 15, 
 1907. 
 
 Willmott, A. B. 
 
 2602. Michipicoten Island [Ontario]. — Canadian Min, Jour., vol. 28, no. 15 
 (new ser., vol. 1, no. 13), pp. 398-400, 1 fig., September 15, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the geology and occurrence of the ores. 
 
 2603. The origin of deposits of pyrites. — Canadian IMin. Jour., vol. 28, no. 18 
 (new ser., vol. 1, no. 16), pp. 500-503, November 1, 1907. 
 
 Wilson, Alfred W. G. 
 
 2604 . James Bay exploration, 1905, Report of the geologist. — Temiskaming 
 and Northern Ontario Railway Commission, 4th Ann. Rept., pp. 57-65, Toronto, 
 1906. 
 
 Gives notes on the economic geology and physical features of the region examined. 
 
 2605 . On the glaciation of Orford and Sutton mountains, Quebec. — Am. Jour. 
 Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, pp. 196-205, 5 figs., March, 1906. 
 
 Describes the physiography and evidences of glaciation. 
 
 Wilson, E. B. 
 
 2606 . Cape Nome placers. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 82, pp. 680-681, 2 figs., 
 October 13, 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the rocks of the region and the origin of the placers. 
 
 Wilson, Guy West. 
 
 2607 . A travertine deposit in Tippecanoe County, Indiana. — Indiana Acad. 
 Sci., Proc.,. 1905, pp. 183-184, 1906. 
 
 Wilson, J. Howard. 
 
 2608 . Notes on the glacial geology of Nantucket and Cape Cod. — Abstract : 
 Science, new ser., vol. 23, p. 389, March 9, 1906. 
 
 2609 . Deposit of Venus shells in New York City. — Science, new ser., vol. 23, 
 pp. 821-822, May 25, 1906. 
 
 2610 . The glacial history of Nantucket and Cape Cod. With an argument 
 for a fourth center of glacial dispersion in North America. New York, 1906, 
 90 pp., .38 pis., 13 figs. 
 
 Describes the preglacial and glacial formations of Nantucket Island and presents 
 the evidence in favor of a Newfoundland center of ice dispersion in explanation of the 
 glaciai phenomena described. 
 
204 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGA% 1906-1907. 
 
 Wilson, J. Howard — Continued. 
 
 2611 . The Pleistocene beds of Sankaty Head, Nantucket. — Abstract: New 
 York Acad. Sci., vol. 17, pt. 3, pp. 594-.505, 1907. 
 
 2612 . Glacial history of Nantucket and Cape Cod. — Abstract: Geol. Soc. 
 Am., Bull., vol. 17 pp. 710-711, 1907 ; New York Acad. Sci., Annals, vol. 17, pt. 
 3, pp. 624-025, 1907. 
 
 Wilson, M. Estelle. 
 
 2613 . Shore topography near Davenport, Santa Cruz County [California]. — 
 California Phys. Geog. Club, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 11-17, 2 pis., October, 1907. 
 
 Wilson, W. J. 
 
 2614 . [Report on] the region between Lake Temagami and Spanish River. — 
 Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. for 1905, pp. 82-84, 1906. 
 
 Gives an outline of the work done in making a survey of the area. 
 
 2615 . On explorations along the proposed line of the Transcontinental Rail- 
 way from Lake Abitibi eastward. — Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. for 1906, 
 pp. 119-123, 1906. 
 
 Gives notes on the physical features and geology of the region and the occurrence of 
 molybdenite. 
 
 Report of the geological branch of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club for 
 1905-6. See Ami and Wilson, no. 44. 
 
 Winchell, Alexander N. 
 
 2616 . '^he oxidation of pyrite. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 290-294, 1 fig., 
 no. 8, pp. 799-800, 1907. Mines and Minerals, vol. 28, no. 2, p. 61, September, 
 1907. 
 
 Production of gold and silver in 1905 in Montana. — See no. 2418. 
 
 The production in Montana in 1906 of gold and silver. — See no. 2419. 
 
 Winchell, Horace V. 
 
 2617. The genesis of ores. — Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 95, pp. 55-58, July 13. 
 1907. 
 
 2618 . Genesis of ores in the light of modern theory. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 84, pp. 1067-1070, December 7, 1907. 
 
 Winchell, Newton H. 
 
 2619 . The Keweenawan at Lake of the Woods in Minnesota. — Abstract: 
 Science, new ser., vol. 23, p. 289, February 23, 1906 ; Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., 
 vol. 55, p. 378, 1906. 
 
 2620 . The Cuyuna iron range. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 565-571, 1 
 fig., 1907. 
 
 Describes the general geology and the occurrence and relations of the iron ores. 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 2621 . Fifth biennial report of the Commissioners of the Geological and 
 Natural History Survey, covering the period from July 1, 1904, to June .30, 1906, 
 45 pp., 1906. 
 
 Gives an account of the work of the survey for the period stated. 
 
 Wolff, H. C. 
 
 The underflow of the South Platte Valley. — See Slichter and Wolff, no. 2216. 
 Woodhridge, Dwight E. 
 
 2622 . Arizona and Sonora. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 81, pp. 896-897, 990- 
 992, 1134-11.35, 1180-1182, 1229-1232, illus., 1906. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence and geological relations of the copper ores. 
 
 2623. Iron ore in Crow Wing County, Minn. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 84, 
 pp. 775-776, October 26, 1907. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 205 
 
 Woodman, J. Edmund. 
 
 2624. Distribution of bedded leads iu relation to mining policy. — Nova 
 Scotian Inst. Sci., Trans., vol. 11, pt. 2, pp. 163-178, 1906; Nova Scotia Min. Soc. 
 Jour., vol. 10, pp. 79-94, 1907. 
 
 Discusses the occurrence and relations of the gold-bearing veins of Nova Scotia. 
 
 2625. The earthquake of March 21, 1904, in Nova Scotia. — Nova Scotian 
 Inst. Sci., Trans., vol. 11, pt. 2, pp. 227-235, 1906. 
 
 2626. The Cumberland coal basin, Nova Scotia. — Abstract: Science, new 
 ser., vol. 25, pp. 296-297, February 22, 1907. 
 
 2627. Preliminary report on iron-ore dei)osits of parts of Nova Scotia. — • 
 Canada, Dept. Interior, Kept. Supt. Mines, 1907, pp. 18-32, 1907. 
 
 Woodruff, Elmer Grant. 
 
 2628. The geology of Cass County, Nebraska. — Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, 
 pt. 2, pp. 171-302, 20 pis., 33 tigs., 1906. 
 
 2629. The Lander coal field, Wyoming. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 316, 
 pp. 242-243, 1907. 
 
 Woodward, Arthur Smith. 
 
 2630. The relations of paleontology to other branches of science. — Congress 
 of Arts and Science, Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904, vol. 4, pp. 551-565, 
 1906. 
 
 Woodworth, Jay B. 
 
 2631. Postglacial faults of eastern New York. — New York State Mus., Bull. 
 107, pp. 5-28, 5 pis., 8 figs., 1907. 
 
 2632. Abandoned shore lines. — ^Abstract : Science, new ser., vol. 26, pp. 397- 
 398, September 27, 1907. 
 
 Discusses successive water levels in the Champlain and St. Lawrence valleys during 
 the retreat of glacial ice. 
 
 Woolsey, Lester H. 
 
 2633. Volcanic ash near Durango, Colo. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 285, 
 pp. 476-479, 1906. 
 
 Describes the distribution, geologic relations, and character of the deposits, and gives a 
 bibliography. 
 
 2634. Economic geology of the Beaver quadrangle, Pennsylvania (southern 
 Beaver and northwestern Allegheny counties).— U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 286, 
 132 pp., 8 pis., 35 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the stratigraphy, and the occurrence, relations, and economic value of the 
 mineral resources : coal, clay, petroleum, natural gas, and building stone. 
 
 2635. Lake Fork extension of the Silverton mining area, Colorado. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 315, pp. 26-30, 1907. 
 
 Describes the general geology, the occurrence of the gold and silver ores, and the 
 mining developments. 
 
 Wooster^ Lyman C. 
 
 2636. Additional observations on the geology of Kansas. — Kansas Acad. 
 Sci., Trans., vol. 20, pt. 1, pp. 75-82, 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, etc., of various subdivisions of the Carboniferous 
 strata of Kansas. 
 
 Wornester, Leonard, jr. 
 
 2637. Zinc in Chihuahua [Mexico]. — Mineral Collector, vol. 1.3, no. 11, pp. 
 169-171, .January, 1907. 
 
 Wortman, J. Ti. 
 
 2638. A new fossil seal from the marine Miocene of the Oregon coast re- 
 gion. — Science, new ser., vol. 24, pp. 89-92, July 20, 1906. 
 
206 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1900-1907. 
 Wrig-ht, Charles Will. 
 
 2639. Noiimetallic products of southeastern Alaska. — U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. no. 2S4, pp. 55-00, 1900. 
 
 Gives notes upon the occurrence, character, production, etc., of marble, limestone, 
 granite, gypsum, coal, and mineral and thermal springs. 
 
 2640 . A reconnaissance of Admiralty Island. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 287, pp. 138-101, 3 pis., 4 figs., 1900. 
 
 Describes the general geology, the geologic structure and stratigraphy, and the occur 
 rence and character of deposits of gold and coal. 
 
 2641. Lode mining in southeastern Alaska. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 
 314, pp. 47-72, 1 pi., 1907. 
 
 Gives an account of the geology, the occurrence and character of gold, silver, and 
 copper ores, and the . mining conditions of the various mining districts of southeastern 
 Alaska. 
 
 2642 . Nonmetalliferous mineral resources of southeastern Alaska. — U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. no. 314, pp. 73-81, 1907. 
 
 Gives a brief description of the known workable deposits of granite, marble, and 
 gypsum. 
 
 2643. Recent changes in the ice fields of Glacier Bay, Alaska. — Abstract: 
 Science, new ser., vol. 26, pp. 148-149, August 2, 1907. 
 
 Lode mining in southeastern Alaska. — See Wright and Wright, no. 2654. 
 Recent changes in the glaciers of Glacier Bay, Alaska. — See Wright and 
 AVright, no. 2655. 
 
 AVright, Fred Eugene. 
 
 2644 . [Report on] the Unuk River mining region of British Columbia. — 
 Canada, Geol. Survey, Summ. Rept. for 1905, pp. 46-53, 1906 ; British Columbia, 
 Ann. Rept. Minister of Alines, for 1906, p]). 68-74, 1907. 
 
 Describes briefly the geography, geology, and mineral deposits of the area. 
 
 2645 . Artificial wollastonite and pseudo-wollastonite. — Abstract: Science, 
 new ser., vol. 23, pp. 32-33, January 5, 1906. 
 
 2646 . The determination of the feldspars by means of their refractive in- 
 dices. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, pp. 361-363, May, 1906. 
 
 2647. A modification of the Lasaulx method for observing interference figures 
 under the microscope. — Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 22, pp. 19-20, 2 figs., July, 
 
 1906. 
 
 2648 . Schistosity by crystallization. A qualitative proof. — Ain. Jour. Sci., 
 4th ser., vol. 22, pp. 224-230, 3 figs., September, 1906. 
 
 2649 . Optical study of the lime-silica series of minerals. — Am. Jour, Sci., 
 4th ser., vol. 22, ])p. 293-302, October, 1906. 
 
 2650 . Artificial m:ignesian-i)yroxenes and amphiboles. — Abstract: Science, 
 new ser., vol. 25, pj). 389-.390, March 8, 1907. 
 
 2651 . Alethods of igneous intrusion. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 25, 
 p. 623, April 19, 1907. 
 
 2652 . Artificial production of giieissic structures by crystallization under 
 stress. — Abstract: Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 768, May 17, 11K)7. 
 
 2653 . The measurement of the optic axial angle of minerals in the thin 
 section. — Am. Jour. Sci., 41 h ser., vol. 24, ]>p. 317-369, 2 pis., 29 figs., October, 
 
 1907. 
 
 On wollastonit(‘ and ])S(Mido-wollastonite, poIymor])hic forms of calcium meta- 
 silicate: oidical study. — See Allen and AAdiite, no. 27. 
 
 Aliiierals of the conii)osition AIgSiOs: a case of tetramorphism. — See Allen, 
 AA'right, and Clement, no. 28. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTFI AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 . 2 0 7 
 
 Wright, Fred Eugene — Coutiiiued. 
 
 The lime-silica series of minerals. Optical study. — See Day and Shepherd, 
 no. 692. 
 
 Die Kalkkieselreihe der Minerale. — See Day and others, no. 690. 
 
 Wright, Fred Eugene, and Wright, Charles Will. 
 
 2654. Lode mining in southeastern Alaska. — U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull, no. 284, 
 pp. 30-54, 1 pi., 1 hg., 1906. 
 
 Describes briefly the .general geology and in detail the mining developments, with notes 
 on the occurrence of gold and copper ores. 
 
 2655. Recent changes in the glaciers of Glacier Bay, Alaska. — Abstract : 
 Science, new ser., vol. 25, p. 770, May 17, 1907. 
 
 Wuestner, Herman. 
 
 2656. Pisolitic barite [from Texas]. — Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., Jour., 
 vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 245-250, 4 figs., 1906. 
 
 Describes the occurrence, character, and probable origin of pellets from a gas well in 
 Texas. 
 
 Wyoming, Department of Immigration. 
 
 2657. The State of Wyoming. A book of reliable information published 
 by authority of the Ninth Legislature, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1907. 141 i)p. Min- 
 eral resources, pp. 57-88, 7 pis. 
 
 Yale, Charles G. 
 
 2658. General index to publications of the California State Mining Bureau. — 
 California State Min. Bur., Bull. no. 46, pp. 7-42, June, 1907. 
 
 IT'oduction of gold and silver in 1905 in California, Nevada, Oregon, and 
 Washington. — See no. 2418. 
 
 The production in the United States in 1906 of borax ; and of magnesite. — See 
 no. 2419. 
 
 The production of gold and silver in 1906, in California, Nevada, Oregon, and 
 Washington. — See no. 2419. 
 
 Young, C. M. 
 
 2659. The Atchison mine at Atchison, Kansas, the deepest bituminous coal 
 mine in the United States. — Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 537-538, 2 
 figs., July, 1907. 
 
 Includes notes on the occurrence of the coal. 
 
 Young, George A. 
 
 2660. The geology and petrography of Mount Yamaska, Province of Que- 
 bec. — Canada Geol. Survey, Ann. Kept., vol. 16, pt. H, 43 pp., geol. map, 1906. 
 
 Describes the general geology and the character and occurrence of the igneous rocks. 
 
 Zalinski, Edward R. 
 
 2661. Some notes on Greenwater. The new copper district of California — 
 its development and prospects. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 83, pp. 77-82, 9 figs., 
 .January 12, 1907. 
 
 2662. The mines of the Fairview district, Nevada. — Eng. and Min. Jour., 
 vol. 83, pp. 699-703, 6 figs., April 13, 1907. 
 
 Includes a short account of the geology of the region. 
 
 2663. INIining in the Wonder district, Nevada. — Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 83, 
 pp. 76.3-76.5, 4 figs., April 20, 1907. 
 
 Includes a short account of the local geology and occurrence and character of the ores. 
 
 2664. Turquoise in the Burro Mountains, New Mexico. — Econ. Geology, vol. 2, 
 no. 5, pp. 464-492, 5 figs., 1907. 
 
 Describes the local geology and the occurrence, geologic relations, and origin of the 
 turquoise. 
 
208 BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Zirkel, Ferdinand. 
 
 2665. The relations existing between petrography and its related sciences. — 
 Congress of Arts and Science, Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904, vol. 4, pp. 
 591-608, 1906. 
 
 2666. Works of reference on petrology and mineralogy. — Congress of Arts 
 and Science, Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904, vol. 4, pp. 760-761, 1906. 
 
 Anonymous. 
 
 2667. The Californian earthquake of April 18. — Nature, vol. 74, pp. 178-179, . 
 2 figs., June 21, 1906. 
 
 2668. Joseph Frederick Whiteaves. — Geol. Mag., dec. 5, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 
 433-442, 1 pi. (port.), October, 1906. 
 
 Gives a sketch of his life and a list of his v.'ritings. 
 
 2669. Mining for fossils. — Sci. Am. Suppl., vol. 61, p. 25246, March 17, 1906. 
 
 2670. Angelo Heilprin. — Philadelphia, Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 67-68, 
 October, 1907. 
 
 2671. Angelo Heilprin. — ^Am. Geog. Soc., Bull., vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 666-668, 
 November, 1907. 
 
 2672. Bibliography of C. L. Herrick. — Denison Univ., Sci. Lab., Bull., vol. 
 13, art. 1, pp. 28-33, 1905. 
 
 % 
 
 I 
 
INDEX. 
 
 [The numbers refer to entries in the bibliography.] 
 
 Abrasive materials. 
 
 United States : * Arnold, 65 ; 2418, 
 
 2419. 
 
 Addresses. 
 
 Concentration as a geological prin- 
 ciple : Russell, 2105. 
 
 Contributions of America to geology : 
 Rice, 2033. 
 
 Early surroundings of life : Lane, 1515. 
 
 Evolution as it appears to the paleon- 
 tologist ; Osborn, 1846. 
 
 Methods of the earth sciences : Cham- 
 berlin, 452. 
 
 I’resent problems of geophysics : Becker, 
 171. 
 
 I’roblems of geology: Van Ilise, 2421. 
 
 Relation of the Federal Government to 
 the mining industry : Hayes, 
 
 1108. 
 
 Stratigraphic geology ; Prosser, 1960. 
 
 U. S. Geological Survey and the min- 
 ing industry : Smith, 2238. 
 
 U. S. Geological Survey, work of : 
 Smith, 2239. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 General. 
 
 .Jackson anticlinal in Clarke county : 
 Smith, 2225. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Bauxite industry : .Judd, 1330. 
 
 Birmingham district, clay : Butts, 372. 
 coal : Butts, 369. 
 
 Iron : Burchard, 351. 
 
 limestone and dolomite : Butts, 370. 
 
 sand-lime brickmaking: Butts, 371. 
 
 Cahaba coal field : Butts, 373. 
 
 Clinton ores : Burchard, 351 ; Eckel, 
 764. 
 
 Glass sands : Burchard, 355. 
 
 Iron ores, Clinton : Burchard, 351 ; 
 
 Eckel, 764. 
 
 Russellville district : Burchard, 352. 
 Talladega County : Smith, 2247. 
 
 Limestone and dolomite, Birmingham 
 district : Butts, 370. 
 
 Mineral resources : Smith, 2227. 
 
 Sand-lime brickmaking : Butts, 371. 
 
 Warrior coal basin : Butts, 369. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 I’ost-Eocene formations : Smith, 2226, 
 2228. 
 
 St. Stephens limestone overlap : Smith, 
 2224. 
 
 Alabama — Continued. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Alabamornis gigantea : Abel, 4. 
 
 Eocene fossils : Aldrich, 25. 
 
 Ifieistocene plants : Berry, 223. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Evansite : Schaller, 2136. 
 
 Selma meteorite : Ilovey, 1232 ; Mer- 
 rill, 1739. 
 
 * 
 
 Underground icater. 
 
 Smith, 2229. 
 
 Alaska. 
 
 General. 
 
 Climatic conditions at Nome during 
 the Pliocene : Dali, 628. 
 
 Geologic survey, progress of : Brooks, 
 310. 
 
 Geology and geography : Brooks, 313 ; 
 Riihl, 2099. 
 
 Physiography and geology: Duflield, 
 749. 
 
 Publications, recent, relating to : 
 Brooks, 312. 
 
 Reconnaissance, Circle to Fort Ham- 
 lin : Stone, 2309. 
 
 Pacific coast : Blackwelder, 240. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Admiralty Island : Wright, 2640. 
 
 Bering River, coal : Martin, 1680. 
 
 Bonnifield and Kantishna regions : 
 Prindle, 1957. 
 
 Cape Lisburne, coal : Collier, 552. 
 
 Cape Nome region : Motfit, 1764. 
 
 beach gravels : Halla, 1066 ; Hutch- 
 ins, 1263. 
 
 placers : Wilson, 2606. 
 
 Cape I’rince of Wales, tin : Fay, 856. 
 
 Circle precinct : Brooks, 319 ; Prindle, 
 1956. 
 
 Controller Bay, petroleum : Martin, 
 1684. 
 
 Coal fields : Martin, 1683 ; Ritter, 2009. 
 
 Copper mining in 1905 : Weed, 2499. 
 
 Ilerendeen coal field : Paige, 1859. 
 
 Iron Creek : Smith, 2246. 
 
 .Tuneau gold belt : Spencer, 2261. 
 
 Kachemak Bay coal field : Stone, 2308. 
 
 Klondike region : Everette, 831. 
 
 Kougarok region : Brooks, 318. 
 
 Lode mining : Wright, 2641 ; Wright 
 and Wright, 2654. 
 
 Marble : Rathbun, 1986. 
 
 Matanuska and Talkeetna basins : 
 Paige and Knopf, 1861, 1862. 
 
 66836— Bull. 372—09 
 
 14 
 
 209 
 
210 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Alaska — Continued. 
 
 Econ 0 m ic — Continued. 
 
 Matanuska coal field ; Griffith, 1042 ; 
 Martin, 1681, 1682. 
 
 Mineral resources: Brooks, 311, 316; 
 Cornforth, 580. 
 
 nonnietalliferous : Wright, 2642. 
 
 Mining industry : Brooks, 315, 317. 
 
 Mining, vein : Purington, 1794. 
 
 Nonmetallic products ; Wright, 2630. 
 
 I’rince William Sound : Grant, 1020. 
 
 Rampart gold placer region : Prindle | 
 and Hess, 1958. t 
 
 Seward l*eninsula, gold mining : Moffit, ; 
 1763. 
 
 Solomon and Niukluk River basins : 
 Smith, 2245. 
 
 Talkeetna basin ; I’aige and Knopf, | 
 1861, 1862. i 
 
 Turnagain Arm gold fields : Moffit, | 
 1762. 
 
 Vein mining : I’urington, 1974. 
 
 Yakutat Bay region : Tarr, 2346. 
 
 York tin region : Hess, 1134, 1140. 
 
 YTikon placers : Prindle, 1955. 
 
 Dynamic and stnictural. 
 
 Faulting, ohli(iue minor : Martin, 1687. 
 
 Folded slates of glacial origin : Black- 
 welder, 238. ! 
 
 Glacial erosion ; Tarr, 2351. 
 
 Glacial features of Alaskan coast : j 
 Blackwelder, 239. i 
 
 Glacier Bay ice field, recent changes I 
 in : Wright, 2643, Wright and ! 
 Wright, 2655. 
 
 Glaciers, recession of : Klotz, 1405. 
 
 Hubbard glacier front in 1792 and 
 1794 : Tarr and Martin, 2359. 
 
 Malaspina glacier : Tarr, 2349, 2353. 
 
 Volcanic activity : Crosby, 1602. 
 
 Y'akutat Bay region : Tarr, 2352, 2354. 
 
 changes of level : Tarr and Martin, 
 2356, 2357. 
 
 glaciers : Tarr and Martin, 2358. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Alaskan coast, glacial features : Black- 
 welder, 239. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Cape Lisburne region : Collier, 552. 
 
 Cape Nome region ; Moffit, 1764. 
 
 Circle quadrangle : I’rindle, 1956. 
 
 Cook Inlet region : I’aige and Knopf, 
 1860. 
 
 Kachemak Bay region : Stone, 2308. 
 
 Matanuska and Talkeetna basins : 
 I’aige and Knopf, 1861, 1862. 
 
 Matanuska coal field : Martin, 1682. 
 
 Rampart gold placer region : Prindle 
 and Hess, 1958. 
 
 Reconnaissance map : Brooks, 320. 
 
 Southeastern Alaska : Kindle, 1400. 
 
 Talkeetna basin : I’aige and Knopf, 
 
 1861, 18(52. 
 
 Tertiary basin: Kindle. 1399. 
 
 Turnagain Arm region : Moffit, 1762. 
 
 Yakutat Bay region : P.lackwelder, 238. 
 
 Yukon, upper. Paleozoic section of : 
 Brooks and Kindle, 1399. 
 
 Alaska — Continued. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Cape Lisburne region, invertebrates : 
 Girty, 966. 
 
 plants : Knowlton, 1417 ; White, 
 
 2543. 
 
 Paleozoic faunas : Kindle, 1400. 
 
 Pecten, new species : Dali, 628. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Zinnwaldite : Scballer, 2136. 
 
 Alberta. 
 
 General. 
 
 Field work along international bound- 
 ary : Daly, 637. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Cascade coal basin : Dowling, 736. 
 
 Coal : Dowling, 734, 737 ; Gwillim, 
 
 1059 ; Thompson, 2371. 
 
 Moose Mountain district : Cairnes, 381. 
 
 Petroleum, along international bound- 
 ary : Daly, 635. 
 
 Rocky Mountain area, coal ; Dowling, 
 734. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Glaciers : Vaux and Vaux, 2427, 2428. 
 
 in Rockies and Selkirks : Sberzer, 
 2197, 2197a. 
 
 variations in 1905 : Vaux and Vaux, 
 2426. 
 
 Rock slide at Frank : Ashworth, 78. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Cascade coal basin : Dowling, 736. 
 
 International boundary survey : Daly, 
 635. 
 
 Moose Mountain district : Cairnes, 381 ; 
 Dowling, 735. 
 
 Surface geology : Chalmers, 449. 
 
 Paleon tology. 
 
 Boremys, Cretaceous cbelonian : Lambe, 
 1488. 
 
 Crocodilian genus and species, new : 
 Lambe, 1492. 
 
 Peltoceras : Whiteaves, 2560. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Analcite-tracbyte tuffs and breccias : 
 Knight, 1409. 
 
 Algonkian. See Pre-Cambrian. 
 
 AJum. 
 
 Nevada, Silver Peak quadrangle : 
 Spurr, 2271. 
 
 New Mexico, Gila River deposits : 
 Hayes, 1111. 
 
 Aluminum. 
 
 United States: 2418, 2419. 
 
 Amber. 
 
 Santo Domingo: Sample, 2118. 
 
 Amphibia. 
 
 Zatracbys Cope : Case. 444. 
 
 Analyses, chemical. See list, p. 282. 
 
 Anthozoa (corals). 
 
 Arctic islands ; Lambe. 1486. 
 
 Devonian: Greene, 1029, 1031, 1032. 
 
 D’Orbigny's types figured : Boule and 
 Tbevenin, 270. 
 
 Indiana. Salem limestone: Beede, 174, 
 179. 
 
INDEX 
 
 211 
 
 Antiiozoa (corals) — Continued. 
 
 Kentucky, Silurian ; Focrste, 884. 
 
 Madreporaria, morphology : Duerden, 
 
 747. 
 
 Maryland, I’leistocene : Clark, 482. 
 
 Morphology, physiology, and develop- 
 ment ; Duerden, 748. 
 
 1‘aleozoic corals, development : Ander- 
 son, 45, 40. 
 
 early stages : Brown, 334 ; Gordon, 
 976, 978. 
 
 Septa in rugose corals : Duerden, 740 ; 
 Gordon, 977. 
 
 Silurian, Kentucky : Foerste, 884. 
 
 Streptelasma rectum Hall, develop- 
 mental stages : Brown, 334. 
 
 Antigua. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Zebrasoma deani : Ilussakof, 1259. 
 
 Antimony. 
 
 California : Anbury, 87. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Apatite. 
 
 Virginia ; Watson, 2493. 
 
 Ar^chnida. 
 
 Tertiary, from Florissant, Colo. : Cock- 
 erell, 530. 
 
 Archean. Sec Pre-Cambrian. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 General. 
 
 Bisbee district ; Ransome, 1981. 
 
 Coon Butte : Barringer, 152 ; Barringer 
 and Tilghman, 153 ; Fairchild, 
 841, 843 ; Guild, 1054 ; Munk, 
 1776; Tilghman, 2376. 
 
 Red Mountain : Atwood, 80. 
 
 Eeonomic. 
 
 Anthracite coal : Griffith, 1041. 
 
 Asbestos : I*ratt, 1945. 
 
 Bisbee district : Brinsmade, 299 ; Ran- 
 some, 1981. 
 
 Cherry Creek district : Lindgren, 1592 ; 
 Reid, 2016, 2020. 
 
 Clifton-Morenci copper deposits : Ran- 
 some, 1982. 
 
 Cochise mining district : Kellogg, 1358. 
 
 Colorado River region, copper : Hately, 
 1094. 
 
 Copper : Brinsmade, 299 ; Graichen, 
 1009 ; Hately, 1094 ; Merrill, 
 1730 ; Ransome, 1982 ; Wood- 
 bridge, 2622. 
 
 Copper mining in 1905 : Weed, 2499. 
 
 Globe copper-gold deposits : Graichen, 
 1009. 
 
 Gold Road : Tovote, 2386. 
 
 Mowry, lead-silver : Brinsmade, 298. 
 
 Slate : Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 Southern Arizona, copper : Merrill, 
 1730. 
 
 Tombstone : Brinsmade, 300. 
 
 Vulture mine : Purington, 1296. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Colorado canyon, example of erosion : 
 Davis, 667. 
 
 Arizona — Continued. 
 
 Dynamic and structural — Continued. 
 
 Coon Butte, origin of crater : Bar- 
 ringer, 152; Tilghman, 2376. 
 
 Detrital slopes ; Blake, 242. 
 
 Fractured bowlders in conglomerate : 
 Campbell, 394. 
 
 Metamorphism in siliceous sandstone : 
 Merrill, 1742. 
 
 Volcano, recent, in San Francisco Moun- 
 tain region : .Tohnson, 1305. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 (The) desert, its resources, water-sup- 
 ply, and development : Bailey, 
 96. 
 
 Grand (^anyon of the Colorado : Crook, 
 600. 
 
 Montezuma’s Well, origin ; Blake, 241. 
 
 Peneplain, Grand Canyon district : 
 .Tohnson, 1308. 
 
 Tertiary, plateau district : Robinson, 
 2078. 
 
 Physiographic features : .Johnson, 1302. 
 
 San Francisco ^Mountain region : John- 
 son, 1305. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Bisbee district : Ransome, 1981. 
 
 Colorado River region : Lee, 1548. 
 
 Glaciation, evidences of : Merrill, 1721. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Aubrey and Red Wall fossils : Reagan, 
 2000 . 
 
 Red Wall fossils : Reagan, 2000, 2001. 
 
 Snails : Cockerell, 515. • 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Coon Butte meteorite : Farrington, 
 
 852; Mallet, 1672. 
 
 Copper crystals from Bisbee : I’etereit, 
 1912. 
 
 Iron shale, analysis of : Farrington, 
 852. 
 
 Molybdenite, Wallapi Mountains : Gar- 
 rison, 933. 
 
 Molybdite : Guild, 1053. 
 
 Vanadinite : Bowman, 274. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 General. 
 
 Correspondence relating to survey of 
 coal fields : Branner, 287. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Anthracite coal : Griffith, 1041. 
 
 Coal field : Collier, 555, 556. 
 
 Diamond field : Kunz and Washington, 
 1444 ; Schneider, 2140. 
 
 Garland County, clays : Eckel, 767. 
 
 Glass-sand deposits : Burchard, 350, 
 
 355. 
 
 Phosphates: Purdue, 1968, 1970. 
 
 Slate : Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 Winslow quadrangle: I’urdue, 1971. 
 
 Zinc oi’es, occurrence: Purdue, 1966. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 (’ave-sandstone deposits : Purdue, 1967. 
 
 Fracfure s.vstems : Hobbs, 1176. 
 
 Rock folds due lo weathering : Camp- 
 bell, 396. 
 
212 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Arkansas — Continued. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Alluvial cone topography : Purdue, 
 
 1905. 
 
 Southern Arkansas : Davis, 680. 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Coal fields : Collier, 556. 
 
 Southern Arkansas : Veatch, 2436. 
 Winslow quadrangle : Purdue, 1971. 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Carboniferous fossils from coal fields : 
 Girty, 967. 
 
 Plants from coal fields : White, 2546. 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Diamond : Kunz and Washington, 
 
 1444, 1445. 
 
 Underground water. 
 
 Drainage of wet lands by wells ; 
 Crider, 597. 
 
 Southern Arkansas : Veatch, 2436. 
 Arsenic. 
 
 Ontario, Cohalt : Rickard, 2053. 
 
 United States : 2419. 
 
 Arsenious oxide. 
 
 United States : 2418. 
 
 Arsenopyrite. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Arthropoda. 
 
 Tertiary, from Florissant, Colo. : Cock- 
 erell, 529. 
 
 Asbestos. 
 
 General: Schaaf-Regelmann, 2133. 
 Arizona : Pratt. 1945. 
 
 California : Anbury, 87. 
 
 Oregon : Stafford. 2276. 
 
 Quebec ; Stokes, 2305. 
 
 Chibougamau region : Low, 1624. 
 United States: 2418, 2419. 
 
 Vermont : Perkins, 1907. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Asphalt. 
 
 Formation of veins : Eldridge, 778. 
 Oregon : Stafford. 2076. 
 
 Trinidad : Ells, 786, 787. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Assiniboia. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Horses, fossil : Lambe, 1490. 
 riyracodon : Lambe, 1489. 
 
 Testudo and Baena : Lambe, 1487. 
 Associations, meetings. 
 
 American Association for the Advance- 
 ment of Science, Section E : 
 Gulliver, 1057 ; Hovey, 1226, 
 1227, 1234. 
 
 Geological Society of America ; Hovey. 
 1237. 
 
 International Geological Congress. 
 
 Tenth : 572 ; Offret, 1814. 
 International Zoological Congress, 
 Seventh, Section of Paleo- 
 zoology : Grabau, 1003. 
 
 Aves. 
 
 Alabamornis giganlea : Abel. 4 
 Gallinuloides prentici, from Wyoming 
 Eocene : Loomis, 1613. 
 
 Barbados. 
 
 General. 
 
 Geology and mineral resources : Ells, 
 786, 787. 
 
 Barite. See also Barytes. 
 
 Tennessee : Watson, 2488. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2491, 2493. 
 
 Barytes. See also Barite. 
 
 California : Anbury, 87. 
 
 North Carolina : .Tudd, 1331. 
 
 Nova Scotia, Five Islands : Hutchin- 
 
 son, 1265. 
 
 Lake Ainslie and North Cheticamp : 
 Poole, 1943. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Soi’thern States : Judd, 1331. 
 
 Tennessee, Cocke County : Judd, 1331 ; 
 Weller, 2514. 
 
 United States: 2418, 2419. 
 
 Virginia : Judd, 1331. 
 
 Bauxite. 
 
 Alabama : Judd. 1330 ; Smith, 2227. 
 
 California : Anbury, 87. 
 
 Georgia : Judd, 1330. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Beaches. See Shore-lines ; Terraces. 
 
 Bentonite. 
 
 Wyoming. Bighorn basin : Fisher, 872, 
 873. 
 
 Laramie basin : Siebenthal, 2209. 
 
 Owl Creek Mountains : Darton, 642. 
 
 Bermuda Islands. 
 
 Geology and paleontology : Verrill, 
 
 2445. 
 
 Bibliography. 
 
 Alaska, economic geology : Brooks, 
 
 311, 316. 
 
 geology and geography : Brooks, 313. 
 
 tin : Fay, 856. 
 
 Aquatic life, limb modifications for : 
 Osburn, 1849. 
 
 Arkansas, geology : Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Arthrodira : Hussakof, 1227. 
 
 Barytes : 2419. 
 
 Bauxite : 2419. 
 
 Beecher, C. E., writings : Dali, 626 ; 
 Schuchert, 2145. 
 
 Bermuda Islands : Verrill, 2445. 
 
 Black sands: 2418. 
 
 Brachiopoda. old age characters : 
 Shimer, 2202. 
 
 Bryozoa, Niagara : Bassler, 157. 
 
 California, glaucophane-bearing rocks : 
 Smith. 2242. 
 
 State mining bureau publications, 
 index to : Yale. 2658. 
 
 Tertiary and Pleistocene : Arnold, 
 57. 
 
 Canada, Geological survey, . publica- 
 tions : 417. 
 
 Canadian geology and paleontology, 
 1904, 1905, 1906: Ami, 36, 38, 
 42. 
 
 Ceratopsia : Lull, 1631. 
 
 Champsosaurus : Brown, 322. 
 
 Chazy : Raymond, 1987. 
 
INDEX 
 
 213 
 
 Biblioerraphy— Continued. 
 
 Clays and the ceramic arts : Branner, 
 283, 
 
 Coal, 2419, 
 
 and lignite of Montana : Rowe, 2090. 
 
 papers on, published by U. S. Geo- 
 logical survey : Lee and Nickles, 
 1549. 
 
 Colorado, Cripple Creek district : Lind- 
 gren and Ransome, 1604. 
 
 Florissant Tertiary lake basin : Hen- 
 derson, 1127. 
 
 Connecticut : Gregory, 1037. 
 
 Condon, T., writings : Washburne, 
 
 2481. 
 
 Continental shelf off Nova Scotia : 
 Poole, 1942. 
 
 Corals : Duerden, 748. 
 
 Paleozoic, early stages of : Gordon, 
 976. 
 
 Cycads, American fossil : Wieland, 
 
 2574. 
 
 Dinosaurs, Triassic : Huene, 1256. 
 
 Eldridge, G. H., writings : Cross, 605 ; 
 Emmons, 792. 
 
 Flight in vertebrates : Lull, 1630. 
 
 Fluorspar : 2419. 
 
 Folios of U. S. Geologic atlas : Hayes, 
 
 1110 . 
 
 Geology and paleontology, reference 
 books : Whitlock, 2564. 
 
 Georgia, Altamaha grit region ; Har- 
 per, 1077. 
 
 Glacial lakes Chicago, Algonquin, and 
 Nipissing : Goldthwait, 975. 
 
 Glaciers of United States in 1905 : 
 Reid, 2010. 
 
 Glaucophane-bearing rocks of Cali- 
 fornia : Smith, 2242. 
 
 Granite, economic geology of : Dale, 
 623. 
 
 Gypsum 2419. 
 
 Hatcher, ,T. B., writings : Osborn, 
 
 1842; Scott, 2153. 
 
 Herrick, C. L., writings ; 2672. 
 
 Iron, Hartville iron-ore range : Ball, 
 
 122 . 
 
 Virginia : Eckel, 765. 
 
 John Day region : Merriam and Sin- 
 
 clair, 1717. 
 
 Jorullo, volcano: Villafana :, 2447. 
 
 King, C., writings : Emmons, 802. 
 
 Lead, upper Mississippi Valley : Bain, 
 99; Grant, 1017. 
 
 Virginia-Tennessee : Watson, 2484. 
 
 Lignite, Mississippi : Brown, 326. 
 
 Montana : Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Jnmbs, modifications for aquatic life : 
 Osburn, 1849. 
 
 Louisiana : Veatch, 2436, 2437. 
 
 McCalley, II., writings : Smith, 2223. 
 
 Mammalia, modifications of occipital 
 condyles: Mead, 1704. 
 
 Marshes; I'enhallow, 1898. 
 
 Maryland, Calvert County : Shattuck, 
 2186. 
 
 Geological survey publications : 
 Clark, 484. 
 
 Bibliography — Continued. 
 
 Maryland, I’liocene and Pleistocene : 
 Shattuck, 2184. 
 
 St. Mary’s County : Shattuck, 2189. 
 Massachusetts, Nantucket, glacial geol- 
 ogy : Wilson, 2610. 
 
 Meek, F. B., writings ; White, 2539. 
 Mica : 2419. 
 
 Mineral waters : 2418. 
 
 Mineralogy, reference books : Zirkel, 
 2666. 
 
 Minerals, Galena-Joplin district : Rog- 
 ers, 2081. 
 
 Montana, coal and lignite : Rowe, 2090. 
 Mounds, natural, origin ; Campbell, 395. 
 Newberry, J. S., writings : White, 2540. 
 New York, Long Island : Veatch, 2434. 
 
 Schoharie Valley : Grabau, 991. 
 Niagara Bryozoa : Bassler, 157. 
 
 North American geology, 1901-1905 : 
 Weeks, 2505. 
 
 Ohio: Derby, 712; Prosser, 1962. 
 
 Peat : Holmes et ah, 1214 ; I’armelee 
 and McCourt, 1874. 
 
 Pectens, Tertiary and Pleistocene : 
 Arnold, 57. 
 
 Penfield, S. L., writings : Pirs.son, 1931. 
 Petroleum ; Rc'dwood, 2005. 
 
 southern California : Eldridge and 
 
 Arnold. 779. 
 
 Petrology, reference books ; Zirkel, 
 2666. 
 
 Placodermata, Arthrodira ; Hussakof, 
 1258. 
 
 Phytosauria : McGregor, 1664. 
 
 Platinum : 2418. 
 
 Pleistocene, California ; Arnold, 57. 
 Maryland : Shattuck, 2184. 
 
 South Carolina : Pugh, 1963. 
 Pliocene, ^Maryland : Shattuck, 2184. 
 Precious stones : 24 lb. 
 
 Quicksilver : 2418. 
 
 Reptilia : Lees, 1551. 
 
 Champsosaurus : Brown, 322. 
 Permian : Case, 441. 
 
 Phytosauria : McGregor, 1664. 
 
 Salt: 2418. 
 
 Slate : Dale and Eckel. 625. 
 
 South Carolina, Ifieistocene ; Pugh, 
 1963. ' 
 
 Tennessee, lead and zinc : Watson, 
 
 2484. 
 
 Terracing, river : Fisher, 875. 
 
 Tertiary, California : Arnold, 57. 
 Thorium minerals : 2419. 
 
 Tin, Alaska : Fay, 856. 
 
 Trask, .T. B., writings ; Vogdes, 2461. 
 Trilobita, Silurian of North America ; 
 Weller, 2521. 
 
 Tungsten ; Van Wagenen, 2425. 
 Turquoise : Zalinski, 2664. 
 
 Underground waters, publications by 
 IT. S. Geological survey : Fuller, 
 903. 
 
 Vermont : Richardson. 2037. 
 
 Vertebrate limbs, origin ; Osburn, 1850. 
 Vertebrates, flight of : Lull, 1630, 
 
214 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 BibliograDhy — Continued. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 iron : Eckel, 705. 
 lead and zinc : Watson, 2484. 
 Volcanic asli : Woolse 5 ^ 2633. 
 
 Volcano .Toriillo : Villafaiia, 2447. 
 Whiteaves, J. F., writings : 2668. 
 Wright, A. A., writings : Wilder, 2579. 
 Xinantecatl : Flores, 881. 
 
 Zinc: 2419. 
 
 Upper Mississippi Valley : Bain. 99 ; 
 Grant, 1017. 
 
 Virginia-Tenuessee : Watson, 2484. 
 Biography. 
 
 Agassiz, Louis : Walcott, 2473. 
 Beecher, Charles Emerson : Bather, 
 165 ; Dali, 026 ; Schuchert, 2145. 
 Condon, Thomas : 1834 ; Washburne, 
 2481. 
 
 Eldridge, George Homans : Cross, 605 ; 
 Emmons. 792. 
 
 Hatcher, John Bell : Osborn, 1842 ; 
 Scott, 2153. 
 
 Heilprin, Angelo : Levy, 1575 ; Pirsson, 
 1933; 2670, 2oh. 
 
 Herrick, Clarence Luther : Bawden, 
 170 ; Cole, 537. 
 
 King, Clarence : Emmons, 802. 
 McCalley, Henry : Smith, 2223. 
 
 Meek, Fielding Bradford : White, 2539. 
 Newberry, John Strong : White, 2540. 
 I’enfield, Samuel Lewis : Miers, 1747 ; 
 
 Pirsson, 1931 ; Wells, 2525. 
 Pettee, AVilliam Henry ; Russell, 2103. 
 Rominger, Carl Ludwig: Lane, 1517. 
 Russell, Israel Cook : Davis, 661 ; Gil- 
 bert, 954 ; Leverett, 1570 ; Lom- 
 bard and D’Ooge, 1611 ; Pirsson, 
 1932. 
 
 Selwyn, Alfred R. C. : Ami, 43. 
 
 Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate : Davis, 
 670, 671 ; 1088 ; HoW)s, 1188. 
 Trask, John B. : Vogdes, 2461. 
 
 Ward, Henry A. : Farrington, 851. 
 Whiteaves, Joseph Frederick : 2668. 
 Wright, All)ert Allen : Wilder, 2579. 
 
 Bismuth. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Black sands. 
 
 General: Nicol, 1804. 
 
 California: Day, 695; Edman, 772. 
 Oregon : Day, 694. 
 
 Pacific coast: Day. 696. 
 
 United States: Day, 694 > Day and 
 Richards, 697 ; 2418. 
 
 Blastoidea. 
 
 P.lastoidocrinus Billings; Hudson. 
 1254, 1255. 
 
 Pelmatozoa from Chazy of New York : 
 Hudson, 125.3. 
 
 Pentremite, new American : Schuchert, 
 2146. 
 
 Pentremites conoideus : Smith, 222. 
 
 Borax. 
 
 California : Bailey, 95, 96. 
 
 Inyo County ; Taft, 2340. 
 
 Nevada, Silver Peak quadrangle : 
 Spun-, 2271. 
 
 Oregon ; Stafford, 2276. 
 
 Ignited States : 2418, 2419. 
 Brachiopoda. 
 
 Devonian : Clarke, 497. 
 
 Devonic spirifers, evolution : Grabau, 
 1004. 
 
 Eodevonaria. new subgenus of Cho- 
 netes : Breger, 291. 
 
 Index fossils : Grabau and Shimer, 
 1006. 
 
 Indiana, Salem limestone : Beede, 177. 
 Kentucky, Silurian : Foerste, 884. 
 Nomenclature of certain genera : 
 Buckman, 347. 
 
 Old age characters : Shimer, 2202. 
 Rensselaeria mainensis from Devonian 
 of Maine : Williams, 2585. 
 Reticularia Isevis : Kindle, 1396. 
 British Columbia. 
 
 Genera 1. 
 
 Cascade region ; Evans, 821. 
 Deutschman’s cave, near Banff ; Ayres, 
 88-90. 
 
 Highland A'alley ; Evans, 816. 
 
 Interior plateau : Evans, 819. 
 International boundary, field opera- 
 tions : Daly, 637. 
 
 Kamloops ; Evans, 818. 
 
 Nakimu caves ; AA’heeler, 2529. 
 
 Rocky Mountains, foothills ; Cairnes, 
 379. 
 
 Similkameen : Evans, 823. 
 
 Stewart River region ; Keele, 1346. 
 Telkwa River region : Leach, 1534. 
 Tulameen : Evans, 820. 
 
 West Fork of Kettle River : Evans, 
 827. 
 
 Econoniie. 
 
 Atlin district, placers : Carmichael, 426. 
 Boundary district : Rickard. 2047. 
 copper: Keffer, 1.348-1350; Stokes, 
 2302. 
 
 Emma mine: Keffer, 1350. 
 
 Bureau of mines, report : Robertson, 
 2072, 2073, 2077. 
 
 Cassiar coal fields ; Bell, 188. 
 
 Coal, Gwillim. 1059 ; Ritter, 2069. 
 Cassiar fields : Bell. 188. 
 
 ('row’s Nest : Ashworth. 78. 
 
 Elk River : Dowling, 73.’’>. 
 
 Graham Island : Ells, 781, 783. 
 Nanaimo-C'omox ; Poole. 1939. 
 Nicola-Coldwater : Evans, 81,3. 
 Princeton ficdd : Lakes. 1480. 
 
 Rocky Mountains: Dowling, 734. 
 Coppcw. Eschelon Mountain : Evans, 
 822. 
 
 3'exada Island : LeRoy, 1566. 
 VancouvM'r Island : Brewer, 2J)2. 
 Eschelon Mountain. copper : Evans, 
 822, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 215 
 
 Britishi Columbia— Continued. 
 
 Economic — Continued. 
 
 Franklin Camp : Broek, .300. 
 
 Gold, Barkerville : Atkin, 79. 
 
 Fraser River : Evans, 814. 
 
 Interior plateau: Robertson, 2074. 
 
 Iron ores : Leith, 1552. 
 
 Kootenay district, zinc : Argali, 54. 
 
 Mining operations, 1904 : Robertson, 
 2072. 
 
 Molybdenite : Evans, 817. 
 
 New Westminster Island and Texada 
 Island : LeRoy, 1565. 
 
 Placers : Evans, 825. 
 
 I'rinceton coal field : Lakes, 1480. 
 
 Rossland district : Brock, 306, 307 ; 
 
 Stokes, 2307. 
 
 St. Eugene silver-lead mine : Stokes, 
 2306. 
 
 Similkameen district : Camsell, 413 ; 
 Evans, 824 ; Lakes, 1481. 
 
 Skeena River : Leach, 1535. 
 
 Striped jMoimtain, Nickel Plate mines ; 
 Evans, 829. 
 
 Telkwa district : Leach, 1533, 1534. 
 
 Texada Island : LeRoy. 1565. 
 
 Marble Bay, copper : LeRoy, 1566. 
 
 I'nuk River region : Wright, 2644. 
 
 Vancouver Island, copper : Brewer, 292. 
 
 Windy Arm district: McConnell, 1647. 
 1649, 1654 ; Robertson, 2075. 
 
 Zinc : 416 ; Barlow, 144. 
 
 Kootenay district : Argali, 54. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Glaciers, variation : Vaux and Vaux, 
 2426-2428. 
 
 in Rockies and Selkirks : Sherzer, 
 2197, 2197a. 
 
 Stratif/raphic. 
 
 Cretaceous, Ashcroft : Evans, 815. 
 
 Graham Island : Ells, 783. 
 
 Horsefly, Similkameen, and Tranciuille 
 beds : Lambe, 1484. 
 
 International boundary : Daly, 635. 
 
 Selkirk Range : Dawson, 686. 
 
 Southwestern : Reagan, 2002. 
 
 Surface geology : Chalmers, 450. 
 
 Vancouver Island : Hall, 1064. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 .\myzon brevipinne : Lambe, 1491. 
 
 Ovibos, tooth of, from IMeistocene near 
 Midway : Lambe, 1493. 
 
 Plants from international boundary 
 survey : Penhallow, 1900. 
 
 Tertiary and Cretaceous plants : Pen- 
 hallow, 1895. 
 
 Pel rology. 
 
 Dkanagan composite I)atholith : Daly, 
 632. 
 
 Bromine. 
 
 T’nited States: 2418, 2419. 
 
 Bryozoa. 
 
 California, Summorland district. Ter- 
 tiary : Arnold, 63. 
 
 D’Orbigny’s types figured : Boule and 
 Thevenin, 270. 
 
 Bryozoa — Continued . 
 
 Indiana, Salem limestone : Cumings, 
 
 610. 
 
 James’s types : Bassler, 156. 
 
 Rochester shale : Bassler, 157. 
 Maryland, Pleistocene : Ulrich, 2411. 
 BxiJirstone. 
 
 United States : 2419. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Building stone. See also Granite, Limestone, and 
 Sandstone. 
 
 California : liubury, 87. 
 
 Iowa, Black Hawk County : Arey, 53. 
 Bremer County : Norton, 1805. 
 Clayton County : Leonard, 1559. 
 Franklin County : Williams, 2588. 
 Jackson County : Savage, 2128. 
 Quarry products : Beyer and Wil- 
 liams, 234. 
 
 Winneshiek County : Calvin, 388. 
 Kansas : Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 Mexico : Roel and Ordonez, 2080. 
 
 New Jersey : McCourt, 1657. 
 
 New York : McCourt, 1656. 
 
 North Carolina : Pratt. 1949 ; Watson 
 and Laney, 2494. 
 
 Oregon: Stafford, 2276. 
 
 I’ennsylvania, Beaver quadrangle : 
 
 Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 United States: 2418, 2419. 
 
 Vermont : Perkins, 1907. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 West Virginia, Pan Handle counties : 
 Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Wisconsin, Milwaukee quadrangle : 
 
 Alden, 23. 
 
 California. 
 
 General. 
 
 Geologic structure: Ransome, 1980. 
 Geological notes : Comstock, 563. 
 
 Index to publications of State min- 
 ing bureau : Yale, 2658. 
 
 Inyo County : Taft, 2342. 
 
 Owens Valley : Lee, 1540. 
 Reconnaissance in eastern California : 
 Ball, 120. 
 
 River channels, ancient : Kimble, 1395. 
 State mineralogist’s reports: Anbury, 
 82-84. 
 
 Taylorsville region, drainage during au- 
 riferous gravel period : Diller, 
 
 722. 
 
 Tehachapi Valley : Lawson, 1529. 
 Economic. 
 
 Auriferous black sands : Day, 695 ; 
 
 Edman, 772. 
 
 Bodie district, gold : McLaughlin, 1671. 
 Standard mine vein system : Brown, 
 330. 
 
 Borax : Bailey, 97. 
 
 Building stone : Auhury, 87. 
 
 Coal : Ritter, 2069. 
 
 Mt. Diablo Range: Arnold, 58; 
 
 Cami)bell, 405. 
 
 Coal fields, new : Edwards, 777. 
 
216 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 California — Continued. 
 
 Economic — Continued. 
 
 Coffee Creek district, gold : Stines, 
 
 2299. 
 
 Colorado Desert mining district : Bow- 
 ers, 273. 
 
 Colorado River region, copper ; Hately, 
 1094. 
 
 nitrate deposits : Turner, 2400. 
 
 Copper belt of Sierra Nevada : Knopf, 
 1415. 
 
 Copper mining in 1£05 : Weed, 2499. 
 
 Copper resources : Aubury, 85. 
 
 Copperopolis, copper : Reid, 2018 ; 
 
 Turner, 2401. 
 
 Eldorado County, copper : Knight, 
 
 1412. 
 
 gold : Kimble, 1394. 
 
 Gems, jeweler’s materials, and orna- 
 mental stones : Kunz, 1437. 
 
 Gold : Amador, 33. 
 
 Bodie district : McLaughlin, 1671. 
 
 Gold dredging : Doolittle, 728. 
 
 Gold mines : Bordeaux, 256. 
 
 Gold veins in granite : Storms, 2316. 
 
 Greenwater district : Boyle, 279. 
 
 copper : Nicholas, 1801 ; Zalinski, 
 2661. 
 
 Inyo County : Taft, 2340. 
 
 Inyo Range : Reid, 2023. 
 
 Iron ores : Leith, 1552. 
 
 Shasta County : Campbell, 391. 
 
 Magnesite: Hess, 1135, 1138. 
 
 Mines and minerals, register of : 385. 
 
 Mojave district : Bateson, 164. 
 
 Exposed Treasure lode : DeKalh, 
 702. 
 
 Monterey County, Stone Canyon, coal : 
 Campbell, 405. 
 
 Mother Lode district : Lindgren, 1591 ; 
 Reid, 2021. 
 
 Mt. Diablo Range, coal : Arnold, 58. 
 
 Oil wells, Los Angeles County : 386. 
 
 Ore deposits of eastern California : 
 Ball, 119. 
 
 Quicksilver : Aubury, 86. 
 
 Redding quadrangle : Diller, 721. 
 
 Saline deposits : Bailej’, 95. 
 
 Salt Lake oil field ; Arnold, 59. 
 
 Santa Barbara County, diatomaceous 
 earth : Arnold and Anderson, 
 65. 
 
 Santa Maria district, petroleum : 
 Arnold and Anderson, 66, 67. 
 
 Summerland district : Arnold, 63. 
 
 Santa Clara Valley, Puente Hills, and 
 Los Angeles oil districts : Eld- 
 ridge and Arnold, 779. 
 
 Shasta County, copper : Campbell, 392 ; 
 Eorstner, 889. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, copper : Lang, 1519. 
 
 Siskiyou County, copper in serpentine : 
 Purington, 1977. 
 
 Slate : Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 Structural and industrial materials : 
 Aubury, 87, 
 
 Coast erosion : Wilson, 2613. 
 
 California — Continued. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Dome structure in conglomerate : 
 Arnold, 61. 
 
 Drainage changes, Santa Clara Valley : 
 Branner, 289. 
 
 Earthquake lines : Storms, 2315. 
 
 Earthquake rift of 1906 : .Iordan, 1323. 
 
 Earthquakes, on Pacific coast, catalog 
 of: McAdie, 1636. 
 
 See also San Francisco earthquake 
 below. 
 
 Fault lines in the Santa Cruz Moun- 
 tains : Branner, 284. 
 
 Gravitational assemblage in Sierra Ne- 
 vada granite : Gilbert, 953. 
 
 Metamorphism in oil-bearing shale : 
 Arnold and Anderson, 68. 
 
 Sand-calcite concretions from Salton : 
 Nichols, 1802. 
 
 San Jacinto earthquake : Danes, 640. 
 
 San Francisco earthquake : Carey, 424 ; 
 Crafts, 587 ; Crandall, 591 ; 
 Davidson, 658, 659 ; Davison, 
 683, 810; Fairbanks, 833, Gil- 
 bert, 956 ; Haehl et ah, 1062 ; 
 Himmelwright, 1162 ; Jordan, 
 1325 ; Lapparent, 1522 ; Leusch- 
 ner, 1567; Omoi’i, 1818-1820; 
 Rickard et ah, 2056; Ritter, 
 2068; See, 2157; Tyler, 2403; 
 2417; 2667. 
 cause : Ransome, 1980. 
 destructive extent : Derleth, 714. 
 earth movements : Branner, 285 ; 
 
 Hayford and Baldwin, 1114. 
 effects : Derleth, 713 ; Inkersley, 
 
 1275 ; Moore, 1769 ; Taber, 2331. 
 faulting : Omori, 1823. 
 geological prelude : Ashley, 73. 
 history : Aitken and Hilton, 21. 
 intensity, compared with New Ma- 
 drid and Charleston earth- 
 quakes ; Fuller, 909. 
 investigation : Gilbert, 950 ; Lawson 
 et ah, 1531. 
 
 magnetograph records : Bauer, 167, 
 168. 
 
 movement along the Santa Cruz fault 
 line : Branner, 285. 
 seismographs : Bauer, 168 ; Bauer 
 
 and Burbank, 169. 
 
 Catania, Italy : Ricco, 2024. 
 
 Japan : Omori, 1817, 1821. 
 
 Washington : Marvin, 1688. 
 
 Sierra Nevada fault blocks ; Davis, 
 674. 
 
 Physioyraphic. 
 
 Blue Lakes, history : Holway, 1215. 
 
 Colorado delta, desert basins of: Mac- 
 Dougal, 1660. 
 
 Death Valley: Chapman, 464. 
 
 Desert, the. its resources, water-sup- 
 ply, and development : Bailey, 
 96. 
 
 Drainage changes: Branner, 286; Hol- 
 way, 1216, 
 
INDEX 
 
 217 
 
 California— Continued. 
 
 Physiographic — Continued. 
 
 Evolution group of peaks : Le Conte, 
 1536. 
 
 Geomorphic features of middle Kern : 
 Lawson, 1527. 
 
 Geomorphogeny of the Tehachapi Val- 
 ley system : Lawson, 1528. 
 
 River channels, ancient : Kimble, 1395. 
 
 Salton sea: Byers, 374; Koch, 1420; 
 Redway, 2004. 
 
 Santa Clara Valley, drainage changes : 
 Branner, 286, 289. 
 
 Santa Cruz County, shore topography : 
 Wilson, 2613. 
 
 Sierra Nevada fault blocks : Davis, 674. 
 
 Yosemite Valley, topographic map of : 
 Matthes, 1692. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Auriferous gravels, age of : Diller, 
 723. 
 
 Cambrian rocks in southeastern Cali- 
 fornia : Darton, 651. 
 
 Glaucophane schists ; Louderback, 
 1618. 
 
 Klamath region : Hershey, 1133. 
 
 Mojave district : Bateson, 164. 
 
 Redding quadrangle : Diller, 721. 
 
 Santa Clara Valley : Crandall, 590 ; 
 Eldridge and Arnold, 779. 
 
 Santa Maria oil district : Arnold, 64 ; 
 Arnold and Anderson, 66, 67. 
 
 Summerland oil district : Arnold, 63. 
 
 Tertiary and Pleistocene formations : 
 Arnold, 57. 
 
 Triassic of western America : Smith, 
 2243. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Cestraciont teeth from the Triassic : 
 Wemple, 2526. 
 
 Fishes : Jordan, 1324. 
 
 Fossils from oil-bearing formations ; 
 Arnold, 60, 62. 
 
 Mammalia, Quaternary : Furlong, 920, 
 921 ; Merriam, 1712, 1715. 
 
 Pectens, Tertiary and Pleistocene : Ar- 
 nold, 57. 
 
 Quaternary cave fauna : Furlong, 921. 
 
 Quaternary Felidae : Bovard, 272. 
 
 Raccoon, Pleistocene : Gidley, 944. 
 
 Tertiary Mollusca : Arnold, 60. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Glaucophane-bearing rocks : Smith,, 
 
 2242. 
 
 Glaucophane schists : Louderback, 
 
 1618. 
 
 Mojave district : Bateson, 164. 
 
 Oak Hill crystalline rocks : Carey and 
 Miller, 425. 
 
 Redding quadrangle : Diller, 721. 
 
 San Francisco peninsula : Crandall, 
 591. 
 
 Serpentine, alteration of : Knopf, 
 
 1416. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Amphiboles, classification ; Murgoci, 
 1779. 
 
 California — Continued. 
 
 Mineralogy — Continued. 
 
 Aragotite : Hanks, 1072. 
 
 Bakerite and howlite : Giles, 958. 
 
 Benitoite : Louderback, 1620. 
 
 Cinnabar, Sonoma County : Sachs, 
 2111 . 
 
 Lawsonite, columbite, beryl, calcite, 
 notes on : Eakle, 753. 
 
 Paragenesis in glaucophane-bearing 
 rocks : Smith, 2242. 
 
 Phosphorescent zinc blende : Headden, 
 1115. 
 
 San Diego County : Sovereign, 2258. 
 
 stibiotantalite : Penfield and Ford, 
 1892. 
 
 Underground water. 
 
 Owens Valley ; Lee, 1540. 
 
 Cambrian. 
 
 Stratigraphy. 
 
 British Columbia, Vancouver Island : 
 Hall, 1064. 
 
 California : Ball, 120 ; Darton, 651. 
 
 Colorado, Arkansas Valley : Darton, 
 648. 
 
 Connecticut : Gregory and Robinson, 
 1038. 
 
 Georgia : Watson, 2483. 
 
 Illinois : Weller, 2519. 
 
 Iowa : Beyer and Williams, 234 ; Cal- 
 vin, 387. 
 
 Clayton County : Leonard, 1559. 
 
 Winneshiek County : Calvin, 388. 
 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Missouri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Montana : Walcott, 2470. 
 
 Philipsburg quadrangle : Emmons, 
 806. 
 
 Nevada : Ball, 120. 
 
 Silver Peak quadrangle : Spurr, 2271. 
 
 New Brunswick : Ells, 782. 
 
 New Mexico : Gordon and Graton, 983. 
 
 New York, Highlands : Berkey, 207. 
 
 North Carolina, Nantahala quadrangle : 
 Keith, 1352. • 
 
 Pisgah quadrangle : Keith, 1353. 
 
 Roan Mountain quadrangle : Keith, 
 1354. 
 
 Pennsylvania, South Mountain : Stose, 
 2318. 
 
 Quebec, Mount Yamaska : Young, 2660. 
 
 Rhode Island : Emerson and Perry, 
 790. 
 
 South Carolina, Pisgah quadrangle : 
 Keith, 1353. 
 
 Tennessee, Roan Mountain quadrangle : 
 Keith, 1354, 
 
 Utah, Uinta Range : Weeks, 2506. 
 
 Vermont : Edson, 773, 774. 
 
 Virginia: Bassler, 158. 
 
 West Virginia: Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Wisconsin, north central : Weidman, 
 2512. 
 
 Wyoming, Bald Mountain and Dayton 
 quadrangles : Darton, 645. 
 
 Bighorn basin : Fisher, 873. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647. 
 
218 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF XORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Cambriap — Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphy — Continued. 
 
 Wyoming, Cloud Peak and Fort McKin- | 
 ney quadrangles : Barton, 646. 
 
 Owl Creek Mountains : Barton, 642. | 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Canada : Whiteaves, 2555. 
 
 Massachusetts, fauna from Braintree : 
 Shimer, 2203, 2204. 
 
 Nevada. Pioche Mountains : Pack, 1855. 
 
 New Brunswick, Ostracoda and Trilo- 
 bita : Matthew, 1695. 
 
 Vermont, St. Albans : Edson, 774. 
 
 Canada (general). See also the various provinces. 
 
 Gen eral. 
 
 Bibliography Canadian geology and 
 paleontology : Ami, 36, 38, 42. 
 
 Chemistry and mineralogy, report on : • 
 Hoffmann, 1197, 1198. 
 
 Geological survey, summary report : 
 Bell, 190; Low, 1625. 
 
 catalogue of publications : 417. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Copper mines : Weed, 2502. 
 
 Graphite : Brumell, 338. 
 
 Mineral fuel supply : Ells. 785. 
 
 Mineral industries : Ingall. 1267-1270. 
 
 Mineral pigments : Willimott, 2589. 
 
 Mines branch, report : Haanel. 1060. 
 
 Oil. gas, and coal fields : Benis, 710. 
 
 Resources of northland : 415. 
 
 Summary report. Geological survey : 
 Bell, 190 ; Low, 1625. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Block remains in Rockies and Selkirks : 
 Sherzer, 2199. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Interglacial periods ; Coleman, 547. 
 
 Lower Huronian ice age : Coleman, i 
 
 544. 
 
 Pre-Cambrian nomenclature : Coleman, 
 540. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Cambrian, Cambro-Silurian. and Be- 
 voniari fossils ; Whiteaves. 2555. 
 
 Bevonian fishes : Whiteaves. 2559. 
 
 Fruits, fossil, in the Geological sur- 
 vey museum : Ami. 37. 
 
 Plectoceras and Barrandeoceras : Whit- 
 eaves. 2554. 
 
 Report ; Whiteaves. 2551. 2552. 
 
 Vertebrate fossils, report on : Lambe, 
 1483. 1485. 
 
 Cannel coal. 
 
 United States : Ashley, 69. 
 
 Carbon dioxide. 
 
 United States : 2418. 
 
 Carboniferous. 
 
 Stratigraphy. 
 
 General. 
 
 Appalachian and eastern interior 
 coal fields: Ashley. 76. 
 
 Appalachian basin : Stevenson. 2294. 
 
 Aubrey limestone, age of : Reagan, 
 1999. 
 
 i Carboniferovis — Continued. 
 
 Stra tigra ph y — Continued. 
 
 General — Continued. 
 
 Carboniferous and Permian of Amer- 
 ica, Russia, and India com- 
 pared : Schuchert, 2147. 
 Classification of American Carbonif- 
 erous : Keyes, 1376. 
 
 Permian in American geology : 
 Keyes. 1381. 
 
 Pottsville formation, character and 
 origin : Grabau, 995. 
 
 Alabama, Birmingham district : Butts, 
 370. 
 
 Cahaba coal field : Butts, 373. 
 Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Cape Lisburne region : Collier, 552. 
 Rampart region : Prindle and Hess, 
 1958. 
 
 southeastern : Kindle, 1400. 
 upper Yukon : Brooks and Kindle, 321. 
 Alberta, Cascade coal basin : Bowling, 
 736. 
 
 Arizona, Red Wall formation : Reagan, 
 2001. 
 
 Arkansas : Collier, 555, 556. 
 northern : Purdue, 1970. 
 
 Winslow quadrangle : Purdue, 1971. 
 California, eastern : Ball. 120. 
 
 Klamath region : Hershey, 1133. 
 Redding quadrangle : Biller, 721. 
 Colorado : Finlay, 868. 
 
 Arkansas Valley : Barton, 648. 
 
 Ouray quadrangle : Cross et ah, 607. 
 western : Cross. 604. 
 
 Franklin : Low, 1623. 
 
 Illinois : Blatchley, 245 ; Weller, 2517 ; 
 White, 2545. 
 
 Calhoun County : Weller. 2523. 
 Belafield drill core : Udden, 2410. 
 East St. Louis area : Fenneman, 860. 
 Saline-Gallatin field : Be Wolf, 717. 
 Indiana. Monroe County ; Reagan, 
 1998. 
 
 Salem limestone : Cumings and 
 
 Beede. 612. 
 
 Indian Territory, Muscogee quadran- 
 gle : Taff. 2332. 
 
 Iowa : Beyer. 230 ; Beyer and Wil- 
 liams. 234 ; Calvin, 387. 
 Franklin County : Williams, 2588. 
 Jackson County : Savage, 2128. 
 Kdnsas : Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Independence quadrangle : Schrader 
 and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 Joplin district : Smith and Sleben- 
 thal, 2251. 
 
 Neosho River section : Beede and 
 Rogers, 181. 
 
 Kentucky, Cumberland Gap ; Ashley 
 and Glenn, 77. 
 
 Elkhorn field: Stone, 2310. 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews. 488. 
 Massachusetts. Roxbury conglomerate : 
 Mansfield, 1674. 
 
INDEX 
 
 219 
 
 Carboniferous — Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphy — Continued. 
 
 Michigan, Bay County : Cooper, 575. 
 
 Mississippi : Crider, 505, 598 ; Crider 
 and .Tolmson, 599 ; Logan, IGOS. 
 
 Missouri ; Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Granby area : Buckley and Buehler, 
 346. 
 
 Joplin district : Smith and Sieben- 
 thal, 2251. 
 
 Kinderhook at Glen Park ; Weller, 
 2519. 
 
 Montana, Bighorn Mountains : Barton, 
 647. 
 
 Philipshurg quadrangle : Emmons, 
 
 806. 
 
 Nebraska, Cass County : Woodruff, 
 
 2628. 
 
 Republican River Valley : Condra, 
 
 570. 
 
 Nevada, Robinson district : Lawson, 
 
 1526. 
 
 southwestern : Ball, 120. 
 
 New Brunswick ; Ells, 784. 
 
 New Mexico : Gordon and Graton, 983 ; 
 Keyes, 1377. 
 
 Carboniferous coal measures in the 
 Sierra Ladrones : Keyes, 1382. 
 
 Rio Grande Valley ; Gordon, 981, 
 982 ; Lee, 1546. 
 
 Roswell area : Fisher, 870. 
 
 Nova Scotia : Be Wolfe, 718. 
 
 Cumberland basin : Woodman, 2626. 
 
 Ohio ; Stevenson, 2294, 2295. 
 
 Licking County : Carney, 427. 
 
 Steubenville quadrangle : Griswold 
 
 and Munn, 1948. 
 
 Pennsylvania ; Althouse, 32 ; Steven- 
 son, 2294, 2295. 
 
 Amity quadrangle : Clapp, 475, 477. 
 
 Beaver quadrangle ; Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Clarion quadrangle ; Lines, 1606. 
 
 Greene County : Stone and Clai)p, 
 
 2314. 
 
 Johnstown : Phalen, 1922. 
 
 Kittanning and Rural Valley quad- 
 rangles : Butts, 368. 
 
 Mauch Chunk shale : Barrel!, 150. 
 
 Rogersville quadrangle : Clapp, 476. 
 
 Rhode Island : Emerson, 789 ; Emer- 
 
 son and Perry, 790. 
 
 Texas, Chisos country ; Udden, 2409. 
 
 Panhandle : Gould, 986, 987. 
 
 Permian Red Beds ; Case, 443. 
 
 Utah, eastern ; Cross, 604, 
 
 Iron County: Lee, 1544. 
 
 Ontario mineral belt : .Tenney, 1293. 
 
 Park City district : Boutwell, 271. 
 
 Uinta Range : Emmons, 798 ; Weeks, 
 2506. 
 
 West Virginia : Grimsley, 1044 ; Stev- 
 enson, 2294, 2295. 
 
 I‘anhandle : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Raleigh and Wyoming counties : Alt- 
 house, 30. 
 
 Steubenville quadrangle : Griswold 
 
 and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Carboniferous — Conti nued . 
 
 Stratigraphy — Continued. 
 
 Virginia, Dante: Stone. 2312. 
 
 Russell Fork coal field : Stone, 2311. 
 
 Wyoming, Bald Mountain and Dayton 
 quadrangles : Barton, 645. 
 
 Bighorn basin : Fisher, 873. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Barton, 647. 
 
 Cloud Peak and Fort McKinney 
 quadrangles : Barton, 646. 
 
 Owl Creek Mountains : Barton, 642. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Alaska, Cape Lisburne region : Girty, 
 966. 
 
 southeastern : Kindle, 1400. 
 
 Alternation of fossil faunas : Keyes, 
 1385. 
 
 Arizona, Aubrey and Red Wall lime- 
 stones : Reagan, 2000, 2001. 
 
 Aubrey limestone : Reagan, 2000. 
 
 Bolosaurus striatus Cope : Case, 442. 
 
 Colorado and Utah : Cross, 604. 
 
 Crinoids : Rowley, 2094. 
 
 Foraminifera : Spandel, 2259. 
 
 Illinois, Hamburg : Weller, 2519. 
 
 Indiana, Salem limestone : Cumings 
 and Beede, 612. 
 
 Insecta, from Permian : Sellards, 2169. 
 
 Invertebrates, from Permian Red Beds 
 of Oklahoma and Texas : Beede, 
 180. 
 
 Kansas, Ilooser : Spandel, 2259. 
 
 Neosho River section : Beede and 
 Rogers, 181. 
 
 Kinderhook fauna : Weller, 2519. 
 
 Marine fossils from Arkansas coal 
 fields : Girty, 967. 
 
 Missouri, Glen Park : Weller, 2519. 
 
 Naosaurus, from Permian of Texas : 
 Osborn, 1845. 
 
 Nebraska, Cass County : Woodruff, 2628. 
 
 Ostracoda, American Paleozoic : Ulrich 
 and Bassler, 2412. 
 
 I’elycosauria : Case, 441. 
 
 Permian insects : Sellards, 2184. 
 
 I’lants, from Arkansas coal measures : 
 White, 2546. 
 
 from Illinois coal measures : White, 
 2545. 
 
 from Iowa : Macbride, 1640. 
 
 Red Wall limestone : Reagan, 2000, 
 
 2001. 
 
 Reptilian remains in Pennsylvanian 
 near Pittsburg : Raymond, 1990. 
 
 Salem limestone : Cumings and Beede, 
 612. 
 
 Shark related to Edestus : May, 1105. 
 
 Zatrachys Cope : Case, 444. 
 
 Carnotite ores. 
 
 Colorado : Fleck and Haldane, 878. 
 
 Rio Blanco County : Gale, 923. 
 
 Cartography. 
 
 Geological map of North America : 
 Hobson, 1194. 
 
 Caves. 
 
 Beutschman, British Columbia : Ayres, 
 88-90. 
 
220 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF XORTH AMEEICAX GEOLOGA^ 1906-1907 
 
 Caves — Continued. , 
 
 Nakimu. British Columhia :* Wheeler, I 
 2520. 
 
 Iowa, Winneshiek County : Calvin, 
 
 388. 
 
 New York : Clarke, 500. 
 
 Schoharie Valley : Grabau, 991. ; 
 
 Cement and cement materials. i 
 
 California ; Anbury, 82, 87. 
 
 Iowa : Beyer. 230 ; Beyer and Wil- | 
 liams, 233. 
 
 Dubuque : Burchard, 353. 
 
 Kansas : Schrader and Haworth, 2144. i 
 Mississippi ; Crider. 598 ; Eckel, 762. | 
 
 Oregon : Stafford. 2276. j 
 
 Tennessee, Cumberland Gap district : 
 Eckel, 766. 
 
 Texas : Deussen, 716. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Virginia : Bassler, 158. 
 
 Cumberland Gap district : Eckel, 
 
 766. 
 
 Washington : Landes, 1495. 
 
 West Virginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1045. 
 Wyoming, eastern : Ball, 120. 
 
 Central America. 
 
 Geology: Merz. 174.5. 
 
 Masaya earthquake : Sapper. 2120. | 
 
 Physiographic notes : Wegener. 2510. j 
 Seismic disturbances, recent, effects 
 of : .Tones. 1322. I 
 
 Cephalopoda. See also Mollusca. i 
 
 Barrandeoceras : Whiteaves, 2554. > 
 
 Beekmantown and Chazy formations : ] 
 Ruedemann, 2097. 
 
 Cyrtoceras cuneatum : Whiteaves, 2558’. 
 Devonian : Clarke. 497. 
 
 restored : Cleland. 504. 
 
 Jurassic from Mazapil ; Burckhardt, 
 359. 
 
 I’eltoceras from .Jurassic of Alberta : 
 Whiteaves. 2559. 
 riectoceras : Whiteaves. 2554. 
 
 Salem limestone, Indiana : Cumings, 
 
 611. 
 
 Changes of level. 
 
 Alaska. Yakutat Bay region : Tarr and 
 Martin. 2356. 2357. 
 
 Bermuda Islands : Verrill, 244.5. 
 California : Comstock. 563. 
 
 Santa Clara Valley : Branner, 289. 
 Cause of: Fisher. 876. 
 
 Isostasy, geodetic evidence for : Ilay- 
 ford, 1112. 
 
 Great Lakes region : Spencer. 2266. 
 Labrador: Fuller. 914. 
 
 Lake Erie. sul)sidence at west end : 
 Moseley. 1773. 
 
 North .Vmerica : Shinier. 2205. 
 
 Nova Scotia. Atlantic coast, subsid- 
 ence : Poole. 1941. 
 
 Louisbourg. subsidence : McIntosh. 
 
 1668. 
 
 (‘'hemical analyses. See list, p. 282. 
 
 Chrome. 
 
 Quebec : Edwards, 776. 
 
 Chromite. 
 
 California : Anbury. 87. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Clay. See also Fire clay. 
 
 General: Geijsbeek, 935 ; Purdy, 1972. 
 Bibliography : Branner, 283. 
 Composition, rational : Ries, 2063. 
 Report of committee on cooperation : 
 Hice et al., 1142. 
 
 Report on, what it should embrace : 
 Hice, 1141 ; Ries, 2062. 
 
 Term ‘ colluvial ’ : Veatch, 2442. 
 Alabama, Birmingham district : Butts, 
 372. 
 
 Arkansas, Garland County: Eckel, 767. 
 California : Aubury, 87. 
 
 Canada : Chalmers, 449. 
 
 Colorado, Durango-Gallup field : Shaler 
 and Gardner, 2177. 
 
 Illinois : Purdy and DeWolf, 1973. 
 Iowa : Beyer, 229. 
 
 Blackhawk County : Arey, 53. 
 Clayton County : Leonard, 1559. 
 Franklin County : Williams, 2588. 
 Ida County : Macbride, 1639. 
 
 Sac County : Macbride, 1639. 
 
 Kansas : Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 Kentucky : Gardner, 929. 
 
 Crittenden and Livingston counties : 
 Fobs. 885. 
 
 east-central : Foerste, 884. 
 
 Jackson's Ihirchase region : Gardner, 
 928. 
 
 northeastern : Greaves-Walker, 1027 ; 
 Phalen, 1921. 
 
 Red River Valley : Gardner, 927. 
 Silurian : Foerste. 883. 
 western : Crider, 596 ; Gardner, 926. 
 Maine, Penobscot Bay region : Bastin, 
 161. 
 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 Calvert County : Miller, 1750. 
 
 St. Marys County : Miller, 1751. 
 Massachusetts, Cape Cod: Fuller, 912. 
 Mississippi : Crider, 595 ; Logan, 1608 ; 
 
 Logan and Hand, 1609. 
 Missouri : Wheeler. 2530. 
 
 Bollinger County : Orton. 1836. 
 
 St. Louis district : Fenneman. 861. 
 North Dakota: Babcock. 91; Babcock 
 and Clapp. 92 ; Clapp, 470 ; 
 Clapp and Babcock, 471 ; Leon- 
 ard, 1563. 
 
 Ontario: Baker. 116. 
 
 Oregon : Stafford. 2276. 
 
 Pennsylvania. Beaver quadrangle : 
 Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Cambria County : I’halen and Mar- 
 tin, 1923. 
 
 central : Ashley, 72. 
 
 Clarion quadrangle: Lines. 1605. 
 Kittanning and Rural Valley quad- 
 rangles: Butts. 368. 
 
 South Mountain : Stose. 2320. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2217, 2218. 
 Tennessee, western : Crider, 596. 
 
 Texas : Ries, 2058. 
 
INDEX 
 
 221 
 
 Clay — Continued. 
 
 United States : Ries, 2057 ; 2418, 2419. 
 
 Vermont : Richardson, 2037. 
 
 Virjjinia : Ries, 2060, 2064. 
 
 West Virginia : Grimsiey, 1044. 
 
 Pan Handle counties ; Grimsiey, 
 1046. 
 
 Wisconsin ; Ries, 2059. 
 
 Milwaukee quadrangle ; Alden, 23. 
 
 Wyoming, Bighorn basin : Fisher, 872. 
 
 Laramie basin : Siebenthal, 2209. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Theories of : Barrell, 149 ; Becker, 173 ; 
 Willis, 2596. 
 
 Coal. 
 
 General. 
 
 Appalachian and eastern interior 
 coal fields, relations : Ashley, 76. 
 
 Classification : Frazer, 899. 
 
 Coal fields, formation of : Ford, 887 ; 
 Page, 1858. 
 
 Coal-testing : Holmes et al., 1214 ; 
 Parker et al., 1870. 
 
 Composition: Grout, .1049. 
 
 Correlation of coals : White and 
 Ashley, 2549. 
 
 Deposition, rate of : Ashley, 75. 
 maximum, in Appalachian field : 
 Ashley, 74. 
 
 Formation of : Plotts, 1938 ; White, 
 2548. 
 
 Origin of different grades : Campbell, 
 397 ; Smith, 2252. 
 
 Alabama : Smith, 2227. 
 
 Cahaba field : Butts, 373. 
 
 Warrior basin : Butts, 369. 
 
 Alaska ; Brooks, 311 ; Ritter, 2069. 
 
 Admiralty Island : Wright, 2640. 
 
 Bering River field : Martin, 1680. 
 
 Bonnifield and Kantishna region : 
 Prindle, 1957. 
 
 Cape Lisburne region : Collier, 552. 
 
 Circle Precinct : Brooks, 319. 
 
 Herendeen Bay field : Paige, 1859. 
 
 Kachemak Bay region : Stone, 2308. 
 
 Matanuska field : Griflith, 1042 ; 
 
 Martin, 1681, 1682 ; Paige and 
 Knopf, 1861, 1862. 
 
 southeastern : Wright, 2369. 
 
 Talkeetna basin : Paige and Knopf, 
 1861, 1862. 
 
 Yakutat Bay region : Tarr, 2346. 
 
 Yukon region : Prindle, 1955. 
 
 Alberta : Denis, 710 ; Dowling, 734, 
 737 ; Gwillim, 1059 ; Thompson, 
 2371. 
 
 Cascade coal basin : Dowling, 736. 
 
 Moose Mountain district : Cairnes, 
 381. 
 
 Arizona : Griffith, 1041. 
 
 Arkansas : Collier, 555, 556 ; Griffith, 
 1041. 
 
 British Columbia: Denis, 710; Ritter, 
 2069 : Robertson, 2074. 
 
 Cassiar field : Bell, 188. 
 
 Crow’s Nest field : Ashworth, 78. 
 
 Elk River basin : Dowling, 733. 
 
 Coal — Continued. 
 
 British Columbia, Graham Island : 
 Ellis, 781, 783. 
 
 Nanaimo-Comox field : Poole, 1939. 
 
 Nicola-Coldwater beds : Evans, 813. 
 
 Princeton field : Lakes, 1480. 
 
 Skeena River ; Leach, 1535. 
 
 Telkwa district : Leach, 1533, 1534. 
 
 California : Edwords, 777 ; Ritter, 
 
 2069. 
 
 Monterey County : Arnold, 58 ; 
 
 Campbell, 405. 
 
 Canada : Ells, 785 ; Ingall, 1267. 
 
 Colorado: 562; Headden, 1117, 1118; 
 Lakes, 1464, 1466, 1470 ; Mer- 
 riam, 1718 ; Ritter, 2069. 
 
 Book Cliffs field : Richardson, 2045. 
 
 Danforth Hills and Grand Hogback ; 
 Gale, 924. 
 
 Durango district : Taff, 2336. 
 
 Durango-Gallup field : Shaler, 2176. 
 
 northwestern : Gale, 924. 
 
 Quray quadrangle : Cross et ah, 607. 
 
 Routt County : Fenneman and Gale, 
 862, 863 ; Lakes, 1469. 
 
 Yampa field : Campbell, 400 ; Fen- 
 neman and Gale, 862, 863. 
 
 Idaho : Ritter, 2069. 
 
 Illinois : Bain, 100, 112 ; Bement, 201 ; 
 1‘arr, 1875-1877. 
 
 cannel coal in northern Illinois : 
 Grout, 1050. 
 
 Sahine-Gallatin field : DeW’^olf, 717. 
 
 Indian Territory : Crane, 592. 
 
 Iowa ; Beyer, 229 ; Savage, 2126. 
 
 Kansas, Atchison : Young, 2659. 
 
 Independence quadrangle : Schrader 
 and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 Kentucky, Big Sandy Valley : Crandall, 
 589. 
 
 Cumberland Gap field : Ashley and 
 Glenn, 77 ; Pultz, 1964. 
 
 Elkhorn field : Stone, 2310. 
 
 Kenova quadrangle : Phalen, 1920. 
 
 Manitoba : Dowling, 737. 
 
 Maryland ; Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 George’s Creek field : Parsons, 1879. 
 
 Mexico : Guerra, 1051 ; Ritter, 2069 ; 
 Thomas, 2368. 
 
 Coahuila : Ludlow. 1628. 
 
 Michigan : Fraser, 896, 897. 
 
 Bay County ; Cooper, 575. 
 
 Montana : Leonard. 1560 ; Parsons, 
 
 1883 ; Ritter. 2069 ; Rowe, 2090- 
 2092 ; Tarr, 2345. 
 
 Bear Creek field : Fisher, 871. 
 
 Carbon County : Darton, 652. 
 
 Dawson, Rosebud, and Custer coun- 
 ties : Leonard, 1564. 
 
 Great Falls field : Fisher, 874. 
 
 Nebraska. Honey Creek mine : Barbour, 
 132. 
 
 Peru ; Barbour, 137. 
 
 Nevada, Silver Peak quadrangle ; Spurr, 
 2271. 
 
 New IMexico ; Griffith, 1041 ; Ritter, 
 2069 ; Sheridan, 2195. 
 
222 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Coal — Continued- 
 
 Xew Mexico, Durango-Gallup field : 
 Shalei-, 1*176 ; Schrader, 2142. 
 Engle field : Lee. 1542. 
 
 Fort Stanton Reservation : Camp- 
 
 bell, 404. 
 
 Ifincoln County : Campbell, 404. 
 INlescal Canyon field : Keyes, 1386. 
 northern : Judd, 1333. 
 
 Raton field : Judd, 1332. 
 
 Sandoval County ; Campbell, 403. 
 
 Fna del Gato field : Campbell, 403. 
 North Dakota : Leonard, 1560 ; 
 
 Wilder, 2577. 
 
 Nova Scotia : Fletcher, 880. 
 
 Ohio, Kenova quadrangle : Phalen, 
 
 1020. 
 
 Oregon : Ritter. 2060 ; Stafford, 2276. 
 I’ennsylvania : Griffith, 1041. 
 
 Amit,y quadrangle ; Clapp, 475, 477. 
 Anthracite, new supplies : Althouse, 
 32 ; Joyce, 1327. 
 
 Beaver quadrangle : Woolsey, 26.‘>4. j 
 Buck Mountain : Althouse, .■>1. j 
 
 Clarion quadrangle : Lines, 1606. 
 Clearfield field : Ashley, 71. 
 
 Greene County : Boileau, 253. 
 Hazleton district : Parsons, 1878. 
 Johnstown : Phalen, 1022. 
 
 Kittanning and Rural Valley quad- 
 rangles : Butts, 368. 
 
 Map of bituminous fields ; Halber- 
 stadt, 1063. 
 
 Punxsutawney and Glen Campbell 
 fields ; Peck and Ashley, 1888. 
 Rogersville quadrangle: Clapp, 476. 
 Washington County : Boileau, 253 ; 
 Clapp, 477. 
 
 western : Seddon, 2156. 
 
 Rhode Island : Griffith, 1041. 
 Saskatchewan : Dowling, 737. 
 
 Texas, Chisos country : Udden, 2400. 
 United States (general): Ashley, 60; 
 Bement, 202 ; Campbell, 300 ; 
 Griffith, 1041; Parker. 1860; 
 Ritter, 2060; 2418, 2410. 
 
 Utah : Ritter, 2060. 
 
 Book Cliffs field : Richardson, 2045 ; 
 Taff, 2335. 
 
 Iron Count.v field : Lee, 1544. 
 
 I’leasant Valley district : Taff, 2337. 
 Sanpete County : Richardson, 2043. 
 Wasatch : Lakes, 1471. 
 
 Weber River field : Taff, 2334. 
 
 Virginia : Griffith, 1041 ; Watson, 
 
 2403. 
 
 Anthracite field : Tiffany, 2373. 
 Dante: Stone, 2312. 
 
 Russell Fork field : Stone. 2311. 
 Washington : Ritter, 2060 ; Smith and 
 Calkins, 2240 ; Tarr, 2344. 
 
 West Virginia, Fairmont field : Par- 
 sons, 1880. 
 
 Holden : Lyman, 1635. 
 
 Kenova quadrangle : I’halen, 1020. 
 Pan Handle counties : Grimsley, 
 
 1046 ; White, 2550. 
 
 Coal — Continued. 
 
 West Virginia, Raleigh and Wyoming 
 counties : Althouse, 30. 
 southern : I*arsons, 1881. 
 Steubenville quadrangle : Griswold, 
 
 1047. 
 
 Wyoming : Ritter, 2060. 
 
 Bald Mountain and Dayton quadran- 
 gles : Darton, 645. 
 
 Bighorn basin : Fisher, 872, 873. 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647, 
 
 640 . 
 
 Carbon County : Veatch, 2440. 
 Lander field : Woodruff, 2620. 
 Laramie basin: Siebenthal, 2211. 
 northeastern : Kennedy, 1374. 
 northern : Parsons, 1882. 
 
 Owl Creek Mountains : Darton, 642. 
 Uinta County : Schultz, 2151 ; 
 
 Veatch, 2437. 
 
 Yukon, southern : Cairnes, 382. 
 
 Cobalt. 
 
 ^Mexico, Jalisco : Navarro, 1786. 
 
 Ontario : Corkill. 578 ; Ingall, 1267 ; 
 MacDonald, 1650. 
 
 Cobalt : Bell, 102, 104 ; 418 : Courtis, 
 584 : George, 030 ; Miller, 1758 ; 
 Rickard. 2053 ; Tyrrell, 2405 ; 
 Van Hise, 2422. 
 
 T'nited States : 2418, 2419, 
 
 Coke. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2410. 
 
 Coke, natural. 
 
 Utah : Taff, 2333. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 General. 
 
 Leadville, Downtown district, map and 
 cross-sections : Emmons, 704. 
 
 San Juan region : Lakes, 1473. 
 
 Trachytic boulder : Pearce, 1887. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Animas Forks, Gold Princd mine : 
 Scholl and Herrick, 2141. 
 
 Anthracite : Lakes. 1464, 1470. 
 
 Routt County : Lakes, 1462. 
 
 Bear Creek ore deposits : Emmons, 804. 
 
 Book Cliffs coal field : Richardson, 
 
 2045. 
 
 Boulder Count.v : Tovote, 2385. 
 
 tungsten: Greenawalt, 1028; Lind- 
 gren, 1500. 
 
 Bureau of mines, report : 562. 
 
 Cashin mine : Emmons, 703. 
 
 Coal: Headden, 1118; Ritter, 2060. 
 
 Coal field, new: Merriam. 1718. 
 
 Coal resources along the Moffat road : 
 Lakes, 1466. 
 
 Copper : Snednker, 2256. 
 
 mining in 1005 : Weed, 2400. 
 
 Cripple Creek gold district : IJebenara, 
 1585 ; Lindgren, 1501 ; IJnd- 
 gren and Ransome, 1604 ; MOll- 
 mann, 1765. 
 
 Custer County. cerussite deposit : 
 Brinsmade, 297. 
 
INDEX 
 
 223 
 
 Colorado— Continued. 
 
 Economic- — Continued. 
 
 Danfoi'th Hills and Grand Hogback 
 coal fields : Gale, 924. 
 
 Durango district, coal : Taff, 23.36. 
 
 Durango-Gallup field, coal : Slialer, 
 
 2176. 
 
 clay deposits : Shaler and Gardner, 
 
 2177. 
 
 Georgetown quadrangle; Ball, 118. 
 
 Gilpin County, pitchblende : Tovote, 
 
 2384. 
 
 Gunnison gold belt : Lakes, 1472. 
 
 Gypsum of Uncompahgre region : Sie- 
 benthal, 2207. 
 
 Hahns I’eak gold field : Gale, 922. 
 
 Idaho Springs mining district : Spurr 
 and Garrey, 2275. 
 
 Iron ores : Leith, 1552. 
 
 Lake Fork extension of Silverton min- 
 ing ai-ea : Woolsey, 2635. 
 
 Leadville : Barker, 143. 
 
 Downtown district: Emmons and 
 
 Irving, 803. 
 
 Yak mine : Armington and Stotes- 
 
 bury, 55. 
 
 Lodes in Tertiary eruptives : Rickard, 
 2055. 
 
 Maple Leaf mine : Lakes, 1475. 
 
 Nepesta quadrangle : Fisher, 869. 
 
 Oil fields : Lakes, 1478. 
 
 Ordovician rocks : Darton, 644. 
 
 Ouray quadrangle : Cross et aJ., 607. 
 
 Pre-Cambrian, Georgetown quadrangle ; 
 Ball, 118. 
 
 Rio Blanco County, carnotite : Gale, 
 923. 
 
 Routt County : Fenneman and Gale, 
 862. 
 
 coals; Headden, 117; Lakes, 1479. 
 
 San .luan Mountains : Howe and Cross, 
 1247. 
 
 Uranium and vanadium belts : Fleck 
 and Haldane, 878. 
 
 White River region, natural gas : 
 Lakes, 1476. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Chalk Bluffs and Pawnee Buttes, topo- 
 graphic development of: Hen- 
 derson, 1128. 
 
 Mesa de Maya, physiographic signifi- 
 cance of : Keyes, 1389. 
 
 Ifiiysiographic features : Koenigsberger, 
 1422. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Arkansas Valley : Darton, 648. 
 
 Clear Creek, lower ; Underhill, 2414. 
 
 Cripple Creek district : Lindgren and 
 Ransome, 1 605. 
 
 Denver basin : Lakes, 1460. 
 
 Florissant T'ertiary lake basin : Hen- 
 derson, 1127. 
 
 Georgetown quadrangle, pre-Cambrian 
 rocks : Ball, 118. 
 
 Colorado — Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphic — Continued. 
 
 Glacial phenomena in San .luan Moun- 
 tains : Howe, 1243 ; Howe and 
 Cross, 1247. 
 
 Gleneyrie formation : Finlay, 868. 
 ‘Hahns IVak region : Gale, 922. 
 
 Nepesta quadrangle ; Fisher, 869. 
 Ordovician rocks: Dai-ton, 644. 
 
 Ouray quadrangle : ('ross ct ah, 607. 
 Pre-Cambrian rocks of Georgetown 
 quadrangle : Ball, 118. 
 
 Routt County : Fenneman and Gale, 
 862. 
 
 Sangre de Cristo Range, glaciation in : 
 Siebenthal, 2210. 
 
 San .Tuan Mountains, glacial phe- 
 nomena : Howe and Cross, 1247. 
 Western : Cross, 604. 
 
 PaJconiology. 
 
 Ant from Florissant : Cockerell, 516. 
 Cicada from Florissant : Cockerell, 522. 
 Florissant basin, fauna and fiora r 
 Brues, 337 : (‘ockerell, 516-524; 
 Wheeler, 2533. 
 
 fossil localities ; Cockerell, 527. 
 Flower from Miocene of Florissant : 
 Ilollick, 1211. 
 
 Hymenoptera from Florissant ; Brues, 
 337; Cockerell, 521. 
 
 Insecta from Florissant : Cockerell, 
 521, 526, 528-535. 
 
 Mollusca from Florissant ; Cockerell, 
 
 523, 536. 
 
 Mosses : Britton and Ilollick, 304. 
 Planorbis from Florissant : Cockerell, 
 519. 
 
 I’lants from Florissant : Cockerell, 520. 
 Sauropodan gastroliths : Cannon, 420. 
 Saw-flies from Florissant ; Cockerell, 
 
 524. 
 
 Vertebrate fossils from near Denver ; 
 Cannon, 420. 
 
 Water-bug from B^lorissant : Cockerell, 
 519. 
 
 Zonitoid shell from Florissant ; Cock- 
 erell, 536. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Clear Creek region ; Underhill, 2414. 
 Corundum and dumortierite in peg- 
 matite : Finlay, 867. 
 
 Cripple Creek district : Graton, 1026 ; 
 
 Lindgren and Ransome, 1604. 
 Georgetown quadrangle : Ball, 118. 
 Prowersose from Two Buttes : Cross, 
 603. 
 
 .Mineralogy. 
 
 Cripple Creek district, minerals ; Lind- 
 gren and Ransome, 1604. 
 Molybdite : Schaller, 2137. 
 Phosphorescent calcites : Headden, 
 
 1116. 
 
 Pyrite ; Kraus and Scott, 1428. 
 
224 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Colorado — Continued. 
 
 Underground water. 
 
 Arkansas Valley : Darton, 648. | 
 
 Mineral and hot springs : Lakes, 1465. j 
 South I'latte Valley, underflow : Slich- | 
 ter and Wolff, 2216. I 
 
 Concretions. | 
 
 Iron concretions from Redbank sands i 
 of New .lersey : Willcox, 2581. | 
 New forms : Nichols, 1802. 
 
 Quartz nodule with radiate structure : 
 DaA’ison, 685. 
 
 Cone in cone: Broadhead, 305. 
 
 Congresses. Sec Associations. * 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 General. 
 
 Bibliography of geology of : Gregory, 
 1037. 
 
 Commissioners’ second biennial report : | 
 573. 
 
 Geography, geological structure and 
 history : Rice, 2030. - j 
 
 Manual of geology of : Rice and Greg 
 ory, 2034. 
 
 Economic. , 
 
 Salisbury di^rict, iron ores : Hobbs, 
 1185. 
 
 Phgsiographic. \ 
 
 Brewsters Neck : Gulliver, 1058. 
 Stratigraphic. ! 
 
 Brewsters Neck, a glacial deposit ; j 
 Gulliver, 1055. 
 
 Glacial geology : Gregory. 1035. 
 
 Glacial terraces : Gulliver. 1056. 
 
 Map, geological ; Gregory, 1036 ; Greg- 
 ory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Triassic : Rice, 2031. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Triassic fauna : Rice, 2031. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Cortlandt series : Hobbs, 1178. 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Purpurite : Schaller, 2136. 
 
 Underground water. 
 
 Water in crystalline rocks : Ellis, 780, 
 Water supply ; Gregory, 1033. 
 
 Contact phenomena: Calderon, 383. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 General: Kemp, 1367 ; Lewis, 1584 ; 
 Weed, 2502. 
 
 Genesis ; Fernekes, 865. 
 
 Handbook : Stevens, 2290. 
 
 Alabama : Smith, 2227. 
 
 Alaska : Brooks, 311 ; Weed, 2499. 
 Matanuska and Talkeetna Imsins : 
 I’aige and Knopf, 1861, 1862. 
 Prince William Sound: Grant. 1020. 
 southeastern : Wright. 2641 ; Wright 
 and Wright, 2654. 
 
 Arizona : Weed, 2499 ; Woodl)ridge, 
 
 2622. 
 
 Bisbee : Brinsmade, 299. 
 
 Cherry Creek district : Reid. 2016. 
 Cochise district : Kellogg, 1358. 
 Colorado River region : Hately, 1094. 
 Globe distfict : Graichen, 1009. 
 
 Copper — Continued. 
 
 British Columbia, Boundary district : 
 Keffer, 1348-1350 ; Rickard, 
 2047 ; Stokes, 2302. 
 
 Eschelon Mountain : Evans, 822. 
 
 New Westminster and Texada Is- 
 lands : LeRoy, 1565. 
 
 Rossland district : Brock, 306, 307 ; 
 Stokes, 2307. 
 
 Similkameen district : Camsell, 413. 
 Telkwa district : Leach, 1533. 
 
 Texada Island, Marble Bay ; LeRoy, 
 1565, 1566. 
 
 Vancouver Island : Brewer, 292. 
 California : Anbury, 85 ; Weed, 2499. 
 Colorado River region : Hately, 1094. 
 Copperopolis : Reid, 2018 ; Turner, 
 2.399. 
 
 Eldorado County : Knight, 1412. 
 Greenwater district : Boyle, 279 ; 
 
 Nicholas, 1801 ; Zalinski, 2661. 
 Shasta County : Campbell, 392 ; 
 
 Forstner, 889. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, western : Knopf, 
 
 1415; Lang, 1519. 
 
 Siskiyou County : Purington, 1977. 
 Canada (general) : Ingall, 1267 ; Weed, 
 2502.. 
 
 Colorado : Snedakei*, 2256 ; Weed, 2499. 
 Montrose County, Cashin mine : Em- 
 mons. 805. 
 
 Cuba : Lawrence, 1525. 
 
 Georgia : Weed, 2499. 
 
 Idaho : Weed, 2499. 
 
 Lost Packer lode : .lennings, 1297. 
 northern : MacDonald, 1658. 
 
 Priest Lake district : Courtis. 585. 
 
 St. Joe River basin ; Collier, 553. 
 Seven Devils and Snake River dis- 
 tricts : Reid, 2006. 
 
 White Knob : Kemp and Gunther, 
 1372. 
 
 Mexico : Weed, 2502. 
 
 Asientos : Newman, 1797. 
 
 Cananea : Brinsmade, 301. 
 
 Nacozari, I.os I’ilares mine : Em- 
 
 mons, 796. 
 
 Sonora : Merrill. 1730. 
 
 Copete district: Merrill, 1722. 
 Sahuaripa district: Nelson, 1789. 
 Santa Cruz: Merrill, 1729. 
 Zacatecas. Aranzazfi : Villarello, 
 
 2456. 
 
 Michigan : Corey, 577 ; Giroux. 965 : 
 Weed, 2499. 
 
 Lake Superior region; Lane. 1509, 
 1510, 1512: Stevens. 2291. 
 Montana : Weed. 2499. 
 
 Belt formation : Collen, 550. 
 Philipsburg quadrangle : Emmons, 
 
 806. 
 
 Nevada : 2499. 
 
 Ely : Bullock. 348 ; Ingalls. 1273 ; 
 Ralph, 1978. 
 
 Giroux mines: Giroux. 501. 
 
 Pioche : .Vbbott, 3. 
 
 Robinson district : Lawson, 1526. 
 
INDEX 
 
 225 
 
 Copper— Continued. 
 
 Nevada, Ward : Plate, 1937. 
 
 Yerington, Jennings, 1298. 
 
 New Jersey : Keith, 1356 ; Kiimmel, 
 1432. 
 
 Newark ores : Lewis, 1578, 1581. 
 Schuyler mine: Cranberry, 1011, 
 
 1012. 
 
 New Mexico : Lindgren and Graton, 
 1603; Weed, 1299. 
 
 Burro Mountain district ; Lang, 
 1520; Wade, 2463. 
 
 Cooney district : Graham, 1007. 
 Lordsbury region : Jones, 1321. 
 Magdalena district : Haddon, 1061. 
 Zuni Mountains : Schrader, 2143. 
 North Carolina : Eames, 755 ; Pratt, 
 1951; Weed, 1299. 
 
 Gold Hill mine : Nicholas, 1800. 
 Union mines : Nicholas, 1799. 
 Ontario : Corkill, 578 ; De Kalb, 700. 
 Bruce mines : Williams, 2582. 
 Eldorado mine : Burrows, 364. 
 Sudbury district : Barlow, 146 ; 
 
 Browne, 336 ; Stokes, 2304. * 
 
 Oregon : Stafford, 2276 ; Weed, 2499. 
 Seven Devils and Snake River dis- 
 tricts : Reid, 2006. 
 
 Quebec : Dresser, 741. 
 
 Chibougamau region : Ix)w, 1624. 
 Santo Domingo ; Garrison, 932. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 Tennessee : Weed, 2499. 
 
 Ducktown district : Wendeborn, 2527. 
 United States (general) : 2418, 2419; 
 
 Weed, 2501, 2502. 
 
 Utah : Weed, 2499. 
 
 Alta : Palmer, 1866. 
 
 Bingham : Brinsmade, 302 ; Ingalls, 
 1272. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2487, 2493 ; Weed 
 and Watson, 2504. 
 
 Luray : Phalen, 1919. 
 
 Virgilina : Judd, 1328. 
 
 Washington : McIntyre, 1669 ; Weed, 
 2499. 
 
 Wyoming : Weed, 2499. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 649. 
 Grand Encampment district : Beeler, 
 185. 
 
 Hartville uplift: Ball, 121. 
 
 Laramie Peak district : Beeler, 183. 
 Yukon, White River region : Cairnes, 
 380; McConnell, 1648, 1652. 
 Corals. See Anthozoa. 
 
 Correlation. See Stratigraphic. 
 
 Corundum. 
 
 Ontario : Corkill, 578. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 United States : Pratt, 1947 ; 2418, 
 
 2419. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Costa Rica. 
 
 General. 
 
 San Juan Valley : Merz, 1745. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Aguacate mines : Crespi, 594. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Earthquakes and volcanoes : Jones, 
 1322. 
 
 Cretaceous. 
 
 Stratigraphy. 
 
 General. 
 
 Climate : Bibbins, 235. 
 
 Laramie, origin and definition of 
 term : Veatch, 2439. 
 
 Alabama : Smith, 2226, 2228. 
 
 Alaska, Cook Inlet region : Paige and 
 Knopf, 1860. 
 
 Herendeen Bay field : Paige, 1859. 
 
 Matanuska and Talkeetna basins : 
 Paige and Knopf, 1862. 
 
 Rampart region : Prindle and Hess, 
 1958. 
 
 Alberta, Cascade basin : Dowling, 736. 
 
 Moose Mountain district : Cairnes, 
 381 ; Dowling, 735. 
 
 Arkansas : Veatch, 2436. 
 
 British Columbia, !\shcroft : Evans, 
 815. 
 
 Graham Island : Ells, 783. 
 
 California, Redding, quadrangle : Diller, 
 721. 
 
 Santa Clara Valley : Crandall, 590. 
 
 Santa Maria district : Arnold and 
 Anderson, 66, 67. 
 
 Colorado, Arkansas Valley : Darton, 
 648. 
 
 Book Cliffs region : Richardson, 2045. 
 
 Durango district: Shaler, 2176; 
 
 Taff, 2336. 
 
 Hahns Peak region : Gale, 922. 
 
 Nepesta quadrangle : Fisher, 869. 
 
 northwestern : Gale, 924. 
 
 Ouray quadrangle : Cross ct ah, 607. 
 
 Routt County : Fenneman and Gale, 
 863. 
 
 western : Cross, 604. 
 
 Delaware : Clark, 483, 
 
 Dover quadrangle : 1749. 
 
 Georgia, central : Veatch, 2443. 
 
 Illinois : Purdy and DeWolf, 1973 ; 
 Weller, 2517. 
 
 Iowa : Beyer and Williams, 234 ; Cal- 
 vin, 387. 
 
 Sac and Ida counties : Macbride, 
 1639. 
 
 Kentucky : Glenn, 971. 
 
 liouisiana : Veatch, 2436, 2437. 
 
 Winnfield sheet : Harris, 1079. 
 
 Maryland : Clark, 483 ; Clark and 
 
 Mathews, 488. 
 
 Dover quadrangle : Miller, 1749. 
 
 Patuxent quadrangle : Shattuck et 
 ah, 2193. 
 
 66836— Bull, 372—09 15 
 
226 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Cretaceous — Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphy — Continued. 
 
 Massachusetts : Clapp, 474. 
 
 Mexico, Coahuila : Aguilera, 17. 
 
 Colima : Angermann, 52. 
 
 Durango : Angermann, 50, 51. 
 
 San Luis Potosi a Tampico ; Bose, 
 264. 
 
 Sierra de Mazapil et Santa Rosa : 
 Burckhardt, 358. 
 
 Mississippi ; Crider, 595 ; Crider and 
 Johnson, 599. 
 
 Montana : Leonard, 1564. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647. 
 Carbon County : Darton, 652. 
 
 Great Falls field ; Fisher, 874. 
 
 Hell Creek beds : Brown, 325. 
 lignite area ; Leonard, 1560. 
 Nebraska, Cass County : Woodrufif, 
 
 2628. 
 
 Republican River Valley : Condra, 
 
 570. 
 
 New .Jersey ; Weller, 2515, 2520. 
 
 New Mexico, Dakotan series : Keyes, 
 1379. 
 
 Rio Grande Valley : Lee, 1546. 
 
 New York : Hollick, 1203. 
 
 Long Island : Veatch, 2434 ; Veatch 
 and Bowman, 2441. 
 
 North Carolina : Stephenson, 2281. 
 North Dakota : Leonard, 1563. 
 
 lignite area ; Leonard, 1560. 
 
 Oregon, southwestern : Diller, 724. 
 South Carolina ; Sloan, 2217, 2218. 
 Tennessee : Glenn, 971. 
 
 Texas, Chisos country ; Udden, 2409. 
 Panhandle : Gould, 987. 
 
 Rio Grande embayment : Udden, 
 
 2408. 
 
 Terlingua district : Phillips, 1926. 
 Utah, eastern : Cross, 604. 
 
 Pleasant Valley district ; Taff, 2337. 
 Sanpete and Sevier valleys : Rich- 
 ardson, 2044. 
 
 Uinta Range ; Weeks, 2506. 
 Virginia : Clark, 483. 
 
 coastal plain ; Clark and Miller, 489. 
 Washington, Olympic Peninsula : Ar- 
 nold, 56. 
 
 Wyoming : Veatch, 2439. 
 
 Bald Mountain and Dayton quad- 
 rangles : Darton, 645. 
 
 Bighorn basin : Fisher, 873. 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647. 
 Carbon County : Veatch, 2440. 
 
 Cloud Peak and Fort McKinney 
 quadrangles ; Darton, 646. 
 Devils Tower quadrangle : Darton 
 and O’Harra, 656. 
 
 Lander field : Woodruff. 2629. 
 
 Owl Creek Mountains : Darton, 642. 
 Uinta County : Schultz, 2151 ; 
 
 Veatch, 2437. 
 
 Paleontoiogy. 
 
 Age and localities of supposed Jurassic 
 fossils : Veatch, 2432. 
 
 Cretaceous — Continued. 
 
 Paleontology — Continued. 
 
 Alberta, Chelonian, new ; Lambe, 1488. 
 Crocodilian from Judith River for- 
 mation : Lambe, 1492. 
 
 Amber from coastal plain : Berry, 219. 
 Arkansas : Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Baena : Lambe, 1487. 
 
 Boremys : Lambe, 1488. 
 
 Blattoid : Handlirsch, 1068. 
 
 California, Santa Clara Valley : Cran- 
 dall, 590. 
 
 Cliffwood clays, fauna : Weller, 2516. 
 fiora : Berry, 214. 
 
 Crocodilian from Judith River forma- 
 tion of Alberta : Lambe, 1492. 
 Fiora of southern New York and New 
 England ; Hollick, 1203. 
 
 Floras of North and South Carolina : 
 Berry, 221, 224. 
 
 Gymnosperms from Kreisherville, New 
 York : Hollick and .Jeffrey, 121.3. 
 Hell Creek beds of Montana : Brown, 
 325. 
 
 * Hoploparia from Montana : Whitfield, 
 2561. 
 
 Kootanie plants from Great Falls coal 
 field of Montana : Knowlton, 
 
 1418. 
 
 Laramie beds, Montana : Riggs, 2066. 
 Louisiana : Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Mexico, Cardenas ; Bose, 258. 
 
 Mazapil : Burckhardt, 359. 
 
 Mollusca, Senonian : Bose, 258. 
 Montana, blattoid : Handlirsch, 1068. 
 
 tortoise : Riggs, 2066. 
 
 New Jersey : Weller, 2520. 
 
 Cliffwood clays : Berry, 214 ; Weller, 
 2516. 
 
 New York, flora : Hollick, 1203. 
 Pityoxyla : Jeffrey and Chrysler, 1292. 
 Plant remains : Hollick and .Jeffrey, 
 1212; Penhallow, 1895. 
 from Magothy formation : Berry, 225. 
 Porocystis Cragin : Jarvis, 1285. 
 Senonian Mollusca : Bose, 258. 
 
 Testudo : I.iambe, 1487. 
 
 Tortoise : Riggs, 2066. 
 
 Unionidae from Laramie clays of Mon- 
 tana : Whitfield, 2562. 
 
 Volutidae : Dali, 630. 
 
 Crinoidea. See also Echinodermata. 
 Botryocrinus : Bather, 166. 
 
 Descriptions of : Rowley, 2094, 2095. 
 Hypsocrinus : Springer and Slocom, 
 
 2268. 
 
 Onychocrinus ; Springer, 2267. 
 
 Silurian from Chicago area : Slocom, 
 2221. 
 
 Uintacrinus : Martin, 1685. 
 
 Crustacea. 
 
 Cambrian. New Brunswick : Matthew, 
 1695. 
 
 Cybele : Narraway and Raymond, 1783. 
 Devonian ; Clarke, 497. 
 
INDEX 
 
 227 
 
 Crustacea— Continued. 
 
 Encriniirus : Vogdes, 2462. 
 
 Eurypterus fauna of Shawangunk grit : 
 Clarke, 499, 501. 
 
 Hoploparia from Cretaceous of Mon- 
 tana : Whitfield, 2561. 
 Ostracoda, American Paleozoic : Ulrich 
 and Bassler, 2412. 
 
 Pleistocene, of Maryland : Clark, 482. 
 Strenuella strenua from Cambrian of 
 Braintree, Mass. : Shimer, 2208, 
 2204. 
 
 Trilobita : Rowley, 2095. 
 
 from Cambrian of New Brunswick : 
 Matthew, 1695. 
 
 from Niagara of Chicago area : Wel- 
 ler, 2521. 
 
 from Salem limestone of Indiana : 
 Cumings, 611. 
 
 Cryolite. 
 
 United States: 2418, 2419. 
 
 Cuba. See also West Indies. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Copper ores : Lawrence, 1525. 
 
 Mineral resources : Brown, 329, 
 
 Deformation. 
 
 Lithosphere : Chamberlin, 457. 
 Delaware. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Dover quadrangle : Miller, 1749. 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Cretaceous deposits : Clark, 483. 
 
 Dover quarangle : Miller, 1749. 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Plants : Berry, 212. 
 
 from Magothy formation : Berry, 
 
 225. 
 
 Deltas. 
 
 Mississippi: Hilgard, 1148. 
 
 Connecticut, Brewsters Neck : Gulliver, 
 1058. 
 
 Deposition. See Sedimentation. 
 
 Deposition of ores. See Ore deposits, origin. 
 
 Devonian. 
 
 Stra tigraphy. 
 
 General. 
 
 Chattanooga black shale : Grabau, 
 
 1000. 
 
 Alaska : Brooks, 173. 
 
 Cape Lisburne region : Collier, 552. 
 Rampart region : Prindle and Hess, 
 1958. 
 
 southeastern : Kindle, 1400. 
 
 Yukon, upper : Brooks and Kindle, 
 321. 
 
 California, eastern : Ball, 120. 
 
 Klamath region: Ilershey, 1133. 
 Redding quadrangle : Diller, 721. 
 Colorado, Ouray quadrangle : Cross et 
 al., GOT. 
 
 Franklin : Low, 1623. 
 
 Illinois : Weller, 2517. 
 
 Calhoun County : Weller. 2523. 
 Indiana, southern : Stauffer, 2278. 
 
 Devonian — Continued . 
 
 S tra tigra p h y — Continued. 
 
 Indian Territory, Muscogee quadran- 
 gle: Taff, 2.332. 
 
 Iowa : Beyer, 230 ; Beyer and Williams, 
 234; Calvin, 387. 
 
 Black Hawk County : Arey, 53. 
 
 Bremer County : Norton, 1805. 
 
 Franklin County: Williams, 2588. 
 
 .Tackson County : Savage, 2128. 
 
 Winneshiek County : Calvin, 388. 
 
 Kentucky, east-central : Foerste, 884. 
 
 Maryland : Clark and Matthews, 488. 
 
 Michigan : Grabau, 997. 
 
 Bay County : Cooper, 575. 
 
 Sylvania sandstone : Grabau, 1002. 
 
 Mississippi : Crider. 595, 598 ; Crider 
 and Johnson, 599. 
 
 Montana, Philipsburg quadrangle : Em- 
 mons, 806. 
 
 Three Forks : Raymond, 1989. 
 
 Nevada, Robinson district : Lawson, 
 
 1526. 
 
 southwestern : Ball, 120. 
 
 New Brunswick : Ells, 782, 784. 
 
 New Mexico : Gordon and Graton, 983. 
 
 New York : Brown, 333. 
 
 Buffalo quadrangle: Luther, 1633. 
 
 Ithaca section : Williams, 2583, 2584, 
 2586, 2587. 
 
 Penn Yan-Hammondsport quadran- 
 gle : Luther, 1634. 
 
 Schoharie Valley : Grabau, 991. 
 
 Skunnemunk Mountain region : Hart- 
 nagel, 1084. 
 
 Ohio: Stauffer, 2277, 2278; Swartz, 
 2329. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Altoona section : Butts, 
 367. 
 
 Amity quadrangle : Clapp. 475. 
 
 Rogersville quadrangle ; Clapp, 476. 
 
 Vermont : Richardson, 2037. 
 
 West Virginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Wisconsin, Milwaukee quadrangle ; Al- 
 den, 23. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Alaska, southeastern : Kindle, 1400. 
 
 Brachiopod from Maine : Williams, 
 
 2585. 
 
 Canada : Whiteaves, 2555. 
 
 Cephalopoda : Cleland, 504. 
 
 Coblenzian invasion : Clarke, 496. 
 
 Corals : Greene, 1029, 1031, 1032. 
 
 Crinoids : Rowley, 2094 ; Springer and 
 Slocum, 2268. 
 
 Fishes : Whiteaves, 2559. 
 
 from New York : Eastman, 760. 
 
 Flora of Little River group : Matthew, 
 1693. 
 
 Hackherry group, Westerna ; Webster, 
 2496. 
 
 Hypsocrinus : Springer and Slocom, 
 2268. 
 
 Invertebrates from Maine, New 
 Brunswick, and Quebec : Clarke, 
 497, 
 
228 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Devonian — Continued. 
 
 Pa/'eontoZofiTi/— Continued. 
 
 Ithaca fauna of Maryland : Swartz, 
 2328. 
 
 Ithaca section, New York : Williams, 
 2583, 2586. 
 
 Kentucky, east-central : Foerste, 884. 
 Lime Creek fauna : Keyes, 1384. 
 
 Little River group : Matthew, 1693. 
 Lycopod, composite : White, 2547. 
 Maryland, Paleodevonian : Ohern, 1816. 
 Montana, Three Forks : Raymond, 1989. 
 New Mexico, Lime Creek fauna : Keyes, 
 1384. 
 
 New York : Slocom, 2219. 
 
 Ithaca section : Williams, 2583, 2586. 
 Schoharie Valley : Grabau, 991. 
 Pennsylvania, Altoona : Kindle, 1397. 
 Plants from New Brunswick and Nova 
 Scotia : Matthew, 1696. 
 Reticularia laevis : Kindle, 1396. 
 Spirifers, evolution of : Grabau, 1004. 
 Tree trunk : White, 2544. 
 
 Westerna : Webster, 2496. 
 
 Diamonds. • 
 
 General: Kunz, 1442. 
 
 Arkansas : Schneider, 2140. 
 in drift : Bell, 193. 
 
 Diatomaceous earth. 
 
 California : Aubury, 87. 
 
 Santa Barbara County : Arnold and 
 Anderson, 65. 
 
 Maryland, Calvert County : Miller, 
 
 1750. 
 
 St. Marys County : Miller, 1751. 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Diatoms. 
 
 California, Santa Maria district : Ar- 
 nold and Anderson, 67. 
 
 Dislocations. See Faulting. 
 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 General. 
 
 Patuxent quadrangle : Shattuck et al., 
 2193. 
 
 Dolomite. 
 
 Alabama, Birmingham quadrangle : 
 Butts, 370. 
 
 Dome structure: Arnold, 61. 
 
 Dominica, boiling lake of : Hovey, 1222. 
 Drainage changes. 
 
 Black Hills and Bighorn Mountains, 
 post-lMeistocene drainage modi- 
 fications : Mansfield, 1673. 
 California, Russian and Sacramento 
 Rivers : Ilolway, 1216. 
 
 Santa Clara Valley : Branner, 289. 
 Taylorsville region during the aurif- 
 erous gravel period: Diller, 722. 
 Georgia, Tallulah district: Johnson, 
 1303, 1307. 
 
 Michigan : Cooper, 576. 
 
 Mississippi River, between Lansing and 
 Dubuque : Calvin, 389. 
 Mississippi Valley : Light, 2375. 
 
 Drainage changes — Continued. 
 
 New Y’’ork, Genesee River : Grabau, 999. 
 Iroquois extinction : Fairchild, 842. 
 
 Ohio, Spring Valley gorge, origin : 
 Schefifel, 2138. 
 
 South Carolina, Tallulah district : 
 Johnson, 1303, 1307. 
 
 Drumlins. 
 
 Distribution and origin : Taylor, 2364. 
 
 Michigan : Russell, 2101, 2106. 
 
 Grand Traverse region : Leverett, 
 
 1568. 
 
 New York, central western : Fairchild, 
 
 837. 
 
 Structure and origin : Fairchild, 839. 
 
 Dunes. 
 
 North Carolina coast : Cobb, 511. 
 
 Origin : Baker, 114. 
 
 DyTiamic and structural (general). For regional 
 see under the various States. 
 See also Caves, Changes of level. 
 Concretions, Deformation, Del- 
 tas, Domes, Drumlins, Dunes, 
 Earth, genesis of. Earthquakes, 
 Erosion, Eskers, Faulting, Fold- 
 ing, Geysers, Glaciers, Isostasy, 
 Karsts, Landslides, Magmas and 
 intrusions. Marshes, Metamor- 
 phism, Mounds, natural. Nat- 
 ural bridges. Orogeny, Pebbles, 
 Sedimentation, Shore-lines, Sink 
 holes. Temperature, Terraces, 
 Thermal waters, Uncomformity, 
 Valleys, Volcanoes, Weathering. 
 
 Coal, formation of : White, 2548. 
 
 Concentration as a geological principle : 
 Russell, 2105. 
 
 Continental structure, theory of : 
 Willis, 2598. 
 
 Cone in cone structure ; Broadhead, 
 305. 
 
 Dome structure in conglomerate : Ar- 
 nold, 61. 
 
 Earth, interior of : Lane, 1503. 
 
 rigidity of : Hoskins, 1217 ; See, 
 
 2160. 
 
 Earth a failing structure : Hayford, 
 1113. 
 
 Earth’s crust, average composition : 
 Clarke, 490. 
 
 Fundamental problems of geology : 
 Chamberlin, 454. 
 
 Fusion of minerals under high tem- 
 perature : Day, 687. 
 
 Garnet zones, formation of : Kemp, 
 1363. 
 
 Geologic periods, cause of : Taber, 
 2330. 
 
 Gneissic structure, artificial production 
 of: Wright, 2652. 
 
 Hydrocarbons in the Ordovician, 
 source of : White, 2541. 
 
 Metamorphic cycle: Leith. 155*^. 
 
 Moon, place of origin : Pickering, 1928. 
 
 Oolites, formation of : Cayeux, 447. 
 
 Polished pebbles : George, 940. 
 
INDEX 
 
 229 
 
 Dynamic and structural (general) — Continued. 
 
 Rainfall affected by uplift and de- 
 nudation ; Jefferson, 1289. 
 
 Redistribution of elements in forma- 
 tion of sedimentary rocks : 
 Mead, 1706. 
 
 Shore ice, peculiar formation of : Case, 
 435. 
 
 Synclinorium and anticlinorium : Rice, 
 2032. 
 
 Earth, genesis of. See also Dynamic and struc 
 tural (general). 
 
 Atmosphere, primeval : McKee, 1670. 
 
 Carbon dioxide in atmosphere ; Stieg- 
 litz, 2298. 
 
 Deep-sea circulation : Chamberlin, 453. 
 
 Earth, interior of : Lane, 1503. 
 
 rigidity of : Hoskins, 1217 ; See, 
 
 2160. 
 
 temperature, cooling, and contrac- 
 tion ; See, 2161. 
 
 Earth a failing structure : Hayford, 
 1113. 
 
 Earth’s rotation, former rates of : 
 Chamberlin, 458. 
 
 Equilibrium between carbon dioxide of 
 atmosphere and calcium com- 
 pounds in water : Stieglitz, 
 
 2298. 
 
 Fundamental problems of geology : 
 Chamberlin, 454. 
 
 Geologic periods, cause : Taber, 2330. 
 
 Growth by accretion : Chamberlin, 456. 
 
 Hydrosphere and atmosphere : Cham- 
 berlin, 459. 
 
 Moon, place of origin : Pickering, 1928. 
 
 Ocean, chemical evolution of : Lane, 
 1504, 1511. 
 
 Ocean basins, origin: Hobbs, 1187, 
 
 1190. 
 
 Rotation of earth : Chamberlin, 458. 
 
 Earthquakes. 
 
 General: Flammarion, 877 ; Heilprin, 
 1125; Hobbs, 1182-1184, 1186, 
 1192; Klotz, 1404, 1406; Milne, 
 1761 ; See, 2161, 2162 ; Tarr, 
 2355. 
 
 California. See San Francisco below. 
 San Jacinto of 1899 ; Danes, 640. 
 
 Cause of : Gilbert, 949 ; Hixon, 1169 ; 
 Ingalls, 1271 ; See, 2158. 
 
 Charleston: Fuller, 909; Hobbs, 1189; 
 Kemp, 1359. 
 
 Connection with volcanism : Heilprin, 
 1124 ; Kemp, 1359. 
 
 Costa Rica; Jones, 1322. 
 
 Guatemala : .Tones, 1322. 
 
 of April 19, 1902 : Omori, 1822. 
 
 Jamaica : Brown, 327 ; Carden and 
 
 Goldney, 423 ; Davison, 683 ; 
 Fuller, 915 ; Spencer, 2264. 
 
 Lines, earthquake : Storms, 2315. 
 
 Masaya : Sapper, 2120. 
 
 New Madrid : Fuller, 909, 910. 
 
 New York, records at Albany : Clarke, 
 500; Newlaud, 1791. 
 
 Earthquakes — Continued. 
 
 Nicaragua : Jones, 1322. 
 
 Nova Scotia ; Woodman, 2625. 
 
 Pacific coast : McAdie, 1636. 
 
 Quebec : Lafiamme, 1457. 
 
 San Francisco : Aitken and Hilton, 21 ; 
 Carey, 424 ; Crafts, 587 ; Cran- 
 dall, 591 ; Davidson, 658, 659 ; 
 Davison, 683 ; Derleth, 713, 
 714 ; 810 ; Fuller, 909 ; Gilbert, 
 950, 956; Haehl et al„ 1062; 
 Hlmmelwright, 1162 ; Inkersley, 
 1275 ; Jordan, 1325 ; Lapparent, 
 1522 ; Lawson et al., 1531 ; 
 Leuschner, 1567; Moore, 1769; 
 Omori, 1818-1821 ; Redway, 
 2003 ; Rickard et al., 2056 ; 
 Ritter, 2068 ; See, 2157 ; Taber, 
 2331 ; Tyler, 2403 ; 2417 ; 2667. 
 
 cause : Branner, 284, 285 ; Jordan, 
 1323 ; Ransome, 1980 ; Storms, 
 2315. 
 
 earth movements ; Fairbanks, 833 ; 
 Hayford and Baldwin, 1114; 
 Omori, 1823. 
 
 magnetograph records : Bauer, 167, 
 168. 
 
 seismographs : Bauer, 168 ; Bauer 
 
 and Burbank, 169. 
 
 Italy, Catania : Ricco, 2024. 
 
 Japan : Omori, 1817. 
 
 Washington : Marvin, 1688. 
 
 Seismic geography of eastern United 
 States : Hobbs, 1181. 
 
 Seismographs, North America and Ha- 
 waiian Islands : Reid, 2011. 
 
 Times and places ; Turner, 2397. 
 
 Utah, seismographs : Talmage, 2343. 
 
 Echinodermata. See also Blastoidea, Crinoidea. 
 
 Indiana, Salem limestone : Beede, 175. 
 
 Economic (general). For regional, see 
 under the various States. See also Ore 
 deposits, origin, and the particular 
 products. 
 
 Applied geology, scope : Johnson, 1300. 
 
 Contributions to economic geology : 
 Hayes, 1107. 
 
 Definitions of terms : Emmons, 795. 
 
 Economic geology and mineral de- 
 posits : Nicholas, 1798. 
 
 Economic geology of the ITnited 
 States : Ries, 2061 ; Smith, 2232. 
 
 Evolution of a mineral vein ; Lakes, 
 1468. 
 
 Fault breccia veins in the Sierra 
 Madre : Bagg, 94. 
 
 Field observations of ore deposits : 
 Emmons, 801. 
 
 Field test for magnesia : Catlett, 446. 
 
 Field work, need of, in study of ore 
 deposits : Coleman, 545. 
 
 Fissure veins : Emmons, 793 ; Hess, 
 1137 ; Kelley, 1357 ; Louis, 
 1622 ; Spencer, 2260 ; Spurr, 
 2269. 
 
 Fissure veins and ore deposits a.s 
 waterways ; I^akes, 1458. 
 
230 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190G-1907 
 
 Economic (general) — Continued. 
 
 Garnet zones, formation of : Kemp, I 
 
 1363. 
 
 Gold and pyrite : Lindgren, 1594 ; ! 
 
 Smyth, 2254. 
 
 Gold associated with pyrite and tel- j 
 lurides ; Sharwood, 2182. 
 
 Iron ores, investigations of ; Eckel ; 
 763, 768. 
 
 Law of the apex ; De Kalb, 701 ; Pu- I 
 rington, 1975 ; Robertson. 2076. j 
 Magnetic observations : Smyth, 2255. | 
 
 Metal mining industry in western i 
 States : Lindgren, 1601. i 
 
 Metalliferous ores, investigations of : 
 Emmons, 797, 800. 
 
 Metalliferous veins : Kemp, 1360. 
 Microscopic examination of ore 
 bodies : Campbell, 407. 
 
 Mine examiner and prospector's com- 
 panion : Miller, 1753. I 
 
 Mineral resources of the Ignited | 
 States; 2418, 2419. 
 
 Mining geology, text-book : Miller, | 
 
 1752; Park, 1867. 
 
 Nonmetalliierous minerals, investiga- i 
 tions of : Eckel, 763. 
 
 Ore deposits and industrial supremacy : | 
 Stewart, 2297. j 
 
 Ore deposits and the law of the apex : 
 Shamel, 2178; 
 
 Ore shoots ; Weed, 2500. . I 
 
 Ores in the Archean of North America : ' 
 rieneage, 1130. 
 
 Phase rule : Day and Shepherd, 693. 
 Placer investigations : Hutchins, 1261, 
 1262. 
 
 Rare metals and minerals : Schaaf- 
 
 Regelmann, 2132 ; Walsh, 2475. 
 Secondary enrichment : Neill, 1788. 
 Sedi-genetic and igneo-genetic ores : 
 Bain, 104. 
 
 United States Geological Survey, re- 
 lations to mining industry : 
 Smith. 2238. 
 
 University training of engineers in 
 economic geology ; Branner, , 
 282 : Glenn. 970 ; Leith, 1555 ; I 
 Merrill, 1737. ! 
 
 Weathered pyrite : Eakle, 754. 
 
 Educational. See also Text-books. 
 
 Applied geology, in the technical 
 school : Johnson, 1300. ' 
 
 Training of engineers in economic 
 geology : Branner, 282 ; Glenn, 
 970 ; Leith. 1555 ; Merrill, 
 1737; Reid, 2019. 
 
 Elevation and subsidence. See Changes of 
 level. 
 
 Emery- 
 
 United States: 2418, 2419. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Erosion. See also Sedimentation. 
 
 Abrasion by glaciers. rivers, and 
 waves : Westgate. 2528. 
 
 Bermuda Islands : Verrill, 2445. 
 
 Erosion — Continued. 
 
 Coast changes. New Jersey ; Haupt, 
 1060. 
 
 Colorado Canyon : Davis, 667. 
 
 Detrital slopes on mountains of the 
 Southwest : Blake, 242. 
 
 Ducktown, Tenn. : Glenn, 968. 
 
 Experiments : Jaggar, 1283. 
 
 Glacial erosion in Alaska : Tarr, 2351. 
 
 Glacial period in nonglaciated regions : 
 Huntington, 1257. 
 
 Gorges of Finger Lake region. New 
 York : Tarr, 2348. 
 
 Gouges, crescentic, formed by glacial 
 action : Gilbert, 951. 
 
 Grand Canyon of Colorado : Crook, 
 600. 
 
 Karst region of Jamaica : Danes, 639. 
 
 Lateral erosion on some Michigan 
 rivers : Jefferson, 1287. 
 
 Meandering, factors controlling : 
 Griggs, 1043. 
 
 Moulin work under glaciers ; Gilbert, 
 952. 
 
 Niagara Falls, recession : Adams, 5 ; 
 Gilbert, 955 ; Hall, 1065 ; Spen- 
 cer, 2263, 2265. 2266. 
 
 Rocks, characteristics affecting erosion ; 
 Todd, 2380. 
 
 Scaurs on the River Rouge : .Tefferson, 
 1286. 
 
 Sculpture of mountains by glaciers : 
 Davis, 668. 
 
 Shore topography near Davenport, 
 Cal. : Wilson, 2613. 
 
 Solifluction : Anderson, 49. 
 
 Stream movement of load : Brown, 332. 
 
 Valleys, incised meandering : Davis, 
 669. 
 
 Eskers. 
 
 Indiana, Tippecanoe County : McBeth, 
 1637. 
 
 Ohio, Columbus : Morse, 1772. 
 
 Essays. See Addresses. 
 
 Excursions. 
 
 Intercollegiate geological excursion : 
 Johnson, 1301. 
 
 International Geological Congress, ex- 
 cux’sions in Mexico : Hovey, 
 
 1231. 
 
 Morrill geological excursion : Barbour, 
 134, 139. 
 
 New Mexico, Arizona, and I’tah : John- 
 son, 1302. 
 
 Faulting. 
 
 Block faulting and ore genesis : .Ten- 
 ney, 1295. 
 
 California ; ('randall, 591. 
 
 Klamath region: Hershey, 1133. 
 
 Owari and Formosa compared : 
 Omori, 1823. 
 
 Santa Cruz fault line : Ashley. 73 ; 
 Branner. 284, 285 ; Carey, 424 ; 
 Derleth, 714 ; Gilbert, 950. 
 
 Sierra Nevada ; Reid, 2015. 
 
 Classification of faults and fractures; 
 Fobs, 886. 
 
INDEX 
 
 231 
 
 Faulting— Continued. 
 
 Connecticut, Triassic area : Rice, 2031. 
 
 Displacement, mutual, by intersecting 
 veins : Weed, 2503. 
 
 Eastern United States, seismic ; Ilobbs, 
 1181. 
 
 Fracture systems, correlation : Hobbs, 
 1176. 
 
 Idaho, Red Cloud mine : Turner, 2401. 
 
 Mexico, Santa Eulalia : Knapp, 1408. 
 
 Montana, Marysville district ; Barrell, 
 149. 
 
 Nevada, Berlin mine : Daggett, 619. 
 
 Bullfrog district ; Emmons, 807. 
 
 Robinson district : Lawson, 1526. 
 
 New England ; Hobbs, 1180. 
 
 Nomenclature and classification : 
 Chamberlin, 462 ; Cushing, 615 ; 
 Evans, 830 ; Fairchild, 838 ; 
 Jaggar, 1281 ; Ransome, 1983 ; 
 Reid, 2017 ; Spun-, 2272 ; Tol- 
 man, 2382 ; Willis, 2593. 
 
 Nova Scotia, Battery Point : Fulton, 
 919. 
 
 Oblique faulting in Alaska : Martin, 
 1687. 
 
 Pennsylvania : Ashley, 70. 
 
 Pine Mountain fault : Stone, 2313. 
 
 Postglacial faults in eastern New 
 York ; Woodworth, 2631. 
 
 Problems, methods of investigating ; 
 Tolman, 2881. 
 
 Sierra Nevada fault blocks ; Davis, 
 674. 
 
 Texas, Franklin Mountains ; Richard- 
 son, 2039. 
 
 Wisconsin, joint system : Harder, 
 
 1073. 
 
 Wyoming, Bighorn Mountains : Dar- 
 ton, 647. 
 
 Feldspar. 
 
 Maine : Bastin, 162. 
 
 New York, southeastern : Bastin, 163. 
 
 Ontario ; Corkill, 578. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Field work. 
 
 Geologic mensuration : Harris, 1078. 
 
 Magnesia, field test for : Catlett, 446. 
 
 Magnetic observations : Smyth, 2255. 
 
 Mine examiner and prospector’s com- 
 panion : Miller, 1753. 
 
 Ore deposits, field observation of : Em- 
 mons, 801. 
 
 Fire clay. 
 
 Georgia : Yeatch, 2443. 
 
 Illinois : Purdy and DeWolf, 1973. 
 
 Missouri : Wheeler, 2530. 
 
 St. Louis district : Fenneman, 861. 
 
 North Dakota : Babcock 91. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan, *2218. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 General. 
 
 State geological survey, organization, 
 and plans : Sellards, 2171. 
 
 Florida— Continued. 
 
 Eeonomic. 
 
 Glass-sand deposits : Burchard, 355. 
 I’hosphate : .Tumeau, 1344. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Sink-hole lakes, origin of : Sellards, 
 2165. 
 
 P li ys ioyraphic. 
 
 Sink-hole lakes : Sellards, 2165. 
 UtratUjrapliic. 
 
 Post-Eocene formations : Smith, 2226. 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Busycon (Fulgur) from Oligocene : 
 Aldrich, 24. 
 
 Planorbis in the Pliocene : Pilsbry, 
 1930. 
 
 Underground water. 
 
 Artesian and other underground wa- 
 ter : Sellards, 2170. 
 
 Fluorite. 
 
 Tennessee : Watson, 2488. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Fluorspar. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Folding. 
 
 Anticlinal domes in Piedmont of Mary- 
 land : Mathews, 1690. 
 
 Glacial : Carney, 430 ; Sardeson, 2121. 
 Illinois, deformation lines : Weller, 
 2517, 2518. 
 
 Pennsylvania, South Mountain : Stose, 
 2318. 
 
 Rock folds due to weathering : Camp- 
 bell, 396. 
 
 Synclinorium and anticlinorium : Rice, 
 2032. 
 
 Thrusts and recumbent folds : Willis, 
 2597. 
 
 Uinta Range : Weeks, 2506. 
 Foraminifera. 
 
 Indiana, Salem limestone : Beede, 174, 
 179. 
 
 Kansas, Hooser : Spandel, 2259. 
 Porocystis Cragin : Jarvis, 1285. 
 Fossils. See Paleontology. 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Geology of the lauds visited by the 
 Neptune : Low, 1623. 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Corals from Arctic Islands : Lambe, 
 1486. 
 
 Ordovician and Silurian fossils : Ami, 
 39, 40. 
 
 Fuller’s earth. 
 
 General: Porter, 1944. 
 
 California : Anbury, 87. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Garnet. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Virginia, 2493. 
 
232 BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Gastropoda. See also Mollusca. 
 
 Arizona : Cockerell, 515. 
 
 Busy con (Fulgur) from Oligocene of 
 Florida : Aldrich, 24. 
 
 California, southern, Tertiary : Arnold, 
 
 02 . 
 
 Colorado, Florissant : Cockerell, 517. 
 
 Devonian : Clarke, 497. 
 
 Eocene from Alabama : Aldrich, 25. 
 
 Hackberry group, Iowa : Webster, 
 
 2496, 2497. 
 
 New Mexico : Cockerell, 515. 
 
 Ordovician, retaining color markings ; 
 
 Raymond, 1988. 
 
 Orthogenetic variation : Grabau, 996. 
 
 I’lauorbis from Florissant : Cockerell, 
 517. 
 
 Pliocene of Florida : Pilsbry, 1930. 
 
 I’silocochlis : Dali, 627. 
 
 Volutidae: Dali, 629, 630. 
 
 Westerna, from Hackberry group of 
 Iowa : Webster, 2496. 
 
 Zonitoid shell from Florissant : Cock- 
 erell, 536. 
 
 Gems. See also Precious stones. 
 
 California : Kunz, 1437. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Genesis of ores. See Ore deposits, origin. 
 
 Geologic formations described. See list 
 p. 284. 
 
 Tables. See Stratigraphic, Tables of 
 formations. 
 
 Geologic history. See also Paleoclimatology. 
 General. 
 
 Geologic research in continental his- 
 tory : Willis, 2590. 
 
 Paleozoic. 
 
 Carboniferous, Appalachian basin ; 
 Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Chazy time : Raymond, 1987. 
 
 St. Peter time : Berkey, 205. 
 Post-Paleozoic. 
 
 Great Lakes, history of : Goldthwait, 
 975 : Taylor, 2363. 
 
 Mid-Cretaceous geography : Berry, 211. 
 Regional. 
 
 Appalachian basin. Carboniferous : 
 Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Alaska : Brooks, 313 ; Paige and 
 Knopf, 1862 ; Spencer, 2261. 
 
 Turnagain Arm region : Moffit, 1762. 
 
 Arizona, Colorado River region : Lee, 
 1541, 1548. 
 
 Tertiary peneplain : Robinson, 2078. 
 
 Arkansas : Purdue, 1971 ; Veatch, 2436. 
 
 British Columbia, Cascade Mountains : 
 Daly, 632. 
 
 California : Comstock, 563 ; Diller, 721. 
 
 Ancient river channels : Kimble, 
 
 1395. 
 
 Great Basin : Ball, 120. 
 
 Owens Valley : Lee, 1540. 
 
 Santa ('lara Valley : ('randall, 590. 
 
 Santa Maria district ; Arnold and 
 Anderson, 68. 
 
 Canada, northeastern : Low, 1623. 
 
 Geologic history — Continued, 
 
 Regional — Continued. 
 
 Colorado : Darton, 648 ; Fisher, 869. 
 
 Florissant basin : Henderson, 1127, 
 
 Ouray quadrangle : Cross et al., 607. 
 
 Colorado Canyon ; Davis, 667. 
 
 Connecticut : Rice, 2030. 
 
 Delaware : Miller, 1749. 
 
 Great Basin : Ball, 120. 
 
 Great Lakes : Goldthwait, 975 ; Taylor, 
 2363. 
 
 Indiana : Blatchley, 244. 
 
 Indian Territory : Taff, 2332. 
 
 Iowa, channel of Mississippi River : 
 Calvin, 389. 
 
 Lancaster quadrangle ; Grant and 
 Burchard, 1021. 
 
 Kansas, Joplin district : Smith and 
 
 Siebenthal, 2251. 
 
 Louisiana : Veatch, 2436, 2437. 
 
 Maine, Penobscot Bay quadrangle : 
 Smith et al., 2241. 
 
 Maryland : Miller, 1749 ; Shattuck, 
 
 2184, 2185. 
 
 Calvert County : Shattuck, 2187, 
 
 2188. 
 
 Coastal plain : Davis, 677. 
 
 Patuxent quadrangle : Shattuck et 
 al., 2193. 
 
 St. Marys County : Shattuck, 2190, 
 2191. 
 
 Massachusetts : Mansfield, 1674. 
 
 Mount Grejdock : Dale, 620. 
 
 Mississippi River channel : Calvin, 389. 
 
 Mississippi Valley, upper : Bain, 99. 
 
 Missouri : Shepard, 2194. , 
 
 Granby area : Buckley and Buehler, 
 346. 
 
 Joplin district: Smith and Sieben- 
 thal, 2251. 
 
 Montana, Marysville district : Barrell, 
 149. 
 
 Nevada, Great Basin ; Ball, 120. 
 
 New Mexico : Keyes, 1378. 
 
 Rio Grande Valley : Lee, 1545. 
 
 Tertiary peneplain : Robinson, 2078. 
 
 New York, Adirondacks : Cushing, 614. 
 
 Catskill Mountains: Heilprin, 1126. 
 
 Long Island : Veatch, 2430, 2434. 
 
 Schoharie Valley : Grabau. 991. 
 
 western, in Silurian time : Hart- 
 
 nagel, 1085. 
 
 North America : Shimer, 2205. 
 
 North Carolina, Nantahala quadrangle : 
 Keith, 1 352. 
 
 Pisgah quadrangle: Keith. 1353. 
 
 Roan Mountain quadrangle : Keith, 
 1354. 
 
 Nova Scotia: De Wolfe, 718. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Amity quadrangle: 
 Clapp, 475. 
 
 Rogersville quadrangle : Clapp, 476. 
 
 South Carolina, Pisgah quadrangle : 
 Keith. 1.353. 
 
 Pleistocene : Pugh, 1963. 
 
 Utah : Richardson. 2041. 
 
 Uinta Range : Weeks, 2506. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 233 
 
 Geologic history — Continued. 
 
 Regional — Continued. 
 
 Vermont, Champlain Valley : Hitch- 
 
 cock, 1165. 
 
 Virginia : Surface, 2326. 
 
 Washington : Smith and Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Cascade Mountains : Daly, 632. 
 
 Wisconsin, Lancaster and Mineral 
 Point quadrangles : Grant and 
 Burchard, 1021. 
 
 Milwaukee quadrangle : Alden, 23. 
 
 Wyoming, Bald Mountain and Dayton 
 quadrangles : Darton, 645. 
 
 Bighorn basin : Fisher, 873. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647. 
 
 Cloud Peak and Fort McKinney 
 quadrangles : Darton, 646. 
 
 Devil’s Tower quadrangle : Darton 
 and OTIarra, 656. 
 
 Owl Creek Mountains : Darton, 642. 
 
 Geologic maps. 
 
 Alabama : Smith, 2229. 
 
 Alberta, Cascade coal basin : Dowling, 
 736. 
 
 Moose Mountain district : Cairnes, 
 381. 
 
 Alaska : Brooks, 313 ; Wright and 
 
 Wright, 2654. 
 
 Admiralty Island : Wright, 2640. 
 
 Cape Lisburne region : Collier, 552. 
 
 Juneau gold belt ; Spencer, 2261. 
 
 Matanuska coal field ; Martin, 1682. 
 
 Rampart region : Prindle and Hess, 
 1958. 
 
 Arkansas : Veatch, 2436. 
 
 coal field : Collier, 556. 
 
 Winslow quadrangle : Purdue, 1971. 
 
 British Columbia, Telkwa River re- 
 gion : Leach, 1534. 
 
 California : Anbury, 85, 86. 
 
 eastern : Ball, 120. 
 
 Redding quadrangle ; Diller, 721. 
 
 San Francisco peninsula : Crandall, 
 591. 
 
 Santa Clara Valley : Eldridge and 
 Arnold, 779. 
 
 Santa Maria oil district : Arnold 
 and Anderson, 66, 67. 
 
 Summerland district : Arnold, 63. 
 
 Colorado, Arkansas Valley ; Darton, 
 648. 
 
 Clear Creek region ; Underhill, 2414. 
 
 Cripple Creek district ; Lindgren and 
 Ransome, 1605. 
 
 Hahns Peak region : Gale, 922. 
 
 Nepesta quadrangle : Fisher, 869. 
 
 Ouray quadrangle : Cross et al., 607. 
 
 Routt County : Fenneman and Gale, 
 863. 
 
 Connecticut : Ellis, 780 ; Gregory, 1034 ; 
 Gregory and Robinson, 1038 ; 
 Rice, 2030. 
 
 Delaware, Dover quadrangle ; Miller, 
 1749. 
 
 Franklin ; Low, 1623. 
 
 Geologic maps — Continued, 
 
 Illinois : Bain, 100 ; Purdy and De- 
 Wolf, 1973 ; Weller, 2517, 2524. 
 
 zinc and lead region : Bain, 99. 
 
 Indiana, Monroe County : Reagan, 
 
 1998. 
 
 Indian Territory, Muscogee quad- 
 rangle : Taff, 2332. 
 
 Iowa : Savage, 2130. 
 
 Black Hawk County : Arey, 53. 
 
 Bremer County : Norton, 1805. 
 
 Clayton County : Leonard, 1559. 
 
 Franklin County ; Williams, 2588. 
 
 Jackson County : Savage, 2128. 
 
 Lancaster quadrangle : Grant and 
 Burchard, 1021. 
 
 Sac and Ida counties ; Macbride, 
 1639. 
 
 Winneshiek County ; Calvin, 388. 
 
 zinc and lead region : Bain, 99. 
 
 Kansas, Independence quadrangle : 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 Joplin district : Smith and Sieben- 
 thal, 2251. 
 
 Kentucky, Cumberland Gap coal field : 
 Ashley and Glenn, 877. 
 
 east central ; Foerste, 884. 
 
 Louisiana ; Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Winnfield sheet : Harris, 1079. 
 
 Maine, Boothbay quadrangle-: Ogilvie, 
 1815. 
 
 Penobscot Bay quadrangle : Smith 
 
 et al., 2241. 
 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488 ; 
 1689 ; Shattuck, 2184. 
 
 Calvert County : Shattuck, 2188. 
 
 Dover quadrangle : Miller, 1749. 
 
 Patuxent quadrangle : Shattuck et 
 al., 2193. 
 
 Piedmont plateau : Mathews, 1690. 
 
 St. Marys quadrangle : Shattuck, 
 
 2185. 
 
 Massachusetts : Mansfield, 1674. 
 
 Mexico : Aguilera, 16. 
 
 Chihuahua : Hovey, 1236. 
 
 Durango, Mapimi : Angermann, 51. 
 
 San Pedro de Gallo : Angermann, 
 50. 
 
 Sierra de Concepcion del Oro : 
 Burckhardt, 357. 
 
 Zacatecas : Burckhardt and Scalia, 
 363. 
 
 Michigan : Leverett et al., 1573. 
 
 Black River section : Gordon and 
 Lane, 985. 
 
 Menominee, Dickinson, and Iron 
 counties : Russell, 2104. 
 
 Mississippi : Brown, 326 ; Crider, 595 ; 
 Crider and Johnson, 599 ; 
 Logan and Hand, 1609. 
 
 Missouri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Granby area : Buckley and Buehler, 
 346. 
 
 Joplin district : Smith and Sieben- 
 thal, 2251. 
 
234 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907 
 
 Geologic maps — Continued. 
 
 Montana : Calhoun, 384 ; Darton, 644. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains region : Darton, 
 647. 
 
 Nebraska, Cass County : Woodruff, 
 
 2628. 
 
 Republican River Valley: Condra, 
 
 570. 
 
 Nevada, Goldfield district : Hastings 
 and Berkey, 1091. 
 
 Goldfield and Bullfrog districts : 
 Ransome, 1984. 
 
 Pioche and vicinity : Pack, 1854. 
 
 Silver Peak quadrangle : Spurr, 2271. 
 
 southwestern : Ball, 120. 
 
 New Brunswick : Bailey, 98. 
 
 New Jersey, Newark system : Lewis, 
 1580. 
 
 New Mexico, Rio Grande Valley : Lee, 
 1545. 
 
 Roswell area ; Fisher, 870. 
 
 New York : Fairchild, 843. 
 
 Buffalo quadrangle : Luther, 1633. 
 
 Long Island : Veatch, 2434. 
 
 Long Lake quadrangle : Cushing, 616. 
 
 Penn Y"an - Ilammondsport quad- 
 rangles : Luther, 1634. 
 
 Rochester and Ontario Beach quad- 
 rangles : Ilartnagel, 1085. 
 
 Schoharie Valley : Grabau, 991. 
 
 North America : Hobson, 1194 ; Willis, 
 2591, 2594. 
 
 North Carolina, Nantahala quadrangle : 
 Keith, 1352. 
 
 Pisgah quadrangle : Keith, 1353. 
 
 Roan Mountain quadrangle : Keith, 
 1354. 
 
 North Dakota : Leonard, 1563. 
 
 Ohio, Licking County : Carney, 427. 
 
 Steubenville quadrangle : Griswold 
 
 and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Ontario, Animikie region : Silver, 2212. 
 
 Essex and Kent counties : Nattress, 
 1785. 
 
 Larder Lake district : Brock, 308. 
 
 Pembroke sheet : Ells, 788. 
 
 Sudbury field : Coleman, 539. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Amity quadrangle : 
 Clapp, 475. 
 
 bituminous coal fields : Halberstadt, 
 1 063. 
 
 Burgettstown and Claysville quad- 
 rangles ; Griswold and Munn, 
 1048. 
 
 Kittanning and Rural Valley quad- 
 rangles : Butts, 368. 
 
 Rogersville quadrangle : Clapp, 476. 
 
 South Mountain : Stose, 2318. 
 
 Quebec, Mount Yamaska : Young, 2660. 
 
 Pembroke sheet : Ells, 788. 
 
 Rhode Island : Emerson and Perry, 
 790. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Pisgah (piadrangle : Keith, 1353. 
 
 Tennessee, Nantahala quadrangle : 
 Keith, 1352. 
 
 Roan Mountain quadrangle : Keith, 
 1354. 
 
 Geologic maps — Continued. 
 
 Texas, Franklin Mountains : Richard- 
 son, 2042. 
 
 Panhandle : Gould, 987. 
 
 Utah, Park City district : Boutwell, 
 271. 
 
 Uinta Range : Weeks, 2206. 
 
 Vermont, St. Albans : Edson, 774. 
 
 Washington, Olympic Peninsula : Ar- 
 nold, 56. 
 
 Snoqualmie quadrangle : Smith and 
 Calkins, 2240. 
 
 West Virginia, Brook, Ohio, and Han- 
 cock counties : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Steubenville quadrangle : Griswold 
 
 and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Wisconsin, Lancaster and Mineral 
 Point quadrangles : Grant and 
 Burchard, 1021. 
 
 Milwaukee quadrangle : Alden, 23. 
 
 north central: Weidman, 2512. 
 
 zinc and lead region : Bain, 99 ; 
 
 Grant, 1017. 
 
 Wyoming, Bald Mountain and Dayton 
 quadrangles : Darton, 645. 
 
 Bighorn basin ; Fisher, 873. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 644, 
 
 647. 
 
 Cloud Peak and Fort McKinney 
 quadrangles : Darton, 646. 
 
 Devils Tower quadrangle : Darton 
 and O’Harra, 656. 
 
 Owl Creek Mountains : Darton, 642. 
 
 Yukon, Klondike district : McConnell, 
 1653, 1654. 
 
 Geologic time. 
 
 Measurement of : Berkey, 208. 
 
 Geomorphogeny. See Physiographic. 
 
 Geomorphology. See Physiographic. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 General. 
 
 Geologic notes : Middleton, 1746. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Bauxite industry : .Tudd, 1330. 
 
 Copper mining in 1905 : Weed, 2499. 
 
 Dahlonega gold deposits : Lindgren, 
 
 1596. 
 
 Glass-sand deposits : Burchard, 355. 
 
 Kaolins and fire clays ; Veatch, 2443. 
 
 Marble: McCallie, 1643. 
 
 Mineral paint ore : Burchard, 356. 
 
 Ocher deposits : Watson, 2483. 
 
 Slate: Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Stretched pebbles : McCallie, 1641, 
 
 1642. 
 
 Physioyraphic. 
 
 Tallulah district, drainage modifica- 
 cations : .Tohnson, 1.303. 1307. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Altamaha grit region : Harper, 1077. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 I'entremite : Schuchert, 2146. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Basic magnesian rocks : King, 1401. 
 
INDEX 
 
 235 
 
 Georgia— Continued. 
 
 Underground loater. 
 
 Mineral waters from crystalline rocks : 
 Fuller, 1)07. 
 
 Geysers. 
 
 Artificial : Waitz, 2468. 
 
 Mexico, Ixtlfin ; Waitz, 2465. 
 
 Michoacan : Caballero, 375. 
 
 Glacial geology. See Quaternary. 
 
 Glaciers. 
 
 General: Reid, 2014 ; Vaux, 2429. 
 
 Alaska : Blackwelder, 239 ; Klotz, 
 
 1405; Tarr, 2351. 
 
 Glacier Bay : Wright, 2643 ; Wright 
 and Wright, 2655. 
 
 Hubbard Glacier front in 1792 and 
 1794 : Tarr and Martin, 2359. 
 
 Malaspina Glacier ; Tarr, 2349, 2353. 
 
 Yakutat Bay : Tarr, 2352 ; Tarr and 
 Martin, 2358. 
 
 Alberta : Vaux and Vaux, 2426-2428. 
 
 British Columbia : Vaux and Vaux, 
 2426-2428. 
 
 Canada, Rockies and Selkirks : Sher- 
 zer, 2197, 2197a. 
 
 variations : Vaux and Vaux, 2426- 
 2428. 
 
 Erosion by : Carney, 430 ; Tarr, 2351. 
 
 Folding produced by glacial action : 
 Sardeson, 2121. 
 
 Lefroy : Sherzer, 2198. 
 
 Melting of : Reid, 2013. 
 
 Motion of : Chamberlin, 460 ; Willcox, 
 2580. 
 
 Moulin work under glaciers : Gilbert, 
 952. 
 
 Mount Hood and Mount Adams : Reid, 
 2008. 
 
 Mount Rainey, Nisqually glacier : Le 
 Conte, 1537. 
 
 Neve line : Reid, 2012. 
 
 United States, variations : Reid, 2007, 
 2009, 2010. 
 
 Variations : Reid, 2007, 2009, 2010 ; 
 Vaux and Vaux, 2426-2428. 
 
 Washington, Mount Baker : Landes, 
 
 1496. 
 
 Mount Rainier : Le Conte, 1537. 
 
 Glass sand. 
 
 General: Burchard, 349, 355. 
 
 Indiana : Burchard, 354, 
 
 Kentucky : Burchard, 354. 
 
 Mississippi Valley : Burchard, 350. 
 
 New .Jersey : Kiimmel and Gage, 1436. 
 
 Ohio : Burchard, 354. 
 
 United States : 2419. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 West Virginia : Stose, 2319. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 General. 
 
 Association with pyrite and tellu- 
 rides : Sharwood, 2182. 
 
 Geologic distribution : Rickard, 2049, 
 2051, 2052. 
 
 Placers : Hutchins, 1261, 1262. 
 
 Alabama: 2418, 2419; Smith, 2227. 
 
 Gold — Continued. 
 
 Alaska : Brooks, 311 ; 2418, 2419. 
 Admiralty Island : Wright, 2640. 
 Bonnifield and Kantishna regions : 
 Prindle, 1957. 
 
 Cape Nome : Wilson, 2606. 
 
 Circle precinct : Brooks, 319. 
 
 Iron Creek : Smith, 2246. 
 
 Juneau belt : Spencer, 2261. 
 Klondike region : Everette, 831. 
 Kougarok region : Brooks, 318. 
 Matanuska field : Martin, 1682. 
 Matanuska and Talkeetna basins : 
 Paige and Knopf, 1861, 1862. 
 Nome beaches : Halla, 1066 ; Hutch- 
 ins, 1263; Mofflt, 1764. 
 Rampart region : Prindle and Hess, 
 1958. 
 
 Seward Peninsula : Mofflt, 1763. 
 Solomon and Niukluk River basins : 
 Smith, 2245. 
 
 southeastern : Wright, 2641 ; Wright 
 and Wright, 2654. 
 
 Turnagain Arm region : Mofflt, 1762. 
 Yakutat Bay region : Tarr, 2341. 
 Yukon fields : Prindle, 1955. 
 Appalachians, southern ; Read, 1996. 
 Arizona, Cherry Creek district : Reid, 
 2016. 
 
 Globe district: Graichen, 1009. 
 
 Gold Road : Tovote, 2386. 
 
 Tombstone : Brinsmade, 300. 
 Vulture mine : Purington, 1976. 
 British Columbia : Evans, 825. 
 
 Atlin district : Carmichael, 426. 
 Barkerville : Atkin, 79. 
 
 Boundary district : Keffer, 1350. 
 Fraser River : Evans, 814. 
 
 New Westminster and Texada Is- 
 land : LeRoy, 1565. 
 
 Rossland district : Brock, 306, 307 ; 
 Stokes, 2307. 
 
 Similkameen district: Camsell, 413. 
 Skeena River : Leach, 1535. 
 
 Ilnuk River region • Wright, 2644. 
 California : Amador, 33 ; Bordeaux, 
 
 256 ; Doolittle, 728 ; Lakes, 1472 ; 
 Storms, 2316; 2418, 1419. 
 
 Bodie district: McLaughlin, 1671. 
 
 Coffee Creek district : Stines, 2299. 
 eastern : Ball, 119, 120. 
 
 Eldorado County : Kimble, 1394. 
 
 Inyo Range : Reid, 2023. 
 
 Mojave district : Bateson, 164. 
 Exposed Treasure lode : DeKalb, 
 
 702. 
 
 Mother lode : Reid, 2021. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, western : Lang, 1519. 
 Canada (general) : Ingall, 1267. 
 Colorado : Lindgren, 1591 ; 2418, 2410. 
 Bear Creek : Emmons, 804. 
 
 Boulder County : Lindgren, 1599. 
 
 Cripple Creek district : Liebenam, 
 
 1585 ; Lindgren and Ransome, 
 1604 ; Mollmann, 1765. , 
 
 Gold Prince mine : Scholl and Her- 
 rick, 2141. 
 
236 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Gold— Continued. 
 
 Colorado, Gunnison belt ; Lakes, 
 1472. 
 
 Hahns Peak field : Gale, 922. 
 
 Idaho Springs district : Spurr and 
 
 Garrey, 2275. 
 
 Lake Fork district ; Woolsey, 2635. 
 Ouraj" quadrangle : Cross et ah, 607. 
 Georgia: 2418, 2419. 
 
 Dahlonega : Lindgren, 1596. 
 
 Idaho : MacDonald, 1658 ; 2418, 2419. 
 Lost Packer lode : Jennings, 1297. 
 Murray belt : Lammers, 1494. 
 
 Priest Lake district : Courtis, 585. 
 St. Joe River basin : Collier, 553. 
 Snake River : Bell, 199. 
 
 South Mountain : Bell, 197. 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488 ; 
 
 2418, 2419. 
 
 Mexico, Chihuahua, Dolores mine : 
 Parish, 846. 
 
 Durango : Villarello, 2449. 
 
 El Oro : Rickard, 2048 ; Smith, 2248. 
 Guanajuato, La Luz : Church, 467. 
 Lluvia de Oro district : Burrows, 
 365. 
 
 Michoacan : Villarello, 2448. 
 
 Sinaloa : Merrill, 1723. 
 
 Sonora. Altar district : Alexander, 
 26. 
 
 Sahuaripa district : Nelson, 1789. 
 Zacualpan : Villarello, 2450. 
 
 Michigan : Courtis, 586. 
 
 Montana : MacDonald, 1658 ; 2418, 
 
 2419. 
 
 Little Rockies district ; Boynton, 280. 
 Philipsburg quadrangle : Emmons, 
 
 806. 
 
 Ruby ; Hutchins. 1260. 
 
 Nevada: Ball. 119, 120; Sharwood, 
 2183; 2418, 2419. 
 
 Bullfrog district : Ransome, 1985 ; 
 Rice. 2027. 
 
 Esmeralda County, Klondike dis- 
 trict : Spurr. 2270. 
 
 Fairview district : Rice, 2029 ; Zalin- 
 ski, 2662. 
 
 Giroux mines : Giroux, 965. 
 
 Goldfield : Collins. 557, 558 ; Lin- 
 coln. 1587 ; Ransome, 1984, 
 1985 ; Spurr. 2274 ; Taft. 2339. 
 Manhattan district : Emmons and 
 
 Garrey. 808 ; Rice, 2028. 
 Pioche : Abbot, 3 ; I'ack, 1854. 
 
 Round Mountain camp ; Packard, 
 1856. 
 
 Silver Peak quadrangle : Spurr, 
 
 2271. 
 
 southwestern : Ball, 119, 120. 
 Tonopah : Rice, 2025, 2026 ; Taft, 
 2339. 
 
 Wonder district : Zalinski, 2663. 
 
 New Mexico : Lindgren and Graton, 
 1603; 2418, 2419. 
 
 Cooney district : Graham, 1007. 
 Lordshurg region: Jones. 1321. 
 
 Santa Fe County : Jones, 1320. 
 
 Gold— Continued. 
 
 North Carolina : Crosby, 601 ; Graton, 
 1025 ; Pratt, 1951 ; 2418, 2419. 
 Nova Scotia : Faribault, 844, 845 ; 
 
 Woodman, 2624. 
 
 Tangier : Packard, 1857. 
 
 Ontario : Collins, 561 ; Corkill, 578. 
 Lake Abitibi : Miller, 1757. 
 
 Larder Lake : Brock. 308. 
 
 Oregon: Stafford, 2276; 2418, 2419. 
 Quebec, Chibougamau region : Low’, 
 
 1624. 
 
 Santo Domingo : Garrison, 930. 
 
 South Carolina : Graton, 1025 ; Sloan, 
 2218; 2418, 2419. 
 
 South Dakota : Pratt, 1948 ; 2418, 
 
 2419. 
 
 Black Hills : Sadtler, 2112. 
 Tennessee : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Texas: 2418, 2419. 
 
 United States (general) : Read, 1993 ; 
 
 2418, 2419. 
 
 Utah : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Piute County : Lindgren, 1595 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Washington : Collier, 554 ; 2418, 2419. 
 Wyoming: 2418, 2419. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647, 
 
 649. 
 
 Owl Creek Mountains : Darton, 642 
 South Pass district : Beeler, 184. 
 Uinta County : Schultz, 2150. 
 
 Yukon, Klondike district : McConnell, 
 1650. 
 
 Whitehorse region ; Cairnes, 380 ; 
 Everette, 831 ; McConnell, 1648, 
 1653, 1654; Tyrrell, 2406. 
 
 G'-anite. 
 
 Alaska, southeastern ; Wright, 2639, 
 2642. 
 
 California : Aubury, 87. 
 
 Maine ; Dale, 623 ; Smith, 2233. 
 
 Penobscot Bay quadrangle : Smith 
 et al., 2241. 
 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathew’s, 488. 
 New’ England : Dale, 624. 
 
 United States (general) : 2418, 2419. 
 Vermont : I’erkins, 1907 ; Richardson, 
 2037. 
 
 Virginia ; Watson, 2493. 
 
 Graphite. 
 
 Alabama : Smith, 2227. 
 
 Califcrnia : Aubury, 87. 
 
 Maine: Smith, 2230, 2231. 
 I’ennsylvania : Law, 1523. 
 
 Quebec : Brumell, 338 ; Cirkel, 469. 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 United States (general) : Pratt, 1946; 
 2418, 2419. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Wyoming, Haystack Hills : Ball, 126. 
 Gravel. 
 
 United States : 2419. 
 
 Greenland. 
 
 Ice cap. thickness of : Schwarz, 2152. 
 Narsarsuk minerals: Biiggild, 251. 
 
INDEX 
 
 237 
 
 Guatemala. 
 
 Earthquake of April 19, 1902 : Omori, 
 1822. 
 
 Gypsum. 
 
 Alaska, southeastern : Wright, 2639, 
 2642. 
 
 California : Aubury, 87. 
 
 Colorado, Uncompahgre region : Sieben- 
 thal, 1138. 
 
 Iowa : Beyer, 229. 
 
 Montana : Rowe, 2093. 
 
 New Brunswick ; Bailey, 98. 
 
 New Mexico, northwestern : Shaler, 
 2175. 
 
 Oregon : Stafford, 2276. 
 
 United States (general) : 2418, 2419. 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Wyoming : Trumbull, 2396. 
 
 Bighorn basin : Fisher, 872, 873. 
 Bighorn Mountain region : Darton, 
 649. 
 
 Laramie district : Siebenthal, 2208. 
 Owl Creek Mountains : Barton, 642. 
 
 Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 Diamond Head, Oahu : Hitchcock, 1166. 
 Mohokea caldera: Hitchcock, 1167. 
 Volcanic craters : Pickering, 1927. 
 
 History, philosophy, etc. 
 
 Age of the earth : Hixon, 1170. 
 American geology, history of : Merrill, 
 1736. 
 
 Atmosphere, primeval : McKee, 1670. 
 Chemical evolution of the ocean : Lane, 
 1504. 
 
 Contributions of America to geology : 
 Rice, 2033. 
 
 Earth sciences, methods : Chamberlain, 
 452. 
 
 relations : Davis, 664. 
 
 Earth’s crust, composition of : Clarke, 
 490. 
 
 Geologic day : Lane, 1505. 
 
 Geology, problems of : Van Hise, 2421. 
 Geophysics, problems of : Becker, 171. 
 Illogical geology : Price, 1954. 
 
 Oceanic circulation, influence on cli- 
 mate : Chamberlain, 453. 
 Physical factor in general geology : 
 Davis, 672. 
 
 Hydrozoa. 
 
 Stromatoporoids of Guelph formation 
 in Ontario : Parks, 1872. 
 
 Idaho. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Coal deposits : Ritter, 2069. 
 
 Copper mining in 1905 : Weed, 2499. 
 Dollarhide mine : Lakes, 1466. 
 
 Lost Packer copper-gold lode : Jen- 
 
 ings, 1297. 
 
 Mining industry : Bell, 195, 196. 
 
 Murray gold belt : Lammers, 1494. 
 Northern : MacDonald, 1658. 
 Phosphate deposits: .Tones, 1317; 
 
 Weeks and Ferrier, 2507. 
 
 Idaho — Contin ued , 
 
 Economic — Continued. 
 
 l‘riest Lake mining district : Courtis, 
 585. 
 
 Red Cloud mine : Turner, 2401. 
 
 St. .Toe River basin : Collier, 553. 
 
 Sapphires : Bell, 198. 
 
 Seven Devils district : Reid, 2006. 
 
 Snake River, gold: Bell, 199; Reid, 
 2006. 
 
 South Mountain : Bell, 197. 
 
 White Knob copper deposits : Kemp 
 and Gunther, 1372. 
 
 Wood River district : Lakes, 1463. 
 tiimtigraphic. 
 
 Northern : MacDonald, 1658. 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Fish remains from Triassic of Aspen 
 Ridge : Goddard, 972. 
 
 Shark related to Edestus : Hay, 1105. 
 Petrology. 
 
 Purcell Mountain Range : Daly, 631. 
 
 Igneous and volcanic rocks. 
 
 General. 
 
 Classifleation : Turner, 2402. 
 
 Alaska, Juneau gold belt ; Spencer, 
 2261. 
 
 Rampart region : Prindle and Hess, 
 1958. 
 
 Turnagain Arm region: Moffit, 1762. 
 
 Yukon-Tanana region, Circle quad- 
 rangle : Prindle, 1956. 
 
 Arizona, Red Mountain : Atwood, 80. 
 
 British Columbia, Cascade Mountains : 
 Daly, 632. 
 
 Graham Island : Ells, 783. 
 
 California, eastern: Ball, 120. 
 
 Klamath region, Hershey, 1133. 
 
 Mojave district : Bateson, 164 ; De- 
 Kalb, 702. 
 
 Redding quadrangle : Diller, 721. 
 
 Santa Maria district : Arnold and 
 Anderson, 66, 67. 
 
 Colorado, Arkansas Valley : Darton, 
 648. 
 
 Clear Creek region : Underhill, 2414. 
 
 Cripple Creek district : Lindgren and 
 Ransome, 1604. 
 
 Hahns Peak region : Gale, 922. 
 
 Ouray quadrangle : Cross et al., 607. 
 
 Routt County : Fenneman and Gale, 
 862. 
 
 Connecticut : Rice, 2031. 
 
 Cortlandt series : Hobbs, 1178. 
 
 crystalline rocks : Gregory, 1034. 
 
 Idaho, Purcell Mountain Range : Daly, 
 631. 
 
 Maine, Penobscot Bay quadrangle : 
 Smith et al., 2241. 
 
 southern : Ogilvie, 1815. 
 
 Martinique, Mont Pele : Gentil, 938; 
 Lacroix, 1455, 1456. 
 
 Pel^ obelisk : Heilprin, 1122. 
 
 tridymite, in volcanic rocks : La- 
 croix, 1453, 
 
238 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 \ 
 
 Igneous and volcanic rocks — Continued. 
 
 Mexico : Guild, 1052 ; Philippi, 1924 ; 
 Villafana, 2447. 
 
 Colima : Waitz, 2466. 
 
 Guaynopita district: Hovey, 1224. 
 
 Jorullo : Ordonez, 1831. 
 
 Puebla ; Ordonez, 1826. 
 
 Sierra de Concepcion del Oro : Burck- 
 hardt, 357. 
 
 Sierra de Guanajuato : Villarello, 
 
 Flores, and Robles, 2460. 
 
 Sierra de Mazapil et Santa Rosa ; 
 Burckhardt, 358. 
 
 Sierra Madre Mountains : Warwick, 
 2479. 
 
 Xinantecatl : Flores, 881. 
 
 Zacatecas : Burckhardt and Scalia, 
 363. 
 
 Michigan : Lane, 1513. 
 
 Black River section : Gordon and 
 Lane, 985. 
 
 Montana, Marysville district : Barrell, 
 149. 
 
 Purcell Mountain Range : Daly, 631. 
 
 Nevada, Goldfield mining district : 
 Hastings and Berkey, 1091. 
 
 I’ioche ; Pack, 1854, 
 
 Robinson mining district : Lawson, 
 1526. 
 
 Silver Peak quadrangle : Spurr, 
 
 2271. 
 
 southwestern ; Ball, 120. 
 
 New Brunswick : Ells, 784. 
 
 New Hampshire, Belknap Mountains : 
 I’irsson and Washington, 1934. 
 
 Red Hill : Pirsson and Washington, 
 1935. 
 
 New Jersey, Newark rocks : Lewis, 
 
 1579, 1580, 1583. 
 
 New Mexico, Mount Taylor region : 
 Johnson, 1304. 
 
 Rio Grande Valley : Lee, 1545. 
 
 New York, Adirondacks : Cushing, 616. 
 
 Highlands : Berkey, 207. 
 
 Long Lake quadrangle : Cushing, 
 
 614. 
 
 Palisade trap : Julien, 1340. 
 
 North Carolina, Pisgah quadrangle : 
 Keith, 1353. 
 
 Roan Mountain quadrangle : Keith, 
 1354. 
 
 Ontario : Coleman, 546. 
 
 Animikie iron range : Silver, 2212. 
 
 Lake Nipigon iron ranges : Coleman, 
 548. 
 
 Mattagami Valley : Kerr, 1375. 
 
 Michipicoten iron ranges : Coleman. 
 542. 
 
 Sudbury nickel field : Coleman, 539. 
 
 I’anama : Howe, 1244. 
 
 Pennsylvania : Kemp. 1368 ; Kemp and 
 Ross, 1 373. 
 
 Quebec, Brome Mountain : Dresser, 
 
 743. 
 
 Chibougama mining region : Low, 
 
 1624, 
 
 Igneous and volcanic rocks — Continued. 
 
 Quebec, eastern townships : Dresser, 
 
 742. 
 
 Mount Yamaska : Young, 2660. 
 
 St. Francis Valley : Dresser, 365. 
 Rhode Island : Emerson and Perry, 790. 
 South Carolina : Graton, 1025. 
 
 Pisgah quadrangle : Keith, 1353. 
 Tennessee, Roan Mountain quadrangle : 
 Keith, 1354. 
 
 Texas, Chisos country : Udden, 2409. 
 Vermont : Richardson, 2037. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2489. 
 
 Washington, Snoqualmie quadrangle : 
 Smith and Calkins, 2240. 
 Wisconsin, Fox River Valley : Hobbs 
 and Leith, 1193. 
 north central : Weidman, 2512. 
 Wyoming, Bald Mountain and Dayton 
 quadrangles : Darton, 645. 
 Bighorn basin ; Fisher, 873. 
 
 Cloud Peak and Fort McKinney 
 quadrangles : Darton, 646. 
 
 Devils Tower quadrangle : Darton 
 
 and OTIarra, 656. 
 
 Yukon, White River region : McConnell, 
 1648. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 General. 
 
 State geological survey : Salisbury, 
 
 2113. 
 
 necessity for : Bement, 200. 
 work of : Bain, 108. 
 
 State geologist's report for 1906 : Bain, 
 
 110 . 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Cannel coal in northern Illinois : Grout, 
 1050. 
 
 Coal : Bain, 100, 112 ; Parr, 1875, 1876. 
 
 analyses : Parr, 1877. 
 
 Coal seams, distribution : Bement, 201. 
 Fire clays : Purdy and DeWolf, 1973. 
 Glass sand : Burchard, 350. 
 
 Lead and zinc deposits : Baiu, 99 ; Da- 
 vis, 663. 
 
 Limestones ; Van Horn, 2424. 
 
 Mineral industry in 1906: Bain, 113. 
 Mineral production in 1905 : Van 
 
 Horn, 2423. 
 
 Oil fields: Bain, 102, 109; Blatchley, 
 245. 
 
 Saline-Gallatin coal field : DeWolf, 717. 
 Silica deposits: Bain, 111. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Fracture systems: Hobbs, 1176. 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Calhoun County : Weller, 2522. 
 
 Coal districts : White, 2545. 
 
 Delafield drill core: Fdden, 2410. 
 
 East St. Louis area : Bowman and 
 
 Reeds. 277 : Fenneman. 860. 
 Galena series: Sardeson, 2122. 
 Geologic structure: Weller. 2518. 
 Geological map: Irving 1277; Weller, 
 2517, 2524. 
 
 Gulf embayment area : Glenn, 969t 
 
INDEX 
 
 239 
 
 Illinois— Con ti uued . 
 
 Stratigraphic— ContlnxxQ^. 
 
 Hamburg, sections : Weller, 2519. 
 
 I’aleogeography of St, Peter time : 
 Berkey, 205. 
 
 Pre-Richmond unconformity in Mis- 
 sissippi Valley : Weller, 2522. 
 
 Superficial deposits along the Mis- 
 sissippi : Fowke, 891. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Crinoids from Chicago area : Slocom, 
 2221. 
 
 Kinderhook fauna at Hamburg : Wel- 
 ler, 2519. 
 
 Trllobites from Niagara of Chicago 
 area: Weller, 2521. 
 
 Underground water. 
 
 East St. Louis district : Bowman and 
 Reeds, 277. 
 
 Gulf emhayment area ; Glenn, 969. 
 
 Springfield quadrangle : Savage, 2129. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 General. 
 
 Geologic history : Blatchley, 244. 
 
 Road materials : Blatchley et al, 250. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Glass-sand industry : Burchard, 354. 
 
 Iron ores : Beede and Shannon, 182 ; 
 Shannon, 2181. 
 
 Martin County, iron ores : Beede and 
 Shannon, 182. 
 
 Natural gas : Kinney, 1402. 
 
 Natural resources : Blatchley, 247, 248. 
 
 Peat deposits: Taylor, 2861. 
 
 I’ctroleum industry in 1906 : Blatchley, 
 249. 
 
 Princeton petroleum field : Blatchley, 
 243. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Travertine deposit in Tippecanoe Coun- 
 *ty : Wilson, 2607. 
 
 Weathering of Subcarboniferous lime- 
 stones : Cumings, 609. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Age of rocks near Kentland : Greene, 
 1030. 
 
 Devonian limestones : Staufi:er, 2278. 
 
 Esker in Tippecanoe County : McBeth, 
 1637. 
 
 Glacial deposits : Leverett, 1572. 
 
 Glacial gravels : Blatchley, 246. 
 
 Monroe County : Reagan, 1998. 
 
 Paleozoic limestones and shales : 
 Blatchley, 246. 
 
 White River area : Shannon, 2180. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Geographic features : Dryer, 745. 
 
 White River drainage: Shannon, 2180. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Devonian and Mississippian ('rinoidea : 
 Rowley, 2094. 
 
 Devonian corals: Greene, 1029, 1031, 
 1032. 
 
 Fauna of Salem limestone : Cumings 
 and Beede, 612. 
 
 Indiana — Continued. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 South Bend meteorite : Farrington, 848. 
 Indian Territory, 
 
 General. 
 
 Geoiogy and physiography : Condra, 
 
 571. 
 
 Limonite geodes from Muscogee : 
 Nichols, 1802. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Asphaltic coals : Crane, 592. 
 
 Muscogee quadrangle : Taff, 2332, 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Limestone, new : Condra, 568. 
 
 Muscogee quadrangle : Taff, 2332, 
 Infusorial earth. 
 
 California : Anbury, 87. 
 
 United States : 2419. 
 
 Insecta. 
 
 General : Handlirsch, 1071. 
 
 American Paieozoic : Handlirsch, 1069. 
 
 Ant from Florissant : Cockerell, 516. 
 
 Blattoid from Montana Cretaceous : 
 Handlirsch, 1068. 
 
 Borings, insect, in Cretaceous lignite : 
 Hollick, 1207. 
 
 Butterfly from Florissant : Cockerell, 
 531. 
 
 Carboniferous insects, horizons of : 
 White, 2542. 
 
 Caterpillar from Florissant, Cockerell, 
 531. 
 
 Cicada from Florissant : Cockerell, 
 
 522. 
 
 Cockroaches, geological history of : 
 Sellards, 2167. 
 
 Coleoptera from Florissant : Cockerell, 
 530. 
 
 Dragon flies, from Florissant : Cock- 
 erell, 528. 
 
 I’aleozoic, venation of wings : 
 Sellards, 2172. 
 
 Florissant insects : Brues, 337 ; Cock- 
 erell, 516, 519, 521, 522, 524- 
 526, 528, 530-535 ; Wheeler, 
 
 2533. 
 
 Fly (Sackenia gibbosa) from Green 
 River beds : Cockerell, 525. 
 
 Hymenoptera from Florissant : Brues, 
 337 ; Cockerell, 521. 
 
 Insects and their phylogeny : Hand- 
 lirsch, 1070. 
 
 Maryland Pleistocene insects : Sel- 
 
 lards, 2166. 
 
 Old-world types at Florissant : Cock- 
 erell, 526. 
 
 Permian : Sellards, 2168, 2169. 
 
 Saw-flies from Florissant : Cockerell, 
 524. 
 
 Tortricid moth : Cockerell, 53.3. 
 
 Tsetse-fly from Florissant : Cockerell, 
 534. 
 
 Wasp fi’om Florissant : Cockerell, 535. 
 
 Water-bug from Florissant : Cockerell, 
 519. 
 
 Intrusions. See Magmas. 
 
240 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Invertebrata (general). Hee also Anthozoa, 
 Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Crus- 
 tacea, Echinodermata, Foramini- 
 fera, Insecta, Mollusca. Problem- 
 atica, Spongida, and Vermes. 
 
 Alaska, southeastern, Paleozoic faunas : 
 Kindle, 1400. 
 
 Arizona, Fort Apache : Reagan, 2000. 
 
 Bermuda Islands : Verrill, 2445. 
 
 California, Santa Clara Valley : Cran- 
 dall, 590. 
 
 Summerland district : Arnold, 63. 
 
 Cambrian, Cambro-Silurian, and De- 
 vonian : Whiteaves, 2555. 
 
 Cambrian, Pioche Mountains : I’ack, 
 
 1855. 
 
 transition fauna, from Braintree, 
 Mass. : Sbimer, 2204. 
 
 Cape Lisburne, Alaska, region : Girty, 
 966. 
 
 Chazy fauna : Raymond, 1987. 
 
 Coal measures, Neosho River section, 
 Kansas : Beede and Rogers, 181. 
 
 Color markings retained by a gastro- 
 pod : Raymond, 1988. 
 
 Cretaceous and Tertiary of Arkansas 
 and Louisiana : Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Cretaceous of New Jersey : Weller, 
 2520. 
 
 Devonian : Clarke, 497. 
 
 Canada : Whiteaves, 2555. 
 
 Montana, Three Forks : Raymond, 
 1989. 
 
 New York : Slocom, 2219. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Altoona section : Kin- 
 dle, 1397. 
 
 Dwarfing of fauna of Salem limestone, 
 Indiana : Smith, 2222. 
 
 Franklin : Ami, 39. 
 
 Guelph formation ; Whiteaves, 2556. 
 
 Hell Creek beds of Montana : Brown, 
 325. 
 
 Index fossils of North America : Gra- 
 
 hau and Shimer, 1005. 
 
 Jurassic fossils from "Black Hills ; 
 Whitfield and Hovev, 2563. 
 
 Kentucky, Silurian and Devonian : 
 Foerste, 884. 
 
 Kinderhook fauna : Weller, 2519. 
 
 Marine Carboniferous, fi'om Arkansas 
 coal fields : Girty. 967. 
 
 Maryland, St. Mary’s County : Shat- 
 tuck, 2191. 
 
 Nebraska, Cass County : Woodruff, 2628. 
 
 New York. Schoharie Valley : Grahau, 
 991. 
 
 Ontario; Grant, 101,3-1016. 
 
 Pembroke area : Ami. 41. 
 
 Paleontological work in Canada : Whit- 
 eaves. 2551, 2552. 
 
 Paleozoic fossils, errata and corri- 
 genda : Whiteaves. 2557. 
 
 Peml)roko area. Ontario and Quebec: 
 Ami, 41. 
 
 Permian R(*d Beds of Oklahoma and 
 Texas: Beede, 180. 
 
 Photographing .Vmmonites : Bose, 268. 
 
 Invertebrata (general) — Continued. 
 
 Pleistocene fauna of Maryland : Clark, 
 481. 
 
 Quebec, Pembroke area : Ami, 41. 
 
 Salem limestone of Indiana : Com- 
 
 ings and Beede, 612. 
 
 Silurian, from .Canada : Whiteaves, 
 
 2553. 
 
 Tertiary, from Atlantic coast province : 
 Brown, 335. 
 
 Vermont, St. Albans : Edson, 774. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 General. 
 
 Assistant state geologist’s report : 
 Lees, 1550 ; Savage, 2127. 
 
 State geologist’s report : Calvin, 390 ; 
 Wilder, 2578. 
 
 Report on — 
 
 Black Hawk County : Arey, 53. 
 
 Bremer County : Norton, 1805. 
 
 Clayton County : Leonard, 1559. 
 
 Franklin County : Williams, 2588. 
 
 Jackson County : Savage, 2128. 
 
 Sac and Ida counties ; Macbride, 
 16.39. 
 
 Winneshiek County : Calvin, 388. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Cement materials : Beyer, 230 ; Beyer 
 and Williams, 233 ; Burchard, 
 353. 
 
 Coals, tests of ; Savage, 2126. 
 
 Glass-sand deposits : Burchard, 355. 
 
 Lancaster and Mineral Point quad- 
 rangles : Grant and Burchard, 
 1021. 
 
 Lead and zinc deposits : Bain, 99 ; 
 Davis, 663. 
 
 Limes : Beyer. 232. 
 
 Mineral production, in 1905 : Beyer, 
 229. 
 
 in 1906 : Beyer, 231. 
 
 Peat resources : Savage, 2125. 
 
 Portland cement : Beyer and Wil- 
 
 liams, 233. 
 
 materials near Dubuque : Burchard. 
 
 n rr o 
 ODO. 
 
 Quarry products : Beyer and Williams, 
 234. 
 
 Diinatnic and structural. 
 
 Alluvial changes, recent : Todd. 2379. 
 
 Clay slide at the Boone viaduct : Mer- 
 rick, 1719. 
 
 Fracture systems: Hobbs, 1176. 
 
 Ph i/siograph ic. 
 
 Mississippi River chaunel, features of : 
 Calvin, 389. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 General: Beyer. 230; Calvin, 387; 
 
 Todd. 2377. 
 
 Black Hawk County : Arey, 53. 
 
 Bremer County: Norton. 1805. 
 
 Clayton County: Leonard, 1559. 
 
 Drift exposures : Orr. 18.35. 
 
 Franklin County : Williams, 2588. 
 
 Galena series: Sardeson, 2122. 
 
 Geological map: Savage, 2130. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 241 
 
 Iowa— Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphic — Continued. 
 
 Geolojjical section : Calvin, 387. 
 
 Jackson County : Savaj^e, 2128. 
 Lancaster and Mineral Point quad- 
 rangles : Grant and Burchard, 
 1021 . 
 
 Madison County : Brown, 328. 
 Paleozoic formations : Beyer and Wil- 
 liams, 233. 
 
 Sac and Ida counties ; Macbride, 1039. 
 WinneshieL County : Calvin, 388. 
 raleontology. 
 
 Gastropoda, new species : Webster, 
 
 2497. 
 
 I’lant remains : Macbride, 1640. 
 Westerna, new gastropod from the 
 Blackberry group : Webster, 2496. 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Amana meteorite: Hinrichs, 1163. 
 Underground water. 
 
 Ground waters: Hendrixson, 1129. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 General. 
 
 Iron ore reserves : Leith, 1554. 
 Alabama : Eckel, 764 ; Smith, 2227. 
 Birmingham district : Burchard, 351. 
 Lookout Mountain : Phalen, 1917. 
 Russellville district : Burchard, 352. 
 Talladega County : Smith, 2247. 
 Alaska, Matanuska field : Martin, 1682. 
 British Columbia : Leith, 1552. 
 California : Anbury, 87 ; Leith, 1552. 
 
 Shasta County : Campbell, 391. 
 Canada (general) : Ingall, 1267. 
 Colorado : Leith, 1552. 
 
 Connecticut, Salisbury district : Hobbs, 
 1185. 
 
 Indiana : Shannon, 2181. 
 
 Martin County, Beede and Shannon, 
 182. 
 
 Kentucky, Bath County : Kindle, 1398. 
 
 northeastern : Phalen, 1918. 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 Massachusetts, Salisbury district : 
 Hobbs, 1185. 
 
 Mexico, Nuevo Leon : Cabellero, 376. 
 Minnesota, Crow Wing country : Wood- 
 bridge, 2623. 
 
 Cuyuna iron range : Leith, 1557 ; 
 
 Winchell, 2620. 
 
 Mesabi Range : Meeks, 1707. 
 Vermilion Range : Abbott, 1, 2. 
 
 New Jersey : Kiimmel, 1432. 
 
 New Mexico, Jones field : Emmens, 791. 
 New York, Adirondack region : New- 
 land, 1794, 1795. 
 
 Lyon Mountain : Newland and Han- 
 sell, 1796. 
 
 Mineville : Cranberry, 1010. 
 
 St. Lawrence County : Brinsmade, 
 294. 
 
 Salisl)ury district : Hobbs, 1185. 
 
 New Brunswick : Lindeman, 1588. 
 
 Iron — Continued. 
 
 Nova Scotia : Woodman, 2627. 
 
 Torbrook district : Parsons, 1885. 
 Ontario : Collins, 560 ; Corkill, 578 ; 
 Lindeman, 1588 ; Thompson, 
 2369. 
 
 Animikie iron range : Silver, 2212. 
 Lake Nipigon region : Coleman, 548 ; 
 Moore, 1771. 
 
 Michipicoten : Coleman, 541, 542; 
 
 Moore, 1770. 
 western : Hille, 1158. 
 
 Oregon : Stafford, 2276. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Berks, and Lebanon 
 counties : Spencer, 2262. 
 Kittanning and Rural Valley quad- 
 rangles : Butts, 368. 
 
 Quebec, Chibougamau region : Low, 
 1624. 
 
 Ottawa Valley : Cirkel, 468. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 Tennessee, Roan Mountain quadrangle : 
 Keith, 1354. 
 
 Sweetwater district : .Tudd, 1329. 
 United States (general) : Birkinbine, 
 237 ; Leith, 1552 ; 2418, 2419. 
 TTah : Leith, 1552. 
 
 ATrginia : Eckel, 765 ; Holden, 1201. 
 New River-Cripple Creek district : 
 Holden, 1200. 
 
 Washington : Leith, 1552. 
 
 Snoqualmie quadrangle : Smith and 
 Calkins. 2240. 
 
 Wyoming : Leith, 1552. 
 
 Hartville Range : Ball, 122. 
 
 Iron Mountain : Ball, 123. 
 
 Sunrise mine : Vallat, 2420. 
 
 Isostasy. 
 
 Crustal deformation : Lane, 1503. 
 Geodetic evidence of: Hayford, 1112. 
 Rigidity of earth : Hoskins, 1217 ; See, 
 2160. 
 
 Jamaica. 
 
 General. 
 
 Geology of : Raymond, 1991. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Earthquake : Brown, 327 ; Carden and 
 Goldney, 423 ; Davison, 683 ; 
 Fuller, 915 ; Spencer, 2264. 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Karst region : Danes, 639. 
 
 Jasper. 
 
 California : Aubury, 87. 
 
 Jurassic. 
 
 Stratigraphy. 
 
 Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Cape Lisburne region : Collier, 552. 
 Cook Inlet region : Paige and Knopf, 
 1860. 
 
 Herendeen Bay field : Paige, 1859. 
 INIatanuska field : Martin, 1682. 
 Matanuska and Talkeetna basins : 
 I’aige and Knopf, 1862. 
 Turnagain Arm region : Moffit, 1702. 
 
 0G83G— Bull. 372—09 IG 
 
242 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Jvirassic — Continued. 
 
 /b' tnit igrap h y- — C on t i n u ed . 
 
 Alberta, Cascade basin ; Dowling, 736. 
 
 Moose Mountain district ; Cairnes, 
 381. 
 
 California, Redding quadrangle : Diller, 
 721. 
 
 Colorado, Ouray quadrangle : Cross et 
 ah, 607. 
 
 western : Cross, 604. 
 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews. 488. 
 
 Patuxent quadrangle : Shattuck rt 
 oL, 2193. 
 
 Mexico, Durango : Angermann, 50. 
 
 Sierra de Mazapil et Santa Rosa : 
 Burckhardt, 358. 
 
 Montana, Bighorn basin : Fisher, 873. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647. 
 
 North Carolina ; Stephenson, 2281. 
 
 Oregon, southwestern : Diller, 924. 
 
 Utah, eastern : Cross, 604. 
 
 Sanpete and Sevier valleys : Rich- 
 ardson, 2044. 
 
 Finta Range : Weeks, 2506. 
 
 Virginia, coastal plain ; Clark and Mil- 
 ler, 489. 
 
 Wyoming, Bald Mountain and Dayton 
 quadrangles : Darton, 645. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647. 
 
 Cloud Peak and Fort McKinney quad- 
 rangles : Darton. 646. 
 
 Devils Tower quadrangle : Darton and 
 OTIarra, 656. 
 
 Owl Creek Mountains : Darton, 642. 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Baptanodon from Wyoming : Gilmore, 
 959, 963. 
 
 Black Hills : Whitfield and Hovey, 
 
 2563. 
 
 Mexico, Mazapil : Burckhardt, 359. 
 
 Peltoceras from Canada : Whiteaves, 
 2559. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Atchison coal mine : Young, 2659. 
 
 Galena-Joplin lead and zinc deposits : 
 Haworth, 1098. 
 
 Glass-sand deposits : Burchard, 350, 
 355. 
 
 Independence quadrangle : Schrader 
 
 and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 .loplin district ; Smith and Siebenthal, 
 2251. 
 
 Lead and zinc : Bain. 107. 
 stratigraphic. 
 
 Carboniferous formations : Wooster, 
 
 2636. 
 
 Joplin district : Smith and Siebenthal, 
 2251. 
 
 Loup Fork Miocene : Sternberg, 2283. 
 
 Neosho River section : Beede and 
 
 Rogers, 181. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Fishes from Kansas chalk : Sternberg. 
 2284. 
 
 Foraminifera from Hooser : Spandel, 
 2259. 
 
 Kansas — Continued 
 
 Paleontology — Continued. 
 
 Mastodon from Loup fork Miocene : 
 Sternberg, 2285. 
 
 Neosho River section : Beede and 
 
 Rogers, 181. 
 
 Rodent from Miocene of Kansas ; Gid- 
 ley, 947. 
 
 A’ertebrate fossils : Sternberg, 2286. 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Elm Creek aerolite : Howard, 1241. 
 Galena-Joplin district: Rogers, 2081. 
 Modoc meteorite : Farrington, 850 : 
 
 Kunz, 14.39, 1443; Merrill, 
 
 1733, 1735. 
 
 Undergron n d ira ter. 
 
 Underfiow in Arkansas Valley : Slich- 
 ter, 2215. 
 
 Kaolin. 
 
 Alabama : Smith, 2227. 
 
 Georgia : Veatch, 2443. 
 
 Missouri. Bollinger County : Orton, 
 18.36. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Karsts. 
 
 Illinois, East St. Louis district : Bow- 
 man and Reeds, 277. 
 
 Jamaica : Danes, 639. 
 
 Keewatin. 
 
 General. 
 
 Explorations : Mclnnes, 1667. 
 
 Cape Tatnam region : Dobbs. 725. 
 Canadian Northern railway : O’Sul- 
 livan, 1853. 
 
 Hudson Bay Horn York Factory to 
 Severn River O’Sullivan, 1852. 
 .Tames Bay : Wilson, 2604. 
 
 Winisk and Attawapiskat rivers ; 
 Mclnnes, 1666. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Silurian : Whiteaves, 2553. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 General. 
 
 Chemical report : Peter, 1911. 
 Geological survey, report for 1904 and 
 1905; Norwood, 1807. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Bath County, iron : Kindle. 1398. 
 
 Big Sandy A’alley, coal : Crandall. 589. 
 Clays, analyses : Gardner, 929. 
 
 Crittenden and Livingston counties : 
 Fobs, 885. 
 
 Jackson’s Purchase region : Gardner. 
 928. 
 
 northeastern Kentucky : Phalen, 
 
 1921. 
 
 Red River Valley : Gardner, 927. 
 Silurian : Foerste, 883. 
 western Kentucky : Crider. 596. 
 (’umberland Gap coal field : Ashley and 
 Glenn. 77 ; Pultz, 1964. 
 
 Elkhorn coal field: Stone, 2310. 
 Fire-clay deposits : Greaves- Walker, 
 
 10L>7. 
 
 Glass-sand industry: Burchard. 354. 
 Kaolin deposits : Gardner, 926. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 243 
 
 Kentucky— Continued. 
 
 Economic — Continued. 
 
 Kenova quadrangle : Phalen, 1020. 
 
 Lead deposits : Brinsmade, 296. 
 
 Marls, analyses : (Gardner. 029. 
 northeastern, iron ores: Phalen, 10 IS. 
 lStrati(jrai)Jnc. 
 
 Cumberland (iap held : Ashley and 
 Glenn, 77. 
 
 Gulf embayment area : Glenn, 060, 071. 
 Ordovician formations: ]\Iiller, 1748. 
 Pine Mountain region : Stone, 28111. 
 Silurian and Devonian formations : 
 Foerste, 884. 
 
 western : Glenn, 069, 071, 
 
 Liabrador. 
 
 Difiiamic and structural. 
 
 Elevated beaches : Fuller, 914. 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Cambrian : Matthew, 1604. 
 
 Liakes. 
 
 California, Blue Lakes : Ilolway, 1215. 
 Glacial : Spencer, 2266. 
 
 Indiana : Dryer, 745. 
 
 Morainic: Dryer, 745. 
 
 Sink-hole lakes in Florida, origin ; Sel- 
 lards, 2165. 
 
 Landslides. 
 
 Alberta, Frank : Ashworth, 78. 
 ('alifornia, earth-flows: Anderson, 47. 
 Iowa, Boone viaduct : Merrick, 1719. 
 Montana : Henton, 1130. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Arizona, Mowry : Brinsmade, 298. 
 British Columbia, St. Eugene mine : 
 Stokes, 2306. 
 
 Canada (general) : Ingall, 1267. 
 Colorado, Custer County : Brinsmade, 
 207. 
 
 Idaho : MacDonald, 1658. 
 
 Red Cloud mine : Turner, 2401. 
 
 St. Joe River basin : Collier, 553. 
 South Mountain : Bell, 197. 
 
 Illinois : Bain, 99 ; Davis, 663. 
 
 Lancaster and Mineral Point quad- 
 rangles : Grant and Burchard, 
 1021. 
 
 Iowa : Bain, 99 ; Davis, 663. 
 
 Clayton County : Leonard, 1559. 
 Lancaster quadrangle : Grant and 
 Burchard, 1021. 
 
 Kansas, Galena-Joplin district: Bain, 
 107 ; Haworth, 1098 ; Smith 
 and Siebenthal, 2251. 
 
 Kentucky, Owen County : Brinsmade, 
 296. 
 
 Mexico, Diente : McCormick, 1655. 
 Mississippi Valley : Bain, 99, 106 ; 
 
 Buckley, 342, 344. 
 
 Missouri, Granl>y area : Buckley and 
 Buehler, 346 ; Perkins, 1906. 
 Joplin district : Brittain, 303 ; Buck- 
 ley, 343 ; Clerc, 506, .507 ; Smith 
 and Siebenthal, 2251. 
 
 Madison County : Johnson, 1310. 
 
 I Lead— Continued. 
 
 Montana : MacDonald. 1658. 
 
 I Nevada, Eureka : Ingalls, 1274. 
 i Pioche : Abbott, 3 ; Pack. 1854. 
 
 i New Mexico, Kelly mine: Johnson, 
 
 1311. 
 
 Lordsburg region :*. tones, 1321. 
 
 ' Magdalena district: lladdon, 1061. 
 
 Oklahoma, Quapaw district: (;*rane, 
 
 593. 
 
 Ontario : Corkill, 578. 
 
 Hastings County : Lewis, 1576. 
 Tennessee : Watson, 1284. 
 
 United States (general) : 2418, 2419. 
 Utah, Park City : Gow et al., 989. 990. 
 Virginia : Watson, 2484. 2493. 
 Wisconsin : Bain, 99 ; Davis, 663 ; Ed- 
 wards, 775 ; 809 ; Grant. 1017- 
 1019 ; Grant and Burchard, 
 1021 ; Wheeler, 2531. 
 
 Lignite. 
 
 Mississippi : Brown. 326. 
 
 Montana : Leonard, 1560 ; Rowe, 2090, 
 
 I 2091. 
 
 Wyoming, Bald Mountain and Dayton 
 quadrangles : Darton, 645. 
 northeastern : Kennedy, 1374. 
 
 Lime. 
 
 Iowa. Bremer County : Norton, 1805. 
 
 Jackson County : Savage, 2128. 
 Kansas : Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 Maine. Knox County : Bastin, 86. 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 West Virginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 Limestone. 
 
 Alabama : Smith, 2227. 
 
 Birmingham district : Butts, 370. 
 Alaska, southeastern : Wright, 2639. 
 i Illinois : Van Horn, 2424. 
 
 { Iowa : Beyer and Williams, 234. 
 
 I Kentucky, east central : Foerste. 884. 
 Maine. Knox County : Bastin, 160. 
 Penobscot Bay quadrangle : Smith 
 
 et al., 2241. 
 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 Mississippi : Eckel, 762. 
 
 Missouri, .loplin district : Smith and 
 Siebenthal, 2251. 
 
 Nebraska, Cass County : Woodruff, 
 
 2628. 
 
 New Jersey : Kiimmel, 1431. 
 
 Ohio : Orton and Peppel, 1837. 
 Pennsylvania, Amity quadrangle : 
 Clapp, 477. 
 
 Kittanning and Rural Valley quad- 
 rangles : Butts, 368. 
 
 South (^arolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 United States (general) : 2418, 2419. 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Lithia minerals. 
 
 California : Anbury, 87. 
 
 United States : 2418. 
 
 Loess. 
 
 Origin : Shimek, 2201. 
 
 Missouri River loess, origin : Todd, 
 
 2378. 
 
244 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGA^, 1906-1007 
 
 liomsiana. 
 
 General. 
 
 Jennings sheet, cartography ; Harris, 
 1080. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Oil fields of Gulf coastal plain : Fen- 
 neman, 859. 
 
 Sulphur deposits : Baldacci, 117. 
 
 PJi!/sio(jrui)hic. 
 
 Northern Louisiana : Davis, 680. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Northern Louisiana : Veatch, 2436, 
 
 2438. 
 
 Winfield area : Harris, 1079. 
 
 Underground irater. 
 
 Northern Louisiana ; Yeatch, 2436, 
 2438. 
 
 Lower Silurian. See Ordovician. 
 
 Mackenzie. 
 
 General. 
 
 reel River region : Camsell, 412, 414. 
 
 Magmas and intrusions. 
 
 Abyssal igneous injection ; Daly. 638. j 
 
 Auvergnose rocks, size of grain : Lane, I 
 1500. i 
 
 Cracks, deep, in the earth, possibility 
 of : Lane, 1498. 
 
 Dikes; Kemp. 1365. i 
 
 Gravitational assemblage in granite : } 
 Gilbert, 493. i 
 
 Igneous intrusion, methods of : Becker, 
 172; Cross. 606; Day, 689; 
 Lawson. 1530 ; Lindgren, 1602 ; 
 Smith. 2228 ; Wright. 2651. 
 
 Magmatic differentiation, influence of 
 varying degrees of superfusion 
 upon : Lane, 1501. 
 through gravitative adjustment : 
 Daly, 631. 
 
 Magmatic emanations : Lincoln, 1586. ; 
 
 Marysville district : Barrell, 149. : 
 
 Mexico : Philippi, 1924. , 
 
 Occlusions of igneous rock : Julien. I 
 13.34. ! 
 
 Okanagan composite batholith : Daly. | 
 632. 
 
 (Juartz veins of Silver l‘eak, Nevada : 
 Hastings, 1089. 
 
 Magnesite. 
 
 California : Anbury, 87 ; Hess, 1135, 
 1138. 
 
 United States: 2418, 2419. 
 
 Maine. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Clays, I’enobscot Bay region : Bastin, 
 161. 
 
 Feldspar and quartz deposits : Bastin. 
 162. 
 
 Granites: Dale, 623; Smith, 2233. 
 
 Graphite, occurrence : Smith, 2230, 
 
 2231. 
 
 Knox ('ounty, lime : Bastin. 160. 
 
 Mineral prospect : Smith. 2234. 
 
 Penobscot Bay (piadrangle ; Smith et 
 al, 2241. 
 
 Slate; Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 new variety ; Dale, 622. 
 
 Maine — Continued. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Blazing beach : Penhallow, 1901. 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Glacial and interglacial stages : Clapp, 
 473. 
 
 Glaciation : Clapp, 478. 
 
 I’enobscot Bay quadrangle : Smith et 
 al., 2241. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Brachiopod. new : Williams, 2585. 
 Devonian : Clarke, 497. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Mt. Desert Island : Frazer, 898. 
 Prowersose and other unusual rocks ; 
 Bastin, 159. 
 
 southern Maine : Ogilvie, 1815. 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Manganotantalite : Schallei’, 2136. 
 Mammalia. 
 
 Aquatic life, modifications of limb 
 structure for : Osburn. 1849. 
 Carnivora from Tertiary of John Day 
 region : Merriam, 1713. 
 Cetacean, Agarophius pygmjeus : True, 
 
 2393. 
 
 Anoplonassa forcipata Cope ; True, 
 
 2394. 
 
 types in Museum of Comparative 
 Zoology ; Eastman, 759. 
 Chrysochloridae ; Matthew. 1701. 
 Desmostylus : Merriam, 1711. 
 Diceratherium : I’eterson, 1915. 
 Didelphyidae, homologies of stylar cusps 
 in upper molars : Bensley, 204. 
 Edentate-like remains from the Mascail 
 beds of Oregon ; Sinclair, 2213. 
 Elephants of the Pleistocene : Lucas, 
 1626. 
 
 Equidae, revision of ; Gidley, 948. 
 Extinction of Mammalia, cause of ; 
 Osborn, 1840. 
 
 Felidae from Quaternary of California : 
 Bovard, 272. 
 
 Horse, from Mascail beds of Oregon : 
 Gidley, 943. 
 origin : Cockerell, 514. 
 
 Horse family, evolution of ; Lull, 1632 ; 
 Underhill, 2413. 
 
 Horses from Oligocene of Assiniboia : 
 Lambe, 1490. 
 
 Hyracodon : Lambe, 1849. 
 
 Mammal horizons of North America : 
 Osborn, 1843. 
 
 Mammal-bearing beds in northwestern 
 Nevada; INIerriam, 1716. 
 Mammalia, reclassification of : Osborn, 
 1848. 
 
 Mammoth, mounted : Osborn. LS44. 
 
 tooth from Ohio: McClure. 1646. 
 Mastodon, from Loup Fork Miocene : 
 Sternberg, 2285. 
 
 In Yukon Yalley : O.sgood. 1H51. 
 Merycocluerus : Douglass, 730. 
 Merycoidodon : Gilmore. 961. 
 Merycoidodonts ; Douglass, 729-732. 
 
INDEX 
 
 245 
 
 Marnmalia — Continued. 
 
 Miocene mammals of South Dakota : 
 Matthew, 1702 ; Matthew and 
 Gidley, 1703. 
 
 Occipital condyles, modifications of : 
 Mead, 1704. 
 
 Ovibos tooth from Pleistocene gravels 
 near Midway, British Columbia : 
 Lambe, 1493. 
 
 Pleistocene Mammalia of Maryland : 
 Lucas, 1627. 
 
 Pontolis, n. n. for Pontoleon : True, 
 
 2391. 
 
 Primates from Wasatch and Wind 
 River regions : Loomis, 1612. 
 
 Prorosmarus alleni from the Miocene 
 of Virginia ; Berry and Gregory. 
 227. 
 
 Protoceras. See Syndoceras. 
 
 Quaternary mammals in southern Cali- 
 fornia : Furlong, 920 ; Merriam, 
 1712, 1715. 
 
 Raccoon from California Pleistocene : 
 Gidley, 944. 
 
 Rhinoceros from Nebraska Miocene : 
 Barbour, 130, 138. 
 
 Rodent from Kansas Miocene : Gidley, 
 947. 
 
 Rodents from Wasatch and Wind 
 River beds : Loomis, 1614. 
 
 Ruminant from Pleistocene of New 
 Mexico : Gidley, 945. 
 
 Seal, from Miocene of Oregon : Con- 
 don, 565 ; Wortman, 2638. 
 from Miocene of Maryland ; True, 
 
 2392. 
 
 Sinopa, osteology : Matthew, 1699. 
 
 Suilline remains from Miocene of Ne- 
 braska : Peterson, 1913. 
 
 Syndoceras, from Nebraska : Barl)our, 
 129, 135. 
 
 and Protoceras skulls compared : 
 Barbour, 136. 
 
 Tooth-cusp development : Gidley, 942. 
 
 Wasatch beds : Loomis, 1615. 
 
 Man, fossil. 
 
 Lansing man : Fowke, 892. 
 
 Nebraska man : Barbour, 131, 140, 
 
 141 ; Barbour and Ward, 142 : 
 Gilder, 957 ; Ward, 2476. 
 
 Skeletal remains of early man in 
 North America ; Hrdlicka, 1250. 
 
 Manganese. 
 
 California : Anbury, 87. 
 
 United States: 2418, 2419. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Manitoba. 
 
 FJconomic. 
 
 Coal fields : Dowling, 737. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Surface geology : Chalmers, 449. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Silurian : Whiteaves, 2553. 
 
 Marble. 
 
 Alabama : Smith, 2227. 
 
 .\laska : Rathl)un, 1986. 
 
 southeastern : Wright. 2639, 2642. 
 
 Marble — Continued. 
 
 Georgia : McCallie, 1643. 
 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Mexico, Oaxaca : Keilhack, 1351. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Washington : Rathbun, 1986. 
 
 Marl. 
 
 Alabama : Smith, 2227. 
 
 Maryland, Calvert County : Miller, 
 
 1750. 
 
 St. Mary’s County : Miller, 1751. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Marshes. 
 
 Formation of : Penhallow, 1898. 
 
 Martinique. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Mont Pele : Wegener, 1286-1288. 
 
 eruptions : Anderson, 48 ; Berte, 
 
 228 ; Deckert, 699 ; Geinitz, 
 986 ; Heilprin, 1121 ; Issel, 
 1278 ; Jaccaci, 1279 ; Lacroix, 
 1447 ; Lapparent, 1521 ; Milne, 
 1760 ; Verri, 2444. 
 
 former eruptions: Jaggar, 1280; 
 
 Mercalli, 1709. 
 
 present condition: Heilprin, 1122; 
 
 Hovey, 1220. 
 
 shattered obelisk : Heilprin, 1123. 
 
 sulphate of soda in fumaroles : 
 Lacroix, 1454. 
 
 volcanic domes, formation of : La- 
 croix, 1451. 
 
 Mud fiows : Lacroix, 1446. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Mont Pele, cinders from : Gentll, 938. 
 
 rocks from : Lacroix, 1455. 
 
 spine, composition of : Lacroix, 1456. 
 
 Quartz-l)earing eruptive rocks : Lacroix, 
 1450. 
 
 Tridymite in volcanic rocks : Lacroix, 
 1453. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Minerals : Lacroix, 1449. 
 
 Redondite deposits : Lacroix, 1452. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 General. 
 
 Physical features : Clark and Mathews, 
 488. 
 
 and l)ibliography, Calvert County ; 
 Shattuck, 2186. 
 
 St. Mary’s County : Shattuck, 
 
 2189. 
 
 Soils, Calvert County : Bonsteel and 
 Burke, 255. 
 
 St. Mary’s County : Bonsteel, 254. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Calvert County: Miller, 1750. 
 
 Coals : Campbell, 398. 
 
 Georges Creek coal field : Parsons,1879. 
 
 Mineral resources : Clark and Mathews, 
 488. 
 
 Patuxent quadrangle : Shattuck et al., 
 2193. 
 
 St. Mary’s County : Miller, 1751. 
 
 St. Mary’s (piadrangle : Shattuck, 2185. 
 
246 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907. 
 
 Maryland— Continued . 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Anticlinal domes in the I’iedmont : 
 Mathews, 1690. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Calvert County : Shattuck, 2187. 
 
 St. Mary’s County : Shattuck. 2188, 
 2190. 
 
 Terraces of coastal plain ; Davis. 677. 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Calvert County : Shattuck, 2188. 
 Cretaceous deposits : Clark, 483. 
 
 Dover quadrangle : Miller, 1749. 
 Geological map : 1689. 
 
 Patuxent quadrangle : Shattuck et ah, 
 2193. 
 
 Pliocene and Pleistocene : Shattuck, 
 
 2184. 
 
 St. Mary’s County : Shattuck, 2191. 
 
 St. Mary’s quadrangle : Shattuck, 2185. 
 Falcon tology. 
 
 Ithaca fauna : Swartz. 2328. 
 
 Mesozoic flora of the coast plain : 
 Berry, 216. 
 
 Paleodevonian : Ohern, 1816. 
 Pleistocene : Clark, 481, 482 ; Hay, 
 
 1102 ; Hollick, 1209, 1210 ; 
 
 Lucas, 1627 ; Sellards, 2166 ; 
 Ulrich, 2411. 
 
 Seal from the Miocene ; True, 2392. 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Siderite and barite : Schaller, 2134. 
 Underground icater. 
 
 St. Mary’s quadrangle : Shattuck. 2185. 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 General. 
 
 Pebbles at Harwich (Cape Cod) : 
 Julien, 1343. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Clays of Cape Cod : Fuller. 912. 
 
 Davis pyrites mine : Rutledge, 2108. 
 Salisbury district, iron ores : Hobbs, 
 1185. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Cape Cod, physiographic features of : 
 Allorge, 29. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Cape Cod, glacial geology : Allorge. 29 ; 
 
 Fuller. 912 ; Wilson. 2608. 2610. 
 tllacial deposits at Third Cliff : Bow- 
 man, 275. 
 
 Glacial geology. Nantucket and Cape 
 Cod ; Wilson. 2612. 
 
 Glacial stages : Clapp, 473 ; Fuller, 912, 
 913; Wilson, 2608, 2610. 
 
 Mt. Greylock. geological history of : 
 Dale, 620. 
 
 Nantucket, glacial geology ; Wilson. 
 2608. 2610. 
 
 IMeistocene beds of Sankaty Head. 
 
 Nantucket: Wilson. 2611. 
 Roxbury conglomerate : Mansfield. 
 
 1674. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Cambrian fauna from Braintree : 
 Shimer, 2204. 
 
 Cret.aceoiis flora : Hollick. 120.3. 
 
 Massachusetts — Continued. 
 
 Paleon tology — Continued. 
 
 Cretaceous Pityoxyla : .Jeffrey and 
 
 Chrysler, 1291. 
 
 Trilobite from Cambrian : Shimer. 2203. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Medford dike : Lane, 1500. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Datoiite from Westfield : Kraus and 
 Cook, 1426. 
 
 Minerals at Worcestet : Rand, 1979. 
 
 Octahedrite, brookite, and titanite 
 from Somerville : Palache, 
 
 1863. 
 
 Olivine in serpentine of Chester and 
 Middlefield : Palache, 1865. 
 
 Phenacite and zoisite : Palache, 1864. 
 
 Quartz after prochlorite at Cranston 
 and Worcester : Emerson, 789. 
 
 Meetings. See Associations. 
 
 Mercury. See Quicksilver. 
 
 Metamorphlsm. 
 
 Appalachians, southern : Graton, 1025. 
 
 By combustion of hydrocarbons : Ar- 
 nold and Anderson, 68. 
 
 Contact metamorphism, Robinson min- 
 ing district, Nevada : Lawson, 
 1526. 
 
 in relation to ore deposits ; Park, 
 1868. 
 
 Coals changed by heat in Colorado ; 
 Lakes, 1464, 1470. 
 
 Glaucophane-bearing rocks in Cali- 
 fornia : Smith, 2242. 
 
 In siliceous sandstone : Merrill, 1742, 
 174.3. 
 
 Marysville district ; Barrell, 149. 
 
 Metamorphic cycle : Leith, 1558. 
 
 Spontaneous combustion of coal : 
 Lakes. 1474. 
 
 Meteorites. 
 
 General. 
 
 Analyses of iron meteorites classi- 
 fied : Farrington. 853. 
 
 Collection, largest American : Grata- 
 cap, 1024. 
 
 Etching for photographic purposes : 
 I’reston, 1953. 
 
 Formation of : Allen et ah, 28. 
 
 Meteorite studies : Farrington, 854. 
 
 Monograph on : Baker, 115. 
 
 Ward’s work upon: Farrington. 851. 
 
 Amana, Iowa: Hinrichs. 1163. 
 
 Canyon Diahlo : Merrill and Tassin, 
 1744; Tassin. 2360. 
 
 Chamhord, Quebec: .Tohnston. 1314. 
 
 Coon Butte, Arizona: Barringer. 152; 
 Barringer and Tilghman. 153; 
 Farrington. 852 ; Mallet. 1672 ; 
 Munk, 1776; Tilghman. 2376. 
 
 Elm Creek. Kansas: Howard. 1241. 
 
 Estacado : Howard and Davison. 1242 
 
 Hendersonville. North Carolina : Mer- 
 rill. 1740. 
 
 .Jerseyite: Goldsmith, 973. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 247 
 
 Meteorites— Continued. 
 
 Modoc, Kansas : Farrington, 850 ; 
 
 Kunz, 1439, 1443 ; Merrill, 1733, 
 1735. 
 
 Rich Mountain, North Carolina : Mer- 
 rill, 1741. 
 
 Selma, Alabama : Hovey, 1232 ; Mer- 
 rill, 1739. 
 
 Shelburne, Ontario : Farrington, 848. 
 
 South Bend, Indiana : Farrington, 848. 
 
 Texas : Howard, 1240. 
 
 Willamette, Oregon; Eherle, 761; 
 Hovey, 1229, 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 General. 
 
 Axalapazco de Tacambaro : Rubio, 
 
 2096. 
 
 Chavarrillo, Santa Maria Tatetla, Vera 
 Cruz, et Orizaba : Bose, 259. 
 
 Chiapas and Tabasco : Halse, 1067. 
 
 Chihuahua : Seamon, 2155. 
 
 Choix-Guadalupe y Calvo mining dis- 
 tricts : Warwick, 2480. 
 
 Esperanza a. Mexico : Ordonez, 1828. 
 
 Geologic and geographic aspects : Hill, 
 1151. 
 
 Geological structure : Aguilera, 20. 
 
 Geology and natural resources : Hill, 
 1156. 
 
 Guaynopita district, Chihuahua : Hovey, 
 1223, 1228. 
 
 International Geological Congress, 
 Tenth, excursions : Hovey, 1231. 
 
 Isthme de Tehuantepec : Bose, 265. 
 
 Mexico a .Talapa : Ordoilez, 1827. 
 
 Mexico a Patzcuaro et Uruapam : 
 Ordoiiez, 1830. 
 
 IMexico a Tehuacan : Aguilera, 15. 
 
 Oolites, formation of : Cayeux, 447. 
 
 Progress of geology in Mexico ; Agui- 
 lera, 14. 
 
 San Luis PotosI a Tampico : Bose. 264. 
 
 Sierra Almoloya : Hill, 1152, 1155. 
 
 Sierra de Guanajuato : Yillarello et ah, 
 2460. 
 
 Sierra de Ozumatlan ; Caballero, 377. 
 
 Sierra Madre of Chihuahua : Hovey, 
 1225, 12.35, 1236. 
 
 Sonoran glaciation : McGee, 1662 ; Mer- 
 rili, 1721. 
 
 Tehuacan a Zapotitlan et San .Tuan 
 Raya : Aguilera, 16. 
 
 Tehuantepec, Isthmus of ; Hovey, 1233. 
 
 Zacatecas ; Burckhardt and Scalia, 363. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Aguascalientes, Santa Francisca mine : 
 Cook, 574. 
 
 Aranzazu, Zacatecas ; Villarello, 2456. 
 
 Arzate, Durango ; Villarello, 2449. 
 
 Asientos copper district : Newman, 
 1797. 
 
 Bolanos : Behr, 187. 
 
 (’ananea copper deposits: Brinsmade, 
 .301. 
 
 Chihuahua, Dolores mine ; Farish, 846. 
 zinc : Wornester, 2637. 
 
 Mexico — Continued. 
 
 Economic — Continued. 
 
 Chiluca and Cantera : Roll and Ordo- 
 nez, 2080. 
 
 Coal : Guerra, 1051 ; Ritter, 2069 ; 
 Thomas, 2368. 
 
 Coahuila : Ludlow, 1628. 
 
 Copete district, Sonora : Merrili, 1722. 
 Copper mines : Weed, 2502. 
 
 Diente : McCormick, 1655. 
 
 El Doctor mines : Murphy, 1777. 
 
 El Oro : Rickard, 2048 ; Smith, 2248. 
 Fresnillo : Church, 466. 
 
 Guanajuata, La Luz mines : Church, 
 467. 
 
 Iron, Carrizal, Nuevo Leon : Caballero, 
 376. 
 
 Lluvia de Oro district : Burrows, 365. 
 Los Pilares mine, Nacozari : Emmons, 
 796. 
 
 Mapimi : Villarello, 2455, 2459. 
 Mercury deposits : Merrill, 1720 ; Vil- 
 larello, 2451. 
 
 Minas Niievas a Hidalgo del I’arral : 
 Robles, 2079. 
 
 Mineral resources : Hill, 1154 ; Merrill, 
 
 1728. 
 
 Oaxaca, Etla, marble : Keilhack, 1351. 
 Tavicbe district : I’lace and Elton, 
 1936. 
 
 Parral district : Garrison, 931. 
 Petroleum : Bustamente, 366 ; Guerra, 
 1051. 
 
 Pinguico mine, Guanajuato : Church, 
 465. 
 
 Planchas de Plata : Merrill, 1725. 
 Sahuaripa district, Sonora : Nelson, 
 1789. 
 
 Santiago y Anexas mines, Michoacan : 
 Villarello, 2448. 
 
 Sierra de Guanajuato ; Villarello et al., 
 2460. 
 
 Sierra Madre Mountains ; Bagg, 94 ; 
 
 Warwick, 2479. 
 
 Sinaloa : Merrill, 1723. 
 
 Sonora, Altar district : Alexander, 26. 
 copper : Merrill, 1730. 
 erosion and oxidation : Merrill, 1731. 
 heretical vein types: Merriil, 1727. 
 Sahuaripa district : Nelson, 1789. 
 Santa Cruz copper camp : Merrill, 
 
 1729. 
 
 shear zones : Merrill, 1726. 
 
 Sulphur mines, Sierra de Banderas : 
 Bose, 260. 
 
 Toluca, Almoloya y Lerma, peat : Al- 
 cala, 22. 
 
 Vera Cruz, .petroleum : Ordonez, 1833. 
 Veta Madre : Rickard, 2054. 
 
 Zacatecas : Flores, 882. 
 
 Sierras de Mazapil y Concepcion del 
 Oro, phosphates : Burckhai-dt, 
 361. 
 
 Zacualpan : Villarello, 2450. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Fault system of eastern Santa Eulalia : 
 Knapp, 1408. 
 
248 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH 
 
 Mexico— Continued. 
 
 Dynamic and fitructural — Continued. 
 
 Intrusions, recent : Philippi, 1024. 
 
 Ixtlan, geysers : Waitz, 2465. 
 
 Mexican plateau, tectonic history of : 
 Hill, 1152. 
 
 Michoacan geyser region : Cabellero. 
 
 375. 
 
 San Andres, postparoxysmic phenom- 
 ena : Waitz, 2464. 
 
 Valle de Santiago, craters of explo- 
 sion : Ordonez, 1832. 
 
 Volcanic necks, examples of : Ordonez, 
 1824. 
 
 Volcanoes : Aguilera, 19, 20 ; Cadell, 
 378 ; Cleland, 505 ; Hobson, 
 1196; Koenigsberger, 1422. 
 
 Citlaltepetl and Popocatepetl : Keyes, 
 1391. 
 
 Colima: Diaz, 719; Dodge, 726; 
 
 Waitz, 2466. 
 
 Colima, Toluca, and Popocatepetl ; 
 Hovey, 12.39. 
 
 Jorullo : Ordonez, 1831 ; Hobson, 
 
 1195; Villafana, 2447. 
 
 Nevado de Toluca and Jorullo : Hob- 
 son, 1195. 
 
 Xinantecatl : Flores, 881. 
 
 Physio f/raphic. 
 
 Arid regions, formations of : Hill, 1153. 
 
 Delta of Rio Colorado : McDougal, 
 
 1661. 
 
 Northern Mexico, its deserts, plateaus, 
 and canyons : Hovey, 1230. 
 
 Pit craters : Davis, 682. 
 
 Volcanic craters of Puebla : Orddfiez, 
 1826. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Arcaicas rocas : Ordonez, 1825. 
 
 Arcbaique du caiion de Tomellin : Or- 
 donez, 1829. 
 
 Cerro de Muleros pres ciudad Juarez ; 
 Bose, 261. 
 
 Chihuahua, Guaynopita district : 
 Hovey, 1238. 
 
 Coahuila, gisements carbonif&res : 
 Aguilera, 17. 
 
 Cretaceous of Colima ; Angermann, 51. 
 
 Durango, Mapimi : Angermann, 52. 
 
 San Pedro de Gallo : Angermann, 50. 
 
 Geology, outline of : Aguilera. 18. 
 
 Glaciation in Sonora : McGee, 1662 ; 
 Merrill, 1721. 
 
 Intrusions, recent : Philippi, 1924. 
 
 Monterey et Saltillo : Bose, 263. 
 
 Paleozoic in Sonora : Merrill, 1724. 
 
 I’arral : Waitz, 2467. 
 
 I’arras : Biise, 262. 
 
 Sierra de Concepcion del Oro : Burck- 
 hardt, 357. 
 
 Sierra de Mazapil et Santa Rosa : 
 Burckhardt, 358. 
 
 Triassic, marine, in Zacatecas : Burck- 
 hardt, 360. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Aviculidae from 'PiJassic of Zacatecas: 
 Freeh, 901. 
 
 AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1900-1907. 
 
 j Mexico— Continued. 
 
 Paleontology — Continued. 
 
 .Turassic fauna of Mazapil : Burck- 
 
 hardt, 359. 
 
 Plant remains in basalt : Soldrzano and 
 Hobson, 2257. 
 
 Pleistocene fossils from Lower Cali- 
 fornia : Bose, 267. 
 
 Pliocene fauna from Vera Cruz : BOse, 
 266. 
 
 Senonian Mollusca from Cardenas : 
 Bose, 258. 
 
 Tertiary faunas : Bose, 257. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Eruptive rocks, central Mexico : Guild, 
 1052. 
 
 Jorullo : Villafana, 2447. 
 
 Sierra de Concepcion del Oro : Rosen- 
 busch, 2088. 
 
 Sierra de Mazapil : Rosenbusch, 
 
 2089. 
 
 Parral : Waitz, 2467. 
 
 Roca verde de Zacatecas : Rosenbusch, 
 2087. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Calcites from Guanajuato : Kreutz, 
 
 1429. 
 
 Gems and precious stones : Kunz. 1441. 
 Minerals of Maguarichic : Bagg, 93. 
 Wollastonite from Santa Fe mine: Col- 
 lins, 559. 
 
 Zoisite from Lower California : Far- 
 rington, 849. 
 
 Underground water. 
 
 Ahumada, artesian wells: Escobar, 812. 
 Ixtlan, geysers : Waitz, 2465. 
 
 .liutepec : Villarello, 2454. 
 
 Michoacan geyser region : Caballero, 
 
 375. 
 
 Queretaro : Villarello, 2458. 
 
 Mica. 
 
 General. 
 
 Mica and the mica industry : Colies, 
 551. 
 
 Alabama : Smith, 2227. 
 
 California : Anbury, 87. 
 
 Ontario : Corkill. 578, 579. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan. 2218. 
 
 Fnited States: 2418. 2419. 
 
 Virginia : Watson. 249:1. 
 
 Wyoming, Hartville uplift : Ball, 125. 
 Michigan. 
 
 General. 
 
 Porcupine Mountains and Isle Royale : 
 Ruthven. 2107. 
 
 State geologist’s report: Lane, 1499, 
 1508. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Bay County : Cooper. 575. 
 
 ('oals : Fraser, 896, 897. 
 
 Copper mining in 1905 : Weed. 2499. 
 Lake Superior copper district : Stevens. 
 2291. 
 
 Keweenaw Point : I.ane, 1509. 
 
 Salt water in the Lake mines : Lane. 
 1510. 
 
 Nonesuch copper mine : Corey, 577. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 249 
 
 Michigan— Continued. 
 
 Kco n 0 m ic — Con tin ued . 
 
 Oil and gas prospects : Lane, 1516. 
 
 Peat : Davis, 660. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Lateral erosion in rivers : Jefferson, 
 1287. 
 
 Limonite-sand concretions from Spring 
 Lake : Nichols, 1802. 
 
 Salt water in Lake mines : Lane, 1510. 
 
 Scaurs on the River Rouge ; Jefferson, 
 1286. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Menominee, Dickinson, and Iron coun- 
 ties ; Russell, 2104. 
 
 Physical geography; Cooper, 576; Jef- 
 ferson, 1288. 
 
 Scaurs on the River Rouge ; Jefferson. 
 1286. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Bay County : Cooper, 575. 
 
 Black River section : Gordon, 984 ; Gor- 
 don and Lane, 985. 
 
 Devonic, lower : Grabau, 997. 
 
 Dikes, granitic, genetic connections of : 
 Lane, 1513. 
 
 Drumlins : Russell, 2106. 
 
 Grand Traverse region : Leverett, 
 
 1568. 
 
 northern : Russell, 2101. 
 
 Geological section, pre - Ordovician : 
 Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Keweenaw Point ; Lane, 1507, 1509. 
 
 Lake Whittlesey and the Arkona 
 beaches : Taylor, 2362. 
 
 Marquette region, glacial phenomena ; 
 Davis, 662. 
 
 Menominee, Dickinson, and Iron coun- 
 ties, surface geology of : Rus- 
 sell, 2104. 
 
 Monroe and Wayne counties : Nattress, 
 1785. 
 
 Sylvania sandstone : Grabau, 1002. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Schoharie fauna : Grabau, 994. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Auvergnose rocks ; Lane, 1500. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Sulphur and celestite at Maybee : 
 Kraus and Hunt, 1427. 
 
 Sulphur deposits at Woolmith quarry ; 
 Kraus, 1423. 
 
 Underground water. 
 
 Bay County : Cooper, 575. 
 
 Northern peninsula : Leverett. 1659. 
 
 Salt water in Lake mines : Lane. 1502. 
 
 Southern peninsula : Leverett et ah, 
 1573, 1574. 
 
 Water supplies, municipal : Leverett, 
 
 1571. 
 
 Mineral paint. 
 
 California : Anbury, 87. 
 
 Canada (general) : Willimott, 2589. 
 
 Georgia : Burchard, 356. 
 
 I’ennsylvania, Lehigh Gap : Eckel, 769. 
 
 Tennessee : Burchard, 356. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Mineral resources. See Economic under 
 the various States. 
 
 Mineral waters. 
 
 Alaska, southeastern : Wright, 2639, 
 
 From crystalline rocks : Fuller, 907. 
 
 Genesis : Ritter, 2067. 
 
 Kansas : Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 Mineral and hot springs : Lakes, 1465. 
 
 Thermal waters, genesis : Gautier, 934. 
 
 Thiited States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Virginia ; Watson. 2493. 
 
 West Virginia, Pan Handle counties : 
 Grimsley. 1046. 
 
 Wyoming, Bighorn basin : Fisher, 872. 
 
 Mineralogy (general). See also Meteorites 
 and Technique. For regional 
 see under the various States. 
 For particular minerals see list 
 p. 314. 
 
 Amphibole, composition : Penfleld and 
 Stanley, 1893. 
 
 classification : Murgoci, 1779. 
 
 Black sands, minerals of : Warren, 
 2478. 
 
 Caesium, chromates of : Fraprle, 895. 
 
 Corundum minerals, occurrence : Pratt, 
 1947. 
 
 Crystallography, essentials of : Kraus, 
 1424. 
 
 Fusion under high temperature : Day, 
 687. 
 
 Gems and precious stones of North 
 Carolina : Kunz, 1440. 
 
 Gnomonic projection : Rogers, 2085. 
 
 Hardness of minerals, determination 
 of: Kip, 1403. 
 
 Lime-silica minerals : Day et al., 690 ; 
 Day and Shepherd, 691, 692. 
 
 Luminescent spodumene : Wherry, 2534. 
 
 Magnesian pyroxenes and amphiboles, 
 artificial : Wright, 2650. 
 
 Mineral characters, synopsis of : Rich- 
 ards, 2036. 
 
 Mineral solution and fusion under high 
 temperatures and pressure : 
 Day. 688. 
 
 Mineralogical notes ; Eakle, 753 ; Pal- 
 aehe, 1864 ; Schaller, 2136. 
 
 Mineralogy, elements of (text-book) ; 
 Moses and Parsons, 1775. 
 
 IMinerals and their occurrence (text- 
 book) ; Miller, 1756. 
 
 Minerals of the composition of MgSiOs : 
 Allen et al., 28. 
 
 Molybdite, composition: Guild, 1053; 
 Schaller, 2135. 
 
 Optic axial angle, measurement of : 
 Wright, 2653. 
 
 Paragenesis, glaucophane-bearing rocks 
 of California : Smith, 2242. 
 
 Temiskaming ores : Campbell and 
 Knight, 408. 
 
 Phosphorescent calcites : Headden, 
 
 1119. 
 
 Quartz crystals, formation of : Wherry, 
 
 2536. 
 
250 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Mineralogy (general) — Continued. 
 
 Rock minerals, character and deter- 
 mination : Iddings, 1266. 
 
 Soda-leucite, re-formation of : Read 
 and Knight, 1997. 
 
 Tables of minerals : Penfield, 1891. 
 
 Wollastonite and pseudo-wollastonite : 
 Allen and White, 27. 
 
 Minerals described. Hee list p. 314. 
 
 Minnesota. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Crow Wing County, iron : Woodbridge, 
 2623. 
 
 Cuyuna iron range ; Leith. 1557 ; Win- 
 chell, 2620. 
 
 Mesabi Range, iron ; Meeks, 1707. 
 
 Slate : Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 Vermilion Range, Ely trough, iron : 
 Abbott, 1, 2. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Folding produced by glacial action : 
 Sardeson, 2121. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Buffalo River, meandering of : Griggs, 
 1043. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Galena series : Sardeson, 2122. 
 
 / 
 
 Keweenawan at Lake of the Woods ; 
 Winchell, 2619. 
 
 Paleogeography of St. Peter time ; Ber- 
 key, 205. 
 
 Miocene. See Tertiary. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 Correspondence relating to a study of j 
 crystalline rocks : Hobbs, 1180. 
 
 Correspondence relating to a survey of 
 Arkansas coal fields : Branner, 
 287. 
 
 Geology in its relations to topography : 
 Branner. 281. 
 
 Geology of .Tell : Kemp, 1361. 
 
 Ice age, ignored theory of : Chamber- 
 lin, 455. 
 
 Limeless ocean of pre-Cambrian time : 
 Daly. 636. 
 
 Mining, mineral, and geological law : 
 Shamel, 2179. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Cement materials : Crider, 598 ; Eckel, 
 762. 
 
 Clays : Logan, 1608 ; Logan and Hand, 
 1609. 
 
 liignite ; Brown, 326. 
 
 Mineral resources : Crider, 595. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 General: Crider, 595 ; Crider and John- 
 son, 595. 
 
 Post-Eocene formations : Smith, 2226. 
 
 Vndergroitn d ira ter. 
 
 Water resources : ('rider and .Johnson, 
 5J»9 : Logan, 1607; Logan and 
 Perkins, 1610. 
 
 Mississippian. See Carboniferous. 
 
 ! Missouri. 
 
 General. 
 
 State geologist's biennial report : Buck- 
 ley, 340. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Bollinger County, kaolin deposits ; Or- 
 ton, 1836. 
 
 Eire clays : Wheeler, 2530. 
 
 Glass-sand deposits ; Burchard, 350, 
 355. 
 
 Granby area ; Buckley, 341 ; Perkins, 
 1906. 
 
 Joplin district : Buckley, 343 ; Brittain, 
 303 ; Clerc, 506, 507 ; Herrick, 
 1132; Smith and Siebenthal, 
 2251. 
 
 Lead and zinc, Granby area : Buckley 
 and Buehler, 346. 
 
 Madison County, lead : Johnson, 1310. 
 Road materials : Buckley, 345. 
 
 St. Louis district, clay resources : Fen- 
 neman, 861. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 New Madrid earthquake : Fuller, 909, 
 910. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Glen Park section ; Weller, 2519. 
 
 Joplin ’ district : Smith and Sieben- 
 
 thal, 2251. 
 
 Paleogeography of St. Peter time : 
 Berkey, 205. 
 
 Superficial deposits along the Missis- 
 sippi : Fowke, 891. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Kinderhook at Glen Park : Weller, 2519. 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Minerals of Granby area : Buckley and 
 Buehler, 346. 
 
 Phosphorescent calcites : Headden, 
 
 1116. 
 
 Zinc blende from Joplin : Garrison, 
 
 9.33. 
 
 Underground icater. 
 
 General: Shephard, 2194. 
 
 Molding sand. See also Sand. 
 
 Wisconsin : Ries and Gallup, 2065. 
 
 MoUusca. See also Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, anel 
 Pelecypoda. 
 
 California, southern. Tertiary : Arnold. 
 60. 62, 63 ; Arnold and Ander- 
 son, 67. 
 
 Colorado, Florissant ; Cockerell. 523. 
 Eocene from Alabama : Aldrich. 25. 
 John Day and Mascall beds : Stearns. 
 2280. 
 
 Land and fresh-water, from (Quaternary 
 of Defiance County, Ohio: 
 Sterki, 2282. 
 
 Mexico, I.ower (''alifornia : Biise, 267. 
 Pleistocene. Maryland : Clark. 482. 
 
 South Carolina ; Pugh, 1963. 
 Senouian, Mexico ; BOse, 258. 
 
 Tertiary, Mexico : Biise. 257. 
 Washington : Reagan, 2002. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 251 
 
 Molybdenite. 
 
 British Columbia ; Evans, 817. 
 
 Oregon : Stafford, 2276. 
 
 Quebec : Wilson, 2615. 
 
 United States (general) : 2418, 2419. 
 Monazite. 
 
 • North Carolina : Bohm, 252 ; Sterrett, 
 
 2289. 
 
 South Carolina : Bohm, 252 ; Sloan, 
 2218; Sterrett, 2289. 
 
 United States (general) : 2418, 2419. 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Montana. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Bear Creek coal fields ; Fisher, 871. 
 
 Belt formation, copper deposits ; Collen, 
 550. 
 
 Carbon County coals : Darton, 652. 
 Coal deposits : Parsons, 1883 ; Ritter, 
 2069 ; Rowe, 2090-2092 ; Tarr, 
 2345. 
 
 Copper mining in 1905 : Weed, 2499. 
 Dawson, Rosebud, and Custer counties, 
 coal fields: Leonard, 1564. 
 
 Great Falls coal field : Fisher, 874. 
 Gypsum deposits : Rowe, 2093. 
 
 Lignite deposits ; Leonard, 1560 ; Rowe, 
 2090. 
 
 Little Rockies mining district : Boyn- 
 ton, 280. 
 
 Northwestern : MacDonald, 1658. 
 Philipsburg quadrangle : Emmons, 806. 
 Ruby, gold dredging : Hutchins, 1260. 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 I.andsiide : Henton, 1130. 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Continental divide at Butte, shifting : 
 Weed, 2498. 
 
 Rocky Mountain front : Martin, 1686. 
 stratigraphic. 
 
 Algonkian formations : Walcott, 2470. 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647. 
 
 • glacial geology : Salisbury, 2116. 
 
 Hell Creek beds of upper Cretaceous : 
 
 Brown, 325. 
 
 Keewatin ice sheet, Montana lobe : 
 Calhoun, 384. 
 
 . Marysville district : Barrell, 149. 
 Northwestern : MacDonald, 1658. 
 Ordovician rocks : Darton, 644. 
 I’hilipshurg quadrangle : Emmons, 806. 
 Pah ontology . 
 
 Blattoid from the Cretaceous : Hand- 
 lirsch, 1068. 
 
 Champsosaurus, osteology ; Brown, 322. 
 Devonian faiina near Three Forks : 
 Raymond, 1989. 
 
 Hoploparia from the Cretaceous : Whit- 
 field. 2561. 
 
 Kootanie plants from Great Falls coal 
 field : Knowlton, 1418. 
 Merycoidodonts from the Miocene : 
 Douglass, 731, 732. 
 
 Tortoise from Laramie beds : Riggs, 
 2066. 
 
 Montana — Continued . 
 
 Paleontology — Continued. 
 
 Unionida? from the Laramie: Whit- 
 field, 2562. 
 
 Petrology . 
 
 Marysville district : Barrell, 149. 
 
 Purcell Mountain Range : Daly, 631. 
 
 Mont Pele. Sec Martinique. 
 
 Mounds, natural. 
 
 Origin : Campbell, 395 ; Farnsworth. 
 
 847 ; Hill, 1150 ; Hohl)S, 1186 ; 
 Udden, 2407 ; Veatch, 2430, 
 2436, 2437. 
 
 Museums and collections. 
 
 South Carolina College, cabinets of : 
 Martin, 1679. 
 
 Natural bridges. 
 
 Utah : Lakes, 1477 ; Parsons, 1884. 
 
 Natural gas. 
 
 General: Redwood, 2005. 
 
 Alberta : Denis, 710. 
 
 Moose Mountain district : Cairnes, 
 381. 
 
 British Columbia : Denis, 710. 
 
 Colorado, White River: Lakes, 1476. 
 
 Illinois, southeastern : Blatchley, 245. 
 
 Indiana : Kinney, 1402. 
 
 Kansas, Independence quadrangle ; 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 Michigan : Lane, 1516. 
 
 Ohio, Steubenville quadrangle : Gris- 
 wold aud Munn, 1048. 
 
 Ontario : Corkill, 578 ; Coste, 581. 
 
 Kent County: Knight, 1411. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Amity quadrangle : 
 Clapp, 475. 477. 
 
 Beaver quadrangle ; Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Burgettstown and Claysville (luad- 
 rangles : Griswold and Munn, 
 
 1048. 
 
 Greene County : Stone and Clapp, 
 2314. 
 
 Kittanning and Rural Valley quad- 
 rangles : Butts, 368. 
 
 Rogersville quadrangle : Clapp, 476. 
 
 United States (general) : 2418, 2419. 
 
 West Virginia, Panhandle counties : 
 Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Steubenville quadrangle : Griswold 
 
 and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Nebraska. 
 
 General. 
 
 Morrill geological expedition : Barbour, 
 134, 139. 
 
 State geologist's biennial report : Bar- 
 hour, 133. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Cass County : Woodruff, 2628. 
 
 Coal, workable : Barbour, 137. 
 
 Glass-sand deposits : Burchard, 355. 
 
 Honey Creek coal mine : Barbour, 132. 
 
 Oil and gas i)ossibilities : Condra, 567. 
 
 Phy.siographic. 
 
 i‘hysicul geography : Condra, 569. 
 
252 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Nebraska — Continued. 
 
 stratigraphic. 
 
 Cass County : Woodruff, 2628. 
 
 Glacial : Condra, 566. 
 
 Miocene of western Nebraska ; Peter- 
 son, 1916. 
 
 Republican River Valley ; Condra, 570. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Agate Spring fossil quarry : Peterson, 
 1915. 
 
 Human remains in the loess : Barbour, 
 131, 140. 
 
 Mammal from Sioux County, Syndo- 
 ceras : Barbour, 129, 135. 
 
 Nebraska man : Barbour, 141 ; Bar- 
 bour and Ward, 142 ; Gilder, 
 957; Ward, 2476. 
 
 Paleontological trip ; Osborn, 1847. 
 
 Rhinoceros from Miocene of Sioux 
 County : Barbour, 130, 138. 
 
 Suilline remains from the Miocene : 
 Peterson, 1913. 
 
 Vertebrates from the Miocene : Peter- 
 son, 1916. 
 
 Underground water. 
 
 Republican River Valley : Condra, 570. 
 
 Underflow of South Platte Valley : 
 Slichter and Wolff, 2216. 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Bullfrog mining district : Ransome, 
 1984 ; Rice, 2027. 
 
 Copper mining in 1905 ; Weed, 2499. 
 
 Ely copper deposits : Bullock, 348 ; 
 
 Ingalls, 1273 ; Ralph, 1978. 
 
 Eureka silver-lead mines : Ingalls, 
 
 1274. 
 
 Fairview district ; Zalinski, 2662. 
 
 Giroux mines : Giroux, 965. 
 
 Gold and silver at Fairview : Rice, 
 2029. 
 
 Gold tellurides : Sharwood, 2183. 
 
 Goldfield : Collins, 557, 558 ; Hastings, 
 1090 ; Hastings and Berkey, 
 1091 ; Lincoln, 1587 : Ransome. 
 1984, 1985 ; Spurr, 2274 ; Taft. 
 2339. 
 
 Combination mine ; Collins, 557. 
 
 Klondike district : Spurr, 2270. 
 
 Manhattan district : Emmons and 
 
 Garrey, 808 ; Rice, 2028. 
 
 Mining in southern Nevada ; Taft, 
 2.341. 
 
 Pioche ; Abbot, 3 ; Pack, 1854. 
 
 Quartz veins of Silver Peak : Hastings, 
 1089. 
 
 Robinson mining district : Lawson, 
 
 1526 ; Lindgren. 1598. 
 
 Round Mountain camp : I’ackard, 1856. 
 
 Silver Peak quadrangle: Spurr, 2271. 
 
 Silver Peak quartz veins : Hastings, 
 1089. 
 
 Southern Nevada mining districts : 
 Taft, 2.342. 
 
 Southwestern: Ball, 119, 120. 
 
 Tonapah district : Lindgren. 1593 ; 
 
 Rice, 2025, 2026; Taft, 23.39. 
 
 N evada— Continued . 
 
 Economic- — Continued. 
 
 Ward camp : Plate, 1937. 
 
 Wonder district : Zalinski, 2663. 
 Yerington copper deposits : .lennings, 
 1298. 
 
 Zinc deposit at Spring Mountains* 
 Bain, 101. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Detrital slopes : Blake, 242. 
 
 Faulting, Berlin mine : Daggett, 619. 
 Bullfrog district : Emmons, 807. 
 Robinson district : Lawson, 1526. 
 Sierra Nevada fault zone : Reid. 2015. 
 Tonapah volcanoes : Lakes, 1469. 
 Physiographic. 
 
 The desert, its resources, water supply, 
 and development : Bailey, 96. 
 
 Deserts : Chapman, 464. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Goldfield district : Hastings, 1090 ; 
 
 Hastings and Berkey, 1091. 
 Triassic deposits : Smith, 2243. 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Cambrian fossils from IMoche Moun- 
 tains : Pack, 1855. 
 
 Carnivora from Tertiary of .Tohn Day 
 region : Merriam, 1713. 
 Cestraciont teeth from the Triassic : 
 Wemple, 2526. 
 
 Mammal-bearing beds of middle Ter- 
 tiary Age: Merriam, 1716. 
 Mammoths : Imiulerback, 1621. 
 
 Reptile, marine, from the Triassic : 
 Merriam, 1714. 
 
 Stickleback fish : Hay, 1104. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Goldfield district : Hastings and Ber- 
 key, 1091. 
 
 Robinson district : Lawson, 1526. 
 
 Silver Peak quadrangle : Spurr, 2271, 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 General. 
 
 Charlotte County: .Tohnston, 1312. 
 Tohique River Valley : Parks, 1871. 
 Transcontinental Railway surveys : 
 .lohnston, 131.3. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Gypsum deposits : Bailey. 98. 
 
 Iron ores : Lindeman. 1588. 
 Nickel-copper ores : Dickson, 720. 
 Southern : Ellis, 782. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Strain in rock : Stead. 2279. 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Notes on physiography : Ganong, 925. 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Metamorphic and volcanic rocks : Ells, 
 784. 
 
 Southern : Ells. 782. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Archa'ozoon : Matthew, 1696. 
 
 Cambrian fossils : Matthew, 1695. 
 Devonian plants: Matthew, 1694, 1697. 
 Devonic fossils : Clarke. 497. 
 
 Little River group flora ; Matthew, 
 1693. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 253 
 
 New Brunswick — Continued. 
 
 Paleontolof/y — Continued. 
 
 Silurian and Devonian plants : 
 Matthew, 1697. 
 
 Silurian fish : Matthew, 1696. 
 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 Coal-horing operations in Humber 
 Valley : Ilowley, 1248. 
 
 Geology and mineral resources : Grata- 
 cap, 1023. 
 
 Mineral statistics, 1905 Ilowley, 1249. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Stratigrophic. 
 
 Glacial stages : Clapp, 473. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Belknap Mountains : I’irsson and 
 
 Washington, 1934. 
 
 Red Hill : Pirsson and Washington, 
 * 1935. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 General. 
 
 State geologist's report : Kiimmel, 1430, 
 1434. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Building stones : McCourt. 1657. 
 
 Copper deposits : Keith, 1356. 
 
 Glass-sand industry ; Kiimmel and 
 Gage, 1436. 
 
 Limestones of Sussex and Warren 
 counties: Kiimmel, 1431. 
 
 Mining industry : Kiimmel, 1432, 1435. 
 
 Newark (Triassic) copper ores: Lewis, 
 1578, 1581. 
 
 Peat deposits : Kiimmel, 1433 ; Par- 
 melee and McCourt, 1874. 
 
 Schuyler copper mine : Cranberry, 
 
 1011 , 1012 . 
 
 Slate : Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 Trap rocks for road construction : 
 Lewis, 1582. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Changes along the coast : Haupt, 1096. 
 
 Concretions from Redbank sands : 
 Willcox, 2581. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Double crest of Second Watchung 
 Mountain : Lewis, 1577. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Cretaceous formations : Clark, 483 ; 
 
 Knapp, 1407 ; Weller, 2515. 
 
 Dover quadrangle : Miller, 1749. 
 
 Newark trap rocks : Lewis, 1579, 1580, 
 1.583. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Cliffwood clays, fauna : Weller, 2516. 
 flora : Berry, 214. 
 
 Cretaceous faunas : Weller, 2520. 
 
 Plants from the Magothy formation : 
 Berry, 225. 
 
 Tilia from the Pleistocene : Berry, 220. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Calcite from West Paterson : Whit- 
 
 lock, 2567. 
 
 •Jerseyite : Goldsmith, 973. 
 
 Pyrite : Kraus and Scott, 1428. 
 
 Pyrites and marcasites ; Lee, 1538. 
 
 New Mexico. 
 
 General. 
 
 Geology and physiography : Frost and 
 Walter, 902. 
 
 Econom ic. 
 
 Anthracite coal : Griffith, 1041. 
 
 Burro Mountains, copper : Lang, 1520 ; 
 Wade, 2463. 
 
 tui’quoise : Zal inski, 2664. 
 
 Coal : Ritter, 2069. 
 
 Durango - Gallup field ; Schrader, 
 2142; Shaler, 2176. 
 
 Engle field : Lee, 1542. 
 northern: .Judd, 1333. 
 
 Cooney district : Graham, 1007. 
 
 Copper, Zufii Mountains : Schrader, 
 
 2143. 
 
 Copper mining in 1905 : Weed, 2499. 
 
 Durango-Gallup coal field : Schrader, 
 
 2142 ; Shaler, 2176. 
 clay deposits : Shaler and Gardner, 
 2177. 
 
 Engle coal field : Lee, 1542. 
 
 Fort Stanton Reservation, coal : Camp- 
 bell, 404. 
 
 Gypsum: Shaler, 2175. 
 
 •Tones iron fields : Emmens, 791. 
 
 Kelly mine: .Johnson, 1311. 
 
 Kelly zinc camp : Brinsmade, 295. 
 
 I..ordsburg region : .Jones, 1321. 
 
 Mescal Canyon coal field : Jveyes, 1.386. 
 
 Mine inspector’s report : Sheridan, 
 
 2195, 2196. 
 
 Mineral deposits : Lindgren and 
 
 Graton, 1603. 
 
 Mineral resources : .Jones, 1319. 
 
 Placers of Santa Fe County : .Jones, 
 1320. 
 
 Raton coal field : Judd, 1332. 
 
 Rio Grande Valley ; Gordon, 981. 
 
 Una del Gato coal field : Campbell, 403. 
 
 Zinc, Ivelly camp : Brinsmade, 295. 
 Magdalena district : Haddon, 1061. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Afton craters : I.iee, 1547. 
 
 Aggraded terraces of the Rio Grande : 
 Keyes, 1.393. 
 
 Mesa de Maya, physiographic signifi- 
 cance of : Iveyes, 1.389. 
 
 Mt. Taylor region, volcanic necks : 
 Johnson, 1304. 
 
 Pecos Valley : I.iee, 1539. 
 
 Physiographic features : .Johnson, 1302 ; 
 Iveyes, 1383. 
 
 Santa !'e peneplain : Campbell, 575. 
 
 Tertiary peneplain : Robinson, 2078. 
 
 Volcanic craters : Iveyes, 1387. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Afton craters : I^ee, 1547. 
 
 Carboniferous formations : Iveyes, 1377. 
 
 Carboniferous coal measures in Sierra 
 Ladrones : Iveyes, 1.382. 
 
 Dakotan series : Jveyes, 1.379. 
 
 Geological section : Iveyes, 1380. 
 
 Magdalena and Black Range region : 
 Gordon, 980. 
 
254 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907 
 
 New Mexico — Continued. 
 
 i^trutiijraphic — Continued. 
 
 Mississippian formations of Rio Grande | 
 Valley : Gordon, 981. j 
 
 Mt. Taylor region, volcanic necks : ; 
 
 ~ Johnson, 1304. j 
 
 I’aleozoic formations : Gordon and j 
 
 Graton, 983. 
 
 I’ennsylvanian formations of Rio 
 GTande Valley : Gordon, 982. 
 
 Pre-Cambrian at Hamilton mine ; 
 Lindgren, 1590. 
 
 Rio Grande Valley : Lee, 1545. 
 
 Mississippian formations : Gordon, 
 
 981. 
 
 Pennsylvanian formations ; Gordon, 
 
 982. 
 
 Red Beds : Lee, 1546. 
 
 Roswell area : Fisher, 870. 
 
 Tertiary terranes : Keyes, 1388, 1390. 
 
 Fnconformities, significance of : Keyes, 
 1378. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Lime Creek fauna of Iowa at Lake 
 Valley : Keyes, 1384. 
 
 Ruminant from the Pleistocene : Gid- 
 ley, 945. 
 
 Snails : Cockerell, 515. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Endlichite : Bowman, 274. 
 
 Underground water. 
 
 Rio Grande Valley : Lee, 1545. 
 
 Roswell area : Fisher, 870. 
 
 Soda spring: Eddy, 771. 
 
 New York. 
 
 General. 
 
 Director of science, second report : 
 Clarke, 493. 
 
 third report : Clarke, 500. 
 
 Drift bowlder with magnetite : Hol- 
 lick, 1208. 
 
 Lake Champlain : Clarke, 497. , 
 
 Preglacial channels of lower- Hudson j 
 Valley : Berkey, 206. 
 
 State geologist’s report : Clarke, 494. 
 
 Vassar College region : Shattuck, 2192. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Adirondack region, magnetites : New- 
 land, 1794, 1795. 
 
 Building stones, tests : McCourt, 1656. 
 
 Feldspar and quartz deposits : Bastin, 
 163. 
 
 Hematite mining in St. Lawrence Coun- 
 ty ; Brinsmade, 294. 
 
 Magnetite deposits at Mineville : Gran- 
 berry, 1010. 
 
 Magnetite mines at Lyon Mountain : 
 Newland and Hansell, 1796. 
 
 Mining and quarry industry : Newland, 
 1790, 1793. 
 
 Salisbury district, iron ores : Hobbs, 
 1184. 
 
 Slate: Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 chemical composition : Hillebrand, 
 
 1159. 
 
 Talc in northern New York : Brins- 
 made, 293, 
 
 New York — Continued. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Caves : Clarke, 500. 
 
 Earthquake records at Albany : Clarke, 
 500 ; Newland, 1791. 
 
 Faulting, postglacial : Woodworth, 
 
 2631. 
 
 Fracture systems : Hobbs, 1176. 
 
 Glacial erosion in longitudinal val- 
 leys : Carney, 430. 
 
 Glacial rock sliding : Jones, 1318. 
 Niagara Falls, recession of : Adams, 
 5 ; Gilbert, 955 ; Hall, 1065 ; 
 Spencer, 2265. 
 
 Oscillations during Cambro-Silurian : 
 Cushing, 617. 
 
 Quartz nodule with radiate structure : 
 Davison, 685. 
 
 Vassar College region : Shattu.ck, 2192. 
 Physiographic. 
 
 .\dirondacks : Kemp, 1362, 1370. 
 Catskill Mountains: Heilprin, 1126. 
 Clove Valley Pleistocene lake basin : 
 Gratacap, 1022. 
 
 Drnmlinoids of the Catatonk quad- 
 rangle : Hubbard, 1251. 
 
 Drumlins : Fairchild, 837, 839. 
 
 Finger Lake region : Dryer, 744.' 
 
 gorges of : Tarr, 2348. 
 
 Genesee Falls : Grabau, 999. 
 
 Hudson Valley : Kemp, 1369. 
 
 Long Island : Veatch, 2434. 
 
 Manhattan Island: Julien, 1341. 
 Outwash drift : Carney, 430. 
 
 Scarps in the Adirondacks : Davis, 666. 
 
 fitratigraphic. 
 
 Abandoned shore lines : Woodworth, 
 
 2632. 
 
 Asymmetric differentiation in a syenite 
 bathylith : Cushing, 616. 
 
 Buffalo quadrangle : Luther, 1633. 
 Cambro-Silurian oscillations : Cushing, 
 617. 
 
 Catatonk quadrangle, drumliuoids : 
 Hubbard, 1251. 
 
 Champlain basin, paleogeography of : 
 Ruedemann, 2098. 
 
 Chazy formation : Raymond, 1987. 
 Clove Valley Pleistocene lake basin : 
 Gratacap, 1022. 
 
 Cornwall limonite beds : Hartnagel, 
 
 1 086. 
 
 Drumlins : Fairchild, 837, 839. 
 
 Finger Lake region : Tarr, 2347. 
 
 pre-Wisconsin drift : Carney, 429. 
 Geologic formations, nomenclature of : 
 Clarke, 482. 
 
 Gilbert Gulf : Fairchild, 840. 
 
 Glacial drainage : Fairchild, 835. 
 Glacial stages : Fuller, 913. 
 
 Glaciation, Catskill Mountains : Rich, 
 2035. 
 
 Manhattan Island : Julien, 1336. 
 Highlands, b:isal gneisses of: Berkey, 
 207. 
 
 Indian Ladder section : Prosser, 1961. 
 Irondequoit Bay : Fairchild, 834. 
 
INDEX 
 
 255 
 
 New Yol'k— Continued. 
 
 atiatigraphic — Continued. 
 
 Iroquois extinction : Fairchild, 842. 
 
 Ithaca section : Williams, 2583, 2584, 
 2586. 
 
 Keuka Valley, wave-cut terraces : Car- 
 ney, 431. 
 
 Lake Erie basin, glacial waters : Fair- 
 child, 836. 
 
 Long Island : Veatch, 2434. 
 
 Long Lake quadrangle : Cushing, 614. 
 
 Manhattan Island, glaciation : Julien, 
 1337, 1338. 
 
 Medina sandstone ; Grabau, 1001. 
 
 Miuuewaska region ; .Tames, 1284. 
 
 New York City, stability of rock foun- 
 dations : Julien, 1340. 
 
 Oneida conglomerate : Grabau, 992 ; 
 
 Hartnagel, 1083. 
 
 Ontario section of eastern New York : 
 Hartnagel, 1082. 
 
 Outwash drift : Carney, 432. 
 
 Palisade trap; Julien, 1340. 
 
 Penn Yan-Hammondsport quadrangles : 
 Luther, 1634. 
 
 Pre-Cambrian rocks, correlation : Adams 
 ct al., 13. 
 
 Rochester and Ontario Reach quadran- 
 gles : Hartnagel, 2. 
 
 Schoharie Valley ; Grabau, 991. 
 
 Shawangunk Mountains ; Clarke, 499. 
 
 Skuunemunk Mountain region : Hart- 
 nagel, 1084. 
 
 Triassic outcrop on Staten Island : 
 • Hollick, 1205. 
 
 Vassar College region : Shattuck, 2192. 
 
 Well records on Long Island : Veatch 
 and Bowman, 2441. 
 Paleontologi/. 
 
 Amber of Staten Island, origin ; Hol- 
 lick, 1204. 
 
 Bryozoa of the Rochester shale : Bass- 
 ler, 157. 
 
 Cephalopoda of the Beekmantown and 
 Chazy formations : Ruedemann, 
 2097. 
 
 Chazy formation, fauna of : Raymond, 
 1987. 
 
 C'hemung fauna of Ithaca section : Wil- 
 liams, 2586. 
 
 Cretaceous Pityoxyla ; Jeffrey and 
 Chrysler, 1692. 
 
 Cretaceous plant remains : Hollick, 
 
 1203 ; Hollick and Jeffrey, 1212. 
 
 Cryptozoa from Ordovician deposits : 
 Seely, 2163. 
 
 Devonian fossils from western New 
 York: Slocum, 2219. 
 
 Devonic fishes : Kastman, 760. 
 
 Eui-ypterus fauna of Shawangunk grit : 
 Clarke, 499, 501. 
 
 Fossil forest fii-(‘ : Hollick, 1206. 
 
 Gymnosperms from Cretaceous of Krei- 
 scherville : Hollick and Jeffrey, 
 1213. 
 
 Hypsocrinus : Springer and Slocom, 
 
 2268. 
 
 New York — Continued. 
 
 Paleontology — Continued. 
 
 Insect borings in Cretaceous lignite : 
 Hollick, 1207. 
 
 Paleobotany of Onondaga : Schneider, 
 2139. 
 
 Paleozoic fossils, types of ; Clarke, 500. 
 
 Pelmatozoa from the Chazy : Hudson, 
 1253. 
 
 Reticularia laevis, range and distribu- 
 tion : Kindle, 1396. 
 
 Schoharie Valley: Grabau, 991. 
 
 Tertiary and Cretaceous plants ; Pen- 
 hallow, 1895. 
 
 Tree trunk from Middle Devonic : 
 White, 2544. 
 
 Petrology . 
 
 Adirondack syenite bathylith, asym- 
 metric differentiation in : Cush- 
 ing, 616. 
 
 Manhattan Island : Hovey, 1224. 
 peridotite dike : Kunz, 1438. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Lyon Mountain : Whitlock, 2565. 
 calcite : Whitlock, 2566. 
 
 Underground water. 
 
 Long Island : Veatch, 2431, 2433, 2435. 
 
 Niagara Falls. 
 
 Recession of ; Adams, 5 ; Gilbert, 955 ; 
 Hall, 1065 ; Spencer, 2265, 2266. 
 
 j Nicaragua. 
 
 I General. 
 
 San Juan Valley; Merz, 1745. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Earthquakes : Jones, 1322. 
 
 Volcanoes : Chamberlin, 451 ; Jones, 
 
 1322. 
 
 Nickel. 
 
 North Carolina, Webster ; Barlow, 146. 
 
 Ontario : Ingall. 1267. 
 
 Cobalt district : Bell, 192 ; 418 ; 
 
 Courtis, 584 ; Rickard, 2053. 
 Sudbury region : Barlow, 147 ; 
 
 Browne, 336 ; Coleman, 539, 
 549; Hixon, 1172; Stokes, 
 2304 ; Thompson, 2370. 
 
 Oregon : Stafford, 2276. 
 
 Nickel Mountain : Kay, 1345. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2490, 2493. 
 
 Nitrate. 
 
 California : Bailey, 95 ; Turner, 2400. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Nomenclature. See under Stratigraphic. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Barytes industry : Judd, 1331. 
 
 Building and ornamental stones : Pratt, 
 1949 ; Watson and Laney, 2494. 
 
 Copper : Eames, 755. 
 
 Copper mining in 1905 : Weed, 2499. 
 
 Gems ; Kunz, 1440. 
 
 Gold deposits: Crosby, 601 ; Graton, 
 1025. 
 
 Gold Hill copper mine: Nicholas, 1800. 
 
256 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 North Carolina — Continued. 
 
 Economic — Continued. 
 
 Mica deposits : Sterrett, 22S7, 2288. 
 Mining industry, in 1905 : I’ratt. 1950. 
 
 in 1900; Pratt, 1951. 
 
 Monazite : Bohm, 252 ; Sterrett, 2289. 
 Nantahala quadrangle : Keith, 1.352. 
 Nickel deposits of Webster : Barlow, 
 146. 
 
 Ore deposits of eastern gold Ix'lt : 
 Crosby, 601. 
 
 IMsgah quadrangle ; Keith, l.‘>53. 
 
 Roan Mountain (luadrangle ; Keith. 
 1354. 
 
 Tin deposits : Graton, 1025 ; Hess, 
 
 1139. 
 
 Union copper mines : Nicholas, 1799. 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Currituck Banks : Cobb, 508. 
 
 Dunes along coast: Cobb. 511. 
 
 Fracture systems ; Hobbs, 1176. 
 
 Ph ysiogrophic. 
 
 Core Bank : Cobb, 512. 
 
 Terraces in coastal plain : Johnson. 
 1299. 
 t^itratigraphic. 
 
 Coro Bank : Cobb, 512. 
 
 Mesozoic deposits of coastal plain : 
 Stephenson, 2281. 
 
 Nantahala quadrangle : Keith. 1352. 
 IMsgah quadrangle : Keith, 135.‘>. 
 IMeistocene terracing in coastal plain : 
 Johnson, 1299. 
 
 Roan Mountain quadrangle : Keith, 
 
 1354. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Cretaceous floras ; Berry, 221, 224. 
 Pleistocene flora ; Berry, 222. 
 
 Rhoetic flora of Moncure shales : Cobb, 
 510. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Cassiterite : Headden, 1115. 
 
 Gems ; Kunz, 1440. 
 
 Hendersonville meteorite : Merrill, 
 
 1740. 
 
 Rich Mountain meteorite : Merrill, 
 
 1741. 
 
 Underground icater. 
 
 Ground and deep waters : McCarthy, 
 1644. 
 
 Improvement of water in wells : 
 Fuller, 908. 
 
 North Dakota. 
 
 General. 
 
 State geologist’s report : Leonard. 
 
 1562. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Clays : Babcock. 91 ; Bal)cock and 
 
 Clapp, 92; Clapp, 470; Clapp 
 and Babcock, 471 : Leonard. 
 
 1564. 
 
 Lignite: Leonard, 1560; Wilder, 2577. 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Geology of clay formations : Leonard, 
 L56.3. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Meryeoidodouts ; Douglass, 731, 
 
 Northwest Territories. 
 
 Surface geology : Chalmers, 449. 
 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Ainslie and North Cheticamp. barytes 
 deposits : I’oole, 1943. 
 
 Bedded leads in relation to mining 
 policy ; Woodman, 2624. 
 
 Five Islands, barytes deposits ; Hutch- 
 inson, 1265. 
 
 Gold fields; Faribault, 844, 845 
 
 Iron deposits : Woodman, 2627. 
 
 Mineral resources : Gilpin, 964 ; IMers, 
 1929. 
 
 Tangier gold deposits : Packard, 1857. 
 
 Torbrook iron district ; Parsons, 1885. 
 
 Western : Fletcher, 880. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Earthquake of March 21, 1904 : Wood- 
 man, 2625. 
 
 Faults of Battery I’oint : Fulton. 919. 
 
 Subsidence, at Louisbourg : McIntosh, 
 1668. 
 
 of the Atlantic coast ; Poole, 1941. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Continental shelf off Nova Scotia : 
 Poole. 1942. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Bore-hole records : Weatherl)e. 2495. 
 in Cumberland County : Brown. 331. 
 
 Conglomerate capping Cambrian, age 
 of : Poole. 1940. 
 
 Cumberland coal basin : Woodman, 
 
 2666. 
 
 Northwestern : Fletcher, 879. 
 
 Structure and succession at North Syd- 
 ney and Sydney mines : De 
 
 Wolfe, 718. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Silurian and Devonian plants : Mat- 
 thew, 1697. 
 
 Ocher. 
 
 Alabama : Smith, 2227. 
 
 Georgia : Watson. 2483. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 General. 
 
 Geological survey, history of : Prosser. 
 1960. 
 
 publications, index to; Derby. 712. 
 
 Geology, bibliography of : Prosser, 
 
 1962. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Glass-sand industry : Burchard, 354. 
 
 Kenova (luadrangle, coal : 1‘halen, 
 
 1920. 
 
 Limestone resources and lime indus- 
 try ; Orton and Peppel, 1837. 
 
 Salt deposits : Bownocker, 278. 
 
 Sand-lime brick : Peppel. 1903. 
 
 Steubenville (luadrangle, oil and gas : 
 Griswold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Subsidence of west end of Lake Erie : 
 Mosely, 1773. 
 
INDEX 
 
 257 
 
 Ohio— Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Carboniferous : Stevenson, 2294, 2295. 
 
 Columbus and Sandusky formations : 
 Swartz, 2329. 
 
 Columbus esker : Morse, 1772. 
 
 Devonian : Stauffer, 2277, 2278. 
 
 Geologic formations ; Prosser, 1960. 
 
 Glacial dam at Hanover : Carney, 433. 
 
 Licking County, Perry township : Car- 
 ney, 427. 
 
 Ordovician at Cincinnati : Bassler, 
 
 156. 
 
 Scioto Illinoian lobe in Licking 
 County : Carney, 428. 
 
 Spring Valley gorge, origin ; Schef- 
 fel, 2138. 
 
 Steubenville quadrangle : Griswold and 
 Munn, 1048. 
 
 Stratigraphy : Prosser, 1960. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Land and fresh-water Mollusca, Defi- 
 ance County : Sterki, 2282. 
 
 Mammoth’s tooth : McClure, 1646. 
 
 Oil. See Petroleum. 
 
 Oklahoma. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Oil fields : Gould, 988. 
 
 Quapaw district, lead and zinc : 
 Crane, 593. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Sand-barite crystals : Nichols, 1802. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Permian red beds fauna : Beede, 180. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 ^Egirite and riebeckite rocks ; Rogers, 
 2086. _ 
 
 Oligocene. See Tertiary. » 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 General. 
 
 Durham County, Coleman, 538. 
 
 Hamilton Scientific Association, geo- 
 logical section, report of : Neill, 
 1787. ■ 
 
 Lake Nipigon to Lac Seul, survey 
 from ; Collins, 561. 
 
 Lake Superior region between the Pic 
 and Nipigon rivers : Collins, 
 
 560. 
 
 Lake Temagami to Spanish River : 
 Wilson, 2614. 
 
 Larder Lake district : Brock, 308. 
 
 Mattagami Valley exploration : Kerr, 
 1375. 
 
 Muskoka district : Walker, 2474. 
 
 Ontario meeting of American Institute 
 of Mining Engineers : 418. 
 
 Ottawa Field-Naturalist’s Club, geo- 
 logical work of : Ami and Wil- 
 son, 44. 
 
 Peterborough district : Johnston, 1315. 
 
 Peterborough, Prince Euward, and 
 Simcoe sheets : Johnston, 1316. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Animikie iron range : Silver, 2212. 
 
 Ontario — Continued. 
 
 Economic — Continued. 
 
 Antik-Okan nickeliferous pyrrhotite de- 
 posits : Hille, 1157. 
 
 Bruce copper mines : Williams, 2582. 
 
 Bureau of Mines, report : Gibson, 941. 
 
 Clays : Baker, 66. 
 
 Cobalt mining district : Bell, 191, 192, 
 194 ; Courtis, 584 ; Frank, 894 ; 
 George, 939 ; Hardinge, 1074 ; 
 Hardman, 1076; Hotchkiss, 
 1218 ; Loring, 1617 ; MacDonald, 
 1659 ; Miller, 1758 ; Parks, 
 1873 ; Rickard, 2053 ; Stokes, 
 2303; Van Hise, 2422. 
 
 Bonanza mines : Hutchinson, 1264. 
 genesis of ores : Hixon, 1173. 
 vein formation : Tyrrell, 2405. 
 
 Craigmont, corundum : Haultain, 1095. 
 
 Eldorado copper mine : Burrows, 364. 
 
 Helen iron mine, Michipicoten : Cole- 
 man, 541. 
 
 Iron ores : Hille, 1158 ; Lindeman, 
 
 1588 ; Thompson, 2369. 
 
 James Bay : Wil.son, 2604. 
 
 Kent County, oil and gas : Knight, 
 
 1411. 
 
 Lake Abitibi gold deposits : Miller, 
 
 1757. 
 
 Lake Nipigon iron ranges : Coleman, 
 548'; Moore, 1771. 
 
 Lead : Lewis, 1576. 
 
 Mattagami Valley : Kerr, 1375. 
 
 Michipicoten iron ranges : Coleman, 
 
 541, 542; Moore, 1770. 
 
 Michipicoten Island : Willmott, 2602. 
 
 Mines of Ontario : Corkill, 578. 
 
 Montreal River silver district : Meeks, 
 1708. 
 
 Natural gas and petroleum : Coste, 581. 
 
 Nickeliferous pyrrhotites, microstrnc- 
 ture of : Campbell and Knight, 
 411. 
 
 Nipissing mine. Cobalt : George, 939. 
 
 Pembroke sheet : Ells, 788. 
 
 Pyrites : Fraleck, 893. 
 
 Secondary enrichment in copper ores : 
 DeKalb. 700. 
 
 Silver mining at Cobalt : Prank, 894. 
 
 Sudbury nickel ores : Barlow, 147 ; 
 
 Browne, 336 ; Coleman. 539, 
 549; Hixon, 1171, 1172; Stokes, 
 2304 ; Thompson, 2370. 
 
 Temagami Reserve silver district ; Mat- 
 tair, 1691. 
 
 Temiskaming ores : Campbell and 
 
 Knight, 408, 410. 
 
 Tilbury and Romney oil fields : Coste, 
 582, 583. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Fracture systems : Hobbs, 1176. 
 
 Granitization of Huronian schists ; 
 Bell, 189. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Niagara Falls : Spencer, 2263, 2265, 
 2266. 
 
 66836— Bull. 372—09 
 
 17 
 
258 BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Ontario — Con ti nued . 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Animikie iron range : Silver, 2212. 
 
 Essex and Kent counties : Nattress, 
 1785. 
 
 Grenville-Hastings unconformity : Mil- 
 ler and Knight, 1759. 
 
 Iluronian ice age : Coleman, 544. 
 
 Iluronian north of Lake Superior : 
 Bell, 189. 
 
 I’embroke sheet : Ellis, 788. 
 
 Pre-Cambrian rocks; Adams et ah, 13. 
 
 Lake Temiskaming region ; Miller, 
 1754. 
 
 Sudbury region : Coleman, 539, 546. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Bryozoa from the Niagara : Bassler, 
 157. 
 
 Collecting notes : Grant, 1013-1016. 
 
 Cybele : Narraway and Raymond, 1783. 
 
 Guelph fossils : Whiteaves, 2556. 
 
 Pembroke sheet, lists of fossils from : 
 Ami, 41. 
 
 IMeistocene flora : Penhallow, 1897. 
 
 Stromatoporoids of Guelph formation ; 
 Parks, 1872. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Michipicoten area : Bell, 189. 
 
 Nepheline syenite : Adams, 9. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Cobaltite : DeLury, 70?. 
 
 I’seudomorph after laumontite : Gra- 
 ham, 1008. 
 
 Shelburne meteorite : Farrington, 84S. 
 
 Ordovician. 
 
 Stratigraphy. 
 
 General. 
 
 Galena series : Sardeson, 2122. 
 
 Paleogeography of St. Peter time ; 
 Berkey, 205. 
 
 Alabama, Birmingham district : Butts, 
 370. 
 
 Alaska, upper Yukon : Brooks and 
 Kindle, 321. 
 
 Arkansas, Ozark region : Purdue, 1967. 
 
 northern : Purdue, 1970. 
 
 California, eastern : Ball, 120. 
 
 Colorado : Darton, 644, 648. 
 
 Connecticut : Gregory and Robinson, 
 1038. 
 
 Georgia : Watson, 2483. 
 
 Illinois: Bain, 99; Weller, 2517, 2524. 
 
 Calhoun County : Weller, 2523. 
 
 East St. Louis district : Bowman 
 
 and Reeds, 277. 
 
 Galena series : Sardeson, 2122. 
 
 Hamburg section : Weller, 2519. 
 
 Pre-Righmond unconformity : Weller, 
 2522. 
 
 Indiana : Bassler, 156 ; Greene, 1030. 
 
 Indian Territory, Muscogee quadran- 
 gle : Taff, 2332. 
 
 Iowa : Bain, 99 ; Beyer, 230 ; Beyer 
 and Williams, 234 ; Burchard, 
 353 ; Calvin, 387. 
 
 Bremer County : Norton, 1805. 
 
 ' Ordovician — Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphy — Continued. 
 
 Iowa, Clayton County : Leonard, 1559. 
 Galena series : Sardeson, 2122. 
 Jackson County : Savage, 2128. 
 Lancaster and Mineral Point quad- 
 rangles : Grant and Burchard, 
 1021. 
 
 Winneshiek County : Calvin, 388. 
 Kentucky : Bassler, 156 ; Miller, 1748. 
 Maryland ; Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 Minnesota : Berkey, 205. 
 
 Galena series : Sardeson, 2122. 
 Missouri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Glen Park section : Weller, 2519. 
 Montana : Darton, 645. 
 
 Nevada, Pioche Mountains : Pack, 1854, 
 1855. 
 
 Silver Peak quadrangle : Spurr, 2271. 
 southwestern : Ball, 120. 
 
 New Mexico : Gordon and Graton, 983. 
 New York : Brown, 333. 
 
 Champlain basin : Ruedemann, 2098. 
 Highlands ; Berkey, 207. 
 
 Medina sandstone : Grahau, 1001. 
 Oneida conglomerate : Ilartnagel, 
 
 1083. 
 
 Schoharie Valley : Grahau, 991. 
 
 Ohio : Bassler, 156. 
 
 Ontario, Pembroke sheet : Ells, 788. 
 Pennsylvania, South Mountain : Stone, 
 2318. 
 
 Quebec, Mount Yamaska : Young, 2660. 
 
 St. Francis Valley : Dresser, 739. 
 Tennessee, Roan Mountain quadrangle : 
 Keith, 1354. 
 
 Texas, Chisos country : Udden, 2409. 
 Utah, Uinta Mountains : Emmons, 
 798; Weeks, 2506. 
 
 Vermont: Edson, 774; Richardson, 
 2037; Seely, 2163. 
 
 Virginia : Bassler, 158. 
 
 West Virginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 Wisconsin : Bain, 99 ; Berkey, 205. 
 Galena series : Sardeson, 2122. 
 Lancaster quadrangle : Grant and 
 Burchard, 1021. 
 
 Milwaukee quadrangle : Alden, 23. 
 north central : Weidman, 2512. 
 Wyoming : Darton, 644. 
 
 Bald Mountain and Dayton quad- 
 rangles : Darton, 645. 
 
 Bighorn basin : Fisher, 873. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647. 
 Cloud Peak and Fort McKinney 
 quadrangles : Darton, 646. 
 
 Owl Creek Mountains : Darton, 645. 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Beekmantown : Ruedemann, 2097 ; 
 
 Seely, 2163. 
 
 Bryozoa, James’ types : Bassler, 156. 
 Canada : Whiteaves, 2555. 
 
 Cephalopoda, Beekmantown and Chazy : 
 Ruedemann, 2097. 
 
 Chazy : Hudson, 1253 ; Raymond, 1987 ; 
 Ruedemann, 2097 ; Seely, 2163. 
 
INDEX 
 
 259 
 
 Ordovician— Continued. 
 
 Paleontology — Continued. 
 
 Cryptozoa from Vermont and New 
 , York; Seely, 2163. 
 
 D'Orbigny’s types figured : Boule and 
 Thevenin, 270. 
 
 Franklin : Ami, 39, 
 
 Pelmatozoa from Chazy, of New York : 
 Hudson, 1253. 
 
 Pembroke area, Ontario and Quebec : 
 Ami, 41. 
 
 Ore deposits, origin. 
 
 General: Bancroft, 127, 128; Coleman, 
 545 ; Hixon, 1174 ; Kemp, 1360, 
 1366 ; Koch, 1421 ; Lindgren, 
 1589, 1597, 1600 ; Merrill, 1731 ; 
 Miller, 1753 ; Nicholas, 1798 ; 
 Nichols, 1803 ; Read, 1994 ; Rit- 
 ter, 2070; Shamel, 2178; Spurr, 
 2273 ; Stokes, 2301 ; Sullivan, 
 2324, 2325 ; Villarello. 2457 ; 
 Winchell, 2617, 2618. 
 
 Arizona, Cochise mining district : Kel- 
 logg, 1358. 
 
 Block faulting and ore deposition : 
 Jenney, 1295. 
 
 California, Mojave district: Bateson, 
 164. 
 
 Cerargyritic ores : Keyes, 1392. 
 
 Clinton red fossil-ore of Lookout Moun- 
 tain : Phalen, 1917. 
 
 Cohalt ores : Hixon, 1173 ; Tyrrell, 
 2405 ; Van Hise, 2422. 
 
 Colorado, Downtown district of Lead- 
 , ville : Emmons and Irving, 803. 
 
 Contact deposits : Kemp, 1366. 
 
 Copper-iron sulphides, secondary en- 
 richment : Read, 1992 ; Sullivan, 
 2324. 
 
 Copper ores : Fernekes, 865 ; Lane, 
 1510. 
 
 Lake Superior : Fernekes, 864 ; Lane, 
 1512. 
 
 Nevada, Robinson district ; Lindgren, 
 1598. 
 
 Yerington : Jennings, 1298. 
 
 New Jersey : Lewis, 1578. 
 
 Virginia : Weed and Watson, 2504. 
 
 Copper, silver, and gold, experiments 
 on solution, transportation, and 
 deposition of : Stokes, 2300. 
 
 Field work needed in study of : Cole- 
 man, 545. 
 
 Fissure veins and ore deposits as water 
 ways : Lakes, 1458. 
 
 Gold, association with alunite in Gold- 
 field district : Lincoln, 1587 ; 
 Ransome, 1985. 
 
 concentration in Klondike : Tyrrell, 
 2406. 
 
 Gold ores of Alaska : Spencer, 2261. 
 
 Interaction of minerals and water solu- 
 tions : Sullivan, 2325. 
 
 Iron ores, Animikie iron range : Silver, 
 
 2212. 
 
 Kentucky, northeastern : Phalen, 
 1918. 
 
 Ore deposits, origin — Continued. 
 
 Iron ores, Salishury district : Hobbs, 
 1185. 
 
 Vermilion Range : Abbott, 1. 
 
 Lead and zinc ores, Galena-Joplin dis- 
 trict : Clerc, 506, 507 ; Haworth, 
 1098. 
 
 Mississippi Valley ; Bain, 99, 106 ; 
 Buckley, 342. 
 
 Virginia-Tennessee region : Watson, 
 2484. 
 
 Wisconsin : Grant, 1019. 
 
 Lead ore, Ontario : Lewis, 1576. 
 
 Magnetite deposits, Adirondack region : 
 Newland, 1794. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Berks and Lebanon 
 counties : Spencer, 2262. 
 
 Nevada. Klondike district : Spurr 
 
 2270. 
 
 Silver Peak quadrangle ; Spurr, 2271. 
 
 . Nickel and copper ores of Sudbury : 
 Browne, 336; Coleman, 549. 
 
 Nickeliferous pyrrhotites, microstruc- 
 ture of : Campbell aqd Knight, 
 409, 411. 
 
 Ocher deposits : Watson, 2483. 
 
 Ore deposits in serpentine ; Forstner, 
 890. 
 
 I’ockets ii* gold veins : Harrison, 1081. 
 
 Pyrite, origin : Willmott, 2603. 
 
 oxidation of : Read, 1995 ; Winchell, 
 2616. 
 
 I’yrite and marcasite, action on, by 
 various solutions : Stokes, 2301. 
 
 Quartz veins of Silver Peak, Nevada ; 
 Hastings, 1089. 
 
 Quicksilver ores of California: An- 
 bury, 86. 
 
 Salt water in mines : Lane, 1502. 
 
 Secondary enrichment of copper-iron 
 sulphides : Read, 1994. 
 
 Striations, meaning of : Bucke, 339 ; 
 Reid, 2022. 
 
 Sudbury nickel ores : Browne, 336 ; 
 Coleman, 549. 
 
 Sulphide ores ; Coleman, 543. 
 
 Sulphur deposits, Mapimi : Villarello, 
 2459. 
 
 Woolmith quarry ; Kraus, 1423. 
 
 Utah, Ontario mineral belt : Jenney, 
 1295. 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 General. 
 
 Human implements in an abandoned 
 river channel : Kemp, 1371. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Coal deposits : Ritter, 2069. 
 
 Copper mining in 1905 : Weed, 2499. 
 
 Mineral resources : Stafford, 2276. 
 
 Nickel Mountain : Kay, 1345. 
 
 Seven Devils and Snake River dis- 
 tricts : Reid, 2006. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Glaciers of Mt. Hood : Reid, 2008. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 John Day region : McClung, 1645. 
 
260 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Oregon — Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Eocene : Diller, 723. 
 
 tJlaucophane schists : Loiiderback, 1618. 
 
 John Day region : McClung, 1645 ; 
 
 Merriam and Sinclair, 1717. 
 
 Mesozoic sediments : Diller, 724. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Edentate-like remains from the Mas- 
 call beds : Sinclair, 2213. 
 
 Eocene flora and fossils : Diller, 723. 
 
 Horse from the Mascall beds ; Gidley, 
 943. 
 
 Mollusca from the John Day and Mas- 
 call beds : Stearns, 2280. 
 
 Seal from the Miocene : Condon, 565 ; 
 Wortman, 2638. 
 
 Tertiary faunas of the John Day re- 
 gion : Merriam and Sinclair, 
 
 1717. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Glaucophane schists : Louderbac-k, 1618. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Will^ette meteorite: Eberle, 761; 
 
 Hovey, 1229. 
 
 Orogeny. - 
 
 Abyssal igneous injection with relation 
 to mountain h^iilding : Daly, 
 
 633, 638. 
 
 Appalachian revolution : Willis, 2595. 
 
 Mexican plateau : Hill, 1152. 
 
 Mountain formation, cause of : See, 
 
 2158, 2162. 
 
 Synclinorium and anticlinorium : Rice, 
 2032. 
 
 Oscillation. See Changes of level. 
 
 Ostracoda. See Crustacea. 
 
 Ozokerite. 
 
 Oregon : Stafford, 2276. 
 
 Utah: Taff and Smith, 2338. 
 
 Paleobotany. 
 
 Age and localities of supposed Jurassic 
 fossils : Veatch, 2432. 
 
 Amber, from coastal plain : Berry, 219. 
 on Staten Island, origin : Hollick, 
 1204. 
 
 Alaska, Cape Lisbume region : Knowl- 
 ton, 1417 ; White, 2543. 
 
 Arkansas coal measures : White, 2546. 
 
 Autophytographs : Cobb, 509. 
 
 Brandon lignite fossils : Ami, 37 ; Jef- 
 frey and Chrysler, 1291 ; l‘erkius, 
 1908, 1909. 
 
 Charred wood, fossil : Hollick, 1206. 
 
 (fliffwood clays, flora : Berry, 214. 
 
 Codonotheca, spore-bearing organ ; Sel- 
 lards, 2174. ♦ 
 
 Colorado, Florissant : Cockerell, 518, 
 520, 526; Hollick, 1211. 
 
 Comptonia : Berry, 215. 
 
 Cretaceous: Berry. 210, 211, 212, 214; 
 Hollick, 1203; Hollick and Jef- 
 frey, 1212. 
 
 Cucumites species, nomenclature of : 
 Cockerell, 513. 
 
 Paleobotany— Continued. 
 
 Cycads, American fossil : Wieland, 
 
 2574. 
 
 Devonian, from New Brunswick : Mat- 
 thew, 1694. • 
 
 Flower, Tertiary, from Florissant, Col- 
 orado : Hollick, 1211. 
 
 Forest fire, fossil : Hollick, 1206. 
 
 Gymnosperms, of North America : Pen- 
 hallow, 1896. 
 
 New York, Kreisherville : Hollick 
 
 and Jeffrey, 1213. 
 
 Hell Creek beds of Montana : Brown, 
 325. 
 
 Illinois coal measures : White, 2545. 
 
 International boundary survey : Pen- 
 hallow, 1900. 
 
 Kootanie plants from Great Falls coal 
 field of Montana : Knowlton, 
 
 1418. 
 
 Leaf rafts and fossil leaves : Berry, 
 218. 
 
 Leaf variations : Penhallow, 1894. 
 
 Little River group flora : Matthew, 
 
 1693. 
 
 Lycopod, from Devonian : White, 2547. 
 
 Magothy formation : Berry, 225. 
 
 Mesozoic flora of Atlantic coast plain : 
 Berry, 216, 221. 
 
 Mosses, Tertiary, from Florissant : 
 Britton and Hollick, 304. 
 
 Pityoxyla, Cretaceous : Jeffrey and 
 
 Chrysler, 1292. 
 
 Plant remains in basalt, Mexico : Sol- 
 orzano and Hobson, 2257. 
 
 Plants, fossil, sketch of : Berry, 213. 
 
 Tertiary and Cretaceous : Penhal- 
 
 low, 1895. 
 
 Pleistocene flora, Alabama : Berry, 223. 
 
 Canada : Penhallow, 1897. 
 
 Maryland : Hollick, 1209, 1210. 
 
 North Carolina : Berry, 222. 
 
 A'irginia : Berry, 217. 
 
 Protophyllocladus subintegrifolius, sto- 
 mata of : Berry, 226. 
 
 Quercus hatcheri : Knowlton, 1419. 
 
 Rhoetic flora of Moncurg shales : 
 Cobb. 510. 
 
 Silurian and Devonian, from Canada : 
 Matthew, 1697. 
 
 Tilia from New Jersey I’leistocenc : 
 Berry, 220. 
 
 Tree trunk from New York Devonian : 
 White, 2544. 
 
 Wood, fossil, from Texas : Penhallow, 
 1899. 
 
 Paleoclimatology. 
 
 General: Freeh, 900, 901 ; Manson, 
 1676; Taber, 2330. 
 
 Carboniferous : Barrell, 150. 
 
 Climatic conditions at Nome, Ala.ska, 
 during the Pliocene : Dali, 628. 
 
 Climatic variations. extent and 
 causes : Gregory, 1039. 
 
 Cretaceous : Bibbins, 235. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 261 
 
 Paleoclimatology — Continued. 
 
 Geologic climates, influenced by possible 
 reversal of deep-sea circulation : 
 Chamberlin, 453. 
 
 Glacial epoch, causes : Hilgard, 1147. 
 
 Glacial epochs : David, 657. 
 
 Jurassic ; Burckhardt, 362. 
 
 Quaternary : Huntington, 1257. 
 
 Relation of fossil floras to climate 
 and coal beds : Lakes, 1467. 
 
 Paleogeography. 
 
 Champlain basin in Ordovician time : 
 Ruedemann, 2098. 
 
 Continental outlines in Tertiary time : 
 Matthew, 1699. 
 
 Devonian of eastern North America : 
 Clarke, 496. 
 
 Louisiana : Veatch, 2436, 2438. 
 
 Mississippi Valley in St. Peter time : 
 Berkey, 205. 
 
 New York, Schoharie Valley ; Grabau, 
 991. 
 
 Paleontology (general). See also the classes of 
 animals and Paleobotany. For 
 stratigraphic see under the dif- 
 ferent systems. For regional 
 see under the various States. 
 
 Alternation of fossil faunas : Keyes, 
 1385. 
 
 Caustic potash in cleaning fossils : 
 Bose and Vigier, 269. 
 
 Early surroundings of life : Lane, 1515. 
 
 Evolution as it appears to the paleon- 
 tologist : Osborn, 1846. 
 
 Fossilization, conditions of : Hartzell, 
 1087. 
 
 Limeless ocean of pre-Cambrian time : 
 Daly, 636. 
 
 Molds of fossils, taking impressions of : 
 Slocom, 2220. 
 
 Problems of paleontology : Osborn, 
 
 1838. 
 
 Relations to other branches of science : 
 Woodward, 2630. 
 
 Types, in collections of Boston Society 
 of Natural History : Cushman, 
 .618. 
 
 in New York State Museum : Clarke, 
 500. 
 
 Panama. 
 
 Geology of Canal Zone : Howe, 1244- 
 1246. 
 
 Peat. 
 
 Indiana, northern ; Taylor, 2361. 
 
 Iowa : Savage, 2125. 
 
 Franklin County : Williams, 2588. 
 
 Mexico : Alcalfi, 22. 
 
 Michigan : Davis, 660. 
 
 New Jersey : Kiimmel, 1433 ; Parmelee 
 and McCourt, 1874. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Vermont : Perkins, 1907. 
 
 Pebbles. ^ 
 
 Polished : George, 940. 
 
 Stretched : McCallie, 1642. 
 
 Pelec3TPoda. See also Mollusca. 
 
 Aviculidse from Trias of Zacatecas : 
 Freeh, 901. 
 
 California, southern. Tertiary : Arnold, 
 62. 
 
 Devonian ; Clarke, 497. 
 
 Eocene from Alabama : Aldrich, 25. 
 
 Indiana, Salem limestone : Beede, 178. 
 
 Pecten from Nome gravels : Dali, 628. 
 
 Pectens, Tertiary and IMeistocene, of 
 California ; Arnold, 57. 
 
 IJnionidse from the Laramie clays of 
 Montana : Whitfield, 2562. 
 
 Venus shells in New York City : Wil- 
 son, 2609. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 General. 
 
 Geology as related to agriculture : 
 Stout, 2323. 
 
 Topographic and geologic survey com- 
 mission report : 1902. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Amity quadrangle : Clapp, 475, 477. 
 
 Beaver quadrangle : Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Berks and Lebanon counties, magnetite 
 deposits ; Spencer, 2262. 
 
 Burgettstown and Claysville quad- 
 rangles, oil and gas : Griswold 
 and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Cambria County, clays ; Phalen and 
 Mai’tin, 1923. 
 
 Clarion quadrangle, clays: Lines, 1605. 
 
 coal : Lines, 1606. 
 
 Clays and shales of central Pennsyl- 
 vania : Ashley, 72. 
 
 Clearfield coal field : Ashley, 71. 
 
 Coal: Boileau, 253; Seddon, 2156; 
 
 Tower, 2388. 
 
 anthracite : Althouse, 32 ; Griffin, 
 
 1041 ; Joyce, 1327. 
 
 Buck Mountain : Althouse, 31. 
 
 Coal fields, bituminous, map of : Hal- 
 berstadt, 1063. 
 
 Coal mining in Hazleton district ; Par- 
 sons, 1878. 
 
 Graphite : Law, 1523. 
 
 Greene County, oil and gas : Stone and 
 Clapp, 2314. 
 
 Johnstown, coal : Phalen, 1922. 
 
 Kittanning and Rural Valley quad- 
 rangles : Butts, 368. 
 
 Lehigh Gap, paint ore : Eckel, 769, 770. 
 
 Mineral resources : Demming, 704-709 ; 
 Stout, 2322. 
 
 Mount Holly Springs, phosphorus ore ; 
 Stose, 2321. 
 
 Nineveh and Gordon oil sands in 
 Greene County : Clapp, 472. 
 
 Petroleum : 2389. 
 
 Punxsutawney and Glen Campbell 
 coal fields of Indiana and Jef- 
 ferson counties : Peck and Ash- 
 ley, 1888. 
 
 Rogersville quadrangle : Clapp, 476. 
 
 Slate : Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 South Mountain, clays ; Stose, 2320. 
 
262 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Pennsylvania — Continued. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Faulting in central Pennsylvania ; 
 Ashley, 70. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 General: Tower, 2387. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Altoona section, Devonian : Butts, 307. 
 
 Amity quadrangle : Clapp, 475, 477. 
 
 Beaver quadrangle : Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Burgettstown and Claysville quadran- 
 gles : Griswold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Carboniferous : Stevenson, 2294, 2295. 
 
 Devonian section, near Altoona : Butts, 
 367. 
 
 Kittanning and Rural Valley quadran- 
 gles : Butts, 368. 
 
 Mauch Chunk shale : Barrel!, 150. 
 
 I’ottsville formation : Gi’ahau, 995. 
 
 Rogersville quadrangle : Clapp, 476. 
 
 South Mountain : Stose, 2318. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Devonian faunas near Altoona : Kin- 
 dle, 1397. 
 
 Reptilian remains in the Pennsylva- 
 nian near Pittsburg : Raymond, 
 1990. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Peridotite dike in coal measiires : 
 Kemp, 1368 ; Kemp and Ross, 
 1373. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Euxenite fi’om Delaware : Law, 1524. 
 
 Mineral localities around Philadel- 
 phia : Benge and Wherry, 203. 
 
 Pyrite from Cornwall : Travis, 2390. 
 
 Scapolite : Wherry, 2535. 
 
 Pennsylvanian. See Carboniferous. 
 
 Pentremites. See Echinodermata. 
 
 Permian. See Carboniferous. 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 General : Redwood, 2005. 
 
 Bibliography of : Redwood, 2005. 
 
 Formation of : I’lotts, 1938. 
 
 Alberta ; Daly, 635 ; Denis, 710. 
 
 Moose Mountain district : Cairnes. 
 381. 
 
 Alaska, Controller Bay ; Martin, 1684. 
 
 Yakutat Bay : Tarr, 1201. 
 
 British Columbia: Denis, 710. 
 
 California, Colorado Desert : Bowers, 
 273. 
 
 Los Angeles field : Arnold, 59 ; 386 ; 
 Eldridge and Arnold, 779. 
 
 Santa Clara Valley, Puente Hills, 
 and Los Angeles districts : El- 
 dridge and Arnold, 779. 
 
 Santa Maria district : Arnold and 
 Anderson, 66, 67. 
 
 Canada (general) : IClls, 785. 
 
 Colorado: Lakes, 1478. 
 
 Yampa field : Fenneman and Gale, 
 863. 
 
 Illinois : Bain. 102, 109. 
 
 southeastern : Blatchley, 245. 
 
 Petroleiim — Continued. 
 
 Indiana : Blatchley, 249. 
 
 Princeton field : Blatchley, 243. 
 
 Kansas, Independence quadrangle : 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 Louisiana : Fenneman, 859. 
 
 Mexico : Bustamente, 366 ; Guerra, 
 
 1051. 
 
 Vera Cruz : Ordonez, 1833. 
 
 Michigan : Lane, 1516. 
 
 Ohio, Steubenville quadrangle : Gris- 
 wold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Oklahoma : Gould, 988. 
 
 Ontario : Corkill, 578 ; Coste, 581. 
 
 Kent County : Coste, 582, 583 ; 
 
 Knight, 1411. 
 
 Tilbury and Romney fields : Coste, 
 582, 583. 
 
 Pennsylvania : Tower, 2. 
 
 Amity quadrangle : Clapp, 475, 477. 
 
 Beaver quadrangle : Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Burgettstown and Claysville quad- 
 rangles : Griswold and Munn, 
 1048. 
 
 Greene County : Clapp, 472 ; Stone 
 and Clapp, 2314. 
 
 Kittanning and Rural Valley quad- 
 rangles : Butts, 368. 
 
 Rogersville quadrangle: Clapp, 476. 
 
 Texas : Fenneman, 859 ; Vicaire, 2446. 
 
 Saratoga : Dumble, 751. 
 
 United States (general) : Richardson, 
 2038 ; 2418, 2419 ; Vicaire, 2446. 
 
 West Virginia, Panhandle counties : 
 Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Steubenville quadrangle : Griswold 
 
 and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Wyoming, Bighorn Mountain region : 
 Darton, 649. 
 
 Uinta County : Veatch, 2437. 
 
 Petrology (general). See also Igneous and vol- 
 canic rocks, and Technique. 
 For regional see under the va- 
 rious States. For Rocks de- 
 scribed see list p. 315. 
 
 Analysis of silicate and carbonate 
 rocks : Hillebrand, 1160. 
 
 Auvergnose rocks, size of grain of : 
 Lane, 1500. 
 
 Brucite, determination of : .Tulien, 1335, 
 1339. 
 
 Compressibility and plastic deforma- 
 tion of certain I’ocks : Adams 
 and Coker, 10, 12. 
 
 Contact phenomena : Calderon, 383. 
 
 Differentiation of a secondary magma 
 through gravitative adjustment : 
 Daly, 631. 
 
 Leucite in igneous rocks : Washington, 
 2482. 
 
 Magmatic differentiation, influence of 
 varying degrees of superfusion 
 in: Lane, 1501. 
 
 Occlusions of igneous rock: .Tulien, 
 
 1334. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 263 
 
 Petrology (general)— Continued. 
 
 Ophitic texture : Lane, 1514. 
 
 Quartzite, classification and origin : 
 Cayeux, 448. 
 
 Petrographic nomenclature : Hobbs, 
 
 . 1177. 
 
 Petrography, relations to . other 
 sciences ; Zirkel, 2665. 
 
 Riebeckite rocks, origin : Murgoci, 
 
 1778. 
 
 Rock minerals, determination of : Id- 
 dings, 1266. 
 
 Rocks for rock-building; Lord, 1616. 
 treatise on ; Merrill, 1732. 
 
 Schistosity by crystallization ; Wright, 
 2648. 
 
 Serpentine, alteration of : Knopf, 1416. 
 
 Silica, determination of: Knight, 1413. 
 
 Texture of igneous rocks : Cross et al., 
 608. 
 
 Tridymite, production of, in volcanic 
 rocks ; Lacroix, 1453. 
 
 Philosophy. See History. 
 
 Phosphate. 
 
 Arkansas, northern ; Purdue, 1068, 
 1070. 
 
 Florida : Jumeau, 1344. 
 
 Idaho : .Tones, 1317 ; Weeks and Per- 
 rier, 2.507. 
 
 Mexico, Zacatecas : Rurckhardt, 361. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Tennessee : .Tohnson, 1300 ; Ruhm, 
 
 2100. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2410. 
 
 Utah : .Tones, 1317 ; Weeks and Fer- 
 rier, 2507. 
 
 Wyoming : Jones, 1317 ; Weeks and 
 Ferrier, 2507. 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Mount Holly Springs : 
 Stose, 2321. 
 
 United States : 2410. 
 
 Physiographic (general). For regional see under 
 the various States. See also 
 Drainage changes. 
 
 Aggradation and degradation of val- 
 leys ; Moody, 1767. 
 
 Alluvial cone topography : Purdue, 
 
 1065. 
 
 Alluvial slopes : Siebenthal, 2206. 
 
 Appalachians : Machacek, 1665. 
 southern : Keith, 1355. 
 
 Bolson plains, origin : Udden, 2400. 
 
 Coastal plains : Davis, 673. 
 
 Cordillera, North American, nomen- 
 clature of : Daly, 634. 
 
 Delta, of Mississippi; Hilgard, 1146; 
 McBeth, 1638. 
 
 of Rio Colorado; Macdougal, 1661. 
 
 Experimental physiography : Hubbard, 
 1252. 
 
 Floodplains without floods : Fenne- 
 
 man, 858. 
 
 Geographical cycle in an arid climate ; 
 Davis, 665. 
 
 Physiographic (general ) — Continued . 
 
 Gorges of Finger Lake region : Tarr, 
 2348. 
 
 Hanging valleys ; Davis, 678. 
 
 Meandering of Buffalo River : Griggs, 
 ’ 1043. 
 
 Mountains, study of : Davis, 676. 
 
 Physical factor in general geography ; 
 Davis, 672. 
 
 I’hysiographic descriptions, technique 
 of : Davis, 675. 
 
 Physiographic problems of to-day ; 
 Russell, 2102. 
 
 Physiography, relations to other sci- 
 ences : I’enck, 1889. 
 
 I*otomac River, geographic history of : 
 Willis, 2592. 
 
 Rivers, types of : Dappert, 641. 
 
 Rocky Mountain region : Evans, 828. 
 
 Scarps : Davis, 681. 
 
 Scaurs on the River Rouge : JeflEerson, 
 1286. 
 
 Sculpture of mountains by glaciers ; 
 Davis. 668. 
 
 Seismotectonic lines: Hobbs, 1191. 
 
 Sink-hole lakes : Sellards, 2165. 
 
 Terraces of the West River : Fisher, 
 875. 
 
 Text-books : Fairbanks, 832 ; Salisbury, 
 2117. 
 
 Valleys, incised meandering : Davis, 
 669. 
 
 Wolds and vales of belted coastal 
 plains : Davis, 679. 
 
 Pisces. 
 
 Amyzon brevipinne Cope : Lambe, 1491. 
 
 Arthrodira : Hussakof, 1258. 
 
 Arthrodires, Dipnoan affinities of ; 
 Dean, 698 ; Eastman, 756. 
 
 California : Jordan, 1324. 
 
 Cestraciont teeth from the .Turassic : 
 Wemple, 2526. 
 
 Devonian fishes, Canada : Whiteaves, 
 2559. 
 
 New York : Eastman, 760. 
 
 Marine Triassic from Aspen Ridge, 
 Idaho : Goddard, 972. 
 
 Mylostoma : Eastman, 757. 
 
 Mylostomid dentition : Eastman 758.' 
 
 Phlyctjenacanthus telleri : Teller, 2366. 
 
 Portheus molossus from the Kansas 
 chalk ; Sternberg, 2284. 
 
 Ptyctodus from Kinderhook of Mis- 
 souri : Weller, 2519. 
 
 Salem limestone of Indiana : Branson, 
 290. 
 
 Shark related to Edestus : Hay, 1105. 
 
 Silurian fish : Matthew, 1696. 
 
 Stickleback fish from Nevada : Hay, 
 1104. 
 
 Surgeon-fish from the West Indies : 
 Hussakof, 1259. 
 
 Placers: Hutchins, 1261, 1262. 
 
 Plants. See Paleobotany. 
 
 Platinum. 
 
 California : Aubury, 87. 
 
264 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Platinum — Con tin ued . 
 
 Oregon : Day, 694 ; Stafford, 2276. 
 
 United States : Day, 694 ; 2418, 2419. 
 
 Pleistocene. See Quaternary. 
 
 Pliocene. See Tertiary. 
 
 Portland cement. See Cement. 
 
 Pre-Cambrian. 
 
 StrOitigrapliy. 
 
 General. 
 
 Archean period of North America : 
 Heneage, 1130. 
 
 Pre-Cambrian nomenclature : Cole- 
 man, 540. 
 
 Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Colorado, Georgetown quadrangle ; 
 Ball, 118. 
 
 Ouray quadrangle : Cross et ah, 607. 
 
 Routt County : Fenneman and Gale, 
 863. 
 
 Connecticut : Gregory and Robinson, 
 
 1038. 
 
 Franklin : Low, 1623. 
 
 Iowa : Calvin, 387. 
 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Mexico ; Canon de Tomellin : Orddfiez, 
 1825, 1829. 
 
 Michigan, Black River section : Gordon, 
 984 ; Gordon and Lane, 985. 
 
 Keweenaw Point : Lane, 1507, 1509. 
 
 Pre-Ordovician : Lane and Seaman, 
 1518. 
 
 Minnesota, Cuyuna iron range : Leith, 
 1557. 
 
 Keweenawan at Lake of the Woods : 
 Winchell, 2619. 
 
 Vermilion Range : Abbott, 1. 
 
 Missouri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Montana, Algonkian formations : Wal- 
 cott, 2470. 
 
 Coeur d’Alene section : MacDonald, | 
 1658. 
 
 Maryville district : Barrell, 149. 
 
 Philipsburg quadrangle : Emmons, 
 
 806. 
 
 New Brunswick : Ells, 784. 
 
 New Mexico, Hamilton mine : Lind- 
 gren, 1590. 
 
 New York ; Adams et ah, 13. 
 
 Highlands : Berkey, 207. 
 
 Long Lake quadrangle : Cushing, 
 
 614. 
 
 North Carolina : Graton, 1025. 
 
 Nantahala quadrangle : Keith, 1352. 
 
 I’isgah quadrangle: Keith, 1353. 
 
 Roan Mountain quadrangle : Keith, j 
 1354. 
 
 Ontario : Adams et ah, 13. 
 
 .Vnimikie iron range; Silver, 2212. I 
 
 Antik-Okan region: Hille, 1157. 
 
 Grenville - Hastings unconformity : | 
 Miller and Knight, 1759. , 
 
 Huronian deposits north of Lake ! 
 Superior : Bell, 189. 
 
 Huronian Ice age : Coleman, 544. 
 
 Lake Nipigon to Lac Seul : Collins, 
 561. 
 
 Pre-Cambrian — Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphy — Continued. 
 
 Ontario, Lake Nipigon region : Cole- 
 man, 548; Mooi’e, 1771. 
 
 Lake Temiskaming region : Miller, 
 1754. 
 
 Larder Lake district ; Brock, 308. 
 Michipicoten iron ranges : Coleman, 
 542. 
 
 Pembroke sheet : Ells, 788. 
 
 Quebec : Barlow, 145 ; Dresser, 742. 
 Pembroke sheet ; Ells, 788. 
 
 St. Francis Valley : Dresser, 739. 
 Rhode Island : Emerson and Perry, 
 790. 
 
 South Carolina : Graton, 1025 ; Sloan, 
 2218. 
 
 Pisgah quadrangle : Keith, 1353. 
 Utah, Uinta Range : Weeks, 2506. 
 Vermont ;. Richardson, 2037. 
 
 Wisconsin, north central : Weidman, 
 2512. 
 
 Waterloo quartzite : Warner, 2477. 
 Wyoming, Bighorn basin ; Fisher, 873. 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647. 
 Owl Creek Mountains : Darton, 642. 
 
 Precious stones. See also Diamonds. 
 
 California : Kunz, 1437. 
 
 Idaho: Bell, 198. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Problematica. 
 
 Archaeozoon : Matthew, 1698. 
 Cryptozoan frequens : Walcott, 2470. 
 Porocystis Cragin : Jarvis, 1285. 
 
 Protozoa. 
 
 Maryland Pleistocene*. Clark, 482. 
 Pumice. 
 
 United States : 2419. 
 
 Pyrite. 
 
 General. 
 
 Origin : Willmott, 2603. 
 
 Alabama : Smith, 2227. 
 
 California : Aubury, 87. 
 
 Massachusetts : Rutledge, 2108. 
 
 Ontario : Fraleck, 893. 
 
 L’nited States : Nason, 1784 ; 2418, 
 
 2419. 
 
 Virginia ; Watson, 2493. 
 
 P3rrrbotite. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Quartz. 
 
 Maine : Bastin, 162. 
 
 New York, southeastern : Bastin, 163. 
 United States; 2418, 2419. 
 
 Quartzite. 
 
 Classification and origin : Cayeux, 448. 
 Quaternary. 
 
 Stratigraphy. 
 
 General. 
 
 Drumlins, distribution and origin : 
 Taylor, 2364. 
 
 Glacial epoch, causes : Hilgard, 
 
 1147. 
 
 Glacial epochs : David, 657. 
 
INDEX 
 
 265 
 
 Quaternary — Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphy — Continued. 
 
 General — Continued. 
 
 Glacial hypothesis in America : Mer- 
 rill, 1734. 
 
 Glacial period, cause : Chamberlin, 
 455 ; Schaeherle, 2131. 
 in nonglaciated regions : Hunting- 
 ton, 1257. 
 
 Great Lakes, history of : Taylor, 
 
 2363. 
 
 Ice age : Geinitz, 037. 
 
 Interglacial periods : Coleman. 548. 
 
 Loess and associated interglacial de- 
 posits : Shimek, 2200. 
 
 Mississippi Valley : Tight, 2374 ; 
 Upham, 2415. 
 
 Alaska : Brooks, 313 ; Tarr and 
 Martin, 2358. 
 
 Turnagain Arm region : Mofflt, 1762. 
 
 Alberta : Chalmers, 449, 450. 
 
 Arizona : Merrill, 1721. 
 
 Arkansas : Veatch, 2436. 
 
 British Columbia : Chalmers, 450. 
 
 California : Arnold, 57 ; Comstock, 563 ; 
 Furlong, 920. 
 
 eastern ; Ball, 120. 
 
 Redding quadrangle : Diller, 721. 
 
 Santa Clara Valley : Eldridge and 
 Arnold, 779. 
 
 Santa Maria district : Arnold and 
 Anderson, 66, 67. 
 
 Canada, interglacial periods : Coleman, 
 548. 
 
 Colorado, Arkansas Valley : Darton, 
 648. 
 
 Clear Creek region : Underhill, 2414. 
 
 Nepesta quadrangle : Fisher, 869. 
 
 Ouray quadrangle : Cross et al., 607. 
 
 Sangre de Cristo Range : Siebenthal, 
 2210. 
 
 San Juan Mountains : Howe, 1243 ; 
 Howe and Cross, 1247. 
 
 Connecticut : Gregory, 1035 ; Gulliver, 
 1056. 
 
 Brewsters Neck : Gulliver, 1055. 
 
 Delaware, Dover quadrangle : Miller, 
 1749. 
 
 Illinois : Fowke, 891 ; Weller, 2517. 
 
 Indiana : Blatchley, 246 ; Leverett. 
 1572. 
 
 Monroe County : Reagan, 1998. 
 
 Tippecanoe County : McBeth, 1637. 
 
 Iowa : Calvin, 387 ; Orr, 1. 
 
 Blackhawk County ; Arey, 53. 
 
 Bremer County : Norton, 1805. 
 
 Clayten County : Leonard, 1559. 
 
 Fayette County : Finch, 866. 
 
 Franklin County : Williams, 2588. 
 
 Jackson County : Savage, 2128. 
 
 Sac and Ida Counties : Macbride, 
 1639. 
 
 Winneshiek . County : Calvin, 388. 
 
 Kentucky : Glenn, 971. 
 
 Louisiana : Veatch, 2436, 2438. 
 
 Maine : Clapp, 473, 478. 
 
 Manitoba : Chalmers, 449. 
 
 Quaternary — Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphy — Continued. 
 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488 ; 
 Shattuck, 2184. 
 
 Calvert County : Shattuck, 2188. 
 
 Dover quadrangle : Miller, 1749. 
 
 St. Mary’s County ; Shattuck, 2191. 
 
 St. Mary’s quadrangle : Shattuck, 
 2185. 
 
 Massachusetts : Clapp, 473 ; . Fuller, 
 
 913. 
 
 Cape Cod; Allorge, 29; Fuller, 912; 
 Wilson, 2(>08, 2610, 2612. 
 
 Nantucket : Wilson, 2608, 2610, 
 
 2612. 
 
 Sankaty Head : Wilson, 2611. 
 
 Third Cliff: Bowman, 275. 
 
 Mexico: Merrill, 1721. 
 
 Durango : Angermann, 51. 
 
 Michigan : Cooper, 576 ; Russell, 2101*. 
 
 Bay County : Cooper, 575. 
 
 Drumlin areas : Leverett, 1568 ; 
 
 Russell, 2101, 2106. 
 
 Grand Traverse region : Leverett, 
 
 1568. 
 
 Lake Whittlesey and Arkona 
 beaches ; Taylor, 2362. 
 
 * Marquette region : Davis, 662. 
 
 Menominee, Dickinson, and Iron 
 counties : Russell, 2104. 
 
 Raised beaches of Lake Michigan : 
 Goldthwait, 974. 
 
 Mississippi : Brown, 326 ; Crider, 597 ; 
 Crider and Johnson, 599. 
 
 Missouri : Fowke, 891. 
 
 Joplin district : Smith and Sieben- 
 thal, 2251. 
 
 Montana, Bighorn Mountains ; Dar- 
 ton. 647 ; Salisbury, 2116. 
 
 Keewatin ice sheet, Montana lobe : 
 Calhoun, 384. 
 
 Nebraska : Condra^566. 
 
 Cass County : Woodruff, 2628. 
 
 Republican River Valley ; Condra, 
 570. 
 
 Nevada, southwestern : Ball, 120. 
 
 New Hampshire : Clapp, 473. 
 
 New York : Carney, 430 ; Jones, 1318. 
 
 Abandoned shore-lines : Woodworth, 
 2632. 
 
 Catskill Mountains : Rich 2035. 
 
 Clove Valley Pleistocene fake basin : 
 Gratacap, 1022. 
 
 Drumlin structure and origin : Fair- 
 child, 837, 839. 
 
 Finger Lake region ; Carney, 429. 
 
 Genesee Falls : Grabau, 999. 
 
 Gilbert Gulf : Fairchild, 840. 
 
 Iroquois extinction : Fairchild, 842. 
 
 Keuka Valley : Carney, 431. 
 
 Lake Erie basin : Fairchild, 836. 
 
 Long Lake quadrangle : Cushing, 614. 
 
 Manhattan Island : Julien, 1336- 
 
 1338. 
 
 New York City : Wilson, 2609. 
 
 Outwash drift : Carney, 432. 
 
266 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Quaternary — Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphy- — Continued. 
 
 North Carolina, terraces : Johnson, 
 
 1299.. 
 
 North Dakota ; Leonard, 1563. 
 
 Northwest Territories : Chalmers, 449. 
 
 Ohio ; McClure, 1646. 
 
 Columbus esker ; Morse, 1772. 
 
 Hanover glacial dam : Carney, 433. 
 
 Licking County : Carney, 428. 
 
 Spring Valley gorge ; Scheffel, 2138. 
 
 Ontario, Mattagami Valley ; Kerr, 
 1375. 
 
 Michipicoten area : Coleman, 542. 
 
 Sudbury nickel field : Coleman, 539. 
 
 Pennsylvania : Tower, 2387. 
 
 Kittanning and Rural Valley quad- 
 rangles : Butts, 368. 
 
 Rogersville quadrangle : Clapp, 476. 
 
 Quebec. Orford ami Sutton mountains ; 
 Wilson, 2605. 
 
 Rhode Island : Fuller, 913. 
 
 South Carolina : Pugh, 1963 ; Sloan, 
 2218. 
 
 South Dakota : Todd. 1218. 
 
 Tennessee : Glenn. 971. 
 
 Texas, Panhandle : Gould. 986. 
 
 Utah, Uinta Mountains, glaciation : At- 
 wood, 81. 
 
 Vermont ; Hitchcock, 1164 ; Richard- 
 son, 2037 ; Stevenson, 2293, 
 2296. 
 
 Burlington region : Hitchcock, 1165. 
 
 Virginia : Clark and Miller, 489. 
 
 St. Mary’s quadrangle ; Shattuck, 
 2185. 
 
 Washington, Olympic Peninsula ; Ar- 
 nold, 56. 
 
 Snoqualmie quadrangle : Smith and 
 Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Wisconsin : Berkey. 208. 
 
 eastern, abandoned shore-lines : Gold- 
 thwait, 975. 
 
 Milwaukee quadrangle : Alden, 23. 
 
 north central : Weidman, 2512. 
 
 Wyoming. Bald Mountain and Dayton 
 quadrangles : Darton, 645 ;)Salis- 
 bury, 2114. 
 
 Bighorn basin : Fisher, 873. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647 ; i 
 Salisbury, 2116. j 
 
 Cloud I’eak and Fort McKinney quad- 
 rangles : Darton, 646 ; Salis- 
 
 bury, 2115. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Alabama, plants : Berry, 223. 
 
 .California, IMammalia : Furlong. 920, 
 921 ; Merriam, 1712, 1715. 
 
 pectens : Arnold. 57. 
 
 Canada, plants : Penballow, 1897. 
 
 Cave deposit in California : Furlong, j 
 921. 
 
 Felidae from California : Bovaid, 272. 
 
 Iowa, plants: Macbride, 1640. 
 
 Land and fresh-water Mollusca from 
 Defiance, Ohio : Sterki, 2282. 
 
 1 Quaternary — Continued. 
 
 Paleontology — Continued. 
 
 • Lower California : Bose, 267. 
 
 Mammalia : Furlong, 920, 921 ; Mer- 
 riam, 1712, 1715. 
 
 Maryland, fauna : Clark, 481. 
 
 flora : Hollick, 1209. 
 
 North Carolina, flora : Berry, 222. 
 
 Ohio, land and fresh-water Mollusca : 
 Sterki, 2282. 
 
 Ovibos tooth from Midway, B. C. : 
 Lambe, 1493. 
 
 1‘ectens : Arnold, 57. 
 
 Stickleback fish from Nevada : Hay, 
 1104. 
 
 Tilia from New .Jersey : Berry, 220. 
 Virginia, plants : Berry, 217. 
 Washington, northwestern : Reagan, 
 
 2002 . 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 General. 
 
 Labelle and Wright counties : Haycock, 
 1107. 
 
 Lake Abitibi region : Wilson, 2615. 
 Saguenay : Dumais, 750. 
 
 St. Bruno Mountain : Dresser. 738. 
 Economic. 
 
 Asbestos : Stokes, 2305. 
 
 Chibogomo district : Hardman, 1075 ; 
 
 Low, 1624 ; Obalski, 1808, 1809. 
 Chrome: Edwards, 776. 
 
 Copper: Dresser, 741. 
 
 Graphite : Brumell, 338 ; Cirkel, 469. 
 Mineral discoveries in northern Quebec : 
 Obalski, 1812. 
 
 Mining operations in 1905 : Obalski, 
 1811. 
 
 Nickeliferous pyrrhotite at Malachite 
 Point : Muscovici, 1781. 
 
 Ottawa Valley, iron ores : Cirkel. 468. 
 Rare earths : Nagant, 1782 ; Obalski, 
 1810, 1813. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Earthquakes in Quebec: Laflamme, 
 1457. 
 
 Sand-filled vein : Clarke, 498. 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Monteregian Hills: Dresser, 740. 
 Orford and Sutton Mountains : Wilson, 
 2605. 
 
 Saguenay : Dumais, 750. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Chazy formation : Raymond. 1987. 
 Mount Yamaska : Young. 2660. 
 Northwestern : Barlow, 145. 
 
 Orford and Sutton Mountains, glacia- 
 tion : Wilson, 2605. 
 
 I’embroke sheet : Ells, 788. 
 
 St. Francis Valley, metamorphic rocks: 
 Dresser, 739. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Chazy fauna : Raymond, 1987. 
 
 Devonic fossils : Clarke, 497. 
 
 Pembroke sheet, lists of fossils : Ami, 
 41. 
 
INDEX 
 
 267 
 
 Quebec — Continued. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Brome Mountain : Dresser, 743. 
 
 Chibougamau region : Low, 1624. 
 
 Igneous rocks of eastern townships ; 
 Dresser, 742. 
 
 Mount Yamaska : Young, 2660. 
 
 St. Francis Valley, metamorpbic rocks : 
 Dresser, 739. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Hornblende and titanite in essexite : 
 Tertscb, 2367. 
 
 Quicksilver. 
 
 California : Aubury, 86. 
 
 Mexico : Merrill, 1720. 
 
 Guerrero : Villarello, 1253. 
 
 Oregon : Stafford, 2276. 
 
 Texas, Chisos counti’y : <Idden, 2409. 
 
 Terlingua district: Dennis, 711; 
 Phillips, 1925, 1926 ; Turner, 
 2398. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Rare earths. 
 
 General: Sehaaf - Regelmann, 2132 ; 
 
 Walsh, 2475. 
 
 Quebec: Nagant, 1782; Obalski, 1810, 
 1813. 
 
 Reptilia. 
 
 Anosteira : Hay, 1100. 
 
 Aquatic life, modifications of limb 
 skeleton for : Osburn, 1849. 
 
 Baena : Lambe, 1487. 
 
 Baptanodon : Gilmore, 959, 963. 
 
 Basilemys sinuosus from Montana 
 Laramie beds : Riggs, 2066. 
 
 Bolosaurus striatus : Case, 442. 
 
 Boremys, Chelonian from Cretaceous of 
 Alberta : Lambe, 1488. 
 
 Brachauchenius : Willistou, 2601. 
 
 Brontosaurus, skeleton : Osborn, 183f). 
 
 Camptosaurus : Gilmore, 962. 
 
 Ceratops. 8'ee Proceratops. 
 
 Ceratopsia : Lull, 1631 ; Hatcher, 1092 ; 
 Hatcher et al., 1093. 
 
 Champsosaurus, osteology of : Brown, 
 322. 
 
 Chisternon : Hay, 1100. 
 
 Crocodiles, Amphicoelian : Williston, 
 
 2599. 
 
 Crocodilian genus from the Judith 
 River formation of Alberta : 
 Lambe, 1492. 
 
 Diadectes, restoration : Case, 440. 
 
 Dinosaurs from Triassic : Huene, 1256. 
 
 Diplodocus, osteology of : Holland, 
 
 1203. 
 
 Echmatemys : Hay, 1099. 
 
 Edaphnosaurus pogonias, skull of : 
 Case, 437. 
 
 Gastroliths : Brown, 324 ; Cannon, 
 
 ’ 420; Wieland, 2575, 2576. 
 
 Holosaurus abruptus : (’apps, 422. 
 
 Marine reptile from Triassic of Nevada : 
 Merriam, 1714. 
 
 Morosaurus, skull of : Osborn, 1839. 
 Morosaurus agilis ; Gilmore, 962. 
 
 Reptilia — Continued. 
 
 Naosaurus from the Permian of Texas : 
 Osborn, 1845. 
 
 Paleorhinus : Lees, 1551. 
 
 Pelycosauria : Case, 436, 441, 
 Phytosauria : McGregor, 1664. 
 1‘lesiosaurs : Williston, 2600, 2601. 
 Pleistocene Reptilia of Maryland : Hay, 
 1102. 
 
 Proceratops, n. n. for Ceratops : Lull, 
 1629. 
 
 Protostega, osteology of : Wieland, 
 
 2572. 
 
 Protosteginae, plastron of : Wieland, 
 
 2573. 
 
 Replilian remains in the Pennsylvanian 
 near Pittsburg: Raymond, 1990. 
 Testudo : Lambe, 1487. 
 
 Triceratops, osteology of : Brown, 323. 
 Turtles: Hay, 1099-1101, 1103, 1106; 
 Lambe, 1487 ; Wieland, 2572, 
 2573. 
 
 of Bridger basin : Hay, 1106. 
 Tyrannosaurus: Osborn, 1841. 
 
 Wasatch beds : Loomis, 1615. 
 Xenochelys : Hay, 1099. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Anthracite coal : Griffith, 1041. 
 
 Etra tigraphic. 
 
 Glacial stages : Fuller, 913. 
 
 Green schists and associated granites 
 and porphyries : Emerson and 
 Perry, 790. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Cretaceous flora : Hollick, 1203. 
 Petrology. 
 
 Schists, granites, and porphyries : 
 Emerson and Perry, 790. 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Quartz after prochlorite at Cranston : 
 Emerson, 789. 
 
 Road materials. 
 
 Indiana : Blatchley et al., 250. 
 
 New Jersey : Lewis, 1582. 
 
 Rock slides. See Landslides. 
 
 Rocks described. See list p. 315. 
 
 Rocks, structural features. 
 
 Cleavage, theories of : Barrell, 149 ; 
 
 Becker, 173; Willis, 2596. 
 Compressibility of rocks : Adams and 
 Coker, 10^ 11. 
 
 Flow of rocks : Adams, 6. 
 
 Fractured bowlders in conglomerate : 
 (^ampbell, 394. 
 
 Granitization of Huronian schists : 
 Bell, 189. 
 
 Gravitational assemblage in granite.: 
 Gilbert, 953. 
 
 Joint system of southwestern Wiscon- 
 sin : Harder, 1073. 
 
 Ophitic texture : Lane, 1514. 
 Schistosity by crystallization : Wright, 
 2648. 
 
 Strain in rocks ; Stead, 2279. 
 
268 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907 
 
 Rocks, structural features — Continued. 
 
 Stretched pebbles from Ocoee conglom- 
 erate of Georgia ; McCallie, 
 1641. 
 
 Rutile. 
 
 Virginia : Catlett, 445 ; Watson, 2492. 
 2493. 
 
 St. Christopher. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Anortbite : Fels, 857. 
 
 St. Lucia. 
 
 Soufriere : Ilovey, 1221. 
 
 St. Vincent. 
 
 Eruptions : Deckert, 699 ; Geinitz, 936 ; 
 Lacroix, 1448. 
 
 Soufriere, eniption of : Anderson, 48. 
 
 Salt. 
 
 California : Baile 3 *, 95. 
 
 Ohio : Bownocker, 278. 
 
 United States ; 2418, 2419. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Sand. See also Glass sand, Silica. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Virginia : 2493. 
 
 Sand-lime brick. 
 
 Ohio : Peppel, 1903. 
 
 United States : 2419. 
 
 West Virginia : Grimslej', 1044. 
 Sandstone. See also Building stone. 
 
 Iowa ; Bej’er and Williams, 234. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Santo Domingo. 
 
 Amber : Sample, 2118. 
 
 Gold mining : Garrison, 930. 
 
 San Christobal district, copper ; Garri- 
 son, 932. 
 
 Sapphires. 
 
 Idaho: Bell, 198. 
 
 Saskatchewan. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Coal fields : Dowling, 737. 
 Sedimentation. See also Erosion. 
 
 Alluvial changes in southwestern Iowa : 
 Todd, 2379. 
 
 Bermuda Islands : Verrill, 2445. 
 Cave-sandstone deposits : Purdue, 1967. 
 Coal, rate of deposition : Ashlej', 75. 
 Conglomerate, types of : Mansfield, 
 
 1675. 
 
 Cross-bedding : Grabau, 998. 
 
 Delta of the AWssissippi : Ililgard, 
 
 1146; McBeth, 1638. 
 
 Deposition of coal, rate of : Ashley, 
 75. 
 
 •Detrital slopes on mountains of the 
 Southwest : Blake, 242. 
 Experiments : .Taggar, 1283. 
 
 Mauch Chunk shale : Barrell, 150. 
 
 Red clay, composition of : Clarke, 491. 
 River deposits and climate : Barrell, 
 151. 
 
 River sediment: McGee, 1663. 
 
 Roxbury conglomerate : Mansfield, 
 
 1674. 
 
 Sedimentation — Continued. 
 
 Sedimentarj’ overlap, types of : Gra- 
 bau, 993. 
 
 Schoharie Valley, New York : Gra- 
 bau, 991. 
 
 Sedimentation, continental, littoral, 
 and marine, relative geological 
 importance of : Barrell, 148. 
 
 Sedimentation and drainage : Dap- 
 pert, 641. 
 
 Soda spring : Eddy, 771. 
 
 Travertine deposit in Indiana : Wil- 
 son, 2607. 
 
 Selenium. 
 
 United States : 2419. 
 
 Shore-lines. See also Beaches, Terraces. 
 
 Labrador : Fuller, 914. 
 
 Lake Erie*"basin : Fairchild, 836. 
 
 Wisconsin, eastern : Goldthwait, 975. 
 
 Silica. 
 
 Illinois : Bain, 111. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Silurian. For Lower Silurian see Ordovician. 
 
 Stratigraphy. 
 
 Alaska, southeastern : Kindle, 1400. 
 
 upper Yukon : Brooks and Kindle, 
 321. 
 
 Arkansas, northern : Purdue, 1970. 
 
 California, eastern : Ball, 120. 
 
 Franklin : Low, 1623. 
 
 Illinois : Weller, 2517, 2524. 
 
 Calhoun County : Weller, 2523. 
 
 Indiana : Greene, 1030. 
 
 Indian Territory, Muscogee quadran- 
 gle : Taff, 2332. 
 
 Iowa : Beyer and Williams, 234 ; Cal- 
 vin, 387. 
 
 Bremer County : Norton, 1805. 
 
 Clayton County : Leonard, 1559. 
 
 Jackson County : Savage, 2128. 
 
 Lancaster quadrangle : Grant and 
 Burchard, 1021. 
 
 Winneshiek County : Calvin, 388. 
 
 Kentuck 3 % east-central : Foerste, 884. 
 
 Maine, Penobscot Ba 3 ' -quadrangle: 
 Smith ct ah, 2241. 
 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Montana, I’hilipsburg quadrangle : 
 Emmons, 806. 
 
 Nevada, southwestern : Ball, 120. 
 
 New Brunswick : Ells, 784. 
 
 New Mexico : Gordon and Graton, 983. 
 
 New York : Brown, 333. 
 
 Buffalo quadrangle : Luther, 1633. 
 
 Indian Ladder section : I*rosser, 
 
 1961. 
 
 Oneida conglomerate : Grabau, 992 ; 
 Ilartnagel, 1083. 
 
 Ontario section : Ilartnagel, 1082. 
 
 Rochester and Ontario Beach quad- 
 rangles : Ilartnagel, 1085. 
 
 Schoharie Vallc 3 ' : Grabau, 991. 
 
 Shawangunk conglomerate : Grabau, 
 992. 
 
 Shawangunk Mountains : Clarke, 
 
 499 . 
 
INDEX 
 
 269 
 
 Silurian — Continued. 
 
 Sira tigraphy — Continued. 
 
 New York, Skunnemunk Mountain 
 region : Ilartnagel, 1084. 
 
 West Virginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 Wisconsin, Milwaukee quadrangle : 
 Alden, 23. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Alaska, southeastern: Kindle. 1400. 
 Bryozoa, .James’ types : Bassler, 156. 
 
 Rochester shale : Bassler, 157. 
 Canada : Whiteaves, 2553. 
 
 Crinoidea from Chicago area : Slocom, 
 2221. 
 
 Eurypterus fauna of Shawangunk grit 
 of New York : Clarke, 499, 501. 
 Fish from New Brunswick : Matthew, 
 1696. 
 
 Franklin : Ami, 39. 
 
 Guelph : Whiteaves, 2556. 
 
 New Brunswick, fish from : Matthew, 
 
 1696. 
 
 plants from : Matthew, 1697. 
 
 New York, Eurypterus fauna : Clarke, 
 499, 501. 
 
 Niagara Bryozoa : Bassler, 157. 
 Rochester shale : Bassler, 157. 
 Schoharie Valley : Grabau, 991. 
 
 Nova Scotia, plants from : Matthew, 
 
 1697. 
 
 Ontario : Grant, 1013-1016. 
 Stromatoporoids of Guelph of Ontario ; 
 Parks, 1872. 
 
 Trilobita from Chicago area : Weller, 
 2521. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Alaska : Brooks, 311. 
 
 southeastern : Wright, 2641. 
 
 Arizona, Mowry : Brinsmade, 298. 
 British Columbia, New Westminster 
 and Texada Islands : LeRoy, 
 
 1565. 
 
 Rossland district : Brock, 306, 307. 
 St. Eugene mine : Stokes, 2306. 
 Telkwa district : Leach, 1533. 
 
 Windy Arm region : McConnell, 1649, 
 1652. 
 
 California, eastern : Ball, 118, 120 
 Inyo Range : Reid, 2023. 
 
 Canada (general): Ingall, 1267. 
 Colorado : Rickard, 2055. 
 
 Bear Creek : Emmons, 804. 
 
 Idaho Springs district : Spurr and 
 Garrey, 2275. 
 
 Lake Fork district :. Woolsey, 2635. 
 Ouray quadrangle : Cross et ah, 1607. 
 Idaho : MacDonald, 1658. 
 
 Dollarhide mine : Lakes, 1466. 
 
 Priest Lake district : Courtis, 585. 
 Red Cloud mine : Turner, 2401. 
 
 St. Joe River basin : Collier, 553. 
 South Mountain : Bell, 197. 
 
 Mexico, Aguascalientes, Santa Fran- 
 cisca mine : Cook, 574. 
 
 Bolanos mines : Behr, 187. 
 
 Silver — Continued. 
 
 Mexico. Chihuahua : Farish, 846. 
 
 Durango : Villarello, 2449. 
 
 El Doctor mines : Murphy, 1777. 
 
 Fresnillo, Proano mine : Church, 466. 
 
 Guanajuato : Church, 467. 
 
 Michoacan : Villarello, 2448. 
 
 Oaxaca, Taviche district : Place and 
 Elton, 1936. 
 
 Parral district : Garrison, 931. 
 
 Planchas de I’lata : Merrill, 1725. 
 
 Zacatecas : Flores, 882. 
 
 Zacualpan : Villarello, 2450. 
 
 Montana, l*hilipsburg quadrangle : 
 Emmons, 806. 
 
 Nevada, Esmeralda County, Klondike 
 district : Spurr, 2270. 
 
 Eureka : Ingalls, 1274. 
 
 Fail-view district : Rice, 2029 ; Zalin- 
 ski, 2662. 
 
 Magdalena district : Haddon, 545. 
 
 I’ioche : Abbott, 3 ; Pack, 1854. 
 
 Silver Peak quadrangle : Spurr, 2271. 
 
 southwestern : Ball, 119, 120. 
 
 Ward : Plate, 1937. 
 
 Wonder district : Zalinski, 2663. 
 
 New Mexico : Haddon, 1061 ; Lindgren 
 and Graton, 1603. 
 
 Lordshurg region : Jones, 1321. 
 
 Rio Grande Valley : Gordon, 981. 
 
 Ontario : Corkill, 578. 
 
 Cobalt district : Bell, 191, 192, 194 ; 
 418 ; Courtis, 584 ; Frank, 894 ; 
 Hardinge, 1074 ; Hardman, 
 1076 ; Hixon, 1173 ; Hotchkiss, 
 1218 ; Hutchinson, 1264 ; Lor- 
 ing, 1617; Miller, 1758; Parks, 
 1873 ; Rickard, 2053 ; Stokes, 
 2303; Tyrrell, 2405; Van Hise, 
 2422. 
 
 Montreal River district : Meeks, 
 
 1708. 
 
 Temagami Reserve : Mattair, 1691. 
 
 Oregon : Stafford, 2276. 
 
 Texas, Chisos country : Udden, 2409. 
 
 United States (general) : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Utah, Park City : Gow et ah, 989, 990. 
 
 Piute County, Annie Laurie mine : 
 Lindgren, 1595. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Yukon, southern : Cairnes, 382. 
 
 Whitehorse region ; Cairnes, 380. 
 
 Sink holes. 
 
 Florida : Sellards, 2165. 
 
 Origin : Purdue, 1969 ; Sellards, 2173. 
 
 Slate. 
 
 Arizona : Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 Arkansas : Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 California : Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 Maine : Dale, 305 ; Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 Minnesota : Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 New Jersey : Dale and Eckel, 625 ; 
 
 New York ; Dale and Eckel, 625 ; 
 Hillebrand, 1159. 
 
270 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Slate — Continued. 
 
 Pennsylvania : Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 Tennessee : Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 United States (general): Dale, 620; 
 2418, 2419. 
 
 Utah : Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 Vermont : Dale and Eckel, 625 ; Hille- 
 brand, 1159 ; Perkins, 1907. 
 Virginia : Dale and Eckel, 625 ; Wat- 
 son, 2493. 
 
 West Virginia ; Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 Soapstone. 
 
 California : Aubury, 87. 
 
 United States (general) : 2418, 2419. 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Soils. 
 
 General: Hilgard, 1144. 
 
 Bureau of soils, report : Whitney et ah, 
 
 2570, 2571. 
 
 Maryland, Calvert County : Bonsteel 
 and Burke, 255. 
 
 St. Marys County : Bonsteel, 254. 
 
 Soil survey field book : 2416. 
 
 Soil surveys : Whitney et al., 2570, 
 
 2571. 
 
 Tennessee : Mooers, 1768. 
 
 Treatise on rocks, rock weathering, and 
 soils : Merrill, 1732. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 General. 
 
 Mineralogical and geological cabinets 
 of South Carolina College : Mar- 
 tin, 1679. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Clays : Sloan, 2217. 
 
 Gold : Graton, 1025. 
 
 Mineral resources ; Sloan, 2218. 
 Monazite : Bohm, 252 ; Sterrett, 2289. 
 Pisgah quadrangle : Keith, 1353. 
 
 Tin : Graton, 1025 ; Hess, 1139. 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Charlestown earthquake ; Fuller, 909 ; 
 Hobbs, 1189; Kemp, 1359. 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Tallulah district, drainage modifica- 
 tions : Johnson, 1303, 1307. 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 General: Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Pisgah quadrangle : Keith, 1353. 
 Pleistocene : I’ugh, 1963. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Cretaceous fioras : Berry, 224. 
 
 South Dakota. 
 
 General. 
 
 State survey : I’erisho, 1904. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Black Hills : Storms, 2317. 
 
 tin : Carpenter, 434 ; Sadtler, 2112. 
 Gold : Sadtler, 2112. 
 
 Gold ores, cement, of Deadwood : 
 Pratt. 1948. 
 
 Tin: Carpenter, 434; Sadtler, 2112. 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Drainage modifications in the Black 
 Hills and Bighorn Mountains : 
 Mansfield, 1673. 
 
 South Dakota — Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Missouri River loess : Todd, 2378. 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Cycads from the Black Hills : Wieland, 
 2574. 
 
 Jurassic fossils from the Black Hills : 
 Whitfield and Hovey, 2563. 
 Miocene fauna : Matthew, 1702. 
 Petrology. 
 
 Igneous rocks of Black Hills : Smith, 
 2249. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Cassiterite and other minerals : Head- 
 den, 1115. 
 
 Spongida. 
 
 Cryptozoa of Champlain sea : Seely, 
 2163. 
 
 Wingia : Seely, 2164. 
 
 Stone. See Building stone. 
 
 Stratigraphic (general). For regional see under 
 the various States. 
 
 General. 
 
 Overlap, sedimentary : Grabau, 991. 
 Stratigraphic geology : Prosser, 1960. 
 Unconformities, significance of : Kej^es, 
 1378. 
 
 Correlation. 
 
 Algonkian of Montana : Walcott, 2470. 
 .\ppalachian and eastern interior coal 
 fields : Ashley, 76. 
 
 Carboniferous, America : Keyes, 1376, 
 1381 ; Schuchert, 2147. 
 Appalachian region : Stevenson, 
 
 2294, 2295. 
 
 United States and New Mexico : 
 Keyes, 1377. 
 
 Columbus and Sandusky formations of 
 Ohio : Swartz, 2329. 
 
 Cretaceous, Atlantic Coastal Plain : 
 Knapp, 1407. 
 
 Devonian of Ohio and Indiana : Stauf- 
 fer, 2278. 
 
 Devonian of Ohio, New York, and 
 Michigan : Stauffer, 2277. 
 
 Pre - Cambrian : Adams et al., 13 ; 
 
 Miller and Knight, 1759. 
 
 Rocky Mountains and Plateau belt : 
 Cross, 604. 
 
 Nomenclature. 
 
 Geologic nomenclature : Chamberlin, 
 
 461. 
 
 Laramie, origin and definition of the 
 term : Veatch, 2439. 
 
 New York geological formations : 
 Clarke, 492. 
 
 Ontario, Michipicoten iron ranges : 
 Coleman, 542. 
 
 Permian in American geology : Keyes, 
 1381. 
 
 Pre - Cambrian : Adams et al., 13 ; 
 
 Coleman, 540. 
 
 Syclinorium and anticlinorium, use of 
 terms : Rice, 2032. 
 
 Terms Dos Moines and Missourian 
 misused ; Bain, 103. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 271 
 
 stratigraphic (general)— Continued. 
 
 Tables of geologic formations. 
 
 Alabama : Smith, 2229. 
 
 Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 southeastern : Kindle, 1400. 
 
 Algonkian, Montana: Walcott, 2470. 
 
 Appalachian basin. Carboniferous : 
 Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Arkansas : Collier, 556 ; Veatch, 313. 
 
 California, Santa Maria district : Ar- 
 nold and Anderson, 67. 
 
 southern : Eldridge and Arnold, 779. 
 
 Summerland district : Arnold, 63. 
 
 Tertiary and Pleistocene : Arnold, 
 57. 
 
 Cambrian, Virginia : Bassler, 158. 
 
 Carboniferous, Appalachian basin : 
 Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Pennsylvania : Butts, 368. 
 
 United States and New Mexico : 
 Keyes, 1376, 1377. 
 
 Carboniferous and Permian of Ameri- 
 ca, Russia, and India : Schuch- 
 ert: 2147. 
 
 Colorado : Darton, 648. 
 
 Durango-Gallup field : Shaler, 2176. 
 
 Grand River and White River re- 
 gions : Gale, 924. 
 
 Rocky Mountains Correlated with 
 Plateau belt : Cross, 604. 
 
 Yampa field : Fenneman and Gale, 
 863. 
 
 Cretaceous, Atlantic coast formations : 
 Clark, 483. 
 
 New York and New England : Hol- 
 lick, 1203. 
 
 Delaware : Millei’, 1749. 
 
 Devonian, New York : Luther, 1633, 
 1634 ; Williams, 2583. 
 
 Great Basin : Ball, 120. 
 
 Iowa, Black Hawk County : Arey, 53. 
 
 Bremer County : Norton, 1805. 
 
 Clayton County : Leonard, 1559. 
 
 Franklin County : Williams, 2588. 
 
 Jackson County : Savage, 2128. 
 
 Lancaster quadrangle : Grant and 
 
 Burchard, 1021. 
 
 Sac and Ida counties : Macbride, 1639. 
 
 Winneshiek County : Calvin, 388. 
 
 Kansas, Independence quadrangle : 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 Kentucky : Foerste, 883, 884. 
 
 Louisiana : Fenneman, 859 ; Veatch, 
 
 24.36, 2438. 
 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Calvert County : Shattuck, 2188. 
 
 Dover quadrangle: Miller, 1749. 
 
 Patuxent quadrangle : Shattuck et 
 al., 2193. 
 
 St. Mary’s County : Shattuck, 2191. 
 
 St. Mary’s quadrangle : Shattuck, 
 
 2185. 
 
 Mesozoic, New Mexico : Keyes, 1379. 
 
 Michigan, pre-Ordovician : Lane and 
 Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Stratigraphic (general) — Con tinned. 
 
 Tables of geologic formations — Continued. 
 
 Mississippi : Brown, 326 ; Crider, 595 ; 
 Crider and Johnson, 599 ; Lo- 
 gan, 1608 ; Logan and Hand, 
 1609. 
 
 Mississippi Valley, Ordovician : Sarde- 
 son, 2122. 
 
 upper : Bain, 99. 
 
 Missouri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Ozark region : Haworth, 1098. 
 
 Montana : Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Algonkian : Walcott, 2470. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647. 
 
 New England, Cretaceous : Hollick, 
 
 1203. 
 
 New Jersey, Cretaceous: Weller, 2520. 
 
 New Mexico : Keyes, 1378-1380. 
 
 Carboniferous : Gordon, 982. 
 
 Durango-Gallup field : Shaler, 2176. 
 
 Tertiary : Keyes, 1388, 1390. 
 
 New York, Buffalo quadrangle : Luther, 
 1633. 
 
 Cretaceous : Hollick, 1203. 
 
 Devonian: Eastman, 760; Grabau, 
 991 ; Luther, 1634. 
 
 Ithaca section : Williams, 2584. 
 
 Rochester and Ontario Beach quad- 
 rangles : Hartnagel, 1085. 
 
 Silurian : Grabau, 991. 
 
 Skunnemunk Mountain region : 
 Hartnagel, 1084. 
 
 North Carolina, Nantahala quadrangle ; 
 Keith, 1352. 
 
 North Dakota : Leonard, 1563. 
 
 Ohio, Devonian : Stauffer, 2277. 
 
 Steubenville quadrangle : Griswold 
 
 and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Ontario, Michipicoten region : Cole- 
 
 man, 542. 
 
 pre-Cambrian : Miller and Knight, 
 1759. 
 
 Sudbury district, Coleman, 539. 
 
 Ordovician, Cincinnati region : Bassler, 
 156. 
 
 upper Mississippi Valley : Sardeson, 
 2122. 
 
 Virginia: Bassler, 158. 
 
 Oregon, Tertiary of John Day region : 
 Merriam and Sinclair. 1717. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Burgettstown and Clays- 
 ville quadrangles : Griswold and 
 Munn, 1048. 
 
 Carboniferous : Butts, 368. 
 
 Quaternary, California : Arnold, 57. 
 
 Rhode Island : Emerson and Perry, 
 
 790. 
 
 Silurian, New York : Luther, 1633. 
 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2217, 2218. 
 
 Tertiary : Douglass, 730. 
 
 California : Arnold, 57. 
 
 Texas : Fenneman, 859 ; Ries, 2058. 
 
 Chlsos country : Udden, 2409. 
 
 Panhandle : Gould, 986, 987. 
 
 , Utah, Uinta Range : Weeks, 2506. 
 
272 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Stratigraphic (general)— Continued. 
 
 Tables of geologic formations — Continued. 
 
 Virginia, Cambrian and Ordovician : 
 Bassler, 158. 
 
 coastal plain : Clark and Miller, 489. 
 
 West Virginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 I’anhandle : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Steubenville quadrangle : Griswold 
 
 and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Wisconsin : 809. 
 
 Lancaster and Mineral Point quad- 
 rangles : Grant and Burchard, 
 1021. 
 
 north-central : Weidman, 2512. 
 
 Wyoming, Bald Mountain and Dayton 
 quadrangles : Darton, 645. 
 
 Bighorn basin : Fisher, 873. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 644, 
 
 647. 
 
 Carbon County : Veatch, 2440. 
 
 Cloud Peak and Fort McKinney 
 quadrangles : Darton, 646. 
 
 Cretaceous and Tertiary : Veatch, 
 
 2439. 
 
 Uinta County : Schultz, 2151 ; 
 
 Veatch, 2431. 
 
 Strontium. 
 
 United States : 2419. 
 
 Structural materials. 
 
 United States : 2419. 
 
 Study and teaching. Sec Educational. 
 
 Subsidence. See Changes of level. 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 California : Aubury, 87. 
 
 Louisiana : Baldacci, 117. 
 
 Mexico, Durango : Villarello, 2459. 
 
 Sierra de Banderas : Bose, 260. 
 
 Nevada, Silver Peak quadrangle : 
 Spurr, 2271. 
 
 Texas: Baldacci. 117. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Utah, Cove Creek beds : Lee, 1543. 
 
 Wyoming : Trumbull, 2395. 
 
 Surveys. 
 
 Canada, topographic survey needed ; 
 Adams, 7. 
 
 - Canadian department of mines : Lamb, 
 1482 ; Tyrrell, 2404. 
 
 Federal Government, relation to the 
 mining industry : Hayes, 1108. 
 
 Florida, organization and plans : Sel- 
 lards, 2171. 
 
 State geologist’s report, what it should 
 contain : Bain, 105 ; Clark, 480 ; 
 
 , Clarke, 495 ; Leonard, 1561 ; 
 
 I’erisho, 1905. 
 
 U. S. Geological Survey : Comstock, 
 564 ; Smith, 2250. 
 
 cooperation with state mining bu- 
 reaus ; Walcott, 2469. 
 
 policy : Branner, 288. 
 
 relations to other geological surveys ; 
 Walcott, 1265. 
 
 report of Director: Smith. 223.7; 
 Walcott, 2471. 
 
 Tables of geologic formations. See Mnder 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Talc. 
 
 California : Aubury, 87. 
 
 New York, northern : Brinsmade, 293. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Tantalmn. 
 
 United States, 2419. 
 
 Technique. 
 
 Cleaning fossils with caustic potash : 
 Bose and Vigier, 269. 
 
 Crystal drawing, Stober's method : 
 Rogers, 2084. 
 
 Crystallography, teaching of : Kraus, 
 1425 ; Rogers, 2083. 
 
 Determination of — 
 
 calcium and magnesium in rocks : 
 Knight and Wheeler, 1414. 
 feldspars : Wright, 2646. 
 geometrical constants of a crystal 
 from its interfacial angles : 
 Moses, 1774. 
 
 hardness of minerals : Kip, 1403. 
 magnesia, in the field : Catlett, 446. 
 minerals, by petrographic methods : 
 Tomlinson, 2383. 
 
 by tfle polarizing microscope : 
 Rogers, 2082. 
 
 Drawing of crystals from stereo- 
 graphic and gnomonic projec- 
 tions : Penfield, 1890. 
 
 Etching meteorites for photographic 
 purposes : Preston, 1953. 
 
 Geologic mensuration : Harris, 1078. 
 
 Gnomonic projection : Penfield, 1890 ; 
 Rogers, 2085. 
 
 Interference figures, observation of. by 
 the microscope : Wright, 2647. 
 
 Magnesia, field test for : Catlett, 446, 
 
 Microscopic examination of opaque 
 minerals : Campbell, 406, 407. 
 
 Natural molds of fossils, impressions 
 of : Slocum, 2220. 
 
 Optic axial angle of minerals, meas- 
 urement of : Wright, 2653. 
 
 Optical study of the lime-silica series 
 of minerals : Wright, 2649. 
 
 Photographing sutures of Ammonites : 
 Bose, 268. 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 Earth’s: See, 2161. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 General. 
 
 Gulf embayment area : Glenn, 969. 
 Economic. 
 
 Barite and fluorite : Watson, 2488. 
 Barytes, Cocke County : Weller, 2514. 
 
 industry : .Tudd, 1331. 
 
 Cement, Cumberland Gap district : 
 Eckel, 766. 
 
 Claiborne and Union counties: Clarke, 
 503. 
 
 Clays of western Tennessee : Crider, 
 596 
 
INDEX 
 
 273 
 
 Tennessee — Con tinned. 
 
 Economic — Continued. 
 
 Copper mining in 1905 : Weed, 2499. 
 
 Cumberland Gap coal field : Fultz, 
 1964. 
 
 Ducktown copper district : Wendeborn, 
 2527. 
 
 Iron ores: .ludd, 1329. 
 
 Lead and zinc deposits : Watson, 2484. 
 
 Mineral paint ore : Burchard, 356. 
 
 Phosphate : Johnson, 1309 ; Ruhm, 
 
 2100 . 
 
 Roan Mountain quadrangle : Keith, 
 1354. 
 
 Zinc : Clark, 479 ; Clarke, 503. 
 
 Dyyiamic and structural. 
 
 Erosion at Ducktown ; Glenn, 968. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Roan Mountain quadrangle : Keith, 
 
 1354. 
 
 Western Tennessee : Glenn, 971. 
 
 Underground, tcater. 
 
 West of Tennessee River : Glenn, 971. 
 
 Terraces. See also Shore lines. 
 
 General: Moody, 1767. 
 
 Arkona beaches : Taylor, 2362. 
 
 Connecticut : Gulliver, 1056. 
 
 Brewsters Neck : Gulliver, 1058. 
 
 Lake Erie basin : Fairchild, 836. 
 
 Maryland coastal plain : Davis, 677 ; 
 Shattuck, 2190. 
 
 Michigan : Cooper, 576. 
 
 New York : Woodworth, 2632. 
 
 North Carolina coastal plain : Johnson, 
 1299. 
 
 Vermont : Johnson, 1306. 
 
 Wisconsin, eastern : Goldthwait, 974, 
 975. 
 
 Tertiary. 
 
 Stratigraphy. 
 
 General. 
 
 Continental outlines in Tertiary 
 time: Matthew, 1700. 
 
 Pleistocene deposits of coastal plain : 
 Pugh, 1963. 
 
 Alabama : Smith, 2226, 2228. 
 
 St. Stephens limestone overlap : 
 Smith, 2224. 
 
 Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Cook Inlet region : Paige and Knopf, 
 1860. 
 
 Kachomak Bay region : Stone, 2308. 
 
 Matanuska coal field : Martin, 1682. 
 
 Matanuska and Talkeetna basins : 
 Paige and Knopf, 1862. 
 
 northern : Kindle, 1399. 
 
 Rampart region : Prindle and Hess, 
 1958. 
 
 Turnagain Arm region : Moifit, 1762. 
 
 Arizona, plateau district : Robinson, 
 2078. 
 
 Arkansas : Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Barbados : Ells, 787. 
 
 Bermuda Islands: Verrill, 2445. 
 
 British Columbia, Graham Island : 
 Ells, 783. 
 
 Tertiary— Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphy — Continued. 
 
 British Columbia, Horsefiy, Similka- 
 meen, and Tranquille beds : 
 Lambe, 1484. 
 
 Vancouver Island : Hall, 1064. 
 
 California : Aimold, 57. 
 
 eastern : Ball, 120. 
 
 Redding quadrangle : Diller, 721. 
 
 Salt Lake oil field : Arnold, 59. 
 
 San Francisco Peninsula : Crandall, 
 591. 
 
 Santa Clara Valley : Eldridge and 
 Arnold, 779. 
 
 Santa Maria district : Arnold and 
 Anderson, 66, 67. 
 
 Summerland district : Arnold, 63. 
 
 Colorado, Arkansas Valley : Darton, 
 
 648. 
 
 Book Cliffs field : Richardson, 2045. 
 
 Durango-Gallup field : Shaler, 2176. 
 
 Florissant area : Henderson, 1127 ; 
 Wheeler, 2533. 
 
 Nepesta quadrangle : Fisher, 869. 
 
 northwestern : Gale, 924. 
 
 Ouray quadrangle : Cross et al., 
 607. 
 
 Routt County : Fenneman and Gale, 
 862. 
 
 Delaware, Dover quadrangle : Miller, 
 1749. 
 
 Florida : Smith, 2226. 
 
 Franklin : Low, 1623. 
 
 Georgia, Altamaha grit region : Har- 
 per, 1077. 
 
 Illinois : Purdy and DeWolf, 1973 ; 
 
 Weller, 2517, 2523. 
 
 'Kansas, Loup Fork Miocene : Stern- 
 berg, 2283. 
 
 Kentucky : Glenn, 971. 
 
 Louisiana : Fenneman, 859 ; Veatch, 
 2436, 2438. 
 
 Winnfield sheet : Harris, 1079. 
 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488 ; 
 Shattuck, 2185. 
 
 Calvert County : Shattuck, 2188. 
 
 Dover quadrangle : Miller, 1749. 
 
 Patuxent quadrangle : Shattuck et 
 al., 2193. 
 
 St. Mary’s County : Shattuck, 2191. 
 
 St. Mary’s quadrangle : Shattuck, 
 
 2185. 
 
 Mexico, Durango : Angermann, 50, 51. 
 
 Mississippi : Brown, 326 ; Crider, 595, 
 598 ; Crider and Johnson. 599 ; 
 Logan and Hand, 1609 ; Smith, 
 2226. 
 
 Missouri, Joplin district : Smith and 
 Siebenthal, 2251. 
 
 Montana, Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 
 647. 
 
 Carbon County : Darton, 652. 
 
 Marysville district : Barrell, 149. 
 
 Nebraska : Peterson, 1916. 
 
 Republican River Valley : Condra, 
 
 570. 
 
 66836— Bull. 372—09 18 
 
274 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Tertiary — Continued. 
 
 stratigraphy — C on t in u e d . 
 
 Nevada, Silver Peak quadrangle ; 
 Spurr, 2271. 
 
 New Mexico : Keyes, 1388, 1390. 
 
 Durango-Gallup field : ghaler, 2176. 
 
 plateau district : Robinson, 2078. 
 
 New York, Long Island : Veatch, 2434 ; 
 Veatch and Bowman, 2441. 
 
 North Dakota : Leonard, 1563. 
 
 Oregon, John Day region : McClung, 
 1645 ; Merriam and Sinclair, 
 1717. 
 
 Panama : Howe, 1244, 1245. 
 
 South Carolina : Pugh, 1963 ; Sloan, 
 2217, 2218. 
 
 Tennessee : Glenn, 971. 
 
 Texas : Penhallow, 1899. 
 
 Gulf coastal plain : Fenneman, 859. 
 
 Panhandle : Gould, 986, 987. 
 
 Saratoga : Dumhle, 751. 
 
 Trinidad : Ells, 787. 
 
 Utah, Sanpete and Sevier valleys : 
 Richardson, 2044. 
 
 Uinta Range : Weeks, 2506. 
 
 Virginia, coastal plain : Clark and 
 
 Miller, 489. 
 
 St. Marys quadrangle : Shattuck, 
 
 2185. 
 
 Washington, Olympic Peninsula : Ar- 
 . nold, 56. 
 
 Snoqualmie quadrangle : Smith and 
 Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Wyoming: Peterson, 1916. 
 
 Bald Mountain and Dayton quad- 
 rangles : Darton, 645. 
 
 Bighorn hasin : Fisher, 873. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647. 
 
 Bridger beds : Sinclair, 2214. 
 
 Carhon County : Veatch, 2440. 
 
 Cloud Peak and Fort McKinney 
 quadrangles : Darton, 646. 
 
 Devils Tower quadrangle : Darton 
 and O’Harra, 656. 
 
 T'inta County : Schultz, 2151 ; 
 
 Veatch, 2437. 
 
 Wasatch deposits : Loomis, 1615. 
 Paleontologif. 
 
 Ant from Florissant : Cockerell, 516. 
 
 Arkansas : Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Assinihoia. Oligocene horses : Lambe, 
 1490. 
 
 Ilyracodon : Lambe, 1489. 
 
 Atlantic coast province : Brown. 335. 
 
 Bird from Wasatch : Loomis. 1613. 
 
 Rusycon from Oligocene of Florida : ' 
 Aldrich, 24. 
 
 California, pectens : Arnold, 57. 
 
 raccoon : Gidley, 944. 
 
 Santa Maria district : Arnold and 
 Anderson, 67. 
 
 southern : Arnold. 60. 62. 
 
 Summerland district : Arnold. 66. 
 
 Carnivora. John Day region : Merriam, 
 1713. 
 
 Tertiary — Continued. 
 
 Paleontology — Continued. 
 
 Colorado, Florissant, Brues, 337 ; 
 Cockerell, 516-536 ; Wheeler, 
 2533. 
 
 Cicada from Florissant : Cockerell, 522. 
 
 Edentate-like remains : Sinclair, 2213. 
 
 Eocene Mollusca from Alabama : Aid- 
 rich, 25. 
 
 Equidse, revision of : Gidley, 948. 
 
 Florissant localities for fossils : Cock- 
 erell, 527. 
 
 Flower from Florissant, Colo. : Rol- 
 lick, 1211. 
 
 Horses : Gidley, 943 ; Lambe, 1490. 
 
 Hyracodon : Lambe, 1489. 
 
 Insects from Florissant : Cockerell, 
 516, 521, 522, 524, 526, 528- 
 535; Wheeler, 2533. 
 
 John Day beds, Carnivora : Merriam, 
 1713. 
 
 Mollusca : Stearns, 2280. 
 
 Louisiana : Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Mammal from Sioux County, Nehr. : 
 Barbour, 129. 
 
 Mammal horizons of North America : 
 Osborn, 1843. 
 
 Mammal-bearing beds in northwestern 
 Nevada : Merriam, 1716. 
 
 Mammals from South Dakota : Mat- 
 thew and Gidley, 1703. 
 
 Maryland : True, 2392. 
 
 St. Marys County : Shattuck, 2191. 
 
 Mascall beds. Edentate-like remains 
 from : Sinclair, 2213. 
 
 horse from : Gidley, 943. 
 
 Mollusca : Stearns, 2280. 
 
 Mastodon of Loup Fork Miocene : 
 Sternberg, 2285. 
 
 Merycochoerus : Douglass, 730. 
 
 Merycoidodonts from Miocene of Mon- 
 tana : Douglass, 731, 732. 
 
 Mexico : Bose, 257. 
 
 Miocene : Hay, 1099. 
 
 Maryland : True, 2392. 
 
 Nebraska : Barbour, 138 ; Peterson, 
 1913, 1915. 
 
 Oregon : Condon, 565 ; Wortman, 
 
 2638. 
 
 South Dakota; Matthew. 1702; 
 Matthew and Gidley. 1703. 
 
 Virginia : Berry and Gregory, 227. 
 
 Mosses : Britton and Hollick, 304. 
 
 Nebraska, Miocene quarry ; Peterson. 
 1915. 
 
 rhinoceros : Barbour, 138. 
 
 suilline remains : Peterson. 1913 
 
 vertebrates : Peterson, 1916. 
 
 Oligocene. Assinihoia : I.ambe, 1489, 
 
 1490. 
 
 Oregon, horse from Mascall beds : Gid- 
 ley, 943. 
 
 Miocene seal : Condon, 565 ; Wort- 
 man, 2638. 
 
 I’ecten from the Nome gravels : Dali, 
 628. 
 
INDEX 
 
 275 
 
 Tertiary— Continued. 
 
 Paleontology — Continued. 
 
 I‘ectens, California : Arnold, 57. 
 
 Pinniped : Condon, 565 ; Wortman, 
 
 2638. 
 
 Planorbis from Florissant : Cockerell, 
 517. 
 
 I’lants : Penhallow, 1895. 
 
 from the International Boundary 
 Survey : Penhallow, 1900. 
 
 I’leistocene, California : Gidley, 944. 
 New Mexico : Gidley, 945. 
 
 South Carolina : Pugh, 1963. 
 
 Pliocene fauna, from Vera Cruz, Mex- 
 ico : Bose, 266. 
 of Florida : Pilshry, 1930. 
 
 I’rorosmarus alleni : Berry and Greg- 
 ory, 227. 
 
 Raccoon from Pleistocene of Caii- 
 fornia : Gidley, 944. 
 
 Rhinoceros from Miocene of Nebraska : 
 Barbour, 130, 138. 
 
 Rodent from Miocene of Kansas ; Gid- 
 ley, 947. 
 
 Rodents from Wasatch and Wind River 
 beds : Loomis, 1614. 
 
 Ruminant from Pleistocene of New 
 Mexico : Gidiey, 945. 
 
 Sawflies from Florissant : Cockereli, 
 
 524. 
 
 Seal from Maryland Miocene : True, 
 2392. 
 
 Sinopa : Matthew, 1694. 
 
 South Carolina, Pleistocene Mollusca : 
 Pugh, 1963. 
 
 South Dakota, Miocene mammals ; 
 Matthew and Gidley, 1703. 
 
 Suilline remains from the Miocene of 
 Nebraska : Peterson, 1913. 
 
 Surgeon-flsh from the West Indies : 
 Ilussakof, 1259. 
 
 Turtles : Hay, 1103. 
 
 from Bridger basin : Hay, 1106. 
 
 Vertebrates, Miocene : Peterson, 1916. 
 Wasatch deposits: Loomis, 1615. 
 
 Virginia, Miocene : Berry and Gregory, 
 227. 
 
 Woods, from Texas : Penhallow, 1899. 
 
 Wyoming, Miocene vertebrates : Peter- 
 son, 1916. 
 
 Zonitoid shell from Florissant, Colo. : 
 Hollick, 1211. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 General. 
 
 Franklin Mountains : Richardson, 2046. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Cement resources: Deussen, 716. 
 
 Clays : Ries, 2058. 
 
 Oil fields. Gulf Coastal Plain : Fenne- 
 man, 859. 
 
 Petroleum : Vicaire, 2446. 
 
 Saratoga : Humble, 751. 
 
 Quicksilver: Dennis, 711. 
 
 Terlingua district : I‘hillips, 1925, 
 1926 ; Turner, 2.398. 
 
 Sulphur : Baldacci, 117. 
 
 Texas — Continued. 
 
 Economic — Continued. 
 
 Tin, Franklin Mountains : Richardson, 
 2042. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Chisos country ; TJdden, 2409. 
 
 Franklin Mountains : Richardson, 2039. 
 
 Panhandle : Gould, 987. 
 
 l*ermian Red Beds : Case, 443. 
 
 Rio Grande embayment : Udden, 2408. 
 
 Tertiary formations : Penhallow, 1899. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Bolosaurus striatus Cope : Case, 442. 
 
 Brachauchenius, skull of : Williston, 
 
 2601. 
 
 Cephalopoda in museum of University 
 of Texas : Pritchett, 1959. 
 
 Fossil woods : Penhallow, 1899. 
 
 Fossils from well at Saratoga : Humble, 
 751. 
 
 Invertebrates from the Panhandle : 
 Beede, 180. 
 
 Naosaurus : Osborn, 1845. 
 
 Porocystis Cragin : Jarvis, 1285. 
 
 Vertebrate types in University of 
 Texas museum : Montgomery, 
 
 1766. 
 
 Zatrachys : Case, 444. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Calcite from Terlingua : Eakle, 753 ; 
 Sachs, 2111. 
 
 Estacado aerolite : Howard and Davi- 
 son, 1242. 
 
 Kleinite : Sachs, 2109, 2110. 
 
 Mercury minerals from Terlingua : 
 Hillebrand and Schaller, 1161. 
 
 Meteorite, new : Howard, 1240. 
 
 1‘isolitic barite : Wuestner, 2656. 
 
 I’owellite : Schaller, 2137. 
 
 Yttrocrasite : Hidden and Warren, 
 
 1143. 
 
 Underground water. 
 
 Coastal plain : Taylor, 2365. 
 
 Panhandle : Gould, 987. 
 
 Text-books. • 
 
 Economic geology of the United States : 
 Ries, 2061. 
 
 Introduction to geology : Scott, 2154. 
 
 Mine examiner and prospector’s com- 
 panion : Miller, 1753. 
 
 Synopsis of mineral characters : 
 
 Richards, 2036. 
 
 1‘hysiography : Salisbury, 2117. 
 
 Practical physiography : Fairbanks, 
 
 832. 
 
 Text-book of geology : Chamberlin and 
 Salisbury, 463. 
 
 Thermal waters. 
 
 Genesis : Gautier, 934. 
 
 Hot springs at Thermopolis : Harton, 
 643. 
 
 Tin. 
 
 General. 
 
 Tin deposits of the world : Fawns, 
 855; Hess, 1136. 
 
276 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Tin — Con tinned . 
 
 General — Continued. 
 
 Alaska, Cape Prince of Wales : Fay, 
 856. 
 
 York region : Hess, 1134, 1140. 
 
 North Carolina : Graton, 1025 ; Hess, 
 1139. 
 
 South Carolina : Graton, 1025 ; Hess, 
 1139; Sloan, 2218. 
 
 South Dakota, Black Hills : Carpenter, 
 434 ; Sadtler, 2112. 
 
 Texas, Franklin Mountains : Richard- 
 son, 1056. 
 
 United States ; 2418, 2419. 
 
 Virginia : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Washington, Spokane : Whitman, 2568, 
 2569. 
 
 Titanium. 
 
 United States : 24-18, 2419. 
 
 Triassic. 
 
 Stratigraphy. 
 
 Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 California : Smith, 2243. 
 
 Redding quadrangle : Diller, 721. 
 Colorado, Arkansas Valley : Darton, 
 
 648. 
 
 Ouray quadrangle : Cross et al., 607. 
 western : Cross, 604. 
 
 Connecticut : Rice, 2031. 
 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 Mexico : Burckhardt, 360. 
 
 Montana, Bighoi'n Mountains : Darton, 
 647. 
 
 Nevada : Smith, 2243. 
 
 New Jersey : Lewis, 1578-1580. 
 
 New York, Staten Island : Hollick, 
 
 1205. 
 
 North Carolina : Keith, 1354. 
 
 Texas, Panhandle : Gould, 986, 987. 
 Utah, eastern : Cross, 604. 
 
 Uinta Range : Weeks, 2506. 
 Wyoming, Bald Mountain and Dayton 
 quadrangles : Darton, 645. 
 
 . Bighorn basin : Fisher, 873. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647. 
 Cloud Peak and Fort McKinney 
 quadrangles : Darton, 646. 
 Devils Tower quadrangle : Darton 
 
 and O’Hara, 656. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Aviculidae from Zacatecas, Mexico : 
 Freeh, 901. 
 
 Cestraciont teeth : Wemple, 2526. 
 Connecticut: Rice, 2031. 
 
 Dinosaurs: Huene, 1256. 
 
 Fish from Aspen Ridge, Idaho : God- 
 dard, 972. 
 
 Reptile, marine: Merriam, 1714. 
 Western America : Smith, 2243. 
 
 Trilobites. See Crustacea. 
 
 Trinidad. 
 
 General. 
 
 Geological structure : Craig, 588 ; Ells, 
 786, 787. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Mineral resources : Ells, 786, 787. 
 
 Tungsten. 
 
 California : Aubury, 87. 
 
 Colorado : Van Wagenen, 2425. 
 
 . Boulder County : Greenawalt, 1028 ; 
 Lindgren, 1599. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Turquoise. 
 
 New Mexico, Burro Mountains : Zalin- 
 ski, 2664. 
 
 XJ nconformity. 
 
 Sedimentary overlap, types of : Gra- 
 
 bau, 993. 
 
 Underground water (general). See also Geysers, 
 Mineral waters, and Thermal 
 waters. For regional see under 
 the various States. 
 
 Artesian, significance of the term : 
 Fuller, 904. 
 
 Artesian flow, controlling factors of : 
 Fuller, 916. 
 
 Contamination of water supply : Bow- 
 man, 276. 
 
 Deep-well drilling, 1905 : Fuller and 
 Sanford, 918 ; Sanford, 2119. 
 
 Fluorescein : Dole, 727 ; Villarello, 
 
 2452. 
 
 Fluoroscope, new : Villarello, 2453. 
 
 Fluctuations of water level in wells on 
 Long Island : Veatch, 2433. 
 
 Free water in earth’s crust : Fuller, 
 906. 
 
 Hydrology investigations : Fuller, 903, 
 911. 
 
 Movements of underground water in 
 confined basins : Schultz, 2149. 
 
 Representation on maps of wells and 
 springs : Fuller, 905. 
 
 Underflow, Arkansas Valley : Slichter, 
 2215. 
 
 South Platte Valley : Slichter and 
 Wolff, 2216. 
 
 Water in crystalline rocks : Ellis, 
 780. 
 
 Ungava. 
 
 General. 
 
 Prospecting: Murray, 1780. 
 
 Uranium. 
 
 Colorado, Gilpin County : Tovote, 2384. 
 
 Rio Blanco County : Gale. 923. 
 
 southern : Fleck and Haldane, 878. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Annie Laurie mine, Piute County : 
 Lindgren, 1595. 
 
 Bingham, copper : Brinsmade, 302 ; In- 
 galls, 1272. 
 
 Book Cliffs coal field : Richardson, 
 2045 ; Taff, 2335. 
 
 Coal : Ritter, 2069. 
 
 Book Cliffs : Richardson, 2045 ; 
 Taff, 2335. 
 
 Iron County : Lee, 1544. 
 
 I’leasant Valley : Taff. 2337. 
 
 Sanpete County : Richardson, 2043. 
 
 Wasatch : Lakes, 1471. 
 
 Weber River: Taff, 2334. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 277 
 
 Utah— Continued . 
 
 Economic — Continued. 
 
 Coke, natural, in the Wasatch Plateau ; 
 TafiE, 2333. 
 
 Copper mining in 1905 : Weed, 2499. 
 
 Cove Creek sulphur beds : Lee, 1543. 
 
 Daly- Judge mine. Park City : Gow 
 et al., 989, 990. 
 
 Iron County coal field : Lee, 1544. 
 
 Iron ores : Leith, 1552. 
 
 Mineral resources : Dern, 715. 
 
 of Uinta Reservation : Smith, 2253. 
 
 Mining at Alta : Palmer, 1866. 
 
 Ontario mineral belt : Jenney, 1293, 
 1294, 1296. 
 
 Ozokerite deposits : Taff and Smith, 
 2338. 
 
 Phosphate deposits : Jones, 1317 ; 
 
 Weeks and Ferrier, 2507. 
 
 Pleasant Valley coal district : Taff, 
 
 2337. 
 
 Slate deposits : Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Seismographs in Utah : Talmage, 2343. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Natural bridges : Lakes, 1477 ; Parsons, 
 1884. 
 
 Physiographic features : Huntington, 
 
 1257 ; Johnson, 1302. 
 
 Uinta Mountains : Atwood, 81 ; Em- 
 mons, \ 98. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Formations of eastern Utah : Cross, 
 604. 
 
 Glaciation of Uinta Mountains : At- 
 wood, 81. 
 
 Ontario mineral belt : Jenney, 1293. 
 
 Park City district ; Boutwell, 271. 
 
 Red beds : Huntington, 1257. 
 
 Sanpete and Sevier valleys ; Richard- 
 son, 2044. 
 
 Uinta Mountains : Emmons, 798, 799 ; 
 Weeks, 2506. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Mimetite : Bowman, 274. 
 
 Phosphorescent zinc blende : Headden ; 
 1115. 
 
 Underground ivater. 
 
 Sanpete and Sevier valleys : Richard- 
 son, 2040, 2044. 
 
 Utah Lake and Jordan River valleys ; 
 Richardson, 2041. 
 
 Valleys. 
 
 Aggradation and degradation of : 
 Moody, 1767. 
 
 Vanadium. 
 
 Colorado, Rio Blanco County : Gale, 
 92.3. 
 
 southern ; Fleck and Haldane, 878. 
 
 United States ; 2418, 2419. 
 
 Vermes. 
 
 Salem limestone of Indiana ; Beede, 
 176. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Mineral resources : Perkins, 1907. 
 
 Vermont— Continued. 
 
 Economic — Continued. 
 
 Northeastern Vermont : Richardson, 
 
 2037. 
 
 Slate • Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 chemical composition : Hillebrand, 
 
 1159. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Terraces of West River at Brattleboro : 
 Fisher, 875 ; Johnson, 1306. 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Beekmantown and Chazy formations : 
 Seely, 2163. 
 
 Bxirlington region, surficial : Hitch- 
 
 cock, 1165. 
 
 Cambrian : Edson, 773. 
 
 Champlain : Hitchcock, 1164. 
 Northeastern Vermont : Richardson, 
 
 2037. 
 
 Quaternary ; Stevenson, 2293, 2296. 
 
 St. Albans : Edson, 774. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Beekmantown and Chazy faunas : Seely, 
 2164. 
 
 Brandon lignite, fossils of : Jeffrey and 
 Chrysler, 1291 ; Perkins, 1908, 
 1909. 
 
 Chazy fauna : Raymond, 1988 ; Seely, 
 2163. 
 
 Cryptozoa from Ordovician : Seely, 
 
 2163. 
 
 St. Albans, fossils from : Edson, 774, 
 Petrology. 
 
 Serpentines of Belvidere Mountain : 
 Marsters, 1678. 
 
 Underground water. 
 
 Drinking waters : Perkins, 1910. 
 
 Vertebrata (general). See also Amphibia, Aves, 
 Mammalia, Pisces, and Reptilia. 
 Exhibition series at National Museum ; 
 Gilmore, 949. 
 
 Flight in vertebrates : Lull, 1630. 
 Fossil quarry in Nebraska : Peterson, 
 
 1915. 
 
 Hell Creek beds of Montana : Brown, 
 325. 
 
 Kansas beds : Sternberg, 2286. 
 
 Limbs, vertebrate, origin of : Osburn, 
 1850. 
 
 Mining for fossils : 2669. 
 
 Miocene vertebrates from Kansas ; 
 
 Sternberg, 2283. 
 
 Nebraska : Osborn, 1847. 
 
 Quaternary cave deposit, California : 
 Furlong, 921. 
 
 Types in U. S. National Museum : 
 Merrill, 1738. 
 
 Vertebrate fossils, Denver : Cannon, 
 
 421. 
 
 Nebraska and Wyoming: Peterson, 
 
 1916. 
 
 Vertebrate paleontology in Canada : 
 Lambe, 1483, 1485. 
 
 Vertebrate types in museum of Uni- 
 versity of Texas : Montgomery, 
 1766. 
 
278 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 General. 
 
 Composition of waters of Rockbridge 
 County and their relations to 
 the geological formations : White, 
 2537. 
 
 Geography : Surface, 2327. 
 
 Pine Mountain region : Stone, 2313. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Anthracite coal ; Griffith, 1041 ; Tif- 
 fany, 2373. 
 
 Barite deposits ; Watson, 2491. 
 
 Barytes industry : Judd, 1331. 
 
 Cement and cement materials : Bassler, 
 158. 
 
 Cement resources of the Cumberland 
 Gap district ; Eckel, 766. 
 
 Clays: Ries, 2060, 2064. 
 
 Copper deposits : Watson, 2487 ; Weed 
 and Watson, 2504. 
 
 Luray : Phalen, 1919. 
 
 Virgilina : Judd, 1328. 
 
 Dante, coal : Stone, 2312. 
 
 Floyd County, nickel : Watson, 2490. 
 
 Iron : Holden, 1201. 
 
 New River-Cripple Creek district : 
 Holden, 1200. 
 
 Oriskany and Clinton : Eckel, 765. 
 
 Lead and zinc deposits : Watson, 
 
 2484. 
 
 Mineral resources : Watson, 2493. 
 
 Russell Fork coal field; Stone, 2311. 
 
 Rutile : Catlett, 445 : Watson, 2493. 
 
 St. Mary’s quadrangle ; Shattuck, 2185. 
 
 Slate : Dale and Eckel, 625. 
 
 Virgilina copper belt : Judd, 1328. 
 
 Zinc deposits : Payne, 1886 ; Watson, 
 2484. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 1‘hysiography : Surface, 2326. 
 
 {Stratigraphic. 
 
 Coastal plain : Clark and Miller, 489. 
 
 Cambrian and Ordovician : Bassler, 
 
 158. 
 
 Cretaceous ; Clark, 483. 
 
 St. Mary’s quadrangle : Shattuck, 
 
 2185. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Pleistocene plants: Berry, 217. 
 
 Prorosmarus alleni from the Miocene : 
 Berry and Gregory, 227. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Alhite from .Amelia, analysis of : Er- 
 hen and Ceipek, 811. 
 
 Dike of diabase in Potsdam sandstone: 
 Watson, 2489. 
 
 Granites : Watson, 2485. 
 
 T'nakite : Watson, 2486. 
 
 Volcanic ash. 
 
 ('olorado, Durango : Woolsey, 263.'1. 
 
 Nebraska, Republican River Valley : 
 Condra, 570. 
 
 Origin: Hixou, 1175. 
 
 Volcanoes. 
 
 General: Barns, 155; Jaggar, 1282; 
 Mercalli, 1710; Pickering, 1928. 
 
 Volcanoes — Continued. 
 
 General — Continued. 
 
 Cause of ; Barus, 154 ; Louderback, 
 1619; See, 2158. 
 
 Fumaroles, production of sulphate 
 of soda in : Lacroix, 1454. 
 
 Mud fiows : Lacroix, 1446. 
 Radioactivity, relation to volcanism : 
 Dutton, 752. 
 
 Seismic phenomena, connection with 
 volcanism; Heilprin, 1124, 1125. 
 
 Systems of western hemisphere ; 
 Hill, 1149. 
 
 Volcanic domes, formation of : La- 
 croix, 1451. 
 
 Volcanic heat, nature and origin of : 
 See, 2160 ; Thomson, 2372. 
 Volcanic necks, examples of : Or- 
 donez, 1824. 
 
 Volcanism and thermal waters : 
 Gautier, 934. 
 
 Alaska : Crosby, 602. 
 
 Bogoslof group : Haven, 1097. 
 
 Costa Rica : Jones, 1322. 
 
 Dominica, boiling lake of : Hovey, 
 
 1222. 
 
 Hawaii : Hitchcock, 1166, 1167 ; Pick- 
 ering, 1927. 
 
 Mexico : Aguilera, 19, 20 ; Cadell, 378 ; 
 Cleland, 505; Hobson, 1196; 
 Koenigsberger, 1422. 
 
 Citlaltepetl and Popocatepetl ; 
 Keyes, 1391. 
 
 Colima ; Diaz, 719 ; Dodge, 726 ; 
 Waitz, 2466. 
 
 Colima, Toluca, and Popocatepetl : 
 Hovey, 1239. 
 
 Jorullo : Ordonez, 1831. 
 
 Nevado de Toluca and Jorullo : Hob- 
 son, 1195. 
 
 Valle de Santiago, explosion craters ; 
 
 Ordoiiez, 1832. 
 
 Xinantecatl : Flores, 881. 
 
 Mont Pele ; Anderson, 48 ; Gentil, 
 938 ; Lacroix, 1455 ; Lapparent, 
 1521 ; Wegener, 2508-2510. 
 
 eruptions : Berte, 228 ; Curtis, 613 ; 
 Deckert, 699 ; Geinitz, 936 ; 
 Heilprin, 1121; Issel, 1278; 
 .Taccaci, 1279 ; Lacroix, 1447 ; 
 Milne, 1760; Verri, 2444. 
 former eruptions ; Jaggar, 1280 ; 
 Mercalli, 1709. 
 
 present condition: Heilprin, 1122; 
 Hovey, 1220, 
 
 shattered obelisk; Heilprin, 1123. 
 Nicaragua : Chamberlin, 451 : Jones, 
 
 1322. 
 
 Saint liUcia, Soufri&re of ; Hovey, 
 1221. 
 
 Saint A'incent, eruptions : .Anderson, 
 48; Deckert, 699; Geinitz, 936; 
 Lacroix, 1448. 
 
 San Andres, postparoxysmal phe- 
 nomena : Waitz, 2464. 
 
 Tonopah ; Lakes, 1469, 
 
INDEX 
 
 279 
 
 ■Washington. 
 
 General. 
 
 Cascade region ; Evans, 821. 
 
 Mount Baker : Landes, 1496. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Cement resources : Landes, 1495. 
 
 Coal ; Ritter, 2069 ; Tarr, 2344. 
 Copper : McIntyre, 1669. 
 
 Copper mining in 1905 : Weed, 2499. 
 Gold-bearing river sands ; Collier, 554. 
 Iron ores : Leith, 1552. 
 
 Marble : Rathbun, 1986. 
 
 Tin deposit near Spokane : 'Whitman, 
 2568, 2569. 
 
 Tungsten ; .Joseph, 1326. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Glaciers, Mount Adams : Reid, 2008. 
 
 Mount Baker : Landes, 1496. 
 Nisqually glacier, Mt. Rainier, motion 
 of : Le Conte, 1537. 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Northwestern : Reagan, 2002. 
 
 Olympic Peninsula : Ax*nold, 56. 
 Snoqualmie quadrangle : Smith and 
 
 Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Okanogan composite batholith : Daly, 
 632. 
 
 Rock specimens ; Roberts et al., 2071. 
 Snoqualmie quadrangle : Smith and 
 
 Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Minerals : Mead, 1705. 
 
 Weathering. 
 
 Rock-weathering and soil formation : 
 Ililgard, 1144, 1145; Merrill, 
 
 1732. 
 
 Subcarboniferous limestone in south- 
 ern Indiana : ('umings, 609. 
 West Indies (general). See. also the various 
 islands. 
 
 Dynamic and structural. 
 
 Caribbean craters; Curtis, 613. 
 Physiographic. 
 
 I*hysiographic notes : Wegener, 2510. 
 Petrology. 
 
 Lesser Antilles: Hogbom, 1199. 
 
 West Virginia. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 (.’lays, limestones, and cements ; Grims- 
 ley, 1044. 
 
 Coal : I’arsons, 1881. 
 
 Fairmont : Parsons, 1880. 
 
 Holden : Lyman, 1635. 
 
 Kenova quadrangle : Phalen, 1920. 
 Pocahontas : Althouse, 30. 
 
 Fairmont coal field; l*arsons, 1880. 
 Glass-sand industry: Stose, 2319. 
 Panhandle counties: Grimsley, 1046; 
 White, 2550. 
 
 Pocahontas coals : .Mthouse, .30. 
 I’ortland cement resour(‘es : Grimsley, 
 1 045. 
 
 Slate : Dale and Eckel. 625. 
 Steubenville quadrangle, coals: Gris- 
 wold, 1049. 
 
 oil and gas : Griswold and Munn, 
 1048. 
 
 West Virginia — Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Carboniferous : Stevenson, 2294, 2295. 
 
 Panhandle counties : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Steubenville quadrangle : Griswold and 
 Munn, 1048. 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 General. 
 
 Commissioners Geologicai and Natural 
 History Survey, fifth biennial 
 report : 2621. 
 
 Director of survey, report ; Birge, 236. 
 
 Geoiogy and physical geography ; 
 Case, 439. 
 
 Rocks and minerals : I.iawson, 1532. 
 
 Water powers : Smith, 2244. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Clays : Ries, 2059. 
 
 Glass sand : Burchard, 350. 
 
 Lancaster and Mineral Point quad- 
 rangles : Grant and Burchard, 
 1021. 
 
 Lead and zinc district : Bain, 99 ; 
 Davis, 663 ; Edwards, 775, 809 ; 
 Grant, 1017-1019 ; Hedburg, 
 1120; Wheeler, 2531, 2532. 
 
 Milwaukee quadrangle : Alden, 23. 
 
 Mineral resources; Hotchkiss, 1219. 
 
 Molding sands : Ries and Gallup, 2065. 
 
 North-central Wisconsin : Weidman, 
 
 2512. 
 
 Zinc : sec Lead and zinc, above. 
 
 Lynamic and structural. 
 
 Fracture systems: Hobbs, 1176. 
 
 .Joint system : Harder, 1073. 
 
 Shore ice, peculiar formation : Case, 
 435. 
 
 Phy,sio graphic. 
 
 I’hysiographic modeis ; Case, 438. 
 
 Shore-lines, abandoned, of eastern Wis- 
 consin : Goldthwait, 975. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Galena series : Sardeson, 2122. 
 
 Interglaciai clays : Berkey, 208. 
 
 Lancaster and Mineral I’oint quadran- 
 gles : Grant and Burchard, 1021. 
 
 Milwaukee quadrangle : Alden. 23. 
 
 North-central Wisconsin ; Weidman, 
 2512. 
 
 Paleogeography of St. Peter time : 
 Berkey, 205. 
 
 Shore-lines, abandoned : Goldthwait, 
 
 975. 
 
 Waterloo quartzite ; Warner, 2477. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Devonian cephalopods ; Cleland, 504. 
 
 Fish spine ; Teller, 2366. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 I*re-Cambrian rocks of Fox River Val- 
 ley : Hol)bs and Leith, 1193. 
 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 Irvingite ; Weidman, 2511. 
 
 Marignasite from Wausau : Weidman 
 and Lenher, 2513. 
 
 Wolframite. 
 
 Arizona, Cochise district : Kellogg, 
 1.358. 
 
 Colorado, Boulder County : Tovote, 
 2385. 
 
280 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Wyoming:. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Albany County : Beeler, 186. 
 
 Bald Mountain and Dayton quadran- 
 gles : Darton, 645. 
 
 Bentonite of the Laramie basin : Sie- 
 benthal, 2209. 
 
 Bighorn basin : Fisher, 872. 
 
 Bighorn Mountain region : Darton, 649. 
 
 Carbon County, coal : Veatch, 2440. 
 
 Cement plaster industry : Trumbull, 
 2396. 
 
 Cloud Peak and Fort McKinney quad- 
 rangies : Darton, 646. 
 
 Coal : Parsons, 1882 ; Ritter, 2069. 
 Uinta County : Veatch, 2437. 
 
 Copper mining in 1905 : Weed, 2499. 
 
 Devils Tower quadrangle : Darton and 
 OTIarra, 656. 
 
 Grand Encampment copper district : 
 Beeler, 185. 
 
 Gypsum deposits, Laramie district : 
 Siebenthal, 2208. 
 
 Hartville iron-ore range : Ball, 122. 
 
 Ilartville region, copper deposits : Ball, 
 
 121 . 
 
 mica : Ball, 125. 
 
 Iron Mountain, titaniferous ore : Bali, 
 123. 
 
 Iron ores : Leith, 1552. 
 
 Lander coal field : Woodruff, 2629. 
 
 Laramie basin, coal : Siebenthal, 2211. 
 
 Laramie County, graphite : Ball, 126. 
 
 Laramie Peak copper district : Beeier, 
 183. 
 
 Lignite : Kennedy, 1374. 
 
 Minerai resources, 2657. 
 
 Oil, Uinta County : Veatch, 2437. 
 
 Owl Creek Mountains : Darton, 642. 
 
 Phosphate deposits : .Tones, 1317 ; 
 
 Weeks and Ferrier, 2507. 
 
 Portland cement materials : Ball, 124. 
 
 South I’ass gold district : Beeler, 184. 
 
 Sulphur : Trumbull, 2395. 
 
 Sunrise mine, iron : Valiat, 2420. 
 
 Uinta County, coal : Schultz, 2151. 
 gold : Schultz, 2149. 
 oil ; Veatch, 2437. 
 
 Physiographic. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 654. 
 drainage modifications in : Mansfield, 
 1673. 
 
 Stratigraphic. 
 
 Bald Mountain and Dayton quad- 
 rangies : Darton, 645 ; Salis- 
 
 bury, 2114. 
 
 Bighorn basin : Fisher, 873. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647 ; 
 
 Salisbury, 2116. 
 
 Bridger l>eds : Sinclair, 2214. 
 
 Cloud Peak and Fort McKinney quad- 
 rangles : Darton, 646; Salis- 
 
 bury, 2115. 
 
 Devils Tower quadrangle : Darton and 
 OTIarra, 656. 
 
 Laramie, definition and origin.: Veatch, 
 2439. 
 
 Wyoming— Continued. 
 
 Stratigraphic — Continued. 
 
 Miocene : Peterson, 1916. 
 
 Ordovician : Darton, 644. 
 
 Owi Creek Mountains : Darton, 642. 
 Red beds in Laramie mountain region : 
 Darton, 653. 
 
 Wasatch deposits, origin : Loomis, 1615. 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Age and locaiities of supposed .Jurassic 
 fossils : Veatch, 2432. 
 Baptanodon from Jurassic : Gilmore, 
 959, 963. 
 
 Bird from Wasatch : Loomis, 1613. 
 Ceratopsia : Hatcher et ah, 1093. 
 Ccelosuchus reedii : Williston, 2599. 
 Paleorhinus, skull of : Lees, 1551. 
 Sinopa, osteology of : Matthew, 1699. 
 Vertebrate faunas of Miocene : Peter- 
 son, 1916. 
 
 Wasatch and Wind River rodents : 
 Loomis, 1614. 
 
 Wasatch vertebrates : Loomis, 1615. 
 Petrology. 
 
 Bighorn Mountains : Darton, 647. 
 Underground xcater. 
 
 Hot springs at Thermopolis : Darton, 
 643. 
 
 Yukon. 
 
 General. 
 
 Peei River region : Camsell, 412, 414. 
 Publications, recent, relating to : 
 ' Brooks, 312. 
 
 Stewart River region : Keele, 1347. 
 White River exploration : McConnell, 
 
 1648. 
 
 Economic. 
 
 Klondike district : Everette, 831 ; Mc- 
 Connell, 1650. 
 
 contration of gold in : Tyrreli, 2406. 
 gold values in high-level gravels : 
 McConnell, 1653. 
 
 Southern Yukon : Cairnes, 382. 
 Whitehorse, explorations south of : 
 Cairnes, 380. 
 
 White River region : McConnell, 1648. 
 Windy Arm region : McConnell, 1647, 
 
 1649. 1651, 1652. 
 
 Paleontology. 
 
 Mastodon remains in the Yukon Val- 
 ley : Osgood, 1851. 
 
 Petrology. 
 
 Pseudo-leucite : Knight, 1410. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Arkansas : Purdue, 1966. 
 
 British Columbia : Barlow, 144 ; 416. 
 
 Kootenay district : Argali, 54. 
 California : Anbury, 85. 
 
 Idaho : MacDonald, 1658. 
 
 Dollarhide mine : Lakes, 1466. 
 
 South Mountain : Bell, 197. 
 
 Illinois : Bain, 99 ; Davis, 663. 
 
 Iowa : Bain, 99 ; Davis, 663. 
 
 Lancaster quadrangle ; Grant and 
 Burchard, 1021. 
 
INDEX 
 
 281 
 
 Zinc — Continued. 
 
 Kansas, Galena-Joplin district : Ha- 
 
 worth, 1098 ; Smith and Sieben- 
 thal, 2251. 
 
 Mexico, Chihuahua : Wornester, 2637. 
 
 Diente : McCormick, 1655. 
 
 Mississippi Valley : Bain, 99, 106 ; 
 
 Buckley, 342, 344. 
 
 Missouri, Granby area : Buckley and 
 Buehler, 346 ; Perkins, 1906. 
 
 Joplin district ; Brittain, 303 ; Buck- 
 ley, 343 ; Clerc, 506, 507 ; Her- 
 rick, 1132 ; Smith and Siehen- 
 thal, 2251. 
 
 • Montana : MacDonald, 1658. 
 
 Nevada, Pioche : Abbott, 3. 
 
 Spring Mountains : Bain, 101. 
 
 New Jersey : Kiimmell, 1432. 
 
 New Mexico : Brinsmade, 295. 
 
 Kelly mine : Johnson, 1311. 
 
 Magdalena district : Haddou, 1061. 
 
 Zinc — Con tinned. 
 
 New York, St. Lawrence County : New- 
 land, 1792. 
 
 Oklahoma, Quapaw district : Crane, 
 593. 
 
 Ontario : Corkill, 578. 
 
 Tennessee ; Watson, 2484. 
 
 Claiborne and tJnlon counties ; 
 Clarke, 503. 
 
 eastern : Clark, 479. 
 
 United States (general) ; 2418, 2419. 
 Virginia ; Payne, 1886 ; Watson, 2484, 
 2493. 
 
 Wisconsin, southwestern : Bain, 99 ; 
 Davis, 663 ; Edwards, 775 : 
 Grant, 1017—1019 ; Grant and 
 Burchard, 1021 ; Hedburg, 1120 ; 
 Wheeler, 2531, 2532. 
 
 Zircon. 
 
 United States : 2418, 2419. 
 
LISTS. 
 
 [The numbers refer to entries in the bibliography.] 
 
 Chemical 
 
 Abriachanite, 1778. 
 
 Acmite, 2512. 
 
 Actinolite, 189.3, 2242. 
 
 Aegirite, 2512. 
 
 Akerite, 2490, 2660. 
 
 Akerose, 1934. 
 
 Alaskite, 2270. 
 
 Albite, 811. 
 
 Alkali waste, 233. 
 
 Allanite, 2493. 
 
 Alum rock, 1111. 
 
 Alunogen, 1111. 
 
 Amblygonite, 87. 
 
 Amiatose, 149. 
 
 Amphibole, 1893, 1935, 2512. 
 
 Analcite, 1409. 
 
 Analcite basalt, 1409. 
 
 Analcite tinguaite, 1409. 
 
 Analcite trachyte-tuff, 1409. 
 
 Andesite, 1044, 1199, 1.391. 
 
 Andesitic rock, 2504. 
 
 Andose, 614, 616. 
 
 Anorthosite gabbro, 616. 
 Anthophyllite-peridotite, 1401. 
 
 Apatite, 2493. 
 
 Aplite, 19.34. 
 
 .Vporhyolite, 1193. 
 
 Arfvedsonite, 1779. 
 
 .\rkose, 2242. 
 
 .Vsbestos, 2493. 
 
 .Vsphaltum, 2418. 
 
 Augite, ()0.3. 
 
 .Vugite kersantite, 1934. 
 
 Augite ourose, 19.34. 
 
 .Vugite syenite, (516. 
 
 .Vuvergnose, 1500, 1815. 
 
 Bakerite, 958. 
 
 Barite, 2493. 
 
 Barkevikite, 1779, 2512. 
 
 Barytes, 1943. 
 
 Basalt, 1044, 1779, 1934, 2031, 2240, 2447, 
 2493. 
 
 B<‘erl)achite, 1815. 
 
 Benitoite, 1620. 
 
 B(>ntonite, 220J). 
 
 Bergainanskite, 1779. 
 
 Biotite trachyt(*. 1026. 
 
 Bhiirmorite, 1409. 
 
 Building stone, 2080. 
 
 Cal cite, 1116, 2512. 
 
 Camptonite, 1934. 
 
 Analyses. 
 
 Camsigradite, 1779. 
 
 Carinthine, 2242. 
 
 Carnotite, 878. 
 
 Cataphorite, 1935. 
 
 Celestite, 1427. 
 
 Celestite-bearing rock, 1427. 
 
 Cement, 232. 
 
 Cement rock, 158, 233. 
 
 Chalk, 234, 716, 1608. 
 
 Chalk marl, 716. 
 
 Ciminose, 603. 
 
 Clay, 23, 91, 92, 116, 161, 233, 234, 326, 
 346, 353, 471, 595, 598, 767, 884, 885, 
 
 926-929, 101 
 
 7, 1021, 1027, 
 
 1044, 
 
 1046, 
 
 1198, 
 
 1495, 
 
 1563, 1605, 
 
 1608, 
 
 1609, 
 
 1911, 
 
 1918, 
 
 1921, 
 
 1923, 
 
 2059, 
 
 2060, 
 
 2063, 
 
 2064, 
 
 2177, 
 
 2209, 
 
 2217, 
 
 2218, 
 
 2241, 2320, 2409, 2484, 2530, 2634. 
 
 Clay, zinc-bearing, 2484. 
 
 Coal, 58, 69, 13 
 
 7, 234, 
 
 326, 
 
 369, 400, 403, 
 
 405, 
 
 488, 552, 
 
 , 555, , 
 
 .556, 1 
 
 562, 589, 652, 
 
 717, 
 
 736, 777 
 
 . 783, 
 
 862, 
 
 874, 897, 924, 
 
 1042, 
 
 1046, 
 
 10.50, 
 
 1117, 
 
 1118, 1198, 
 
 1544, 
 
 1564, 
 
 1606, 
 
 1628, 
 
 1680, 1681, 
 
 1683, 
 
 1862. 
 
 1870, 
 
 1876, 
 
 1877, 1911, 
 
 1920, 
 
 1922, 
 
 1955, 
 
 1964, 
 
 2043, 2045. 
 
 2074, 
 
 2090, 
 
 2142, 
 
 2151, 
 
 2176, 2195, 
 
 2271, 
 
 2308, 2310-231 
 
 2. 2334, 2335. 2.336, 
 
 2.337, 
 
 2.368, 
 
 2418, 
 
 2431, 
 
 2440, 2493, 
 
 2577, 2629, 2634, 2640. 
 
 Cobaltite, 703, 2418. 
 
 Coke, natural, 2333. 
 
 Columbite, 2493. 
 
 Cortlandite, 1178. 
 
 Covellite, 2081. 
 
 Crocidolite. 790, 1779, 2512. 
 
 Cross! te, 1779. 
 
 ! Dacite, 1985. 
 
 I Datolite, 1426. 
 
 ; Dellenose. 614. 
 
 Diabase, 539, 1199, 249.3. 
 
 Diatomaceous earth. 65. 2493. 
 
 Diorite. 149, 425, 739, 1178, 1199, 1815, 
 2242, 2512. 
 
 i Dolomite, 158, .370, 1198, 1805. 
 
 Dufrenite, 2493. 
 
 Dumortierite. 2418. 
 
 Du nose. 1815. 
 
 Eclogite, 2242. 
 
 Eglestonite, 1161. 
 
 Emery. 2493. 
 
 282 
 
LISTS CHEMICAL ANALYSES 
 
 283 
 
 Essexite, 739, 743, 1934, 2660. 
 
 Evansite, 2136. 
 
 Fayalite, 2512. 
 
 Feldspar, 162, 163, 2419, 2493, 2512. 
 Felsite, 1199. 
 
 Fergusose, 603. 
 
 Fire clay, 91, 869, 1973, 2530. 
 
 Flint clay, 1918. 
 
 Fuller’s earth, 1944, 2218. 
 
 Gabbro, 616, 631, 1178, 1815, 2512. 
 Gabbro-diorite, 1815. 
 
 Garnet, 559, 1366, 1372, 2242, 2493. 
 Garnierite, 539. 
 
 Gastaldite, 1779. 
 
 Gilfordal-camptonose, 1934. 
 
 Glass rock, 99, 1017. 
 
 Glass sand, 349, 350, 354, 1436, 1559. 
 Glaucophane, 1779, 2242. 
 
 Glaucophane gneiss, 2242. 
 
 Glaucophane schist, 2242. 
 
 Gneiss, 614, 616. 
 
 Granite, 539, 545, 614, 623, 631, 790, 1026, 
 1193, 1199, 1934, 2037, 2041, 2218, 2270, 
 2271, 2494, 2512. 
 
 Granodiorite, 739, 2240. 
 
 Grano-miaskose, 1935. 
 
 Greenstone, 2271, 2504. 
 
 Gypsum, 872, 2175, 2208, 2493. 
 
 Halloysite, 2664. 
 
 Halotrichite, 1111. 
 
 Hampshiral-camptonose, 1934. 
 Hampshiral-auvergnose, 1934. 
 Hampshiral-livermorose, 1934. 
 
 IJarzose, 614, 616. 
 
 Hastingsite, 1779, 1935. 
 
 Hatchettolite, 2513. 
 
 Hedenbergite, 2512. 
 
 Helvite, 2493. 
 
 Hornblende, 1401, 1779, 1893. 
 
 Hornblende andesite, 1044. 
 
 Hornblende grano-salemose, 1934. 
 Hornblende ourose, 1934. 
 
 Hornblende phyro-camptonose, 1934. 
 Hornblendite, 1178. 
 
 Howlite, 958. 
 
 Hudsonite, 1779, 1893. 
 
 Hyperite, 616. 
 
 Hypersthene andesite, 2240. 
 
 Ilmenose, 1934. 
 
 Infusorial earth, 87. 
 
 Iron ore, 123, 182, 351, .352, 764, 76.5, 1185, 
 1198, 1200, 1201, 1329, 1398, 1588, 1911, 
 1918, 2212, 2247. 
 
 Iron shale, 852. 
 
 Irvingite, 2511, 2512. 
 
 Jacupirangite, 2660. 
 
 .Tasperoid, 2251. 
 
 Kaersutite, 1779. 
 
 Kaolin, 18.36, 2443. 
 
 Karinthine, 1779. 
 
 Kataphorite, 1779. 
 
 Kleinite, 1161, 2109, 2110. 
 liassenose, 1815, 1934. 
 
 Latite, 1607. 
 
 Latite-phonolite, 1026. 
 
 Laurdalose, 743. 
 
 Laurvikite, 743. 
 
 Laurvikose, 614, 616. 
 
 Lava, 2271. 
 
 Lawsonite, 753, 2242. 
 
 Lead ore, 1911. 
 
 Leopardite, 2494. 
 
 Lepidolite, 87. 
 
 Lepidomelane, 2512. 
 
 Lignite, 326, 595, 1198, 2090. 
 
 Lime, 232. 
 
 Lime rock, 99. 
 
 Limestone, 124, 158, 160, 230, 2.33, 234, 
 246, 349, 355, 370, 598, 648, 762, 766, 
 774, 790, 869, 884, 1017, 1025, 1034, 
 1044, 1046, 1198, 1366, 1372, 1413, 1431, 
 1495, 1500, 1608, 1837, 1911, 1998, 2144, 
 2177, 2212, 2218, 2409, 2424, 2484, 249.3. 
 Lincolnose, 1815. 
 
 Linnaeite, 559. 
 
 Liparose, 1934. 
 
 Loess, 353. 
 
 Magnesite, 1135. 
 
 Magnetite, 2512. 
 
 Malchite, 1815. 
 
 Manganese ore, 2493. 
 
 Manganotantalite, 2136. 
 
 Marble, 158, 774, 1495, 1987, 2493. 
 Marignasite, 2513. 
 
 Marl, 234, 716, 1911, 2218. 
 
 Meteorites, 853, 973, 1242, 1672, 1734, 
 
 1740, 1741, 1744, 2360. 
 
 Miaskose, 1935. 
 
 Mica scbist, 1815. 
 
 Microdiorite, 149. 
 
 Microlite, 2493, 2513. 
 
 Micropegmatite, 546. 
 
 Mineral water, 1046, 1911, 2144, 2493. 
 Minette, 1526. 
 
 Molding sand, 2065. 
 
 Molybdite, 105.3, 2135, 2137. 
 
 Monazite, 249.3. 
 
 Monchiquite, 1026. 
 
 Montroydite, 1161. 
 
 Monzonite, 1526, 1815. 
 
 Monzonose, 614. 
 
 Muscovite, t53. 
 
 Muscovite-granite, 2270. 
 
 Natural gas, 99. 
 
 Nepheline, 2512. 
 
 Nickel ore, 1345, 2418. 
 
 Noralite, 1779. 
 
 Nordmarkite, 739, 743. 
 
 Norite, 539, 546, 616, 1178. 
 
 Ocher, 1218, 248.3, 2493. 
 
 Olivine, 1865. 
 
 Olivine gabbro, 425, 1199. 
 
 Ophite, 1509. 
 
 Osannite, 1779. 
 
 Faint ore, 769, 770. 
 
 Paisanal liparose, 1935. 
 
 Pargasite, 1779, 2242. 
 
 Peat, 1874, 2361, 2588. 
 
 Pegmatite, 149. 
 
 Petroleum, 63, 67, 245, 779, 2418, 2431, 
 Philipstadite, 1779. 
 
 Phonolite, 1026. 
 
284 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Phonolite porphyry, G56. 
 
 Phosphate, 2493. 
 
 Phosphatic rock, 3G1, 1970. 
 
 Phyro-miaskose, 1935. 
 
 Placerose, 1815. 
 
 I’orphyrite, 1199. 
 
 Porphyry, 1193, 1199, 1526. 
 
 Powellite, 2137. 
 
 Prowersose, 159, 603. 
 
 Pseudodiorite, 2242. 
 
 Pulaskite, 739, 743. 
 
 Pulaskose, G14, 616, 1934. 
 
 Purpurite, 1025, 2136. 
 
 Pyrite, 2493. 
 
 Pyrochlore, 2512, 2513. 
 
 Pj’roxene, 614, 2512. 
 
 I’yrrhotite, 2493. 
 
 Qiiartz-augite diorite, 1199. 
 
 Quartz diorite, 1199. 
 
 Quartzite, 1495, 2483, 2512. 
 
 Quartz nodule, 685. 
 
 Quartz porphyry, 1199. 
 
 Red clay, 491. 
 
 Redondite, 1452. 
 
 Rhodusite, 1779. 
 
 Rhyolite, 2240, 2512. 
 
 Riebeckite, 1779, 1935, 2512. 
 
 Riebeckite granite, 1935. 
 
 Salt brine, 278. 
 
 Sand, 1436. 
 
 Sand, dolomitic, 2484. 
 
 Sand, glass, 349, 350, 354, 1436, 1559. 
 Sand, molding, 2065. 
 
 Sandstone, 371, 1559, 2031, 2494. 
 
 Schist, muscovite, 1026. 
 
 Selagite, 603. 
 
 Sericite schist, 2320. 
 
 Serpentine, 425, 591, 739, 2494. 
 Serpentinoid, 1505. 
 
 Shale, 67, 116, 124, 158, 230, 233, 234, 353, 
 598, 766, 1046, 1499, 1559, 1563, 1608, 
 2177, 2483, 2512, 2634. 
 
 Silica, 111. 
 
 Sipylite, 2493. 
 
 Sitkose, 1815. 
 
 Slate, 233, 621, 1159, 1495. 
 
 Smithsonite, 2484. 
 
 Soretite, 1779. 
 
 Spessartite, 1934. 
 
 Sphalerite, 2081, 2484. 
 
 Spodumene, 87. 
 
 Stibiotantalite, 1892. 
 
 Strengite, 2493. 
 
 Syenite, 614, 616, 1026, 1934, 2490, 2493, 
 2512. 
 
 Syenite porphyry, 1199. 
 
 Terlinguaite, 1161. 
 
 Thorianite, 2418. 
 
 Tinguaite, 739. 
 
 Tonalose, 1815. 
 
 Toscanose, 614, 616. 
 
 Tourmaline, 2136. 
 
 Tracho-umptekose, 1935. 
 
 Trachydolerite, 1026. 
 
 Travertine, 158. 
 
 Tremolite, 1893. 
 
 Troctolite, 2512. 
 
 Tuff, 539, 546. 
 
 Turquoise, 2664. 
 
 Umptekose, 1935. 
 
 Unakite, 2485, 2493. 
 
 Vogesite, 1026. 
 
 Volcanic ash, 570, 2633. 
 
 Water, 15, 23, 63, 277, 375, 643, 869, 872, 
 907, 908, 1046, 1129, 1198, 1499, 1509, 
 1526, 1559, 1573, 1610, 1639, 1660, 
 
 2129, 2144, 2194, 2229, 2365, 2537, 
 
 2588. 
 
 Wurtzite, 2081. 
 
 Yamaskite, 2660. 
 
 Yttrocrasite, 1143. 
 
 Zinc ore, 1911, 2418, 2484, 2493. 
 Zinnwaldite, 2136. 
 
 Zoisite, 849, 2242. 
 
 GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS DESCRIBED. 
 
 Abbeville-York zone, Archean, ISouth Caro- 
 lina ; Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Accabee gravels, IMeistocene, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Adams Lake series, Cambrian, Yukon Teri- 
 
 . tory : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Adams Lake series, Canada : Walcott, 2470. 
 
 Adaville formation, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Schultz, 2151. 
 
 Admire shales and sandstones. Carbonifer- 
 ous, Kansas : Wooster, 26.36. 
 
 Aftonian, Quaternary, Iowa : Calvin, 387. 
 
 Agawa formation, Algonkian, Minnesota: 
 Abbott, 1. 
 
 Aiken b(‘ds, Cretaceous, South Carolina : 
 Sloan, 2217. 
 
 .Vjihik (piartzite, pre-Cambrian, Michigan : 
 Lane and S('aman, 1518. 
 
 Alamito foiunation, ('arl)onif(‘rous. Now 
 Mexico: Keyes, 1.377. 
 
 Albany formation, ('arl)oniferous, Texas: 
 Ries, 2058. 
 
 Albert shales, Devonian, Canada : Ells. 784. 
 
 Albion schist member, Cambrian. Rhode 
 Island : Emerson and Perry, 790. 
 
 xVlger formation, Silurian, Kentucky : 
 Foerste, 883, 884. 
 
 Alibates lentil, l‘ermian. Texas : Gould, 
 987. 
 
 Allegheny formation. Carboniferous. Penn- 
 sylvania : Butts, 368 ; (Mapp, 475, 477 ; 
 Stevenson, 2294 ; Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Allegheny formation, ('arhoniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia : Gris- 
 wold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Allegheny formation, Pennsylvanian, Mary- 
 land : Clark and Mathews, 448. 
 
 Allegheny series, ('arhoniferous. West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Allen limestone, ('arhoniferous. Kan.sas : 
 Beede and Rogers, 181; Sarle, 2124; 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Almy formation. Tertiary, Wyoming : 
 Schultz, 2151. 
 
LISTS GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS 
 
 285 
 
 Altamaha grit, Tertiary, Georgia ; Harper, 
 1077. 
 
 Altamont limestone. Carboniferous, Kan- 
 sas : Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Altuda granite, Texas : Udden, 2409. 
 
 American Flat latite, Colorado : Cross et 
 al., 607. 
 
 Americus beds. Carboniferous, Kansas ; 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Ames Knob formation, Silurian, Maine : 
 Smith et al., 2241. 
 
 Ames limestone. Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Butts, 368 ; Stevenson, 2294 ; 
 Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Ames limestone. Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania, Ohio, and West Virginia : Gris- 
 wold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Ames limestone, Carboniferous, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Ames limestone. Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Raymond, 1990. 
 
 Amsden formation, Carboniferous, Wyo- 
 ming : Darton, 642, 644, 647 ; Fisher, 
 873. 
 
 Anacacho limestone, Cretaceous, Texas : 
 Udden, 2408. 
 
 Anaktuvuk series, Cretaceous, Alaska : 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Anamosa substage, Silurian, Iowa : Beyer 
 and Williams, 234. 
 
 Anderson-Spartanburg zone, Archean, 
 South Carolina ; Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Andrews schist, Cambrian, North Carolina : 
 Keith, 1352. 
 
 Animikie, Michigan : Gordon and Lane, 985. 
 
 Animikie formation, pre-Cambrian, Ontario ; 
 Silver, 2212. 
 
 Animikie sediments, pre-Cambrian, Ontario : 
 Coleman, 539. 
 
 Animikie series, Minnesota : Leith, 1557. 
 
 Animus formation. Eocene, Colorado and 
 New Mexico: Shaler, 2176. 
 
 Ankareh formation. Carboniferous, Utah : 
 Boutwell, 271. 
 
 Anona chalk, Cretaceous, Arkansas : 
 Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Antletam formation, Cambrian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Antietam sandstone, Cambrian, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Stose, 2318. 
 
 Antietam sandstone, Cambrian, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Antrim shales, Devonian, Michigan : 
 Cooper, 575 ; Lane, 1516. 
 
 Apishapa formation, Cretaceous, Colorado : 
 Darton, 648 ; Fisher, 869. 
 
 Aquia formation. Eocene, Maryland : Clark 
 and Mathews, 488 ; Shattuck et al., 2193. 
 
 Aquia formation. Tertiary, Maryland and 
 Delaware : Miller, 1749. 
 
 Aquia formation. Tertiary, Virginia : Clark 
 and Miller, 489. 
 
 Arapahoe formation, Cretaceous, Colorado : 
 Darton, 648. 
 
 Arcturus limestone. Carboniferous, Nevada : 
 Lawson, 1526. 
 
 Arkadelphia clay, Cretaceous, Arkansas : 
 Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Arpin quartzite, pre-Cambrian, Wisconsin : 
 Weidman, 2512. 
 
 Arriban series, Miocene, New Mexico : 
 Kej'es, 1390. 
 
 Arundel formation, Jurassic?, Maryland: 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Arundel formation, Jurassic? and Cre- 
 taceous, Maryland : Shattuck et al., 2193. 
 
 Ashbed group, Cambrian, Michigan : Lane 
 and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Ashley-Cooper marls. Eocene, South Car- 
 olina : Sioan, 2218. 
 
 Ashnola gabbro. Paleozoic, Cascade Moun- 
 tains : Daly, 632. 
 
 Aspen formation, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Schultz, 2151. 
 
 Athens, Carboniferous, Appalachian region : 
 Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Athens shale, Ordovician, Tennessee : Keith, 
 1354. 
 
 Athens shale, Ordovician, Virginia : Bass- 
 ler, 158. 
 
 Atias formation, California ; Lawson, 1528. 
 
 Atoka formation. Carboniferous, Arkansas : 
 Collier, 556. 
 
 Aubrey limestone. Carboniferous, Montana : 
 Reagan, 1999. 
 
 Aubrey limestone. Carboniferous, Utah ; 
 Lee, 1544. 
 
 Austin chalk, Cretaceous, Texas : Ries, 
 2058; Udden, 2408. 
 
 Aylmer formation, Ordovician, Canada : 
 Raymond, 1987. 
 
 Bad River gabbro, Algonkian, Michigan ; 
 Gordon and Lane, 985. 
 
 Bagley andesite, Jurassic, California: Dil- 
 ler, 721. 
 
 Baird formation. Carboniferous, California : 
 Dlller, 721. 
 
 Balaklala rhyolite, pre-Devonian, Cali- 
 fornia : Diller, 721. 
 
 Baltic conglomerate, Algonkian, Michigan : 
 Lane, 1509. 
 
 Baitimore gneiss, Algonkian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Bandera shale, Pennsylvanian, Kansas : 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144 ; Wooster, 
 2636. 
 
 Banff limestone. Carboniferous, Alberta : 
 Dowling, 736. 
 
 Banff shale (lower). Carboniferous, Al- 
 berta : Dowling, 736. 
 
 Banff shale (upper), Permo-Triassic, Al- 
 berta : Dowling, 736. 
 
 Bangor limestone. Carboniferous, Alabama : 
 Butts, 370. 
 
 Bangor (Chester) limestone, Mississippian, 
 Alabama : Smith, 2229. 
 
 Barclay limestone. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Barkersville gabbro, Trlassic?, North Caro- 
 lina : Keith, 1354. 
 
 Barnwell buhr sands, Eocene, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
286 BIBLIOGKAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Bashi formation, Eocene, Alabama : Smith, 
 2229. 
 
 Bass Mountain diabase. Carboniferous, Cali- 
 fornia : Diller, 721. 
 
 Battle quartzite, Cambrian, Maine : Smith 
 ct Of?., 2241. 
 
 Baj’port formation. Carboniferous, Michi- 
 gan : Cooper, 575. 
 
 Bayport limestone, Michigan : Lane, 1508. 
 
 Bayport or Maxville limestone, Mississip- 
 pian, Michigan : Lane, 1510. 
 
 Bays sandstone, Ordovician, Virginia : Bass- 
 ler, 158. 
 
 Bearpaw shales, Cretaceous, Alberta : 
 Cairnes, 381 ; Dowling, 735. 
 
 Bear River formation, Cretaceous, Wyo- 
 ming : Schultz, 2151 ; Veatch, 2437. 
 
 Beaumont clays, I’leistocene, Texas : Fenne- 
 man, 859 ; Ries, 2058. 
 
 Beaver, Carboniferous, Appalachian region : 
 Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Beaver limestone, Cambrian, Georgia : Wat- 
 son, 2483. 
 
 Becket gneiss, pre-Cambrian, Connecticut : 
 Gregory, 1034 ; Gregoi'y and Robinson, 
 1038. 
 
 Becraft limestone, Devonian, New York : 
 Grabau, 991. 
 
 Becraft member, Devonian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Bedford oolitic limestone, Mississippian, 
 Indiana : Blatchley, 246. 
 
 Bedrock series, California ; Reid, 2018. 
 
 Beech granite, Archean, North Carolina and 
 Tennessee : Keith, 1354. 
 
 Beekmantown beds, Ordovician, New York : 
 Ruedemann, 2097. 
 
 Beekmantown formation, Ordovician, Ver- 
 mont : Seely, 2164. 
 
 Belknap dike. New Hampshire : Pirsson and 
 Washington, 1934. 
 
 Bellepoint member of Columbus formation, 
 Devonian, Ohio : Swartz, 2329. 
 
 Bellingham conglomerate, Massachusetts : 
 Mansfield, 1674. 
 
 Belmont porphyry dikes, Montana : Barrell, 
 149. 
 
 Beloit formation, Ordovician, upper Missis- 
 sippi Valley : Sardeson, 2122. 
 
 Belt group, Algonkian, Montana : Barrell, 
 149. 
 
 Belt terrane, Algonkian, Montana : Warner, 
 2477. 
 
 Benning granite, Georgia : Lindgren, 1596. 
 
 Benton formation, Cretaceous, Montana : 
 Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Benton formation, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Veatch, 2440. 
 
 Benton group, Cretaceous, Nebraska : 
 Condra, 570. 
 
 Benton shale, Cretaceous, Colorado : Gale, 
 922. 
 
 Benton shale, Cretaceous, North Dakota : 
 I.eonard, 1563. 
 
 lienton shales, Cretaceous, Alberta : 
 Cairnes, 381. 
 
 Benwood limestone. Carboniferous, Appa- 
 lachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Benwood limestone. Carboniferous, l*enn- 
 sylvania : Clapp, 475. 
 
 Benwood limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Berea grit, Mississippian, Michigan : Lane, 
 1516. 
 
 Berea sandstone. Carboniferous, I’ennsylva- 
 nia : Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Berenda formation. Carboniferous, New 
 Mexico : Keyes, 1377. 
 
 Bergman series, Cretaceous, Alaska : 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Berkshire schist, Ordovician, Connecticut ; 
 Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Berkshire (Hudson) schist, Connecticut: 
 Gregory, 1034. 
 
 Bertie waterlime, Silurian, New York : 
 Clarke, 494 ; Hartnagel, 1085 ; Luther, 
 1633. 
 
 Bethany Falls limestone. Carboniferous, 
 Kansas : Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Bighorn limestone, Ordovician, Wyoming : 
 Darton, 642, 644-647 ; Fisher, 873. 
 
 Bijiki formation, pre-Cambrian, Michigan : 
 Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Bijiki (Ironwood), Michigan: Gordon and 
 Lane, 985. 
 
 Binary granite, Colorado : Underhill, 2414. 
 
 Bingen sand, Cretaceous, Arkansas : Veatch, 
 2436. 
 
 Binnewater quartzite, Silurian, New York : 
 Hartnagel, 1084. 
 
 Binnewater sandstone, Silurian, New York: 
 Grabau, 991. 
 
 Birch Creek formation, pre-Devonian, 
 Alaska : Prindle, 1956. 
 
 Birch Creek schists, Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Birmingham shale. Carboniferous, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Black Creek shale. Cretaceous, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Blackfoot formation, pre-Cambrian, Mon- 
 tana : Emmons, 806. 
 
 Blackfoot series, Algonkian, Montana : Wal- 
 cott. 2470. 
 
 Black Hand formation, Carboniferous, Ohio : 
 Carney, 427. 
 
 Black Mingo shales. Eocene, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Black River, Ordovician, Ontario : Ells. 788. 
 
 Blackville limestone. Carboniferous, Appa- 
 lachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Bladen formation, Cretaceous, North Caro- 
 lina : Stephenson, 2281. 
 
 Blanco formation. Tertiary, Texas : Gould, 
 986. 
 
 Bloyd shale, Pennsylvania, Arkansas : Pur- 
 due, 1971. 
 
 Blue chert series, Devonian, California: 
 Hershey, 1133. 
 
 Bluff formation. Quaternary, Mississippi : 
 Logan, 1608. 
 
 Boggy formation. Carboniferous, Indian 
 Territory ; Tafif, 2332. 
 
LISTS GEOLOGIC EORMATIONS. 
 
 287 
 
 Bohemian Range group, Cambrian, Michi- 
 gan : Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Bohicket marl-sand, I’leistocene, South 
 Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Bohio formation. Eocene, Panama : Howe, 
 1244. 
 
 Bolivar fire clay. Carboniferous, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Bolton schist, Connecticut : Gregory, 1034 ; 
 Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Bonneterre limestone, Cambrian, Missouri : 
 Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Boone chert. Carboniferous, Arkansas : Pur- 
 due, 1970. 
 
 Boone formation, Mississippian, Arkansas : 
 I’urdue, 1971. 
 
 Boone formation, Mississippian, Indian 
 Territory; Taff, 2332. 
 
 Boone formation, Mississippian, Kansas ; 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 Boquillas flags, Cretaceous, Texas : Udden, 
 2409. 
 
 Boss Mountain diabase. Carboniferous, Cali- 
 fornia : Diller, 721. 
 
 Bowler formation, Triassic? and I’ermian, 
 Montana : Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Bow River series, Canada ; Walcott, 2470. 
 
 Boyle limestone, Devonian, Kentucky : 
 Foerste, 884. 
 
 Bradford schist, Vermont : Richardson, 
 
 2037. 
 
 Bragdon formation, California : Hershey, 
 
 1133. 
 
 Bragdon formation, Carboniferous, Cali- 
 fornia : Diller, 721. 
 
 Brainard shales, Ordovician, Iowa : Calvin, 
 388. 
 
 Branford granite-gneiss, Connecticut : Greg- 
 ory, 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Brassfield limestone, Silurian, Kentucky : 
 Foerste, 883, 884. 
 
 Brasstown schist, Cambrian, North Caro- 
 lina : Keith, 1352. 
 
 Brayman shales, Silurian, New York : Gra- 
 bau, 991. 
 
 Brentwood limestone lentil, Pennsylvania, 
 Arkansas : Purdue, 1971. 
 
 Brevard schist, Cambrian, North Carolina 
 and South Carolina : Keith, 1353. 
 
 Bridger group. Tertiary, Wyoming : Sin- 
 clair, 2214. 
 
 Bridger formation. Tertiary, Wyoming • 
 Veatch, 2437. 
 
 Brier Creek marl, Oligocene, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Brimfleld schist, Connecticut : Gregory, 
 
 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Bristol granite-gneiss, Connecticut : Greg- 
 ory, 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Brock shale, Triassic, California : Diller, 
 721. 
 
 Bromley formation, Ordovician, Kentucky : 
 Bassler, 156. 
 
 Bronson beds. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Brookfield diorite, Connecticut : Gregory. 
 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Brownstown formation, Cretaceous, Arkan- 
 sas : Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Brush Creek limestone. Carboniferous, 
 Pennsylvania : Stevenson, 2294. 
 
 Brush Creek limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1046. • 
 
 Bryson formation. Carboniferous, Ken- 
 tucky : Ashley and Glenn, 77. 
 
 Buchanan gravels, I’leistocene, Iowa : 
 Arey, 53 ; Calvin, 388 ; Leonard, 1559 ; 
 Macbride, 1639 ; Norton, 1805 ; Williams, 
 2588. 
 
 Buda limestone, Cretaceous, Texas : 
 Udden, 2408-2409. 
 
 Buffalo sandstone, Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Stevenson, 2294. 
 
 Buffalo sandstone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Bully Hill rhyolite, Triassic, California : 
 Diller, 721. 
 
 Burches Ferry marl, Cretaceous, South 
 Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Burden conglomerate, Ordovician, New 
 York : Grabau, 991. 
 
 Burgen sandstone, Ordovician, Indian Ter- 
 ritory : Taff, 2332. 
 
 Burgoon sandstone, Mississippian, Pennsyl- 
 vania ; Butts, 368 ; Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Burke formation, Algonkian, Montana: 
 Walcott, 2470. 
 
 Burlingame shales. Carboniferous, Kansas ; 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Burlington limestone, Mississippian, Illi- 
 nois : Weller, 2523. 
 
 Burlington limestones, Mississippian, Iowa : 
 Beyer and Williams, 234. 
 
 Burlington limestone, Mississippian, Mis- 
 souri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Burns tuff, Oligocene, Colorado : Cross et 
 ah, 607. 
 
 Burro gravels and tuffs. Tertiary, Texas : 
 Udden, 2409. 
 
 Bushberg sandstone, Mississippian, Mis- 
 souri : Weller, 2519. 
 
 Butler sandstone. Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Butts, 268 ; Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Buxton formation, I’ennsylvanian, Kansas : 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 Cable formation, California : Lawson, 1528. 
 
 Cacapon sandstone, Silurian, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Cache Creek group, Devonian, Britisli 
 Columbia ; Brooks, 313. 
 
 Calciferous, Michigan : Lane, 1508. 
 
 Calciferous, Ordovician, Ontario : Ells, 788. 
 
 Calciferous formation, Ordovician, Michi- 
 gan ; Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Calderwood formation, Cambrian, Maine ; 
 Smith et al., 2241. 
 
 (bilhoun shales. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 t'alvert formation, Miocene, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488; Shattuck, 2185, 
 2188, 2191; Shattuck et al., 2193. 
 
 Calvert formation. Tertiary, Virginia : 
 Clark and Miller, 489, 
 
288 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY^ 1906-1907. 
 
 Calvert formation. Tertiary, Maryland and 
 Delaware ; Miller, 1749. 
 
 Cambridge limestone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Butts, 368 ; Stevenson, 2204. 
 
 Cambridge limestone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia : Gris- 
 wold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Cambridge limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Camillus shale, Silurian, New York : Hart- 
 nagel, 1085 ; Luther, 1633. 
 
 Campbell’s Creek limestone. Carboniferous, 
 West Virginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Camp Creek formation, pre-Cambrian, Mon- 
 tana : Emmons, 806. 
 
 Camp Creek series, Algonkian, Montana : 
 Walcott, 2470. 
 
 Camp Nelson, Ordovician, Kentucky ; Mil- 
 ler, 1748. 
 
 Cannelton limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Canterbury granite-gneiss, Connecticut : 
 Gregory, 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 
 1038. 
 
 Cantwell formation. Tertiary, Alaska : 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Canyon formation. Carboniferous, Texas ; 
 Ries, 2058. 
 
 Canyon Largo sandstones. Eocene, New 
 Mexico: Keyes, 1388, 1390. 
 
 Capefear formation, Jurassic?, North Caro- 
 lina : Stephenson, 2281. 
 
 Cape Girardeau limestone, Ordovician, 
 Illinois : Weller, 2517, 2524. 
 
 Capitan limestone. Carboniferous, New 
 Mexico : Keyes, 1377. 
 
 Cardiff (juartzite, Algonkian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Cardiff shale, Devonian, New York : Luther, 
 1633. 
 
 Carlile formation, Cretaceous, Colorado : 
 Darton, 648 ; Fisher, 869. 
 
 Carlile shale, Cretaceous, Nebraska : Con- 
 
 dra, 570. 
 
 Carlile shale. Cretaceous, Wyoming: Dar- 
 ton and O' Hava, 656. 
 
 Carlyle limestone. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Carmichaels formation, I’leistocene, Penn- 
 sylvania : Clapp, 475, 476. 
 
 Carmichaels formation. Quaternary, Penn- 
 sylvania : Butts, 368. 
 
 Carolina gneiss, Archeiin, North Carolina : 
 Keith. 1352, 1354. 
 
 Carolina gneiss, Archean. North Carolina 
 and South Carolina : Keith, 1353. 
 
 Cashaqua shale, Devonian, New Y’ork : Lu- 
 ther, 1633, 1634. 
 
 Cason shale, Ordovician, Arkansas : Purdue, 
 1970. 
 
 Cassville plant shale. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Cassville shale. Carboniferous, Appalachian 
 region : Stevenson. 2295. 
 
 Cassville shale. Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Clapp, 475. 
 
 Castine formation, Cambrian, Maine : Smith 
 €t al, 2241. 
 
 CatahoHla formation. Tertiary, Louisiana : 
 Veatch, 2436, 2437. 
 
 Cathedral granite. Tertiary, Cascade Moun- 
 tains : Daly, 632. 
 
 Catron formation. Carboniferous, Kentucky : 
 Ashley and Glenn, 77. 
 
 Catskill formation, Devonian, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Butts, 367. 
 
 Catskill formation, Devonian, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Catskill member, Devonian, Pennsylvania : 
 Clapp, 475. 
 
 Catskill series, Devonian, New York : Gra- 
 bau, 991. 
 
 Cave Creek gypsum, Permian, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Cave Springs sandstone. Carboniferous, 
 Kansas : Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Cawood sandstone member. Carboniferous, 
 Kentucky : Ashley and Glenn, 77. 
 
 Cayuga formation, Silurian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Cayuga group, Silurian, Wisconsin : Alden, 
 23. 
 
 Cayuta shale member, Devonian, New York : 
 Williams, 2583. 
 
 Cedar Hill sandstones, Permian, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Cedar Point shales and limestones, Permian, 
 Kansas : Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Cedar Valley limestone, Devonian, Iowa : 
 Calvin, 387, 388. 
 
 Cedar Valley stage, Devonian, Iowa : Arey, 
 53 ; Norton, 1805. 
 
 Central City granite, Colorado : Underhill, 
 2412. 
 
 Central (Mine) group, Cambrian, Michi- 
 gan : Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Chaco marls, Eocene, New Mexico : Keyes, 
 1388, 1390. 
 
 Chagrin formation, Devonian, Kentucky : 
 Foerste, 883. 
 
 Chama clays, Miocene, New Mexico : Keyes, 
 1388. 
 
 Chaman series. Eocene, New Mexico : Keyes, 
 1390. 
 
 Chamberlain shale, Algonkian, Montana : 
 Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Chambersburg formation, Ordovician. Vir- 
 ginia : Bassler, 158. 
 
 Chambersburg limestone, Ordovician, Mary- 
 land : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Chambersburg limestone, Ordovician, I’enn- 
 sylvania : Stose, 2318. 
 
 Chanute shale. Pennsylvanian, Kansas : 
 Beede and Rogers. 181 : Schrader and 
 Haworth. 2144 ; Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Chariton conglomerate. Pennsylvanian. 
 Iowa : Beyer and Williams. 234. 
 
 Chatooga zone, Archean, South Carolina : 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Chattahoochee, Tertiary, Georgia : Harper, 
 1077. 
 
LISTS GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS 
 
 289 
 
 Chattahoochee series, Miocene, Alabama : 
 Smith, 2229. 
 
 Chattahoochee series. Tertiary, Gulf re- 
 gion : Smith, 2226. 
 
 Chattanooga shale, Devonian, Indian Ter- 
 ritory : Tail, 2332. 
 
 ('hauga zone, Cambrian ?, South Carolina : 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Chautauqua sandstone, (^'arboniferous, Kan- 
 sas : Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Chazy, Ordovician, Ontario : Ells, 788. 
 
 Chazy beds, Ordovician, New Yoi*k, Ruede- 
 mann, 2097. 
 
 Chazy formation, Ordovician, Vermont ; 
 Seely, 2164. 
 
 C hazy limestone, Ordovician, Vermont : 
 Edson, 774. 
 
 Chazy limestone, Ordovician, New York, 
 Vermont, and Canada : Raymond, 1987. 
 
 Chelmsford sandstone, Canada ; Coleman, 
 546. 
 
 C'helmsford sandstone, pre-Cambrian, On- 
 tario : Coleman, 539. 
 
 Chemung formation, Devonian, New York : 
 Williams, 2583. 
 
 C’hemung formation, Devonian, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Butts, 367 ; Clapp, 475, 477. 
 
 Chemung formation. Devonian, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Chemung group, Devonian, New York : 
 Williams, 2586. 
 
 Chemung member, Devonian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Chemung sandstones, Devonian, New 
 York : Luther, 1634. 
 
 Cheraw cobbles. Pleistocene, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Cherokee shale, Pennsylvanian, Kansas : 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144 ; Wooster, 
 2636. 
 
 C’herokee shale, Pennsylvanian, Missouri : 
 Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Cherokee zone, Cambrian?, South Carolina: 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Cherryvale shale, Pennsylvanian, Kansas : 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144 ; Wooster, 
 2636. 
 
 Chesapeake group, Miocene. Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488 ; Shattuck, 2188. 
 2191 ; Shattuck ct al., 2193. 
 
 Chester formation, Mississippian, Missis- 
 sippi : Crider, 595. 
 
 Chester group, Mississippian, Missouri : 
 Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Chickamauga limestone, Ordovician, Ala- 
 bama : Butts, 370. 
 
 Chickamauga limestone, Ordovician, Vir- 
 ginia : Bassler, 158. 
 
 Chickasaw (Wilcox) group. Eocene, Ala- 
 bama : Smith, 2229. 
 
 Chico formation, Cretaceous, California : 
 Diller, 721. 
 
 Chico series, Cretaceous, California : Cran- 
 dall, ,590. 
 
 Chippewa felsite, Algonkian, Michigan : 
 Gordon and Lane, 985. 
 
 Chisna group, Devonian, Alaska : Brooks, 
 313. 
 
 Chisos beds, Cretaceous, Texas : Udden, 
 
 2409. 
 
 Chitistone limestone, Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Chopaka intrusive. Paleozoic, Cascade 
 Mountains : Daly, 632. 
 
 Choptank formation. Miocene, Maryland : 
 (^lark and Mathews, 488; Shattuck, 2185, 
 2188, 2191 ; Shattuck, et al., 2193. 
 
 Choptank formation. Tertiary, Virginia : 
 Clark and Miller, 489. 
 
 Chouteau limestone, Mississippian, Illinois: 
 Weller, 2523. 
 
 Chouteau limestone, Mississippian, Mis- 
 souri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Chugwater formation, Triassic?, Wyoming: 
 Darton, 642, 644-647; Fisher, 873. 
 
 Cibolo limestone. Carboniferous, Texas : 
 TMden, 2409. 
 
 Cimarron Creek latite, Colorado : Cross et 
 al, 607. 
 
 Cimarronian series. Carboniferous, New 
 Mexico : Keyes, 1377. 
 
 Cincinnati formation, Ordovician, Wiscon- 
 sin : Alden, 23. 
 
 Cincinnatian formation, Ordovician, Illi- 
 nois : Weller, 2517, 2524. 
 
 Cisco formation. Carboniferous, Texas : 
 Ries, 2058. 
 
 Ciaggett formation, Cretaceous, Alberta ; 
 Cairnes. 381 ; Dowling, 735. 
 
 Claiborne formation. Eocene, Mississippi : 
 Logan, 1608. 
 
 Claiborne formation. Tertiary, Louisiana 
 and Arkansas : Veatch, 2436, 2437. 
 
 Claiborne group. Eocene, Alabama : Smith, 
 2229. 
 
 Claiborne group. Tertiary, Mississippi : Cri- 
 der, 595 ; Crider and Johnson, 599. 
 
 Claiborne stage, Eocene, Louisiana : Harris, 
 1079. 
 
 Clallam formation. Tertiary, Washington : 
 Arnold, 56. 
 
 Clarion sandstone. Carboniferous, I’ennsyl- 
 vania : Butts, 368. 
 
 Clarksburg limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Claysville limestone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia : Gris- 
 wold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Clayton formation. Tertiary, Mississippi : 
 Crider, 595 ; Crider and Johnson, 599. 
 
 Clayton limestone. Eocene, Alabama : Smith, 
 2229. 
 
 Clayton limestone. Eocene, Mississippi : 
 Logan, 1608. 
 
 C'lear Creek gneiss, Colorado : Underhill, 
 2414. 
 
 Clear Fork division of the Red Beds, Per- 
 mian, Texas : Case, 443. 
 
 Clermont shale, Ordovician, Iowa : Calvin, 
 388. 
 
 Clinch (“Medina”), Virginia: Eckel, 765. 
 
 Clinch sandstone, Ordovician, Virginia: 
 Bassler, 158. 
 
 G6S36— Bull. 372— Oi) 19 
 
290 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 ('linton formation, Silurian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Clinton formation, Silurian, New York : 
 Ilartnagel, 1085. 
 
 Clinton formation, Silurian, West Virginia : 
 Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Cloverly formation, Cretaceous, Montana : 
 Darton, 652. 
 
 t'loverly formation, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Darton, 642, 644-647 ; Fisher, 873. 
 
 Coastal group, Canada : Ells, 784. 
 
 Cobleskill dolomite, Silurian, New York ; 
 Clarke, 490. 
 
 Cobleskill limestone. Silurian, New York : 
 Grabau, 991 ; Ilartnagel, 1084. 
 
 Cobleskill waterlime, Silurian, New York : 
 Luther, 1633. 
 
 Cochran conglomerate, Cambrian, Tennes- 
 see : Keith, 1354. 
 
 Cockeysville marble, Algonkian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Cockfleld member. Tertiary, Louisiana and 
 Arkansas : Veatch, 2436, 2437. 
 
 Cockfield member of Claiborne, Eocene, 
 Louisiana : Harris, 1079. 
 
 Coeymans limestone, Devonian, New York: 
 Grabau, 991 ; Ilartnagel, 1084. 
 
 Coeymans member, Devonian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Coffeyville formation, I’ennsylvanian, Kan- 
 sas : Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 Coggon limestone, Devonian, Iowa : Nor- 
 ton, 1805. 
 
 Coldbrook group, pre-Cambrian, Canada : 
 Ells, 784. 
 
 Coldwater series, Mississippian, Michigan ; 
 Lane, 1516. 
 
 Coldwater shale. Carboniferous, Michigan : 
 Cooper. 575. 
 
 Coldwater group. Tertiary, Yukon Terri- 
 tory : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Collinsville granite-gneiss, Connecticut : 
 Gregory, 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 
 1038. 
 
 Colorado formation, Cretaceous, Canada : 
 Dowling, 735. 
 
 Colorado formation, Cretaceous, Iowa : 
 Calvin, 387. 
 
 Colorado formation, Cretaceous, Montana ; 
 Darton, 652. 
 
 Colorado formation, Cretaceous, North 
 Dakota : I>eonard, 1563. 
 
 Colorado formation, ('retaceous. Wyoming: 
 Darton, 642, 644 -647; Fisher, 873; 
 
 Veatch, 2437. 
 
 Coiumbia clay. Quaternary. Missouri : Shep- 
 ard. 2194. 
 
 (’olumbia formation, Mississippi : Brown, 
 326. 
 
 ('olumbia formation, IMeistocene, South 
 Carolina : Pugh, 1963. 
 
 Columbia formation. (Quaternary, Missis- 
 sippi : Logan. 160S. 
 
 Columbia formation. (Quaternary, Tennessee, 
 Kentucky, and Illinois: Glenn, t)71. 
 
 Columbia formation. Tertiary, Georgia : 
 Harper, 1077. 
 
 Columbia group, I’leistoceue, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488 ; Shattuck, 2185, 
 2188, 2191 ; Shattuck ct ah, 2193. 
 
 Columbia group. Quaternary, Maryland and 
 Delaware : Miller, 1749. 
 
 Columbia sands. Pleistocene, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Columbia sands. Ideistocene, Texas : Fenne- 
 man, 859 ; Ries, 2058. 
 
 Columbia Ford limestone. Carboniferous, 
 Kansas : Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Columbus formation, Devonian, Ohio : 
 Swartz, 2329. 
 
 Columbus limestone, Devonian, Kentucky : 
 Foerste, 883. 
 
 Columbus limestone, Devonian, Ohio : 
 Stauffer, 2277, 2278. 
 
 Colville, Tertiary, Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Colvin limestone. Carboniferous, Appala- 
 chian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Comanche series, Cretaceous, Arkansas : 
 Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Comanche series, Cretaceous, Colorado : 
 Darton, 648. 
 
 Combahee shale, Oligocene, South Carolina : 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Conasauga limestone, Ordovician, Alabama : 
 Butts, 370. 
 
 Conasauga shales, Cambrian, Georgia : 
 Watson, 2483. 
 
 Concreto shale, Pennsylvanian, Kansas : 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 Concreto (Lane) shale, Carboniferous, 
 Kansas : Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Conemaugh formation. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Butts, 368 ; Clapp, 475, 477 ; 
 Stevenson, 2294 ; Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Conemaugh formation. Carboniferous, I'enn- 
 sylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia : Gris- 
 wold and Munn. 1048. 
 
 Conemaugh formation. Pennsylvanian, Mary- 
 land : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Conemaugh series. Carboniferous, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Congaree shales. Eocene, vSouth ('arolina : 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Connellsville sandstone. Carboniferous. West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Connoquenessing sandstone. Carboniferous, 
 I’ennsylvania : Butts, 368. 
 
 Cooks Mountain beds. Tertiary, Texas : 
 Fenneman, 859. 
 
 Copley metaandesite. pre-Devonian, Cali- 
 fornia : Diller, 721, 
 
 Copper Harbor conglomerates. Cambrian, 
 Michigan : Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Cornwall shale. Devonian, New York : 
 Ilartnagel, 1084. 
 
 Cortlandt series, Ordovician, New York : 
 Berkey, 207. 
 
 (’orwin formation, .lurassic, Alaska : Col- 
 lier, 552. 
 
LISTS GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS 
 
 291 
 
 Corwin series, Jurassic, Alaska ; Brooks, 
 313. 
 
 Cottonwood limestone. Carboniferous, Kan- 
 sas : Beede and Rogers, 181: Wooster, 
 1>G36. 
 
 Covington group, Ordovician, Ohio and 
 Kentucky : Bassler, 15G. 
 
 Cowrun sandstone. Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Stevenson, 2294. 
 
 Coyote formation, Carboniferous, New Mex- 
 ico ; Keyes, 1377. 
 
 Crab Orchard division, Silurian, Kentucky : 
 Foerste, 883, 884. 
 
 Cranberry granite, Archean, North Caro- 
 lina and Tennessee : Keith, 1354. 
 
 Crescent formation. Tertiary, Washington : 
 Arnold, 5G. 
 
 Creston quartzite, Algonkian, Montana: 
 Walcott, 2470. 
 
 Creston quartzite, Idaho and Montana : 
 Daly, G31. 
 
 Cripple Creek granite, Colorado : Graton, 
 102G. 
 
 Crown conglomerate, Cretaceous, Texas : 
 ■Udden, 2409. 
 
 Crown Point limestone, Ordovician, New 
 York : Raymond, 1987. 
 
 Crusher Hill shales and limestones, Per- 
 mian, Kansas : Wooster, 2G3G. 
 
 Cuchara formation, Cretaceous?, Colorado: 
 Darton, G48. 
 
 Culebra beds, Panama : Howe, 1245. 
 
 Culebra formation. Tertiary, Panama : 
 Howe, 1244. 
 
 Curdsville, Ordovician, Kentucky : Miller, 
 1748. 
 
 Cutler formation. Carboniferous (Per- 
 mian?), Colorado: Cross ct al, G07. 
 
 Cuyahoga formation. Carboniferous, Ohio : 
 Carney, 427. 
 
 Cuyuna series, Minnesota : Leith, 1557. 
 
 Cynthiana formation, Ordovician, Ken- 
 tucky : Foerste, 884. 
 
 Dadina schists, Alaska: Brooks, 313. 
 
 Dakota formation, Cretaceous, Alberta : 
 Cairnes, 381 ; Dowling, 735. 
 
 Dakota formation, Cretaceous, Colorado : 
 Darton, G48 ; Fenneman and Gale, 8G3 ; 
 Fisher, 8G9 ; Gale, 922. 
 
 Dakota formation, Cretaceous, Iowa : Cal- 
 vin, 387 ; Macbride, 1G39. 
 
 Dakota formation, Cretaceous, Montana : 
 Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Dakota formation, Cretaceous, Nebraska : 
 Condra, 570 ; Woodruff, 2G28. 
 
 Dakota formation, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Veatch, 2440. 
 
 Dakota sandstone, Cretaceous, Colorado : 
 Cross et al., G07. 
 
 Dakota sandstone, Cretaceous, Colorado 
 and New Mexico: Shaler, 217G. 
 
 Dakota sandstone, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Dari on and OTIarra, G5G. 
 
 Dakotan series, Cretaceous, New Mexico : 
 Keyes, i370. 
 
 Danbury granodiorite-gneiss, Connecticut : 
 Gregory, 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 
 1 038. 
 
 Davenport, lower, sub-stage, Iowa : Norton, 
 1805. 
 
 Day Creek dolomite, l‘ermian, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2G3G. 
 
 Day Point limestone, Ordovician, New 
 York : Raymond, 1987. 
 
 Deadwood formation, Cambrian, Wyoming : 
 Darton, G42, G44-G47 ; Fisher, 873. 
 
 Decker Ferry limestone, Silurian, New 
 York: Hartnagel, 1084. 
 
 Decorah shale, Ordovician, Iowa : Beyer 
 and Williams, 234 ; Calvin. 388. 
 
 Deer Creek limestone. Carboniferous, Kan- 
 sas : Wooster, 2G3G. 
 
 DeKalb limestone. Pennsylvanian, Iowa : 
 Beyer and Williams, 234. 
 
 Dekkas andesite, Triassic, California : Dil- 
 ler, 721. 
 
 Delaware limestone, Devonian, Ohio : Stauf- 
 fer, 2277, 2278 ; Swartz, 2329. 
 
 Del Rio clay, Cretaceous, Texas : Udden, 
 2408, 2409. 
 
 Denison formation, Cretaceous, Arkansas : 
 Veatch, 243G. 
 
 Dennis limestone. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Beede and Rogers, 181 ; Schrader and 
 Haworth, 2144 ; Woo.ster, 2G3G. 
 
 Denver formation. Cretaceous?, Colorado: 
 Darton, G4R. 
 
 De Smet formation, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Darton, G44-G47. 
 
 Des Moines formation. Carboniferous, Iowa : 
 Calvin, 387 ; Savage, 2128. 
 
 Des Moines group, Pennsylvanian, Missouri : 
 Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Des Moines stage. I’ennsylvanian, Iowa : 
 Beyer and Williams, 234. 
 
 Devil’s River limestone, Cretaceous, Texas : 
 Udden, 2408. 
 
 Devonshire formation, Bermuda Islands : 
 Verrill, 2445. 
 
 Difficulty Creek latite, Colorado, Cross et 
 al., G07. 
 
 Dighton conglomerate, Massachusetts : 
 Mansfield, 1G74. 
 
 Dillard series, Cretaceous, Oregon : Diller, 
 724. 
 
 Dockum formation, Triassic, Texas : Gould, 
 98G. 
 
 Dockum group, Triassic, Texas : Gould, 987. 
 
 Dog Creek shales, Permian, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2G3G. 
 
 Dolores formation, Triassic, Colorado : 
 Cross, G04 : Cross et ah, G07. 
 
 r»on beds of Toronto formation. Quater- 
 nary, Canada ; Coleman, 547. 
 
 Donley limestone. Carboniferous, l*ennsyl- 
 vania, Ohio, and West Virginia : Gris- 
 wold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Dore formation, Canada: Bell, 189. 
 
 Dothan formation, Jurassic, Oregon: Diller, 
 724. 
 
292 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Double Mountain division of the Red Beds, 
 I’ermian, Texas : Case. 448. 
 
 Dresbach formation, Cambrian, Iowa: Cal- 
 vin. 387. 
 
 I)resbach sandstone, Cambrian. Iowa : 
 Beyer and Williams, 234. 
 
 Drum formation. Pennsylvanian, Kansas: 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 Drumlummon porph.vry dikes, Montana : 
 Barrel!, 140. 
 
 Dry Creek shale, Devono-Silurian, Mon- 
 tana : Emmons, 800. 
 
 Dubuque formation. Ordovician, upper 
 Mississippi Valley: Sardeson. 2122. 
 
 Dudley shales. Carboniferous. Kansas : 
 Beede and Rogers. 181: Wooster, 2630. 
 
 Duffin layer, Devonian, Kentucky : Foerste, 
 883. 884. 
 
 Dugout clays and gravels. Tertiary, Texas: 
 Fdden. 2409. 
 
 Duluth gabbro, Algonkian. Minnesota : Ab- 
 bott, 1. 
 
 l»undee limestone, Devonian. Michigan : 
 (^ooj)er, 573 : Lane, 1510. 
 
 Dunkard formation. Carboniferous, Appa- 
 lachian region : Stevenson. 2295. 
 
 Dunkard formation, Permian. Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Dunkard group. Carboniferous. Pennsyl- 
 vania : Clapp, 475. 476. 
 
 Dunkard group. Carboniferous (Permian). 
 Pennsylvania : Clapp, 477.' 
 
 Dunkard series. Carboniferous, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsle.v, 1044, 1040. 
 
 Eagle formation, Cretaceous, Canada : 
 Dowling. 735. 
 
 Eagle limestone. Carboniferous, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Eagle Ford beds, Cretaceous, Texas : Fd- 
 den. 2408. 
 
 F'agle Ford formation. Cretaceous. Arkan- 
 sas : Veatch, 2430. 
 
 Eagle Ford formation, Cretaceous, Texas : 
 Ries. 2058. 
 
 Eagle I’ass formation. Cretaceous, Texas : 
 TTlden, 2408. 
 
 Eagle River .group, Cambrian, Michigan : 
 Lane and Seaman. 1518. 
 
 Earlham limestone. Pennsylvanian. Iowa : 
 Be.ver and Williams. 234. 
 
 Earlton limestone. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2030. 
 
 Eastford granite-gneiss. Connecticut : Gre.g- 
 orv, 1034 : Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 East Greenwich group, early Carbonifer- 
 ous or late pre-Carhoniferous : Emerson 
 and Perry. 790. 
 
 Easton schist. pre-Tertiary, Washington : 
 Smith and ('alkins. 2240. 
 
 Economy member, Ordovician, Ohio and 
 Kentucky : Bassler. 150. 
 
 Edd.v formation. Carboniferous, New Mex- 
 ico: Keyes. 1377. 
 
 Eden, Ordovician. Kentucky: Miller. 1748. 
 
 Eden formation. Ordovician, Ohio and Ken- 
 tucky : Bassler, 150. 
 
 Eden shale, Ordovician, Pennsylvania : 
 Stose, 2318. 
 
 Eden shales and sandstones, Ordovician, 
 Virginia : Bassler, 158. 
 
 Edgefield-Chesterfield zone, Algongian?, 
 South ('arolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Edisto marls, Miocene, South Carolina : 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Edmonton formation, Cretaceous, Alberta : 
 Cairnes, 381. 
 
 Edmonton series. Cretaceous, Canada: Dow- 
 ling. 735. 
 
 Elbert formation, Devonian, Colorado : 
 Cross ct al., 007. 
 
 Elbrook limestone, Cambro-Ordovician, Penn- 
 sylvania : Stose, 2318. 
 
 Elgin sandstone, Pennsylvanian, Kansas : 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144 ; Wooster, 
 2036. 
 
 Elgin shaly limestones, Ordovician, Iowa : 
 Calvin, 388. 
 
 Elk Lick limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Ellensburg formation. Tertiary, Washing- 
 ton : Smith and Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Ellis formation, Cretaceous, Montana : 
 Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Ellsworth schist, Cambrian or pre-Cam- 
 brian, Maine : Smith ct ah, 2241, 
 
 Elmdale formation. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Beede and Rogers, 181 ; Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Elm Grove limestone, Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Elvins formation, Cambro-Ordovician, Mis- 
 souri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Ely greenstone, Archean, Minnesota : Ab- 
 bott, 1. 
 
 Ely limestone, Carboniferous, Nevada : 
 Lawson, 1526. 
 
 Embar formation. Carboniferous, Wyoming : 
 Darton, 642, 647 ; Fisher, 873. 
 
 Empire formation, Algonkian, Montana : 
 Walcott, 2470. 
 
 Empire shale, Algonkian, Montana : Barrel!, 
 149, 
 
 Emporia limestone. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Beede and Rogers, 181 : Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Enfield shale member. Devonian, New York : 
 Williams, 2583. 
 
 Englishtown. Cretaceous, New .Tersey : 
 Clark. 483. 
 
 Englishtown sand, Cretaceous, New Jersey : 
 Weller, 2520. 
 
 Enochkin formation, .Turassic, Alaska : 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Fio-Huronian. pre-Cambrian, Michigan : 
 I.ane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Erie (Bronson) beds. Carboniferous, Kan- 
 sas : Wooster. 2636. 
 
 Erwin quartzite. Cambrian, North Caro- 
 lina and Tennessee : Keith, 1354. 
 
 Escondido beds of Eagle Pass formation, 
 Cretaceous. Texas : Fdden. 2408. 
 
 Eskridge shales. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Beede and Rogers, 181. 
 
LISTS GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. 
 
 293 
 
 Esopus shales, Devonian, New York ; Gra- 
 bau, 991. 
 
 Estill clay, Silurian, Kentucky : Foerste, 
 883, 884. 
 
 Eureka beds. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Eureka quartzite, Ordovician, Nevada and 
 California : Ball, 120. 
 
 Eutaw formation, Cretaceous, Alabama ; 
 Smith, 2229. 
 
 Eutaw formation, Cretaceous, Mississippi : 
 Logan, 1608. 
 
 Eutaw sands, Cretaceous, Mississippi : 
 
 Crider, 595 ; Crider and Johnson, 599. 
 
 Eutaw sand, Cretaceous, Tennessee : Glenn, 
 971. 
 
 Evans granite, Colorado : Collier, 553. 
 
 Evanston formation. Tertiary, Wyoming : 
 Schultz, 2151 ; Veatch, 2437. 
 
 Everton limestone, Ordovician, Arkansas 
 and Missouri: Purdue, 1967. 
 
 Fairhaven diatomaceous earth, Miocene, 
 Maryland: Shattuck, 2185, 2188. 
 
 Fairhaven diatomaceous member, Miocene, 
 Maryland : Shattuck ei al., 2193. 
 
 Fairview formation, Ordovician, Ohio and 
 Kentucky : Bassler, 156. 
 
 Fall Creek conglomerate lentil, Devonian, 
 New York : Williams, 2583. 
 
 Farnham formation, Ordovician, Canada : 
 Young, 2660. 
 
 Fayette clays. Tertiary, Texas : Ries, 2058. 
 
 Fayette sands. Tertiary, Texas : Fenne- 
 
 man, 859. 
 
 Fayetteville formation, Mississippian, 
 Arkansas : Purdue, 1971. 
 
 Fayetteville formation, Mississippian, In- 
 dian Territory : Taft, 2332. 
 
 Fern Glen formation, Mississippian, Mis- 
 souri : Weller, 2519. 
 
 Fern Glen (Kinderhook ) , Mississippian, 
 Illinois : Fenneman, 860. 
 
 Fernando formation, Miocene-Pliocene- 
 Pleistocene, California : Arnold and 
 
 Anderson, 66. 
 
 Fernando formation. Pliocene, California : 
 Arnold, 63 ; Eldridge and Arnold, 779. 
 
 Fernando formation. Tertiary, California : 
 Arnold and Anderson, 67. 
 
 Fernie shale, Alberta : Dowling, 735. 
 
 Fernie shale, Jurassic, Alberta: Cairnes, 
 381 ; Dowling, 736. 
 
 Fickett series. Carboniferous (in part), 
 Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Fish Creek sandstone. Carboniferous, Ap- 
 palachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Fish Creek sandstone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : ('lapp, 476. ' 
 
 Fish Creek sandstone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Fishpot limestone. Carboniferous, Appa- 
 lachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Fishpot limestone. Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Clapp, 475. 
 
 Flades clay, Silurian, Kentucky : Foerste, 
 883, 884. 
 
 Flathead quartzite, Cambrian, Montana : 
 Emmons, 806 ; Rowe, 2090 ; Walcott, 
 2470. 
 
 Flatwoods clay. Eocene, Mississippi : Lo- 
 gan and Hand, 1609. 
 
 Flatwoods clay. Tertiary, Mississippi : Cri- 
 der, 595. 
 
 Fleming clay. Tertiary, Louisiana : Veatch, 
 2436, 2437. 
 
 Florena member of Garrison formation. 
 Carboniferous, Kansas : Beede and Rog- 
 ers, 181. 
 
 Florence beds, I’ermian, Kansas : Wooster, 
 2636. 
 
 Florence flints, Permian, Kansas : Wooster, 
 2636. 
 
 Florissant formation. Tertiary (Eocene), 
 Colorado: Henderson, 1127. 
 
 Flower-pot shales, Permian, Kansas : Woos- 
 ter, 2636. 
 
 Fordham gneiss, pre-Cambrian, New York : 
 Berkey, 207. 
 
 Fort Atkinson limestone, Ordovician, Iowa : 
 Calvin, 388. 
 
 Fort Benton sbales, Cretaceous, Iowa : 
 Macbride, 1639. 
 
 Fort I’ierre formation, Cretaceous, Mon- 
 tana : Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Fort Riley limestones, Permian, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Fort Scott limestone, Pennsylvanian, Kan- 
 sas : Schrader and Haworth, 2144 : 
 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Port Smith formation. Carboniferous, Ar- 
 kansas : Collier, 556. 
 
 Fort Union, Cretaceous, Montana : Brown, 
 325. 
 
 Fort Union, Tertiary, Wyoming : Veatch, 
 2439. 
 
 Fort Union formation, Cretaceous, Montana : 
 Leonard, 1564. 
 
 Fort Union formation, Cretaceous, North 
 Dakota : Leonard, 1563. 
 
 Fort Union formation, Tertiary, Wyoming : 
 Veatch, 2440. 
 
 Fort Worth formation, Cretaceous, Arkan- 
 sas : Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Fortymile series, Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Fortymile Creek formation, pre-Devonian, 
 Alaska : Prindle, 1956. 
 
 Fountain formation. Carboniferous, Colo- 
 rado : Finlay, 868. 
 
 Fox Hills formation, Cretaceous, Montana : 
 Brown, 325 ; Leonard, 1564 ; Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Fox Hills formation, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Darton, 642 ; Fisher, 873. 
 
 Fox Hills member of Montana formation, 
 Cretaceous, North Dakota : Leonard, 
 
 1563. 
 
 Fox Hills sandstone, Cretaceous, Colorado ; 
 Darton, 648. 
 
 Fox Hills sandstone, Cretaceous, North 
 Dakota : Leonard, 1560. 
 
 Fox Hills sandstone, Cretaceous, Wyoming: 
 Darton and OTIarra, 656. 
 
294 BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGA^, 1906-1907 
 
 Franciscan formation, Jurassic?, Califor- 
 nia ; Arnold and Anderson, 6G, 67. 
 
 Franciscan (Golden Gate) series, pre-Cre- 
 taceous, California : Crandall, 591. 
 
 Franklin limestone. Carboniferous, Appala- 
 chian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Freda sandstone, Cambrian, Michigan ; 
 Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Freeport group. Carboniferous, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Freeport limestone, Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania ; Butts, 368 ; Stevenson, 2294. 
 
 Freeport limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia ; Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Freeport sandstone, Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania ; Butts, 368 ; Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Freeport (Roaring Creek) sandstone. Car- 
 boniferous, West Virginia : Grimsley, 
 
 1046. 
 
 Fremont limestone, Ordovician, Colorado : 
 Darton, 648. 
 
 Frio clays. Tertiary, Texas : Fenneman, 
 859 ; Ries, 2058. 
 
 Frontier formation, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Schultz, 2151 : Veatch, 2440. 
 
 Fulda sandstone, Permian, Texas : Case, 
 443. 
 
 Fulton green shale. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Fulton member, Ordovician, Ohio and Ken- 
 tucky ; Bassler, 156. 
 
 Furnaceville iron ore, Silurian, New York : 
 Hartnagel, 1085. 
 
 Furnaceville iron ore formation, Silurian, 
 New York : Clarke, 494. 
 
 Fuson formation, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Darton and O’Harra, 656. 
 
 Gakona group. Tertiary, Alaska : Brooks, 
 313. 
 
 Galena (Boone) beds, Mississippian, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Galena dolomite, Ordovician, upper Missis- 
 sippi Valley : Bain, 99. 
 
 Galena limestone, Ordovician, Iowa : Cal- 
 vin, 387, 388 ; Leonard, 1559 ; Savage, 
 2128. 
 
 Galena limestone, Ordovician, Wisconsin : 
 Grant, 1017 ; Grant and Burchard, 1021. 
 
 Galena series, Ordovician, upper Mississippi 
 Valley : Sardeson, 2122. 
 
 Galena stage. Ordovician, Iowa : Beyer and 
 Williams, 234. 
 
 Galesburg shale, I’ennsylvanian, Kansas : 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144 ; Wooster, 
 2636. 
 
 Gal ice formation, Jurassic, Oregon : Diller, 
 724. 
 
 Gallatin limestone, Cambrian, Montana : 
 Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Gardiner clays. Pleistocene, New England : 
 Fuller, 913. 
 
 Garnett limestone. Carboniferous. Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Garrard, Ordovician, Kentucky : Miller, 
 1748. 
 
 Garrison formation. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Beede and Rogers, 181. 
 
 Gasconade limestone, Cambro-Ordovician, 
 ^Missouri ; Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Gatuu formation, Oligocene, Panama ; 
 Howe, 1244. 
 
 Genesee black shale, Devonian, New York : 
 Imther, 163.3, 16.34. 
 
 Genesee member. Devonian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Genesee shale, Devonian, New York : Wil- 
 liams, 2583. 
 
 Genesee shale, Devonian, Pennsylvania : 
 Butts, 367. 
 
 Geneva limestone, Devonian, Indiana : 
 Stauffer, 2278. 
 
 Genundewah limestone, Devonian, New 
 York : Luther, 1633, 1634. 
 
 Gering beds. Tertiary, Wyoming and 
 Nebraska: Peterson, 1916. 
 
 Giants Range granite, Algonkian, Minne- 
 sota : Abbott, 1. 
 
 Gila conglomerate. Quaternary, Arizona ; 
 Lee, 1541. 
 
 Gilboy sandstone. Carboniferous, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Gilmore sandstone. Carboniferous, Appa- 
 lachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Gilmore sandstone. Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Clapp, 476. 
 
 Gladeville sandstone. Carboniferous, Vir- 
 ginia : Stone, 2311. 
 
 Glastonbury granite-gneiss, Connecticut : 
 Gregory, 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 
 1038. 
 
 Gleneyrie formation. Carboniferous, Colo- 
 rado : Finlay, 868. 
 
 Glen Park limestone. Mississippian, Mis- 
 souri : Weller, 2519. 
 
 Goobic sands. Quaternary, Alaska : Brooks, 
 31.3. 
 
 Goodland limestone, Cretaceous, Arkansas : 
 Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Goodnight formation. Tertiary, Texas : 
 Gould, 986. 
 
 Goodrich quartzite, pre-Cambrian, Michi- 
 gan: Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Goose Creek marl, Miocene, South (''arolina : 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Gordon sandstone, Devonian, Pennsylvania : 
 Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Gosport greensand. Eocene, Alabama : 
 Smith, 2229. 
 
 j Gower formation, Silurian. Iowa : Calvin, 
 
 I 387 : Savage, 2128. 
 
 I Gower stage. Silurian. Iowa : Beyer and 
 Williams. 2.34. 
 
 Grafton quartzite. Cambrian, Rhode Island* 
 Emerson and Perry, 790. 
 
 Grampus gneiss. pre-Cambrian, New York : 
 ('ushing, 614. 
 
 Grand Gulf formation, Miocene. Mississippi : 
 Logan. 1608. 
 
 Grand Gulf formation, Pliocene, Alabama: 
 Smith, 2229. 
 
LISTS GEOLOGIC FOEMATIONS. 
 
 295 
 
 Grand Gulf formation, Tertiary, Gulf re- 
 gion : Smith, 2226, 2228. 
 
 Grand Gulf formation. Tertiary, Missis- 
 sippi : Crider, 595 ; Crider and Johnson, 
 599. 
 
 Grand Rapids, upper and lower. Carbonifer- 
 ous, Michigan : Cooper, 575. 
 
 Graneros shale, Cretaceous, Colorado : Dar- 
 ton, 648 ; Fisher, 869. 
 
 Graneros shale, Cretaceous, Nebraska : Con- 
 dra, 570. 
 
 Graneros shale, Cretaceous, Wyoming : Bar- 
 ton and OTIarra', 656. 
 
 Graving series, Cretaceous, Alaska : Brooks, 
 313. 
 
 Graydon sandstone, Pennsylvanian, Mis- 
 souri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Great conglomerate, Cambrian, Michigan : 
 Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Great Smoky conglomerate, Cambrian, 
 North Carolina and Tennessee : Keith, 
 1352. 
 
 Greenbrier formation, Mississippian, Mary- 
 land : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Greenbrier limestone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Clapp, 475. 
 
 Greenbrier limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044, 
 
 Greenbrier limestone, Mississippian, Penn- 
 sylvania : Clapp, 477. 
 
 Greenbrier limestone, Mississippian, Vir- 
 ginia ; Bassler, 158. 
 
 Greendale bed, Ordovician, Kentucky : 
 Foerste, 884. 
 
 Greene formation. Carboniferous, Appa- 
 lachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Greene formation. Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Clapp, 475, 476. 
 
 Greene formation. Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Stone and Clapp, 2314. 
 
 Greene formation. Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania, Ohio, and West Virginia : Gris- 
 wold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Greene formation. Carboniferous (Penn- 
 sylvanian), I’ennsylvania : Clapp, 477. 
 
 Greenhorn formation, Cretaceous, Wyom- 
 ing ; Barton and OTIarra, 656. 
 
 Greenhorn limestone, Cretaceous, Colo- 
 rado : Barton, 648 ; Fisher, 869. 
 
 Greenhorn limestone, Cretaceous, Nebraska ; 
 Condra, 570. 
 
 Green River, Tertiary, Wyoming: Veatch, 
 2439. 
 
 Green River formation. Tertiary, Wyoming : 
 Schultz, 2151 ; Veatch, 2437. 
 
 Greer formation, Permian, Texas: Gould, 
 986, 987. 
 
 Grenville series, pre-Cambrian : Adams et 
 al., 13. 
 
 Grenville scries, pre-Cambrian, New York : 
 Bcrkey, 207 ; Cushing, 614. 
 
 Grenville series, pre-Cambrian, Ontario : 
 Miller and Knight, 1759. 
 
 Greyson formation, Algonkian, Montana : 
 Barrel!, 149. 
 
 Greyson shales, Algonkian, Montana: 
 Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Grimes sandstone, Bevonian, New York : 
 Luther, 1634. 
 
 Guadaloupan series. Carboniferous, New 
 Mexico : Keyes, 1377. 
 
 Gulf series, Cretaceous, Arkansas : Veatch, 
 2436. 
 
 Gunflint formation, Algonkian, ^Minnesota : 
 Abbott, 1. 
 
 Gunstock dike. New Hampshire : Pirsson 
 and Washington, 1934. 
 
 Gunstock gneiss. New Hampshire : Pirsson 
 and Washington, 1934. 
 
 Guye formation. Tertiary, Washington : 
 Smith and Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Hackherry shales, Bevonian, Iowa: Wil- 
 liams, -2588. 
 
 Hackherry shales, Permian, Kansas : Woos- 
 ter, 2636. 
 
 Haddam granite-gneiss, Connecticut : Greg- 
 ory, 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Hale formation, Pennsylvanian, Arkansas : 
 Purdue, 1971. 
 
 Hamburg beds, Cretaceous, South Carolina ; 
 Sloan, 2217. 
 
 Hamburg clays, Cretaceous, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Hamburg slate, pre-Cambrian, Wisconsin : 
 Weidman, 2512. 
 
 Hamilton formation, Bevonian, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Butts, 367. 
 
 Hamilton member, Bevonian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Hamilton shales, Bevonian, New Y’^ork : 
 Grahau, 991. 
 
 Hamilton shale formation, Bevonian, New 
 York : Williams, 2583. 
 
 Hamilton shale, Bevonian, West Virginia : 
 Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Hampshire formation, Bevonian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Hampshire formation, Bevonian, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Hampton clays. Pleistocene, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Hampton shale, Cambrian, Tennessee : 
 Keith, 1354. 
 
 Hance formation, Carboniferous, Kentucky : 
 Ashley and Glenn, 77. 
 
 Hannibal formation, Mississippian, Mis- 
 souri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Harding sandstone, Ordovician, Colorado : 
 Barton, 648. 
 
 Harper beds, Permian, Kansas : Wooster, 
 2636. 
 
 Harpers formation, Cambrian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Harpers formation, Cambrian, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Stose, 2318. 
 
 Harpers shale, Cambrian, West Vii’ginia : 
 Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Harrison beds. Tertiary, Wyoming and Ne- 
 braska : I’eterson, 1916. 
 
 Harrison diorite, Cambrian, New Y'ork : 
 Berkey, 207. 
 
 I larrodshurgh limestone, Mississippian, In- 
 diana : Blatchley, 246 ; Reagan, 1998. 
 
296 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Hartford limestone, Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Ilartland (Iloosac) schist, Connecticut: 
 Gregory, 1034. 
 
 Ilartland schist, Connecticut : Gregory 
 
 and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 llartshorne sandstone. Carboniferous, Ar- 
 kansas : Collier, 556. 
 
 Harvard conglomerate, Massachusetts : 
 Mansfield, 1674. 
 
 Hastings phase of Grenville series, pre- 
 Cambrian : Adams et al., 13. 
 
 Hatch shale and flags, Devonian, New 
 York : Luther, 1634. 
 
 Hatchetigbee formation. Eocene, Alabama : 
 Smith, 2229. 
 
 Hawkins formation, pre-Tertiary, Wash- 
 ington : Smith and Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Hayes River beds, Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Hebron gneiss, Connecticut : Gregory, 1034 ; 
 Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Helderberg formation, Devonian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Helderberg limestone, Silurian, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Helen formation, Canada : Bell, 189. 
 
 Helen iron formation, Ontario: Coleman, 
 541 ; Moore, 1770. 
 
 Helena formation, Algonkian, Montana : 
 Walcott, 2470. 
 
 Helena limestone, Algonkian, Montana : 
 Barrel!, 149. 
 
 Hell Creek beds, Cretaceous, Montana : 
 Brown, 325. 
 
 Henderson granite, Archean, North Caro- 
 lina and South Carolina : Keith, 1353. 
 
 Henrietta limestone, Pennsylvanian, Mis- 
 souri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Henson tuff, Colorado : Cross et al., 607. 
 
 Hermosa formation. Carboniferous (Penn- 
 sylvanian), ('olorado : Cross et al., 607. 
 
 Herod gravels. Pleistocene, New England: 
 Fuller, 91.3. 
 
 Hertha limestone. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Beede and Rogers, 181 ; Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Hesse quartzite, Cambrian, Tennessee : 
 Keith, 1354. 
 
 Highbridge, Ordovician, Kentucky : Miller, 
 1748. 
 
 High Falls shale, Silurian, New Y"ork : Gra- 
 bau, 991 ; llartnagel, 1084. 
 
 High I‘oint sandstone, Devonian, New 
 York : Luther, 1634. 
 
 High I’oint sandstones. New Y'ork : Jones, 
 1318. 
 
 Hignite formation. Carboniferous, Ken- 
 tucky : Ashley and Glenn, 77. 
 
 Hilliard formation, Cretaceous, Wyoming: 
 Schultz, 2151. 
 
 Hiwassee slate, Cambrian, North Carolina: 
 Keith, 1352. 
 
 Hiwassee slate, Cambrian, Tennessee : 
 Keith, 1354. 
 
 Holstston formation, Ordovician. Virginia: 
 Bassh'i", 158. 
 
 Homewood sandstone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Butts, 368. 
 
 Homewood sandstone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia : Gris- 
 wold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 ITonaker limestone, Cambrian, Tennessee : 
 Keith, 1354. 
 
 Honaker limestone, Cambrian, Virginia : 
 Bassler. 158. 
 
 Iloosac schist, Connecticut : Gregory, 1C34. 
 
 Hopkinton formation, Silurian, Iowa : Cal- 
 vin, 387 ; Norton, 1805 ; Savage, 2128. 
 
 Hopkinton stage, Silurian, Iowa : Beyer and 
 Williams, 234. 
 
 Hornerstown, Cretaceous, New Jersey : 
 Clark, 483. 
 
 Hornerstown marl, Cretaceous, New Jersey: 
 Weller, 2520. 
 
 Hornsboro sandstone, Jura-Triassic, South 
 Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Horsefly gravels. Tertiary, Y’ukon Territory : 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Hosselkus limestone, Triassic, California : 
 Diller, 721. 
 
 Howard limestone. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Howson andesite. Tertiary, Washington : 
 Smith and Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Hudson River slates, Ordovician, New 
 York : Berkey, 207. 
 
 Hudson schist, Cambro-Ordovician, Con- 
 necticut : Hobbs, 1185. 
 
 Hueco limestone. Carboniferous, New 
 Mexico : Keyes, 1377. 
 
 Humphrey shales. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Hunker series, Y'ukon Territory : Brooks, 
 313. 
 
 Huron group, Mississippian, Indiana : 
 Blatchley, 246. 
 
 Huronian, lower, series, pre-Cambrian, On- 
 tario : Silver, 2212. 
 
 Huronian sediments, pre-Cambrian, On- 
 tario : Coleman, 539. 
 
 Idaho Springs formation, pre-Cambrian, 
 Colorado : Ball, 118. 
 
 Ignacio quartzite, Cambrian, Colorado : 
 Cross et al., 607. 
 
 Illinoian, Quaternary, Iowa : Calvin. 387. 
 
 Independence limestone, Cai’boniferous, 
 Kansas : Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Independence sub-stage, Devonian, Iowa : 
 Norton, 1805. 
 
 Indian Fields formation, Silurian, Ken- 
 tucky : Foerste, 883, 884, 
 
 Indian River series, Yukon Territory: 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Inwood limestone, pre-Cambrian, New Y'ork : 
 Berkey, 207. 
 
 lola limestone, Pennsylvanian, Kansas : 
 Beede and Rogers, 181 ; Schrader and 
 Haworth, 2144. 
 
 lola (Earl ton) limestone. Carboniferous, 
 Kansas : Wooster, 2636. 
 
 lone formation, Tertiary, California : Dil- 
 
 ler, 721. 
 
LISTS GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. 
 
 297 
 
 Iowan drift, Pleistocene, Iowa : Arey, 53 ; 
 Calvin, 387, 388 ; Leonard, 155J) ; Mac- 
 bride, 1639 ; Norton, 1805 ; Savage, 2128 ; 
 Williams, 2588. 
 
 Irasburg conglomerate, Ordovician, Ver- 
 mont : Richardson, 2037. 
 
 Irondequoit limestone, Silurian, New York ; 
 Clarke, 494 ; Ilartnagel, 1085. 
 
 Iron Mountain porphyry, Archean, Mis- 
 souri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Ironwood, Michigan : Gordon and Lane, 
 
 985. 
 
 Irvine formation. Tertiary, Kentucky : 
 Foerste, 883, 884. 
 
 Isle La Motte sandstone, Ordovician, Ver- 
 mont : Seely, 2164. 
 
 Islesboro formation, Cambrian, Maine : 
 Smith et aJ., 2241. 
 
 Ithaca formation, Devonian, New York : 
 Grabau, 991. 
 
 Ithaca shale member, Devonian, New York : 
 Williams, 2583. 
 
 Izard limestone, Ordovician, Arkansas : 
 Purdue, 1970. 
 
 .Tackson formation. Eocene, Mississippi : 
 Logan, 1608. 
 
 Jackson formation. Tertiary, Louisiana ana 
 Arkansas : Veatch, 2436, 2437. 
 
 Jackson formation, Tertiary, Mississippi : 
 Crider, 595, 598 ; Crider and Johnson, 
 599. 
 
 Jackson limestone. Carboniferous, Appala- 
 chian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Jackson stage. Eocene, Louisiana : Harris, 
 1079. 
 
 Jacob sand, IMeistocene, New Englhnd : 
 Fuller, 913. 
 
 Jacobsville sandstone, Cambrian, Michigan : 
 Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Jameco, Pleistocene, New England : Fuller, 
 913. 
 
 Jameco gravel. Quaternary, New York : 
 Veatch, 2434. 
 
 Jefferson limestone, Devono-Silurian, Mon- 
 tana : Emmons, 806. 
 
 Jefferson City limestone, Cambro-Ordovi- 
 cian, Missouri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Jeffersonville limestone, Devonian, Indiana : 
 Blatchley, 246 ; Stauffer, 2278. 
 
 Jennings formation, Devonian, Maryland ; 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Jennings formation, Devonian, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Jerseyan, Quaternary, Iowa ; Norton, 1805. 
 
 Jessamine series, Ordovician, Kentucky : 
 Foerste, 884. 
 
 Joachim limestone, Cambro-Ordovician, 
 Missouri: Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Joachim limestone, Ordovician, Illinois : 
 Weller, 2523. 
 
 Johnston cement limestone. Carboniferous, 
 Pennsylvania : Stevenson, 2294. 
 
 Jollytown limestone. Carboniferous, Appa- 
 lachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Jollytown limestone. Carbon ifc'rous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Clapp, 475. 
 
 Jordan formation, Cambrian, Iowa : Cal- 
 vin, 387, 388. 
 
 Jordan sandstone, Cambrian, Iowa : Beyer 
 and Williams, 234. 
 
 .Judith River beds, Cretaceous, Alberta : 
 Cairnes, 381. 
 
 .Tndith River formation, Cretaceous, Can- 
 ada : Dowling, 735. 
 
 Junction City quartzite, pre-Cambrian, 
 Wisconsin: Weidman, 2512. 
 
 Juniata formation, Silurian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Kachess rhyolite. Tertiary, Washington ; 
 Smith and Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Kanab sandstone, Utah : Lee, 1544. 
 
 Kanawha series. Carboniferous, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Kansan drift. Quaternary, Iowa : Arey, 53 ; 
 Calvin, 387, 388; Leonard, 1559; Mac- 
 bride, 1639; Savage, 2128; Williams, 
 2588. 
 
 Kansan ( ?) deposits. Quaternary, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Kanwaka shales. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Kasaan greenstone, Cretaceous, Alaska ; 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Katalla formation. Tertiary, Alaska : Mar- 
 tin, 1680. 
 
 Kearsarge conglomerate, Michigan : Lane, 
 1507. 
 
 Kearsarge conglomerate, Algonkian, Michi- 
 gan : Lane, 1509. 
 
 Keechelus andesitic series. Tertiary, Wash- 
 ington : Smith and Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Keewatin, pre-Cambrian, Ontario : Silver, 
 221 2. 
 
 Keeweenawan, Algonkian, Michigan : Gor- 
 don and Lane, 985. 
 
 Kelly formation, ('arboniferous. New Mexi- 
 co : Gordon, 982. 
 
 Kelly limestone, Mississippian, New Mexi- 
 co : Gordon, 981. 
 
 Kenai formation. Tertiary, Alaska : Moffit, 
 1762; Paige and Knopf, I860; Prindle, 
 1956 ; Stone, 2308. 
 
 Kenai series. Tertiary, Alaska : Brooks. 313. 
 
 Kennett formation, Devonian, California : 
 Diller, 721. 
 
 Kennicott formation. Jura - Cretaceous, 
 Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Keokuk limestone, Mississippian, Illinois : 
 Weller, 2523. 
 
 Keokuk limestone, Mississippian, Missouri : 
 Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Keokuk limestone and shale, Mississippian, 
 Iowa : Beyer and Williams, 234. 
 
 Kessler limestone lentil, Pennsylvanian, 
 Arkansas : Purdue, 1971. 
 
 Ketchikan series. Carboniferous, Alaska : 
 Kindle, 1400. 
 
 Ketchikan series, Triassic and Carbonifer- 
 ous, Alaska: Brooks, 313. 
 
 Keweenawan, pre-('arnbrian, Michigan : 
 Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
298 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Keweenawan, pre-Cambrian, Ontario : Sil- 
 
 ver, 2212. 
 
 Keweenawan series, Ontario : Moore, 1770. 
 
 Kiddville layer, Devonian, Kentucky : 
 Foerste, 884. 
 
 Kiger beds, Permian, Kansas : Wooster, 
 
 2636. 
 
 Kigluaik series, Alaska : Brooks, 313 ; Mof- 
 fit, 1764. 
 
 Kimmswick limestone, Ordovician, Illi- 
 nois : Weller, 2522, 2523. 
 
 Kimmswick limestone, Ordovician, Mis- 
 souri : Weller, 2519. 
 
 Kinderhook, Mississippian, Iowa : Beyer 
 
 and Williams, 234. 
 
 Kinderbook formation. Carboniferous, 
 Iowa : Calvin, 387. 
 
 Kinderbook group, Mississippian, Illinois : 
 Bowman and Reeds, 277. 
 
 Kinderhook shale, Mississippian, Illinois : 
 AVeller, 2523. 
 
 Kingsbury conglomerate, Cretaceous, Wyo- 
 ming : Darton, 644—647. 
 
 King’s Creek silex, Oligocene, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Kingston group, Canada : Ells, 784. 
 
 Kitchener quartzite, Idaho and Montana : 
 Daly, 631. 
 
 Kittanning group. Carboniferous, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Kittanning sandstone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Butts, 368. 
 
 Klondike series, Yukon Territory ; Brooks, 
 313. 
 
 Knife slates, Algonkian, Minnesota : Ab- 
 bott, 1. 
 
 Knight beds. Tertiary, Wyoming; Veatch, 
 2439. 
 
 Knight formation. Tertiary, Wyoming : 
 Schultz, 2151. 
 
 Knob Lick granite, Archean, Missouri : 
 Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Knobstone, Mississippian, Indiana : Reagan, 
 1998. 
 
 Knox dolomite, Cambro-Ordovician, Vir- 
 ginia ; Bassler, 158. 
 
 Knox dolomite, Ordovician, Alabama : 
 Butts, 370; Smith, 2229. 
 
 Knox dolomite, Ordovician, Georgia : Wat- 
 son, 2483. 
 
 Knox dolomite, Ordovician, Tennessee ; 
 Keith, 1354. 
 
 Knox limestone, Cambrian and Ordovician, 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Knox limestone, Cambro-Ordovician, I’enn- 
 sylvania : Stose, 2318. 
 
 Knoxville beds, Cretaceous, California : 
 Crandall, 590. 
 
 Knoxville formation. Cretaceous. Califor- 
 nia ; Arnold and Anderson, 66, 67. 
 
 Kona dolomite, pre-Cambrian, Michigan : 
 Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Kootanie coal measures, Cretaceous, Al- 
 berta : Dowling. 736. 
 
 Kootanie formation, (^retaceous, Alberta ; 
 Cairnes, 381 ; Dowling, 735. 
 
 Kootanie series, Cretaceous, Montana and 
 Alberta : Knowlton, 1418. 
 
 Kootenai formation, Cretaceous, Montana ; 
 Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Koyukuk series, Cretaceous, Alaska ; 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Kruger schists. Paleozoic, Washington and 
 British Columbia : Daly, 632. 
 
 Kushtaka formation. Tertiary, Alaska : 
 Martin, 1680. 
 
 Kuzitrin formation, Alaska ; Brooks, 313 ; 
 Moffit, 1764. 
 
 Labette shale, Pennsylvanian, Kansas . 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144 ; Wooster, 
 2636. 
 
 Ladore shale. Carboniferous, Kansas ; 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Ladore-Dudley shale, Pennsylvanian, Kan- 
 sas : Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 Ladronesian series. Carboniferous, New 
 IMexico : Keyes, 1377, 1382. 
 
 Lafayette formation. Gulf region : Smith, 
 2228. 
 
 Lafayette formation, Mississippi : Logan 
 and Hand. 1609. 
 
 Lafayette formation. Pliocene, Alabama : 
 Smith, 2229. 
 
 Lafayette formation. Pliocene, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488 ; Shattuck, 2184, 
 2191. 
 
 Lafayette formation. Pliocene?, Maryland: 
 Shattuck et ah, 2193. 
 
 liafayette formation. Quaternary, Missis- 
 sippi : Brown, 326; Crider, 595; Logan, 
 1608. 
 
 Lafayette formation, Tertiar}’, Georgia : 
 Harper, 1077. 
 
 Lafayette formation. Tertiary, Gulf region : 
 Smith,- 2226. 
 
 La Fayette formation. Tertiary, Illinois : 
 Purdy and DeWolf, 1973. 
 
 Lafayette form;\tion. Tertiary, Louisiana 
 and Arkansas : Veatch, 2436. 2437. 
 
 I.afayette formation. Tertiary, Maryland 
 and Delaware : Miller, 1749. 
 
 Lafayette formation. Tertiary, Mississippi : 
 Crider and .Tohnson, 599. 
 
 Lafayette formation. Tertiary, South Caro- 
 lina : I’ugh, 1963. 
 
 I-afayette formation. Tertiary, Tennessee, 
 Kentucky, and Illinois : Glenn, 971. 
 
 Lafayette formation. Tertiary, Texas: Ries, 
 2058. 
 
 I-afayette formation. Tertiary, Virginia : 
 Clark and Miller, 489. 
 
 Lafayette gravel. Tertiary, Illinois: Weller, 
 2523. 
 
 Lafayette gravel, Tertiary, Missouri : Shep- 
 ard, 2194. 
 
 Lafayette sands. Tertiary, Texas : Fenne- 
 man, 859. 
 
 Lagrange division, Mississippi : Logan and 
 Hand, 1609. 
 
 Lagrange formation. Tertiary, Illinois : 
 Purdy and DeWolf. 1973. 
 
LISTS — GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS 
 
 299 
 
 Lagrange formation. Tertiary. Missouri ; 
 Shepard, 2194. 
 
 La{?range formation, Tertiary, Tennessee, 
 Kentucky and Illinois ; Glenn, 971. 
 
 Lake Shore trap, Algonkian, Michigan : 
 Gordon and Lane, 985. 
 
 Lake Shore traps, Cambrian, Michigan : 
 Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Lake Superior sandstone, Cambrian, Michi- 
 gan : Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Lake Valley formation, Carboniferous, New 
 Mexico : Keyes, 1977. 
 
 Lake Valley limestone, Mississippian, New 
 Mexico ; Gordon, 981. - 
 
 Lakota sandstone, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Darton and OTIarra, 656. 
 
 La Motte sandstone, Cambrian, Missouri : 
 Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Lane shales, Carboniferous, Kansas : Beede 
 and Rogers, 181 ; Wooster, 26.96. 
 
 Lantern Hill quartz rock, Connecticut ; 
 Gregory, 1034. 
 
 La Plata formation, Jurassic, Colorado ; 
 Cross, 604. 
 
 La I’lata sandstone, Jurassic, Colorado : 
 Cross et al., 607. 
 
 Laramie, Wyoming ; Veatch, 2439, 
 
 I.aramie formation, Cretaceous, Colorado : 
 Darton, 648; Penneman and Gale, 863. 
 
 Laramie formation, Cretaceous, Colorado 
 and New Mexico : Shaler, 2176. 
 
 Laramie formation, Cretaceous, North Da- 
 kota : Leonard, 1563. 
 
 Laramie formation, Cretaceous, North Da- 
 kota and Montana : Leonard, 1560. 
 
 I.aramie formation," Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Darton, 642; Fisher, 873; Rowe, 2090; 
 Veatch, 2437. 
 
 Laramie formation, Cretaceous and Ter- 
 tiary, Wyoming ; Veatch, 2440. 
 
 Lauderdale chert, Mississippian, Alabama ; 
 Smith, 2229. 
 
 Laurentian, pre-Cambrian : Adams et al., 
 13. 
 
 Lawrence beds. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Le Claire substage, Silurian, Iowa : Beyer 
 and Williams, 234. 
 
 Lecompton beds. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Lee conglomerate. Carboniferous, Virginia : 
 Stone, 2311. 
 
 Lee formation. Carboniferous, Kentucky : 
 Ashley and Glenn, 77. 
 
 Lenoir limestone, Ordovician, Virginia : 
 Bassler, 158. 
 
 Le Roy shales. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Lewis formation, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Veatch, 2440. 
 
 Lewis shale, Cretaceous, Colorado : Fenne- 
 man and Gale, 863. 
 
 Lewis shale, Cretaceous, Colorado and Now 
 Mexico: Shaler. 2176. 
 
 Lewiston limestone, Ordovician, Virginia : 
 Bassler, 158. 
 
 Lewiston limestone, Silurian, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Lewiston (“ Ilelderberg ”), Virginia : Eckel, 
 765. 
 
 Lexington, Ordovician, Kentucky : Miller, 
 
 1748. 
 
 Lime Creek shales, Devonian, Iowa : Beyer 
 and Williams, 234 ; Calvin, 387 ; Wil- 
 liams, 2588. 
 
 Linietta clay, Mississippian, Kentucky : 
 Foerste, 883. 
 
 Linville metadiabase, Algonkian?, North 
 Carolina : Keith, 1354. 
 
 Lisbon beds. Tertiary, Mississippi : Crider, 
 595 ; Crider and .Johnson, 599. 
 
 Lisbon formation. Eocene, Alabama : Smith, 
 2229. 
 
 Lisburne series. Carboniferous, Alaska : 
 Brooks, 313; Collier, 552. 
 
 Litchfield norite, Connecticut : Gregory, 
 
 1034. 
 
 Livingston formation, Cretaceous, Wyo- 
 ming : Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Llano Estacado formation. Pliocene, New 
 Mexico : Keyes, 1388. 
 
 Llano Estacado sands. Pliocene, New Mexi- 
 co : Keyes, 1390. 
 
 Lockport dolomite, Silurian, New York : 
 Ilartnagel, 1085. 
 
 Lodore shales, Cambrian, Utah : Weeks, 
 2506. 
 
 Logan formation. Carboniferous, Ohio : 
 Carney, 427. 
 
 Logan sills, Ontario : Silver, 2212. 
 
 Logana, Ordovician, • Kentucky : Miller, 
 
 1748. 
 
 Lone Mountain limestone, Silurian, Ne- 
 vada and California ; Ball, 120. 
 
 Longwood shale, Silurian, New York : 
 Ilartnagel, 1084. 
 
 Lorraine sandstone, Ordovician, New 
 York : Grabau, 991. 
 
 Loudon formation. Cambrian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Louisiana limestone, Mississippian, Illi- 
 nois : Weller, 2523. 
 
 Louisiana limestone, Mississippian, Mis- 
 souri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Loup Fork formation. Tertiary, Texas : 
 Gould, 986. 
 
 Lowerre quartzite, pre-Cambrian, New 
 York : Berkey, 207. 
 
 Lucas dolomite, Devonian, Michigan : 
 Lane, 1516. 
 
 Ludlowville shale, Devonian, New York : 
 Luther, 1633. 
 
 Lulbegrud clay, Silurian, Kentucky : 
 Foerste, 883, 884, 
 
 Lunenburg schist, pre-Cambrian, Vermont : 
 Richardson, 2037. 
 
 Lyme granite-gneiss, Connecticut : Gregory, 
 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 iMcAlester group. Carboniferous, Arkansas : 
 Collier, 556. 
 
 .McCloiid limestone, Carl)oniferous, Cali- 
 fornia : Diller, 721. 
 
300 BIBLIOGRAPHY OP NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGAL 1906-1907 
 
 M’Elmo formation, Jurassic, Colorado : 
 Cross, 604 ; Cross et al., 607. 
 
 McKim gray wacke, pre-Cambrian, Ontario : 
 Coleman, 539. 
 
 McMicken member, Ordovician, Ohio and 
 Kentucky : Bassler, 156. 
 
 McMillan formation, Ordovician, Ohio : 
 Bassler, 156. 
 
 Maderan limestone. Carboniferous, New 
 Mexico : Gordon, 982. 
 
 Maderan series. Carboniferous, New Mex- 
 ico : Keyes, 1377. 
 
 Madison limestone, Carboniferous, Mon- 
 tana : Emmons, 806. 
 
 INIadison limestone. Carboniferous, Wyo- 
 ming : Barton, 642, 644-647 ; Fisher, 
 
 873. 
 
 Madison formation, Mississippian, Mon- 
 tana : Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Magdalena group. Carboniferous, New Mex- 
 ico : Gordon, 982. 
 
 Magnesian, lower, limestone, Ordovician, 
 Illinois : Weller, 2517, 2523, 2524. 
 
 Magnesian, lower, limestone, Ordovician, 
 Iowa ; Leonard, 1559. 
 
 Magnesian, lower, Ordovician, Mississippi 
 Valley : Davis, 663. 
 
 Magnesian, lower, limestone, Ordovician, 
 Wisconsin : Grant. 1017. 
 
 Magothy formation, Cretaceous, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488 ; Shattuck et al., 
 2193. 
 
 Magothy formation, Cretaceous, Maryland 
 and Delaware : Miller, 1749. 
 
 Magothy formation, Cretaceous, New Jer- 
 sey : Berry, 214 ; Weller, 2520. 
 
 Mahoning group. Carboniferous, West Vir- 
 ginia ; Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Mahoning limestone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Stevenson, 2294. 
 
 Mahoning sandstone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Butts, 368 ; Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Mahoning sandstone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia ; Gris- 
 wold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Mahoning sandstone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Mamacoke gneiss, Connecticut ; Gregory, 
 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson. 1038. 
 
 Manascjuan marl, Cretaceous, New Jersey : 
 Weller, 2520. 
 
 Manastash formation. Tertiary, Washing- 
 ton : Smith and Calkins. 2240. 
 
 Mancos shale, Cretaceous : Fenneman and 
 Gale, 863. 
 
 Mancos shale. Cretaceous, Colorado : Cross 
 et ah, 607 : Taff, 2336. 
 
 Mancos shale, ('retaceous, Colorado and 
 New Mexico : Shaler. 2176. 
 
 Manhattan schist, pre-Camhrian, New York : 
 Berkey, 207. 
 
 Manitou limestone, Ordovician, Colorado : 
 Barton, 648. 
 
 Mankomen group, Permian, Alaska ; 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Manlius limestone. Silurian. New York : 
 Grabau, 991; Ilartnagel. 1084; Prosser, 
 1961. 
 
 Manlius member, Silurian, Maryland : Clark 
 and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Mannetto, Pleistocene, New England : Ful- 
 ler, 913. 
 
 Mannetto gravel. Quaternary, New York : 
 Veatch, 2434. 
 
 Mansfield sandstone, Carboniferous, Illi- 
 nois : Blatchley, 245. 
 
 Manzanan series. Carboniferous, New Mex- 
 ico : Keyes, 1377, 
 
 Manzano group. Carboniferous, New Mex- 
 ico : Gordon, 982. 
 
 Maquoketa formation, Ordovician, Iowa : 
 Calvin, 387, 388 ; Leonard, 1559 ; Nor- 
 ton, 1805 ; Savage, 2128. 
 
 Maquoketa shale, Ordovician, Illinois ; 
 Weller, 2517, 2522, 2524. 
 
 Maquoketa shale, Ordovician, Iowa : Grant 
 and Burchard, 1021. 
 
 Maquoketa shale, Ordovician, upper Missis- 
 sippi Valley : Bain, 99. • 
 
 Maquoketa (Hudson River) shale, Ordovi- 
 cian, Mississippi Valley : Davis, 663. 
 
 Maquoketa (Hudson River) limestone, 
 Ordovician, Wisconsin : Grant, 1017. 
 
 Maquoketa stage, Ordovician, Iowa : Beyer 
 and Williams, 234. 
 
 Marathon City conglomerate, pre-Cambrian, 
 Wisconsin : Weidman, 2512. 
 
 Marblehead member of Columbus formation, 
 Devonian : Swartz, 2329. 
 
 Marcellus shale, Devonian, Michigan : 
 Cooper, 575. 
 
 Marcellus shale, Devonian, New Y’ork : 
 Grabau, 991 ; Luther, 1633 ; Williams, 
 2583. 
 
 INIarcellus shale, Devonian, Pennsylvania ; 
 Butts, 367. 
 
 Mareniscan, pre-Cambrian. Michigan ; Lane 
 and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Marietta sandstones. Carboniferous. West 
 Virginia : Grimsle.v, 1046. 
 
 Marion beds, Permian, Kansas ; Wooster, 
 2636. 
 
 Mariposa slates, California : Reid, 2018. 
 
 Marks Head marl, IMiocene, South Caro- 
 lina ; Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Marlboro formation, Cambrian. Rhode 
 Island ; Emerson and Perry. 790. 
 
 Marlbrook formation. Ci’etaceous, Arkansas : 
 Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Maromas granite-gneiss. Connecticut ; Greg- 
 or.v, 1034; Gregor.v and Robinson. 1038. 
 
 .Marsh formation, Algonkian, Montana : 
 \Valcott, 2470. 
 
 Marsh shale, Algonkian, Montana : Barrell, 
 149. 
 
 Marshall formation. Carboniferous, Michi- 
 gan : Cooper, 575. 
 
 Marshall sandstone, Mississippian, Michi- 
 gan : Lane, 1516. 
 
 Marshall Hill graywacke, pre-Cambrian, 
 IVisconsin : IVeidman, 2512. 
 
 Marshalltown clay-marl. Cretaceous. New 
 .Iers(\v : M'eller. 2520. 
 
 Martim'z formalion, 'LM-t iai-.v, California: 
 .\rnold, 57. 
 
LISTS GEOLOGIC FOKMATIONS. 
 
 301 
 
 Martinsburf' formation, Ordovician, Mary- 
 land : ('lark and Mathews. 4SS. 
 
 Martinsburg sronp. Ordovician, I’ennsyl- 
 vania : Stose, 2.’>18. 
 
 M:\rtinsburf? shale, Silurian, West Virjiinia : 
 CJrimsley, 1044. 
 
 Martinsburj? shale firoup and limestom's, 
 Ordovician, Virginia: Bassler, 158. 
 
 Maryville limestone, Cambrian, Virginia : 
 Rassler, 158. 
 
 Mascarene series, Devonian, Canada : Ells, 
 784. 
 
 Mason City dolomite, Devonian, Iowa : Wil- 
 liams, 2588. 
 
 Massanutten sandstone group, Ordovician, 
 Virginia : Bassler, 1 58. 
 
 Matanuska series, Alaska: Martin, 1(582. 
 
 Matawan formation, Cretaceous, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488 ; Shattuck ct ah, 
 2198. 
 
 Matawan formation, f'retaceous, Maryland 
 and Delaware : Miller, 1749. 
 
 Matawan, Cretaceous, New York : Veatch, 
 2434. 
 
 Matfield shales and limestones, Permian. 
 Kansas : Wooster, 2630. 
 
 Mauch Chunk formation. Carboniferous, 
 Pennsylvania : Butts, 308 ; Clapp, 475, 
 477 ; Woolsey, 2034. 
 
 Mauch Chunk formation. Lower ('arbon- 
 iferous, Pennsylvania: Barrell, 150. 
 
 Mauch Chunk formation, Mississippian, 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Mauch Chunk shales, Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Maxville or Bayport formation. Carbonifer- 
 ous, Michigan : Cooper, 575. 
 
 Meagher limestone, Cambrian, Montana : 
 Emmons, 806. 
 
 Medicine Lodge beds, I’ermian, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2630. 
 
 Medicine Lodge gypsum, Permian, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Medina formation. Silurian, New York : 
 Ilartnagel, 1085. 
 
 Medina formation, Silurian. IVest I'irginia : 
 Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Memphremagog slate, Vermont : Richard- 
 
 son. 2037. 
 
 Mentasta schists, Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Menteth limestone, Devonian, New York : 
 Luther, 1634. 
 
 Meramec limestones, Mississipi>ian, Illinois: 
 P>owman and Reeds, 277. 
 
 Merced formation. Tertiary, ('alifornia : 
 Prindle, 1956. 
 
 Merced series. Pliocene, California : Cran- 
 dall, 591. 
 
 iNIercer shale, ('arboniferous, Pennsylvania : 
 Butts, 368. 
 
 Mercer group. Carboniferous, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Merchantville clay-marl, Cretaceous, New 
 Jersey : Weller, 2520. 
 
 Mesaverde formation, Cretaceous, ('olo- 
 rado : Cross et al., 607 ; Fenneman and 
 Gale, 863 ; Taff, 2336. 
 
 Mesaverde formation, Cretaceous, ('olorado 
 and New Mexico: Shaler, 2176. 
 
 Mesavc'rde formation, Cretaceous, Wyo- 
 ming : \'eatch, 2440. 
 
 Mesnard (piartzite, i)re-('aml)rian, Miclii- 
 gan : Lane and S('aman, 1518. 
 
 Michigainme slate, i)re-Cambrian, Michi- 
 gan : Gordon and Lane, 985 ; Lane and 
 Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Michigan series, Mississippian, Michigan : 
 Lane, 1516. 
 
 Michipicoten schists, Ontario: ISIoore, 1770. 
 
 Middendorf beds, Cretaceous, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2217, 2218. 
 
 Middlesex black shale, Devonian, N(>w 
 York : laither, 1633. 
 
 Middlesex shales, Devonian, New York : 
 Luther, 1634. 
 
 Middletown gneiss, Connecticut : Gregory, 
 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Midwa.v formation. Tertiary. Arkansas 
 and Louisiana : Veatch, 2436, 2437. 
 
 Midway group. Eocene, Alabama : Smith, 
 2229. 
 
 Midway group. Tertiary, Mississippi : ('ri- 
 der, 595 ; ('rider and Johnson, 599. 
 
 Midway stage. Eocene, Mississippi : Logan, 
 1608. 
 
 Milford chlorite schist, (Connecticut : Greg- 
 ory, 1034 : Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Milford granite, post-Cambrian, pre-Car- 
 boniferous, Rhode Island : Emerson and 
 Perry, 790. 
 
 Million, Ordovician, Kentucky: Miller, 1748. 
 
 Millsap formation, ('arboniferous, Texas : 
 Ries, 2058. 
 
 Millsap limestone. Carboniferous, Colorado : 
 Darton, 648. 
 
 Milwaukee formation, Devonian, Wiscon- 
 sin : Alden, 23. 
 
 Mimbres limestone, Siluro-Ordovician, New 
 Mexico: Gordon, 981. 
 
 Mingo formation, ('arboniferous, Ken- 
 tucky : Ashley and Glenn, 77. 
 
 ]\Iinneapolis limestone, Ordovician, Minne- 
 sota : Sardeson, 2122. 
 
 ^Minnesota conglomerate, Algonkian, Michi- 
 gan : Lane, 1509. 
 
 Mio-IIuronian, pre-C'ambrian, Michigan : 
 Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Missouri group, I’ennsylvanian, Missouri : 
 Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Missouri stage, Pennsylvanian, Iowa : Beyer 
 and Williams, 234. 
 
 Missourian formation. Carboniferous, Iowa : 
 ('alvin, .‘>87. 
 
 Mitchell limestom', IMississippian, Indiana : 
 Blatchle.v, 24(5 ; Reagan, 1998. 
 
 Moccasin limestone, Ordovician, Virginia : 
 Bassh'r, 158. 
 
 INIodelo formation, Miocene, California : 
 Eldridge and Arnold, 779. 
 
 ^lodin formation, Jurassic, California : Oil- 
 ier, 721. 
 
 Moencopie formation, ('ai’bonifc'rous, New 
 Mexico : Keyes, 1377. 
 
302 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Moencopie formation, Carboniferous, Utah : 
 Lee, 1544. 
 
 Moencopie shale.s, I'ermian, Utah : Hunting- 
 ton, 1257. 
 
 Molas formation. Carboniferous (Pennsyl- 
 vanian), Colorado: Cross ct ah, (507. 
 
 Monarch formation, Devonian and Silurian, 
 Montana : Rowe, 2000. 
 
 IMonmouth formation, Cretaceous, Mary- 
 land : Clark and Mathews, 488 ; Shat- 
 tuck ct aL, 2103. 
 
 Monmouth formation, Cretaceous, Mary- 
 land and Delaware ; Miller, 1740. 
 
 Monongahela formation. Carboniferous, Ap- 
 palachian region : Stevenson, 2205. 
 
 Monongahela formation, Carboniferous, 
 Pennsylvania : Clapp, 475-477 ; Stone 
 
 and Clapp, 2314 ; Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Monongahela formation. Carboniferous, 
 I’ennsylvania, Ohio, and West Yirginia ; 
 (Jriswold and Muun, 1048. 
 
 Monongahela formation, Pennsylvanian, 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Monongahela series, Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Monroe beds. North Carolina : Graton, 1025. 
 
 Monroe limestone, Devonian, Michigan : 
 I.ane, 1516. 
 
 Monroe Creek beds. Tertiary, Wyoming and 
 Nebraska : Peterson, 1916. 
 
 Monson granite gneiss, Connecticut : Greg- 
 ory, 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Montalto quartzite member of Harpers 
 formation, Cambrian, Pennsylvania : 
 Stose, 2318. 
 
 Montana formation, Cretaceous, Canada : 
 Dowling, 735. 
 
 Montana formation, Cretaceous, Montana ; 
 Darton, 652. 
 
 Montana formation, Cretaceous, North Da- 
 kota : Leonard, 1563. 
 
 Montana formation, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Yeatch, 2437. 
 
 Montara granite, California : Crandall, 591. 
 
 Montauk drift. Pleistocene, New' England : 
 Fuller, 913. 
 
 INIonterey sandstone, Devonian, West Yir- i 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Monterey shale, Miocene, (California : Ar- 
 nold, 63 ; Arnold and Anderson, 66, 67. 
 
 INIonterey shale. Tertiary, California : 
 Prindle, 1956. 
 
 Montosa formation. Carboniferous, New 
 Mexico: Keyes, 1377. 
 
 ^Montpelier slate, Vermont : Richardson, 
 
 2037. 
 
 Montrose cherts, Mississippian, Tow'a : Beyer 
 and Williams. 234. 
 
 Monument Creek formation, Tertiar.v, (Colo- 
 rado : Darton, 648. 
 
 Moose Hide group, Yukon qcerritory : 
 
 15 rooks. 313. 
 
 Morgantown sandstone. Carbonifi'rous, 
 Pennsylvania : Stevtuison, 2291 ; Woolsey, 
 2634. 
 
 Morgantown sandstone, ('arboniferous, West 
 Virginia: Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 I Morrison formation, Cretaceous, Colorado : 
 Darton, 648. 
 
 Morrison formation, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Darton, 642, 644-647 ; Fisher, 873. 
 
 Morrison shale, Cretaceous, IVyoming : Dar- 
 ton and OTIarra, 656. 
 
 Morrow’ formation. Carboniferous, Indian 
 Territory : Taff, 2332. 
 
 Morrow group, I’ennsylvanian, Arkansas : 
 I’urdue, 1971. 
 
 Mosca formation, Carboniferous, New 
 Mexico : Keyes, 1377. 
 
 Moscow shale, Devonian, New York : 
 Luther, 1633, 1634. 
 
 Mosinee conglomerate, pre-Cambrian, Wis- 
 consin : IVeidman, 2512. 
 
 Mound Valley limestone, Pennsylvanian, 
 Kansas : Beede and Rogers, 181 ; Schrader 
 and Haw’orth, 2144 ; Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Mount Bohemia conglomerate, Michigan : 
 Lane, 1507, 1509. 
 
 Mount Hope marl. Eocene, South Carolina : 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Mount Laurel formation, Cretaceous, New 
 Jersey : Weller, 2520. 
 
 Mount Selman beds. Tertiary, * Texas : 
 Fenneman, 859. 
 
 Mount Stuart granodiorite, pre-Tertiary, 
 Washington : Smith and Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Mowry formation, Cretaceous, ^Yyoming : 
 Yeatch, 2440. 
 
 Mow’ry member, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Darton, 645 ; Darton and OTIarra, 656. 
 
 Moyie argillite, Idaho and Montana : Daly, 
 631. 
 
 Munising sandstone, Cambrian, Michigan : 
 Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Murphy marble, Cambrian, North Carolina : 
 Keith, 1352. 
 
 Murray slate, Cambrian, Tennessee : Keith, 
 1354. 
 
 Myrtle formation, Cretaceous, Oregon : Dil- 
 ler, 724. 
 
 Nabesna limestone. Carboniferous, Alaska : 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Nacatoch sand, Cretaceous, Arkansas : 
 Yeatch, 2436. 
 
 Naches formation. Tertiary, Washington • 
 Smith and Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Nacimientan series. Eocene, New’ Mexico : 
 Keyes, 1390. 
 
 Naese sandstone member. Carboniferous, 
 Kentucky : Ashley and Glenn, 77. 
 Naheola formation. Eocene, Alabama : 
 Smith, 2229. 
 
 Namacoke gneiss, Connecticut : Gregory and 
 Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Nanafalia formation. Eocene, Alabama: 
 Smith, 2228, 2229. 
 
 Nanaimo group, Cretaceous, British Colum- 
 bia : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Nanjemoy formation. Eocene, Mar.vland : 
 ('lark and Mathews, 488 ; Shattuck, 2188 ; 
 Shattuck ct at., 2193. 
 
 Nanjemoy foruiati<ui, Tertiary, Virginia: 
 j Clark and Miller, 489. 
 
LISTS — GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS 
 
 303 
 
 Nantahala slate, Cambrian, North Caro- 
 lina : Keith, 1352. 
 
 Napoleon formation. Carboniferous, Michi- 
 gan : Cooper, 575. 
 
 Narragansett Basin series, Massachusetts : 
 Mansfield, 1674. 
 
 Natchez formation. Quaternary, Mississippi ; 
 Logan, 1608. 
 
 Navarro marls, Cretaceous, Texas : Ries, 
 2058. 
 
 Navesink formation, Cretaceous, New Jer- 
 sey: Weller, 2520. 
 
 Nebo quartzite, Cambrian, Tennessee : 
 Keith, 1354. 
 
 Needle Mountains group, Algonkian, Colo- 
 rado : Cross ct al., 607. 
 
 Negaunee formation, pre-Cambrian, Michi- 
 gan : Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Neihart quartzite, Algonkian, Montana • 
 Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Neo-Huronian, pre-Cambrian, Michigan : 
 Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Neosho member of Garrison formation, 
 Carboniferous, Kansas : Beede and 
 
 Rogers, 181. 
 
 Neva limestone. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Beede and Rogers, 181 ; Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Nevada limestone, Devonian, Nevada : 
 Lawson, 1526. 
 
 New Albany or Genesee shale, Devonian, 
 Indiana : Blatchley, 246. 
 
 Newark formation, Triassic, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Newark system, Triassic, New Jersey : 
 Lewis, 1580. 
 
 Newland limestone, Algonkian, Montana : 
 Rowe, 2090. 
 
 New London granite-gneiss, Connecticut : 
 Gregory, 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 
 1 038. 
 
 Newman limestone. Carboniferous, Vir- 
 ginia : Bassler, 158. 
 
 New I’rovidence shales, Mississippian, 
 Indiana : Reagan, 1998. 
 
 New Richmond formation, Ordovician, 
 Iowa : Calvin, 387, 388. 
 
 New Richmond formation, Ordovician, up- 
 per Mississippi Valley : Bain, 99. 
 
 New Richmond sandstone, Ordovician, 
 Iowa : Beyer and Williams, 234. 
 
 New Scotland limestone, Devonian, New 
 York : Ilartnagel, 1084. 
 
 New Scotland beds, Devonian, Mississippi : 
 Crider, 595. 
 
 New Scotland beds, Devonian, New York : 
 Grabau, 991. 
 
 New Scotland member, Devonian, Mary- 
 land : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Niagara dolomite, Silurian, upper Missis- 
 sippi Valley : Bain, 99. 
 
 Niagara limestone, Silurian, Indiana : 
 Blatchley, 246. 
 
 Niagara limestone Silurian, Iowa : Be.yer 
 and Williams, 234 ; Calvin, 388 ; Grant 
 and Burchard, 1021 ; Leonard, 1559 ; 
 Savage, 2128. 
 
 Niagara formation, Silurian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Niagara formation, Silurian, New York: 
 Ilartnagel, 1085. 
 
 Niagara, Silurian, Mississippi Valley : 
 Fairchild, 835. 
 
 Niagara limestone, Silurian, Wisconsin : 
 Grant, 1017. 
 
 Niagara series, Silurian, Iowa : Norton, 
 1805. 
 
 Niagaran limestone, Silurian, Illinois : 
 Weller, 2517, 2523. 2524. 
 
 Nichols slate, Cambrian, Tennessee : Keith, 
 1354. 
 
 Nicola group, Triassic, British Columbia : 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Nikolai greenstone, Alaska ; Brooks, 313. 
 
 Nineveh limestone. Carboniferous, Appa- 
 lachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Nineveh limestone. Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Clapp, 476. 
 
 Nineveh limestone. Carboniferous. Pennsyl- 
 vania, Ohio, and West Virginia : Gris- 
 wold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Nineveh limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Niobrara formation, Cretaceous, Montana : 
 Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Niobrara formation, Cretaceous, Nebraska : 
 Condra, 570. 
 
 Niobrara formation, Cretaceous, North Da- 
 kota : Leonard, 1563. 
 
 Niobrara formation, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Darton and OTIarra, 656 ; Veatch, 2440. 
 
 Nipigon, pre-Cambrian, Ontario : Silver, 
 2212. 
 
 Nisconlith series, British Columbia : Daw- 
 son, 686. 
 
 Nisconlith series, Canada : Walcott, 2470. 
 
 Nisconlith series, Cambrian, Y'ukon Terri- 
 tory : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Noah Parker horizon, Cambrian, Vermont : 
 Edson, 774. 
 
 Nolichucky shale, Cambrian, Tennessee : 
 Keith, 1354. 
 
 Nolichucky shale, Cambrian, Virginia : 
 Bassler, 158. 
 
 Nome series, Alaska : Mofflt, 1764. 
 
 Nome series, Silurian, Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Nonesuch formation, Algonkian, Michigan : 
 Gordon and Lane, 985. 
 
 Nonesuch formation, Cambrian, Michigan : 
 Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Nonushuk series, Cretaceous, Alaska : 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Nordheimer formation. Carboniferous?, Cali- 
 fornia : Ilershey, 1133. 
 
 Norfolk formation, Tertiar.v, Virginia: 
 Clark and Miller, 489. 
 
 Norfolk Basin series, Massachusetts : Mans- 
 field, 1674. 
 
 Northbridge gneiss, pre-Cambrian, Rhode 
 Island : Emerson and Perry, 790. 
 
 North Haven greenstone, Cambrian, Maine : 
 Smith et al., 2241. 
 
304 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGA", 1906-1907 
 
 North Mound quartzite, pre-Cambrian, Wis- 
 consin : Weidman, 2512. 
 
 North Park formation. Tertiary, Wyoming ; 
 Veatch, 2440. 
 
 Norton formation. Carboniferous, Virginia ; 
 Stone, 2,311. 
 
 Nosoni formation. Carboniferous, Califor- ■ 
 nia : Oilier, 721. i 
 
 Nottel.v quartzite, (^ambrian. North Caro- 
 lina : Keith, 1352. 
 
 Nunda formation. Devonian, New York: 
 Williams. 2583. 
 
 Nunda formation, Devonian, Pennsylvania : 
 Butts, 307. 
 
 Nussbaum formation, Tertiar.v, Colorado ; 
 Darton, 048; Fisher. 809. 
 
 Obispo formation. I'anama : Howe. 1244. 
 
 Oconee zone, Archean, South Carolina : 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Ogden quartzite. Ordovician, Utah : Em- 
 mons, 708 : Weeks, 2500. 
 
 Ogishke conglomerate, Algonkian, Minne- 
 sota : Abbott, 1. 
 
 Ohio shale, Devonian, Kentucky ; Foerste, i 
 883. 
 
 Oldham limestone, Silurian, Kentucky : 
 Foerste. 883, 884. 
 
 Onaping tuff. pre-Cambrian, Ontario : Cole- 
 man, 530, 540. 
 
 Oneida conglomerate. Silurian, New A’ork : 
 Clarke, 404 : Ilartnagel, 1083. 
 
 Oneonta beds, Devonian. New York ; 
 Grabau, 001. 
 
 Oneota formation, Ordovician, Iowa : Cal- 
 vin, 387, 388. 
 
 Oneota formation, Ordovician, upper Missis- 
 sippi Valle.v : Bain, 00. 
 
 Oneota limestone, Ordovician, Iowa : Beyer 
 and Williams, 234. , 
 
 Onondaga limestone, Devonian, New York ; ; 
 Grabau, 001 ; Luther, 1633. | 
 
 Ontario quartzite. Carboniferous. Utah : 
 .Tenney, 1206. 
 
 Onwatin slate, pre-Cambrian, Ontario : 
 Coleman, 530, 546. 
 
 Orange phyllite. Connecticut : Gregory, 
 1034 : Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Orca series, Alaska : Brooks, 313. ! 
 
 Oread limestone. Carboniferous. Kansas : ' 
 Beede and Rogers. 181 ; Wooster. 2636. i 
 
 Oregon. Ordovician, Kentucky: Miller. 
 
 1748. 
 
 Oriskany. Virginia : Eckel. 7(55. 
 
 Oriskany formation (Monterey), Devonian, 
 Maryland : ('lark and Mathews. 488. 
 
 Oriskany formation. Devonian. New York: 
 Grabau, 001 : Ilartnagel, 1084; Williams. 
 2583. 
 
 Oriskany sandstone. Dc'vonian, Now York: 
 Luther, 16.‘53. 
 
 Oriskany sandstone. Dc'vonian, Pennsyl 
 vania : Butts, 3(57. 
 
 Oriskany sandstone. Devonian, West Vii-- 
 ginia : (Jrimsley, 1044. 
 
 Osage. Mlssissippian, Illinois : Fenuc'uian. 
 860 . 
 
 Osage formation. Carboniferous, Iowa : 
 
 (’alvin, 387. 
 
 Osage limestones, IMlssissippian, Illinois : 
 Bowman and Reeds, 277. 
 
 Osage limestone, Mlssissippian, Iowa : 
 
 Be.ver and Williams, 234. 
 
 Osage shales. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Osceola amygdaloid, Algonkian. Michigan: 
 Fane, 1509. 
 
 Oso.voos granodiorite, .Turassic, Cascade 
 Mountains : Daly, 632. 
 
 Oswego limestone. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Otis limestone, Devonian, Iowa : Norton, 
 1805. 
 
 Ouray limestone, Devonian and Carbon- 
 iferous (Mlssissippian), Colorado: Cross 
 ei al., 607. 
 
 Outer conglomerate, Algonkian, Michigan : 
 Gordon and Lane, 085. 
 
 Outer conglomerate, Cambrian. Michigan : 
 Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Owen beds. Devonian. Iowa : Williams, 
 2588. 
 
 Oxmoor sandstone. Mlssissippian, Alaba- 
 bama : Burchard, 355. 
 
 Painterhood limestone, Pennsylvanian, 
 Kansas : Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 I’aint Lick bed, Ordovician, Kentucky : 
 Foerste, 884. 
 
 I’alisade conglomei’ates. Tertiary, Alaska : 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Pamunkey group. Eocene, Maryland ; Clark 
 and Mathews, 488; Shattuck, 2188; 
 Shattuck et al., 2103. 
 
 Pamunkey group. Tertiary, Maryland and 
 Delaware : Miller, 1749. 
 
 Parachucla shale, Oligocene, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Paris. Ordovician, Kentucky : Miller. 1748. 
 
 Paris shale. Carboniferous, Arkansas : Col- 
 lier, 556. 
 
 Park shale, (^ambrian, Montana : Emmons, 
 806. 
 
 Park granite. Tertiary, Cascade Moun- 
 tains : Daly, 632. 
 
 I’ark City formation. Carboniferous, Utah : 
 Boutwell, 271. 
 
 Parkman sandstone, (^retaceous, Wyoming : 
 Darton, 644—647. 
 
 Parma sandstone. Carboniferous. Michigan : 
 Cooper. 575; Lane, 1516. 
 
 Parrish limestone, Devonian, New York : 
 Luther. 1634. 
 
 Parsons formation, Pennsylvanian, Kansas : 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144 ; Wooster, 
 26:U5. 
 
 I Pascagoula formation. Pliocene, Alabama : 
 i Smith, 2220. 
 
 j Pascagoula formation. Tertiar.v, Gulf re- 
 ' gion : Smith. 2226. 
 
 Pascagoula formation. Tertiary, Missis- 
 sippi : Crider, 505 ; Crider and .Tohnson, 
 
 I 500. 
 
LISTS GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. 
 
 305 
 
 raspotansa member, Eocene, Maryland : 
 Shattuck et al., 2193. 
 
 I’atapsco formation, Cretaceous, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488 ; Shattuck et at., 
 2193. 
 
 Patapsco formation, Cretaceous, Maryland 
 and Delaware : Miller, 1749. 
 
 Patapsco formation, Cretaceous, Virginia : 
 Clark and Miller, 489. 
 
 I’atton shale, Mississippian, Pennsylvania : 
 Butts, 368. 
 
 Patuxent formation, Jurassic?, Maryland: 
 Clark and Mathev/s, 488. 
 
 I'atuxent formation, Jurassic?, Virginia: 
 Clark and Miller, 489. 
 
 1‘atuxent formation, Jurassic? and Cre- 
 taceous, Maryland and District of Colum- 
 bia : Shattuck et al., 2193. 
 
 I’awnee limestone, Pennsylvanian, Kansas : 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144 ; Wooster, 
 2636. 
 
 Peachbottom slate, Algonkian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 I*earisburg limestone, Ordovician, Virginia : 
 Bassler, 158. 
 
 Pecosian series. Pliocene, New Mexico : 
 Keyes, 1390. 
 
 Pee Dee marl, Miocene, South Carolina : 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Peekskill granite, Ordovician, New York : 
 Berkey, 207. 
 
 I’elham (Trenton) limestone, Ordovician, 
 Alabama : Smith, 2229. 
 
 I’ella beds, Mississippian, Iowa : Beyer and 
 Williams, 234. 
 
 Pelly gneisses, Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Pena Blanca marls, Oligocene : Howe, 1244. 
 
 Pennington shale. Carboniferous, Virginia : 
 Bassler, 158. 
 
 I’enobscot formation, Cambrian : Smith et 
 al, 2241. 
 
 Peorian, Quaternary, Iowa : Calvin, 387. 
 
 Percha shale, Devonian, New Mexico : 
 Gordon, 981. 
 
 Perry beds, Devonian, Canada : Ells, 784. 
 
 Perryville, Ordovician, Kentucky : Miller, 
 1748. 
 
 Peshastin formation, pre-Tertiary, Wash- 
 ington : Smith and Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Piercefield gneiss. New York : Cushing, 614. 
 
 Pierre formation, Cretaceous, Canada : 
 Dowling, 735. 
 
 Pierre shale, Cretaceous, Colorado : Darton, 
 648; Fisher, 869. 
 
 Pierre shale, Cretaceous, North Dakota : 
 Leonard, 1560, 1563. 
 
 Pierre shale, Cretaceous, Nebraska : Condra, 
 570. 
 
 IMerre shale, Cretaceous, Wyoming : Darton, 
 642, 644-647 ; Darton and OTIarra, 656 ; 
 Fisher, 873. 
 
 IMerre shales, Cretaceous, Montana : Brown, 
 325 ; Leonard, 1564. 
 
 IMkes Peak granite, Colorado : Graton, 
 
 1026. 
 
 Pilgrim limestone, Devono-Silurian, Mon- 
 tana : Emmons, 806. 
 
 6G836— Bull. 372—09 20 
 
 Piney formation, Cretaceous, Wyoming : 
 Darton, 644-647. 
 
 Pi{]ua limestone, Pennsylvanian, Kansas : 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144 ; Wooster, 
 2636. 
 
 IMscataway member, Eocene, Maryland : 
 Shattuck et at., 2193. 
 
 Pit formation, Triassic, California : Dillor, 
 721. 
 
 Pitkin limestone, Mississippian, Arkansas : 
 Purdue, 1971. 
 
 Pitkin limestone, Mississippian, Indian 
 Territory : Taff, 2332. 
 
 IMttsburg limestone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Stevenson, 2294 ; Woolsey, 
 
 2634. 
 
 IMttsburg limestones. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia: tiiMmsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Pittsburg red shales. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Pittsburg sandstone. Carboniferous, Ap- 
 palachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Pittsburg sandstone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Clapp, 475. 
 
 IMttsburg sandstone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia: Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 IMttsford shale, Silurian, New York : Hart- 
 nagel, 1085. 
 
 IMainfield quartz schist, Connecticut : Greg- 
 ory, 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Platteville formation, Ordovician, Iowa : 
 Burchard, 353. 
 
 Platteville limestone, Ordovician, Iowa : 
 Calvin, 387, 388. 
 
 IMatteville limestone, Ordovician, upper 
 Mississippi Valley : Bain, 99 ; Sardeson, 
 2122, 
 
 IMatteville (Trenton), Ordovician, Missis- 
 sippi Valley : Davis, 663. 
 
 IMatteville limestone, Ordovician, Wiscon- 
 sin : Grant, 1017 ; Grant and Burchard, 
 1021. 
 
 IMatteville stage, Ordovician, Iowa : Beyer 
 and Williams, 234. 
 
 Plattin limestone, Ordovician, Illinois : 
 Weller, 2523. 
 
 IMeasonton beds. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 IMeasonton shale, Pennsylvanian, Missouri : 
 Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Pium Creek clay, Silurian, Kentucky : 
 
 Foerste, 883, 884. 
 
 IMum Point marls, Miocene, Maryland : 
 
 Shattuck et al., 2193. 
 
 IMum Point marls. Tertiary, Maryland : 
 
 Shattuck, 2185. 
 
 I’ocono formation. Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Butts, 368 ; Clapp, 475, 477. 
 
 I’ocono sandstone,* Lower Carboniferous, 
 Pennsylvania : Barrel!, 150. 
 
 Pocono sandstone. Carboniferous, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Pocono formation, Mississippian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Pogonip limestone, Ordovician, California 
 and Nevada : Ball, 120. 
 
306 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 I’oint Pleasant formation, Ordovician, Ohio 
 and Kentucky : Bassler, 156. 
 
 Poison Canyon formation, Cretaceous 
 Colorado : Darton, 648. 
 
 Polk Bayou limestone, Ordovician, Arkan- 
 sas : Purdue, 1970. 
 
 I’omfret phyllite, Connecticut : Gregory, 
 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Poor Mountain zone. Cambrian?, South 
 Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 I’ortage member, Devonian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 1‘ort Clarence limestone, Silurian, xMaska : 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Porters Creek clay, Cretaceous, Mississippi : 
 Crider, 598. 
 
 Porters Creek clay. Tertiary, Mississippi ; 
 Crider, 595 ; Crider and Johnson, 599. 
 
 Porters Creek (Flatwoods) clay. Eocene, 
 Mississippi : Logan, 1608. 
 
 I*orters Creek formation. Tertiary, Illinois : 
 Pi;rdy and DeWolf, 1973. 
 
 Porters Creek formation. Tertiary, Mis- 
 souri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Porters Creek formation. Tertiary, Ten- 
 nessee, Kentucky, and Illinois ; Glenn, 
 971. 
 
 I’ort Ewen limestone, Devonian, New York : 
 Grabau, 991. 
 
 Port Hudson formation. Quaternary, Mis- 
 sissippi : Crider, 595 ; Crider and John- 
 son. 599. 
 
 I’ort Hudson formation. Quaternary, Lou- 
 isiana and Arkansas : Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Port Renfrew series, Vancouver Island : 
 Hall. 1064. 
 
 Potapaco member. Eocene, Maryland : Shat- 
 tuck ct ah, 2193. 
 
 Potem formation, .Jurassic, California : Dil- 
 ler, 721. 
 
 Potomac formation. Cretaceous, Mississippi : 
 Logan and Hand, 1609. 
 
 Potomac formation. Cretaceous, South Caro- 
 lina : Pugh, 1963. 
 
 Potomac group, Cretaceous, Maryland and 
 Delaware : Miller, 1749. 
 
 Potomac group, .Jurassic? and Cretaceous, 
 Maryland : Shattuck et al., 2193. 
 
 Potomac group, Jurassic-t’retaceous, Mary- 
 land : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Potosi volcanic series, Colorado : Cross 
 ct ah, 607. 
 
 Potsdam sandstone, Cambrian, Illinois : 
 Weller, 2517. 2524. 
 
 Potsdam sandstone, Cambrian, Wisconsin : 
 Grant, 1017 ; Weidman, 2512. 
 
 Potsdam aeries, Cambrian, Iowa: Beyer and 
 Williams, 234. 
 
 Potsdam. Ordovician, Mississippi Valley: 
 Davis, 663. 
 
 Pottsville conglomerate, I.ower Carbonifer- 
 ous, Pennsylvania : Barrell, 1.50, 
 
 Pottsville formation. Carboniferous, Ohio : 
 ('arney, 427. 
 
 Pottsville formation. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Butts, 368; Clapp, 475, 477; 
 Woolsey, 2634, 
 
 I’ottsville formation, Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia : Gris- 
 wold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Pottsville formation, Pennsylvanian, Mary- 
 land : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Pottsville series. Carboniferous, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Poughquag quartzite, Connecticut : Gregory, 
 1034. 
 
 Poughquag quartzite, Cambrian, Connecti- 
 cut : Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Poughquag quartzite, Cambrian, New Y'ork : 
 Berkey, 207. 
 
 Poughquag quartzite, Camhro-Ordovician, 
 Connecticut : Hobbs, 1185. 
 
 Powers Bluff quartzite, pre-Cambrian, Wis- 
 consin : Weidman, 2512. 
 
 I’rairie du Chien formation, Ordovician, 
 upper Mississippi Valley : Bain, 99. 
 
 Prairie du Chien limestone, Ordovician, 
 Iowa : Beyer and Williams, 234. 
 
 Prairie du Chien formation, Ordovician, 
 Wisconsin : Grant and Burchard, 1021. 
 
 Prattsburg shales and flags, Devonian, 
 New York : Luther, 1634. 
 
 Pre-Kansan, Quaternary, Iowa : Calvin, 387. 
 
 Preston formation, Cretaceous, Arkansas : 
 Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Preston gabbro-diorite, Connecticut : Greg- 
 ory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Prichard (?) formation, pre-Cambrian, 
 Montana : Emmons, 806. 
 
 Prichard slate, Algonkian, Montana : Wal- 
 cott, 2470. 
 
 Prospect porphyritic gneiss, Connecticut : 
 Gregory, 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 
 1038. / 
 
 I’rospect Mountain qu.jrtzite, Cambrian ?, 
 Nevada and California : Ball, 120. 
 
 Prosperity limestone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Clapp, 475. 
 
 Prosperity limestone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia : Gris- 
 wold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Prout limestone, Devonian, Ohio : Stauffer, 
 2277. 
 
 Providence Cove beds, Vancouver Island : 
 Hall, 1064. 
 
 Puente shale, Miocene, California : Eld- 
 
 ridge and Arnold, 779. 
 
 Puerco, Tertiary, Wyoming : Veatch, 2439. 
 
 I’uerco marls. Eocene, New Mexico : Keyes, 
 1388. 
 
 Puerco marl. Eocene, Colorado and New 
 IMexico : Shaler, 2176. 
 
 Puerco marls. Eocene, New Mexico : Keyes, 
 1390. 
 
 Puget group, Cretaceous, Washington : 
 .\rnold, 56. 
 
 Puget group, Tertiary, British Columbia : 
 Brooks. 313. 
 
 Pulliam formation, Cretaceous, Texas: Ud- 
 den, 2408. 
 
 Purgatory conglomerafe, Massachusetts : 
 Mansfield. 1674. 
 
 Purisima formation. Tertiary, California : 
 Arnold, 57, 
 
LLSTS GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS 
 
 307 
 
 I’utuam snoiss, Connecticut : Gregory, 
 
 1034; Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Putnam Hill limestone. Carboniferous, 
 Pennsylvania : Stevenson, 2294. 
 
 Quadrant (?) formation. Carboniferous, 
 Montana ; Emmons, 800. 
 
 tjuadrant formation, Mississippian, Mon- 
 tana : Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Quartermaster formation, Permian, Texas : 
 Gould, 986, 987. 
 
 Quebec group, Canada : Young, 2660. 
 
 Queen Charlotte group, Cretaceous, British 
 Columbia ; Brooks, 313. 
 
 Quinaic'lt formation. Tertiary, Washington : 
 Arnold, 56. 
 
 Quincy group, early Carboniferous, or late 
 pre-Carboniferous : Emerson and Perry, 
 790. 
 
 Racine limestone, Silurian, Wisconsin ; 
 Alden, 23. 
 
 Rampart series, Devonian. Alaska ; Brooks, 
 313 ; Prindle, 1956. 
 
 Ramsay Lake graywacke conglomerate, pre- 
 Cambrian, Ontario : Coleman, 539. 
 
 Rancocas formation, Cretaceous, Maryland 
 and Delaware ; Miller, 1749. 
 
 Raritan clay, Cretaceous, New Jersey : 
 Weller, 2520. 
 
 Raritan formation, Cretaceous, Maryland ; 
 Clark and Mathews, 488 ; Shattuck ct al., 
 2193. 
 
 Raritan formation, Cretaceous, Maryland 
 and Delaware: Miller, 1749. 
 
 Raritan, Cretaceous, New York : Veatch, 
 2434. 
 
 Rattlesnake beds, Cretaceous, Texas: 
 Edden, 2409. 
 
 Ravalli (?) formation, pi’e-Cambrian, Mon- 
 tana : Emmons, 806. 
 
 Ravalli series, Algonkian, Montana : Wal- 
 cott, 2470. 
 
 Red Bank sand, Cretaceous, New Jersey : 
 Weller, 2520. 
 
 Red Beds, I’ermian, New Mexico : Ordoiiez, 
 1831. 
 
 Red Beds, Triassic ?, Colorado ; Darton, 
 648; Gale, 922. 
 
 Red Bluff formation. Quaternary, Cali- 
 fornia : Diller, 721. 
 
 Red Bluff sandstones, Permian, Kansas ; 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Red Mountain formation (Clinton), Silu- 
 rian, Alabama : Smith, 2229. 
 
 Redstone limestone, Carboniferous, Ap- 
 palachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Redstone limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia: Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Remmel granodiorite, Jurassic, Cascade 
 Mountains : Daly, 632. 
 
 Revett quartzite, Algonkian, Montana : 
 MacDonald, 1658. 
 
 Rhinestreet black shale, Devonian, New 
 York: Luther, 1633, 1634. 
 
 Rib Hill quartzite, pre-Cambrian, Wiscon- 
 sin : Weidman, 2512. 
 
 Richmond division of the Cincinnatian, 
 Ordovician, Illinois : Weller, 2517, 2524. 
 
 Richmond limestone, Ordovician, Illinois : 
 Weller, 2522. 
 
 Richmond limestone and shales, Ordovician, 
 Missouri : Bowman and Reeds, 27X. 
 
 Ripley formation, Cretaceous, Alabama : 
 Smith, 2229. 
 
 Ripley formation, Cretaceous, Illinois : 
 I‘urdy and DeWoIf, 1973, 
 
 Ripley formation, Cretaceous, Mississippi : 
 Crider, 595 ; Crider and Johnson, 599 ; 
 Logan, 1608. 
 
 Ripley formation, Cretaceous, North Caro- 
 lina : Stephenson, 2281. 
 
 Ritchie red beds. Carboniferous, Appa- 
 lachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Riverside sandstone, Mississippian, In- 
 diana : Reagan, 1998. 
 
 Roan gneiss, Archean, North Carolina : 
 Keith, 1352, 1354. 
 
 Rochester shale, Silurian, New York: 
 Bassler, 156; Hartnagel, 1085. 
 
 Rockcastle, Carboniferous, Appalachian re- 
 gion : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Rockwood (Clinton), Virginia: Eckel, 765. 
 
 Rockwood formation, Silurian, West Vir- 
 ginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Rocky Mountain quartzite. Carboniferous, 
 Alberta : Dowling, 736. 
 
 Rogersville limestone. Carboniferous, Appa- 
 lachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Rogersville shale, Cambrian, Virginia: 
 Bassler, 158. 
 
 Rome shales, Cambrian, Georgia : Watson, 
 2483. 
 
 Romney formation, Devonian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Romney shale, Devonian, West Virginia: 
 Grimsle.y, 1044. 
 
 Rondout formation, Silurian, New York : 
 Hartnagel, 1084. 
 
 Rondout limestone. Silurian, New York : 
 Grabau, 991. 
 
 Rosalie granite, pre-Cambrian, Colorado : 
 Ball, 118. 
 
 Rosebud beds. Tertiary, South Dakota : 
 Matthew, 1702. 
 
 Rosendale cement rock, Silurian, New 
 York : Grabau, 991. 
 
 Rosiclare sandstone, Mississippian, Illinois : 
 Weller, 2523. 
 
 Roslyn formation. Tertiary, Washington : 
 Smith and Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Roubidoux sandstone, Cambro-Ordovician, 
 Missouri : Shepard, 2194, 
 
 Rove slates, Algonkian, Minnesota : Ab- 
 bott, 1. 
 
 Roxbury conglomerate, Carboniferous?, 
 Massachusetts : Mansfield, 1674. 
 
 Russell shales, Cambrian, Virginia : Bassler, 
 158. 
 
 Ruth limestone. Carboniferous, Nevada : 
 Lawson, 1526. 
 
 Rutledge limestone, Cambrian, Virginia; 
 Bassler, 158. 
 
 Sabine formation. Tertiary, Arkansas and 
 Louisiana : Veatch, 2436, 2437, 
 
308 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 19Uo-1907. 
 
 t^abine stage, Eocene, Louisiana : Harris, 
 1079. 
 
 Saddlehorse lentil, I’ermian, Texas : Gould, 
 
 987. 
 
 Saginaw formation. Carboniferous, Michi- 
 gan : Cooper, 575 ; Lane, 1516. 
 
 St. Clair limestone, Silurian, Arkansas : 
 I’urdue, 1970. 
 
 St. Clair marble, Silurian, Indian Territory ; 
 Taff, 2332. 
 
 St. Croix formation, Cambrian, Iowa ; Cal- 
 vin, 387 ; Leonard, 1559. 
 
 St. Croix sandstone. Cambrian, Iowa : 
 Beyer and Williams, 231. 
 
 St. Joe limestone member, Mississippian, 
 Arkansas : Purdue, 1971. 
 
 St. Joe marble. Carboniferous, Arkansas : 
 Purdue, 1970. 
 
 St. Joe member, Mississippian, Indian Ter- 
 ritory : Taff, 2332. 
 
 St. Lawrence formation, Cambrian, Iowa : 
 Calvin, 387. 
 
 St. Lawrence limestone, Cambrian, Iowa : 
 Beyer and IVilliams, 234. 
 
 St. Louis limestone. Carboniferous, Iowa : 
 Calvin, 387. 
 
 St. Louis limestone, Mississippian, Illinois : 
 Bowman and Reeds, 277 ; Fenneman, 
 860; Weller, 2523. 
 
 St. Louis limestone, Mississippian, Missis- 
 sippi : Crider, 595. 
 
 St. Louis limestone, Mississippian, Mis- 
 souri ; Shepard, 2194. 
 
 St. Louis stage, Mississippian, Iowa : Beyer 
 and Williams, 234. 
 
 St. Mary's formation, Miocene. Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488 ; Shattuck, 2185, 
 2188, 2191. 
 
 St. Mary’s formation. Tertiary, Virginia : 
 Clark and Miller, 489. 
 
 St. I‘eter sandstone, Cambrian, Michigan : 
 Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 St. Peter sandston^e, Cambro-Ordovician, 
 Missouri : Shepard, 2194. 
 
 St. Peter sandstone, Ordovician. Illinois : 
 
 Weller, 2517, 2524. 
 
 St. Peter formation, Ordovician, Iowa : 
 Calviti, 387, 388 ; Leonard, 1559. 
 
 St. Peter sandstone, Ordovician, upper Mis- 
 sissippi Valley : Bain, 99 ; Berkey, 205 ; 
 Davis, 663. 
 
 St. Peter sandstone, Ordovician, Wiscon- 
 
 sin : Alden, 23 ; Grant, 1017 ; Grant and 
 Burchard, 1021. 
 
 St Peters sandstone, Ordovician. Illinois : 
 
 Bowman and Reeds, 277 ; Weller, 2523. 
 
 St. Regis formation, Algonkian, Montana : 
 MacDonald, 1658; Walcott, 2470. 
 
 St. Stephen’s limestone, Eocene, Alabama : 
 Smith, 2229. 
 
 St. Stephen’s limestone. Tertiary. Gulf 
 region : Smith, 2226. 
 
 Salem limestone. Carboniferous, Indiana : 
 Cumings and Beede, 612. 
 
 Salem (Bedford) limestone, Mississippian, 
 Indiana : Reagan, 1998. 
 
 Salina formation. Silurian, New York : 
 Ilartnagel, 1085. 
 
 Salina member, Silurian, Maryland : Clark 
 and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Salkehatchie marl, Miocene, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Salt Plain shales, Permian, Kansas:* 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Saltsburg sandstone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania ; Butts, 368. 
 
 Saltzburg sandstone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Saluda zone, Archean, South Carolina : 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 San Bruno limestone, California: Crandall. 
 591. 
 
 Sandia beds. Carboniferous, New Mexico : 
 Gordon 982, 
 
 Sandia formation. Carboniferous, New 
 Mexico : Keyes, 1377. 
 
 Sandusky formation, Devonian, Ohio : 
 Swartz, 2329. 
 
 Sangamon, Quaternary, low'a : Calvin, 387. 
 
 San Juan tuff, Colorado : Cross et ah, 607. 
 
 Sankaty formation. Quaternary, New 
 Y"ork : Veatch, 2434. 
 
 Sankaty Head beds. Pleistocene, Nantucket 
 Island : Wilson, 2610. 
 
 San Lorenzo, Tertiary, California : Arnold, 
 57. 
 
 San Miguel beds of Eagle Pass formation, 
 Cretaceous, Texas : Udden, 2408. 
 
 San Pablo formation. Tertiary, California : 
 Prindle, 1956. 
 
 San Pedro formation, I’leistocene, Cali- 
 fornia : Prindle, 1956. 
 
 San Pedro shales, California : Crandall, 
 
 591. 
 
 Santa Fe sands, Miocene, New Mexico . 
 Keyes, 1388, 1390. 
 
 Santee marl. Eocene, South Carolina : 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Saratoga formation, Cretaceous, Arkansas : 
 Veatch, 24.36. 
 
 Savanna formation. Carboniferous. Arkan- 
 sas : Collier, 556. 
 
 Scarborough beds of Toronto formation. 
 Quaternary, Canada : Coleman. 547. 
 
 Schoharie grit, Devonian, New York : Gra- 
 bau, 991. 
 
 Scotland schist, Connecticut : Gregory, 
 
 1034; Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Sea Island sands. Pleistocene, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Seekonk conglomerate, Massachusetts : 
 Mansfield, 1674. 
 
 Selkirk series, British Columbia : Dawson, 
 686 . 
 
 Sellersburg beds, Devonian, Indiana : Stauf- 
 fer, 2278. 
 
 Sellersburg limestone, Devonian. Indiana : 
 Blatchley, 246. 
 
 Selma chalk, ('retaceous, Alabama : Smith, 
 2229 
 
 Selma chalk. Cretaceous, Mississippi : Cri- 
 der. 595, 598 ; Crider and Johnson, 599 ; 
 Logan, 1608, 
 
LISTS GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. 
 
 809 
 
 Selma clay, Cretaceous, Tennessee : Glenn, 
 971. 
 
 Sespe formation, Eocene-Oligocene, Cali- 
 fornia : Arnold, 68 ; Eldridge and Arnold, 
 779. 
 
 . Sespe formation. Tertiary, California : Ar- 
 nold and Anderson, 67. 
 
 Sespe sandstone. Eocene or Oligocene, Cal- 
 ifornia : Arnold and Anderson, 66. 
 
 Setters quartzite, Algonkian, Maryland ; 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Seven Sisters sandstone member. Carbonif- 
 erous, Kentucky ; Ashley and Glenn, 77. 
 
 Severy shales. Carboniferous, Kansas ; 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Sevier shales, Ordovician, Virginia : Bass- 
 ler, 158. 
 
 Sewickley limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Sewickley sandstone. Carboniferous, Appa- 
 iachian region ; Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Sewickley sandstone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Shady limestone, Cambrian, Tennessee ; 
 Keith, 1354. 
 
 Shakopee formation, Ordovician, Iowa : 
 Calvin, 387, 388. 
 
 Shakopee formation, Ordovician, upper Mis- 
 sissippi Valley : Bain, up. 
 
 Shakopee limestone, Ordovician, Iowa : 
 Beyer and Williams, 234. 
 
 Shawangunk conglomerate, Silurian, New 
 York : Hartnagel, 1084. 
 
 Shawangunk grit, Silurian, New York : 
 Clarke, 499 ; Grabau, 991. 
 
 Shenandoah limestone, Cambro-Ordovician, 
 Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Shenandoah limestone, Cambro-Ordovician, 
 Pennsylvania : Stose, 2318. 
 
 Shenandoah limestone, Cambro-Ordovician, 
 West Virginia ; Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Shenandoah limestone group, Cambrian, 
 Virginia : Bassler, 158. 
 
 Sherburne formation, Devonian, New York : 
 Grabau, 991. 
 
 Sherburne flagstone member, Devonian, New 
 I’^ork : Williams, 2583. 
 
 Shinarump conglomerate, Triassic, Utah ; 
 Cross, 604 ; Lee, 1544. 
 
 Shuswap ■ series, British Columbia : Daw- 
 son, 686. 
 
 Shuswap series, Archean, Yukon Territory : 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Siamo slate, pre-Cambrian, Michigan : Lane 
 and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Siebert Lake beds. Pliocene, Nevada : Ball, 
 120 . 
 
 Sillery formation, Cambrian, Canada : 
 Young, 2660. 
 
 Silver Creek hydraulic limestone, Devonian, 
 Indiana : Blatchley, 246. 
 
 Silver Pipe limestone, Mississippian, New 
 Mexico : Gordon, 981. 
 
 Silver Plume granite, pre-Cambrian, Colo- 
 rado : Ball, 118. 
 
 Silver Terrace sandstone, California ; Cran- 
 dall, 591. 
 
 Silverton volcanic series, Colorado : Cross 
 et al., 607. 
 
 Similkameen granite. Tertiary, Cascade? 
 Mountains : Daly, 632. 
 
 Sioux quartzite, pre-Cambrian, Iowa : Cal- 
 vin, 387. 
 
 Sioux quartzite, Proterozoic, Iowa : Beyer 
 and Williams, 234. 
 
 Skagit series, Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Skaneateles shale, Devonian, New York : 
 Luther, 1633. 
 
 Skolai volcanics, Triassic, Alaska : Brooks, 
 313. 
 
 Skwentna complex, Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Smithfield limestone member, Cambrian, 
 Rhode Island : Emerson and Peri*y, 790. 
 
 Smith River beds. Tertiary, Montana : 
 Rowe, 2090. 
 
 Snoqualmie granodiorite. Tertiary, Wash- 
 ington : Smith and Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Snowbird formation, Cambrian, Tennessee : 
 Keith, 1354. 
 
 Socorran series. Carboniferous, New 
 Mexico : Keyes, 1377. 
 
 Sodus shale, Silurian, New Y^ork : Clarke, 
 494 ; Hartnagel, 1085. 
 
 Soudan formation, Archean, Minnesota : 
 Abbott, 1. 
 
 Southgate member, Ordovician, Ohio and 
 Kentucky : Bassler, 156. 
 
 Spadra shale. Carboniferous, Arkansas : 
 Collier, 556. 
 
 Spearflsh formation, Triassic, Wyoming : 
 Darton and OTIarra, 656. 
 
 Spergen limestone, Mississippian, Illinois : 
 Fenneman, 860 ; Weller, 2523. 
 
 Spergen limestone, Mississippian, Missouri ; 
 Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Spergen Hill limestone, Mississippian, Illi- 
 nois : Bowman and Reeds, 277. 
 
 Spokane formation, Algonkian, Montana : 
 Barrel!, 149. 
 
 Spokane shale, Algonkian, Montana : Rowe, 
 2090. 
 
 Spring Creek granite, Coiorado : Graton, 
 1026. 
 
 Springvale beds, Mississippian, Iowa : Beyer 
 and Williams, 234. 
 
 Square Lake iimestone, Devonian, New 
 Y^ork : Grabau, 991. 
 
 Stafford limestone, Devonian, New York : 
 Luther, 1633. 
 
 Standish shales, Devonian, New York : 
 Luther, 1634. 
 
 Stanton limestone. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Beede and Rogers, 181 ; Wooster, 2636. 
 
 State Quarry limestone, Devonian, Iowa • 
 Beyer and Williams, 234 ; Calvin, 387. 
 
 Stennett limestone, Pennsylvanian, Iowa : 
 Beyer and Williams, 234. 
 
 Sterling granite-gneiss, Connecticut : Greg- 
 ory, 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Stockbridge dolomite, Cambro-Ordovician, 
 Connecticut : Hobbs, 1185. 
 
 Stockbridge limestone, Connecticut : Greg- 
 1 ory, 1034. 
 
310 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1901 
 
 Stockbridge limestone, Cambro-Ordovician, 
 Connecticut: Gregory and Robinson, 
 1038. 
 
 Stockton limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Stones River formation, Ordovician, Vir- 
 ginia : Bassler, 158. 
 
 Stories River limestone, ^ Ordovician, Mary- 
 land : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Stones River limestone, Ordovician, Mis- 
 souri : Bowman and Reeds, 277. 
 
 Stones River limestone, Ordovician, Penn- 
 sylvania : Stose, 2318. 
 
 Stony Creek granite-gneiss, Connecticut : 
 Gregory, 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 
 1038. 
 
 Storm King granite, pre-Cambrian, New 
 York : Berke.v, 207. 
 
 Strawn limestone, Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2G3G. 
 
 Strawn formation, Carboniferous, Texas : 
 Ries, 2058. 
 
 Striped Peak formation, Algonkian, Mon- 
 tana : Walcott, 2470. 
 
 Strong flints, Permian, Kansas : Wooster, 
 2G3G. 
 
 Strong City beds, Permian, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2G3G. 
 
 Stuver series, Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Sucarnochee clay, Eocene, Alabama : Smith, 
 2229. 
 
 Sunbury or Berea shale, Mississippian, 
 Michigan : Lane, 151G. 
 
 Sunbury shales. Carboniferous, Michigan : 
 Cooper, 575. 
 
 Sundance formation, Jurassic, Wyoming: 
 Darton, G42, G44-G47 ; Darton and 
 
 O'llarra, G5G ; Fisher, 873. 
 
 Sunderland formation, I’leistocene, Mary- 
 land : Clark and Mathews, 488 ; Shat- 
 tuck, 2184, 2185, 2188, 2191 ; Shattuck 
 et ah, 2193. 
 
 Sunderland formation. Quaternary, Mary- 
 land and Delaware : Miller, 1749. 
 
 Sunderland formation, IMeistocene, Vir- 
 ginia : Clark and Miller, 489. 
 
 Sunrise formation, pre-Jurassic ?, Alaska: 
 Paige and Knopf, 18G2. 
 
 Sunrise series, l*aleozoic?, Alaska: Moffit, 
 17G2. 
 
 Suslota limestone. Carboniferous, Alaska : 
 P>rooks, 313. 
 
 Swanton marble, Cambrian, Vermont : Ed- 
 son, 774. 
 
 Swank formation, Tertiary. Washington : 
 Smith and ('alkins, 2240. 
 
 Sweetland Creek shales, Devonian, Iowa: 
 Calvin, 387. 
 
 Sylvania sandstone, Michigan : Nattress, 
 
 1785. 
 
 Tall)ot formation. Pleistocene, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488 ; Shattuck, 2184, 
 2185, 2188. 2191 : Shattuck et a/. ,^2193. 
 
 Talbot formation, (Quaternary, Maryland 
 and D(daware : Milh'r, 1749. 
 
 Talbot formation. Pleistocene, Virginia : 
 Clark and Miller, 489. 
 
 Tallahatta buhrstone. Tertiary, Missis- 
 sippi : Crider, 595 ; Crider and John- 
 son, 599. 
 
 Tallahatta buhrstone. Eocene, Alabama : 
 Smith, 2229. 
 
 Tanana schists, Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Taneum andesite, Tertiarj', Washington : 
 Smith and Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Tank volcanics, California : Lawson, 1528. 
 
 Tate layer, Ordovician, Kentucky : Foerste, 
 884. 
 
 Taylor marls, Cretaceous, Texas : Ries, 
 
 2058. 
 
 Teanaway basalt. Tertiary, Washington : 
 Smith and Calkins. 2240. 
 
 Tecovas formation, Triassic, Texas : Gould, 
 987. 
 
 Tecumseli shales. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2G3G. 
 
 Tehachapi formation, California : Lawson, 
 1528. 
 
 Tejon formation. Tertiary, California : 
 Arnold, 57 ; Arnold and Anderson, G7. 
 
 Telegraph Hill sandstone, California : Cran- 
 dall, 591. 
 
 Tellico sandstone, Ordovician, Tennessee : 
 Keith, 1354. 
 
 Telluride conglomerate. Eocene (?), Colo- 
 rado : Cross et at., G07. 
 
 Ten-mile limestone. Carboniferous, Appa- 
 lachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Ten Mile sands. Pleistocene, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Tensleep sandstone. Carboniferous, Wyo- 
 ming : Darton, G42, G44-G47 ; Fisher, 
 
 873. 
 
 Terlingua beds, Cretaceous, Texas : I’dden, 
 2409. 
 
 Terrejon, Tertiary, Wyoming : Veatch, 2439. 
 
 Thayer shales. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2G3G. 
 
 Thaynes formation. Carboniferous, Ftah : 
 Boutwell, 271. 
 
 Thomaston granite-gneiss, Connecticut : 
 Gregory, 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 
 1038. 
 
 Thorofare andesite, Silurian?, Maine : Smith 
 et at., 2241. 
 
 Three Forks shale, Devonian, Montana : 
 Raymond, 1989. 
 
 Tichenor limestone, Devonian, New York : 
 Luther, 1G33, 1G34. 
 
 Tirnpas limestone. Cretaceous, Colorado : 
 Darton, G48 ; Fisher, 8G9. 
 
 Tinton beds, Cretaceous, New Jersey : 
 Weller, 2520. 
 
 'I'isbury (Manhasset) gravel. Quaternary, 
 New York : Veatch, 2434. 
 
 Titelna volcanics, Devonian, Alaska : 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 4'ok sandstone. Tertiarj’, Alaska : Brooks, 
 313. 
 
 Tombigbee sands. Cretaceous, Mississippi : 
 Logan and Hand, 1G09. 
 
 Tomstown limestone, Cambrian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
LISTS GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. 
 
 311 
 
 Tomstown limestone, Cambrian, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Stose, 2318. 
 
 Topatopa formation. Eocene, California : 
 Arnold, 63 ; Eldridge and Arnold, 779. 
 
 Topeka limestone. Carboniferous, Kansas : 
 Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Tordrillo series, Jurassic, Alaska : Brooks, 
 313. 
 
 Tornillo clays, Cretaceous, Texas : Udden, 
 2409. 
 
 Toronto formation. Quaternary, Canada : 
 Coleman, 547. 
 
 Torrejon sandstones. Eocene, New Mexico ; 
 Keyes, 1388, 1390. 
 
 Totsen series, Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Townstown limestone, Cambrian, Pennsyl- 
 vania ; Stose, 2318. 
 
 Trangville beds. Tertiary, Yukon Terri- 
 tory : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Traverse group, Devonian, Michigan ; 
 Cooper, 575 ; Lane, 1516. 
 
 Trenton-Galena formation, Ordovician, Illi- 
 nois : Weller, 2517, 2524, 
 
 Trenton limestone, Ordovician, Iowa : 
 Leonard, 1559. 
 
 Trenton limestone, Ordovician, Missouri 
 and Illinois : Bowman and Reeds, 277. 
 
 Trenton limestone, Ordovician, Ontario : 
 Ells, 788. 
 
 Trenton limestone, Ordovician, Vermont ; 
 Edson, 774. 
 
 Trenton shales, Ordovician, Virginia : Bass- 
 ler, 158. 
 
 Trinity sand, Cretaceous, Arkansas : Veatch, 
 2436. 
 
 Trout Creek sandstone member, Cretaceous, 
 Colorado : Fenneman and Gale, 863. 
 
 Troutdale granite, Colorado : Underhill, 
 
 2414. 
 
 Trout Lake conglomerate, pre-Cambrian, 
 Ontario ; Coleman, 539, 546. 
 
 Trujillo formation, Triassic, Texas : Gould, 
 987. 
 
 Tule formation. Tertiary, Texas : Gould, 
 986. 
 
 Tullahoma formation, Mississippian, Mis- 
 sissippi : Crider, 595. 
 
 Tully limestone, Devonian, New York ; 
 Luther, 1634 ; Williams, 2583. 
 
 Tunnel Hill zone, Archean, South Caro- 
 lina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Tuscahoma formation. Eocene, Alabama ; 
 Smith, 2229. 
 
 Tuscaloosa formation, Cretaceous, Ala- 
 bama : Smith, 2229. 
 
 I’uscaloosa formation, Cretaceous, Gulf re- 
 gion : Smith, 2226, 2228. 
 
 Tuscaloosa formation, Cretaceous, Missis- 
 sippi : ('rider, 595 ; Crider and Johnson, 
 599 ; Logan, 1608. 
 
 Tuscaloosa clay, Cretaceous, Mississippi ; 
 Crider, 598. 
 
 Tuscaloosa formation. Eocene, Alabama : 
 Smith, 2229. 
 
 Tuscan tuff. Tertiary, California : Diller, 
 721. 
 
 Tuscarora formation, Silurian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Tuscarora member, Ordovician, Virginia ; 
 Bassler, 158. 
 
 Tuscumbia (St. Louis) limestone, Missis- 
 sippian, Alabama : Smith, 2229. 
 
 Tusquitee quartzite, Cambrian, North Caro- 
 lina : Keith, 1352. 
 
 Twelvemile beds. Tertiary, Alaska : Brooks, 
 313. 
 
 Twentymile sandstone member, Cretaceous, 
 Colorado : Fenneman and Gale, 863. 
 
 Two-mile limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Tyger zone, Archean, South Carolina : 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Tyler red beds. Carboniferous, Appalachian 
 region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Tyner formation, Ordovician, Indian Terri- 
 tory : Taft, 2332. 
 
 Tyonok beds, Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Tyrone, Ordovician, Kentucky ; Miller, 
 1748. 
 
 TJfiington shales, Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Stevenson, 2294. 
 
 Uinta formation, pre-Cambrian, Utah : 
 Weeks, 2506. 
 
 Uinta quartzite, Utah : Emmons, 798. 
 
 Uncompahgre formation, Algonkian, Colo- 
 rado : Cross et al., 607. 
 
 Unicoi formation, Cambrian, North Caro- 
 lina and Tennessee : Keith, 1354. 
 
 Uniontown limestone. Carboniferous, Ap- 
 palachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Uniontown limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Ihiiontown sandstone. Carboniferous, Ap- 
 palachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Uniontown sandstone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Clapp, 475. 
 
 Upson clay, Cretaceous, Texas : Udden, 
 
 2408. 
 
 Utica shale, Ordovician, Pennsylvania : 
 Stose. 2318. 
 
 Utica shale, Ordovician, Virginia : Bassler, 
 158. 
 
 Valcour limestone. Ordovician, New York ; 
 Raymond, 1987. 
 
 Valdez series, Alaska : Brooks, 313. 
 
 Vallenar series, Devonian, Alaska : Brooks, 
 313; Kindle, 1400. 
 
 Valleytown formation, Cambrian, North 
 Carolina ; Keith, 1352. 
 
 ^'ancouver series, Triassic and Carbonifer- 
 ous?, British Columbia: Brooks, 313. 
 
 Vanport limestone. Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Butts, 368 ; Stevenson, 2294 ; 
 
 Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Vanport limestone. Carboniferous, Wesc 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Vaqueros formation, Miocene, California : 
 Arnold, 63 ; Arnold and Anderson, 66, 
 67 ; Eldridge and Arnold, 779. 
 
 Vaqueros sandstone. Tertiary, California : 
 Prindle, 1956. 
 
312 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 1906-1907 
 
 Vaucluse zone, Archean, South Carolina ; 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Venice member of Columbus formation, De- 
 vonian : Swartz, 2329. 
 
 Verdi beds, Mississippian, Iowa ; Beyer and 
 Williams, 234. 
 
 Vermilion series, Archean, Minnesota : Ab 
 bott, 1. 
 
 Vernon shale, Silurian, New York : Hart- 
 nagel, 1085. 
 
 Versailles bed, Ordovician, Kentucky : 
 Foerste, 884. 
 
 Vershire schist, Vermont : Richardson, 
 
 2037. 
 
 Vicksburg formation, Oligocene, Missis- 
 sippi : Logan, 1608. 
 
 Vicksburg formation. Tertiary, Missis- 
 sippi : Crider, 595, 598 ; Crider and 
 
 Johnson, 599. 
 
 Vicksburg limestone, Tertiary, Gulf region : 
 Smith, 2226. 
 
 Vicksburg formation. Tertiary, Louisiana : 
 Veatch, 2436, 2438. 
 
 Vilas shale, Pennsylvanian, Kansas ; Schra- 
 der and Haworth, 2144 ; Wooster, 2636. 
 
 Vinalhaven rhyolite, Silurian?, Maine; 
 Smith et al., 2241. 
 
 Vincentown formation, Cretaceous, New 
 Jersey : Weller, 2520. 
 
 Virgin Valley beds, Miocene, Nevada : Mer- 
 riam, 1716. 
 
 Waccamaw marl, Miocene and Pliocene, 
 South Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Waco limestone, Silurian, Kentucky ; 
 Foerste, 883, 884. 
 
 Wadmalaw shell-marl. Pleistocene, South 
 Carolina : Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Waits River limestone, Ordovician, Ver- 
 mont : Richardson, 2037. 
 
 Wales series, Silurian, Alaska : Brooks, 
 
 313 ; Kindle, 1400. 
 
 Wallace formation, Algonkian, Montana . 
 MacDonald, 1658 ; Walcott, 2470. 
 
 Walsingham formation, Pliocene, Bermuda 
 Islands : Verrill, 2445. 
 
 Wando clays, 1‘leistooene, South Carolina : 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Wappinger limestone, Cambro-Silurian, New 
 York : Berkey, 207. 
 
 Wapsipinicon formation, Devonian, Iowa : 
 Arey, 53 ; Calvin, 387, 388 ; Norton, 1805. 
 
 Warley Hill marl. Eocene, South Carolina : 
 Sloan, 2218. 
 
 Warsaw formation, Mississippian, Illinois : 
 Fenneman, 860 ; Weller, 2523. 
 
 Warsaw formation, Mississippian, Missouri : 
 Shepard, 2194. 
 
 Warsaw limestone, Mississippian, Illinois ; 
 Bowman and Reeds,' 277. 
 
 Warsaw shales, Mississippian, Iowa : Beyer 
 and Williams, 234. 
 
 Wasatch beds. Tertiary, Wyoming : Loomis. 
 1615. 
 
 Wasatch formation. Tertiary, Wyoming: 
 Fisher, 873 ; Veatch, 2437, 2439. 
 
 Wasatch ( ?) group. Eocene, Colorado and 
 New Mexico ; Shaler, 2176. 
 
 Wasatch group, Eocene, New Mexico : 
 Keyes, 1390. 
 
 Wasatch limestone, Carboniferous, Utah : 
 Emmons, 798. 
 
 Washington formation. Carboniferous, Ap- 
 palachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Washington formation. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Clapp, 475-477 ; Stone ana 
 
 Clapp, 2314. 
 
 Washington formation. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia ; Gris- 
 wold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Washington limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044, 1046. 
 
 Washington limestone, Ordovician, Ver- 
 mont : Richardson, 2037. 
 
 Washington reds. Carboniferous, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Stevenson, 2294. 
 
 Washington sandstone. Carboniferous, Ap- 
 palachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Washington sandstone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Washito group, Cretaceous, Arkansas : 
 Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Waterbury gneiss, Connecticut : Gregory, 
 
 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Watauga shale, Cambrian, Tennessee-; 
 Keith, 1354. 
 
 Waterford slate, Vermont : Richardson, 
 
 2037. 
 
 Waterloo quartzite. pre-Cambrian, Wiscon- 
 sin ; Warner, 2477. 
 
 Wauhakee formation, Silurian, Wisconsin : 
 Alden, 23. 
 
 Wausau graywacke, pre-Cambrian, Wiscon- 
 sin : Weidman, 2512. 
 
 Waynesboro formation, Cambrian, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Stose, 2318. 
 
 Waynesboro shale and sandstone, Cam- 
 brian, Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 
 
 488. 
 
 Waynesburg limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Waynesburg limestone. Carboniferous, Ap- 
 palachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Waynesburg limestone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Clapp, 475. 
 
 Waynesburg limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Waynesburg sandstone. Carboniferous. Ap- 
 palachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Waynesburg sandstone. Carboniferous. Penn- 
 sylvania ; Clapp, 475, 476. 
 
 Waynesburg sandstone. Carboniferous, 
 Pennsylvania. Ohio, and West Virginia : 
 Griswold and Munn, 1048. 
 
 Waynesville sandstone. Carboniferous, West 
 Vii-ginia : Grimsley, 1046. 
 
 Weber conglomerate. Carboniferous, Cali- 
 fornia and Nevada : Ball, 120. 
 
 Weber formation. Carboniferous, Utah : 
 Weeks, 2506. 
 
LISTS GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. 
 
 813 
 
 Weber quartzite, Carboniferous, Utah : 
 Boutwell, 271. 
 
 Weber quartzite, Ordovician, Utah : Em- 
 mons, 798. 
 
 Wedington sandstone member, Mississip- 
 pian, Arkansas : Purdue, 1971. 
 
 Weisner quartzite, Cambrian, Georgia ; 
 Watson, 2483. 
 
 Weisner sandstone, Cambrian, Alabama : 
 Smith, 2229. 
 
 Weitchpec schists, California : Ilershey, 
 
 1133. 
 
 Wellesley formation, Devonian, Alaska : 
 Brooks, 313. 
 
 Wellington beds, Permian, Kansas : Woos- 
 ter, 2636. 
 
 Wellsburg sandstone member, Devonian, 
 New York ; Williams, 2583. 
 
 Wenonah sand, Cretaceous, New Jersey ; 
 Weller 2520. 
 
 Westerly granite, Connecticut : ■ Gregory, 
 1034. 
 
 Westerville limestone, Pennsylvanian, Iowa : 
 Beyer and Williams, 234. 
 
 West Hill flags and shales, Devonian, New 
 York : Luther, 1634. 
 
 West River shale, Devonian, New York : 
 Luther, 1633, 1634. 
 
 Weverton formation, Cambrian, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Weverton sandstone, Cambrian, Pennsyl- 
 vania : Stose, 2318. 
 
 Wewe shales, pre-Cambrian, Michigan : 
 Lane and Seaman, 1518. 
 
 Wheeling, Carboniferous, Appalachian re- 
 gion : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 White Pine shale, Devonian, Nevada : Law- 
 son, 1526. 
 
 Whiteside granite, Post-Cambrian?, North 
 Carolina and South Carolina : Keith, 
 
 1353. 
 
 Whitsett limestone lentil, Cretaceous, Ore- 
 gon : Diller, 724. 
 
 Wichita conglomerate, Permian, Texas : 
 Case, 443. 
 
 Wichita division of the Red Beds, Permian, 
 Texas : Case, 443. 
 
 Wicomico formation. Pleistocene, Maryland : 
 Clark and Mathews, 488 ; Shattuck, 
 2184, 2185, 2188, 2191 ; Shattuck et al., 
 2193. 
 
 Wicomico formation. Quaternary, Maryland, 
 and Delaware : Miller, 1749. 
 
 Wicomico formation. Pleistocene, Virginia : 
 Clark and Miller, 489. 
 
 Wilbur limestone, Silurian, New York : 
 Grabau, 991. 
 
 Wilcox formation. Eocene, Mississippi : 
 Brown, 326 ; Logan, 1608. 
 
 Wilcox formation. Tertiary, Mississippi : 
 Criaer, 595 ; Crider and Johnson, 599. 
 
 Williamson shale, Silurian, New York : 
 Clarke, 494 ; Ilartnagel, 1085. 
 
 Willimantic gneiss, Connecticut : Gregory, 
 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 1038. 
 
 Wills I’oint clays. Tertiary, Texas : Eenne- 
 man, 958 ; Ries, 2058. 
 
 Wilmore, Ordovician, Kentucky : Miller, 
 
 1748. 
 
 Wilson formation, Pennsylvanian, Kansas : 
 Schrader and Haworth, 2144. 
 
 Winchester, Ordovician, Kentucky : Miller, 
 1748. 
 
 Windy Gap limestone. Carboniferous, Ap- 
 palachian region : Stevenson, 2295. 
 
 Windy Gap limestone. Carboniferous, West 
 Virginia: Grimsley, 1044. 
 
 Windy Gap limestone. Carboniferous, Penn- 
 sylvania : Clapp, 476. 
 
 Winooski or Swanton marble, Cambrian, 
 Vermont : Edson, 774. 
 
 Winslow formation. Carboniferous, Indian 
 Territory : Taff, 2332. 
 
 Winslow formation, Pennsylvanian, Arkan- 
 sas : I’urdue, 1971. 
 
 Winterset limestone, IVnnsylvanian, Iowa : 
 Beyer and Williams, 234. 
 
 Wisconsin drift, Ifleistocene, Iowa : Calvin, 
 387 ; Macbride, 1639 ; Williams. 2588. 
 
 Wisconsin epoch. Quaternary, New York : 
 Veatch, 2434. 
 
 Wisconsin deposits. Quaternary, Pennsylva- 
 nia : Woolsey, 2634. 
 
 Wise formation. Carboniferous, Virginia : 
 Stone, 2311. 
 
 Wissahickon phyllites and gneiss, Algon- 
 kian, Maryland : Clark and Mathews, 488. 
 
 Wolcott limestone, Silurian, New York : 
 Clarke, 494 ; Ilartnagel, 1085. 
 
 ^^'olsey shale, Cambrian, Montana : Em- 
 
 mons, 806. 
 
 Wolverine sandstone, Algonkian, Michigan : 
 Lane, 1509. 
 
 Wolverine sandstone, Michigan : Lane, 1507. 
 
 Womack gneiss, Colorado : Graton, 1026. 
 
 Woodbine formation, Cretaceous, Arkansas : 
 Veatch, 2436. 
 
 Woodbine formation, Cretaceous, Texas . 
 Ries, 2058. 
 
 Woodbury clay, Cretaceous, New Jersey : 
 Weller, 2520. 
 
 Woodside shale. Carboniferous, Utah : Bout- 
 well, 271. 
 
 Woodstock member. Eocene, Maryland : 
 Shattuck et al., 2193. 
 
 Woodstock quartz schist, Connecticut : 
 Gregory, 1034 ; Gregory and Robinson, 
 1038. 
 
 Woonsocket conglomerate, Massachusetts : 
 Mansfield, 1674. 
 
 Wrangell lavas. Tertiary, Alaska : Brooks, 
 313. 
 
 Wreford limestone, Permian, Kansas : Woos- 
 ter, 2636. 
 
 Wyoming conglomerate. Tertiary, Wyoming : 
 Sinclair, 2214 ; Veatch, 2437. 
 
 Yakima basalt. Tertiary, Washington : 
 Smith and Calkins, 2240. 
 
 Yakutat series, Alaska : Blackwelder, 240 ; 
 Tarr, 2346 ; Tarr and Martin, 2356, 
 
314 BIBLIOGRAPHY OP KORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, 190G-1907 
 
 Yarmouth, Quaternary, Iowa : Calvin, 387. 
 Yegua clays. Eocene, Texas : Penhallow. 
 1899. 
 
 Yegua clays. Tertiary, Texas : Fenneman. 
 859; Ries, 2058. 
 
 Yellow Creek sandstone member. Carbonif- 
 erous, Kentucky : Ashley and Glenn, 77. 
 Yellville formation, Ordovician, Indian Ter- 
 ritory : Taff, 2332. 
 
 Yogo limestone, Devono-Silurian, Montana : 
 Emmons, 800. 
 
 Yonkers gneiss, pre-Cambrian, New York : 
 Berkey, 207. 
 
 Y'orktown formation. Tertiary, Virginia : 
 Clark and Miller, 489. 
 
 Yukon silts. Quaternary, Alaska : Brooks, 
 313. 
 
 MINERALS DESCRIBED. 
 
 Abriachanite, 1779. 
 
 Actinolite, 1893. 
 
 Agalmatolite, 1437. 
 
 Albite, 2565. 
 
 Allanite, 2478, 2493. 
 
 Allophane, 2081. 
 
 Amber, 1437. 
 
 Amblygonite, 87. 
 
 Amphibole, 28, 1705, 1893, 2505. 
 
 Andalusite, 1437. 
 
 Anglesite, 99, 346, 1017, 2081. 
 
 Anhydrite, 1437. 
 
 Anorthite, 857. 
 
 Apatite, 1437, 2493, 2505. 
 
 Apophyllite, 1437. 
 
 Aragonite, 340. 
 
 Aragotite, 1072. 
 
 Arfvedsonite, 1779. 
 
 Arsenopyrite, 1705. 
 
 Astrophyllite, 251. 
 
 Augite, 2478. 
 
 Aurichalcite, 2081. 
 
 Axinite, 1437. 
 
 Azurite, 1437, 2081. 
 
 Bakerite, 958. 
 
 Barite, 99, 753, 1017, 2081, 2134. 
 
 pisolitic, 2656. 
 
 Barkevikite, 1779. 
 
 Benitoite, 1620. 
 
 Beryl, 753, 888, 1437. 
 
 Biotite, 2478, 2565. 
 
 Bornite, 539, 1705. 
 
 Bronzite, 2478. 
 
 Brookite, 1437, 1863. 
 
 Calamine, 99, 340, 1017, 2081, 2484. 
 Calcite, 93, 99, 251, 340, 753, 1017, 1119, 
 1429, 1437, 2081, 2111, 2505-2.507. 
 phosphorescent, 1110. 
 
 Caledonite, 2081. 
 
 Calomel, 1101. 
 
 Carinthine, 2242. 
 
 Cassiterite, 1025, 1115, 1437. 
 
 Catapleite, 251. 
 
 Celestite, 1427. 
 
 Cerusite, 99, 340, 1017, 2081, 2484. 
 Chalcanthite, 2081. 
 
 Chalcedony, 1437. 
 
 Chalcopyrite, 99, .340, 539, 1705, 2081. 
 Chalmersite, 1804. 
 
 ('hlorite, 2478. 
 
 Chromite, 2478. 
 
 Chrysocolla, 1437, 1705. 
 
 Chrysolite, 2478. 
 
 Chrysoprase, 1437. 
 
 Cinnabar, 1705, 2111. 
 
 Cobaltite, 703. 
 
 Columbite, 753, 2493. 
 Columbite-tantalite, 2478. 
 
 Copiapite, 2081. 
 
 Copper, 1912. 
 
 Cordierite, 2478. 
 
 Cordylite, 251. 
 
 Corundum, 1437. 
 
 Covellite, 2081. 
 
 Crocidolite, 1779. 
 
 Crossite, 1779. 
 
 Cuprite, 2081. 
 
 Datolite, 1426, 1437. 
 
 Diamond, 1437, 1440, 1444, 1445. 
 Diopside, 1437, 1952, 2242, 2478. 
 Dolomite, 99, 340, 1017, 2081. 
 Dufrenite, 2493. 
 
 Eglestonite, 1101. 
 
 Elpidite, 251. 
 
 Endlichite, 274. 
 
 Enstatite, 28, 1437, 2478. 
 lOpididymite, 251. 
 
 Epidote, 1437, 2242, 2478, 2505. 
 Euxenite, 1524. 
 
 Evansite, 2130. 
 
 Feldspar, 1437. 
 
 Fluorite, 93, 1437. 
 
 Fosterite, 28. 
 
 Galena, 99, 346, 539, 1705, 2081. 
 Galenite, 1017, 2484. 
 
 Garnet, 1437, 2242, 2478. 
 
 Gastaldite, 1779. 
 
 Gersdorffite, 539. 
 
 Glaucophane,1779, 2242. 
 
 Goethite, 1437, 2478. 
 
 Goslarite, 2081. 
 
 Greenockite, 340. 
 
 Gypsum, 1437, 2081, 2111. 
 
 Ilalloysite, 2004. 
 llelvite, 2493. 
 
 Hematite, 340, 1705, 2081, 2478, 2505. 
 Hornblende, 1705, 1893, 2307, 247S. 
 Howlite, 958. 
 
 Hudsonite, 1893. 
 
 Huebnerite, 1115. 
 
 Hydrozincite, 99. 340, 1017, 2081. 
 Ilypersthene, 2478. 
 
 Ilmenite, 2478. 
 lolite, 2478. 
 
 Irvingite, 2511. 
 
 Jade, 1437. 
 
 Jamesonite, 1115. 
 
 Jasper, 1437. 
 
LISTS — LOCKS 
 
 315 
 
 Karinthine, 1779. 
 
 Kleinite, 1161, 2109, 2110. 
 
 Kunzite, 1437, 2258. 
 
 Kupft'erite, 28. 
 
 Labradorite, 1437. 
 
 Laneite, 1779. 
 
 Lapis lazuli, 1437. 
 
 Lawsonite, 753, 2242. 
 
 Leadhillite, 346, 2081. 
 
 I.,epidolite, 87, 1437. 
 
 Linnseite, 559. 
 
 Limonite, 99, 346, 1017, 1705, 2081, 2478. 
 Linarite, 2081. 
 
 Magnetite, 1705. 
 
 Malachite, 346, 1437, 2081. 
 Manganotantalite, 2136. 
 
 Marcasite, 99, 346, 539, 1017, 1538, 2081. 
 Marignasite, 2513. 
 
 Melanterite, 99, 2081. 
 
 Meneghinite, 1115. 
 
 Mercury, 1161. 
 
 Microlite, 2493. 
 
 Millerite, 539. 
 
 Mimetite, 274. 
 
 Molybdgiiite, 539, 933, 1705, 2565. 
 
 Molybdite, 1053, 2137. 
 
 Monazite, 2478, 2493. 
 
 Montroydite, 1161. 
 
 Napoleonite, 1437. 
 
 Neptunite, 251. 
 
 Niccolite, 539. 
 
 Nickelite, 539. 
 
 Noralite, 1779. 
 
 Octahedrite, 1863. 
 
 Olivine, 1865, 2478. 
 
 Opal, 1437. 
 
 Osannite, 1779. 
 
 Pargasite, 1779, 2242. 
 
 Pectolite, 1437. 
 
 Pentlandite, 539. 
 
 Phenacite, 1864. 
 
 Phlogopite, 2478. 
 
 Polydymite, 539. 
 
 Powellite, 2137. 
 
 I’seudoleucite, 1410, 1997. 
 
 Purpurite, 2136. 
 
 Pyrite, 99, 346, 539, 1017, 1428, 1538, 
 1705, 2081, 2390, 2565. 
 
 ROCKS D 
 
 Akerite, 2660. 
 
 Alaskite, 2270, 2271. 
 
 Albite-pyroxene syenite, 159. 
 
 Amphibole gneiss, 1199. 
 
 Amphibole minette, 1199. 
 
 Amphibolite, 1025, 1401. 
 
 Amygdaloid, 2071. 
 
 Analcite trachyte, 1409. 
 
 Andalusite quartzite, 1199. 
 
 Andesite, 607, 1052, 1-091, 1199, 1409, 2071, 
 2240. 
 
 Anorthosite, 10, 614, 1026. 
 
 Anthophyllite peridotite, 1401. 
 
 Anthracite, 2071. 
 
 Aplite, 149, 1934, 1935, 2271, 2414, 2494. 
 Aporhyolite, 1193. 
 
 l‘yrochlore, 2513. 
 
 I’yromorphite, 346, 2081. 
 l*yrolusite, 346, 2081. 
 
 I’yroxene, 28, 2478. 
 
 I'yrrhotite, 539, 1705. 
 
 Quartz, 99, 346, 1437, 1705, 2081, 2478, 
 2565. 
 
 Redondite, 1452. 
 
 Rhodusite, 1779. 
 
 Riebeckite, 1779. 
 
 Samarskite, 2478. 
 
 Scapolite, 2535. 
 
 Selenite, 93, 99, 1017. 
 
 Serpentine, 2478. 
 
 Siderite, 2134. 
 
 Sipylite, 2493. 
 
 Smithsonite, 99, 346, 1017, 2081, 2484. 
 Soretite, 1779. 
 
 Sperrylite, 539. 
 
 Sphalerite, 99, 346, 1017, 1705, 2081, 2484. 
 Spinel, 1437. 
 
 Spodumene, 87, 1437, 2258. 
 
 Staurolite, 2478. 
 
 Stibiotantalite, 1892. 
 
 Stilbite, 2565. 
 
 Strengite, 2493. 
 
 Sulphur, 99, 2081. 
 
 Synchysite, 251. 
 
 Tapiolite, 1115. 
 
 Terlinguaite, 1161. 
 
 Titanite, 1863, 2242, 2367, 2565. 
 
 Topaz, 1437. 
 
 Tourmaline, 1437, 2136, 2478. 
 
 Tremolite, 1893. 
 
 Turgite, 2478. 
 
 Turquoise, 1437, 2664. 
 
 Vanadinite, 274. 
 
 Vesuvianite, 1437. 
 
 Willemite, 419. 
 
 Wolframite, 1115, 2478. 
 
 Wollastonite, 27, 559, 2645. 
 
 Wurtzite, 2494. 
 
 Yttrocrasite, 1143. 
 
 Zinc blende, 933. 
 
 phosphorescent, 1115. 
 
 Zinnwaldite, 2136. 
 
 Zircon, 2565. 
 
 Zoisite, 849, 1864, 2242. 
 
 Arkose, 2242. 
 
 Augite diorite, 1199. 
 
 Augite porphyrite, 1199. 
 
 Augite trachyte, 1409. 
 
 Auvergnose, 1500, 1815. 
 
 Basalt, 1052, 1091, 2071, 2240, 2447, 2493. 
 P.elcherose, 1178. 
 
 Biotite granite, 118. 
 
 Biotite granite schist, 2512. 
 
 Biotite-quartz gabbro, 1334. 
 
 Biotite schist, 118. 
 
 Blairmorite, 1409. 
 
 Bostonite, 1935, 2660. 
 
 Breccia, 1026. 
 
 Camptonase, 1935. 
 
 Camptonite, 1934, 1935, 2660. 
 
316 BTBLTOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGA', 1906-1907 
 
 Camptonose, 1984. 
 
 Clay, 2071. 
 
 Coal, 2071. 
 
 Concretion, 2071. 
 
 Conglomerate, 539, 2071. 
 
 Cortlandite, 159, 1178. 
 
 Dacite, 1091. 
 
 Diabase, 10, 539, 591, 614, 742, 1025, 1026, 
 1199, 1656, 1762, 2240, 2493, 2494, 2512. 
 Diallagite, 1178. 
 
 Diopside rock, 1372. 
 
 Diorite, 118, 149, 425, 591, 742, 1178, 1199, j 
 1815, 2242, 2414, 2447, 2493, 2494, 2512. 
 Dolomite, 2071. 
 
 Dunite, 1401. 
 
 Dunose, 1815. 
 
 Eclogite, 1779, 2242. 
 
 Epiamphibole picrite, 1401. 
 
 Epidiorite, 1401. 
 
 Epidote schist, 1779. 
 
 Essexite, 10, 742, 743, 2367, 2660. 
 
 Felsite, 1091, 1199. 
 
 Eelsite porphyry, 1199. 
 
 Eoyaite, 1935. 
 
 Gabbro, 10, 149, 425, 488, 614, 1178, 1199. 
 Garnet epidiorite, 1401. 
 
 Gilfordal camptonose, 1934. 
 
 Glaucophane gneiss, 1779, 2242. 
 
 (ilaucophane schist, 425, 591, 1779, 2242. 
 Gneiss, 118, 1025, 1026, 1199, 1224, 1656, 
 1779, 2242, 2414, 2493, 2494, 2512. 
 Gneissoid granite,. 118. 
 
 Granite, 10, 118, 159, 164, 488, 539, 614, 
 632, 742, 1025, 1026, 1091, 119.3, 1199, 
 1372, 1656, 1762, 1815, 1934, 2037, 2071, 
 2270, 2271, 2414, 2485, 2493, 2494, 2512. 
 Granite porphyry, 118. 
 
 Grano-alaskose, 1935. 
 
 Granodiorite, 632, 1178, 2240. 
 
 Granulite, 1199. 
 
 Gravel, 2071. 
 
 Graywacke, 539. 
 
 Greenstone, 1779, 2242, 2271. 
 
 Greenstone schist, 2512. 
 
 Ilampshiral camptonose, 1934. 
 
 Ilarzburgite, 1401. 
 
 Hornblende andesite, 1052, 1091. 
 
 Hornblende gneiss, 118. 
 
 Hornblende kersantite, 1199. 
 
 Hornblende schist, 2242. 
 
 Hornblende tracho-umptekose, 1935. 
 Hornblendic grano-miaskose, 1935. 
 Ilornblendite, 1178. 
 
 Hypersthene akerite, 2490. 
 
 Hypersthene andesite, 1091. 
 
 Jasper, 591. 
 
 Kersantite, 1199. 
 
 Labrador porphyrite, 1199. 
 
 Lamprophyre, 603. 
 
 Lassenose, 1815, 1934, 
 
 Latite, 607. 
 
 Latite phonolite, 1026. 
 
 Latite porphyry, 2414. 
 
 Laurdalose, 743. 
 
 Laurelite, 1401. 
 
 Lava, 2271. 
 
 Lawsonite gneiss, 1779. 
 
 Leucite, 1410. 
 
 Leucitophyre, 1026. 
 
 Lignite, 2071. 
 
 Limestone, 10, 1025, 1372, 1656, 2071 
 
 2494. 
 
 Lincolnose, 1815. 
 
 Liparase, 1934. 
 
 Liparose, 2240. 
 
 Malignite, 632. 
 
 Marble, 10, 1656, 2071, 2494, 
 
 Metarhyolite, 1193. 
 
 Miaskose, 1935. 
 
 Mica andesite, 1091. 
 
 Mica gabbro, 2490. 
 
 Mica schist, 1779, 1815, 2242, 2493. 
 Microdiorite, 149. 
 
 Minette, 1526. 
 
 Monchiqiiite, 1026. 
 
 Monzonite, 1526, 1815. 
 
 Monzonose, 1815. 
 
 Muscovite granite, 2270. 
 
 Nepheline syenite, 10, 2660. 
 
 Nephelite syenite porphyry, 1935. 
 Nordmarkite, 742, 743. • 
 
 Nordmarkose, 1934. 
 
 Norite, 488, 539, 1178, 1656. 
 
 Obsidian, 164, 1526. 
 
 Olivine diabase, 1199, 2490. 
 
 Olivine gabbro, 1199, 1401. 
 
 Olivine syenite, 1026. 
 
 Orthoclase granite, 1199. 
 
 Paisanal liparose, 1935. 
 
 Paisanite, 1935. 
 
 Peat, 2071. 
 
 Pegmatite, 118, 149, 488, 1025, 1026, 2414 
 2494. 
 
 Peridotite, 488, 539, 1178, 1401, 2240. 
 Phlegrose, 1934. 
 
 Phonolite, 1026. 
 
 Phyro-nordmarkose, 1935. 
 
 Placerose, 1815. 
 
 Plagioclase granite, 1199. 
 
 Plagioclase porphyrite, 1199. 
 
 Porphyrite, 1199. 
 
 Porphyry, 118, 1025, 1193, 1199, 1372 
 1526, 2494. 
 
 Pseudodiabase, 2242. 
 
 Pseudodiorite, 2242. 
 
 Pseudoleucite, 1410. 
 
 Prowei’sose, 159, 603. 
 
 Pulaskite, 742, 1934. 
 
 Pulaskose, 1934. 
 
 Pyroxene andesite, 1091. 
 
 Pyroxenite, 425, 488. 
 
 Quartz, 1526. 
 
 Quartz-augite diorite, 1199. 
 
 Quartz basalt, 1091. 
 
 Quartz-bearing diorite, 118. 
 
 Quartz diabase, 1199. 
 
 Quartz diorite, 1199, '2240. 
 
 Quartz gabbro-diorite, 1334. 
 
 Quartz monzonite, 118. 
 
 Quartz monzonite gneiss, 118. 
 
 Quartz porphyry, 1199, 1372. 
 Quartz-sericite schist, 1025. 
 

 LISTS- 
 
 ROCKS 
 
 317 
 
 (}uart5? sj'enito schist. 2512. 
 
 Quartzite, 1199, 1779, 2493. 
 
 Rhyolite, 164, 607, 1026, 1091, 1526, 2240, 
 2512. 
 
 Rhyolite porphyry, 164. 
 
 Sand, 2071. 
 
 Sandstone, 10, 539, 591, 1656, 2071, 249.">, 
 2494. 
 
 Saxonite, 1401. 
 
 Schist, 118, 1025, 1026, 1779, 2071, 2240, 
 2242. 
 
 Serpentine, 488, 591, 742, 1334, 1416, 2071, 
 2240. 
 
 Shale, 2071. 
 
 Sitkose, 1815. 
 
 Slate, 539, 2071. 
 
 Smaragdite-epi-diorite, 1401. 
 
 Spessartite, 1934. 
 
 Syenite, 10, 614, 616, 632, 1026, 1779, 1934, 
 2490, 2493, 2494, 2512. 
 
 Syonite-aplite, 2660. 
 Syenite-pori)hyrite, 1 199. 
 
 Syenite porphyry, 1199, 1935. 
 Tinguaite, 742, 1409. 
 
 Tonalose, 1815. 
 4’rachi-nordmarkose, 1935. 
 Trachiphyro-miaskose, 1935. 
 Trachy-andesite, 1091. 
 Trachydolerite, 1026. 
 
 Trachyte porphyry, 1372. 
 Troctolite, 2512. 
 
 Tufa, 2071. 
 
 Tuff, 164, 539, 591, 1091, 2071. 
 Umptekite, 1935. 
 
 Umptekose, 1815, 1935. 
 
 Unakite, 2485, 2486, 2493, 2494. 
 Uralite diabase, 1199. 
 
 Vogesite, 1026. 
 
 Wohlerite, 1935. 
 
 Yamaskite, 2660. 
 
 o 
 
 ■ i. p 
 
 
 
DEPARTMENT OE THE INTERIOR 
 
 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director 
 
 Bulletin 373 
 
 THE SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL 
 
 IN BOILER PLANTS 
 
 WITH A CHAPTER ON CENTRA!. HEATING PLANTS 
 
 BY 
 
 D. T. RANDALL and II. W. WEEKS 
 
 AVASIilNGTON 
 
 G O V K U N M E NT F K I N 1’ I N G O 1’ 1’ 1 G K 
 
 1909 
 
' r ~ ;‘V'Y^ V* -v-^ 
 
 ’'M 
 
 
 - - r « ^ 
 
 k' •" 
 
 
 
 . -_‘^i -Lt4 
 
 . '.V--'^5--'-\ <K*<v!^*- ^ 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 The problem and its solution 
 
 Investigation of industrial ])lants 
 
 Scope and purpose 
 
 Summary of conclusions 
 
 Personnel 
 
 Method of collecting data , 
 
 Sizes of coal 
 
 Definition of boiler horsepower 
 
 Determination of total heating surface 
 
 Tests by the Geological Survey 
 
 General statement 
 
 Summary of conclusions 
 
 Representative boiler plants burning coal without smoke 
 
 General statement 
 
 Plants with mechanical stokers 
 
 Overfeed stokers 
 
 Chain grates 
 
 Front-feed stokers 
 
 Side-feed stokers 
 
 Underfeed stokers 
 
 Smoke ])revention at boiler plants with great variations of load 
 
 Iland-fired furnaces 
 
 Smoke observations at Geological Survey fuel-testing plants 
 
 Tests at Norfolk, Ya 
 
 Iland-fired tests 
 
 Tests with mec-hariical stoker 
 
 Tests at St. Louis, Mo 
 
 Comparison of methods of su])plying air for coml)ustion 
 
 Methods compared 
 
 Relation of efficiency to capacity with air admitted through grates and by 
 
 automatic devices 
 
 Comj)arison of results from different coals with varied air admission 
 
 Relation of efficiency to ca]>acity with varied air admission 
 
 Concdusions 
 
 Influence of volatile matter in fuel on the smoke ])rol)lem... 
 
 Horsepower from different coals 
 
 Central heating stations 
 
 General conclusions on smoke abatement 
 
 Ribliography 
 
 Survey j)ublications on coal and fuel testing 
 
 Miscellaneous j)ublications on smoke al)atement 
 
 Index 
 
 I ’age. 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 34 
 
 48 
 
 77 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 139 
 
 139 
 
 139 
 
 143 
 
 144 
 167 
 167 
 
 168 
 
 169 
 
 170 
 
 171 
 
 172 
 
 173 
 175 
 
 184 
 
 185 
 
 185 
 
 186 
 187 
 
 3 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Figure 1. Chain-grate stoker and Babcock & Wilcox boiler, with uptake in 
 
 rear 13 
 
 2. Chain-grate stoker and Stirling boiler 14 
 
 3. Chain-grate stoker and Babcock & Wilcox boiler, with uptake in 
 
 front 15 
 
 4. Chain-grate stoker and return tubular boiler 16 
 
 5. Front-feed stoker and Babcock & Wilcox boiler, usual setting 34 
 
 6. Front-feed stoker and Cahall boiler 35 
 
 7. Front-feed stoker and Heine boiler 36 
 
 8. Front-feed stoker and Stirling boiler 37 
 
 9. Front-feed stoker and return tubular boiler 38 
 
 10. Side-feed stoker in Butch oven and Babcock & Wilcox boiler 49 
 
 11. Side-feed stoker in Dutch oven and Cahall boiler 50 
 
 12. Side-feed stoker and Heine boiler 51 
 
 13. Side-feed stoker in Dutch oven and Stirling boiler 51 
 
 14. Side-feed stoker and Stirling boiler 52 
 
 15. Side-feed stoker and return tubular boiler, elevation 53 
 
 16. Side-feed stoker and return tubular boiler, cross section 54 
 
 17. Underfeed stoker and Babcock & Wilcox boiler 78 
 
 18. Underfeed stoker and Heine boiler 78 
 
 19. Underfeed stoker and Stirling boiler 79 
 
 20. Underfeed stoker and return tubular boiler, elevation 80 
 
 21. Underfeed stoker and return tubular boiler, cross section 81 
 
 22. Underfeed stoker, plan. 82 
 
 23. Underfeed stoker and Scotch marine boiler 83 
 
 24. Load and boiler-service chart, of large power plant : 100 
 
 25. Automatic steam and air admission device and water-tube boiler ... 103 
 
 26. Automatic steam and air admission device and return tubular boiler. 104 
 
 27. A hand-fired furnace and Babcock & Wilcox boiler 105 
 
 28. Down-draft furnace and Heine boiler 105 
 
 29. A hand-fired furnace and Babcock & Wilcox boiler, elevation 106 
 
 30. A hand-fired furnace, plan 106 
 
 31. A hand-fired furnace, cross section 107 
 
 32. A hand-fired furnace and Scotch marine boiler, elevation 119 
 
 33. A hand-fired furnace, cross section 120 
 
 34. A hand-fired furnace and return tubular boiler : 121 
 
 35. A hand-fired furnace and return tubular boiler, elevation 122 
 
 36. A hand-fired furnace, plan 123 
 
 37. A hand-fired furnace and return tubular boiler, cross section 124 
 
 38. Elevation and plan of setting of hand-fired Heine boiler 140 
 
 39. Cross section of setting and plan of bridge wall of hand-fired Heine 
 
 boiler 141 
 
 40. I’roportion of smoke-])roducing compounds given off at different 
 
 temjieratures by several coals 174 
 
 4 
 
THE SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL IN 
 
 BOILER PLANTS. 
 
 By D. T. Kandall and II. W. Weeks. 
 
 \ 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION. 
 
 The burning of coal without smoke is a problem which concerns 
 the Government directly because of the advantages of smokeless com- 
 bustion both in public buildings and on naval vessels. In addition, 
 smoke abatement is a factor in conserving the fuel resources of the 
 United States. Hence, as part of its general investigation of the best 
 methods of utilizing the coals of this country, the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey has made extended tests to determine the conditions 
 necessary for the smokeless combustion of bituminous coal in boiler 
 plants, and has obtained information relating to the setting and opera- 
 tion of boilers at industrial establishments where coal high in volatile 
 matter is burned without smoke. 
 
 Bulletin 334, a preliminary report on the subject of smoke abate- 
 ment, treated the problem from a theoretical point of view, detailing 
 the steps that are now being taken by municipalities, manufacturers, 
 and citizens to stop the evil, also showing the possibility of a clean 
 city. The present bulletin not only shows that bituminous coals high 
 in volatile matter can be burned without smoke, but also that large 
 plants carrying loads that fluctuate widely, where boilers over banked 
 fires must be put into service quickly and fires forced to the capacity 
 of their units, can be operated without producing smoke that is objec- 
 tionable. Proper equipment, efficient labor, and intelligent super- 
 vision are the necessary factors. 
 
 INVESTIQATION OF INDUSTRIAL PLANTS. 
 
 SCOPE AND PURPOSE. 
 
 In the investigation of industrial establishments a study was made 
 of the conditions in thirteen of the larger cities in Illinois, Indiana, 
 Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New York, Ohio, and Penn- 
 sylvania, between 400 and 500 plants being inspected. Sufficient 
 information was collected to make the data from 284 plants of value 
 
 5 
 
6 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 for this report. In nearly every city visited coal was supplied from 
 points both in and out of the State, so that although but nine States 
 were visited, the facts ascertained apply to coals from a greater 
 number. 
 
 The main purpose of the inspection was to obtain a better knowledge 
 as to the influence on smoke production of furnace design and of the 
 conditions under which combustion takes place. 
 
 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 The results of this investigation are set forth in detail on later pages 
 of this volume. The general conclusions to be drawn can be summa- 
 rized in a few paragraphs. 
 
 Smoke prevention is possible. There are many types of furnaces 
 and stokers that are operated smokelessly. 
 
 Any one kind of apparatus is effective only if so set under boilers 
 that the principles of combustion are respected. The value to the 
 average purchaser of a manufacturer’s requirement on this point 
 lies in the fact that he is thus reasonably certain of good installation. 
 A good stoker or furnace poorly set is of less value than a poor stoker 
 or furnace- well set. Good installation of furnace equipment is neces- 
 saiy for smoke prevention. 
 
 Stokers or furnaces must be set so that combustion will be complete 
 before the gases strike the heating surface of the boiler. When partly 
 burned gases at a temperature of, say, 2,500° F., strike the tubes of a 
 boiler at, say, 350° F., combustion is necessarily hindered and ma}" be 
 entirely arrested. The length of time required for the gases to pass 
 from the coal to the heating surface probably averages considerably 
 less than one second, a fact which shows that the gases and air must 
 be intimately mixed when large volumes of gas are distilled, as at 
 times of hand firing, or the gas must be distilled uniforndy, as in a 
 mechanical stoker. By adding mixing structui’es to a mechanical 
 stoker equipment both the amount of air i-equired for combustion and 
 the distance from the grates to the heating surface may be reduced 
 for tlie same capacit}^ developed. Tlie necessaiy air siqiply can also 
 be reduced l)V increasing the rate of combustion. 
 
 No one type of stoker is equally valuable for burning all kinds of 
 coal. The plant which has an e({uipment propeily designed to burn 
 the cheapest coal available will evajiorate water at the least cost. 
 
 Although hand-fired furnaces can be o])crated without objection- 
 able smoke, the finunan is so variable a factor that the ultimate solu- 
 tion of the ])roblem depends on the mechanical stoker — in other 
 words, the ]iersonal element must be eliminated. There is no hand- 
 fired furnace from which, under average conditions, as good residts 
 can be obtained as from many difierent ])atterns of mechanical stoker, 
 and of two equi})inents the one which will recpiire the less, attention 
 
INVESTIGATION OF INDUSTRIAL PLANTS. 
 
 7 
 
 from the fireman gives the better results. The most economical 
 hand-fired plants are those that approach most nearly to the continu- 
 ous feed of the mechanical stoker. 
 
 The small plant is no longer dependent on hand-fired furnaces, as 
 certain types of mechanical stokers can be installed under a guaranty 
 of high economy, with reduction of labor for the fireman. 
 
 In short, smoke prevention is both possible and economical. 
 
 PERSONNEL. 
 
 This investigation was carried out under the direction of D. T. 
 Randall, L. F. Beers and H. W. Weeks procuring most of the data. 
 Mr. Weeks has also prepared a large portion of the report. In the 
 collection of the information mucli assistance was given by the city 
 smoke inspectors, by manufacturers of boiler-room equipment, and 
 by the owners of the ]ilants visited, and to them especial thanks are 
 hereby extended for their active cooperation. 
 
 METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA. 
 
 On entering a city a list was obtained of the ]ilants where mechan- 
 ical stokers or special devices for hand-fired furnaces were in opera- 
 tion without smoke. Smoke observations were taken on the stacks 
 at these plants, or records at the smoke inspector’s office were reviewed 
 to determine the jilants to be visited. The stack was always watched 
 at times when the ])lant was running under average conditions, and 
 always without the knowledge of the engineer or fireman. The 
 length of the observations varied from one hour to ten hours, although 
 a one-hour record determined whether a stack was good or bad. The 
 observer usually checked this record by watching the stack during 
 several shorter periods while he was in the ciW. 
 
 During the visit to each plant an attenqit was made to obtain data 
 enough so that the furnace and boiler setting could be du])licated. 
 All information except that in regard to drafts and furnace measure- 
 ments was sup|)lied by the manager or the engineer in charge of the 
 plant. The engineer usually knew the a])])roximate amount of coal 
 burned per day on heavy anil light loads and the number of boilers 
 used to carry the load. Draft readings were taken to obtain tlie 
 drop in draft througli the l)oiler and to learn the efi'ective draft which 
 burned the coal. S])ecial notice was taken of the methods of opera- 
 tion to determine whether in ciise the ])lant was duplicated the sajiie 
 results could be expected if it was ojierated by the average fireman. 
 
 SIZES OF COAL. 
 
 The size of the coal which was being burned at the various plants 
 inspected is stated in the tables as run-of-mine, sized egg or nut, and 
 screenings, except for the Illinois ])lants, where the sizes are given 
 
8 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 as Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. The standard for sizing cOal is not uniform 
 over the whole State of Illinois, but in Williamson County washed 
 coal is passed over screens with round openings and is sized and num- 
 bered as follows: 
 
 No. 1, coal passing through 3-inch screen and over If-inch screen. 
 
 No. 2, coal passing through l|-inch screen and over 1-inch screen. 
 
 No. 3, coal passing through 1-inch screen and over |-inch screen. 
 
 No. 4, coal passing through f-inch screen and over pinch screen. 
 
 No. 5, coal passing through pinch screen. 
 
 About half the washeries in Illinois size coal according to the above 
 scheme. 
 
 DEFINITION OF BOILER HORSEPOWER. 
 
 To determine the percentage of the rated capacity being developed 
 it was necessary to assume the amount of coal each plant burned per 
 boiler horsepower per hour. To a mechanical engineer the term 
 ‘‘boiler horsepower” suggests two things — a measure of the rate of 
 work and a measure of the capacity of the boiler. 
 
 Eate of work . — The measure of the rate of work of a boiler is based 
 on an arbitrary unit of an evaporation of 30 pounds of water per 
 hour from a feed-water temperation of 100° F. into steam at 70 
 pounds gage pressure. This unit is termed a boiler horsepower, and 
 was suggested as of possible value at a time when a good engine had 
 a water rate of about 30 pounds per hour. It became so widely 
 used that in 1885 it was adopted by the American Society of Mechan- 
 ical Engineers as a standard for conducting steam-boiler trials. The 
 revised code of the society defines it as follows: “The unit of com- 
 mercial horsepower developed by a boiler shall be taken as 34 f units 
 of evaporation per hour — that is, 344 pounds of water evaporated 
 per hour from a feed-water temperature of 212° F. into dry steam 
 of the same temperature. This standard is equivalent to 33,137 
 British thermal units per hour. It is also practically equivalent to 
 an evaporation of 30 pounds of water from a feed-water temperature 
 of 100° F. into steam at 70 ])ounds gage pressure.” The unit of 
 evaporation is thus equivalent to 965.7 British thermal units. 
 
 Cajxicity of hollers . — The measure of the capacity or rating of a 
 boiler is variable, there being no standard. Under a proper method 
 of rating the proposed rated capacity should l)e attained when using 
 average coal, giving av^erage attention to firing, and using only part of 
 the available draft, yet obtaining good economy. To rate all boilers, 
 whether of the water-tube or fire-tube type or a combination of the 
 two, on the basis of 10 square feet of heating surface ])er boiler 
 horsepower is becoming a general jiractice, as this method comes 
 within the required conditions. 
 
TESTS BY THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 9 
 
 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HEATING SURFACE. 
 
 The determination of the total heating surface with sufficient 
 accuracy for ordinary purposes is not difficult. A short approximate 
 method for any boiler is to figure the heating surface in the tubes 
 and divide it bv 0.85 for a return tubular boiler or bv 0.90 for a 
 water-tube boiler. In case the return tubular boiler lias an arch 
 over the top for gas passage, giving a so-called third return, it is 
 necessary to add from 100 to 200 square feet to the result to obtain 
 the total heating surface. 
 
 This short method may be proved by two examples, as follows : 
 
 (1) Take a return tubular boiler which is 18 feet long and 6 feet 
 in diameter, with 72 4-inch tubes. According to Kent, the square 
 feet .per foot length for a 4-inch tube = 1 .047 ; then — 
 
 1.047 X 18 X72 = 1,357 square feet in tubes. 
 
 3.1416X6X18 = 339 square feet in shell. 
 
 (3.1416x9) — (72x3.1416x0.172) X2 = 44 square feet in tube 
 sheets. 
 
 339 
 
 Hence the total effective heating surface = 1357 4--^ +44 = 1570; 
 
 but 
 
 MI57 
 
 1,570 
 
 = 0.863 + , hence approximately 85 per cent of the total 
 
 effective heating surface of a return tubular boiler is in the tubes. 
 
 (2) Take a Heine water-tube boiler having 116 tubes 34 inches 
 in diameter and 18 feet long and a 42-inch drum 21 feet 6 inches 
 long. According to Kent, the square feet per foot length for a 34-inch 
 tube = 0.916; then 0.916 X 18 X 116 = 1 ,912 square feet in tubes. The 
 approximate dimensions of the water legs are 6 feet 6 inches by 4 
 feet = 26 square feet; the tube area in water legs = 8 square feet; and 
 the heating surface in water legs = (26 X 2) — (8 X 2) = 36 square 
 
 feet. The effective heating surface in drum = ^ X ^1.5 ^ 
 
 118 square feet. Thus, the total effective heating surface = 
 
 1 912 
 
 1,912 + 36 + 118 = 2,066 square feet; but = 0.925 + , hence 
 
 2,066 ^ 
 
 approximately 92 per cent of the total effective heating surface of 
 a Heine water-tube boiler is in the tubes. In other types of water- 
 tube boilers the ratio was found to be lower; but 90 per cent may 
 be assumed as a fair average ratio. 
 
 TESTS BY THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 GENERAL STATEMENT. 
 
 During 1904 to 1906 coals from all parts of the United States were 
 burned at the government fuel-testing plant at St. Louis, in furnaces 
 which were in the main of the same design. Most of the tests® 
 
 O For descriptions of the plant and tests see Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Nos. 261, 290, 323, and 332. 
 
10 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 were made on a hand-fired furnace under a Heine water-tube boiler. 
 The lower row of tubes of tlie boiler supported a tile roof for the 
 furnace, giving the gases from the coal a travel of about 12 feet before 
 coming into contact with the boiler surface. This furnace is more 
 favorable to complete combustion than tliose installed in the average 
 plant. A number of coals were burned in this furnace with little or no 
 smoke, but many coals could not be burned without making smoke 
 that would violate a reasonable city ordinance when the boiler was 
 run at or above its rated capacity. Boilers liaving furnaces installed 
 under less favorable conditions will give off more smoke. 
 
 In 1907 the steaming section of the St. Louis plant was moved to 
 Norfolk, Va., where subsequent tests of this nature have been made. 
 The plant at Norfolk was equipped with two furnaces — one fired by 
 hand and the other by a mechanical stoker. Both were operated 
 under Heine boilers. 
 
 In the course of the steaming tests at St. Louis and Norfolk some 
 special smoke tests were made and the influence of various factors 
 in smoke jiroduction was noted. As the tests were made as far as 
 ])ossible under standard conditions, with a minimum of variation in 
 ])oiler-room labor, the results bring out the importance of other fac- 
 tors such as character of fuel and furnace design. 
 
 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 A detailed discussion of these tests, with numerous tables, is 
 ])resented on pages 139-1G7 of this volume. A brief summary of the 
 general conclusions is as follows: 
 
 A well-designed and operated furnace will burn many coals with- 
 out smoke up to a certain number of pounds per hour, the rate vary- 
 ing with different coals, depending on their chemical com])osition. 
 If more than this amount is burned, the efficiency will decrease and 
 smoke will be made, owing to the lack of furnace capacity to suj)])ly 
 air and mix gases. 
 
 High volatile matter in the coal gives low efficiency, and vice versa. 
 Tlie highest elhciencv was obtained when the furnace was run at 
 low capacity. When the furnace was forced the eflicieiuw deci’eased. 
 
 With a hand-fired furnace the best results were obtained wlien 
 firing was done most frequently, with the smallest charge. 
 
 Small sizes of coal burned with less smoke than large sizes, hut 
 developed lower cajiacities. 
 
 Beat, lignite, and subbituminous coal burned readily in the tv])e 
 of tile-i’oofed furnace used and developed the rated capacity with 
 jiractically no smoke. 
 
 Coals which smoked badly gave efiiciencies 3 to 5 per cent lower 
 than the coals burning with little smoke. 
 
 Bihpiets w(Mc found to be an excellent form for using slack coal 
 in a hand-lired jilant. d'lu'v can be bimied at a fairly ra])id rate 
 
PLANTS BURNING COAL WITHOUT SMOKE. 
 
 11 
 
 of combustion with good efficiency and with practically no smoke. 
 Pligli-volatile coals when briquetted are perhaps as valuable as low- 
 volatile coals when not briquetted. 
 
 A comparison of tests on the same coal washed and unwashed 
 showed that under the same conditions the washed coal burned 
 much more rapidly than the raw coal, thus developing high rated 
 capacities. In the average hand-fired furnace washed coal burns 
 with lower efficiency and makes more smoke than raw coal. How- 
 ever, washed coal offers a means of running at high capacity, with 
 good efficiency, in a well-designed furnace. 
 
 Forced draft did not burn coal any more efficiently than natural* 
 draft. It supplied enough air for high rates of combustion, but as 
 the capacity of the boiler increased tlie efficiency decreased and the 
 percentage of black smoke increased. 
 
 Most coals that do not clinker excessively can be Inirned with 1 
 to 5 per cent greater efficiency and with a smaller jiercentage of 
 black smoke on a rocking grate than on a flat grate. 
 
 Air admitted freely at firing and for a short period thereafter 
 increases efficiency and reduces smoke. 
 
 As the CO in the flue gas increases the black smoke increases; the 
 percentage of CO in the flue gas is therefore, in general, a good guide 
 to efficient operation. However, owing to the difficulty of deter- 
 mining this factor, combustion can not be regulated liy it. 
 
 The simplest guide to good ojieration is pounds of coal burned per 
 square foot of grate surface per hour. 
 
 UEPRESENTATIVE BOILER PLANTS BURNING COAL 
 
 WITHOUT SMOKE. 
 
 GENERAL STATEMENT. 
 
 Bulletin 334, the preliminary report on smokeless combustion, 
 takes up information collected and conclusions reached while assem- 
 bling the data summarized in the present report and sets forth many 
 facts of general interest that are not discussed in the following pages. 
 Hiis paper deals especially with the equipment of particular boiler 
 ])lants which were found to be burning coal without smoke, and with 
 the essentials of good furnace design. A brief summary of the general 
 conclusions is presented on pages 171-172. The details on which 
 these conclusions are l)ased are set forth in the following pages. 
 
 For the sake of clearness the imj)ortant features of the equi})ment 
 of the boiler plants Ausited are stated in tabular form. 
 
 Although there were A^ery few ])lants at wliicli all the items coveied 
 by the tables could be ascertained, the more essential details — those 
 hearing directly on the subject of smoke ])revention — were obtained 
 at nearly eveiy plant. The density of the smoke is stated on a 
 jiercentage basis, 0 meaning a dean stack and lOO ])er cent meaning 
 dense black smoke. 
 
12 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTIOH OE COAL. 
 
 Ill the tables the furnace dimensions are checked by letters fioin A 
 to II, which refer to the dimensions indicated by the corresponding 
 letters on the illustrations showing typical installations of furnaces 
 under boilers of various types. These illustrations are intended to 
 show especially the average and the minimum travel of the gases 
 from the fire to the first cooling surface in the boiler, the height of the 
 furnace, and the length of the coking arch. 
 
 In the illustrations some makes of boilers appear more frequently 
 than others. This does not imply any preference for certain models. 
 Boilers of widely differing patterns have shown equal efficiency in 
 steaming trials, and it is coming to be a general belief that among the 
 types of boilers ordinarily used at power plants peculiarities of tube 
 arrangement count for less than proper furnace design. This report 
 of what has been done to effect smokeless combustion emphasizes the 
 importance of furnace design and management and makes no com- 
 parisons betw^een boilers. The illustrations show details of furnace 
 construction and the importance of certain features. 
 
 For convenience of treatment the following order is adopted in 
 discussing the equipment of the various plants: 
 
 Mechanical stoker plants. 
 
 (а) Overfeed stokers. 
 
 1. Chain grates. 
 
 ' 2. Front feed. 
 
 3. Side feed. 
 
 (б) Underfeed stokers. 
 
 Hand-fired plants. 
 
 (a) Furnaces under water-tube boilers. 
 
 (b) Furnaces under return tubular 
 
 boilers. 
 
 1. Down-draft furnaces. 
 
 2. Furnaces using steam jets. 
 
 3. Furnaces with miscellaneous 
 equipment. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 The use of mechanical devices for firing coal reduces labor in the 
 boiler room, but the main object of mechanical stoking is to feed a 
 steady, regulated supply of coal and air to the furnace. The ad- 
 vantages of feeding a fire steadily were seen in the early days of 
 steam engineering, but defects in design or faulty installation and 
 management kept mechanical stokers from coming into general use. 
 Within the last decade, however, their use has greatly increased. 
 They are of two general types — overfeed and underfeed. 
 
 OVERFEED STOKERS. 
 
 CHAIN GRATES. 
 
 GENERAL DISCUSSION. 
 
 The earliest mechanical stoker was of the treadmill type, so called 
 because the arrangement of the grate bars as a traveling belt resembled 
 the apron of a treadmill. It was jiatented in England as far back as 
 1841. Improved in details of construction, this type, under the 
 name chain grate, has come into extensive use in this countiy. The 
 coal is fed from a hojiper, which extends the entire width of the grate 
 
PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 13 
 
 and has a plate at the back for regulating the depth of the bed of 
 coal, to a continuously revolving grate, the top of which is made to 
 move from front to rear by power applied to the front or rear sprocket 
 shaft. As usually installed, the surface of the grate is horizontal, but 
 occasionally chain grates are given a slight incline. Back of the 
 hopper and extending over the whole width of the grate is a fire-brick 
 arch. The length of this arch differs in plants equipped by different 
 makers, but the present tendency is to lengthen the arch and to pro- 
 portion its length and slope to the grade of coal to be used. 
 
 In operation, coal from the hopper begins to ignite as it passes 
 under the arch and the grates carry the burning coal toward the bridge 
 
 Figure 1. — Chain-grate stoker and Babcock & Wilcox boiler with uptake in rear. 
 
 wall at a rate which permits complete combustion before the chain 
 passes the rear sprocket and the refuse falls into the ash pit below. 
 
 The majority of the stokers of this type are particularly adapted to 
 a free-burning coal high in volatile matter, such as is mined in the 
 central and western fields, and give less satisfaction with the higher 
 fixed carbon coking coals of the Appalachian field. As they can burn 
 the poorest grades of noncoking coal with complete combustion, 
 they offer a valuable means of producing cheap power. At all the 
 plants visited where these stokers were in use small coal was burned. 
 
 As has been said, the chief difference at present among chain grates 
 as put in by the various makers is in the length of the fire-brick arch. 
 
 In many water-tube boilers this arch is made short, and the gases 
 of combustion are led to the tubes by the shortest path. A furnace 
 arid boiler with stoker thus set are shown in figure 1 . In this setting 
 
14 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 the distance of travel for the gases from the grates to the tube heating 
 surface, indicated by the line B, is reduced to a minimum and the 
 average distance from the fire to the first coolmg surface encountered 
 (A) approaches a minimum. 
 
 This type of installation is common in the ]\liddle West, where a 
 higher proportion of chain grates is in use than in any other section 
 of the United States, but the short arch and the brief travel of the 
 gases to the first tube heating surface are features unfavorable to 
 smokeless combustion. 
 
 A water-tube boiler of another make with furnace fed by chain 
 grates is shown in figure 2. 
 
 A method of setting designed to lengthen the travel of the com- 
 bustil)le gases from the bed of coal and allow them to mix and be 
 completeh^ burned before entering the l)oiler is sliown by figure 3. 
 Here the ty]ie of l)oiler ilhisti’ated by figure 1 is l)aflled so that the 
 uptake is in front; the iire-brick arch over the grates is no longer 
 than in tlie other furnace, but it is supplemented by the bottom 
 ballling made of C tile supported by the water tid)es, so that the 
 least distance from grates to tube heating surface is three times as 
 long as in the mounting shown in ligure 1. The bottom baflling. 
 
PLANTS WITH MECHANTCAT. STOKERS. 
 
 15 
 
 though it can not, on account of its construction, l)cconie as hot as 
 the ignition arcli, has sliglit chilling eilect, and there is ample oppor- 
 tunity for complete combustion before the gases reach the first cooling 
 surface. 
 
 Comparatively few chain-grate stokers were found under tubular 
 boilers. An example of the usual setting is given in figure 4. Here, 
 while the ignition arch is short and the shell of the boiler has a cooling 
 effect, the average distance from the grates to the beginning of the 
 tube heating surface is so long that smokeless combustion can be 
 
 Figure 3. — Chain-grate stoker and Babcock & Wilcox boiler witli ujjtake in front. 
 
 obtained with ordinary care in operation. In the journey from the 
 grate to the rear of the boiler the cooling effect of the boiler shell, 
 tliough not negligible, is much less than it is often thought to be, 
 inasmuch as the area exposed is not more than that of eight or nine 
 tubes. 
 
 DETAILt:!) DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS. 
 
 In the course of the field investigation 57 jilants, ranging from 300 
 to 9,600 rated boiler horsepower, at which chain grates were installed 
 were visited. The detailed information collected regarding these 
 plants is presented in Table 5 (pj). 19-32), but some of tlie more 
 important facts to be gained from a study of that table are summa- 
 rized here. 
 
16 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 The coals used, all small sizes, came from five different States and 
 the average depth of fire in burning them ranged from 4.5 to 6 inches. 
 
 The kind of coal and the de])th of fire are given in Table 1, which 
 incidentally shows that the chain-grate stoker has been found to work 
 remarkably well with Illinois coals. 
 
PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 17 
 
 Table 1. — Kind of coal and depth of fire at plants with chain grates. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 plants.® 
 
 Average 
 depth of 
 lire. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 plants.® 
 
 Average 
 depth of 
 lire. 
 
 Illinois 
 
 21 
 
 Inches. 
 
 5 
 
 Ohio 
 
 6 
 
 Inches. 
 
 5 
 
 Indiana 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 6 
 
 4.5 
 
 K p.nt.ncky 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 a Two plants burned both Indiana and Illinois coal. 
 
 Forty of these plants maintained uniform loads; the remainder 
 had to carry variable loads. At 18 per cent of the plants the stokers 
 were under boiler units of 200 horsepower or less and at 69 per cent 
 they were under units of 300 horsepower or less. The average boiler 
 horsepower developed, the boiler being rated on 10 square feet of 
 heating surface per horsepower, ranged from 23 to 158, the average 
 being 93. The ratio of square feet of heating surface to square feet 
 of grate surface varied from 33 to 1 to 88 to 1, the average ratio being 
 50 to 1. 
 
 The height of the ignition arch at the front of the furnace ranged 
 from 0.9 to 1.1 feet, and the height above the grate at the rear of the 
 arch from 1.3 to 2.2 feet. In 16 plants out of 46 the forward ends of 
 the stokers were some distance in front of the boiler. The average 
 height of the ignition arches above the grates is given in Table 2. 
 
 Table 2.— Average height of arch at front and rear at plants with chain grates. 
 
 Type of boiler. 
 
 At front of furnace. 
 
 At rear of furnace. 
 
 Average 
 height 
 of arch. 
 
 Number 
 of plants 
 at which 
 meas- 
 ured. 
 
 Average 
 height 
 of arch. 
 
 N umber 
 of plants 
 at which 
 meas- 
 ured. 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 
 Aultman & Taylor 
 
 1.1 
 
 6 
 
 1.7 
 
 6 
 
 Babcock & Wilco.x ; 
 
 1.1 
 
 13 
 
 1.5 
 
 13 
 
 Heine 
 
 1.1 
 
 6 
 
 1.6 
 
 5 
 
 Stirling 
 
 .9 
 
 16 
 
 1.5 
 
 14 
 
 Miscellaneous water-tube 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1.3 
 
 3 
 
 Return tubular 
 
 1.1 
 
 5 
 
 2.2 
 
 6 
 
 The coal as received burned per square foot of grate per hour of 
 average heavy load ranged from 11.4 to 39 pounds, the average 
 being 23.3 pounds. 
 
 Table 3 presents in more impressive form some of the particulars 
 recapitulated above. It was compiled to show that with chain-grate 
 stokers installed under 10 types of boilers (live different makes of 
 water-tube boilers are included under ^^Miscellaneous’’) which were 
 run at about their full capacity,- at no plant was there any serious 
 emission of smoke, combustion being practically smokeless. As 
 
 74897— Bull. 373—09 2 
 
18 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 bearing on the proper length of travel of the burning gases for coals 
 from different States, the least and average distances from grates to 
 tube heating surface are given. 
 
 Table 3.^ — Summary of various observations at plants with chain grates. 
 
 Type of boiler. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 
 Fur- 
 
 nace 
 
 Coal 
 
 burned 
 
 per 
 
 square 
 foot of 
 grate sur- 
 
 Percent- 
 age of 
 rated 
 boiler 
 horse- 
 power 
 
 Distance 
 from grates 
 to tube 
 heating 
 surface. 
 
 Black 
 
 smoke. 
 
 
 plants. 
 
 draft. 
 
 face per 
 hour, 
 average 
 heavy 
 load. 
 
 devel- 
 
 oped, 
 
 average 
 
 heavy 
 
 load.a 
 
 Aver- 
 
 age. 
 
 Mini- 
 
 mum. 
 
 
 
 
 Inch of 
 water. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 Aultman & Taylor. 
 
 Illinois, Ohio, and 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 T 
 
 0. 23 
 
 19. 4 
 
 83 
 
 5.2 
 
 3.2 
 
 4.4 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox. 
 
 Illinois, Kentucky, 
 Ohio, and Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 12 
 
 .21 
 
 24.0 
 
 88 
 
 5.2 
 
 3.3 
 
 2.7 
 
 Heine 
 
 Illinois 
 
 7 
 
 .22 
 
 21.2 
 
 113 
 
 8. 4 
 
 6. 4 
 
 6.5 
 
 Stirling 
 
 Illinois, Indiana, Ken- 
 tucky, and Ohio. 
 
 18 
 
 .19 
 
 23.5 
 
 94 
 
 7.0 
 
 4.9 
 
 5. 4 
 
 Miscellaneous water- 
 tube. 
 
 Indiana, Kentucky^ 
 and Pennsvlvania. 
 
 5 
 
 .20 
 
 26.2 
 
 104 
 
 8.3 
 
 5. 5 
 
 7.5 
 
 Return tubular 
 
 Illinois, Kentucky, 
 Pennsylvania, and 
 Indiaiia. 
 
 8 
 
 .15 
 
 24.9 
 
 108 
 
 19.0 
 
 14.7 
 
 2.8 
 
 a Boiler rated on 10 square feet of heating surface per horsepower. 
 
 The draft measurements at the plants with chain grates are summa- 
 rized in Table 4. 
 
 Table 4. — Summary of draft measurements at plants with chain grates. 
 
 Type of boiler. 
 
 Measurement taken at — 
 
 N uml)er 
 of plants 
 at which 
 taken. 
 
 Average 
 draft 
 (inch of 
 water). 
 
 Aultman & Taylor 
 
 Furnace 
 
 5 
 
 0. 23 
 
 
 Rear of boiler 
 
 6 
 
 .46 
 
 
 Base of stack 
 
 3 
 
 .71 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox 
 
 F urnace 
 
 12 
 
 .21 
 
 
 Rear of boiler 
 
 11 
 
 .34 
 
 
 Base of stack 
 
 5 
 
 ..57 
 
 Heine 
 
 Furnace . 
 
 5 
 
 09. 
 
 
 Rear of boiler 
 
 2 
 
 ..58 
 
 
 Base of stack 
 
 4 
 
 .77 
 
 Stirling 
 
 F urnace . . . . 
 
 18 
 
 . 19 
 
 
 Rear of boiler 
 
 17 
 
 .47 
 
 
 Base of stack 
 
 7 
 
 .96 
 
 Miscellaneous water-tube 
 
 Furnace 
 
 6 
 
 .20 
 
 
 Rear of boiler 
 
 4 
 
 .41 
 
 
 Base of stack 
 
 2 
 
 .60 
 
 Return tubular 
 
 Furnace 
 
 8 
 
 . 15 
 
 
 Front* tube sheet 
 
 4 
 
 .43 
 
 
 Base of stack 
 
 
 .81 
 
 Average furnace draft, 54 plants, 0.19 inch of water; range, 0.07 to 0.45 inch. Aver- 
 age draft at rear of boiler, 40 plants, 0.43 inch of water; range, 0.11 to 0.94 inch. Aver- 
 age draft at front tube sheet, 4 plants, 0.43 inch of water; range, 0.25 to 0.61 inch. 
 Average draft at base of stack, 24 plants, 0.77 inch of water; range, 0.26 to 1.30 inch. 
 These figures show approximate average drafts as follows: Furnace, 0.20 inch of water; 
 rear of boiler, 0.45 inch; base of stack, 0.80 inch. These results give a drop in draft 
 through the boiler of 0.25 inch of water and a drop from boiler to stack of 0.35 inch. 
 
Table 5. — Details of observations at plants with chain grates. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKEKS 
 
 19 
 
 w 
 
 a 
 
 g « 
 
 -1^ r >-) 
 
 P. 
 
 CO 
 
 00 o o o 
 00 ICO o 
 
 1— I 05 O O 
 
 oooooooo 
 
 <NQOOOOOO 
 
 lO O cc iO lO o 
 
 • O O iO O lO 
 
 • lO o 
 
 • CO o »o 
 
 . lO ^ O O ^ lO lO 
 
 • ooo 
 
 ! o o lo 
 
 • lO 
 
 • lO IC 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • O ^ 1-H CO 
 
 ' *0 
 
 • to rfi CO 
 
 • t>. 1^ O CO 
 
 • O 00 o 
 
 • CO CM CO 
 
 • oi 
 
 ■ CM O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ T-i (>i 
 
 . r-H ^ (N% 
 
 • fH OI 
 
 . CO --H ,-H 
 
 • CM T-H 1— 1 
 
 • 1-H 
 
 • ^ CM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . ^ 
 
 
 : ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o; o 0^ 
 g 
 
 Jr 
 
 c/5 t-i 
 
 O OP3 
 
 w 
 
 CO 
 
 COM 
 
 in 
 
 bjo 
 
 .9 
 
 s 
 
 (X* 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 'S^'O 
 
 y o . 
 
 q; 
 
 X 
 
 Bm 
 
 'O 
 
 , o H o 
 
 O c3 ,S C3 
 ^ CO n'fCZJ 
 
 d-? O : 
 
 'O ^T3 lO , 
 
 • H • . OT 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 (B • bc 
 
 M : a 
 
 •S-^'5 
 
 ^ « 
 
 05 w q; 
 
 & 
 
 OT3 “3 
 
 0 0 3 
 
 ^ S • “ S : 
 
 -- -^ . s c o 
 
 o o 
 
 XJ7U 
 
 
 m 
 tuO 
 
 G 
 
 -^‘S 
 
 ^ o 
 “ fc-l-' 
 
 -O CB S 
 
 -t-i G . 
 
 D'T o 
 
 CO "O' 
 
 CB 
 
 bX) cB be 
 
 G ^G 
 
 C ■" G 
 o) G o> 
 01 o o 
 ^ a> »- 
 be o (h o 
 
 n CB O CB 
 
 G-^ . 
 
 Sg|g"". 
 
 feX-rX5 
 
 C^l 1-H 
 
 O TjJ ^ 
 
 _• 3 C3 .S • -S 
 
 O O 05 I O ^ ,. , 
 
 ^:^cp-i’';2;j5co 
 
 rP , - 
 
 .s • ^ 
 
 I 
 
 ^ ■ Jji 
 
 i2 ; 
 
 in 
 
 w 
 
 S O C3 
 
 c3 
 
 O 
 
 (L 
 
 
 c3 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 T) 
 
 o 
 
 G 
 
 o 
 
 33 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 "3 o o 
 
 -►J PTi o JB 2 
 
 oSli ? 
 
 r , •— 03 0> Q 
 
 ^ :=i '-'■^ ft 
 
 35 
 
 §.G 
 
 ft33 
 
 PO 
 
 QO 
 
 1 = 
 
 P O 
 
 OP 
 
 30 
 
 . O CB O 
 
 • "S ^ 
 
 (D O 
 
 ~ be o M i-. 
 
 P i=i 
 
 CD 
 
 A ^ 
 Po P 
 
 .2 
 
 fRp'o 
 
 -i-3 c3 
 
 P P 
 
 - i-. d) O O ^ 
 
 Pot> 
 
 rz; s-« 
 
 ^ 0^ 
 
 ^^3;=;pi:3o5B 
 
 C3 
 
 5a .t3 c3 .t3 CD c3 
 
 OP>PP> 
 
 05 C3 
 
 2 
 
 G 
 
 c3 
 
 > 
 
 M’G 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 G 
 
 O § 
 
 PHl^P 
 
 G 
 
 "G 05 
 
 ‘S’P 
 
 o , 
 
 
 §^|.2 
 o}!>^ hh I> 
 
 __ 'O 
 
 I 
 
 Sg' 
 
 . PS W 
 
 cQ P 
 
 9 ^ 
 
 C3 
 
 c/5 ® 
 
 3 O 
 8^ 
 
 .3 o 
 2x3 
 G 
 
 X3 I ^ 
 
 2 o £: 
 
 •2 X3 15 
 
 c/5 . 
 
 C3 ! Sh 
 
 t> . 
 
 .O 
 
 o3 
 
 ■S o o G ■ 
 
 c/2 * 
 
 O u 
 
 .3 t 
 
 ■>--• W "T' W ^ W W r-* 
 
 O'^'rt c3 0^ O 0) 
 
 «-» ^ ^•— r-i ^-IP) ^ c/^ 
 
 c3 
 
 9 
 
 •2p 
 "3 G 
 G 45 
 
 S rH 
 
 ^ C 
 
 pG.« 
 
 »H .2 t- 3 
 ^ c3 gj 
 OPhOkh 
 
 C3pJ P — 
 ’J5 ' ^ ^ 
 
 O 0) o o> 
 
 PrP Ppd 
 
 cr^i 
 
 ^ CC 2 CJ 
 
 Q^( 
 
 
 05 
 
 000100000‘00»01000'^00000‘0 
 OOOcMOOO'^C0O*005iOO<30OO’— lOOt" 
 T— I o C50 lO CO CO •'f O >0 CO lO -x CO ^ OJ »0 CO CO o 
 
 -< o 
 
 O CM 
 (05 CO 
 
 05 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 G 
 
 w 
 
 c3 
 
 H 
 
 «y 
 
 G 
 
 C3 
 
 -1^ 
 
 o o o , . „ 
 
 333 S 2 
 
 05 G 
 
 S-i G 
 
 o o o 
 
 >< ><! 
 p o 
 O o 
 
 
 pieJP! 
 ^ - 45 O 
 O O O 
 
 05 
 
 c5SO 
 
 g333 P'333 o 
 
 3 , 
 
 C3 C3 
 
 pp 
 
 oooaS Srt'ri-i'^^joooooooooo 
 
 p33 ^ g ® §333333333333 
 
 0t-S2d »t. 
 
 OS 
 
 ^ g c 
 
 So-iic 
 
 0> 
 
 ce 
 
 CO 
 
 ^ fl 
 o p 
 ^ ft 
 
 CB 
 
 o 
 
 G 
 
 PG) 
 
 PO 
 
 _ o o o 
 
 O 3 3 3 
 
 ri5< 
 
 3 O O O G O . _ 
 2333-^3 o'C 
 
 G 
 
 05 
 
 :W 
 
 .0000-30 
 G oPPPP 2P 
 
 o o 
 
 3 .2 
 
 oooooooooGooo 
 
 ^ r- 
 
 ' 05p 
 
 ;po 
 
 33 5 0'^'Q'^3'^'0'^'t3'^'O.G'-c333-*^ 
 
 in 
 
 Sn 
 
 t-l(MCO’^iOOl^OOC50i-HMCO'^iOOt^OOOiOi-H 
 
 t-H ^ ^ ^ ^ t-H r— ^ rH (^'1 CS 
 
 c^co'*=rioot^ooajOi-H(Mco*^icot'-cooi 
 
 (N(NC^C^CSC^(N'MCOCOCOCOCC)COCOCOCOCO 
 
 Green 
 
Table b.— Details of observations at plants with chain grates — Continued. 
 
 20 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 c3 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 in 
 
 ^ Ti 
 
 oV. a 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 o =3 ^ 
 
 CO ^ 
 
 »-• w 
 
 ® o aJ 
 
 S 
 
 r 
 
 in 
 
 O O'^ 
 in 'u 
 
 CO 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 ^ C3 
 
 W 'w 
 
 '2'^ 
 
 S Ch • 
 =s 03^ 
 
 ■S C3 ^ 
 
 P q; <^3 
 
 Ph M 
 
 O! 
 
 u 
 
 0) 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 wo 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 T3 A! 
 
 C « 
 
 c3 
 
 o3 _ 
 o; ^ 
 PhC 
 ^ 03 
 
 2 
 
 <N • O 
 . TTr^ 
 
 O O 
 
 X3 t 3 Pi K 
 
 O OJ . 
 
 o3 Sr; O O O 
 
 03 g 
 
 G *^ _ ^ ^ 
 
 0) O O 00 
 « ^ -O T3 fl 
 T3 OJ ' ' ^ 
 
 00 
 
 O m 
 
 1^2 • 
 w O O 
 
 W)fci}gh^ 
 
 w 
 
 I'S.is 
 
 i«s = 
 
 OPh>W 
 
 
 O' 
 
 fl i o' 
 o a 
 
 <zi "m 
 
 'O 'O 
 
 f3 C 
 
 o3 eg 
 ti 03 
 
 :^ph 
 
 W) 
 
 ■•S 
 
 ’3 
 
 <» 
 
 <v “ 
 
 I-I M 
 
 3j G 
 m.G 
 
 o ^ 
 
 g3 
 
 'T ^ 
 
 «l-^C0 
 
 c3 
 
 G 
 
 O iX> T3 c3 
 
 : :i3 ti ; ^ 
 o c3 . c: 
 
 loo 
 
 aj2 
 S2 
 ■S, o 
 
 tub o 
 .2 OTT3 
 
 3 2 o o o 
 
 c 
 
 ,5*5 
 t4 « 
 
 si 
 
 (D in 
 G 
 S G 
 
 G w 
 
 S’S 
 
 ^ o 
 fcJOO 
 .2 w 
 X P 
 
 b£^0 
 
 G *C 
 
 O c3 
 >H> 
 
 ^73 
 
 llSi^ 
 
 ^2325 
 
 OOOOO'^OOO'^OOOOOOOO 
 
 oo*^oocMoooooo»ooooooo 
 
 CC'^^cr^OO’^COO^’^t^OCOCOwO'^ 
 
 O) 
 
 o 
 
 73 
 
 «M 
 
 o 
 
 .2 
 *N 
 
 G 
 
 O) Ld 
 
 0^.0 
 
 •¥ 
 ^ ^ o 
 5 '3 i* 
 
 I'O'G 
 
 <u 
 
 G 
 
 4.» 
 
 cc 
 
 o 
 
 o3 
 
 wo 
 
 
 G ° 
 0-2 
 W -5 
 
 ^•3 
 
 . c 
 
 c3 
 G 
 2 
 'x S 
 
 G.2 
 
 C3 O) 
 
 G CG 
 
 5 G _ 
 
 <^.o 
 
 m 
 
 O O-G 
 j'a'O G 
 
 Go 
 
 ;-i 
 
 mO 
 
 o o 
 
 cn _ 
 
 2 2 I 2 
 
 ' G ■ t/> 
 
 G 
 
 OJ 
 
 o£ 
 
 j?o 
 
 • ^ S-< 
 
 . G CJ I® 
 
 .22 G G»^. 
 
 O G 
 
 g g. 
 
 O G 
 
 /'.ft 
 
Table 5. — Details of observations at plants with chain grates — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKEKS 
 
 21 
 
 
 c3c3 
 
 bj0:73 c«00a>^5^a;0 
 O) ce ^3 ^ Ph'^ g. ^ — 
 
 PH ^ o 
 
 ^t^(M^C^OOOO^(Mi-HOOOGOO'*!J’COOOT-HCiiOCOOt^t^OCOOO 
 
 l^iOi-HOi^GOO’^(N^OOLOOiO(X)l^OOO’-'COr-HOOCOOOOlMCOCO 
 
 —i __d I 
 
 d <D 
 
 o bJ3>>e 
 
 ^,bjDOOO<DQ>?J(U2 
 
 « o3 .o .cj ftxj a ^ ^ .2 
 
 PH O c3 
 
 ^OOO^OOO^OOCOCOCSIOO'^COi-HiO^O^COO’^t^'^COOtO 
 
 t^iOOOSOGOOCOC^OOiOl^iCt^t^tOOOCOt-HOOCOl^CO^CSICCCO 
 
 bjo 
 
 ■S 
 
 o o ^ 
 ft o 
 
 -*-i rd 
 
 t 3 g 
 
 O) «2 fcH . 
 
 6 aS' 
 S£ 1 
 I 
 
 _ ^3 c3 O 
 rt as- a 
 
 g M bJO^.^ 
 
 O 
 
 >. 
 
 <1 
 
 O) 
 
 2 
 
 S d 
 
 ^ o 
 
 
 ooooiot^coc<ior^'^a5t^aii--o:'OOi— icooic^i 
 
 CO(Ni— » 1 — li-H(MrHr-lr-(i— iC^ICS|C^J<Ni-hC'1^COC^1<MCO 
 
 CO iO (N i>« iO to Oi »0 <M 
 
 TfO‘0’X>oodocotoGOoftoa5(X)^T-Hcdo:>'^a>'^ 
 
 t— tCOCOC^'M^CVI^i— I t-h^CCCOC^C^C^JC^t— ICOC^C-ICO 
 
 O) 
 
 bJO 
 
 c3 
 
 rd 
 
 bjO 
 
 Coal 
 
 burned 
 
 per 
 
 day 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 
 Hours 
 per 
 day 
 load 
 is on 
 plant. 
 
 
 1— I Ci O (M ^ 
 
 Ol'^COCOl^C005GOC^a5'^0<NiOOcO*^OOCOC-1 
 1-H CO lO 1— I 1— I rf (M 1— I Cl (N ^ (M 
 
 C^r-4i-lC^T-l(M 1 -H (M^,-HCqC^,-lT-li— I 1-Hi— ICS r-ll-tf-l01.-H 
 
 Coal 
 
 burned 
 
 per 
 
 day 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 to 1-H O 
 1— « 1— 1 (M CO 04 
 
 Hours 
 per 
 day 
 load 
 is on 
 plant. 
 
 TT Tf O 
 04 04 f-H 04 04 
 
 o 
 
 o3 
 
 (H 
 
 C3 
 
 PI 
 
 CJ 
 
 bjD 
 
 . a 
 
 Sis 
 
 c3 a 
 
 2a 1 
 
 M UJ 
 
 'T3 ^ 
 
 — ft 
 
 O ^ d 
 
 OOft 
 
 O lO CO O CO lO 
 
 ^oc^eoc^i-^t-^oodcoooot^oioootDioiooo 
 
 C^rjico CO lO»0»-Hi-Hr-< COi— Ir- (C-4 
 
 <N T-l t-Hi-HC^ i-H,-It-IC^t 
 
 o> 
 
 o ^ 
 
 4^ bX) 
 
 w CJ 
 
 C2a 
 
 |2.S 
 
 K rj 
 
 o222 “'S 03 
 
 isaaa 
 
 ' CO 
 
 3 >5 
 
 'd 
 
 C3 
 
 O 
 
 d 
 
 4-> 
 
 c3 
 
 d 6 ’ ^ w 
 
 *-• H 0^ — 0 c3 
 
 W M P O O rH 
 
 ^ I |> 
 
 o 5fi C 
 
 o;^ph 
 
 a; 
 
 o 
 
 0) 
 
 O) 
 
 O O O.u 
 
 -- - - o 
 
 G 
 c3 
 
 -r— w ^ 
 
 d.^P 
 
 S-4 ' 
 
 ■ a 
 o c ° 
 
 a 2 
 
 3 ^'^'oS 
 
 C3 03 03 c3 c3 
 
 PnQrtftft 
 
 bjD 
 
 .9 
 
 •4^ 
 
 o3 
 
 CD 
 
 ft 
 
 d 
 o 
 
 § 
 
 a2^ 
 
 o 2 
 a ^ 
 
 CQp 
 
 03 
 
 0^0pH • t i * I I *0? 
 
 i?oooooaC,oC.cEooooodoaC.£^oaoS'2o) 
 
 Saa'O'oa 2'2.2'2.2'2a'T3'v3'aa'0'0.2'2.2'2a.2a2.Sa 
 
 "^ ' ■ ’* '■ 
 
 p 
 
 O' 
 
 03 
 
 « 
 
 . G 
 
 o 03 
 
 a 
 
 o3 
 
 03 
 
 a 
 la 
 
 'Si, 
 
 ft ^ 
 — ft 
 
 C;^ 
 
 c3 d (d d d fl 
 
 . - 
 
 C3 : c3 
 03 03 
 
 a la 
 a 
 
 ^ „ a 
 
 cO C3 03 
 
 OJ 
 
 — ft ft 
 
 0 .9^ 
 
 CO " S 
 
 03 . .. 
 
 ,a 
 
 i bC 
 
 o3 a 03 a 
 K* P P 
 
 c3 
 
 03 
 
 a 
 a 
 ^ a 
 3 ^a 
 
 JO w> 
 
 iii 
 
 3~' 03 
 
 C3 
 03 
 
 a 
 a 
 +^a !=i 
 
 o3 a o3 
 03 bjj 
 
 a a ja 
 a a§ 
 
 03 S ' 
 
 a 3 
 
 P> 
 
 OOOOOfc-t-it^ S.ToO*-it-(troi3-a'(-iO>-'>-!-'oOOO 
 
 I I («i-< (I'l 4i^ i-i’i —a /ii /1-s n't n"! n*) I —I 
 
 o o 
 ftft 
 
 is is iS'SiS^ 
 
 o o o .la o 
 
 • • p s is 
 
 • • o o o 
 
 !S IS ;s . IS iS s • • • ■ 
 
 o o o ■ O O O ' ' ■ ■ 
 
 : ; : : iaafhaa 
 
 1 laiaPn 
 
 PnfLPn lOnaa | i j J 
 
 rHC^CO‘^‘Oftt>«OOa^O^(NCOTtiiOOI^OOOO^(NCO’^»fDtOt^0005 
 rH T— 1 T— t r^T— IrHr-ir— IrHr— iC^ CS CN CN C^ 04 
 
 .1 Packinghouse I 14 I 38 I 14 I 38 1 28.7 1 28.7 
 
 a Boiler rated on 10 square feet of heating surface per horsepower. 
 
Table 5. — Details of observations at plants with chain grates — Continued. 
 
 22 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSlTOK OP COAL. 
 
 II =5 sail 
 
 
 ^ .i,- *T^ ^ K? fT-« ^ ^ ^ 
 
 OQj[ 3 +^>h|>>T 3 S^C 3 C^ 
 
 fr-t biCirn c30oa>a)^cjo 
 cu C3 3 (H ^ 
 pH ^ O « 
 
 '^Ot-lOOOO'l<r-l(NO>-Ht-~COOOl^0005t^.-iOt^(MI^CO(MC<5t^ 
 000r-tl>.00‘00050t— lOOiO^OOO.— l(M02i— fO>— I000f00c200 05''r' 
 
 <— I 1— « 1—4 
 
 O0)-^IhP(>T3^C3(^ 
 
 (ibooooa>4)9-’(ao 
 ^ c3X3.a P,t 3 a>x5—' 
 Ph O C3 
 
 ^OCOOOOO(M<M(MOt-tt^OO 
 ococot-oo»ooia50i— <0000 
 
 O lO o 
 
 O 05 
 
 lO^OCOOOOOCOI^OO 
 
 Oi—*o5t^coa5'vr't^oo^ 
 
 bx) 
 
 ■S 
 
 « 
 
 •l “s ^ 
 CD O 3 
 Pi O 
 HHi P3 
 
 'B.P 
 
 g 
 
 P ® 
 
 C3 ® 
 
 p 
 
 p 
 
 O 
 
 |g)5 
 
 a; 
 
 W) . 
 
 O 05 ‘-0 00 o o 
 
 rH 
 
 O »0 uo GO CO 1-H CO 1— ( 00 
 
 05Tpiooot^»o^r-^05'^^<MJ^oo50*^co 
 
 ^r-Hf-Hr-lC^(N(MC^(NC^(MC^Ji-H(N01»-Hr-H(N'M 
 
 g ^"p 
 
 OJ ^ CS 
 
 > S.2 
 
 (M 05 CO (M 
 
 OO^OO^OOi-H^OOlOit^Tf 
 
 C0<N(N<MC0(MC^i-HC0OlrH^<M 
 
 Light. 
 
 Coal 
 
 burned 
 
 per 
 
 day 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 ! lO (M 
 
 0^0510010'^(N •r>.»00’^OCOOOCOC^OiO’^(NCO’^^’^‘^i-H 
 
 CS »— i 1— I 1— 1 *1—1 1-H (M *—t 1— 1 iO (N CS o (M r-l T— 1 r-l *— ( tOi-H 
 
 • 1—1 Cd 1— t 
 
 Hours 
 per 
 day 
 load 
 is on 
 plant. 
 
 - IC 
 
 C^OI^C^i-Ii-hC-Ii-I *(MCQC^r-l0^i-l(N(M(M(M(MrHC-lr-HT-fi-MM(Mi-l 
 
 Heavy. 
 
 Coal 
 
 burned 
 
 per 
 
 day 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 lO ^ . ic »o • 
 
 O^OO^OOOOOI^OCOO’^OC^^CCO^OQOIO •OCO’^l^C5rH » 
 iO(Mi— lC^r-iO(Mr-l Nfi i-H(NiOCQO<MiM**^CO *COi— i 01^0 • 
 
 1— 1 CO • rH » 
 
 Hours 
 per 
 day 
 load 
 is on 
 plant. 
 
 lO 1 lO • 
 
 'd 
 
 c3 
 
 d 
 
 bjo 
 
 c3 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 (h 
 
 03 
 
 O 
 
 b £) 
 
 B 
 
 c3 
 0^ 
 
 ^ • 
 
 O) 0) 
 
 o2 p 
 
 C/2 — flj o 
 O P p 
 
 P . 
 
 ^ O 
 P 
 
 - pr 
 
 ; c3 
 
 
 Q W P4 ^ ^ 
 ' Q^C P "" 
 
 ’ 5;^^— I'g §*S 2 ^£o S 
 
 r2C0H-4^^2C.P5 ’.x^oS-i^^ 
 
 c/^ChOPhC^J^CQQS IcooScoE^ 
 
 p 
 
 liS <s 
 
 p >1 
 
 fc-i 'd 
 
 0-9^ G 
 
 : 
 
 'd 
 
 d 
 
 O 
 
 d 
 
 c3 
 
 d-^H 
 
 . . . .g . *C^ 
 
 ^dodd'Soi^od'^dS'Sodir-Sfeoocoooooo 
 
 O c3 ^ c3 ^ C3 ^ c3 ,0 
 
 ” — *C • • ‘zz ^ • 
 
 C d - - ■ 
 
 d 
 
 p 
 
 'd "d .2 " 
 *C 
 
 d 
 
 00000 
 
 T 3 i dJ i d 3 
 
 cte c-s G 
 
 tss •?, -H, <s -P p 
 
 53 fcC _ W) b£ 
 
 S +h'P3 h— ^ 1-j P3 h-T 
 p: _ x: .c _ x: 
 
 ■P.Sfl^c-^P:^ 
 
 P C3 C3 C3 
 ra 
 
 P c3 P 
 
 bjO 
 
 Ufc-ifc-iUtMt-i-ooOOO^^OO 
 
 _ _ _ _ _ __ 
 
 9^'d'd'd'd'd'd't!^ P P 9^ P P 9^'d'd'd'd'd 9^’d'd 
 
 I • i • •< t 1 
 
 ••^boooooo 
 
 :h:iPhPiPhPhPhP,Pi 
 
 ° p 
 O ej 
 
 ?^i P. 
 
 o— '(Npo-riocor^c 
 
 COCOMCCCCCOCOCCC 
 
 IO5Oi-HCSt^'^*0c0r^00C5< 
 
 >i--oicO'^»^wr'» 
 > lO 1-0 O lO lO • o 
 
Table 5 . — Details of observations at plants uith chain grates — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 23 
 
 O) 
 
 C 0) M 
 
 C3 M 03 r1 
 
 O) m tuog 
 
 o o oooooooo 
 
 lO 1— 
 
 rH 1-H 1— H rH r—i rM 
 
 00 
 
 O lOlOO o ooo 
 
 (MOiO CO *^C0^ 
 
 00 
 
 AO 
 
 I OX) « 0) 
 
 P o ^ • 
 
 all§? 
 
 5 S 3 CO J 
 “.d 
 
 •S ^ c3:;i- 
 
 3?.^ 3 oi 
 
 P ;h rr* 
 
 W w 
 
 O O OO 'OOOOO o 
 
 o ooo o ooo 
 o 
 
 OO OO 
 
 w 
 
 OaOOOOOOOOOOOOOOaOOOOOOaOaOOOOOOOOO 
 OCO^’^'^'^OO’^AO’n^AOOO'^GOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOAOOOQO 
 iOO^'AOOCOCDOO^'^cO'MOaOOaOOOO’— ‘OAOAOOAOO t^OAOiOAO 
 
 CO*' ec t-h" c^T (n' oico CO c-f co' t-T »- 
 
 o o o o 
 
 1 -H O Q 
 
 00 »-• o o 
 
 |(.o<M'^"^c^i-hi-hcoco'*^^coaococ^cs c^ao'csco' 
 
 O^T-HHtHTtHTt<OOTtHiO''^AOOO'^OOCOOOOOOOOOOAOOOOO i-h0*^0 
 tOOAO'tOCOOOOcO'^OC^OAO^»0 000^0‘OAOOAOOI^OAOAOAO 00i-H?CO 
 COCOi-HC^(MC^JCOCO<MCOCNT-iC^r-iC^i— iCOC^'^'^C^i-Hi-hCOCO’^COaOCOC^IOI C^aOC<|CO 
 
 i^;'tHo53'Scg 
 
 (h 1 -H 
 
 S'? « fc 
 >2 ^ 
 ^ o3 O 5 
 d sh^ ^ 
 
 m 
 
 O O O O lO O O O O lO O lO O lO lO O O 00 O O lO o o o o o o o o o oooo 
 iOO>0>Ot^>000'^'3<'OCO»OCCCD‘OOt'. O »OiO»OOiCOt^OlO‘0‘0 OOIOO 
 
 00 -^i-hC^C^C^ 0 O 0 OiMCO(Mi— ((M r-HC^T-ICOIM 'f 01.-I1— Ie 000 -^ 001000 (N 01 co-^ooco 
 
 Oi 
 
 l-( 
 
 cu 
 
 fi 
 
 d 
 
 a) 
 
 ^.£fo 
 
 <1 
 
 tei-H Ol OJ(MOJr-l.-|lO.-l,-l 
 
 00 iMco^o cq cs.-H(M 
 
 <u 
 
 • 
 
 2 t>’d 
 
 S C3 03 
 
 > o o 
 
 T-( (M COC^«Mi-HC^1AOCOrH ^ CO COOAO C\ C'l'MC'l 
 
 
 I 
 
 -ti CO <N O CO Ol ^ CO CO 00 CO Ol OI Cl 
 
 lO CO Cl CO O 'O 
 
 o 
 
 pq 
 
 0) 
 
 SI 
 
 a> 
 
 Cl 
 
 c /3 W C /3 c /3 
 
 a; 0 ) <X) o 
 
 D a p p 
 
 00 00 OO 00 
 
 'P 
 
 I ■ ^ Eh 
 
 d 
 
 : 3 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 : R 3 ' 
 . tH X 5 
 
 V HIM, 
 
 CO 
 
 Cl 
 
 c /3 cc c /3 
 03 CO a> 
 
 CO 
 ■’ Cl 
 
 o> 
 
 X3 
 
 CO 
 
 C £3 
 
 x' 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 XXX X X^ X 
 
 000’^r2cCClt>» 
 C1(MC1M^ *^C1 ^t-h 
 t-H f-H 1—1 1— I Cl ^ hH ^ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 XI 
 
 C 3 
 
 pq 
 
 3 
 
 X 
 
 00 
 
 1-H 
 
 X 
 
 Cl 
 
 I 
 
 Cl 
 
 o> 
 
 rQ 
 
 p 
 
 4 -> 
 
 00 
 
 1-H 
 
 X, 
 
 tn tn 
 tn D D 
 
 -2 d 3 
 
 0 > c /3 c /3 
 pO o; 03 
 
 -Hi p 3 
 
 CC 00 00 00 « 
 
 ) rH t“H rH rH ( 
 
 Ixx >< t-1 ' 
 
 1 V V V V 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ : 
 ' O O (N (M ' 
 
 X X 
 
 -a aT 
 
 o aj 
 
 V CO 
 
 00 aJ 
 
 .Q 
 
 ^ 3 
 
 O) 00 
 .3-1 
 3 >< 
 
 OO 
 
 - 
 
 HN ^ O 
 
 3 
 
 00 O 
 M >.H 
 
 r-H 
 
 CO S CO 
 
 s g e 
 g^g 
 
 ^ "Hv 
 
 ^^22 
 
 '§'§MCO 
 
 co" co" 
 
 V V a;) ^ 
 
 OOC' o S 
 
 p p 
 
 X 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
 00 00 CO Cl 
 CO d 03 
 hH d Cl 1-H 
 
 03 
 
 p< 
 
 >> 
 
 Bh 
 
 CD 
 
 ,3 
 
 c3 
 
 =<3 
 
 3 
 
 C3 
 
 s 
 
 -u 
 
 "a 
 
 -I- 
 
 OOOOOoOO 
 '3'3'3'3'3 otStJ 
 
 • X 
 
 • S3 
 
 o 
 
 O) 
 
 X 
 
 3 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 d2 
 
 C3 
 
 PQ 
 
 tX! 
 
 OI 
 
 3 
 
 ►j ajK- 
 
 Osid! .J 
 3 “« 
 
 .1^ ■ • 
 
 O ■ • • O JS o 
 
 o ooooSooo 
 O Ta'dx) O 0T5'3 
 .3 • • ■ ^ > x; - 
 
 C3 • • ' C3 iS 
 
 pq : : :pq pq 
 
 QJ 
 
 rd 
 
 3 
 
 01 
 
 •4-> 
 
 a 
 
 oc 
 
 3 
 
 CO 
 
 oT 
 
 3 
 
 'S 
 
 w 
 
 0^ 
 
 Xi 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 'g.d 
 
 • o 
 
 a; 
 
 .3 
 
 152 ®2 
 
 cn 
 
 r/^ 
 
 '^1 
 
 CO AO 
 
 M ’4< CO 
 
 AO CO 1-H AO 
 CO 4> •4< lO CO 
 
 00 CO »0 »0 CO 00 iCi 
 
 4< 4i 4< 4< 4< CO 
 
 00 
 
 I 
 
 CD 
 
 T 
 
 CO 
 
 
 „rl< ;0 *0 lO , 
 
 4< «0 
 
 . 3 
 
 o 3 
 
 !z: p< 
 
 t-h Cl CO-^iOcOt^OOOlO ,-H (M CO-^UO CO 1^0003 
 
 o 
 
 IM 
 
 Tti lO CD 
 (M IM (M (M 
 
Table 5. — Details of observations at plants with ehain grates — Continued. 
 
 24 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 i steam 
 
 pressure 
 at gage 
 (pounds). 
 
 ^OOOOOO O i-OiCiOOO O O OtOOOOOiOOO^^OO o o 
 
 lO'T'O^OiOO ^ I-O cC *Oi-HCO»OXiOXi-OtO(N(Nt--0 X O 
 
 ^ T— < ^-1 1 -H »— 1 r*^ r-H i— H r-^ ^ ^ f-H r-i »-H r—l rH i— H ^ i— t »-H t-H rH 1 r-H ^ 
 
 i o i ci o 
 
 X OI Ol 
 
 rH 
 
 Super- 
 
 heating 
 
 surface 
 
 (square 
 
 feet). 
 
 • O O O O'O o o ooooo o o ooooo -ooooooo o o 
 
 Heating 
 
 surface 
 
 (square 
 
 feet). 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOt^t^ 'OOO *00100010^00010 
 OOO^OOOOO^O'^T-HOOOiOt^X *000 •X’^t-XOXr^O^t— ((M 
 ^000^000(NX00i— ‘t^ioo ‘^OOC^Tt^iOO^Ot^i-HX 
 
 cd of CO cf cd '7^" CO cd cd ih" cd cd th' CO CO CO of • of of -of of of of of t-T i-T of cd i-T 
 
 Horse- 
 power, 
 boiler 
 rated on 
 10 square 
 feet of 
 heating 
 surface. 
 
 O O O O O O O O lO ^ O O ^ lO X O -OOO • X X O O X O ^ ^ X 
 
 lOOOO^ooooixccO’-HiOt^'T^oiio *1^*0 0 *iooooi’n^ioo^r^^x 
 X’T^O^XOIOl^XXO^i— lOlX^XXXOI •OlOI^’^t^ -OlOiOJOIOli— 1 T— iC^lXt-H 
 
 Builder’s 
 
 rated 
 
 horse- 
 
 power. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 O O O O O O O O >0 lO .— 1 O O O O 00 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 
 lOOOOOOOOC^O-ICOO^'OOiOIMi.OO'OOOi-OlOcClOOiO'-OiOlO >o o 
 
 CO-^IC^COCOOIVCOCOCS.— IC^CC.-HiOC*3COC^'5<C^CO-T<COC<l(MCO(MC^t-l.— Ii-H i—l 
 
 Number used to 
 i carry — 
 
 Average 
 
 light 
 
 load. 
 
 05<MC^r-l.— IIM.-H >0 CO V< ^COCO.-HT-lV<IMOq(MIN.-i.-lC'J C-1 00 
 
 ... t— < 
 
 ‘C 
 
 3 
 
 Average 
 
 heavy 
 
 load. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 2 
 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 Variable. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 a 2 
 
 3 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 j 
 
 Num- 
 
 ber 
 
 in- 
 
 stalled. 
 
 XOI'^OIO^X^ lO XXr-HO^Ol X -’t^'T^Xf-Hi-H-tOr^XOJOlO^'^ O 
 
 OI 1—t 
 
 O 
 
 PQ 
 
 
 S 
 
 CO 
 
 tH 
 
 X 
 
 a 
 
 C3 
 
 b 
 
 tc 
 
 a o 
 
 w c/3 ^ 
 
 sag 
 
 :3 
 
 T3 
 
 
 c/3 CO 
 
 a a 
 
 3 
 
 Ui 
 
 ic^73 
 
 V. 
 
 O CO 1— ' WKCO 
 
 r— I 1 — I T— ' O: 
 
 X X X X X 
 
 ;c cc OJ tn 
 CO CO CO 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 c/3 C/D c/3 c/3 c/3 
 ^ 03 G3 ^ 03 
 
 a 
 
 t-i 
 
 T3 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 * V ^ ^ V V 
 
 . 
 
 • V 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 w ytj «Ju uu 
 
 1 V Ol t-H ^ ,H 
 
 X S 
 
 iHl^ 
 
 1 X 
 
 ; X X X X X 
 
 ' HM 
 
 ; X 
 
 • »h|^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 1 ^ X X X X X 
 
 ^ X 
 
 ■ o 
 
 ' Ol O X 
 
 • OJ 
 
 • OJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 O X 
 
 
 
 
 • O O 01 V V V V 
 
 X ^ 
 
 
 • O O X ”7^ 
 
 . 
 
 • o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • OI 01 O 04 O^ 04 o« 
 
 O 04 
 
 X 
 
 • OI O^ rH OI 
 
 
 • ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 oi ^ 
 
 
 
 
 • -H 04 1-1 l> O- 
 
 T-H 
 
 o o o o o 
 
 o o o o o o 
 
 tj) 
 
 G 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 C3 
 
 a> 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 373 
 
 Ut ^ 
 
 ^ (M 
 
 V 
 
 co^ 
 
 X 
 
 V 
 
 CO 
 
 0^. 
 
 c/3 CO CO CO 
 03 03 03 <D 
 
 3 n G 3 
 
 CO 
 
 C 
 
 3 
 
 CO 
 
 cc 
 
 GO 
 
 X 
 
 0) 
 
 pO 
 
 3 
 
 00 • 
 
 ^ V <N l>01 
 
 CO 
 
 CC 
 
 L- 
 
 CO 
 
 o CO 
 
 2g°c| 
 
 3 
 
 C 
 
 d 3 
 
 3, 
 
 ' 00 CO C^ CO C 3 O 
 I I I T I 
 c^ ^ CO CO 
 
 1.0 lO ^ o »o 
 
 »t» ^ »o 
 
 CO 
 
 »0 I -- »0 CO CO '-r X 
 
 
 
 lO 
 
 ■ lO CO ^ 
 
 00 c. o ^ oi CO -r >o cc r X 03> o 
 
 OlOICOCOXCOCO CO COCOCOCO'^ 
 
 
 X'*rtocct-xa3Q^oico'^-- 
 
 »o 
 
 15 
 
 Usually. 
 
Table 5. — Details of observations at plants with chain grates — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 25 
 
 0) 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 a 
 
 tM 
 
 D 
 
 o o a; 
 
 *0^ ^ 3 
 
 > 
 
 
 <*-H 
 
 
 oO 
 
 <o 
 
 Jh 
 
 
 a) 
 
 C3 
 
 CP O 
 
 bJD 
 
 (H Oj 
 
 a 
 
 P 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 <o 
 
 ■tJ 
 
 C3 
 
 S a> 
 2| 
 
 u 
 
 t£) 
 
 5 2 
 <C 3 
 
 
 <4-H 
 
 C3 a 
 
 |2 
 
 d "" 
 
 Q 2 
 
 C3 
 
 tH O J-* 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^ o’ o 
 O Xii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . O CO 
 
 
 
 
 ■ to 00 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • CM . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ CO 
 
 
 
 
 • . to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : r 
 
 
 
 
 . rr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •Jr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . CJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lO lO IC LO O (M lO O I lO LO GC Oi CO O O fC (N lO 
 
 . . . . . . . (M 
 
 rH I K rH . fH rH 
 
 lO 
 
 C^i00500(Ma5Cv|0 I tOiCGCiOLOOi’^COO^CCl^OO 
 
 .C^ . .o . . . . CSC^ .<Mt^ 
 
 OOOOOOOOOtO 
 
 . . 
 
 CO CO 
 
 OOOOOOOOOlOO 
 
 O IC o o o 
 
 o 
 
 o\ 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 oi 
 
 ^ (D 
 
 5 03^ 
 tjj^Q 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 2 
 
 lOt^t^LOOOiOOOOOOiOiOOOOLOOOOCOOOOOOOOOO 
 
 (M . . (M 
 
 00 00 00 0 00 05050500 . . .000 .l-^Oi— lOOOOOOOOOOO 
 
 ^ O O T-H 
 
 00 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 »o 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 oO 
 
 'S ^ 
 
 ^ c3 
 
 L 
 
 '^000i0‘^0i0i000'*7’i00»0'^0'^i0 0t0^000000i0i0 0ic 
 
 (M O} , . 
 
 o^ot^ooooot^o ,or^ co o o o oo co . o o oo o o . o 
 
 ^ lo 
 
 00 
 
 CO o 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 lO 
 
 00 QC 
 
 o' o'' 
 
 ??o6 
 
 to 
 
 00 
 
 0) 
 
 w o 
 
 cd Sm 
 
 Mm 
 
 s ^ 
 
 o.S 
 
 ^ c3 
 o ^ 
 
 B.S 
 
 M p 
 
 5*" 
 
 a^- 
 
 cu 
 
 tf) 
 
 c3 
 
 (h 
 
 o> 
 
 > 
 
 S£ 
 
 c3 
 
 ^ 2 . 
 
 OJ 
 
 frH CO 
 
 03^0) 
 
 q; ^ 
 
 cs::^ 
 
 W c 
 
 a; 
 
 to to O to CO 
 <M* oi 
 
 to O O to o 
 
 iO O CO 
 
 COOOO 1 to0totot0t00to>-<00t00':00:00 
 
 OJCOCOCOCOCOC^CO <fTr*^COt'--COCOtOtO 
 
 (.-o' ^ 
 
 CC ^ 
 
 O CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 CS to to 
 
 . . I 
 
 CO , to CO .^co tT lO CO 00 to CO 
 
 OtOOOOOOtoOOOOCOOtOCOt^COCO 
 
 00 
 
 — H T— H 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 to' 
 
 
 o 
 
 to to 
 
 to r- 
 
 co CO 
 
 
 05 
 
 . . to 
 
 
 05 . 
 
 CO to CO 
 
 
 00 . . 05 
 
 . . • 
 
 
 to 05 
 
 00 
 
 GO 
 
 
 C5 O C5 
 
 to 
 
 T— 1 
 
 to 
 
 fC 
 
 Tt^ to 
 
 to 
 
 
 tcToo 
 
 -1 to o 
 
 00^^^ 
 
 C5 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 . y-^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1’^ 
 
 00 
 
 CO 00 
 
 to to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 rH 
 
 CO 05 
 
 CO CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O5'’o0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t - 00 
 
 a 
 
 w 
 
 \ o 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOcj po ooooo 
 flT3T3T3't3'P'CT3'0T3T3T3T3T3T3'C0'0'P'P’^'“ 
 o3 
 
 PL, 
 
 O flxJ'O'O'OTj 
 
 :A :'S 
 
 :PphEP :E 
 
 C'jTti-^COC^C^C<lOCCi(NTtifOrO<MOCrCI(M(NOJOiO'^CO(MrO®iCfO<M-^<M 
 
 3 OJ 
 
 °.a 
 
 o C3 
 
 z p. 
 
 (C^co'^tocoi^ooooi— ic^co’^tocor'^(X)a50^(Mco*^tocor--ooc50r- 1 
 
 a First dimension applies to large boiler. 6 First dimension applies to Babcock & Wilcox boiler. <■ First dimension applies to small boiler. 
 
Table 5. — Details of observations at plants with chain grates — Continued. 
 
 26 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL 
 
 O- 
 
 o 
 
 C3 
 
 fM 
 
 a 
 
 
 Q) 
 
 O . 
 
 C3 
 
 C3 ^ 
 
 id CO 
 
 2^ 
 
 c3 
 
 if 
 
 ci ^ 
 
 ^ § 
 
 o 
 
 F—« '*“* 
 
 .S; ^ 
 
 u c3 
 
 flj 
 
 > M) 
 
 oO 
 !- ^ 
 C3 CO 
 Qi O 
 s-i C3 
 G 
 
 lO ^ lO »o *o 
 
 o ® 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 G 
 
 O O C5 05 o 
 
 ■0> C-I lO 00 05 
 cd cd cd TT 
 
 iC ^ lO iQ lO 
 
 05 GO O 05 05 
 
 .w 
 
 § e s' 
 
 S O C3 
 
 §>i3 d c ' 
 
 M g D 2 S 
 
 S2S2I 
 
 ; O iC O O < 
 
 5000001000 
 
 o o\ 
 
 O) 
 
 rC • 
 
 S c3 ^ 
 bxflQ 
 fl 
 
 CJ ^ 
 
 1-5 
 
 oooicorocor^cooio^oo 
 . . ; . . 
 
 050;c2 .c:xooiooc3c;C2 .000 
 
 CiC 
 
 oU 
 :2 ^ 
 
 .'2 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 Gj 
 W O 
 
 c3 
 
 Sm 3 
 bX; c/3 
 
 o .5 
 
 c3 
 (V 0 ; 
 ^ 4h 
 0 
 
 4-5 
 
 c/3 2 
 
 .SCO 
 
 iOOiOI^OCSOiCOOCOCCOO 
 
 OJ 
 
 :iOOOGl^'^w .Tf05 0 050XO 
 1 ^ oc 
 
 CO t-^ IC X O lO O lO O O 05 
 
 '^■^»d*^d‘^'^'^'^0'^'*jfidocd 
 
 Ol 
 
 e 
 
 bjo 
 
 c3 
 
 Sh 
 
 O) 
 
 X Oi X 10 O 10 o ^ 
 
 . . . . . . . 
 
 0 0X0 . O O O ' 
 
 ; O 1-0 O O T 
 
 • X X o ’ 
 
 CO 
 
 e 
 
 Ol o 
 
 id cd 
 
 cd oi 
 
 00000000 ^ 
 
 uoooooooooo 
 
 O X 05 05 05 O 05 05 05 
 
 IC 10 O O O O O O 1*0 
 
 oot-^ooo'^’^ocd 
 
 iC O O iC 1-0 O * i-O I'' 1-0 
 
 cdudcdcdci'^'^cd 
 
 o lo 10 10 1-0 o o o 01 10 
 
 (M . 
 
 oxi^x^or^iox ^x 
 
 r ^ 
 
 pH C3 
 
 ^ Si 
 
 0; CT*^ 
 ^ c<} 
 c3 < 
 o 5:1 
 
 Jm O 
 
 '^lOO'^05 0JOCOt^t-H'^*^05XOC^C^OiO'^'^OOOCNiO 
 1*0 05 . , .1*0 . . X lO X vfi o 05 . . 10 »0 CO CO CO . 
 
 Tfi X X 05 ^ ^ 
 
 O CO f ^ CO ^ 10 O CO 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 c^.SfSfS^fSfSfSfSfSfSfS'^ 2 ^ ^,2 r-! 
 
 «••■••••«•• 
 
 • 
 
 ;'5A 
 
 •!5 * • 
 
 • •••••<•••■ 
 
 : -P 
 
 :o.H 
 
 . . . 
 
 c 
 
 c3 
 
 P c 
 5 5 
 
 S u: 
 
 s OJ 
 
 c^rO'^>r5rccc--iC^O)iO'»'*t'*»'co--i--(*»<0'^roc^C^iM*J'w*r' 
 C^l .-H 
 
 p 
 
 o ca 
 
 Zo, 
 
 O'! CO lO o r-. X 05 o ^ 
 
 COCO'^COCOCOCOCO'^TJH'^'^'^^ 
 
 'MCOTfiOOt^X050i-»(MCO'^iCOr^ 
 
 Tji ^ rjH "ir ^ ^ ^ i-o 1.0 i*o 1*0 ^o i-0 1-0 ic 
 
 a First dimension apj)iies to Heine Boiler. b First dimension appiies to iarge boiier. c First dimension appiies to return tubular boiler. 
 
Table 5. — Details of observations at plants with chain grates — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 27 
 
 
 . <D a; 
 
 fc/} bJO 
 
 c 3 
 
 f-i U< 
 
 O +.5 
 
 P'S 
 
 
 M 
 
 P 
 
 OJ 0) Ol ® 
 
 tJD tfi « . • M . 
 
 03+J OOOOOC3+j03r*c3o 
 
 > . 5 f >-.£f > aJ > 
 
 . ® 
 
 P C^c 3 
 
 .2f 0) 
 
 o .4J 
 
 P\rC 
 
 tc 
 
 q; 
 
 bjo 
 
 c 3 
 
 tM 
 
 OJ 
 
 0?^ 
 
 0) 
 
 c?' • 
 
 g ;h 
 
 ? *-• 
 p 0? 5 
 
 ,J-H M .i; 
 ^ ^ 
 o 
 
 (M l> CO O 
 
 00 1-H O 
 
 o 
 
 06 
 
 00 »0 O ^ CO o o o 
 
 05 C 5 * t -4 oi * r-i <N CO - 
 
 <N O O 
 
 
 00 
 10 CO 
 
 o 
 
 <D 
 
 0) 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 ;3 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 P 13 
 q; 
 
 ^‘a 
 
 V g 
 CO O 
 
 O 
 
 f^a 2 
 
 oog 
 
 Tt< lo CO o 
 
 CO iO o 
 
 o o 
 
 CO 
 
 O t^00000’*t^00t^’^^0 
 o CO CO O 10 iO O 10 10 
 
 O 10 
 
 <r= <M 
 
 00 ^ o 
 
 ^ '>C 
 
 (NOOO C^O 
 
 00 00000000000 COOO 00 
 
 ^ ^ * 
 
 isS| 
 
 0000 00 
 
 00 00000000000 000 00 
 
 H ^ ^ w :3 
 
 ^ o 
 
 10 o o o 00 
 (NOOO 00 
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 O ^ O 
 o o 
 
 00000000000 
 
 o »o O O c^l o o o o o 
 
 o 1— I 1— I o CO o 
 
 1-H o 00 
 
 000 00 
 
 ^ A 
 
 a; o 
 
 c 3 O) 
 
 > a 
 
 t-. o 
 O) •-=< 
 
 tH rP 01 'N r~( 
 
 o . 
 
 S c 
 
 ri-t (i; 
 
 isp 
 
 Sh « 
 0) ^ 
 Xi ® 
 CJ q; 
 
 ?c bjo 
 
 X? Cj 
 
 C a; 
 
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 5 
 
 G 
 
 c; 
 
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 0) 
 
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 • c/: 
 
 • c/5 
 
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 ! ^ 
 
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 , -M 
 
 0.2 
 
 w 53 
 
 >1 C (3 
 
 o > 
 
 G^ - 
 
 G fcH ^ 
 
 p« 
 
 <1» 
 
 CG 
 
 o .G 
 
 S3 G 
 
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 /-N c /5 C /5 
 o 0^ 
 
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 pHt? 
 
 asa 
 
 c 3 tJO c 3 
 
 Q P 
 
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 G • 
 
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 50 
 
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 bJD 
 
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 1 uo 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 • 0 N N • 
 
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 'G 
 
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 c /5 
 
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 c /5 7 
 G >> 
 
 05 
 
 PhO g 
 
 O G 
 
 Sh 
 
 O) G <1^ 
 Pi O Ph 
 
 a Pi a 
 
 G G 
 
 Q[PP 
 
 S O) 
 aa 
 O O 
 w M . 
 t; aj 
 a^ a; M 
 ft ft 3 
 
 a ^ 
 
 QP 
 
 C 3 0 ) 
 ;h o 3 
 ft 
 
 _ « a; +- 
 C 0 ) fto 3 
 aJ ft o *-' 
 fto ° 
 
 ® W M "o 
 
 a; a; o) 
 
 ftftftE 
 
 a a as 
 
 C 3 (3 03 
 
 PPP 
 
 a) 
 
 03 
 
 ft _ 
 i c 3 
 flft 
 o 
 
 c 
 a; 
 ft 
 
 Z 
 
 O G o 
 
 GOG 
 
 P P 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 
 X 
 
 CO »o 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 X 
 
 IC X »c 
 
 ^ 00 
 
 cc 
 
 X 
 
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 T-P 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 n’ 
 
 I- OJ 
 
 CO 
 
 
 VC 
 
 IC 1^ 
 
 r—l 1-H 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 1-H 
 
 T>H 
 
 (M 
 
 CO 
 
 
 p£ 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 0 
 
 
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 05 
 
 1 
 
 1- 
 
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 00 4 ^ 
 
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 (N 
 
 
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 0 
 
 N 
 
 
 
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 t-l 
 
 o3 
 
 a; 
 
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 tTo 
 
 w OJ ^ 
 
 Sft • 
 
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 r; 03 P 
 
 fift :? 
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 01 IN ^ Oi 
 
 I- o 
 
 N CO 
 
 I I I 
 
 C'i 
 
 
 a) . . . 
 
 • • • 
 
 o o o 
 ft t 3 O ft 
 
 OO^t^OOOOt^fMiOiM 
 
 .-Hr-(T-ioo(Moot-^o.-ioaco 
 
 00 00 .• 
 
 N ^ 
 
 O 
 
 (N N 
 
 
 I I A J. I I I I A 
 
 OOOOOOOOOO t^oo 
 
 tH 
 
 0) 
 
 o o 
 ft ft 
 
 o 
 
 ft 
 
 o o 
 ft ft 
 
 a) 
 
 000000 a 
 
 ftftft ft ftft ^ 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 C 
 
 .a 
 
 ft : 
 
 o • 
 
 5 3 
 'ft 
 
 o 
 
 Pi 
 
 000 
 
 .3 ft -ft 
 
 p : : 
 o . . 
 
 o o 
 ft ft 
 
 o 
 
 ft 
 
 o 
 
 6 S 
 
 ^ 3 h 
 
 1 -H <N CO 
 
 o »-H IN CO ^ 10 o r- 00 < 
 
 ^ <N CO 
 (N N (N 
 
 ^ iQ 
 
 oi 01 
 
 per, .50. I I of grates bare. 
 
Table 5. — Details of observations at plants with chain grates — Continued. 
 
 28 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OP COAL. 
 
 D 
 W) 
 c3 , 
 
 s t 
 
 § P ® 
 
 ( C — ' H CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 Q) 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 T— - CO 
 
 o; C 
 g s 
 
 S-< • 
 
 0) 
 
 ^ r* 
 03 §5 
 
 4-^ q; 
 
 CO O 
 
 Average. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 0 00 
 
 IQ 
 
 
 00 (N 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 0 10 CO 
 
 
 0 
 
 CO ^ 
 
 > 
 
 c3 
 
 Q) 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 .CL/ CL/ 
 
 c^bC ... . tJD . . . 
 
 +l,^c3000 O +^c3000 
 
 /d^^QPQ Q 
 
 W) (JJ OjO Q) ^ QC ^ 
 
 3W 
 
 o 
 
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 Tji ,-H ci oi CO 
 
 o o o 
 
 O ^ M 
 
 O _ CD 03 
 cȤ 03 
 
 (NO 000000 
 
 00000 
 
 5 
 
 fi. c o 
 
 So 
 
 SS "3 
 
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 30 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 
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 0 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 to 
 
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 CO 
 
 0 
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 0 
 
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 CO 
 
 0 
 
 oc 
 
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 0 
 
 0 
 
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 Oi 
 
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 CO 
 
 
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 0 
 
 
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 rH 
 
 
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 r-H CS 
 
 
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 0 
 
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 3. 25 X G 
 
 a 4.0 
 9.0 
 
 9.0 
 
 9.5 
 
 6.0 
 
 10.0 
 
 4.0 
 
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 2. 5x2. 5 
 
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 0 
 
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 0 0 
 
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 44 
 
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 C3 
 
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 X5 
 
 c;5 '* 
 
 1 • c3 
 
 1 C3 • • 
 
 1 . • c3 • • 
 
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 02 
 
 1 I 02 
 
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 • • • OP * ' 
 
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 : 
 
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 : ^ : : 
 
 • • * (H^ • • 
 
 
 44 
 
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 c3 
 
 CO O 
 
 SmT: 
 
 CO 
 
 K 
 
 1 HIP 4 
 
 to o 
 
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 C^ 1 -i 
 
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 CO CO 
 
 00 c^ 
 
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 00»-* <N CO-^tO Ot^ CO 00 I-HCICO^IO Ot^ 00 00 
 
 <M <N(MOJ <M(M CS CSCO CO CO COCOCO COCO CO CO"^ 
 
 o Diameter. 
 
Table 5. — Details of observations at plants with chain grates — Contiimed. 
 
 32 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 a Diameter, 
 
PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 33 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 The chain-grate stoker was found in plants carrying uniform loads 
 and in plants where loads were extremely variable. With a uniform 
 load and a proper setting there should never be any smoke with this 
 equipment, but when a variable load is carried a faulty method of 
 operation may cause the emission of dense smoke. In a chain- 
 grate plant having a variable load, with the fire carried up to the 
 water back, a sudden release of load will require a reduction of 
 draft. Too often the damper is nearly closed, so that the coal on 
 the grate and the fresh coal fed to hold the fire are burned with a 
 imited air supply, causing the stack to smoke badly. 
 
 Plants equipped with the chain grate can be made to carry a very 
 variable load with good results by changing the thickness of the fire, 
 the speed of the grate, and the position of the damper to suit the load. 
 The draft should not be reduced below a certain value, which can be 
 determined for each plant by gradually closing the damper and 
 watching the stack. In a plant where the maximum variations of 
 load are nearly the same, it might be necessary to vary only the speed 
 of the grate and the position of the damper. The damper regulator 
 is often the cause of a smoky stack, because it is usually set to choke 
 off the entire draft, a condition which is never necessary. 
 
 Both the speed of a chain grate and the slope of the ignition arch 
 are important. Too often the grate is run so fast that volatile 
 matter is being driven from the coal as far back as the center of the 
 grate; usually in this case there is not only a loss from incomplete 
 combustion of the gases but also losses from unconsumed carbon 
 in the ash and from injury to the grate. Live coals in the ash pit 
 will not only warp a grate but gradually burn it up. The grate should 
 not be run so fast that it will be hot when reentering the furnace. 
 In one plant where a high draft was carried a sloping arch was removed 
 and an arch built parallel to the grate. With the sloping arch the 
 stack smoked, but with the flat arch it was entirely clean. 
 
 With chain-grate equipment a plant may run very inefficiently 
 if the fire is carried only on the front half of the grate, as sometimes 
 happens. When coal is burned in this way with a proper setting, it 
 is because the fireman finds it the easiest way to carry a variable load 
 and have a clean stack, demanding less of his attention in operation. 
 
 At some plants the boiler is forced by firing considerable corJ 
 through the inspection door. Although the desired result is accom- 
 plished by this practice, the plant becomes the equivalent of a hand- 
 fired plant and the stack will invariably smoke badly. 
 
 74897— Bull. 373—09 3 
 
34 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 FRONT-FEED STOKERS. 
 
 GENERAL DISCUSSION. 
 
 Inclined-grate stokers were patented years ago. As a result of the 
 competition between different makers and the consequent improve- 
 ment in details of construction, the present types have been evolved. 
 They have been installed at many places and handle a great variety 
 of coals. All those in extensive use have grates with mechanically 
 
 Figure 5. — Front-feed stoker and Babcock & Wilcox boiler, usual setting. 1, Air space; steam jets 
 
 enter furnace at this point. 
 
 operated grate bars. From the difference in position of the hopper 
 supplying the grates, these stokers are conveniently divided into two 
 classes — front feed and side feed. 
 
 In the front-feed type the hopper is in front of the boiler, extending 
 from side to side. Immediately back of it is sprung a coking arch, 
 usually short. A reciprocating pusher feeds the coal to a dead 
 plate beneath the front of the arch, where it begins to ignite. The 
 construction and movement of the grate bars, which cause the burning 
 coal to move down the grate, vary in different makes of this type. 
 
 These stokers can force a fire quickly and are often given severe 
 treatment, but tests have shown that with the average setting, in 
 
PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 35 
 
 ... ... 
 
 r To O ? OOQO 0 o S V.%^ c 
 
 >o^»oq op%*.* • * >* c* 
 
 Figure 6. — Front-feed stoker and Cahall boiler. 1, Air space; steam jets enter furnace at this point. 
 
SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 36 
 
 which the grates are placed close to the heating surface, more than 
 average attention is required to keep dovm smoke; consequently 
 such stokers should be so set that when the fireman pushes green 
 coal dovm the grate there is sufficient space for the combustion of the 
 gases before they strike the tube heating surface. Failure to provide 
 
 such space usually results in a smoky stack. 
 
 To intensify the combustion most stokers of this type aie fie 
 quently set with an air space at the front of the ignition aich, through 
 which steam jets enter the furnace. The accompanying illustrations 
 show some boilers having stokers set in this manner. Figure 5 
 
 represents a Babcock & ^\ilcox boiler vith stack at the leai and 
 liaffled so that the gases from the burning coal travel but a short 
 distance before they strike the bottom water tubes. 
 
 Figure 6 shows a stoker of the same make as msBilled at a plant 
 having Cahall water-tube boilers. Here the fire-brick arch back of 
 the hopper covers a larger proportion of the length of the grate than 
 in the setting illustrated by figure 5, and as the boilers are vertical 
 the furnace is in a Dutch oven the arch of wliich covers the space 
 lietween the ignition arch and the front tubes of the boiler. The 
 travel of the gases to the first heating surface is much lengtliened in 
 this setting and ample space is provicled for combustion when forcing 
 
 the fire. 
 
PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 37 
 
 A Heine water-tube boiler, with uptake in the rear and a furnace 
 fired by a stoker of the front-feed type, are shown in figure 7. In 
 this installation the bottom baffling of tile on the water tubes lengthens 
 the course taken by the gases in reaching the first heating surface. 
 Ample space is provided for complete combustion when the boiler 
 is carrying heavy loads. 
 
 Figure 8. — ^Front-feed stoker and Stirling boiler. 1, Air space; steam jets enter furnace at this point. 
 
 Figure 8 shows the usual methods of placing a front overfeed 
 stoker beneath the arch that is part of the regular setting of the 
 Stirling boiler. Figure 9 represents a similar stoker, with longer 
 ignition arch, under a return tubular boiler. 
 
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OP PLANTS. 
 
 Detailed information was collected at 32 plants, ranging in size 
 from 200 to 2,500 rated boiler horsepower, where front overfeed 
 stokers were used. This information is presented in condensed form 
 
38 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTIOX OF COAL. 
 
 ill Table 9 (pp. 40-47), in which the same order of particulars is 
 followed as in Table 5. In Table 9 the grate area of the front over- 
 feed stokers includes the area of both the sloping grates and the 
 dump grates. 
 
 Figure 9. — Front-feed stoker and return tubular boiler. X, Point at which air and steam jets enter. 
 
 The different plants burned various sizes of coal, but at 11 plants 
 the stokers were handling run of mine. The depth of fire ranged 
 from 3.5 to 7 inches. The source of the coal and the depth of the fire 
 are summarized in the following table: 
 
 Table 6 . — Kind of coal and depth of fire at plants ivith front overfeed stohers. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Number 
 of plants. 
 
 Average 
 depth of 
 fire. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Number 
 of plants. 
 
 Average 
 depth of 
 fire. 
 
 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Tllinoi.s 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 4 
 
 4.. 9 
 
 Indiana 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Virginia 
 
 1 
 
 
 Kentiickv 
 
 9 
 
 3..') 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 Maryland 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 Ohio 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 At 40 per cent of the ]ilants the stokers were under boiler units of 
 200 horsepower or less, and at 4 plants the stokers were in a Dutch 
 oven, this setting having been installed at two plants because the 
 boilers were of a vertical water-tube type. At 6 of the plants vis- 
 ited the boilers had available load and at 2.6 a uniform load. The 
 least ratio of heating surface to grate surface that was determined was 
 28.4 to 1 and the liighest 58.3 to 1, the average being 40 to 1. The 
 coal as received burned ])er scjuare foot of gi*ate surface ])er hour aver- 
 aged 15.6 ])ounds; the smallest coirsuinjition of coal })er scpiare foot 
 of grate suil’ace })er hour was 6.4 j)ounds, the largest 34.7 pounds. 
 
PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 39 
 
 The percentage of the rated boiler horsepower developed on mean 
 heavy load (the boiler being rated on 10 square feet of heating surface 
 per horsepower) averaged 84, the lowest and highest values being 55 
 and 111 per cent, respectively. The percentage of boiler horsepower 
 developed by different makes of boilers, the coal consumption, and 
 the least and average distances from the grate to the tube heating 
 surface have been summarized for ready reference in Table 7. 
 
 Table 7. — Summary of various observations at plants with front overfeed stokers. 
 
 Type of boiler. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 N um- 
 ber of 
 
 Fur- 
 
 nace 
 
 Coal 
 
 burned 
 
 per 
 
 square 
 foot of 
 grate sur- 
 
 Percent- 
 age of 
 rated 
 boiler 
 horse- 
 power 
 
 Distance 
 from grates 
 to tube 
 heating sur- 
 face. 
 
 Black 
 
 smoke. 
 
 
 plants. 
 
 draft. 
 
 face per 
 hour, 
 average 
 heavy 
 load. 
 
 devel- 
 
 oped, 
 
 average 
 
 heavy 
 
 load.o 
 
 Aver- 
 
 age. 
 
 Mini- 
 
 mum. 
 
 
 
 
 Inch of 
 water. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet . 
 
 Per it. 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox. . . 
 
 Illinois, Maryland, 
 
 Virginia and West 
 Virginia. 
 
 9 
 
 0.31 
 
 16.8 
 
 87 
 
 6.3 
 
 5.8 
 
 7.5 
 
 Heine 
 
 Illinois, Kentucky, 
 and West Virginia. 
 
 4 
 
 .22 
 
 12.4 
 
 81 
 
 5.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 14.1 
 
 Stirling 
 
 Iliinois, Indiana, 
 Maryland, and 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 5 
 
 .24 
 
 14.5 
 
 86 
 
 7.1 
 
 7.1 
 
 5.6 
 
 Miscellaneous v/at 2 > 
 tube. 
 
 Indiana, Kentucky, 
 Maryland, and 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 7 
 
 .32 
 
 19.7 
 
 91 
 
 7.2 
 
 5.7 
 
 7.7 
 
 Return tubular 
 
 Illinois, Maryland, 
 
 and Ohio. 
 
 7 
 
 .21 
 
 13.2 
 
 78 
 
 17.6 
 
 15.6 
 
 5.2 
 
 a Boiler rated on 10 square feet of heating surface per horsepower. 
 
 The average drafts, as determined at the furnace front, at the 
 rear of the boiler, and at the base of the stack, are given in the fol- 
 lowing table: 
 
 Table 8. — Summary of draft measurements at vlants with front overfeed stokers. 
 
 Type of boiler. 
 
 Measurement taken at — 
 
 Number of 
 plants at 
 which 
 taken. 
 
 Average 
 draft 
 (inch of 
 water). 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox 
 
 Furnace 
 
 8 
 
 0.31 
 
 
 Rear of boiler 
 
 5 
 
 .36 
 
 
 Base of stack 
 
 6 
 
 .87 
 
 Heine 
 
 Furnace 
 
 3 
 
 .22 
 
 
 Rear of boiler 
 
 4 
 
 .48 
 
 
 Base of stack 
 
 3 
 
 .76 
 
 Stirling 
 
 Furnace '. 
 
 5 
 
 .24 
 
 
 Rear of boiler 
 
 4 
 
 .52 
 
 
 Base of stack 
 
 4 
 
 . .69 
 
 Return tubular 
 
 Furnace 
 
 7 
 
 .21 
 
 
 Front tube sheet 
 
 4 
 
 .54 
 
 
 Base of stack 
 
 3 
 
 .66 
 
 Miscellaneous types 
 
 Furnace 
 
 6 
 
 .32 
 
 
 Rear of boiler 
 
 4 
 
 .43 
 
 * 
 
 Base of stack 
 
 4 
 
 .76 
 
 Range of furnace draft, 29 plants, 0.09 to 0.02 inch; average, 0.26 inch. Range of 
 draft at rear of boiler, water tube, 17 ])lants, 0.25 to 0.74 inch; average, 0.44 inch. 
 Range of draft at base of stack, 20 plants, 0.38 to 1 .30 inches; average, 0.76 inch. Aver- 
 age drop of draft from furnace to rear of boiler in water-tube boilers, 0.16 inch. Aver- 
 age drop from furnace to front tube sheet in return tubular boilers, 0.33 inch. 
 
ABLE 9 . — Details of observations at plants with front overfeed stokers. 
 
 40 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
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 ^ fc- 
 
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 ‘it »o cs vs cs vs vs ;s cc 1^ I- 1^ t^ t^ 5c X X X X X X X X X 
 
Table 9. — Details of observations at plants with front overfeed stokers — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 41 
 
 
 
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 ^ w , 
 
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 Boiler rated on 10 square feet of heating surface per horsepower . 
 
Table 9 . — Details of observations at plants with front overfeed stokers — Continued. 
 
 42 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
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 ^ ^ U £ijO 
 
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 0 
 
 J 
 
 «FiN 
 
 0 
 
 C/D 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 X CM CM CO 
 
 <M F^ 
 
 ‘S 
 
 lO 
 
 CM CO 
 
 t-H fH 1 —) 1—1 
 
 0 
 
 CM CM CO 
 
 . lO 
 
 ••8 
 ; CM 
 
 2 S S 
 
 C 2 W w r 
 
 5 ^ ^ ® o 
 
 pq ft 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 O O O O Q O O 
 
 o o O O O o 
 
 CO CO CS CO 
 
 o o 
 
 o 
 
 <N r-i 
 
 o 
 
 l'^ 
 
 OOO 
 
 o ^ 
 
 CO 1— I CO 
 
 OOOOOO 
 
 O o t-h (M 00 
 
 t-H 1 -H t-H »— < 
 
 OOO 
 OOO 
 (N ca CO 
 
 XJ 
 
 <v 
 
 o 
 
 :q 
 
 S ®„j =!'3 
 <5 '^ 3 ; .2 
 
 (M lO ^ (N 10 ^ .-H 00 r-H CS (N (N O (M r-^ (N 
 
 tic ^ ■ 
 
 S QJ >T 3 
 c 3 <u o 
 
 CO (M <M O » 
 
 CO ^ <M O 
 
 o o 
 o <M 
 o o 
 
 cT 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 S-S® 
 
 3 
 
 t/i 
 
 tn 
 
 XNCOCO'^O CM »-H CM 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 c/T 
 
 3 
 
 X 
 
 0 ^ 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 OJ 
 
 CM CM 
 
 tn 
 
 o 
 
 % 
 
 2.^-2 3 
 
 C? q;) 
 
 0 > c/5 ^ 
 z-' 05 
 
 3 : ^ O 
 
 3 3 3 3 3i 
 
 . 4 .^ 4-^ . 4 .^ . 4 ^ ^ 
 
 So * 
 
 C/5 
 
 00 
 
 C/) ^ c/3 
 
 X g g ^ g 
 
 00 
 
 -T- t- 
 
 30 X 00 X CO X 
 
 000 
 
 X X 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 V 
 
 
 < O .3 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 ^ CM O O 00 
 O CM CM O 
 
 S2 X 
 
 X 
 
 S ^ x 2 ■- 
 
 Si ^ ' 4) 
 
 •hJC'K 
 
 r^cO':<£'CcO-'(N^ c 3 
 
 CO O CO 
 
 ^ X iO X 
 
 T}« ^ 
 
 «2 
 
 CM 
 
 O O'O 
 
 
 CO ~ 
 . _ M 
 
 W cn 2 
 
 35 
 
 ,3X! 3 
 
 X X 
 
 00 
 
 izi 
 
 Xi's t ^S 
 
 '*' 3 ?;:J?co 3 
 
 i S to !N 00 05 T 3 
 
 05 05 tC 
 Tf ^ <N 
 
 45 
 
 O. 
 
 >» 
 
 E-i 
 
 X ^ 
 
 S ^ 
 
 ^ o 
 
 .3 
 
 3 •- 
 
 o >- is 3 
 c <=^i2 
 o 2 'S~ 
 
 .3 2 c> 
 03 ^ 
 
 (2 cc 
 
 .0 45 
 
 “«3! 
 
 3 
 
 820 
 2 t3 
 
 ■ 5 ^ 
 
 C3 
 
 C-> I 
 
 d 
 
 OOOO 
 
 -3 X XXX 
 
 +-^ T5 • 
 
 u 3 ^ 
 
 ^ 3 ti & : c _ 
 
 45.2 2 o 5 ®° 2 ti:®oo®° 
 
 • o ' ■ 
 
 'S ? S 'S 
 
 so s 
 
 ffl 
 
 M 
 
 3 0 0 
 
 CO 
 
 o o 
 
 tc 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 o o 
 
 zr 
 
 o 
 
 ^ o ^ 
 
 O ^ 
 
 Un ^ 
 
 j 3 5 e o 
 
 c-i 3 .2 
 
 O g 
 
 6 
 
 3, 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 33 
 
 O 
 
 3 3 3 
 
 C/D C/3 C/D C/5 
 
 u u u u 
 OOOO 
 CM O CM O 
 
 OT ^ 
 
 a 
 
 C 3 C 
 
 >0 
 
 3 £.S.S,S 
 
 c/3 C/D c/5 C/D 
 OOOO 
 
 _s _s s s 
 
 w ^ 
 
 CM CO CO CM 
 
 o o 
 
 ^-C 
 CM O 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 3 
 
 I 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 w CO »o 
 
 »o 
 
 CO ' 
 
 lO 
 
 •CM CM O 40 
 
 g 8 
 
 CM CO TT o ;; 
 
 05 O - 
 
 CM CO 'O' ^ w 
 
 i^ 
 
 X 05 O ^ M 
 X XX 
 
PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS 
 
 43 
 
 o 
 
 o ^ 
 
 O (M 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 o o o o o o o 
 
 o 
 
 O • 
 
 o 
 
 o o 
 
 lO 
 
 
 CC 
 
 iO X 
 
 CM 
 
 io ’ 
 
 CM 
 
 CO :o 
 
 CM*' 
 
 1-H • 
 
 cm"' 
 
 CO'CM*' 
 
 o o o o 
 
 O lO iO o 
 
 CO CO (M 
 
 o 
 
 CM 
 
 o 
 
 rO 
 
 c3 
 
 o 
 
 >o 
 
 ^ CM 
 
 C^l CO CO 1-H OC 
 
 o 
 
 
 0) 
 
 00 
 
 Tf 
 
 ?2 
 
 oc 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 4^ 
 
 - 
 
 ^ii?5 
 
 c 3 
 
 Oi 4^ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 <t 
 
 6 
 
 ’■+3 
 
 CM 
 
 I 
 
 ♦ ] 
 
 • c/3 • • 
 
 • , . 
 
 . • 
 
 • 3 . • 
 
 c/3 • 
 
 • O 73 • 
 
 U-i • 
 
 ■ <-* U • 
 
 II 
 
 : : 
 : .Stt : 
 
 
 CM i 
 
 • c/3 ^ • 
 
 ^ ‘ 
 
 • d/ (-1 • 
 
 
 : g— : 
 
 73 . 
 
 , 75 • 
 
 O , 
 
 . -^<1)0 
 
 ^ • 
 
 • ^ S'® 
 
 ' 
 
 : • o -S : 
 
 
 ; ! 
 
 . 
 
 • CM • 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 1 ^ 1 
 ■ 1 ' 
 
 CO CO 
 
 
 C3 
 
 o 
 
 iO 
 
 C^l 
 
 e 
 
Tahlk 9 . — Details of observations at plants with front overfeed stokers — Continued. 
 
 44 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • I-O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J- • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • lO 
 
 
 • X 
 
 • tC 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ c3 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • o 
 
 
 ! -o o 
 
 :x 
 
 
 
 
 • LO 
 
 ■§o °'c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' lO 
 ; CM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ri 
 
 Ui 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c5 
 
 0^ 
 
 o ^ 
 
 s .s 
 I- 
 
 .is c 
 
 ^ ' 
 C ^ ' 
 
 o ce ^ — 
 
 ^ - P a; 
 
 2 't: o 2 
 
 :c CO 
 
 Ci > 
 
 
 tr. ^ 
 § C 
 
 jr^t^t^odt^cicsocoxc^oct'^odt^t^r^^cicioccioioxoo 
 
 z: o 
 P 
 
 L.O »-0 lO IC CC I-O CO IQ ^O CO 
 
 i-OXt^l^C5XXXXO'^’^XiCiO^OiC;CiCXXC:w— 
 
 i-0 
 
 X 
 
 : l- 
 uo 
 X 
 
 ^ hi 
 
 CX 
 
 w 
 
 ^ t£ 
 
 II 
 
 C) 
 
 a; ^ 
 
 c 
 
 t£ 
 
 c3 
 
 lO lO 
 iC lO iO c 
 
 »C lO ^o 
 to irf ic w 
 
 to lO 
 J lO CO to 
 
 ls» t>- 
 uO 
 
 »o 
 
 r Oi 
 
 ^3 :z . 
 a; cr^ 
 
 c2 ^ a» 
 
 c3 — 
 
 u c 
 
 
 lO 1*0 
 
 
 TT 
 
 
 lO X 
 
 CM CM w to to to to 
 
 to 
 
 
 to 
 
 ‘ c: o o CO 
 
 OCMCMCMCMCOXXt^Xr^t^t-Ot^wtO*^ 
 
 l>. to 
 
 X Ci CO c: 1 
 
 CO O lO IC 
 
 wt^I>»t^’^l^CMCOX’^XX'^CMt^t^t>- 
 
 1-^ w to 
 
 CO 
 
 OC to * 
 
 
 
 1-H ^ 
 
 
 
 »-0 
 
 t*o 
 
 •K 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 CM 
 
 rO 
 
 
 
 oi 
 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 u; 
 
 . c . 
 
 • 
 
 . * . 
 
 . > • 
 
 • > 
 
 » • • 
 
 
 
 
 5JS ■ 
 
 o .c 
 
 o o 
 
 i o p 
 
 'C q 
 
 c 
 
 . P c3 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 '. rt : 
 
 • ^ 
 
 
 • * 
 
 
 
 * “* 
 
 -rc'i'r-^'vjvjrco<Nc^iN;se^<MwMccfO'J' — c^^iMiMi.'JC^c^eo — oc-^'v 
 
 O C3 
 
 cccjO— i(NrO'J'i.'5:Or^xc;o — C'irO'»'iCwt^occr;0'-'iNrc-^t.'^-.ci^oc~. 
 
 lO IC — — ~ ^ l' I' I^ l~ t' 1^ X X X X X X X X X X 
 
 ® First (limonsion applies to O’Brien boiler. b First dimension appli es to small boiler. 
 
Table 9. — Details of observations at plants with front overfeed stokers — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 45 
 
 Load 
 
 during 
 
 observa- 
 
 tions. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Light. 
 Average . 
 
 Do. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Heavy. 
 Average. 
 Do . 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Heavy. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Average 
 percent- 
 age of 
 black 
 smoke. 
 
 O Ci LO 
 
 X X IC Oi 
 
 t— 1 
 
 CO O X 
 1-H d 
 
 t^dd cOi— fXi— lie tH lOXX 
 
 cioi^o oooo *d CO leot-^xd *:oo 
 
 ^ ?-^ ^ 1—1 »— ♦ T— t 
 
 hour 
 
 0. 
 
 Stack 
 
 clean. 
 
 O 'OOXIOCIOO 
 kO IC O d LO 
 
 d o o 
 
 lO 
 
 ^ o »e o o o X le lo d ^oioixo 
 
 lO loio o'ocodioie lO le*^ xioio'^o 
 
 w 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Ul 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 g 
 
 ^ s 
 
 OJ 
 
 > 
 
 o o « 
 
 O _o 
 00 
 
 OCSI^O(MOOOOOC^OOOOO 
 
 OOOCCO^ Cl iCOOOOdOOO 
 Cl 
 
 O 
 
 00 
 
 ^ Si 
 
 Cl. 
 
 O O O <M O O O O O O O O O O O O OOOOOO O OOOCCt 
 
 Total 
 length of 
 observa- 
 tions 
 (min- 
 utes). 
 
 X OSiXXXiOO OOO OOOO OOOOCIX X OdOOXOOO 
 
 X ;c le Oi O Oi Oi O iO Cl -o to O Cl to W to Ci Oi o to X Oi O to to 
 
 X 1—1 tO^ 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 obser- 
 vations. 
 
 lo 1—1 d 1—1 1—1 1—1 d ^ ^ 1^ Cl 1—1 1^ ^ 1—1 ^ 1^ 1^ 1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 1“^ Cl d 1^ 1— ^ 1—1 1—1 
 
 o . 
 
 ig § 
 
 T 3 g 
 
 2 CO 
 o ^ 
 
 .2 a 
 jq'S 
 
 ^ o3 
 
 a <u 
 o ^ 
 
 o 
 
 A 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 .ci! 
 
 O 
 
 & 
 
 x3 a 
 a ® 
 rt a 
 
 t- ° 
 O CO 
 
 a< i:; 
 
 S.2 
 
 o3 'a 
 
 Q 
 
 p^o o o o o 
 
 s 
 
 c3 
 
 Q 
 
 a 
 
 OJ 
 
 Ph 
 
 o 
 
 C-i 
 
 P.O 
 
 a 
 
 Q 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 ; T! 
 
 G ' 
 
 • G • • 
 
 • • G 
 
 G • 
 
 ■ ■ a 
 
 a 
 
 • G • • 
 
 • i ■ 
 
 . . . . . 53 , 
 
 • c3 ' • 
 
 • ‘ G 
 
 G ■ 
 
 • • G 
 
 • G 
 
 ' G ' ' 
 
 * • ' G 
 
 : : : : :q ; 
 
 :q : : 
 
 : ;a 
 
 C : 
 
 : 
 
 Q 
 
 : : 
 
 : : 
 
 a 
 
 P,a 
 
 O) 
 
 a, 
 
 o 
 
 <v 
 
 a 
 
 1) 
 
 rvO O O 
 
 'O'a'a 
 
 (m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' <V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • O O X t 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' G 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ♦ ^ to X ^ 
 
 
 
 • 1— 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ > 
 
 O-^ (1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 
 
 . le 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W) 
 
 _a 
 
 C3 
 
 <D 
 
 a O C3 
 C 2 -.J 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 li 
 
 lO LO 
 
 lO o o 
 
 
 I 
 
 lO 
 
 Cl 
 
 X 
 
 I 
 
 »o 
 
 CO 
 
 ‘O LO 
 lO Si 
 
 I 1 
 
 73 
 
 fl 
 
 5 
 
 O O O Ci 
 CO 1 -H CO o 
 
 X »o 
 CO X 
 
 I 
 
 lo 
 
 « X lO o o *o ^ o 
 
 *-o 
 
 I 
 
 Ci 
 
 X 
 
 c3 c3 
 o 
 
 t-H ;h 
 
 c3 c3 
 c> o 
 
 (h 
 
 t-H {-I t~t t-H 
 
 Oii C) O O lU o 
 
 ts ps & aat: 
 
 O O O o 
 
 (j Id ^ 
 
 o 
 
 o »o CO ^ X X 
 Cl Cl o ^ Cl X Cl 
 
 I I I 
 
 1 — ( lO »— * 
 
 Cl O Cl 
 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 Cl 
 
 J. 
 
 Cl 
 
 ^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOf^ — 
 
 2 73737373't?7373'O"07373737373732-S;g"d'^2'^'^ 7373737373 t::!T?73 
 
 k' 
 
 QJ 1-^ 
 
 0^ o CJ 
 c: :3 G 
 
 S'2 S 
 
 ' O ^ 
 
 a 
 
 oooooooo 
 
 iO 
 
 ° a 
 
 o c3 
 
 a 
 
 OiO^ClX'^iOOt^XOiO^ClX'^ 
 lO 'O O O O O O iO o o *>o 
 
 iCOt^XCiO ^ dX'^XOr^XCi 
 
 r^t^t>i^t^x X xxxxxxxx 
 
 a Several. fc Various lengths. c Front water leg. Variable. 
 
Table 9 . — Details of observations at plants with front overfeed stokers — Continued. 
 
 46 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 CO 
 
 B 
 
 O) 
 
 Ph 
 
 O Q) 
 
 *r o 
 
 
 o 
 
 O CO o 3 
 
 ""lig 
 
 . o ® 
 
 CO 2 
 
 w S 
 
 O '75 ^ 
 
 s'^'Sa 
 
 ^ o « o) C 
 
 ^ C3 .i<! 0> . 
 
 <« o a >> 
 OCQ O'- 
 'S "^cҤ 
 
 S -V g § 
 
 o q 
 
 3cL O 
 
 a i= 
 
 O o 
 
 « o 
 
 o fto 
 
 q q'^ 
 
 CO So 
 
 <u -o 
 o q — 
 ^ o a 
 
 w p b 
 
 't? 
 
 Cj 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 GC 
 
 P 
 
 o 
 
 u. 
 
 a; 
 
 ft 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 • 4 -d 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 C 3 
 
 ■ c **-• 
 
 ' o >. 
 
 CO 
 
 p 
 
 c /3 G 
 
 (l).b 
 
 ;- Ph ® O 
 
 ^ CO rii Oj 
 ^ Q C /3 
 
 ej o ^-3 p^q 
 
 ^ q^^q; g 
 
 Op < w 
 
 Old 
 
 J '2 
 
 c 3 ^ 
 
 ^ a; 
 
 »:2 w 
 3 u O 
 
 g|s 
 
 o q CO 
 
 
 • 7 ? ® 
 
 (- CO O fcj 
 
 6£A .2 ^ S S 
 I.Q q'|(5 o 
 Sq^al .| 
 
 u rH ^ b O c /3 
 
 a; b ^ d r^ o 
 
 C 1/1 o c o 
 ^ ft-— 3 
 fcH o u c CO 
 
 01 o -b 
 
 > ^ Zj .S^ 
 
 O) G -!^ 01 — 
 
 c g-o s o a 
 
 L, S q o to 03 
 S M ,i= q ^ 
 W P>H M 
 
 qi 
 
 CO 
 
 03 
 
 q 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 QJ 
 
 ft 
 
 D 
 
 O 
 
 ft 
 
 03 
 
 c 3 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 ' O.^ 
 
 o 
 
 D c 3 
 "^CO 
 
 CO 
 01 
 
 D 
 
 -^ft O 
 ft lO S 
 
 * CO 
 
 'O >> 
 ft 3 <» . 
 ftq q g 
 Oi ,S q ' 
 
 ft M 
 
 ‘.5 'O to 
 q t» 3 
 o q o 
 
 0 »H 3 
 
 q q 
 qft:n 
 2 g§ 
 coa§ 
 
 , 2 i *-• oi 
 
 oft 
 
 sag 
 
 c 3 O C 
 
 01 C/D CO 
 
 ^ C 3 
 
 . .ftft 
 
 S “ q^ 
 
 *G 3 ^ Ol'S 
 , O o C) 3 
 
 'S =3 
 
 C > Q ^'3 
 .3 !> 0,0 
 fcH O ^ . 
 
 ag^^g 
 
 •ft " s o r: 
 
 §§|S| 
 
 to to . ^ 2 
 
 - -?'.b- 
 
 O 03 
 
 C 3 O 
 
 ^ O 
 
 01 
 
 0 2 
 
 rO -V 
 
 o 2 ^ 
 
 ■^2 
 
 2 
 
 ft .q 
 
 ^ q 
 
 I'S 
 
 1 a 
 
 CO CO 
 01 CO 
 
 gft 
 
 £ q 
 
 S — I 3 0 / 
 
 ! 2 oft 
 
 q 2 o 
 
 ..a q-^ 
 
 > ’q '— 
 
 ^ q ® 
 
 o - ' 
 
 (D O) 
 
 Or^ 
 
 i S 2 ^ 
 
 CZ 3 -1 '■ 
 
 o M4lft 
 
 0301 U > 
 
 > o 
 
 2 « 6 q 
 
 a o S 2 
 
 o CO 3 ^ 
 
 & q q 
 
 O CO CO O 
 ^ +1 
 r- (U Q taO . 
 
 § ~-— q p, 
 
 ^ q q:s o 
 
 2 q a q 
 
 pi CC C3 n. 11 
 
 .q a; 5J Sift 
 
 +1 +j 
 
 >03 0 ! 
 
 03 ft 
 
 to 3 
 03 O 
 rO 3 
 
 ..q 
 'q:q 
 2 q 
 
 "rt § 
 
 ■(K 
 
 q « 
 
 .a q 
 
 (h 
 
 00 _. 
 
 . 2,3 
 
 S 9 
 
 c 3 2 
 
 01 C 
 
 CO — 
 
 O/ o 
 «2 
 ft 
 • tJC 
 '3 3 
 c 3 O 
 O (- 
 
 ■^•q 
 
 i“l*.q 
 
 to 03 (1 
 
 qft <13 
 
 O "S 
 
 q q a • 
 
 .a ° S'® 
 
 iq’sS q 
 
 03 
 
 ft 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 Oft’ 
 
 -S'! 
 
 TStT 
 33 ft 
 
 q 
 
 (i 03 
 03 « 
 
 ft (1 
 
 O 03 
 
 ft ft 
 ' o 
 
 >b£, 
 
 q 
 
 ■gcN 
 
 c« 
 
 01 
 
 CO 
 
 *o 
 
 ^ c3 
 
 ' 01 
 
 ® ^ 3 \-( - 
 
 01 3 b 01^ 
 
 S ^ 11 
 
 t. g to 3 
 
 q ^ 
 
 2 .• o q 
 
 q ftq o 
 O S’w q tao 
 +^ft q:q q 
 
 to^Oq-- 
 
 ft ft q o 
 ■ 24 ft q o g 
 
 a q's q ^ 
 
 p » O 
 
 3 0 ; ^ qT 
 
 *- 
 
 O ■ 01 
 
 CO C3 
 
 ^ 01 CO 
 
 ^ <Lt 3 
 
 ft c ^ ^ 
 
 03_, ft 03 03 ’7 
 
 glEs 
 
 « — t- 3 -- 
 
 - o'-^ ^ q S 
 
 CO CO C bf CO q ft 
 
 J _3 J _3 — ^ , 
 
 q 
 
 eft q' 
 
 ..b 01 ^ 
 
 
 o o S 
 
 “ o ft ^ p2 a q o 
 
 q rOl 1 - - 
 eft.. CO 
 
 COm 
 
 22 oo2 o & 
 cocof^H cofeH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'T* 
 
 
 • 00 
 
 (M 
 
 
 
 
 
 lO • 
 
 
 
 ft ' 33 ^ 
 
 C^' 
 
 
 . CO CO CO c 4 
 
 c 4 
 
 CO CO • 
 
 CO 
 
 . Tp (M 
 
 
 CM CM • 
 
 
 
 f.al 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e ft 
 
 ft o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 2 q^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 lO • 
 
 CO o 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 ■g 
 
 lO co 
 
 o 
 
 lO o 
 
 CO 
 
 CM • to 
 
 lO to LO 
 
 
 00 
 
 iO 
 
 00 00 00 00 ci 
 
 CO 
 
 ci 
 
 05 
 
 05 00 
 
 05 CO 
 
 d • 05 
 
 CM 05 CM 
 
 
 3 . 03 
 
 
 1 -H 
 
 (N (M <M 
 
 
 1— 1 t-H 1 -H 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 OI • r-^ 
 
 
 
 ^ CO *— 
 
 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lO 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 lO 
 
 
 lO i 
 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 t-a ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 X 
 
 CO CO CO to ^ 
 C 3 O 0 a C 3 
 
 oi 
 
 tT lO 
 
 O 0 « 
 
 lO 
 
 0 
 
 CO r- CO 
 
 e a 0 
 
 O (N 
 0 X 
 
 . LO 
 
 X : a 
 
 ^ LO 
 
 0 0 0 
 
 CQ 
 
 m 2 
 
 
 (N 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 lo ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft : 
 
 
 
 
 lO 
 
 
 0 0 0^00 
 
 o 
 
 o o o 
 
 
 O lO 00 
 
 00 lO 
 
 O • O 
 
 O LO CO 
 
 
 • 
 
 CO 
 
 Ol 
 
 lO kO lO (M (M 
 
 o 
 
 CO 05 
 
 CO 
 
 (M 
 
 CM CM 
 
 CM • CO 
 
 O O 05 
 
 
 
 C^l 
 
 r-i 
 
 i-< ^ ^ r-H (N 
 
 
 (M ^ 
 
 
 r-x 1— 1 
 
 ^ 1 -H 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 01 .o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ CO w ^ 
 b > C C 2 
 
 ft o 03 q-i >5 
 
 o 
 
 (N 
 
 o o o o o 
 
 o 
 
 I-H O r-i 
 
 r-H 
 
 ^ O 
 
 CM CO 
 
 1 — o CO 
 
 o o o 
 
 
 S£ 2 Sq 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 q ® ft ft 
 
 5 z< 3 ft q ■" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■g ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : : : 
 
 
 ti 
 
 i at whi 
 rement 
 aken. 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 ft’ 
 
 • • < 
 
 • 1 * 
 
 ■ft ■ 
 C 3 • 
 
 q ■ 
 
 
 ^ * • 
 ^ : i 
 
 
 ft : ; 
 
 S : : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >-> 
 
 . • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .3 
 
 3 q 
 
 rC 
 
 
 
 c /3 
 
 ; w o 
 
 
 w ; ; 
 
 
 t" ! ! 
 
 
 
 C 3 52 
 
 (-1 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 • Um ”3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 CT 
 
 c 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 • 3 • 
 
 
 
 
 ^3 • • 
 
 
 ft 
 
 ft V 
 
 01 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 • c • 
 
 
 Cl • • 
 
 
 W • • 
 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 
 :z : 
 
 
 ;z; : : 
 
 
 : : 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >o 
 
 • ^ iC 
 
 
 
 
 LO • • 
 
 
 
 eQ 
 
 
 
 
 
 • X cc 
 
 
 lO . o 
 
 
 CO • • 
 
 o • o 
 
 
 •- 2 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 :*^ X 
 
 
 e ; 
 
 
 X 1 ; 
 
 
 
 co 2 
 
 iO 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 ; CO lo 
 
 
 
 
 lO ; ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ! ! 
 
 
 1 
 
 Length 
 from 
 stack to 
 nearest 
 boiler 
 (feet). 
 
 »o 
 
 O 
 
 »c O O ^ CO 
 
 o 
 
 lO 
 
 00 o 
 
 CO 
 
 ^ CM O 
 
 lO 
 
 O CM 05 
 
 O CO o 
 
 1 
 
 Cl 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 ^ -'j' 
 
 CM ^ 
 
 
 a q 
 
 O C3 
 
 Oi Q^Mco-«r lo cor^QO cs o*— c^ 
 
 lO 0*00^0 o O :c '3 'O 
 
 »o cp r^ 
 t- 
 
 QC Cl C 
 
 I-- r^ 3 d 
 
PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS 
 
 47 
 
 H®' 
 
 X, 
 
 iso 
 
 o 3 E:j 
 
 (h 
 
 o O 
 
 • C 3 
 ^ c3 
 
 OJ m 
 
 Si 
 
 O 03 
 
 .s^ 
 
 4-i 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 “6 
 M r-l 
 !i ^ 
 
 og 
 
 O 
 
 ^ M 
 QJ 
 
 c ° 
 
 03-^ 
 
 iS-ci 
 
 CO O "o 
 'I fl 
 a; (-1 
 Z3 J_ o3 
 
 C 2 0 ^ 
 
 •t3 CJ> 
 
 2S 
 
 R 'S 
 R * 
 O o 
 
 i; c 3 
 
 -2 a 
 
 ^ tsO 
 3 £ 
 
 OJ 3 
 
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48 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 A review of the remarks in the preceding table shows that with 
 the front overfeed type of mechanical stoker, success in smoke abate- 
 ment has been attained by one of three methods — the continuous use 
 of steam jets, a generous admission of air, or careful operation. 
 
 SIDE-FEED STOKERS. 
 
 GENERAL DISCUSSION. 
 
 Like the front feed, the side-feed stoker has been in use for many 
 years, the first American patent for this t}^pe having been taken out 
 in 1878. Several firms now make such stokers, which differ chiefly 
 in the manner of feeding coal and getting rid of clinkers and ash. In 
 all the coal is fed from two magazines, one at each side of the boiler. 
 At the bottom of each magazine is a flat built-up iron and steel plate 
 called the coking plate; beneath this is an air duct and on it rests 
 the coal-feeding mechanism. Over this feeding device is a heavy 
 casting, the arch plate, on which rests a fire-brick arch extending 
 over the whole grate area and having along the upper side an air duct 
 connected with the fire space by small openings in the skew-backs 
 supporting the arch. These openings are designed to admit hot air 
 above the coal at a point where the volatile hydrocarbons are given 
 off. The movable grate bars and a clinker-breaking device at the 
 bottom of the V-shaped space between the grates are actuated by a 
 small engine that forms part of the equipment. 
 
 Stokers of the side overfeed type are characterized by large coking 
 space per foot of grate area and an ample combustion chamber. 
 Tliey have been installed at both large and small plants, and are 
 successfully carrying both uniform and variable loads. In the field 
 investigation here reported no other type of stoker was found doing 
 as well under so great a variety of conditions. Its chief defect seems 
 to lie in the devices for getting rid of the ash. Thougli supposedly 
 automatic, they often require the service of a fireman. This intro- 
 duces an element of varying value in the operation of the plant. 
 
 The two makes of this stoker that are most used formerly differed 
 in arch construction, one having only side arches over the coking 
 plates. As now installed, the arch in both makes extends over the 
 grate area and tlie two styles differ merely in the devices for dis- 
 tributing coal to tlie grate and for getting rid of refuse. One employs 
 for coal distribution a shaft rotating through a small arc to move 
 stoker boxes on the coking ])lates; as the boxes work forward, they 
 push coal toward the edge of the ])lates. Between the lower ends of 
 the grates and supported by a bearing shaft is a hollow iron bar with 
 j)rojections on its suilace; this bar, when rotated, grinds iq) the 
 clinker. The .other make feeds the coal by a screw and has heavy iron 
 
Figure 10. — Side-feed stoker in Dutch oven and Babcock & Wilcox boiler. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 49 
 
 disks actuated by a reciprocating bar for crushing clinker. Both 
 these stokers are frequently set in Dutch ovens. 
 
 Figure 10 shows the stoker first mentioned in a Dutch oven having 
 a chamber above the arch for heating the air admitted over the coal, 
 74897— Bull. 373—09 4 
 
50 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 V//y>/A 
 
 
 V///////A 
 
 
 
 
 Figure 11.— Side-feed stoker in Dutch oven and Cahall boiler. 
 
PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKEKS. 
 
 51 
 
 as set at a battery of Babcock & Wilcox boilers. This setting, with 
 its ample combustion chamber and fairly long travel from the grates 
 
 Figure 12. Side-feed stoker and Heine boiler. 1, C tile on lower row of tubes, forming a tile-roof furnace 
 
 Figure 13.— Side-feed stoker in Dutch oven and Stirling boiler. 
 
 to the tube heating surface, allows nearly perfect combustion of th( 
 hydrocarbons from the bed of coal. 
 
52 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 Figure 14. — Side-feed stoker and Stirling boiler. 1, Continuous screw for distributing coal. 
 
 arch and the rear end of the baffling becomes a tile-roofed furnace. 
 The gases are given a long journey from lire to heating surface, and 
 the construction insures a smokeless fire under heavy loads and forced 
 feed. 
 
 The chief difference in the two patterns of side-feed stokers under 
 discussion are shown in the accom})anying illustration of these stokers 
 under Stirling boilers. Figure 13 shows the stoker lirst mentioned 
 set in a Dutch oven. The feeding device is not shown, but the 
 rotating clinker bar is. In figure 14 the screw for feeding coal and the 
 
 The other make of stoker as installed under a Cahall boiler is shown 
 in figure 11. As the boiler is vertical, the stoker is placed in a Dutch 
 oven. In this setting also, the combustion chamber is large enough 
 to permit thorough mixing of tlie gases from the burning coal and a 
 moderately long travel from the grates to the first row of water tubes. 
 
 A side-feed stoker set in a Dutch oven under a Heine boiler is 
 shown in figure 12. The ignition arch extends over the grates, and by 
 baffling the bottom row of tubes the soace between the back of the 
 
Figure 15.— Side-feed stoker and return tubular boiler, elevation. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKEKS 
 
 53 
 
54 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 device for crushing clinker, the special features of the other make of 
 stoker, are evident. One stoker is set in a Dutch oven; the other is 
 })laced beneath the arch that is a characteristic feature of the Stirling 
 
 boiler. Both in- 
 stallations exhibit 
 a meritorious fea- 
 ture of the side-feed 
 stoker — the large 
 combustion space 
 over the grates. 
 
 The fact that a 
 large number of the 
 plants visited have 
 a side-feed stoker 
 under a return tu- 
 bular boiler indi- 
 cates that this type 
 has given satisfac- 
 tion when used with 
 tubular boilers. 
 Details of a sample 
 installation, show- 
 ing the particular 
 features of the side- 
 feed type that have 
 been mentioned in 
 this discussion, are 
 presented in figures 
 15 and 16, which 
 represent sections 
 through the stoker 
 
 Figure 16 . — Side-feed stoker and return tubular boiler, cross section. tUld boiler. Figure 
 1, Coal magazines; 2, hot-air ducts; 3, air-admission openings under cok- 1 5 sllOWS the high 
 mg plates. over the grates 
 
 and the long distance from grates to tube heating surface. The situa- 
 tion of the coal magazines, of the hot-air ducts above the arch, and 
 of the air jiassages under the coking plates, as well as the ample size 
 of tlie combustion chamber, are made plain by figure 16. 
 
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS. 
 
 In all, 76 plants with side-feed stokers were visited; at 44 the 
 stokers were installed under return tubular boilers, at 30 under water- 
 tube boilers, and at 2 under boilers of both tyjies. The plants ranged 
 in size from 50 to 6,750 horsejiower. The coal used came from Illi- 
 nois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, 
 
PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 55 
 
 and ranged from slack to run of mine. Eleven ])lants were burning 
 slack. The other 65 used small nut or nut and slack. 
 
 Plants with water-tube boilers . — At the 30 plants where stokers of 
 this type were installed under water-tube boilers alone the kind of 
 coal used and the depth of fire were as follows : 
 
 Table 10 . — Kind of coal and depth of fire at plants with side overfeed stokers under water- 
 
 tube boilers. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 plants.® 
 
 Average 
 depth of 
 lire. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 plants.® 
 
 Average 
 depth of 
 nre. 
 
 Illinois 
 
 6 
 
 Inches. 
 
 5 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 7 
 
 Inches. 
 
 5 
 
 Indiana 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Ohio 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 a One plant used both Ohio and Pennsylvania coal. 
 
 At 35 per cent of the plants with side-feed stokers under water-tube 
 boilers the boiler units were 200 horsepower or less. The coal as 
 received burned per square foot of grate })er hour ranged from 10 to 
 41 pounds. The percentage of the rated horsepower developed on 
 average heavy load (the boiler being rated on the basis of 10 square 
 feet of heating surface per horsepower) ranged from 37 to 189. 
 These and other details are summarized in the subjoined table. 
 
 Table 11. — Summary of various observations at plants with side overfeed stokers under 
 
 water-tube boilers. 
 
 Type of boiler. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 
 Fur- 
 
 nace 
 
 draft 
 
 (inch 
 
 of 
 
 water). 
 
 Coal 
 
 burned 
 
 per 
 
 square 
 foot of 
 grate 
 
 Boiler 
 horse- 
 power 
 devel- 
 oped, 
 average 
 heavy 
 load. (a) 
 
 Distance 
 from grate 
 to tube- 
 heating 
 surface. 
 
 Dis- 
 tance 
 from 
 front of 
 furnace 
 to front 
 of 
 
 boiler. 
 
 Black 
 
 smoke. 
 
 
 plants. 
 
 surface 
 per hour, 
 average 
 heavy 
 load. 
 
 Aver- 
 
 age. 
 
 Mini- 
 
 mum. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox. 
 
 Illinois, Ohio, and 
 W est Virginia. 
 
 8 
 
 0.24 
 
 22.6 
 
 91 
 
 8.5 
 
 5.7 
 
 (b) 6.9 
 
 5.2 
 
 Stirling 
 
 Illinois, Ohio, 
 P ennsylvania, 
 and West Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Illinois, Indiana, 
 Kentucky, Ohio, 
 and Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 9 
 
 .30 
 
 23.1 
 
 85 
 
 9.4 
 
 6.5 
 
 4.1 
 
 2.8 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 water tube. 
 
 15 
 
 .22 
 
 23.7 
 
 81 
 
 7.9 
 
 5.5 
 
 (c) 4.1 
 
 6.0 
 
 a Boiler rated on 10 square feet of heating surface per horsepower. 
 b From 7 plants. 
 c From 13 plants. 
 
 The average ratio of heating surface to grate surface at these plants 
 was 59.1 to 1, the range being from 33 to 1 to 72 to 1. The grate 
 area of this type of stoker was taken to be equal to the distance 
 
56 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 between the coking plates multiplied by the distance from the front 
 of the furnace to the rear of the grates. 
 
 Natural draft, supplied by a chimne}^, was used at most of the 
 plants. The furnace draft varied from 0.10 to 0.35 inch of water, 
 but most of the readings were between O.lo and 0.25 inch. The 
 draft measurements are summarized below: 
 
 Table 12. — Summary of draft measurements at plants with side overfeed stockers under 
 
 water-tube boilers. 
 
 Type of boiler. 
 
 Measurement taken at — 
 
 N umber of 
 plants at 
 which 
 taken. 
 
 Average 
 draft 
 (inch of 
 water). 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox 
 
 Furnace 
 
 7 
 
 0.24 
 
 
 Rear of boiler 
 
 7 
 
 .43 
 
 
 Base of stack 
 
 2 
 
 .58 
 
 Stirling 
 
 Furnace 
 
 8 
 
 .36 
 
 
 Rear of boiler 
 
 7 
 
 .47 
 
 
 Base of stack 
 
 5 
 
 .81 
 
 Miscellaneous water tube 
 
 Furnace 
 
 12 
 
 .22 
 
 
 Rear of boiler 
 
 T 
 
 .51 
 
 
 Base of stack 
 
 8 
 
 . 67 
 
 Furnace draft, 27 plants, 0. 10 to 0. 53 inch water; average 0. 27 inch. Draft at rear 
 of boiler, 21 plants, 0. 18 to 0. 90 inch; average, 0. 47 inch. Draft at base of stack, 15 
 plants, 0. 18 to 1. 10 inches; average, 0. 71 inch. The approximate average drafts were 
 as follows: Furnace, 0. 25 inch; rear of boiler, 0. 50 inch; base, of stack, 0. 75 inch. 
 These figures show a draft drop of 0. 25 inch of water through the furnace and of 0. 25 
 inch from boiler to stack. 
 
 Details of the observations at plants with side-feed stokers under 
 water-tube boilers are given in Table 13. 
 
Table 13 . — Details of observations at plants with side overfeed stokers under water-tube boilers . 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
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Table 13 . — Details of observations at plants with side overfeed stokers under water-tube boilers — Continued. 
 
 58 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 
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Table 13 . — Details of observations at plants with side overfeed stokers under water-tube boilers — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 59 
 
 H M C) 1 ^ 
 
 fc. S 53 u 3 
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Table Vi —Details of observations at plants with side overfeed stokers under water-tube boilers — Continued. 
 
 60 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
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Table 13.— Details of observations at plants with side overfeed stokers under water-tube boilers — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 61 
 
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Table 13 . — Details of observations at plants with side overfeed stokers under water-tube boilers — ContiiuuMl. 
 
 62 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL . 
 
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PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS 
 
 63 
 
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 cd o 
 111 
 |si 
 
 li*' 
 
 2-^ 
 ^ 3 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 o3 
 
 ft 
 
 o 
 
 ft 
 
 9 
 
 03 
 
 -3 
 
 3 
 
 '3 
 
 9 
 
 -*1'2 
 
 T3 
 
 o 
 
 o o 
 . *^3 a 
 >>‘0 ij 
 3! 32 03 
 o3 
 
 32 3 O 
 
 SS 2 
 
 ° V. 
 
 Q.? ^ 
 
 b£) s> 
 
 ^ fc- > 
 ^22 
 
 3 2 3 
 
 o3 ® 
 
 ^ C? 
 
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 ■3 "o ^ o .9 
 
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 P?.9-§ 
 
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 ft O 
 
 205 
 
 t. ft'3 
 
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 S) 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 T3 9 
 
 O o 
 
 cG c/5 
 
 c3 0 ; 
 
 ^ c3 
 
 «- 2 9 
 
 3 : 2 ■‘^ 
 
 o _2 3 
 
 PQgq<^ 
 
 3 (2-, 
 
 ij_o^ 
 
 o’o . 
 
 Sf § 
 
 ‘ 11^ 
 
 3 S'-H 
 
 o “ o 
 
 CO o^ 
 W ^ G 2 
 
 111 
 
 “ u, 03 
 
 mft 
 
 03 
 
 o . 
 
 ■iS 
 
 3 
 
 9 ^ 
 
 3 o 
 
 3 : O 
 
 -3 g 
 
 .2 ft 
 
 g2 
 
 3 . 
 
 Pi a* 
 
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 e s-i 
 
 §iJ 
 
 4^ 'O 
 <»-« 
 
 o ^ 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 ^ ^ o 
 
 ftft'd 
 
 S c/5 0^ 
 C 3 05 O 
 
 ^ h a 
 
 pSiCQ 
 
 Q) 
 
 c/3 
 
 a 
 
 W 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 0 
 
 i 'M 
 
 10 CO lO CO CO 
 
 
 (N 
 
 ’ CO 
 
 0 <M 05 00 05 0 
 
 
 
 . CO 
 
 Tf 1— 1 1 -H CO 
 
 0 r-J 1 
 
 (N 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 . to 
 
 1 -t 10 
 
 CO CO 
 
 
 .0 
 
 rfi 10 CO ^ 
 
 e « 
 
 0 
 
 ; a 
 
 0 e 0 0 c 3 e 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 ! io 
 
 0 0 10 >o 10 0 
 
 50 
 
 95 
 
 (N 
 
 • 
 
 1— t CO C^ 0 C^J 
 
 
 
 rH r-H r-H 
 
 <M 
 
 t-H ^ 
 
 (NOOO^O 
 
 (N I-H 
 
 cvj CO Tf 10 CO r- 
 
 00 05 
 
 03 
 
 g 
 
 s 
 
 5 
 
64 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 Plants with return tubular boilers . — Side overfeed stokers were in- 
 stalled under return tubular boilers at 48 plants, with rated boiler 
 capacity varying from- 50 to 180 horsepower. At two of these 
 plants the stokers were set in a Dutch oven. The kinds of coal 
 burned and the thickness of fire were as follows : 
 
 Table 14. — Kind of coal and depth of fire at plants, with side overfeed stokers under 
 
 return tubular boilers. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Number 
 of plants. 
 
 i 
 
 Average 
 depth of 
 fire. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 N umber 
 of plants. 
 
 Average 
 depth of 
 fire. 
 
 Illinois 
 
 7 
 
 Inches. 
 
 5 ! 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 11 
 
 Inches. 
 
 0 
 
 Indiana 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 Kentiiekj^ 
 
 5 
 
 4 ' 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 Ohio 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Other details given in Table 15 regarding the setting and operation 
 of side-feed stokers at these plants may be briefly summarized thus: 
 
 Draft through fire, 0.17 inch; coal as received burned per square feet of grate surface 
 per hour, average heavy load, 20.6 pounds; percentage of rated boiler horsepower 
 developed, average heavy load (boiler rated on 10 square feet of heating surface per 
 horsepower), 90; average distance from grates to tube heating surface, 14.5 feet; aver- 
 age vertical distance from clinker grinder to coking arch, 3.75 feet; per cent of black 
 smoke, 5.6. Approximate draft averages gave a furnace draft of 0.15 inch and a drop 
 through the boiler of 0.25 inch. The drop from the boiler to the stack averaged 0.20 
 inch. 
 
 Details of the observations at plants with side-feed stokers under 
 return tubular boilers are given in Table 15 
 
Table 15 .^ — Details of observations at })lants uith side overfeed stokers under return tubular boilers. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKEKS. 
 
 65 
 
 Vi 
 
 CO ^ 
 
 o o o 
 c: o o 
 
 C'Tj lO I 
 
 o o 
 
 o o 
 
 C'a i-H 
 
 o o o 
 
 CO O 
 lO Cj 
 
 . . 
 
 o lO O ■ lO 
 
 
 O LO 
 
 
 
 
 
 • O O O lO o o o 
 
 i o 
 
 1 O O lO 
 
 
 
 • O O 05 lO o o o 
 
 *- p 
 9:? o a:> 
 
 05 CO CO ■ --H 
 
 
 OC CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 . o O O CO O 05 ^ 
 
 - 00 00 
 
 • O 00 »-o 
 
 
 
 , O O O lO O 05 4>- 
 
 Oi-pH H 
 
 04 CM ‘04 
 
 
 c^i 04 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 04 04 CM CM CM »-H CM 
 
 ■ 04 T-t 
 
 ■ CO .I-H CM 
 
 
 
 • CM CM i-< CM CM rH 04 
 
 ^ 0) 
 
 0^ 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 C/3 S-. ^ 
 
 o o:p 
 
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 GC 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 opa® 
 
 M X 
 
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 O' 
 
 :co^ 
 
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 ^ o . 
 
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 J= o 
 
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 -C 
 
 3.2 "S P 
 
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 h3£2o 
 
 0) 
 
 AJ 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 (U 
 
 a 
 
 -*-> 
 
 CO 
 
 £ a 
 
 o a 
 
 -C'S 
 S ^ 
 
 0 C ’ 
 
 g .3 § .2 d d 
 
 .2 a di 0x3x3 
 
 ^ a q a 
 
 Cd ^ 0 
 
 S HH K 
 
 COOC- 
 
 ^ ..2 
 
 "3 
 
 „ „ O !> 
 
 oaoojoooaq 
 x 3 2 'O X 3 x 3 x 3 -g o 
 
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 c5 a J5 
 
 w M 5/3 
 
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 C 3 C 3 ^ 
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 ^ a. Ph M 
 
 ^ :p3 
 
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 c 3 
 
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 ut ar 
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 •s ^ 
 
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 bX) 
 
 {m 
 
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 C/D 
 
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 523 
 
 QOW 
 
 c 3 g 
 
 t>4^ a 
 
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 2 ^ M o o 
 '-^ OT ax3X3X3 
 
 O O O 
 X3 
 
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 X) 
 
 OJ 
 
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 X3 X3 Sf M 
 
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 >np. 
 
 •T^ bo 
 
 <x) :r 
 
 CC32 O 
 
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 bo 
 
 : ^ Vi 
 
 <v 
 
 \ vix: 
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 0) V} 
 
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 bO 
 
 ;-i 
 
 ^ P 
 
 ^ 'Pr 
 
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 32 
 
 OiPJ 
 
 03 
 Pi! 
 o 
 
 c3 
 
 pa 
 
 00 
 d 
 
 Pi! 
 
 q: o o3 S ^ 
 
 5/3 ^XJx 3 M 2 
 
 p 
 
 bfi a 
 2P^ 
 
 ■2 03 
 
 • C 3 +J 03 
 
 :o£W« 
 
 o o o o o o 
 
 CO ?“J IC 
 
 o w CO cc cj c^; 
 
 tp0»0 0000000000'^0i000000 
 
 o 05 o »o O O O O O O O O o o o oi o o o 
 
 T—t V rH *0 CO I-H 1 —t -sO O Nf^ ;-0 GO W vji ro CO CO CO CO 
 
 OOOOOOlOOOO 
 
 O L.O »0 O 05 1*0 iO o »o 
 
 04 --H O t- CO CO 04 
 
 6 6 6 6 6 
 
 p,r0 r0 
 
 o o* 
 
 ^ C O O O' 
 2 Ti? 'O 'O 'O 
 
 o o o o 
 
 dddddd-cc.^ 
 
 -ou nc;- ^ 'O T3 'O 2 £■ 
 
 a; P 
 
 K'* 
 
 o o o-’^.g 
 •X)X 3 X 3 2 3 
 
 ’ ’ ’ 2 a 
 
 QS 
 
 pp 
 
 O O O O Ot^ 
 
 2 >» 
 
 ooooooo-q.a-; 
 
 X! X X3 X3 X3 X! X) 2 1 
 
 "oj a "i 
 
 « • 1 • • • ' P 1 < 
 
 • 1 1 • < 1 ' ^ 1 Q3 < • 
 
 '^2^.11. 
 ■ P3 • • • • • 
 
 • 1 1 « 1 1 HH • • 1 
 
 :o : : : : : 
 
 !-2 5 o'® S ® > 
 S 03 S2 • §2 S 
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 ; 2 
 
 
 2 
 
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 ■ P 
 
 
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 ■ ' • a ; 
 
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 1 1 1 a , 
 
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 ri"^ 
 
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 >-* 
 
 Vi 
 
 : : :>,c3 
 o o o 
 
 o a oa3xx a2 
 
 •3 a -3 
 pa a) pa 
 02,0 
 
 ^ o- 
 
 03^. 
 
 PhS< 
 
 O^OICO’^O cO^-.OOOOr-HCacO'^^^t^OOOOt-'C^CO'^iOO h^OOOOTHC^CO'TjiiOO 
 
 OlOlOliOlOlOl 04 0 'l 04 04 COCOCOCO'COCOCOCOCOCOrr‘’^’^Tr‘'^'^TP Tf‘TfTji»OiO» 0 ‘OiO^^ 
 
 1 -H r— t — H ^ 1—1 r—i i-H i-H ^ ^ i-H ^ i— H t*H 1—1 i-H i— I i— H ^ i-H i-H i-H i— ( pH rH ^ ^H rH tH rH i— I »-H i— i 
 
 74897 -Bull. 373—09- 
 
 ed Jacket 
 
Taule 15 . — Details of observations at plants with side overfeed stokers under return tubular boilers — Coiitiiiuod. 
 
 66 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 o 
 
 T c 3 
 
 0) 
 
 p- 
 
 Sec; 
 
 :/: t- ^ 
 O O — 
 
 C/3 w 
 
 o o 
 
 C: O 
 
 o; 
 
 cc 
 
 c 3 
 
 C 
 
 P, 
 
 ° o 
 
 E — 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 0) ■ o 
 
 .2 
 
 C ' ^ 
 
 
 "p 1 
 
 
 P ! 
 
 S 
 
 ■ 5 
 
 C3^ C3 
 
 ~ ...J o — o o 
 n " c3 — c3 :: c3 
 
 s;!Zcc — S 
 
Table 15 . — Details of observations at plants with side overfeed stokers under return tubular boilers — Continr.ed. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 67 
 
 0) 
 
 ^ ^ 1/3 2 C /3 
 
 a ^ O) t O; o 
 
 3 i S S.a § 
 
 lO 
 
 lO ‘O ^ lO lO »0 lO ^ ^ lO »0 iO lO lO ‘O lO iO 40 lO 
 
 P O 
 
 a; 
 
 ^ 0) 
 
 OJ OT tH Ph d 
 
 q; o o 
 
 o a; 3 +j S-i h; 
 
 !-i bcP3 P > rr; 
 
 P c3 D S-. ^ P 
 
 Ph ^ 
 
 bjo • 
 
 pS§ 
 
 COt^COcOCOOO’^cCi-HCO’ 
 
 Tt^t^(MTtic^ioorH^oocx:)i 
 
 t-H 1— ^ rH C'Q 1^ 1 
 
 HOOiiOiOOOOiOOOt^l^iCJO'^C'l'MCOCOCO 
 
 ^OOCOOOOcOGOcOOOOiOt^CDOiOOOQOOOi 
 
 H 1-H rH r*H 
 
 
 P o 
 
 a; 
 
 0 
 
 be 
 
 01 a 
 fn 
 
 
 03 
 
 be >.0 
 
 a 0 3 03 be o. 
 
 PnCnSiPldP^'d 
 P fe "d ^ P p 
 rp g P Sp: 
 
 g > 
 
 p. 
 
 be 
 
 p 
 
 ci 
 
 p ^ 
 
 Pi te d 
 aj "a P 
 03 P O 
 d +j P 
 
 S-I O ^ 
 
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 r9 P (- 
 
 xn Ph 
 
 O) 
 
 W) . 
 
 g-d 
 
 
 0) 
 
 g >d 
 
 P d ^ 
 
 >%2, 
 
 O40’^’^C0400540a5C040i0t^«0rHi— iTf'^C^IL^GOiO'^ •C'1'^05 'CO 
 rH05C0(MOt^00OOQ0OI^C000I^C0OOl^O40OO *0005 1^ 
 
 T— i 1-H ^ rH rH rH rH rH • rH » 
 
 05 CO CO CO 
 
 lOOiOOCO’-Ht^OO^L-COOSCOOr-- 
 
 <Nr-H(MC^01rHC^<NrHC0C0C0^^ 
 
 lO 
 
 tH rH r— 
 
 00 40 1^ »o 
 
 (M 40 C<J 01 
 
 rH rH rH rH rH rH 
 
 COiOl^COOl'^ COCO CO COOOCO COt^cOt^ 
 
 co»— 'rHTfcop^o>coi-^t'-i— ic 6 o’-Hr^ 0540 ’*^i'-oi-^c 0 ‘ 0 cdt-^'^'^'^'^ 
 
 <MC^CO(N(MrH(N(MrHCO’^COt-HC<|rHrH(MrHrHC^|rHrHrHrHC^rHrHrHrH 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 be 
 
 C3 
 
 kH 
 
 .p 
 
 be 
 
 > 
 
 C3 
 
 03 
 
 K 
 
 T3 . 
 
 iO -a 
 
 '-.2d Pti 
 
 3 U3 O 
 K ® ^ — (P 
 P 
 
 <00 00'^05t— C^lOicO’^’^O^Oi 
 
 < rH rH rH rH rH 0 ^ rH rH 
 
 (N 
 
 05 05 00 
 
 oi o 
 
 40 00 40 oi 
 
 Tf CO 40 CO 05 ci 
 
 00 rH O O 
 
 ^ rH rH rH 
 
 "p b+j . 
 
 0) ^ fr-t 
 
 CO 40 CO CO 
 
 40 40 00 
 
 C0c00'^t^c000^000c0»-Hc^00^000'^400c0t^0040c0i0c^ 
 
 CO rH rH rH rH rH OI OI rH rH rH rH rH rH 
 
 ^.5d P'S 
 
 ° P Mi2 
 
 fs p-^- P 
 
 rH00 00’^05l^00 05-n^*^^OrHG5Tt<r^(MC-lO<N'^rH00(M^O'^lMO 
 
 1-HrHrHC^ rHrH C^C^C^rHrH ,-HrHrHrHrHi-HC^rHrHrHrHrHC'lT-HrH 
 
 C3 
 
 P 
 
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 be 
 
 M a 
 
 p2 
 
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 II 
 
 o is 
 
 CO 
 
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 pp 
 c3P 
 
 be 
 M_P 
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 pp 
 p p^ 
 S-^P 
 
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 Pp P 
 
 o 
 
 Sp 
 
 Op 
 
 C9 
 
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 P 
 
 o3 
 
 12: 
 
 pp P' 
 
 . be ^ 
 
 >5 rH ^ 
 
 o^^SS-^p 
 
 pp-lp 
 
 ”a'p 
 
 p 
 
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 15 
 
 p 
 
 C3 S 
 
 ®-g P 
 P o 
 comPh 
 
 03 
 
 PPPOcbO 
 
 u > 
 
 03 *-< 
 
 &s 
 
 03 o 
 
 <>i'pok;^pK(5p 
 
 _ c?p ~ 
 o ij 
 
 ' u 
 
 c3 
 
 C 
 
 o ^ g ■ 
 
 ' o > ^ 
 
 04*-H ^ Oc£H 03^13 
 
 ^ Q Phc3^ c3 ® 
 
 Ji"-2S'2o^OOOOOOOOOOOOOO-^5S'^0^00'^' 
 .o ca.o c 3 r-» 2 ' 0 ' 0 '^' 0 T 3 ' 0 T 3 ^':: 3 ' 0 ' 0 'c 5 ' 0 'T:?. 2 < 2 . 2 '^» 2 '^' 0 .'^ 
 
 I « • • I I » , *J. , 
 
 -2 s ^ 
 
 -O O 
 
 d s 
 
 *Z3 ‘r *2 t- 
 ^ ^ 
 
 03 
 
 Ph 
 
 CS 
 
 03 
 
 P3 
 
 p 
 
 p 
 
 d 
 
 bc 
 
 P d 
 be 03 
 •PP 
 PP 
 P P 
 d d 
 
 d P d 
 
 b L >• 
 
 d 
 
 03 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 ■P 
 
 be 
 
 if 
 
 d '~' 
 
 d 
 
 03 
 
 P 
 P 
 
 PP P 
 o3 P d 
 03 be 
 PP 
 
 '2'S M 
 C G ;:2 
 
 5r'OOOOOOOOOH‘^OSHOOOOO^tHtHOO^^^-^OSH 
 
 PpPPPPPPPP P Pp Pppppp P P Ppp P P Pp P 
 
 ? 
 
 - * - - _- _ ._ 
 
 (P : : : : ; : 
 
 o o 
 
 .CL, CL 
 
 . o o o 
 I Ph P-, CL 
 
 o o o 
 
 :clphCl 
 
 03 
 
 & 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 03 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 P 
 
 >- 
 
 03 
 
 P 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 P 
 
 O' 
 
 P 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 CL 
 
 e 
 
 . P 
 
 •t) 
 
 °. P 
 
 O d 
 
 P, 
 
 o^iMforiocot^oooio.-^iMcorictot.'OOCTiO'-ic'jroriibor^oo 
 
 C'Je'1C<l(N(MC<IC<IC'^MC^C0CCC0C0C*5f0r0f0CbC0d'r'ti.^ddddd 
 
l AiJLE io . — Letails of observations at plants with side overfeed stokers under return tubular boilers — Continued. 
 
 68 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 
 Assumed 
 amount 
 of coal 
 burned 
 per horse- 
 power 
 per hour 
 (pounds). 
 
 lO lO tO to to to 
 
 lO^tOtOtO'^'^'^tO'^'^tO'^'^'^tOtO 
 
 Percent- 
 age of 
 builder’s 
 rated 
 horse- 
 power de- 
 veloped 
 on 
 
 average 
 
 heavy 
 
 load. 
 
 O'^c^i^t^ooccoiot^aicocNOooast^ 
 
 ’^GOOO'^OOtOaJOrHCOOiOOOOOCiO 
 
 Percent- 
 age of 
 boiler 
 horse- 
 power de- 
 veloped 
 on 
 
 average 
 heavy 
 load .a 
 
 G^'^i-HC<JOOcOI^'^C^l’— '(M05Ol^C0r-t05 
 
 ^cot'--t^cooo*^oO'^co05r^'^coi^GOoo 
 
 T-^ r— 1 1— H 
 
 Coal burned per 
 square foot of grate 
 per hour (pounds). 
 
 Average 
 
 load. 
 
 00-^ I^IOC^JOS • r-i ^ -^GO (M 
 
 CsjTji^OOC'icO'^O •’^c4o ‘^tOCOC^ 
 : : 
 
 Average 
 
 heavy 
 
 load'. 
 
 (M05 tOtOC'lcO’^ COl-tM'^OO’-'iM 
 
 0 to 05 0 to CO ^ CO (M 00 to 0 ’-H to »o 01 
 
 i-HrHi-l(N(NCNr-l(Mr-lC^(M(Mi— lr-lr-((NC^ 
 
 c3 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 iJD 
 
 03 
 
 
 bJD 
 
 I— « ^ C3 
 
 O G 
 
 ^ Qh ■ 
 
 o ^ o c/,^ 
 2 o 
 
 
 T— t lO ^ 
 
 « oi O O GC 
 
 I O CO OCO o 
 
 I t-H »— I t-H 1 -H 1 -H 
 
 > 
 
 c3 
 
 o 
 
 "3 . 
 
 o a ^ G 
 
 ^ S z^3 
 
 _ ^ p. 
 
 CO 
 
 ° (.H O c/3^ 
 
 -a 
 
 lO lO CO 
 
 lO to tO ‘O 
 
 c3 
 
 j:: 
 
 p 
 
 O 
 
 >» 
 
 Cl 
 
 O J- 
 c3 
 cu ?■ 
 
 p 
 
 a- o 
 o 
 
 'o: c-> 
 
 — c3 
 
 C 
 
 o:p 
 
 _, . . i C 
 
 Q S-l 03 Ut Q 
 
 O ^ Pr*-* ^ ^ 
 
 P '0^.0 'p • 
 
 r; : =3 o ; 
 
 o :fe2P^ :s : 
 
 2^ 
 
 ^co 
 
 Q> 
 
 U 
 
 P 
 
 4-5 
 
 -2 : s 
 
 0^00000000 
 O'O'O'O’O'O 
 
 d 
 
 cr 
 
 o 
 
 OOOOO-i 
 'O 'O 'O *0 .2 
 
 C^rfOOOOiCOO 
 
 rH rH rH i-H 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 ■ p 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 Ul 
 
 o 
 
 4:3 
 
 tuo 
 
 .s 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 c3 
 
 d 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 T3 
 
 0 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 •G 
 
 .p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * u 
 ; c3 
 
 • > 
 
 • • 
 • 1 
 
 • . 
 • . 
 
 ‘ 4^ 
 
 
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 . • • • 
 
 ^ * 
 
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 c3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 X . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 •3 : : : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ct 
 
 Cw ' • ' 
 
 • 03 c3 
 
 
 
 c3 
 
 
 x: .. 
 
 w . • . 
 
 
 ^ c; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w I ' 
 
 
 
 • 4 ^ 
 
 
 sx 
 
 
 x; . . ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 tc » , , 
 
 , U X 
 
 
 
 - 2 f 
 
 
 c ^ 
 
 CS— ' ■ • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h c 
 
 
 p" 0 0 0 c 
 
 u u u 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 uT 0 
 
 > P -3 
 
 
 "•3 -3 -3 -3 
 
 P 9 P'3-3 P-3 
 
 C3 tf 
 
 
 • 1 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cj 0 
 
 c 
 
 0 * * • 
 
 0 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 p-H 
 
 
 C ?3 
 
 /'/P 
 
 C50^oirO'^toc>t^ooo50^<Mco'^io 
 ‘O lO O »0 tO lO tO lO ‘O cO cO CO CO cO o 
 
Table 15. — Details of observations at plants with side overfeed stokers under return tubular boilers — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 G9 
 
 0 0 0^0 
 Oi 1 — I 00 o 
 
 00 
 
 OOlOOOOOOOO 
 
 J^OOOOOOOOC^J'-'O 
 
 r*H 1 -H T— ( 1 -H 1 -H 
 
 ci 
 
 o 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 ^ <35 
 
 ^ 3 s o) 
 
 ^ CO O’ q; 
 
 m .9 
 
 ooooo 
 
 oooooooooo o o 
 
 oo oooo 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 lO ‘O 
 
 0000 ^ 
 
 CO CO 
 
 to 
 
 00 
 
 3 0 
 
 0 9 
 
 O) 
 
 to tO 
 
 00 0 ^ TT Ci Oi 
 
 0 ^ 
 
 (-< • 
 
 t-h cT 
 
 1-H 0 
 
 
 Sh'S^ 
 
 cr o; 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 HH ^ 
 
 CO ^ 
 
 
 rH 
 
 1-H 
 
 tOOOOOO^QiOO 
 O O Ci O O TT 00 lO o 
 lO O lO O lO <M (M O 
 
 O'-! T— H I— H 1-H 1-H 1-H 
 
 o 
 
 U'' 
 
 O 
 
 0^0 
 iM CO 
 04 O 
 
 o o 
 00 ^ 
 lO O 
 
 o o o 
 
 04 
 
 Tp TJ1 C^J 
 
 o 
 
 CTj 
 
 o 
 
 0 o 
 
 01 00 
 
 o 
 
 ?q 
 
 Horse- 
 power 
 boiler 
 rated on 
 10 square 
 feet of 
 heating 
 surface. 
 
 lOiO CO'S'f^'cf'9< 05 .— lO<3505C5'J'G0>0t^3 01003 01 .lOr^ 
 
 lO lO 00 05 3 05 05 O >0 O O >0 lO IM Cl O t' C' 1 w (M 3 3 01 • C-1 00 
 
 1-H 1-H ^ 1-H 04 T-H t-H 1-H 1-H i-H 04 i“H i“^ i~l 0"4 i“H r—H T— H 
 
 '' '•X> - ^ ^ ^ * 
 
 2 * 2 S *o 00 3 00 1 
 
 3 3 <M 05 lO O O . 
 
 3 C-I ^ ^ 
 
 Builder’s 
 
 rated 
 
 horse- 
 
 power. 
 
 0^0 00‘0 0 c 0 O ^oooooooooo OO"^ oo oooo 
 
 O cc C^4 CO 00 O o O ‘O *0 to o to o C^4 to O O C4 tO tO Cl X »0 O 
 
 1-H t-H ^ I-H C-4 1^ 1^ 1^ 1^ T-H C-4 t-H i-H t-H C^4 i^ 1“H i-H t— ( i-H 
 
 to' ^ 
 
 O ot o lO ^ 
 
 •s O p'j X 
 
 o 
 
 j Number used 
 to carry— 
 
 Aver- 
 
 age 
 
 light 
 
 load. 
 
 05 >0 <M O'! C-1 01 3 3 (M (M Ol 3 3 3 i Cl CO 3 Cl ■ Cl ■ Cl 3 Cl CO 
 
 Aver- 
 1 age 
 ! heavy 
 1 load. 
 
 d Cl (M Cl 3 3 CO Cl Cl 3 3 3 Cl Cl CO 3 Cl CO Cl 3 Cl 3 Cl CO 
 
 Num- 
 ber in- 
 stalled. 
 
 1 
 
 OO ’^'l!t^<^^CO<^4 COCOCOOli-HrH'^CC'^'^ CO to CO^O-4CO 
 
 M 
 
 (N 
 . .tt 
 05 
 
 a; <N 
 
 •.Q 
 
 : s S3 
 
 w -1^ 2 
 
 '2 m'" 
 -Cj 3 g o 
 
 h|M4H» ^ 
 
 CO (M 
 
 ^ 00 
 - r; V 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 ^ CO CO rO 
 
 - - - J3 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o? 
 
 a; 
 
 o 
 
 0 B 
 
 
 CO CO 
 O) O' 
 
 p p 
 
 0) CO 
 ^ Oi 
 
 O) 
 
 CO pO 
 
 
 Qj ^ - 
 
 '2 ^ < 
 P o , 
 
 04 
 
 
 ‘ 00 
 
 '«!t< xyi '•T' ( 
 
 (M 
 
 22 00 , . ^ 
 
 k'sO < 
 
 r-H ' 
 
 i X' 
 
 O 04 f 
 > O I 
 
 > 00 00 
 I i“H 1-H 
 
 1 S -1 (-1 
 
 O i 
 
 y, I'l 
 
 o ., 
 
 05 V 
 
 .CO 
 
 g ^'1 
 
 M 
 
 CO M ’5 . M 
 
 ' Qj 3 OT OI 
 2-^ 
 -s^ 
 
 'rt|r) 3 *o 
 
 M’ V rji V 
 
 O ^ CO ^ ^ 
 -M p CO 
 
 ^ -00 S ^ - 
 
 k . 1— < 
 
 y, 
 
 J CO 
 
 3 -M Mi ; c I 
 
 oi 2 
 3' 
 
 ■'ji 
 
 00> 
 
 M M 
 O) O) 
 -0.3 
 
 52 
 
 ^ Tt< 
 
 iC ■*f 
 
 t <cO 
 
 O 00 o 
 
 F— H F^ 1“H 
 
 y y y 
 
 O (M 
 
 ? s 
 
 (M ^ O' 
 CO O' ' 
 
 .3 
 
 3 
 
 3! 
 
 3 
 
 +C) 
 
 So 
 
 O) 
 
 ooooo 
 *3 "O? '3 '3 '3 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 OOOOOOOOOO 
 
 333'3'33'3333 
 
 ^4 
 
 O 
 
 O O) 
 
 o ^ 
 3 fcX) 
 2 
 
 s| 
 
 O 
 
 1 h 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 xi 
 
 3 
 
 01 OT 
 
 -- s 
 
 .3 O 
 
 3 
 “ 3 
 
 3 
 o 
 3 
 
 3 o o 
 33 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 OOOOO 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 3f_- 3 
 
 0^0 
 
 333 
 3-^ 3 o 
 
 ffl'4^3 
 
 .o=y 
 2m 
 
 01 CO 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 ^.5. 
 
 S o 
 B'^- 
 
 o 
 
 0000 
 
 3333 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 o o 
 33 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 01 M 
 
 .9 § 
 
 3 
 
 S 3 o o 
 
 
 ■ai 
 
 CO O 
 
 ! 
 
 < 
 
 3t05 
 
 Coni 
 
 ( 
 
 ( 
 
 • • 1 • 1 ♦ H-t (-H O fH 1 
 
 '43 g 3 § • 
 
 : : : : : icoooo : 
 
 
 • * .P p • * 
 
 : : o : : 
 
 • . CO O • • 
 
 Thick- 
 ness of 
 fire 
 
 (inches). 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 o »o O »o 
 I _L 1 
 
 CO CO 
 
 CO’^CO'^OtO .TfTTiO 
 ^ : 
 
 O lO 
 
 X 4i 
 
 o r» rf o »o 
 1 1 _L 1 
 
 Tf O CO 
 
 S 3 
 O cj 
 
 
 OOOO^C^ 4 CO^‘OOl^ 00 O 
 
 OJ'MCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO CO CO 
 
Table 15 . — Details of observations at plants with side overfeed stokers under return tubular boilers — Continued. 
 
 70 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 Steam 
 pres- 
 sure at 
 gage. 
 
 OOiO»CiO O OO OO OOlO OO lOOO ‘OO 
 
 C5 C5 W Tp 00 f— ( XX t— 1 O X X Ci O 0 0 05 xo 
 
 Superheat- 
 ing surface 
 (square 
 feet). 
 
 OOOOO O OO OO OOO OO OOO OO 
 
 Heating 
 
 surface 
 
 (square 
 
 feet). 
 
 1,585 
 
 9()0 
 
 (ilO 
 
 1,750, 1,550 
 
 1,500, 1,420, 
 1,840 
 1,380 
 870, 1,270 
 
 1,800 
 1,570, 1,785 
 
 1,372 
 
 800 
 
 1,080, 1,835 
 
 2,200 
 2,085, 930 
 
 1,575 
 1,080 
 1,440, 735 
 
 910 
 
 1,802 
 
 Horse- 
 power 
 boiler 
 rated on 
 10 square 
 feet of 
 heating 
 surface. 
 
 159 
 
 90 
 01 
 
 175, 155 
 
 100, 142 
 184 
 138 
 87, 127 
 
 180 
 158, 179 
 
 137 
 
 80 
 
 108, 184 
 
 226 
 209, 93 
 
 158 
 108 
 144, 74 
 
 91 
 180 
 
 Builder’s 
 
 rated 
 
 horse- 
 
 power. 
 
 150 
 
 100 
 
 75 
 
 50 
 
 125 
 
 1140, 200, 
 \ 250 
 
 150 
 80, 125 
 
 175 
 
 150 
 
 125 
 
 70 
 
 200 
 
 150 
 150, 100 
 
 100 
 
 90 
 
 123,56 
 
 75 
 
 150 
 
 er used 
 rry— 
 
 Aver- 
 
 age 
 
 light 
 
 load. 
 
 ^(M<Mt- 1 TP ^ tp ^ ^ ^ lO X (M r-H (N 1-H ,-H 
 
 Numb 
 to ca 
 
 1 
 
 Aver- 
 
 age 
 
 ; heavy 
 ; load. 
 
 C^tp T-ICS CO(N (N(N(N C^i-H 
 
 Num- 
 ber in- 
 stalled. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 <M (N r-H X TP lO lO (M (M X (M (N (M (M i-< 
 
 O 
 
 an 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 • • X 
 
 X ^ • 
 
 : V 
 
 
 : u 
 
 ! V 
 
 
 : V 
 
 
 
 
 • ^ 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • • 
 
 • o 
 
 
 • ^ 
 
 
 
 
 • !c^ 
 
 • 
 
 
 I ^ 
 
 I ^ 
 
 ! ! 
 
 1 to 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 ^ X 
 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 • • X 
 
 I 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 ! TP 
 
 t/T ^ 
 
 ' M 
 
 I ^ 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 • CO 
 
 
 I CO 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 O c: ^ 
 
 O 
 
 ; o 
 
 . G 
 
 . . c 
 
 . o 
 
 
 CO O 
 
 
 
 
 
 w ^ 
 
 w pC . 
 . r: M rn 
 
 z/j . 
 
 C' Cl « C/i 
 
 CO pll 
 
 Cl 
 
 
 . 
 
 m 
 
 CO CO 
 
 ri r.\ 
 
 
 o oc 
 X X 
 
 Tp ^ 
 00 
 
 X 
 
 o o 
 
 ) ^ 
 
 I x^^ 
 
 I CO V 
 
 I 
 
 ^ ^ ^ 7^ 
 
 V ^ ^ C 
 
 ^ ^ TP ^ ^ 
 
 oi2 .,00 oj . 
 
 ■im 
 
 ^ 00 <N 
 
 r-K 
 
 « ^ :: 
 1-s ^ n w ^ 
 
 ^ TP ^ 
 
 <x-^^ 
 
 CO ^ '• 
 
 2« 
 
 X:: 
 
 ^ (M 
 iC CS 
 
 --'M. _ w 5 
 
 ^56.- 
 
 O ^00 
 X 
 
 (N X :; 
 
 ^00^ 
 
 h- t-H 
 
 ^ TP o ^ 
 oc CO 
 ^ ,.00 
 TP • 
 
 V Tp ^ 
 
 CO ; ' 
 
 , 
 
 00 ,cs 00 
 o ^ ^ ^ 
 
 
 Xi 5 
 
 C IM 
 
 O t^ 
 
 S o o o o 
 
 o o 
 •. (-• 
 
 o« 
 C tc 
 
 2 ^ 
 5“3 
 
 g| 
 
 o 
 
 .2 
 
 ^ -<2 
 = c3 
 
 O O 
 
 O O O 
 
 o o c o 
 
 i-, —I 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 J= 
 
 .5 o 
 
 ■S 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 :2'5 
 
 ■ CO IC 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 c ~ 
 
 ~~-a 
 
 o o 
 'Ca 
 
 o o o 
 'O'C'O 
 
 o 
 
 x; 
 
 c 
 
 _c 
 
 O 0) 
 
 (M 
 
 .14 O 
 
 O ^ « ‘I' 
 •- -2 b — 
 s: o 
 
 He = 
 
 o ^ 
 d 3 
 a 
 
 I -^ - o 00 
 a 00 
 
 : TP 
 
 I 
 
 CO 
 
 IC UO : 
 I I 
 CO Tp I 
 
 •^r^xciO ^ <Nco Tpio c^t^QC CiQ ^caco VK? 
 
 Tp Tp ^ lO io iOlO iOO »Ow ;s:c:c 
 
 oVariable. 
 
Table 15. — Details of observations at plants luith side overfeed stokers under return tubular boilers — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 71 
 
 C3 
 
 a 
 
 D 
 
 P=-l 
 
 o <_ o 
 
 « C3 o 
 
 ■g js p: 
 
 a 
 
 ■£fo P 
 
 o:, 
 
 
 
 'cj 
 
 0 
 
 ^ - 1 
 cs g 
 
 c 3 
 
 
 q; 
 
 (h 
 
 .5 
 
 
 "3 ^ 
 
 
 0 bX) 
 
 
 o.S 
 
 «*-« 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 
 o> c; 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 
 tx 0 
 
 
 
 
 ^ (M 
 (m’ cc CO CO ci 
 
 5 pis 
 
 O ^ (M 
 oi CO CO CO oi 
 
 CO CO 
 
 O'? ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 I- CO LC 
 rr CO CO ■ 
 
 
 o\ 
 
 CO 
 
 CO ^ CO CO 
 
 I lo Cl <X) 
 TjicOCO'^COCO'^COCOCO 
 
 o 
 
 o o 
 
 P il 
 
 a"" 
 
 s—> 
 
 [/3 G 
 
 O) TT 
 
 o ^ 
 
 (t 3 -j-< J- 
 
 p Pii^ 
 3 o r . 
 
 Q 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO'sCOOOOOOOOOOO 
 
 o 
 
 w q; 
 rH O . 
 
 I ^ 
 
 tX) CQ 
 
 S 
 
 O o o >o lO 
 
 lO O ‘O ‘O »-0 
 
 Tt< Tji rji Tji lO lO 'O lO CO lO I O O O CC 40 cO cC LO lO lO 
 
 lo" CO 4o"' CO 
 
 40 40 40 40 
 
 40 CO 
 
 40 40 40 40 40 »0 40C0 
 
 40 CO 40 Tf 40 40 40 40 40 4.0 CO 40 ^ 40 CO' 40 40 40 lO 40 CO 40* • O 
 
 c 3 fc- 
 
 ex w:) 
 
 ^ tJD 
 
 O.S 
 
 ^ c 3 
 
 O 0) 
 
 c3 ^ 
 oo ^ 
 
 5^ 
 
 ttcq 
 
 5"^ 
 
 4.0 40 40 40 40 40 4.0 >0 40 40 40 4.0 
 
 00 cO TP CO ^ 00 40* 40* CO »0 40 *0 40 40 40 40 40 CO CO (M CO CO OI 
 
 rH 1-H >-H f-H rH t-H t-H r— t i-H r-H r~^ y—< f-H »-H rH i-H i-S t-H i-H »-H i-H 
 
 4-0 
 
 (M* 
 
 Tt< 
 
 (M CO 
 
 CO 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 o 
 
 bi. 
 
 c3 ' 
 
 <X> N 
 
 > 
 
 40 40 
 
 40 40 
 
 40 40 4.0 40 40 40 
 
 ^ 00 cc t'- 1^* CO CO o CO 00 00 00 t'-* 05 1^* t^* 00 00 CO »o lo* 'O 4.0 40* co 
 
 CO 
 
 40 40 
 40 
 
 c 3 • 
 
 +-J 
 
 o 
 
 O c3 _ 
 
 C0'^00'^C0OO»0c0<MOrHa5 40C0C0‘01O40 40'^r^40 40 C040C0C0O(Mt-^ 
 CO^^OICOCICCMM^OIOICIC^'MCOCOC^COOI'^C^'MOIJMCOIMCOCOC'IC^IIM 
 
 OOi'^'^iMCOOl'^COCCCCMMt— (t—t'^(M'^'^C0 4O’^'^CO'^iMCO<M 
 
 Ol O-l 1-! 00 
 
 a 
 
 c3 
 
 Oh 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 o.— i(MCO'5'iOCOt^OOC5Ci— iC^ICO'^'iOOt^OCOlOi— iC'ICO'^iOtOt^OOCSO 
 
 C^(NlM(MIM(MC'J(NOX(MCOCOCOCCCOCOe«5COCOCC-T’-^'T'-^-T'-^TJi-i<-<j<'.tUO 
 
Table 15 . — Details of' observations at 'plants with side overfeed stokers under return tubular boilers — Continued. 
 
 72 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 :3 
 
 o ^ 0^ 
 
 rt o ^ 
 
 
 
 S'? 
 
 o „• 
 
 S 
 
 03 
 
 C/2 O ^ 
 
 'u ^ .S 
 
 — 
 
 w c3 
 
 ^ o:- o> 
 
 ^ 
 
 7!^ j-i 
 Qj O 
 
 FO 
 
 c 
 
 S 
 
 (V ti 03 '3 
 ^ C o O 
 3 P cO tH . 
 
 fi rH r-i O y— -V 
 
 .52 S 2 w 
 
 O S'- O 
 
 I — 
 
 ° 03 
 
 X5 
 
 tjt c Q 
 
 3 !i ' — 
 
 :3 
 
 h:;'” 
 
 03 
 
 3 £0 
 
 CO 
 
 CSI 
 
 10 
 
 CO 
 
 TJ1 rji 
 
 CO 
 
 TfJ Tf 
 
 cf 
 
 to C2 
 C 0 ‘ CO 
 
 to 02 10 
 
 CO CO (M‘ 
 
 to to 
 
 >0000000 0000 00 
 
 to 
 
 (N to 
 
 ^ lO O to* to to O O to to to to o 
 
 to lo' zo CO 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 to U- to to 
 
 to* to to to to "^* CO O to* to to to o 
 
 ^ 10 
 
 CO to 
 
 o 
 
 ci ^ 
 *-• 3 
 
 tx c/3 
 
 a 
 
 O.S 
 
 Cj Qj 
 
 s ^ 
 
 Minimum 
 
 (B). 
 
 to to to to 
 
 COCOtOtOtO*'^COCOCO'^COcOCOCOtO 
 i~( r— H 1 — H 1 -H r-^ fH Cl r — 1 
 
 ^ tcT 02 
 
 tT • ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 to" 
 
 
 to to to to to to 
 
 02 
 
 cOtOGOU-t^cOOOcO*C:*cOtOOOOtor^ 
 
 
 1—1 ^ 1—4 1 -H ^ r — 4 ^ Cl 1—1 1 — t d 1 — < 1 ^ 
 
 02 
 
 o' CD tC 
 
 > w 
 
 1 -H Cl t-H 
 
 CO 
 
 c 3 fcM 
 
 c a; 
 
 Ui '— 
 
 C 3 S 
 
 
 -*-3 
 
 ^ 02 
 0^0 
 
 CO to O C 2 to OJ CO CO CO to to OJ to CO 
 
 CO (M CO C^J OJ OJ ^ CO CO Cl (M rH 1 -* CO 
 
 C2 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 i ^ to to Cl Cl Cl Cl »0 CO Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl ^ 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
Table \h.— Details of observations at plants with side overfeed stokers under return tubular boilers — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 73 
 
 O ' A 
 
 o 2 g C o 
 >SS3i|sB 
 
 o< w 
 
 <D 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 w p 
 
 tX) 
 
 
 Ui 
 
 
 U) 
 
 
 
 bjO 
 
 43 0 
 
 c 3 
 
 ■ 4 -^ • 
 
 c 3 
 
 
 c 3 . 
 
 • 4 -P 
 
 
 G 
 
 O'p 
 
 tD P 
 
 i~< 
 
 CD 
 
 > 
 
 43 
 
 2 tp 
 
 0 ) 
 
 > 
 
 p 
 
 M) 
 
 fc-i 0 
 
 P 
 
 PO 
 
 Do 
 
 {m 
 
 G ^ 
 
 < 
 
 P 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 0^ <v 
 
 U. rtL 
 
 ^ cz . . . r* c5 
 
 ^ O O O 
 
 ^<1 
 
 '-L 
 
 0 
 
 ♦ 1—1 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 »0 CO 04 
 
 t- 01 
 
 
 »o 
 
 1 -H c 4 
 
 rH 
 
 iO 
 
 1 -H 
 
 0 
 
 r-H 
 
 ! 
 
 1 -H 
 
 
 0 0 1-H ^ 0 
 04 CO 
 
 1 -H * 1 -H CG 0 Oi 
 
 r-H 
 
 0 0 
 
 cs 
 
 0 
 
 on 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 0 0 0 0 
 
 C 5 0 0 00 0 
 
 00 0 
 
 cc 
 
 10 CO 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 CO 
 
 10 »o 
 
 10 ^ 
 
 'sG to ^ 
 
 10 0 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 <D • 
 
 s ^ 
 
 O o> 
 
 ss 
 
 a; S 
 
 tc^ 
 
 c 3 
 
 C 3 
 
 o B 
 CO'S 
 
 o oj 
 
 Pnfl O 
 
 <»S *^2 
 
 O I J 
 
 Qi 
 
 ^ pH C 
 o " OJ 03 
 ^ o O’^ 
 
 ^ 00 .o 
 
 o c 3 
 
 ^ p 
 ^ o 
 
 000^0 OOOOOO^ 
 
 OOOOO OOOO^ 
 
 CO 
 
 o o 
 
 C'^ 
 
 o o o 
 
 
 ::r I ^ 
 
 i~^ 
 
 - c/3 P M 
 
 QJ .2 
 H O 
 
 4:: 
 
 O . 
 
 0 ) 
 
 O’ 
 
 = ^ 
 ,i^ 
 
 -.j 
 
 2 
 
 C 0/ 
 
 o ^ 
 
 PhC 
 
 QJ 
 
 'So 
 p; M 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 73 
 
 (h •— • — 
 
 Ph 
 
 I 
 
 .43 
 
 0) Ph 
 
 ~ B^p’S 
 B « 
 
 ^ g C 3 ^ J-H — 
 
 CO CZ rH 
 
 g — ’p p P p 
 'PpS'^ 2'^ 
 0) ” (2 
 o ^ ;_r 0) 
 
 C3 ^ CL G CL 
 
 G 2 G ^ 
 
 £ o g clS 
 3 ^ G c 5 O c 3 
 
 ph pp p 
 
 0) 
 
 o £2 
 o§ 
 
 *2 -*-j 
 2 c /3 
 
 c/3 
 
 p|.. 
 O cjtp 
 
 P 
 
 PhO 
 
 o-p 
 
 c/3 
 
 o.tf 
 o Ph 
 
 'S'P 
 
 +3 M 
 j4 P,®^ 
 CU'P'P 
 
 2^2 p 
 
 O c3 c3 
 
 c/3 CO 
 ^ S-. u 
 ^ Qi> QJ 
 Ph Gh 
 o s s 
 
 i; c3 « 
 
 PP 
 
 CO 
 
 c/3 Lm 
 
 ^ s 
 
 p ^ 
 
 CL 
 
 C3 a; ^ CD 
 • c/3 
 
 C O ^ ^ 
 
 _ W "^CJ) — 
 
 c ... oi go P 
 
 Ph" p.P 
 
 02 43 O O Ph 
 
 CO O C /3 ■*^ c /3 c /3 
 
 >-< Q S-t tn S-H Lh 
 
 g Ph^ p. S Ph P, Ph o 
 PhS.^S PhS S S'® 
 OrtP^CSOCwCScS 
 
 p p ppp 
 
 •p 
 
 p 
 
 rt 
 
 (-< 
 
 ® p 
 p o 
 
 p 
 
 Ph 
 
 0:43 
 
 o 
 
 CO g 
 
 o p. 
 
 O O 
 
 CO 
 
 0) 
 
 P. 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 ^ P . . 
 
 .tf CD ^ 0/ 
 
 p, O P-^ 
 I G c 3 P ^ 
 P tn 
 
 CO c3 O c3 
 
 <ip P 
 
 43 
 
 o 
 
 fcXj 
 
 p 
 
 p 
 
 p 
 
 0 / 
 
 p 
 
 2^' 
 
 CS . 1 .^ 
 PQ OT 
 
 43 
 
 o 
 
 QJ 
 
 pq 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 01 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 • 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 • to 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <G 
 
 
 
 • r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 »o 
 
 O QO 
 
 I 
 
 O 
 
 
 • 00 • 
 
 to 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 • 1 -- 
 
 
 
 • 0 1-H to C 3 
 
 2 oP 
 
 . tth I 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 • CO 
 
 
 
 • Tt< •n’ t-h 
 
 Sp 2 
 P 33 05 
 
 • d * 
 
 • 1 • 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 • 1 ] 1 
 
 
 • 00 • 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 • Ol 00 03 
 
 • CO • 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 • to CO 0 
 
 
 <D 
 
 O 
 
 C 3 
 
 G 
 
 tM 
 
 G 
 
 t 
 
 o 
 
 10 
 
 
 lO t^ 
 ^ CO 
 
 C 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 § 
 
 a» 
 
 G 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 I I I 
 00 GO t^ 
 00 O 
 
 o 
 
 'p 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 A I ' I I A I 
 O 00 O CO 05 00 
 
 I I 
 
 _ - . . 00 o 
 
 o o CO oi i-H 
 
 o 
 
 T 3 
 
 o o 
 
 'p’p 
 
 o 
 
 "p 
 
 OOOOO 
 
 'p'p'p'pp 
 
 0000000 
 
 'p'pp'pppp 
 
 o o 
 "PTO 
 
 o 
 
 . p 
 
 O P 
 
 ^.■p. 
 
 >0 CO 
 
 IM O') 
 
 05 o ^ Cl 00 
 
 Ct CO 00 00 00 
 
 ic CO r~ 00 05 o t-h Cl 
 
 00 00 00 CO 00 00 M’ 
 
 a Combustion chamber. b Several. < Various lengths. 
 
Table 15 . — Details of observations at plants with side overfeed stokers under return tubular boilers — Continued. 
 
 74 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 D <D w 
 
 'O 55 « 
 
 r— O 
 
 I 
 
 to 
 
 bX) 
 
 C3 • 
 
 >1 o T- 
 
 (D 
 
 W) 
 
 c3 
 
 0) 
 
 4-S ■ ^ - 
 
 sz ^ ^ 
 
 uQ go 
 
 3 O 
 
 03 
 
 bX) 
 
 G 
 
 
 t>> 
 
 03 
 
 tuO 
 
 G 
 
 * • 4 — > 
 
 
 . 
 
 r^G . 
 
 4>^ 
 
 43 
 
 > 
 
 6 6 
 PQ 
 
 G 
 
 03 
 
 2 
 
 c^p: 
 
 O M 
 
 Do 
 
 ^ Ut o 
 
 G 43 ^ 
 43 
 
 pG 
 
 fcjO 
 
 O) 
 
 W) 
 
 C3 
 
 0‘ 
 
 rj I I 
 
 fctti IV 5^ 
 
 CO G O .ilS O 
 4) ^ r*! _ 
 
 Oi P 2 P 
 
 > ^ o p 3 
 
 03 03 
 
 > ci 
 
 a; •!-< 
 03 
 
 CO o 
 
 o o 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 <x> 
 
 43 
 
 O 
 
 2 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 .a 
 
 c; ■ 
 
 s ^ 
 
 O 4) 
 
 'S.S 
 0) 2 
 o3 
 
 « s 
 
 I ••> 4.' 
 
 m o 
 
 o o) .iij 
 
 2 
 
 O 
 
 oog 
 
 ■2 
 
 28=^2 
 
 O 1 — I o O 0000»0 (M O 1 -H (N OO O O O i— i O O 
 
 CO 
 
 o o\ OOO O OOOOO OOOCSI OO ooooo o 
 
 ^ I . 
 
 2 £i:p.S^ 
 g 2 2 
 
 P P O w P 
 
 A o 
 
 ■ 2 ° ® 3 
 
 ^3 ;h 03 C3 5 
 
 O ►> 2 
 
 ^ o 
 
 o 
 
 
 OOO 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o o o o 
 
 to to 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 CO CO CD 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 O O O 1— 1 
 
 1 -H 
 
 to CO 
 
 lO 
 
 ‘G^'G^ G^ 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 * 0 , 0^0 
 
 o . 
 
 _s ^ 
 
 4) ■ 
 
 4) 
 
 ;m 
 
 4» 
 
 03 
 bJO 
 
 G 
 
 -4-' 
 
 G 03 
 
 O Jh 
 
 u 
 
 03 
 
 (-• 
 
 43 
 
 ft 
 
 2 
 
 G 
 
 t:j 
 
 G 
 
 G 
 
 03 
 
 ;-i 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 ft 
 
 I 
 
 03 
 
 o'd 
 
 .2 43 
 4 -> 03 
 
 p 
 
 o >, 
 
 p b 
 m2 
 c 3 P< 
 
 '2S 2 ^ 
 
 ^ P. P s-I 
 C/3 O 43 
 
 43 
 
 ft 
 
 i 
 
 xs 
 
 p3 
 
 P 
 
 C3 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 'O 
 
 2-p 
 
 T3 
 P 
 
 C 3 
 
 Ph ^ 
 
 ^ c/3 
 
 P.2 
 
 r.. “ G 
 P ID 
 
 P/P,0 
 
 c/3 c/3 
 
 ag ft 
 
 C/3 ^ 
 
 << Q 
 
 ■ p p D _ 
 
 g P.P.P.O 
 
 Pi 2 2 2 ^ 
 
 O G G G 
 
 OCQ 
 
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Table 15 . — Details of observations at plants ivith side overfeed stokers under return tubular boilers — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 75 
 
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 76 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 
 
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PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 77 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 The importance of installing the side-feed stoker with an arch 
 over the entire grate can not be too strongly urged. At nearly every 
 plant observed where this stoker had been installed with a short 
 ignition arch only, trouble was experienced in keeping down smoke. 
 
 Some of the stacks having this stoker under them smoked badly 
 liecause the fireman took advantage of the opening into the furnace 
 and fired a part of the coal by hand. 
 
 There was some trouble in maintaining a unifonn feed of coal at a 
 few of the plants visited. This seemed to happen when very fine 
 coal was supplied. With this stoker as ordinarily set, a banked fire 
 can be maintained and the boiler thrown into service with only a 
 small amount of smoke. The stoker has the valuable feature of a 
 large coking plate area. 
 
 UNDERFEED STOKERS. 
 
 GENERAL DISCUSSION. 
 
 Stokers of the underfeed type differ radically from those described 
 in the preceding pages. The fresh coal is forced into a horizontal 
 retort, beneath that which has already ignited, and burns in a long 
 heap that forms in the middle of the furnace. The unburned refuse 
 is largely fused to a clinker, which slides down the sides of the heap 
 and is hooked out by hand through the front of the furnace. The 
 method of burning compels the use of mechanical draft, a fan being 
 employed to force air through openings in tuyere blocks along the 
 sides of the retort, at the level where the volatile hydrocarbons from the 
 heap of burning coal are given off. Two makes of this stoker tliat have 
 been put to the test of use under average power-plant conditions 
 differ chiefly in the feeding mechanism and the device for handling 
 the jiartly burned coal after it leaves the retort. In one pattern the 
 coal is forced in continuously by a cone-shaped screw driven by a 
 small steam engine, and tlie jiartly burned coal falls on a flat grate 
 through which air is drawn by a chimney. In the other pattern the 
 coal is pushed beneath the burning heap in large charges, and the 
 partly burned coal that rolls down the sides of tlie heap falls on a dead 
 plate, where combustion is completed by the excess air that enters 
 through tuyere openings. This method of burning coal has proved 
 to be the better, and the plan of using air from tlie tuyeres for com- 
 plete combustion has been generally adopted as correct. The newer 
 models of underfeed stokers are always installed with automatic con- 
 trol for coal and air. 
 
 In all underfeed stokers the air and the distilled gases are intimately 
 mixed and intensely heated by rising through the incandescent coal, 
 so that combustion is complete within a very short distance from the 
 
78 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 Figure 17. — Underfeed stoker and Babcock & Wilcox boiler. 
 
PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 79 
 
 retort. Hence the combustion space required over the fuel bed is 
 less than with any other type. By reason of its compactness and the 
 small combustion ^pace it demands, the underfeed stoker sometimes 
 gives good results when installed in the 36-inch corrugated flue of an 
 internally fired boiler. 
 
 The customary method of placing this stoker under a Babcock & 
 Wilcox boiler with uptake in the rear is shown by figure 17. In the 
 setting of the Heine boiler (fig. 18) the C tile on the lower stow of 
 water tubes make a tile roof for the furnace. . This increases the travel 
 of the gases from the fire and ])ermits complete combustion of the 
 
 carbon before the gases are chilled by contact with the tubes. In the 
 regular setting of the Stirling boiler (fig. 19) the stoker is placed under 
 the fire-brick arch. The construction of one of the makes of under- 
 feed stokers is shown by figure 20, an elevation of a stoker under a 
 return tubular boiler; figure 21, a cross section through boiler and 
 stoker; figure 22, a plan of the stoker. 
 
 Attention has been called to the compactness of the underfeed 
 stoker and the small amount of space required above the grate. An 
 illustration showing such a stoker set in the corrugated flue of a 
 Scotch boiler is given in figure 23. 
 
80 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 I 
 
 Figure 20.— Underfeed stoker and return tubular boiler, elevation 
 
PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 81 
 
 Having the advantage of positive draft, the underfeed stoker allows 
 a plant to be run without regard to weather conditions that may make 
 the attainment of high draft by a stack impossible. The effects of 
 weather changes on furnace draft are considerable and are very notice- 
 able at plants which require all the available draft to carry their loads. 
 Another valuable feature of this stoker is the ease and economy with 
 which a variable load may be carried. The change from heavy to 
 
 Figure 21. — Underfeed stoker and return tubular boiler, cross section. 1, Dead plates; 2, retort; 3, tuyere 
 blocks; 4, air chamber; 5, space through 'which air passes before entering retort. 
 
 light coal charges or vice versa can be made without loss, because 
 when the fuel supply is altered the air supply is at once regulated to 
 the amount of coal being burned. 
 
 It sometimes happens that, to meet the competition of other types, 
 a single underfeed stoker is installed under a boiler unit as large as 
 200 horsepower. It is easy to show that such overloading of a stoker 
 is not good business economy, particularly in localities where ])oor 
 coal is supplied. On the assumption of an average ratio of heating 
 
 74897— Bull. 373—09 0 
 
82 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 surface to grate surface of 50 to 1, a 200-horsepower boiler should 
 have 40 square feet of grate. Now while it is possible to burn, say 
 30 pounds of average coal per square foot of grate surface per hour, 
 or 1,200 pounds of coal per hour for a 200-horsepower boiler, it is not 
 
 considered good ])ractice to try to Inirn over 700 to SOO ])ounds of 
 coal per stokc'r per hour with an underleed stoker, as heavier feeding 
 gives ({uestionable results. Tlie consequence of trying to feed 1,200 
 pounds of dirty coal j)cr hour with one stoker of this type is evident. 
 
Figure 23. — Underfeed stoker and Scotch marine boiler, i, Pipe through which air is admitted under retort; y, air-admission openings in tuyere blocks. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 83 
 
84 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 It is the general opinion that it is harder to keep down smoke at 
 the small hand-fired return tubular boiler plant than anywhere else, 
 but the underfeed stoker has replaced many hand-fired furnaces at 
 such plants. The only variable element in the operation of this stoker, 
 once it is correctly installed, is the cleaning of fires, but if the fireman 
 is careful to burn down the fires before breaking them up there will 
 be no necessity of making smoke. 
 
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OP PLANTS. 
 
 The underfeed type of stoker was found at 48 different plants in 
 eight different States, the size of the plants ranging from 75 to 3,500 
 rated boiler horsepower. These plants burned coal from Illinois, 
 Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, the cost 
 of which ranged from $1.03 to $2.75 per ton, the conditions at the 
 different plants varying widely. The size of the boiler units ranged 
 from 50 to 500 horsepower; at 33 plants the units were 200 horse- 
 power or less, and with two exceptions one stoker per boiler was 
 installed at these plants. All but five of the plants had automatic 
 regulators for coal or air. But two of these stokers were set in a 
 Dutch oven; this setting was used because the boilers were of the 
 vertical type. 
 
 Plants with water-tube boilers . — Underfeed stokers were foimd under 
 water-tube boilers at 22 plants, at 4 of which the fuel was run-of-niine 
 coal. At 13 plants the load carried was uniform, and at 9 it was 
 variable. The thickness of fire ranged from 8 to 18 inches. The 
 kind of coal burned is stated in the following summary: 
 
 Kind of coal bufned at 'plants with underfeed stokers under 'water-tube boilers. 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Kentucky . . - . 
 
 Ohio t 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 \\’est Virginia 
 
 Number of 
 plants, o 
 
 5 
 
 .. 1 
 
 .. 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 Some averages of the observations at these iilants are given below: 
 
 Difference of draft between ash pit and furnace, 3 inches of water. 
 
 Coal as received burned per stoker per hour, average heavy load, 560 pounds; 
 extremes, 3:10 and 1,060 pounds. 
 
 Percentage of rated lioiler horsepower developed average heavy load (boiler rated on 
 10 scpiare feet of heating surface per horsepower), 92; extremes, 58 and 146. 
 
 Average distance from grate to heating surface (dead jilates to shell), 4.9 feet; 
 extremes, 3 and 7.5 feet. 
 
 o One plant burned both Ohio and I’cimsylvania coal. 
 
PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 85 
 
 Least distance from grate to heating surface (dead plates to shell), 3.8 feet; extremes, 
 2 and 5.3 feet. 
 
 Smoke, black, 2.4 per cent. 
 
 Average draft conditions: Pressure in ash pit, 17 plants, 2.45 inches of water; range, 
 
 I to 4 inches. Draft in furnace, 19 plants, 0.33 inch; range, 0.01 to 1 inch. Draft in 
 rear of boiler, 13 plants, 0.48 inch; range, 0.17 to 1.07 inches. Draft at base of stack, 
 
 II plants, 0.80 inch; range, 0.24 to 1.50 inches. The approximate pressure and drafts 
 deduced from these readings are as follows: Pressure in ash pit, 2.50 inches of water; 
 draft in furnace, 0.35 inch; draft at rear of boiler, 0.50 inch; draft at base of stack, 
 0.80 inch. This gives a drop of about 3 inches through the fuel bed, of about 0.15 inch 
 through the boiler, and of 0.30 inch from the boiler to the stack. 
 
 Details of the observations at plants with underfeed stokers under 
 water-tube boilers are given in Table 16. 
 
Table 1G . — Details of observations at plants with underfeed stokers under water-tube boilers. 
 
 86 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
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 c3 
 
 ^c3 
 
 2,S,S^S p,25 ^ 2r25 
 g: S 
 
 OPh 
 
 si 
 
 "S' o 
 
 SC" 
 
 — 
 — o 
 
 CO O 
 
 C3 
 3 C 
 O 
 
 Ph* 
 
 w O 
 
 COO 
 
 o G 
 
 ►2 S 
 Co 
 
 - 
 
 ' G 
 
 ‘ 
 
 ) ^ t- 
 » o c3 
 ] o c; 
 
 H- ( ^T-* 
 
 ^ »-H O 
 
 >. c 2 
 
 c s. 
 
 G ^ G 5 .0 
 
 C CO g o ^ a> 
 wtco — 
 
 5:3 23 CO A o ^ 23 
 
 ^33 >,ic g S£ 3 ^ 
 “3 CO .2 ”f33 53 "co o 
 
 i^«i::C3o--<^e3 
 33 32 c 303 OO — .23 33 
 &hCh> 2 ;>-K 
 
 Q 
 
 COOcOOOaCdCOOOOOOOOOOO SSL'S 
 
 OCOI^CDSSIMOOOOOOOOCMOOC^O 
 
 ICS O C3 CO ■T' <N t' Ci C3 CO 00 (M J') -T” CO w CO OS 0^01 
 
 C c 
 
 I I I I I ] 03 I I I I I I I I I C 3 
 
 • O O O 0 O S ■ 0 C 5 O O d O O O '5 
 
 CO—r— I 2< co-s-rc-c — r^-r^-r 2- 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 * ' 
 
 ; d 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 « * 
 
 . 
 
 ‘G 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • d 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! G I 
 
 • > 
 
 > 
 
 ' 00 .^ 
 
 . c 3 
 
 0 c 0 
 
 
 • c 3 • 
 
 0 , 2 f 0 
 
 d”^ 
 
 0 CO 
 
 c /3 
 
 00 00 
 
 3333 ' 3"3 
 
 2 
 c 
 
 c3 ^ 
 
 > fc- 
 
 ^ C 
 
 .37 
 
 
 s 
 
 • ^ 
 
 w 
 
 .a 
 
 *c 
 
 ^ JZ GJ ;C G/ 
 
 G 0 
 0 
 
 0 ^ 
 
 No of 
 plant. 
 
 'G X Gi 0 ^ <M CO -r lO oc c: C ^ CS iO *>C 
 
 *G *G 'G *G r>» X X X oc X so x x 
 
 1 
 
 
Table 16 . — Details of observations at plants ivith underfeed stokers under water-tube boilers — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS 
 
 87 
 
 
 a 
 
 Ph 
 
 Assumed 
 amount 
 of coal 
 burned 
 per horse- 
 power per 
 hour 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 lO lO CO lO 
 
 Percent- 
 age of 
 builder’s 
 rated 
 horse- 
 power de- 
 veloped 
 on aver- 
 age heavy 
 load. 
 
 Tj<^TjHoco(Mioa5000coooioooi-HOioor-oo 
 OOOOOOOC-C'Ol^ujs^tiCOOO’— ‘ircGOC^OOC^It^ 
 
 1-H r'H T—i i-H 
 
 Percent- 
 age of 
 boiler 
 horse- 
 power de- 
 veloped 
 on aver- 
 age heavy 
 load.o 
 
 OO'OCir-HCOOC^lCiOOQC^C^IiOCOiOOOOOOGO 
 t - oO oo ^ c:- t'- O ^ O CC o ^ 
 
 Coal 
 burned 
 per stoker 
 per hour, 
 average 
 heavy 
 load 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 COCCCCOOOOOOOOOO>OOiOOOt^OOO 
 cq CO UJ CM 1— ( o O O (N '-f' t-H CO CM CO O lO 
 
 1— t 
 
 Average load. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Coal 
 burned 
 per day 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 CO CO CO ■ ' »o 
 
 t-H-^TfOOfMLOCOiLOCXCOCOTHOO • •r-.GOO^t^CO 
 ’-HOOi-Hi-H Ol’’!— i ’—i 
 
 Hours 
 per day 
 load is 
 on plant. 
 
 lO • • 
 
 OOOOO’^'^O^OOOOOl'^'^ • -OlO'^OOO 
 (M CM <M (MO) 1-H »-H 1— ( 1— t rH (M 0-1 • ■ ^ f-H r-t 1-H 
 
 Heavy. 
 
 Coal 
 burned 
 per day 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 • LO 05^0 
 
 •O(MG0‘^**^'O(MOOOt^i0Or^t^C0 
 
 T-HOOCMrH -rH^ 
 
 1— 1 • 
 
 Hours 
 per day 
 load is 
 on plant. 
 
 ■ »o 
 
 OOOOO’^ •OOOOO’^'^'^OOOIOS'^'^OO 
 0-1 O) -M OJ ■ 1-H ^ ^ ^ (M (M M 1-H 1— ( 1— t <M (M i-H 1— 1 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 c3 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 fcJC 
 
 .S c: 
 
 .5 
 
 3 c3 
 
 O O Q, , 
 
 <U T3 o ® ^ 
 o 
 
 cc 
 
 CD ' 
 
 O 
 
 W) 
 
 a 
 
 2 2 
 
 '5 '5 
 
 rC OJ 
 
 as Sr 
 
 es 
 
 CO 
 
 q; * • • c2 a; c 
 
 f ■ . c ^ ^ 
 ^000*^'^^0000 
 
 a ^*3 
 
 . . i ►-J ^ 
 
 >i 
 
 u ^ 
 0^0 
 4^0-*..' 
 
 Ouq o 
 C3« 03 
 
 tiCPH 
 
 C3 
 
 ■|5 Si ^ 
 
 r-« — ' C O OC* 
 ^ ^ C 3 -D 4 O 
 
 ajcc 
 o tH o3^ 
 
 ffioi^o 
 
 -2 S r2 ' S 3 
 
 0 S-. OOO 
 
 .S a2 .S a2 -S <2 
 
 ■ ‘C •”: ‘fci^ 
 
 c3 C ^ 
 
 p> 
 
 a 
 
 <v 
 
 s 
 
 CD 
 
 "3 
 
 o' 
 
 <D 
 
 ° a 
 o C 3 
 12; ft 
 
 5n ° ® 
 
 C3 
 
 -s 
 
 a. 5 f 
 
 c3 ^ 
 
 rC , 
 
 T3 
 
 ■M 
 
 c3 
 
 ^ .s 
 
 rl2 
 
 c-^ 
 
 c3 
 
 ^ooooo^o^5rjOO*r!5r!0 
 
 • o ■ o • • 
 
 : : ; bc 
 
 ' ^ • 
 
 • o o ■ 
 
 ■ > > 
 • o o 
 
 • P- K** 
 
 • o o 
 
 • « hH • • 
 
 : : 
 
 ! ft ft ! 
 
 :ft ft 
 
 iftft 
 
 Of^OOOOi—ifMCO*^iOOt^OOCiO^(MCO'^»i7)'‘40h>‘ 
 cc o o o r^ t- r- cx CO 00 GO oo 00 00 CO 
 
 a Boiler rated on 10 square feet of heating surface per horsepower. 
 
Table 1G. — Details of observations at plants with underfeed stokers under water-tube boilers — Continued. 
 
 88 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 o 10° to 24° F. superheat. 
 
Tabi>e 16. — Details of observations at plants with underfeed stokers under water-tube boilers — Continued. 
 
 PLAKTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS 
 
 89 
 
 
 ^ S 
 
 n o; 
 
 t-. 
 
 a; C o 
 > c3 
 
 O 
 
 eg OJ C 
 
 c -ti a 
 
 ^ 2 S>£^ ^ 
 
 a ^ 
 
 o o O n 
 
 O O) 
 
 lO o\ 
 ic lO »0 < O CO '<1' lO lO o 
 
 i.O o 
 
 04 04 »0 CO 
 
 i.O »0 00 ‘O »o 
 
 O CO CO 
 
 03 ~ 
 
 c § 
 
 “2 
 c £ 
 
 ^ °w 
 
 £ gtr 
 
 S 03 
 
 »*— I V-* 
 
 ‘^0*0 
 
 000000000C5C500000000000 
 
 
 • lO • • 
 
 
 c^l 00 ‘ 10 (M lO IC 00 • ■ t— 
 
 oU 
 
 
 
 .OOOOOOOOCOOCcioO • .0'^»0i0’^ 
 
 6 03 
 
 : : : 
 
 2 
 
 
 > PI 
 
 > a 
 
 
 
 
 oO 
 
 .c ^ 
 
 -4-> a:) 
 
 tL O 
 
 CO CO CO CO »-0 CO 
 o :D '‘■6 
 
 0? 
 
 M o 
 
 -2 J 
 
 C3 Th 
 
 2 ^ 
 o .S 
 
 ^ 03 
 
 o <x> 
 
 ^ $ 
 
 .Scq 
 
 CO 00 
 Tf 10 CO 
 
 0) 
 
 c3 
 
 (h 
 
 0^ 
 
 >• 
 
 O 0) 
 
 CO 03 
 
 1-^1 
 
 S O'-' 
 
 >o »o 10 o »o 
 tt 'g' ■q’ t- o 'O’ 
 
 oooooorocoooroeofofocoooocicocc 
 
 O CO CO -o CO CO CO CO '.O CO CO CO cd CO c6 
 
 10 >0 00 >0 >0 
 
 '3’-^fOfOoo'cf’''3’'3'c<;'’J’cdcoro)cdoi 
 
 10 
 
 >0 CO t" 00 10 lO >0 
 
 t^iococOf— i'g'-g'^cdt^'fcdcd''}’co 
 
 CO CO CO CO Cl 1 
 
 Cl CJ Cl OI ' 
 
 T3 
 
 PI 
 
 03 
 
 000 ^ 
 
 'O 'O 'O 2 T3 "C. 
 03 
 P’P'' 
 
 OP-i 
 
 o 
 
 O O OOl O 
 
 „ooooooooo 
 
 j^.C'O'O'O'C'O'O'O'O'd 
 
 !- c3 ■ ■ ■ 
 
 O Pi 
 
 .a 
 
 ft. 
 
 <*>( 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 cOt^OOCCO^CICO't'iOcOt^OOOJO' 
 
 a Two on 328 horsepower; one on 200 horsepower. 
 
Table 16. — Details of observations at plants with underfeed stokers under water-tube boilers — Coiitirmed. 
 
 90 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 Load 
 
 during 
 
 observa- 
 
 tions. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Heavy. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Do. 
 
 HeavJ^ 
 
 Do. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Heavy. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 per- 
 cent- 
 age of 
 black 
 smoke 
 from 
 obser- 
 vations. 
 
 CO cc CC CO r-H 00 cc coco o 
 
 1— LO OO * *OrHlO 
 
 1— < 
 
 04 CO -H 
 
 OOO CO ‘ CO 
 
 Average for one hour 
 (minutes). 
 
 Stack 
 
 clean. 
 
 OOOO CO ooa:>ooooco 
 
 ic IC lO »0 ‘O w lO X* O iO 
 
 8.; 
 
 OOO O 05 IC lO 
 
 O O 40 ^ lO 
 
 80 to 00 
 per cent 
 black. 
 
 1 
 
 tTj lO 
 
 OOOO OO o ooooo 'oo OOIO OO 
 
 100 to 80 
 per cent 
 black. 
 
 OOOO oo OOOOOOOO OOO OOOO 
 
 Total 
 
 length 
 
 of 
 
 obser- 
 
 vations 
 
 (min- 
 
 utes). 
 
 O O O 1 -H oo O OOOOOOO 
 
 O O O O ox CO o o o o o o ^ 
 
 CO O O 
 
 OOO 00X0 
 
 0 0 05 04 O iC O 
 
 1-H 
 
 Num- 
 ber 
 of ^ 
 obser- 
 vations. 
 
 1 
 
 1-H r-H 05 Ol 04 
 
 O 
 
 O) 
 
 o 
 
 Si 
 
 _o . 
 
 . d 
 rS O) 
 
 a 
 
 ^ '-i 
 
 c a> 
 o ^ 
 
 - ^ 
 C cu 
 
 Qj g 
 
 o S 
 
 d 
 
 ag 
 
 o3 d 
 
 Q 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 
 O) 
 
 ^ C/5 C 
 
 o2 o ^ 
 
 o O o 1-. 
 
 a; >i<D 
 
 tL 2 
 
 *-■ b ^ X 
 O; Cd (i; O 
 
 < 
 
 <V Sr— 
 
 g-rS S 
 o o) 
 
 aj " Pr 
 — rS C OT 
 o)-r 2 !» 
 
 Pi |S g< bt 
 O P c3 
 . c/2 s 
 
 M m 
 
 0) a; o) ^ 
 
 pppg 
 
 c3 c3 c3 c3 
 
 GOQ 
 
 *-• (D 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 i-rX 
 
 ^ o 
 ■- p 
 0) T3 
 P 02 
 g P 
 g 53 
 
 p 
 
 - 
 
 S 
 
 02 
 
 P 
 
 02 
 
 c 
 
 T3 
 
 d 
 
 02 
 
 02 i> 
 
 C/2 =— 7r 
 O) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C™3 I * • 1^^ • 
 
 
 
 
 
 02 C 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 CO iC • *05 • X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lO « • • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 PQ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ♦ 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o • 
 
 
 : ; : : o • ; • 
 
 
 
 
 
 K ay 
 
 
 
 I> • 
 
 
 • • ’ *4^ • ' • 
 
 
 
 
 
 PT^qj 
 
 r-r. ^ 
 
 
 
 o • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X X o 
 
 • 05 
 
 04 
 
 O • X O • ‘X • 
 
 . o 
 
 ' 05 • 
 
 05 
 
 
 ^ u 
 
 lO »-0 r-l 
 
 ■ cc 
 
 'Tf' 
 
 Tfi • 04 iC ■ '4^ • 
 
 . o 
 
 • ?-H • 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 ^ O !0 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 
 ci 
 
 1 . o a ■ • r ‘ 
 
 CO • • • lO • 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 p p 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 CO • • • IQ • 
 
 • X 
 
 
 
 
 P! 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 e 
 
 »o • • • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o5 
 
 X X 04 
 
 lO 04 
 
 iO 
 
 O X O CO »Q 04 »Q • 
 
 
 O 04 IQ 04 
 
 
 
 04 X X O 
 
 CO X 
 
 cc 
 
 CO 04 04 04 X CQ • 
 
 
 IQ ^ 1-H 
 
 O 
 
 
 c3 
 
 o 
 
 4s 
 
 
 1 
 
 04 
 
 1 1 1 • 
 
 o iQ • 
 
 ci) li 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cc 
 
 04 i-H 04 • 
 
 Tf T-^ 
 
 04 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ptH 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (V 
 
 
 
 
 CO »o 
 
 
 »o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 T-I 04 
 
 
 04 r^CC 
 
 »0 04 
 
 CO 
 
 
 D 
 
 t/D 
 
 - p 
 
 CO oi CO ' 
 
 1-H 04 
 
 
 04 T-t 04 04 ’ •n' Oi 04 
 
 X i4 CO 
 
 04 04 CO 
 
 • 
 
 yj 
 
 0^ 
 
 "Si 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ci 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o> 
 
 
 ay 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 0) o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J- o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S'" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 S c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cS 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >/ 
 
 
 . >i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 odd 
 
 
 6 
 
 d o d d o o c o 
 
 6 6 6 
 
 odd 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 'C 
 
 
 
 'w'w'O'w W w'w'sj 
 
 'w 'w '>j 
 
 's«. 'w 's.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ C 
 6^ 
 
 o GC o 
 o o 
 
 a Lower rear boiler. b Upper rear boiler. c See remarks. Several. 
 
Table 16 . — Details of observations at plants with underfeed stokers under water-tube boilers — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS 
 
 91 
 
 B 
 
 Ph 
 
 .2 
 
 *c3 
 
 o 
 
 o> 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 V 
 
 tM 
 
 ««-l 
 
 o 
 
 73 
 
 O (/) 
 
 tH 
 
 S C 
 
 O) 
 
 . o 
 
 0 ^ 
 
 ^ a 
 
 OOP 
 
 -2 *S 
 ^ CS 
 
 s « o 
 
 CD a, > 
 P.(5 ? 
 
 oO 
 
 CO — 
 
 o • 2 
 
 •4^ 'rt 
 r- ^ ^ 
 
 cs 
 
 s o 
 
 ^ O O) 
 
 t£ g 
 
 0+^2 
 . C3 
 
 « rT'O 
 
 fc « 
 
 • , 
 
 O q; 
 
 c/3 (O O 
 C3 g 
 
 c 
 
 ex 
 
 o 
 
 <o 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Sm 
 
 o 
 
 p 4 
 
 LO 
 
 cc 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 v-l 
 
 o 
 
 p. 
 
 -=< ^ rA > 
 
 ■c o) Cm 1 
 
 CQ 
 
 O 
 
 (h 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 rP 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 <D 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 <D 
 
 > 
 
 o> 
 
 CO 
 
 oS 2 
 
 is ® £ 
 
 C3 4-> 2 
 P 
 
 p 2 
 o B 
 ^ o 
 ^co 
 
 o 
 
 cp 
 
 tXj 
 
 a 
 
 ’p 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 ^p 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 O o 
 0 ) 0 ) 
 o ^ 
 
 .ss 
 
 S O 
 R cs 
 
 i;. 
 "--8 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 OJ 
 
 2 aj .is 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 c/3 
 
 p 
 
 ^ p 
 
 "•3 
 ® — 
 ^ o 
 
 O) 
 
 ”3 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 T3 
 
 g 
 
 O 
 
 ft 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 :'5 
 
 ^ C 
 
 S P 2 
 
 f^c3- 
 
 P 
 
 CO ^ 
 
 P 
 PP 
 O ^ 
 
 Pm p 
 o 
 .p: 
 
 CO P 
 O 
 
 P CO 
 
 . o 
 
 2 2 "^ 
 S 
 
 fc, OJ 
 ♦- o 
 
 0 ) 
 
 
 .:a; I- 
 0-2 2 
 <ss is ^ 
 
 . ft 
 c3 
 
 CO > 
 
 S 3 o 
 Ho 
 
 ® o gj 
 ^ ^ >P 
 
 " is d 
 :p a 
 
 C8 o> ^ 
 ft 2 o 
 
 sl= 
 
 d 
 
 P 03 
 
 g 
 
 o D . 
 d3 gSi gj 
 ti 5 c3 '-' 
 
 CO 
 
 w ^ 
 
 S g 
 
 GO O 
 
 01 M 
 
 ^ O 
 
 P( 
 
 P P ^ 
 
 »“ rp 
 p o P 
 o 
 
 d =« 'S 
 
 SO™ 
 I/J 
 
 !-i <M 
 
 ^‘^'2 
 
 (_ o 
 
 d ^ o 
 
 '—' 0) 
 ■ >,d 5 
 
 >.= aj o 
 ft 3 “ 
 d o 
 aJT 
 
 a; 
 
 ft's 
 
 o 
 
 ■ C3 — c 
 
 CQ SS 
 “ ,-ft 
 
 S -M'ft 
 
 ca P.S3 
 ^ p ti; 
 
 = d S 
 
 2 ai S3 
 o Qi 
 
 ^ "P zc 
 
 w a;i ^ o3 
 d ft ~ o 
 
 S 
 
 Qj Si; 
 
 ■ o 
 
 cd 
 
 S3 
 o 
 
 l-l _ 
 
 ^ c 2 . 
 
 O w g 
 
 O o > 
 
 ™ c3 c3 
 O +-■ +J 
 OCBCO 
 
 c3 
 
 5 >° 2 
 ''sj o-S 
 
 S3 0) ■*^ cn 
 a^ft c d 
 
 a3ft 5RH 
 ^ a) c3 
 ' c« S< > 
 
 is is d '-' 
 a.* a^ s o 
 .-d S3 d m 
 O O c/ift 
 
 PQpq O 
 
 ;co 
 
 O 
 
 "P ^ 
 
 p 2 
 
 O CO 
 
 ^ p 
 OPJ 
 
 2 2 a5 
 "gH g 
 
 P ^ 00 
 
 P c/3 O) 
 
 ^ P 7^ 
 -. 2 ^ 
 
 • "p M 
 P ^ 
 ^ > 73 
 
 ,S fc '2 
 
 o SS C 
 -d o 
 o o 
 0 ) 
 
 2 OS3 
 d ■ 
 
 2 t; 
 
 ft 03 ” 
 
 ^ ft'g 
 sift 
 d .. 
 d 5 
 
 co" 
 
 CO 
 
 03r 
 
 : o 
 
 Qj Ct ^ 
 O 
 
 03 CO 
 
 03 
 
 bJj^ 
 
 r- TO 
 
 c3 s- 
 
 3 3 
 o o 
 oo 
 
 2 ^ 
 d _0D 
 
 ■ ’3 
 m 
 
 o 2 8 
 
 iS 5 2 
 — 5 o 
 
 o .2 “ 
 
 oo 
 
 
 Area 
 
 (square 
 
 feet). 
 
 lO 
 
 C3 CO CO <M 
 
 to 00 O 
 T-H CO CS ‘O 
 
 12. 56 
 11.1 
 
 29. 86 
 19.6 
 36 
 16 
 
 11. 6 
 6.3 
 28.3 
 36 
 
 CO 
 
 CO CO CO to 
 GO Ci 00 oi 
 
 04 T-H 04 T-H 
 
 CO CO 
 CO o o 
 
 cr! 
 
 28.3 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 01 GO to 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 2^ 
 
 rji o O 00 
 
 Tfi CO 
 
 C0 to CO CO O O 
 
 CO to CO 
 
 to CO CO 
 
 CO 
 
 p 
 
 2 03 
 
 o o o o 
 
 e X 
 
 eexj«'e><ex 
 
 e e s e 
 
 e e o 
 
 e 
 
 m 
 
 c»^ 
 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 o ci CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 00 o o 
 
 to 
 
 COtOOOOOClO 
 
 to O to o 
 
 to O 00 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 00 to 00 CO 
 
 CO 00 
 
 CO 00 00 O O to 
 
 CO O 04 04 
 
 to to 
 
 
 
 
 1— t CO 
 
 
 t-H r-H 1 -H Ol r— 1 i-H 
 
 04 r-H T-H 
 
 
 
 
 03 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *th 
 
 HH ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M W ^ 
 
 & P W . 
 
 o o o 
 
 
 r-t(MO(MO01.-i00 
 
 ^ 1-H o O 
 
 1-H 04 04 
 
 
 s O) -+^ O C3 
 ^.8 “ft “ 
 
 bC 
 
 .5 
 
 ft 
 
 « 
 
 o 
 
 0 > 
 
 l-l 
 
 m 
 
 ft -i.i> 
 
 •" l=! d 
 
 ft o d 
 o ^ 
 
 I S ^ 
 
 ft S 
 
 ® 4id 
 
 b3 03 
 
 M O -M . 
 is CO M X— s, 
 
 tx2^ 2-2 "S 
 2 2 2 *S 03 
 
 ^ r/5 Hi 
 
 O 00 O (M 
 CC 
 
 OOOQOCOOO»OCC 
 CO 00 t-( c^1 
 
 IC »0 CO 
 (M O 
 
 2 p 
 O P 
 
 CO ‘O :c 00 O 
 t-- 1- r- I-- t'- 
 
 O ^ CO 
 00 00 00 00 
 
 »o CO r— 
 
 00 00 00 oo 
 
 a Diameter. b Square feet. 
 
92 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 Plants with return tubular boilers . — Underfeed stokers were installed 
 under return tubular boilers at 26 plants. The fires carried ranged 
 in thickness from 12 to 18 inches. Four of the plants burned run- 
 of-mine coal. Seventeen carried a uniform load, and 9 a variable 
 load. The kinds of coal burned were as follows: 
 
 Kind of coal burned at plants with underfeed stokers under return tubular boilers. 
 
 Number of 
 plants.® 
 
 Illinois - 1 
 
 Indiana 4 
 
 Kentucky 1 
 
 Ohio 3 
 
 Pennsylvania 8 
 
 West Virginia 4 
 
 Miscellaneous 7 
 
 Various particulars regarding these plants are condensed in the 
 following statement : 
 
 Coal as received burned per stoker per hour, average heavy load, 513 pounds; range, 
 225 to 750 pounds. 
 
 Percentage of rated boiler horsepower developed, average heavy load (boiler rated on 
 10 square feet of heating surface per horsepower), 74; range, 57 to 135. 
 
 Average distance from grates to shell, 2.8 feet; range, 2 to 3.75 feet. 
 
 Smoke, black, 2.6 per cent. 
 
 Approximate average pressure in ash pit, 1.75 inches. 
 
 Approximate average draft in furnace, 0.20 inch; at front tube sheets, 0.30 inch; at 
 base of stack, 0.50 inch. This gives an average drop of 2 inches between the ash pit 
 and the furnace, 0.10 inch through the boiler, and 0.20 inch from the boiler to the 
 stack. 
 
 Details of the observations at plants with underfeed stokers under 
 return tubular boilers are given in Table 17. 
 
 oTwo plants burned both Ohio and West Virginia coal. 
 
Table 17 . — Details of observations at plants with underfeed stokers under return tubular boilers . 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 93 
 
 CO 
 
 03 
 
 C >> 
 
 O ^ 
 
 ft 
 
 CO ^ 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 O CO 
 c^i-T 
 
 c3 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ^ O 
 
 S 3 
 
 -u IT 
 to t-. 
 
 o oft 
 Oft « 
 w ft 
 
 m 
 
 ! o I ■ 
 
 O lO O lO i o 
 
 10000*0 .lOi-Hi— <1— (OO 
 
 
 05 1—1 CO o ■ o 
 
 rrOI-OO tCOiOiOiOI-O 
 
 • > • 
 
 r-l (M • oi 
 
 C'l r-H f-H » rH 1 -H ^ 1 -H CO 
 
 ' ^ • ' 
 
 
 
 ; : 
 
 i • 
 
 
 . CO • ' 
 
 o 
 
 
 ■ t-h • • 
 
 oi 
 
 
 . ^ . . 
 
 
 
 QJ 
 
 to.S 
 
 . O) fl ■ 
 O g D 
 
 ft 
 
 o 
 
 cS 
 
 "m 
 
 ft 
 
 S o 
 “t3 
 
 • ft 
 
 O O 
 C c3 
 
 O ^ 
 
 cSftft ^ OJ 
 
 c3 O « 3 o3 O ■ <» 
 
 3 Si2 
 
 ftSSCMPnS 
 
 bC 
 
 •S ft .S ft 
 
 0) ® O) c3 G 
 « ® ft ft 
 
 O ’ 
 
 t. <o G 
 O rri ^ 
 
 ftftftft 3 
 
 ^ r-i ^ -i-i ^ 
 
 ^.s=.sgs 
 
 ft 
 
 V 
 
 3 
 
 ft 
 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 3 c3 
 
 § s 
 a- 
 
 ftft 
 
 .2 .2 2 
 G 3 
 ^ ‘Sb ^ 
 
 O O O 05 
 
 ftftftft o o 
 
 to is 
 
 ® ft ft ,03 ft .0^ 53 
 
 toOOOOOOO 
 
 3ftftftftftftft 
 
 OJ 
 
 s 
 
 c3 
 
 (=1 
 
 *s 
 
 a 
 
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Table 17 . — Details oj observations at plants with underfeed stokers under return tubular boilers — Continued. 
 
 94 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
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 aBoiler rated on 10 square feet of heating surface per horsepower. 
 
Table 17 . — Details of observations at plants with underfeed stokers under return tubular boilers — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 95 
 
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Table 17 . — Details o f observations at plarits uith underfeed stokers under return tubular boilers — Continued. 
 
 96 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
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Table 17 . — Details of observations at plants ivith underfeed stokers under return tubmar boilers — Continued. 
 
 PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 97 
 
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Table 17 . — Details of observations at plants with underfeed stohers under return tubular boilers — Continued. 
 
 98 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 *C 
 
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PLANTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKERS. 
 
 99 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 The underfeed stoker affords a means of increasing both the econ- 
 omy and capacity of ])lants which by gradual growth have added so 
 many boilers to a single stack that the draft capacity of the stack has 
 been exceeded, and natural draft does not su])plythe necessary amount 
 of air to permit the required amount of coal to be burned with high 
 efficiency. 
 
 A very much smaller stack will suffice with the underfeed stoker 
 than with some other devices, as it is only necessary to have enough 
 stack draft to carry away tlie gases of combustion, all the air neces- 
 sary for burning the coal being forced through the fire. 
 
 It will be seen that this stoker is meeting with most success in dis- 
 tricts where low-asli coal is used. 
 
 The notes show that the greatest difficulty in keeping down smoke 
 came when cleaning fires, but in general at the plants visited there was 
 little trouble on tliis account. 
 
 In this stoker the ash accumulates at either side of the retort. 
 The furnace teni])erature is so liigh that most of the ash fuses and 
 is pulled out of the furnace in large pieces. Both for this reason 
 and to permit coni])lete combustion of tlie fuel it is advisable to have 
 the dead i)late on which tlie clinkers accumulate of sufficient width 
 to permit cleaning lires without breaking up the fuel bed. 
 
 SMOKE PREVENTION AT BOILER PLANTS WITH GREAT VARIATIONS OF 
 
 LOAD. 
 
 The data already jiresented show that bitumnious coals high in 
 volatile matter can be burned Avithout smoke. Smokeless combus- 
 tion at large {ilaiits caiTAung loads that Ihictuate Avidely, A\iiere boilers 
 over banked fires must be ])ut in service quickly and fires forced to 
 tlie capacity of the units, is no less possible. The accompanying load 
 diagram (fig. 24) sIioaa^s the variations in boiler horsepower in serAUce 
 and in poAver output at a plant of about 10,000 horsepoAver. The 
 sudden increase in out])ut and in boilers in service betAveen 5.30 and 
 8.30 a. m. and the heavy peak load in the early evening are strikingly 
 brought out. Yet the stacks at this plant, thougli frequently Avatched 
 at the time of peak load, AA^ere quite clean. No better demonstration 
 than this of Avhat can be done by proper equipment, efficient labor, 
 and intelligent superAosion could be giA^en. 
 
 HAND-FIRED FURNACES. 
 
 GENERAL STATEMENT. 
 
 None of the problems of combustion luiA^e received more experi- 
 mental treatment than the liurning of coal in hand-fired furnaces. 
 Hundreds of devices for smokeless combustion have been patented. 
 
100 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 but almost without exception they have proved failures. This record 
 may be explained by the fact that many of the patentees have been 
 unfamiliar with all the difficulties to be overcome, or have begun at 
 the wrong end. Numerous patents cover such processes as causing 
 the waste gases to reenter the furnace, and schemes for collecting 
 and burning the soot are legion. So many manufacturers who have 
 been looking for some cheap addition to a poorly constructed furnace 
 
 Figure 24. — Load and boiler-service chart of large power plant with mechanical stokers. The total 
 rated boiler horsepower used to supply the demand for power varied from about 2,000 to 12,000. This 
 plant is absolutely smokeless. 
 
 to make it smokeless have experienced inevitable failure that the 
 work of educating the public to rid cities of the smoke nuisance has 
 been hard, long, and only parth^ successful. 
 
 The total number of steam plants having boilers fired b}^ hand is 
 far greater than the total of ])lants with mechanical stokers, but if 
 the comparison is based on total horsepower developed the figures 
 show less (lifFerence. Particularly is tliis true in sections of the Middle 
 West, where mechanical stokers are generally used at large plants. 
 
HAKD-FTRED FURNACES. 
 
 101 
 
 As a general rule hand-fired plants do not have proper furnaces, and 
 methods of operation are far from conducive to good combustion. 
 Coal is usually fired in large quantities, and little opportunity is given 
 for the air and gases to mix before the heating surface is reached and 
 combustion is arrested. In all the hand-fired plants visited success 
 in smoke prevention has been obtained chiefly by careful firing. The 
 coal was thrown on often in small quantities; the fire was kept clean, 
 enough ash to prevent the passage of air through the fire never being 
 allowed to collect on the grate; and more air was supplied at firing 
 than after the volatile matter had been distilled. Even with sudi 
 precautions the plants might have made objectionalile smoke at times 
 but for the fact that usually some method was employed for mixing 
 the gases and air before they reached the heating surface. 
 
 COKING FURNACE. 
 
 One pattern of furnace that requires less attention from the fireman 
 and less care in operating than the usual hand-fired types was found 
 at several plants. This is known as the coking furnace, which in its 
 earliest form was the invention of James Watt. With this furnace 
 large charges of coal may be fired at one time. The coal is shoveled 
 or fed from magazines to a dead plate at the mouth of tlie furnace, 
 where the volatile compounds distill, and the coal is later pushed 
 back. Ilnfortunatel}", in the model of this furnace generally used 
 the magazines are open after the coal on the dead plate has burned 
 down, so that the coal is consumed with a large excess of air. 
 
 STEAM JETS. 
 
 A clean stack with hand firing is not as good evidence of efficient 
 operation as it is with almost any type of mechanical stoker, because 
 of the special devices used with hand-fired boilers to prevent smoke. 
 Steam jets are the most common of such devices. Usually they are 
 not automatic, and at many plants they are allowed to run longer 
 than is necessary or else are not used at all. Any steam jet that 
 will so mix the gases and air at the times of greatest need, when coal 
 is fired, as to prevent smoke will, if allowed to run continuously, 
 probably waste more of the energy in the coal than it will save. At 
 the same time a steam and air admission device allows a regulation 
 which, if properly made, will keep a stack clean and save coal. 
 
 The steam jet is found in an improperly designed furnace or in one 
 where the air supply is too small. It is an expensive device, all 
 conditions being considered. The only purpose it can serve is to mix 
 the air and gases intimately and prevent the comliustible gases from 
 coming too quickly into contact with the heating surface. The 
 claims sometimes made that the use of a steam jet will increase the 
 thermal value of the fuel are erroneous. 
 
102 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 It takes the same amount of heat to dissociate a pound of steam 
 into hydrogen and oxygen as is given off when a pound of steam is 
 formed by the union of hydrogen and oxygen. Moreover, the fact 
 must not be overlooked that to burn hydrogen in the average furnace 
 is extremely difficult, and therefore if some steam were dissociated by 
 a jet it is probable that part of the hydrogen would escape to the 
 stack unburned. The same quantity of oxygen that is formed by the 
 dissociation of a pound of steam would be required to burn enough 
 hydrogen to form another pound of steam, therefore there would be 
 no oxygen available from dissociation to burn the coal. 
 
 In a water-gas plant, sometimes cited by makers of steam-jet 
 attachments, the heat required to dissociate the steam is supplied by 
 the coke and is later utilized. when the gas is burned. The process is 
 as follows: Air is blown through the fuel bed until combustion is 
 fairly well started. The air is then shut off and steam is blown 
 through; this is dissociated, the fuel loses its heat and if the operation 
 continues too long the fire goes out; but after a certain length of time 
 the steam is turned off and air is passed through until the fuel bed is 
 in condition to give up more heat. Tlien steam is turned on again 
 and the process repeated. After several hours of operation several 
 thousand ciiliic feet of gas have been formed from the union of the 
 dissociated oxygen (T the steam with the glowing carbon of the coke, 
 but there has been no gain in thermal units. 
 
 Another fact to be remembered in using steam jets is that all steam 
 entering the furnace must be heated to stack temperature, and the 
 heat required for this is supplied from the coal. 
 
 As most air is required in a furnace at the moment of firing fresh 
 coal, and the requirement diminishes as the volatile matter in the 
 coal is distilled, steam jets need close regulation for good economy. 
 To make this regulation independent of the fireman several devices 
 for automatically turning the steam on and off have been patented. 
 Figure 25 illustrates one of these devices at a furnace under a water- 
 tube boiler, and figure 26 gives a section through a return tubular 
 boiler with similar equipment. Opening the fuinace door turns on the 
 steam, and a da.sh pot suitably connected shuts off the jets after a 
 short interval. 
 
 MIXING DEVICES. 
 
 There is no (piestion as to tlie value of mixing the air and gases in 
 a hand-fired furnace, and if the mixing could be done bv some 
 effective arrangement of fire-brick piers the losses resulting from the 
 use of steam jets would be avoided, but to build arches nnd piers 
 that will stand the intense lieat fi-oiii intimate mixing and combustion 
 has proved a difficult matter, ^[oreover, the piers and arches take 
 
HAND-FIEED FURNACES. 
 
 103 
 
 up room and diminishing tlio space in n furnace will usually reduce 
 the available furnace draft, so that less coal can he hiirned even 
 though there is more perfect combustion. The easiest and most 
 nearly perfect solution of the problem is a mechanical stoker properly 
 set under the boiler. 
 
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OP PLANTS. 
 
 During the field investigations 71 hand-fired plants run without the 
 emission of dense smoke were visited. The t}^pes of boilers installed 
 at these plants were as follows: Return tubular, 44; water-tube, 22; 
 
 Figure 2"). — Automatic steam and air admission device and water-tuLe Loiler. 1, Dash pot used to control 
 length of t ime steam jets are in operat ion; 2, air admission through furnace doors. 
 
 Scotcli marine, 5. Tallies 20 to 25 give all the essential data that 
 could lie collected regarding t)tese ])lants. 
 
 Plants 'With vxtter-tuhe and Scotcli marine hoilers. — Hand-fired 
 furnaces operated under water-tube or Scotch marine boilers were 
 found at 27 jilants. Tliese furnaces were of the following patterns: 
 Plain, Dutch oven, Buiice, Dorrance, down-draft, Puddington, and 
 twin arcli. Brief descrijitions of throe of these, including the down- 
 draft patteru, are appended, and some of the otliers are described 
 in the discussion of hand-fired furnaces with return tubular boilers 
 (])p. 117-124). 
 
104 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 One of these furnaces is virtually a Dutch oven with a long, 
 rearward-sloping arch that entirely covers the grate and projects into 
 
HAND-FIRED FURNACES. 
 
 105 
 
 under a Babcock & Wilcox boiler shows how the travel of the biirnino: 
 gases is lengthened. 
 
 The distinguishing feature of the down-draft furnace is an upper 
 grate, which may he formed of tubes through which water circulates, 
 
 connected to headers and supported by lugs. The fresh coal is thrown 
 on this grate, whence, after partial burning, it falls to a grate of ordi- 
 nary construction a foot or more below, where combustion is com- 
 
 Figure 28. — Down-draft furnace and Heine boiler. 1, Water-tube grate; 2, C tile on lower row of tubes» 
 
 forming a'tile-roof furnace. 
 
 pie ted by the excess of air drawn through the upper and lower 
 grates. The air and the distilled gases from the fresh coal are heated 
 and intimately mixed in passing through the fuel bed, facilitating 
 
106 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 combustion in the space between the grates. One of these furnaces 
 under a horizontally baffled Heine boiler is represented in figure 28. 
 
 The third furnace has back of the bridge a fire-brick wall with 
 two arched openings at its base separated by a projecting angle. The 
 
 Figure 29.— A hand-fired furnace and Babcock & Wilcox boiler, elevation. X-X', Line of sectional plan, 
 
 figure .30. 
 
 long ininiiniim distance from grate- to first tube heating surface is 
 shown l)y figure 29. The ])lan of the furnace (fig. 80) and the cross 
 section (fig. 81) show the construction of the mixing wall. 
 
 r 
 
 1 liese 27 plants ranged in size from 75 to 1,500 liorsepower. Seven 
 were equipped willi steam-jet devices. Ten had a variable load and 
 17 a uniform load. At t) plants the coal supplied was either run-of- 
 mine, egg, oi* lump. The coal as fired burned ])er stpiare foot of grate 
 
 
HAND-FIRED FURNACES. 
 
 107 
 
 surface per hour varied from 10.8 to 10.4 pounds and averaged 23.0 
 pounds. The average ratio of heating surface to grate surface was 
 49.6 to 1 , the lowest being 26 to 1 and the 
 highest 73 to 1. Thirty -five per cent of 
 the furnaces were installed under boiler 
 units of 150 horsepower or less and 50 per 
 cent under units of 200 horsepower or less. 
 
 Forty-four per cent of the jilants had either 
 rocking or dumping grates. All plants ex- 
 cept one with induced and one with forced 
 draft ran on natural draft. Thirteen of the 
 plants were fired by the spreading method, 8 
 by the alternate method, and 3 by the cok- 
 ing method. The kind of coal used and 
 the 
 
 Figure 31. — A hancl-firod furnace, 
 cross section along line figure 30. 
 
 1, Openings in mixing struct ures. 
 
 average 
 
 depth of fire are summarized in the following taliie: 
 
 Table 18. — Kind of coal and depth of fire, at plants with hand-fired furnaces under icater- 
 
 tuhe and Scotch marine boilers. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Number 
 of plants. 
 
 Average ; 
 depth of 
 fire. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Number 
 of plants. 
 
 Average 
 depth of 
 fire. 
 
 Illinois 
 
 14 
 
 Inches. 
 
 7 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 1 
 
 Inches. 
 
 11 
 
 Indiana 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 Maryland 
 
 2 
 
 1.5 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 Ohio 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 Details regarding fivpe of furnace, kind of coal, amount consumed, 
 draft, furnace setting, etc., are summarized below: 
 
 Table 19. — Summary of various observations at plants with hand-fired furnaces under 
 
 vuiter-tube and Scotch marine boilers. 
 
 Type of boiler. 
 
 Kind of furnace 
 and number of 
 plants.^ 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Babcock & 
 
 Dutch 0 v e n 2, 
 
 Illinois and West 
 
 Wilcox. 
 
 plain 1, twin 
 arch 1. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Heine 
 
 Dorrance 1, Haw- 
 ley .3, Pudding- 
 ton 1. 
 
 Illinois, Maryland, 
 Ohio, and West 
 Virginia. 
 
 Scotch marine.. 
 
 Burke 2, Hawley 
 1, plain 2. 
 
 Illinois and In- 
 diana. 
 
 Miscellaneous. . 
 
 Dorrance. 3, Dutch 
 oven 1, Uawley 
 3, plain 4, Burke 
 2. twin arcli 1. 
 
 Illinois, Indiana, 
 Maryland, 
 Pennsylv a n i a. 
 and West Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 X? 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 C3 
 
 
 Inch 
 wafer. 
 0. 24 
 
 ,41 
 
 .21 
 , 30 
 
 Lbs. 
 20 . b 
 
 30. .'■) 
 
 19.7 
 24. b 
 
 (D 
 
 S a 
 
 “O'®, 
 oj > 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 ^ O ^ 
 
 M Cfi Sh 
 QJ CD 
 
 P O > 
 S -P 
 
 107 
 
 103 
 
 84 
 
 104 
 
 Distance 
 from grates 
 to tube- 
 heating 
 surface. 
 
 (D 
 
 bO 
 
 c3 
 
 Ff. 
 
 11 
 
 8.0 
 
 4.2 
 
 9.4 
 
 .s 
 
 Ft. 
 
 8 
 
 0.2 
 
 .3. 0 
 7.2 
 
 "oA 
 
 So 
 
 oS 
 
 ' o 
 
 a:) 
 
 o ^ 
 
 Ff. 
 
 4.8 
 
 0. 
 
 4.3 
 
 2.9 
 
 C3 0^ 
 
 o 
 
 bL^ 
 
 S s 
 
 O M 
 bc 
 o C 
 o ^ 
 C c5 
 
 77 rC 
 
 § ^ 
 
 *-p C3 
 
 O) o 
 
 Ft. 
 3. 1 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.7 
 2. 9 
 
 QJ 
 
 O 
 
 s 
 
 CO 
 
 44 
 
 o 
 
 .rt 
 
 s 
 
 P.Cf. 
 
 4..') 
 
 4.3 
 
 4.0 
 
 4.r> 
 
 " One plant, has l)oUi Uawley and plain furnaces. 
 
 ^ Boiler rated on 10 squarci feet of heating surface jkt horsepower. 
 
108 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OE COAL. 
 
 Tlie draft observations may be briefly summarized thus; 
 
 Average furnace draft, 25 plants, 0.29 inch of water; least, 0.07 inch; most, O.GO 
 inch. Average draft at rear of boiler, 11 plants, 0.54 inch, least, 0.32 inch; most, 0.70 
 inch. Average draft at base of stack, 19 plants, 0.75 inch, least, 0.50 inch; most, 1 
 inch. From these readings were deduced the following approximate draft averages: 
 Approximate average draft in furnace, 0.30 inch of water; at rear of boiler, 0.55 inch, 
 at base of stack, 0.75 inch. This gives an average drop of 0.25 inch of water through 
 the boiler and of 0.20 inch from the boiler to the base of the stack. 
 
 Details of the observations at plants with hand-fired furnaces under 
 water-tube and Scotch marine boilers are given in Table 20. 
 
Table 20. — Details of observations at plants with hand-fired furnaces under water-tube and Scotch marine boilers. 
 
 HAND-FIEED FURNACES. 
 
 109 
 
 i CU 
 
 tf s 
 
 o ^ ^ 
 
 ^ '1^ 
 
 O O 
 tJh O 
 05 O 
 
 0^ O ^ 
 
 4-s Jr 
 
 c/3 U 
 
 o o;::: 
 
 c/3 'C 
 
 o o o o 
 
 00 O lO o 
 
 lO »0 lO lO O lO o 
 
 CVJ 00 O o 00 CO o 
 
 lO O (M O O 
 
 00 CO O o 
 
 (N (M CO 
 
 (M CVJ Cj1 (M 1 
 O 
 
 CO CO Cl C4 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 lO ^ 
 
 C £ 
 
 rr o 
 
 ci 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 ^ o> 
 
 ' — ' Ph"^ 
 T3'?'0 S 
 
 ^ ^ eg 
 
 P 
 
 O 
 
 B 
 
 O' 
 
 C 
 
 _ c3 
 
 .0-^Oc/3£o-^g-^c/3 
 
 OC3Pc3oPc3P^POO.SPO:3 
 
 :ziS;ziES;zi«c5;z;(»;zi;zi:z;,.i,pi:2;hj 
 
 o 
 
 C3=^ 
 
 ”i“ O 
 
 G o 
 
 3.S 
 
 .3 o 
 ch I? 
 
 o o 
 
 b£i S 
 Wi 3 
 'V' 
 
 5 
 
 KN-* 
 
 c3 
 
 O 
 
 np 
 
 0/ 
 
 P 
 
 03 
 
 ;P 
 
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 o; 
 
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 — c3 
 
 ":-a 
 
 .2 'So 
 
 OP 
 
 o; 
 
 <x> 
 
 
 j'P 
 
 ‘ P 
 
 i b.2’ 
 
 ! 33 .c. 
 ^ O > 
 
 O- 
 
 P'O 
 
 •— 03 
 
 So 
 
 ■ § 
 '3 .2 
 T3 
 
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 Oj O 
 
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 C3 
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 •r;ooooo'^ot2 
 S'O'OXS'OXJ (-'TS 2 
 S • O 
 
 K O; 
 
 — ' O 33 O 
 
 •S .2, 
 
 •iili 
 
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 SS; 
 
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 T3 O 
 
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 03 
 
 03 
 
 a 
 
 r~^ 3 ■ 
 
 S-r ; 
 
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 j>> P * 
 
 3 S. 
 
 So: 
 
 -*-' pi^ 03 
 c/3 ^ bXj 
 
 03 
 
 og 
 Ssso 
 
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 5 ^'S OT 
 
 o2| ^ ^ 
 
 0-t 2 2 o 
 
 ^ P o, 
 
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 ^ o 
 
 0> 
 
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 q; 
 
 ft 
 
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 iO - , 
 00 
 
 iOOOO'*ct<iOOOO^OOOOOOOOOOcOOi.OiOOO 
 
 Cl O 00 O CJ (M O O lO ^ O O O O O O O lO uo uo O CO o »0 
 oOl— » oi’^coiocii^i^diOiooocoiOL.o'^^ooci r^wi— I 
 
 P o 
 
 *^s 
 
 O P^ 
 
 o o o o o 
 
 Qg 
 
 2 PxJ i'P P p2 
 
 0) o 2 o 
 
 b ^ 
 
 ui-^^Zx/iZ 
 
 _ ooooooo 
 M g x3 X> T3 T3 T3 t3 
 
 •Xi 
 
 S 03 ti 
 
 o3 b P 
 0^0^ 
 mT^xji 
 
 03 
 
 4^ 
 
 c3 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 0.2 
 
 iz; 
 
 ‘o • 
 
 S.s'g 
 
 ,b 
 
 so : 
 
 G 
 
 CO c3 
 
 . d o-^ d d d.2^-g 2-^ d d d d d 
 
 2 >>o'0’0 S'O'O'O.o 2 2 S'o S 2'O'O'C'o 
 
 s 2s : : : :S-S.^:S 
 
 2 o 
 
 .2 Z 
 
 SSO 
 
 1^ (— ( H- 1 
 
 hH 
 
 33 0;G3 
 
 SZO 
 
 Tt<i0c0t^000iO^C-lC0’^i.0C0t-»0003O^(MC0*^t0c0r^0005O 
 T-Hf— (^1— ii-Hi-H<MC^(MC^lC^C^(Md(M(MCOCOCOCOfOCOCOCOCOCO*^ 
 C^C<IC1(C1CQCS<C1(C1CSIC1CS|(N(MC1(N(N(N(M(NCN(NCM01C^(M(M(M 
 
Tabu*: 20. — Details of observations at plants with hand-fired furnaces under water-tube and Scotch marine boilers — Continued. 
 
 110 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL 
 
 zz o o ^ 
 
 “ E 5 &0 2 
 
 
 ^ ^ ei :z. 
 
 u* tJiTz: riococ^^oo 
 a; rj — fc- ^ cl'~' cl ^ ^ 
 " “ C 
 
 I o i S;-3 5 
 . • 
 
 cG)-— ^ 
 
 ' oooc.wji'ajg 
 
 o ^ 
 o 
 
 P o 
 b g; 
 
 O 
 
 a; 
 
 w; 
 
 bJt . 
 
 o 
 
 s s 
 
 a; c3 cs 
 u a; o 
 
 "E 2 o 
 o n - 
 
 O ~ a- "ao o 
 
 
 O ::: S Q 
 
 ^ r ^3 Ci5 
 
 — Si O 7= 
 
 
 iC iC ^ iC ^ ^ iC 
 
 . T-^ 1^ GC cc GO O c; c: • 
 < Ci ’— ' »C O w t- 
 
 O ^ CC' O »C O ?C O I-- -H : 
 
 i>. rr o c: w w. C: X : 
 
 * O (M O X 
 
 • Ci »“< O 
 
 x^ 
 
 • L-O ^ 
 
 X ^ 
 
 
 1 iC lO 
 
 
 . iC 
 
 03 X 
 
 I'- 
 
 - 03 03 
 
 o 
 
 
 ■ r*“ •— 1 e^ 
 
 
 i CO lo X r^ 03 o 
 
 X CO 03 
 
 03 -H 
 
 . T-^ X 
 
 1-^ 03 
 
 
 • r- 03 ^ X 
 
 03 
 
 • ^ 03 03 03 X 
 
 r-^ 03 T— T— 
 
 i ^ ^ CC X 
 
 : t'^ LG iC GO iM 
 
 ; r-n ^ r-^ CO r-n X X 
 
 X c: Ci 
 
 ‘ o CO oi *sC ^ c: 03 o o X oi 
 
 )— iXr-^r-CCX03X'^030l^i— 
 
 X 
 : ^ 
 
 »-0 >-0 03 t^ 
 
 X X lO cc LG CC ' 
 
 »0 X X ^ X 0<l 1^ 03 
 
 : X ’-' 03 O I- ^ 
 
 03 lO X L-0 Ci lO 
 
 ^ 03 Ci 03 ^ 03 t'- 03 1^ ^ 03 X I'* ^ 
 
 ^(^^^^^^03 03^03^ ^03i 
 
 X T-- 03 O 
 
 n Boilor nUed on 10 squaro fool of hoating surfaoo ]ior horsopowor. 
 
Table 20.— Details of observations at plants irith hand-fired f arnaees under 'irater-tnbe and Seoteh marine boilers — ('ontiiiiied. 
 
 HAN D-T HIED FURNACES. 
 
 Ill 
 
 C3 . 
 ^ G" bjj 
 
 ^ i: c3 
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 0 0 0*0 
 
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 g >= 
 
 q; 
 
 S-H * 
 
 
 04 CO 04 X 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 lO 
 
 LO 1— ' LO T— 1 
 
 0 
 
 I'- 
 
 01 
 
 c3 ^ 
 P (D 
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 04"^" co' 
 
 
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 ^ Si-c'd 
 
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 (M T-H CO 
 
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 (M ^ CO ’-I 
 
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 04 
 
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 04 04 04 04 
 
 CT. 
 
 04 
 
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 04 CO 
 OI 04 
 04 04 
 
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 C: 
 
 OI 
 
 04 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 04 
 
Table 20. — Details of observations at plants ivith hand-fired furnaees nnder ivater-tube and Scotch marine boilers — Continued. 
 
 112 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 O 
 
 
 c; 
 
 t. C ^ 
 oj.r 
 
 CO S C3 
 
 be (D (B 
 C O >2 . 
 
 nil 
 
 o o o o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 iO 
 
 lO o 
 
 lO (M 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 di H 
 
 o 
 
 (M 
 
 ooo 
 
 1-H (N 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 2 (B OT 
 
 B c 3 O o 
 
 o 
 
 lO 
 
 (N 
 
 O 00 
 
 rH (N 
 
 o" 
 
 o 
 
 (M 
 
 lO iC 
 I> o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o o 
 
 O lO 
 <N t-i 
 
 Number 
 used to 
 carry— 
 
 Aver- 
 
 age 
 
 light 
 
 load. 
 
 (N 1 -H (N tH (N rH (M COi-I 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 heavy j 
 load. 
 
 tH tH (N(M (M tH(M C0i-h 
 
 I ' 
 
 s s ^ 
 
 111 
 
 r-J CO 
 
 (M CO CO’^ OQ T-H CO 1 
 
 .2 
 
 tM 
 
 i-tiCS 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 4:2 
 
 G ^ CO 
 
 00 Jm t-H B 
 
 
 S HINs. 
 
 r-< O CO 
 
 1-H 
 
 1-H 
 
 o> 
 
 rQ 
 
 CO 
 
 O s 
 
 1^ ? 
 
 X 'S 
 ^ o 
 
 lO 
 
 Ol 
 
 32 
 
 xT 
 
 B 
 
 O- 
 
 Lh 
 
 O) 
 
 !S 
 
 is 
 
 c 
 
 2 
 'C . 
 
 6 
 
 03 
 
 J X3 .' A 
 
 Eh-:;Teh '22 
 
 03 
 
 .Q 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 3 :s C '3 
 
 . (3 g c 3 2 rt 
 
 d S-i Si c 
 
 o S 
 
 . a> 
 
 <i;Xi 
 
 Ui 0^ 
 o; 4-5 
 ^ id 
 c3 > 
 
 bJO 
 
 ; q; d. 
 
 QC 
 
 CO 
 
 ® S >'S 
 
 p— *d ^ s- 
 
 3 t: 3' 3 ^ -n 
 -42 3) +-' B 42 
 coW Oco 
 
 I 3 
 
 i 2 
 
 ! I 
 
 o ^ 
 
 3 tc 
 
 03 3 
 
 2| 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 3: 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 T! 
 
 O 
 
 .3 
 
 d ^ 
 
 c /3 ^ ^ 
 
 d <1^ 
 §*. 
 
 0 0) 
 
 CO _C 
 
 ^ cd 'd 
 
 03 Vt O 
 
 C3 
 
 %u 4 
 
 O 33 O 2^:3 3 
 B 2 3 o 3 
 2 'n -s: o 
 'C <a ft 
 
 10 00 
 
 4 
 
 ' 4 . o!>“ 
 
 lO »-0 « 
 
 CO I'- ’ 
 
 i 6 
 
 CO cC 
 
 o 00 
 
 lO 10 Ci 
 
 e'T ^ ^ 
 
 ® C3 o 10 
 
 ^<N (M 
 
 JO t>£ B ^ 
 
 ks--sii 
 
 <353 
 
 lO 
 
 (M 
 
 ® at 
 
 ■3 tX 
 
 O 3 
 
 ^ cd 
 
 o 
 
 fcX 
 
 c 
 
 CO 
 
 (M 
 
 CO 
 
 O) 
 
 d 
 
 d o c 
 
 lO 
 CO CO 
 
 tc 
 
 c 
 
 !S 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ^d 
 "-; 0) 
 
 ' u 
 ! CL. 
 .CO 
 
 X 
 CO CO 
 
 CO 
 
 a Variable. 
 
Table 20. — Details of observations at plants with hand-fired furnaces under water-tube and Scotch marine boilers — Continued. 
 
 HAND-FIRED FURNACES 
 
 113 
 
 OJ O 
 
 .Si rt 
 
 c3 
 Si -u 
 tt) OT 
 
 > ^ 
 
 IM MpJ-l 
 
 O C' • 
 
 bJO 
 
 S 
 
 _ „ c3 O si 
 
 w 
 
 s.p- 
 
 s 
 
 o ^ ^ 
 
 3 O < 
 
 w ^ 
 <V 5 
 
 o oj 
 
 ^"2 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 4J • 
 
 05 
 
 P . 
 
 CO o 
 
 
 03 Si 
 
 P ^ 
 
 ^ w 
 
 s 
 
 a sf 
 
 
 0.3 
 
 . H 
 
 C3 
 a; CD 
 
 ce 2 
 
 +-5 ^ 
 
 72 3 
 
 (D 
 
 W) . 
 c3 ^ 
 
 <D*< 
 
 <1 
 
 CC lO 
 (N 
 
 lO <M 
 
 o »o 
 1-H c4 
 
 lO o 
 
 (N lO 
 
 iOt>.Ot^OOOOOt>^OOJ>OcO 
 
 lO h- 00 
 
 cOOOO*OOcOcO 
 
 lO 00 CO 00 to 
 COt-COCO’^’^OOO 
 
 to 
 
 lO CO to 
 CO O >o ic to to 
 
 crT 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 of 
 
 00 CO to oc CO 
 
 to 
 
 Ol 
 
 to 
 Tf to 
 
 to 
 
 00 
 
 <N 
 
 to to to to to »o co'to 
 ’^t^C2C4c0cdt0^t0C^r-H02 
 
 lO lO to to ctT tO 
 
 IvO(MCOOia2o6»-Hl>rP^c4 
 
 T-H i-M ^ ^ 
 
 CO CO 
 OI oi CO 
 CO 
 
 to to 
 to (N CO 
 
 CO CO »0 to 
 COOcCOCO'^tOOOO 
 
 to to to to to to 
 
 t^OtOtOcO'^'^t^cOtO 
 
 ^ to 
 
 to 00 to 05 to 
 
 '^OOtOC^tOCO'^tOoOO 
 
 »0 o' 
 
 to lO to to 
 
 05C000O05'«1<C^C0 
 
 to to to to 
 
 I o ^ 05 1 -H c4 to 
 
 <x> 
 
 o 
 
 & 
 
 u> 
 
 3 
 
 Pm 
 
 c« ^ 
 
 O) CD 
 
 fc- O 05 
 c3.t:'*-' 
 o o £ 
 
 O 2 ^ 
 
 ^ Ph c/2 
 
 c3 
 
 CCXCOOtOOOGOO 
 
 CO'^(NC^‘^CM'^CO 
 
 00 CO CO O 00 *P to 
 CO CN CO to 
 
 to to 
 
 CO to 
 
 • coo}tot^r^t>-^^coto 
 -COtOC'^C^’^C^C^'^tOCO 
 
 to 
 
 <D 
 
 4-5 
 
 tM 
 
 tc 
 
 «4~l 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 3 
 
 t3 
 
 G 
 
 w 
 
 be 
 
 c 
 
 Mo 
 
 .S .S si 
 
 ^ ® 
 
 • i 4 ^ /»N 4 ^ •i—’ 
 
 ^_^5_^503gc3 
 
 bjO 
 
 O.G 
 S’0 4si 
 
 ci 
 
 a 
 
 33 
 
 G 
 
 C3 
 
 03 
 
 G2 
 
 3 
 
 G 
 G3 P 
 
 HS 
 
 p o 
 
 ? 3. 
 
 b£' r$ 
 
 •Si . 
 
 0-3 0-|-^ O 
 0.2 0.2 iS o . 
 
 c3 
 
 c3 
 
 5d 
 
 T3 
 G 
 c3 
 4) 
 
 be.2 bjo ' ' • be 
 
 o.S >I.S o d d.S 
 
 C3 
 
 o 
 
 c3 
 
 S-i 
 
 •o 
 
 G _ 
 
 & ta 
 
 '§'« 
 
 tD 
 
 ! G O 03 
 
 .QQW 
 
 > S 2 
 
 c3 • 3 o 3 o3 
 
 PL 
 
 03 o3 ^ 
 
 G3 > .G 
 
 C3 
 
 qa 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 c3 
 
 ;q- 
 
 
 .3 
 
 O • . • > • 0 > o o 
 
 03 o >. ; b^o > o ^ o 
 
 >3’>o’>u32ri«P'33'C!'3 
 
 ^ ^ ^ S-I fc- * 'P ' ' 
 
 o o 
 
 TO •3q3TOq0C3^C^UJTOO!5.O3 
 
 M ipqoWWoPKPLWQWPHOW :PL 
 
 a M 
 
 3 o 
 
 OOCO^C^CO'^.-liMiMOOqD(MC^S-^CO(Mr-i(Mf(5<Mc<bO*5Tfi(N.-lO<5'^i 
 
 G 
 O 03 
 
 'fiOSOt^OOOSO^O'IOOTfisOCOt'OO 05 Oi— IC'lOO-'t'sOcOr^OOOiO 
 (IMiM'MC5|(Mc^c^c.1(>) (N COOOOOCCIOOOOOOOOOOOO-^ 
 C^C^(MIM(M(N(N(NM(NIN(M(NINC5| (N (N(NIMC51(M<M(N(M<M!NM 
 
 74897— Bull. 373—09 8 
 
 o In down-draft furnaces, area of upper grate only. 6 First dimension applies to small boiler, c First dimension applies to large boiler. 
 
Table 20 . — Details of observations at plants with hand-fired furnaces under water-tube and Scotch marine boilers — Continued. 
 
 114 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 3 ® c/3 
 
 
 ® 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 .p 
 
 tX) 
 
 d P 
 
 p . h 
 
 
 o 
 
 biD 
 
 fc. K- 
 
 a> o3 
 > ® 
 
 igh 
 
 Do 
 
 ea\ 
 
 Do 
 
 p.s 
 
 3 
 
 <3P 
 
 P P 
 
 
 Or* O O 
 
 q; 
 
 fcJO 
 
 c3 
 
 Ui 
 
 <D 
 
 > 
 
 > 6 6'^ 6 6 6 ^ 
 
 
 O O) 
 
 Cud , CjO 
 
 J.J ^ 
 fc- ^ 
 
 <3^ TV <X> 
 
 > .5f > 
 
 a 
 
 <D rr 
 
 > u tc-r a 
 
 <1 Pi ^ 
 
 CO 
 lO lO 
 
 lO CO o 
 
 (M CO O 
 
 * lO o c 4 o o o 
 
 rr 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 .p 
 
 G CO 
 
 o a; 
 
 P p 
 
 bJD b 
 c3 w 
 
 tH 
 
 O 
 
 > 
 
 d 
 o S 
 
 CO *3 
 
 rH Oi O O O < 
 lO lO ^ TT CO O < 
 
 O o 
 
 lO lO o 
 
 o ^ 
 
 Pi 
 
 O O O— ' o o 
 
 OCOOO CO oooc^^oooo ooo 
 
 o 
 
 00 C 
 
 o 
 
 O^MOOO oooo 
 
 ooooooooo ooo 
 
 Total 
 length 
 of obser- 
 vations 
 (min- 
 utes). 
 
 1 
 
 00 O fN o lOCMO o 0 ^ 0 '^ 0500 l> CM CO O *0 
 
 C"J OO O ^t >*0 O COi— lOi-HOOiOOO r>- 00 cG 'CM 
 
 1-1 CM ^ ^ C'^ CMi-hcOt-Hi-hCMi-h 
 
 -O fO rO -O ^ ] .o 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 obser- 
 vations. 
 
 CM 1-i rfi 1— t 00 tT 1— 1 1—1 1—1 C 0 1—1 CM tH CM ^ CO i-H i— » i— l 
 
 w w 
 
 o 
 
 c3 
 
 <v 
 
 u 
 
 Pi . 
 .2 P 
 p s 
 
 '§ £ 
 d ® 
 
 d to 
 
 .2 C 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 ■d . 
 
 — d3.- Oi 
 
 ® Q.a 
 d . C« > o 
 
 Od °-c-3 
 
 ® ® ^ M 
 
 r^"- O Jp -- OJ 
 
 — c3 ' '* *—> 
 
 5 S_ fc., ® ^ 
 
 d< o c3 d. d 
 
 do ^ 
 
 S-j O Sm t- 7 
 
 0> C3 0^ D i> 
 
 C- G, oj 
 
 d^ g d d 
 
 c3 O 173 C3 P 
 
 Q Oa 
 
 T3 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 "o 
 >> 
 p ^ 
 
 O Ui 
 
 O Pi 
 
 0) (K 
 
 Pi Pi 
 
 a s 
 
 c3 c3 
 
 QQ 
 
 CO 
 
 /-i 
 
 C O 
 
 OJ 
 
 PiS 
 
 Jp CO 
 
 O c3 
 
 CO P 
 
 Pi 
 
 ag a ^3 
 
 S5c c *- 
 PhP o 
 C3 O c3 O 
 
 P OP 
 
 CO 
 
 cS 
 
 a 
 
 a; r :^ 
 
 g-C 
 
 O c3 
 
 CO 
 
 b-< 
 
 03 03 
 
 PiP- 
 
 s s 
 
 cS ci 
 
 PP 
 
 (-1 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Pi 
 
 I 
 
 P 
 
 CO 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 03 
 
 Pi 
 
 O . 
 
 CO 
 
 ^ 03 
 
 G Pi O 
 
 aSS 
 
 O c3 W 
 
 P 
 
 d 
 
 ® 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 k.< 
 
 ® 
 
 a 
 
 g 
 
 S 
 
 P 
 
 tx 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 c3 
 
 ® 
 
 p 
 
 ® o 
 ^ d 
 Co - 4 ^ 
 
 p “ 
 
 u 
 
 d 
 
 ® 
 
 ® 
 
 P 
 
 I-, d 
 
 P 
 
 00 
 
 ■ *o 
 
 lo ! ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oo 
 
 ! to lo 
 
 • • :0 
 
 00 i 
 
 
 
 1 - 
 
 
 to . . 
 
 to . 
 
 
 
 
 
 UO 05 
 
 • 00 00 
 
 » • 
 
 t>. . . 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 1— i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (M 
 
 lO • 
 
 I lO 
 
 • to 
 
 lO 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 I ! 
 
 
 O CM 
 
 s 
 
 
 t>. • 
 
 . 00 
 
 « Tt1 
 
 Oi 
 
 
 05 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 • cb • 
 
 
 O C5 
 
 d 
 
 
 • 1-H 
 
 » 1^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 1 
 
 . o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . uo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •iT • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !• ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 d • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o C 
 (-, ® 
 c3 d 
 ® o 
 p- 
 
 c3 
 
 d 
 
 ii 
 
 d 
 
 P 
 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 •■o 
 
 d 
 ® 
 a 
 
 "O o 
 
 03 V 
 
 ^ CO Q, 03 w 
 
 Q Pi ^ 
 
 Pi 
 
 S P^ 
 
 o 
 
 b 03 
 
 S CO 
 
 pi 
 
 CO ^ 
 
 S-i ^ C 
 
 § d C3 
 
 CO 
 
 03 G 03 03 
 
 w ^ .1— w w 03 • 
 
 a— a a a g a o 
 
 a 
 
 G ' 
 
 tc 
 
 
 
 03 i 
 
 g 
 
 ® 
 
 G 
 
 Pi • 
 
 
 ad 
 
 03 
 
 O • 
 
 G 
 
 o •- 
 
 G- 
 
 w * 
 
 G 
 
 . E« m 
 
 O 
 
 S od; d „ — 
 
 P O CO P P ^ P 
 
 PQ<QQ Q 
 
 d'^ S 
 
 • fc- u 
 
 T: 03^ 03 
 03 G. -2 C- 
 
 iCOGOcOQ » 0 'O 00 Ci O l^t^O 
 
 ilOCOr-HlO lO^TTO i— «C^C^ 
 
 Q ci 
 
 ^ <N 
 
 o 
 
 (>i 4' ih 
 
 aS d £ 
 
 OT d c3 d 
 
 CO*^ CG 
 CM CC 1-H 
 
 lO CM Oi 
 CM *-( O 
 
 4, 
 
 CM 1 
 
 I 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 d 
 
 >» 
 
 03 
 
 • • «•••« (III • l•l«(••• •«! 
 *• '•••• lit* * *«• 
 *• ••••« ••*• • (t* 
 ** *•*•« !•«• f II. 
 ** •••»« •••■ • •••«•«•• •• 
 
 03 ! 03 
 
 P 
 
 d 
 
 OO ooooo oooo O OOOOOOOO oos 
 
 = s == 
 
 P 
 
 g 
 
 !d 
 
 P 
 
 dd ddddd dddd d dddddddd dd 3 
 
 • • ••••I 
 
 •• »•«•• t<*( • •«•••••• •• ^ 
 
 iti 
 
 szpx: 
 
 PPP 
 
 c 
 
 o p 
 
 Pi 
 
 10:0 r^oooo— < 
 
 ?3 ?3 CM ?3 ?3 ^ CM 
 
 C^l CO O 
 CM C<l CM 
 CM CM 2 m CM 
 
 o 
 
 r^ocosO—'CMco’^ 
 
 CMCMC^JCOCOCOCOCO 
 
 CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 
 
 
 : C3 O 
 . j CO 
 CM CM CM 
 
 a Several. b Various lengths. ^ Upper rear boiler. 
 
Table 20 . — Details of observations at plants with hand-fired furnaces under water-tube and Scotch marine boilers — Continued. 
 
 HAND-FIRED FURNACES. 
 
 115 
 
 s 
 
 (D 
 
 o 
 
 0) 
 
 ^ S'E 
 
 ■ 5 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 CO a; 
 
 o 3 
 
 CO 
 
 . 'O 
 
 w 3 *r' 
 
 H 
 
 w .2'^ 
 tn a> 
 0 "S OT Oh 
 
 o S 2 
 'S -2 ‘2 
 
 n-2 > 
 
 ^ ^ O C 
 D,c3 ^ s- 
 0^ 0) ^ 
 q; w ri «*-* 
 
 Ox; 
 
 o 
 
 . 
 
 0*4^ (T) . 
 
 O w ^ (/} 
 
 I +J c/3 • 
 
 G fe'O 
 2 ® 2 2 
 
 ’ c ^'2 
 
 S O 1 IZI 
 
 2 (M 2: w) 
 
 o 5S 2 
 i c/> ^ 'C! 
 
 go Mc 3 
 
 2 c! C “ 
 
 be 2 
 C O 
 '02 
 
 c3 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 Cotr°?/_h±!b?cn °b/ 
 
 .2 .2 G 2 -i/: 
 
 CO 
 
 G 
 
 o 
 
 G 
 
 — O >2 
 
 o3 e3 O) c/3 
 
 .G 
 
 o 
 
 _G 
 
 C) 
 
 O X 
 
 OJ 
 
 CO .„ 
 c- G 
 
 SMS 
 o3 O Q • 
 QJ c*— IxJ 
 G d3 
 
 CO CO CO 
 
 G.lil ^2 
 <bi O G O 
 
 ■2 ij CO 
 
 H*0!® 
 
 c3G e 
 
 0) -M ^ 
 
 S 'O ic W) ^ CO • 
 
 ^ 2 ? UJU_„ 
 
 ^ Ch 
 
 QD ^ 1^ 
 
 G 2 ^ 
 
 c W ^ 2 
 
 _ G 
 
 2 2‘S 
 
 . ,2 o, 
 -■"gg“^§ 
 mJ° 03 .G CO ^ 
 
 ^o- 2?’2 
 
 IZ [> >-H 
 
 bX)*c3 
 
 C O'^ 
 
 O t- X 
 
 c3 
 
 ^ *-i2 
 
 tXi O 
 
 C^cg 
 « 2 
 
 ^ CO 
 
 0) 
 
 bt6^.2 
 
 cQ 
 
 G 
 
 
 i o S 2 
 
 2 S = 
 o 
 
 b£c^ 
 
 tH 
 
 P'2 
 G 
 
 G 2 
 
 CO 
 
 IH o 
 
 QJ C3 
 
 C3 rG r*3 
 
 ..j h* 
 
 O 
 
 .G P 
 
 . ocG 
 
 CO C G fl. 
 
 .. O G g . 
 C ’-*2 +j ci g 
 O G o3 C 
 
 P G - 2 
 
 .22 p..So:.P 
 
 'V • 
 
 C3 . 
 
 ' C3 
 
 n-( ? O 
 
 ^ ^ G 
 
 o ^ ^ O) O) o 
 
 c =3 .i:r w 
 
 !i3 ^ S 5 
 
 CO CO <D ^ j-> 
 
 p| 25 G “ 2 ^ - 
 
 2 A'S §G- 2 “ 
 o . 'S .. G ^ 2 
 G bcS _0 C .2 
 O G'^'PP’-T^ 
 
 C3‘g O Oo""*M 
 
 GG 5 beS g, 
 
 X! H Q 
 
 C3 2 
 
 G 
 
 C3 
 
 I 2 G 
 
 geS 
 
 ■p o ® 
 
 G 4J o 
 P G'^TS'eS 
 
 25— 2 G 
 
 Eg c3 g 5 
 
 o (H QD .is 
 
 p &> 
 
 G o >-' 
 
 §G- 
 gG.S 
 
 »s o;> 
 
 O •^'OO 
 
 ^gIo| 
 GG gQ 
 
 G 3 P 
 
 cScN® 
 
 G ^ ^' 35 'E 2.2 .. 
 
 5 |‘ 3 | 8 p.s^ 5 g- 
 
 »f-i ^ C 3 fH 
 
 ^. • M Ci W p be w-- I 
 
 fS ^ ‘o c3 . ^ O 
 
 G ^ ^ 2 G K be^ G ^ 
 
 ■t? G o 2 CO - 
 
 be 2 o G " 
 
 >2 
 
 ^ CO CO CO 
 
 
 - fc- ' 
 it 0) O 
 
 O) 
 be-^ 
 o; O 
 
 •7i S 
 
 J 3 o ^ 
 
 .- -i; 
 
 .2G-g-3g« 
 c 2 — -x: > P 
 G r- 22 e. .o 
 
 CCcCG—cS,- 
 
 o o beO fl;-^ 
 
 .E •" -G - g 
 
 c3 m9 G O P 
 
 ^ .2 2 -g G 
 Q T3 C3 C (D ft 
 ego O'THo 
 
 •'■' 5 M V/i G 
 
 ^ G . 'S G G 
 be^g- a 
 >1 G — +? P G 
 XJ-G-a^-go 
 
 « OJ G ^ 
 a? 73 If o 
 
 G P -CO G .2 22 
 
 t- I- CO — a G 
 G G c3 2 c3 
 
 ^ P'0 
 
 o .o 5 P 5 o a P 5 
 
 G « a 
 g p o 
 > " 2 
 ^ *20 
 be.o +j 
 
 G 42 G 
 
 G— C3G 
 
 O t> •— ' 
 OJ C ^ 
 -tJ 03 G 
 a; G CO *-' 
 
 ® pJ-P 2 
 
 4J O — 
 G (-1 G 
 G c 3 G 2 
 
 '- ■ cjX£ a 
 
 *-■ o o 
 
 G 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 'cn. 
 
 ! o 
 
 ; "o '-' • 
 
 ' G G CO 
 
 : — ^ be 
 
 G G.S 
 
 : o j^G 
 
 ;a 5 'G 
 
 > ' 4^ ^ 
 
 ^ S-« tn 
 
 O 
 
 G wg 
 
 og-” 
 
 ° ago p- ^ 
 
 g55 p. 
 
 G 
 
 a5 
 
 03 G _ 
 ^ CO . 
 
 p-2 5^0 o 
 
 o o a Jr; o o 
 
 CO ^ ^3 /'I') 
 
 — /-N'-aj e ►^co ^ 
 
 O 3 is ^ t_, ” ^ ^ ft 2 ^ rig (—• 
 
 '^«*-i« 4 -<oc 3 a 3 ^ 0 -La^ 
 
 GoOogGua|gO^*OoOG« 3 -P 
 
 CO p 
 0^ Jm 
 
 a-p 
 
 G 
 
 G - 
 
 CO . 
 
 
 CO O) 
 
 .2 0 
 
 £ g" p £ 'P M u, o — 2 i 
 
 2 G’-’^G_^g-SUG 8 gg-J^ 2 - 
 
 -a^^Pg 5 T’Soo^&i 2 '”G 
 •gG o o go G o g 
 
 .. O 
 
 >-' G 
 
 O g P 
 I- I O 
 
 O 4.4> 
 
 O ’ 
 
 G>>aGGG^c "g .GPo'—r/^ 
 G^ P ?.g 5 E G 5f O P G a- 
 
 G o P 
 
 O P G 
 ■Jo - ^ ' 
 
 ■a o -s 
 
 mG o, 
 G 
 
 a beo 
 a ■'f 
 
 CO .— 
 
 --5 p 
 
 _ G 03 
 
 S G;^ 
 
 cd CO 
 
 d^i 2 ' 
 
 e 
 
 o> 
 
 o 
 
 Ui 
 
 o» 
 
 ft 
 
 lO 
 
 o 
 
 ; <34 
 
 gg'p 
 
 O C3 
 
 G-P"^^ 
 
 ogop'§g 5 S. 2 p.Spp£x:SgP°. 
 g 3 'a ’+3 P -P P g g K G .S 5 G ^ +2 'm >2 ■ 
 DD 3 3! 
 
 O 
 
 P- 
 
 CO 73 
 
 o 
 
 t7 ^ 
 
 g'P . 
 
 ft CO ^ 
 
 a p S 
 
 o 3 ' 
 
 03 5 
 
 Area 
 
 (square 
 
 feet). 
 
 1 
 
 12. 56 
 14.7 
 
 
 
 ■*^ 
 
 
 a; 
 
 
 <v 
 
 
 
 e ■ e 
 
 ID 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 CO CO 
 
 (N 
 
 o 
 
 lO 
 
 . o 
 
 rfi 
 
 
 oo . 
 
 N 
 
 N 
 
 r— 1 
 
 
 C5 
 
 »o 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 CO 
 
 73 
 
 c e 
 
 o3 
 
 o) 
 
 ~ 
 
 <1^ re CO 
 
 o 
 
 e ^ <11 — 
 
 
 0^ 
 
 lO 
 
 <N 
 
 CO O CO 
 
 W G C3 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 lO 
 
 e 
 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 lO 00 
 
 O 
 
 lO 
 
 (N 
 
 
 , ^ 
 
 ,*o 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO o 
 
 O 
 
 lO 
 
 lO 
 
 o 
 
 Ileighi 
 
 (feet). 
 
 rH 
 
 (N 
 
 
 
 IN T-H 
 
 
 (N 
 
 1 -H 
 
 CO 
 
 e: 
 
 o 
 
 o) 
 
 .N ^ 
 
 
 
 o; 
 
 q; 
 
 tM 
 
 <D 
 
 
 hing 
 
 ■4-^ 
 
 c 3 
 
 a; 
 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 U4 
 
 c 3 
 
 4^ 
 
 *o 
 
 D 
 
 O 
 
 C 3 
 
 4-^ 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 c 3 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 Sh 
 
 O' 
 
 
 c 3 
 
 
 c 3 
 
 c 3 
 
 o 
 
 u, 
 
 a 
 
 0 ) 
 
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116 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTIOX OF COAL. 
 
HAND-FIRED FURNACES. 
 
 117 
 
 Plants with return tubular boilers . — The size of the 44 plants having 
 hand-fired furnaces under return tubular boilers varied widely, the 
 smallest being 50 horsepower and the largest 1,000 horsepower. At 
 45 per cent of these plants run-of-mine, egg, or lump coal was burned. 
 The cost of coal at 31 plants averaged $2.49 per ton, ranging from 
 $1.60 to $4.10. Uniform loads were carried by 34 plants and varied 
 loads by 10. On the average 90 per cent of the rated boiler horse- 
 power (boiler rated on 10 square feet of heating surface per horse- 
 power) was developed on mean heavy load. The furnaces in use at 
 the different plants included 10 types, as follows: 
 
 Furnaces used at plants with hand- fired furnaces under return tubular boilers. 
 
 Number of 
 plants. 
 
 Dorrance (with Dutch oven) 1 
 
 Down-draft 10 
 
 McMillan 5 
 
 Twin arch 1 
 
 Wooley 1 
 
 Burke (western, with Dutch oven) 2 
 
 Burke (eastern) 1 
 
 Plain 21 
 
 Cornell economizer 1 
 
 Puddington 1 
 
 Of these furnaces, 20 had steam-jet attachments. Eleven were 
 equipped with either rocking or dumping grates. At 33 plants either 
 the spreading or the alternate method of firing was used; 5 plants 
 used the coking method. 
 
 The average length of travel of the gases to the tube heating sur- 
 face and the height of the combustion chamber are indicated by the 
 following figures: 
 
 Average distance from grates to tube heating surface, 44 plants, 16.6 feet; shortest, 
 13 feet; longest, 24 feet. Average least distance from grates to tube heating surface, 
 44 plants. 14.2 feet; shortest, 11 feet; longest, 22 feet. Average vertical distance 
 from grates to shell, 31 plants, 2.3 feet; shortest, 1.5 feet; longest, 5 feet. Average 
 ratio of heating surface to grate surface, 44 plants, 45 to 1; lowest, 26 to 1; highest, 
 67 to 1. 
 
 The draft readings taken at these plants may be summarized as 
 follows: 
 
 Average furnace draft, 39 plants, 0.23 inch of water; range, 0.03 to 0.55 inch. 
 Average draft at front tube sheet, 15 plants, 0.41 inch; range, 0.27 to 0.68 inch. 
 Average draft in breeching, 25 plants, 0.51 inch; range, 0.22 to 1.42 inches. Average 
 draft at base of stack, 16 plants, 0.66 inch; range, 0.35 to 1.10 inches. 
 
 The following approximate draft averages were deduced from the above: Furnace, 
 0.25 inch of water; front tube sheet, 0.40 inch; breeching 0.50 inch; base of stack, 
 0.70 inch. Approximate average drop through the boiler, 0.15 inch. 
 
 For convenience the furnaces and devices in use at these plants are 
 discussed in three groups — down-draft furnaces, steam jets, and mis- 
 cellaneous furnaces and devices. 
 
118 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 The essential features of the down-draft furnace are described in 
 the account of hand-fired furnaces under water-tube boilers. Its set- 
 ting and operation at the 10 return tubular boiler plants where it 
 was found in use are taken up here. All the down-draft furnaces at 
 these plants were set under units of 150 horsepower or less, and none 
 were set in a Dutch oven. Nine of the plants carried a uniform load. 
 At 4 of the plants the coal fired was run-of-mine, nut, or egg. The 
 average cost of coal at 6 of them was $2.68 per ton. At all 10 plants 
 firing was by the spreading method. The kinds of coal burned and 
 the average depth of fire carried were as follows: 
 
 Table 21. — Kind of coal and depth of fire at plants with down-draft furnaces under return 
 
 tubular boilers. 
 
 Kind of coal burned. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 plants. 
 
 Average 
 depth 
 of fire. 
 
 Kind of coal burned. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 plants. 
 
 Average 
 depth 
 of fire. 
 
 Illinois 
 
 1 
 
 Inches. 
 
 7 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 2 
 
 Inches. 
 
 10 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 4 
 
 8.5 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 Ohio 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 The draft, coal consumption, percentage of rated boiler horsepower 
 developed, distance from grates to tube heating surface, and smoke 
 observations show the following averages: 
 
 Draft through fire, 0.30 inch of water; range, 0.03 to 0.36 inch. 
 
 Coal as received burned per square foot of grade surface per hour, average heavy 
 load, 20 pounds; least, 13.3 pounds; most, 24.4 pounds. 
 
 Percentage of rated boiler horsepower developed, average heavy load (boiler rated 
 on 10 square feet of heating surface per horsepower ), 96; range, 58 to 157. 
 
 Average distance from grates to tube heating surface, 17.1 feet. Least distance 
 from grates to tube heating surface, 14.7 feet. 
 
 Smoke emitted, 5.6 per cent black. 
 
 The plants visited that had steam jets in the furnaces numbered 
 20, one of which is included also in the group with down-draft fur- 
 naces. At all of them the furnaces were run under boiler units of 
 150 horsepower or less. The coal burned came from eight States. At 
 10 plants the size of coal was lump or run-of-mine; the cost ranged 
 from $1.50 to $4.10 per ton, the average being $2.32. Eighteen 
 plants carried fairly uniform loads. Nineteen had furnaces with fiat 
 grates. The kinds of coal and the thicknesses of fire carried are 
 shown below. 
 
 Table 22. — Kind of coal and depth of fire at plants with steam jets in furnaces under 
 
 return tubular boilers. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 plants. 
 
 Average 
 depth 
 of fire. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 N umber 
 of 
 
 plants. 
 
 Average 
 depth 
 of fire. 
 
 Indiana 
 
 
 Inches. 
 
 4.5 
 
 15 
 
 Tenne.ssee 
 
 1 
 
 Inches. 
 
 9 
 
 Marvland 
 
 I 
 
 We.st Virginia ... 
 
 5 
 
 8.5 
 
 Ohio 
 
 3 
 
 G 
 
 Mi.scellaneoiis 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 3 
 
 7.3 
 
 
 
 
Figure 32.— A hand-fired furnace and Scotch marine boiler, elevation 
 
 HAND-FIRED FURNACES 
 
 119 
 
120 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 The draft through the fire, the coal consumption, the furnace set - 
 ting, and the smoke given off were noted at only 20 plants. The 
 average of the measurements were as follows: 
 
 Draft through fire, 0.23 inch of water; range, 0.15 to 0.37 inch. 
 
 Coal as received burned per square foot of grate surface per hour, average heavy 
 load, 17.6 pounds; least, 11.2 pounds; most, 25.3 pounds. 
 
 Percentage of rated boiler horsepower developed, average heavy load (boiler rated 
 on 10 square feet of heating surface per horsepower), 78; range, 46 to 174. 
 
 Average distance from grate to tube heating surface, 15.9 feet. Least distance 
 from grate to tube heating surface, 13.7 feet. Vertical distance, grate to shell, 2.2 feet. 
 
 Smoke emitted. 4.2 per cent black. 
 
 The miscellaneous group includes all the hand-fired furnaces under 
 return tubular boilers not already described. Three of these furnaces 
 with their distinctive features are briefly described below. Three 
 
 others, including the down-draft, are described in the account of 
 hand-fired furnaces under water-tube boilers (pp. 104-106). 
 
 In the first furnace the coal is fired from side hoppers in the fur- 
 nace wall to a combustion chamber, virtually a Dutch oven, having 
 short sloping grates at the sides with a wide rocking grate between 
 them. The furnace is thus practically a hand-fired side-feed stoker. 
 The Dutch oven construction gives a hot combustion chamber and 
 lengthens the travel of the burning gases. An elevation and a cross 
 section of such a furnace placed in front of a Scotch boiler are 
 presented in figures 32 and 33. 
 
 Another furnace having distinctive features intendetl to insure 
 com})lete combustion and prevent smoke is shown on page 121. 
 In this pattern (see fig. 34) the furnace gases pass through circular 
 openings m the bridge wall. Immediately beneath these openings 
 
HAND-FIRED FURNACES. 
 
 121 
 
 are small rectangular holes by which air that comes through a passage 
 in the bridge enters the furnace. The object of this construction is to 
 admit air in such a way that any unconsumed carbon in the gases 
 
 will be brought into contact with the necessary air for burning it 
 without cooling the combustion space. 
 
 Another furnace intended to effect smokeless combustion by special 
 fire-brick piers and arches in the combustion space is shown in fig- 
 ures 35-37 . Its characteristic features are two furnaces, each with 
 
122 ■ SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 Figure 35. — A hand-fired furnace and return tubular boiler, elevation. 
 
HAND-FIRED FURNACES. 
 
 123 
 
 an arch extending the entire length of the grate, virtually making 
 small Dutch ovens ; a wide-arched passage, in which are openings for 
 
 air admission, in the wall back of thegrates ; and another arched passage 
 of greater height back of this. This construction gives a long, irregu- 
 
124 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 lar combustion space, evidently intended to permit thorough mixing 
 of gas and air. Figure 35 is an elevation of the furnace as usually 
 installed under a return tubular boiler; figure 36 is a horizontal 
 plan, and figure 37 a cross section. 
 
 oooooooooa 
 
 oooooooooo 
 
 oooooooooo 
 
 oooooooooo 
 
 AIR INLETS IN BRIDGE WALL 
 
 
 Figuke 37. — A hand-fired furnace and return tubular boiler, cross section. 
 
 The observations on seven different styles of furnaces were averaged 
 to obtain the figures given in the tables below. All of these furnaces 
 were installed under boiler units of 150 horsepower or less. Xine 
 were equipped with either rocking or dumping grates. 
 
 The coals burned and the thicknesses of fire carried at the 15 plants 
 classed as miscellaneous were as follows : 
 
 Table 23 . — ICind of coal and depth of fire at plants with miscellaneous hand-fired fur- 
 naces under return tubular boilers. 
 
 Number 
 of plants. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Average 
 depth of 
 nre. 
 
 8 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Inches. 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 Indiana 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Fennsvlvania 
 
 
 4 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 7. 7 
 
HAND-FIRED FURNACES. 
 
 125 
 
 The average draft through the fire and the average coal consum]i- 
 tion were as follows: 
 
 Table 24. — Average draft and coal consumption at plants with miscellaneous hand- 
 
 fired furnaces under return tubular boilers. 
 
 Kind of furnace. 
 
 N umber 
 of 
 
 furnaces. 
 
 Furnace 
 
 draft. 
 
 Coal as 
 received 
 burned per 
 square foot 
 of grate 
 surface 
 per hour, 
 average 
 heavy load. 
 
 
 
 Inch of 
 
 
 
 
 water. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 McMillan 
 
 5 
 
 0. 14 
 
 22 
 
 Dorrance 
 
 1 
 
 .23 
 
 47 
 
 Twin arch 
 
 1 
 
 .27 
 
 
 Wooley 
 
 1 
 
 .21 
 
 If) 
 
 Burke 
 
 2 
 
 .11 
 
 18 
 
 Puddington 
 
 i 
 
 . 12 
 
 13.2 
 
 Plain 
 
 4 
 
 .28 
 
 14.6 
 
 The averages of various items are as follows: 
 
 Coal as received burned per square feet of grate per hour, average heavy load, 
 21.8 pounds. 
 
 Percentage rated boiler horsepower developed, averaged heavy load (boiler rated 
 on 10 square feet of heating surface per horsepower), 91.7; lowest, 53; highest, 184. 
 
 Average distance from grate to tube heating surface, 16.3 feet. Least distance 
 from grate to tube heating surface, 14.1 feet. Vertical distance, grate to shell or 
 arch, 2.1 feet. 
 
 Smoke, 6 per cent black. 
 
 Details of the observations at all the plants with hand-fired fur- 
 naces under return tubular boilers are given in Table 25. 
 
Table 25. — Details of observations at plants with hand-fired furnaces under return tubular boilers. 
 
 126 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 
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 127 
 
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Table 25. — Details of observations at plants with hand-fired furnaces under return tubular boilers — Continued. 
 
 128 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
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 HAND-FIEED FUKI^ACES. 
 
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Table 25. — Details of observations at plants luith hand-fired furnaces under return tubular boilers — Continued. 
 
 130 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
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 HAND-FIRED FURNACES. 
 
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Table 25 . — Details of observations at plants with hand-fired furnaces under return tubular boilers — ('oiuiiiii- d. 
 
 132 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
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 134 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
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Priails (>f ()t)srrv(ili()iifi at j>lanl.s with hand-Jircdfariiarcs uiidcr rvtani tabular boilers — ('oiil iiiiied. 
 
 
 138 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTIOX ‘ OF COAL. 
 
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OBSERVATIONS AT SURVEY FUEL-TESTING PLANTS. 
 
 139 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 The remarks in Tables 20 and 25 show that in many of the hand- 
 fii’ed furnaces an attempt was made to lengthen the travel of the gases 
 from the grates to the heating surface. The design of some furnaces 
 showed recognition of the value of mixing the air and the gases, and 
 arches, retorts, piers, or steam jets were used to accomplish this end. 
 Where steam jets were used they were usually installed so as to be 
 automatically thrown in and out of service. 
 
 The regulation of air admission was accomplished at some plants 
 by cracking the furnace door after firing, at others b}- taking air 
 through the dead plates or through openings in patent furnace doors. 
 These openings in the dead plates and furnace doors were usually 
 automatic with the opening of the doors and were slowly closed by a 
 weight and dash pot. This arrangement allowed the most air to 
 enter the furnace at the required time. 
 
 All hand-fired furnaces which will burn coal without objectionable 
 smoke approach the theory of the mechanical stoker, but owing to 
 the variability introduced by the personal element, they can not under 
 average conditions give as good results. 
 
 SMOKE OBSERVATIONS AT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 FUEL-TESTING PLANTS. 
 
 TESTS AT NORFOLK, VA. 
 
 The boiler plant at Norfolk was equipped with two furnaces — one 
 fired by hand, the other by a mechanical stoker. The hand-fired 
 furnace had plain grates and mixing structures in the combustion 
 chamber. The mechanical stoker was of the underfeed type. Figure 
 38 shows the elevation and plan of the boiler setting; figure 39 gives 
 a cross section of the setting and the plan of the bridge wall. All of 
 the coal used in the tests was of the same general grade ; it coked and 
 was low in volatile matter. An expert fireman was employed. Each 
 test lasted about eight hours. 
 
 IIAND-FIRED TESTS. 
 
 The hand-fired furnace was set under a Heine boiler which had 
 C tile on the lowest row of tubes. The tile-roof furnace thus formed, 
 in combination with the mixing structures, proved to be a good 
 design for burning coal low in volatile matter. With this boiler six 
 tests were made, a number too small to permit the drawing of any 
 very definite conclusions. The plant developed from 78 to 155 per 
 cent of the builder’s rated capacity and made very little smoke; on 
 no test did the smoke average 10 per cent black. The boiler efficiency 
 on the six tests averaged 66.90 per cent, varying from 65 to 69. The 
 dry coal burned per square foot of grate per hour ranged from 13.7 to 
 27.6 pounds. 
 
Sheet iron casing 
 
 140 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 The tests showed that tlie percentage of volatile matter in the 
 combustible is an element always to he considered. Even v ith 
 
 small variations tin' p('rcentage of (‘Hiciency follows it closely. High 
 volatile matt(‘r giv(*s low (‘(licic'ncy, and vice versa. 
 
OBSERVATIONS AT SURVEY FUEL-TESTING PLANTS. 
 
 141 
 
 The highest efficiency was obtained when the plant was run at low 
 capacity. The most carbon monoxide was found in the flue gas and 
 the greatest unaccounted for loss in 
 the heat balance when the ])lant was 
 run at high capacity, showing that 
 forcing the furnace decreased the effi- 
 ciency. The smoke determinal ions do 
 not seem to harmonize with some of 
 the expected relations ; but these read- 
 ings A^ary a great deal and are not as 
 reliable as some of the other items. In 
 determining efficiency it must not be 
 OA^erlooked that incomplete combus- 
 tion is not the only V8.rying elemenl. 
 
 In all six tests the percentage of black 
 smoke was so small that a variation in 
 
 temperature could make tlie smoke determination {ind the efficiency 
 noncomparable. 
 
142 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 Five tables compiled from the data collected during these tests are 
 given below: 
 
 Table 26. — Results of hand-fired smoke tests at Norfolk, Va., on basis of boiler efiiciency 
 
 72 *. 
 
 Efficiency 
 72* (per 
 cent). a 
 
 Black 
 smoke (per 
 cent). 
 
 Combus- 
 tion-cham- 
 ber tem- 
 perature 
 (°F.). 
 
 Volatile 
 matter in 
 combus- 
 tible (per 
 (cent). 
 
 Percentage 
 of builder’s 
 rated ca^ 
 pacity 
 developed. 
 
 CO 2 in flue 
 gas (per 
 cent). 
 
 64.91 
 
 5. 5 
 
 2,192 
 
 20.36 
 
 81.0 
 
 6.26 
 
 64. 93 
 
 6.2 
 
 2,. 523 
 
 19.31 
 
 129.5 
 
 
 66.29 
 
 5.6 
 
 2,442 
 
 19. 97 
 
 154. 8 
 
 6.73 
 
 6 / . 69 
 
 8.2 
 
 2,678 
 
 17. 05 
 
 102.2 
 
 10. 93 
 
 68. 61 
 
 8.6 
 
 2,264 
 
 16.78 
 
 78.3 
 
 6.96 
 
 68 . 94 
 
 8.4 
 
 2,016 
 
 16.48 
 
 80.6 
 
 7.04 
 
 a p:fTiciency 72* figured from pounds of combustible ascending from the grate, the ash being determined 
 by analysis of the dry coal. 
 
 Table 27. — Results of hand-fired smoke tests at Norfolk, Ya., on basis of unaccounted 
 
 for loss in heat balance. 
 
 Unac- 
 counted 
 for (per 
 cent). 
 
 CO 2 in flue 
 gas (per 
 cent). 
 
 CO in flue 
 gas (per 
 cent). 
 
 Percentage 
 of build- 
 er’s rated 
 capacity 
 developed. 
 
 Loss up 
 stack (per 
 cent). 
 
 Black 
 smoke (per 
 cent). 
 
 5.02 
 
 6.73 
 
 0 
 
 154.8 
 
 23.67 
 
 .5.6 
 
 9. 42 
 
 7.04 
 
 0 
 
 80.6 
 
 18.14 
 
 8.4 
 
 9.86 
 
 6.26 
 
 0 
 
 81.0 
 
 21.51 
 
 5. 5 
 
 11.02 
 
 6.96 
 
 .06 
 
 78.3 
 
 16. 43 
 
 8.6 
 
 13.05 
 
 10.93 
 
 .09 
 
 102.2 
 
 14.97 
 
 8.2 
 
 Table 28. — Results of hand-fired smoke tests at Norfolk, Va., on basis of black smoke. 
 
 Black 
 smoke (per 
 cent). 
 
 Combus- 
 tion-cham- 
 ber temper- 
 ature (° F.). 
 
 Efficiencj' 
 72* (per 
 cent). 
 
 Volatile 
 matter in 
 combusti- 
 ble (per 
 cent). 
 
 Percentage 
 of builder’s 
 rated ca- 
 pacity de- 
 veloped. 
 
 CO 2 in flue 
 gas (per 
 cent). 
 
 5. 5 
 
 2,192 
 
 64. 91 
 
 20. 36 
 
 81.0 
 
 6. 26 
 
 5 . 6 
 
 2,442 
 
 (>li. 29 
 
 19.97 ■ 
 
 1,54 . 8 
 
 6 . 73 
 
 6.2 
 
 2. .523 
 
 <)4. 93 
 
 19. 31 
 
 129. 5 
 
 
 8.2 
 
 2,678 
 
 67. <)9 
 
 17. 05 
 
 102.2 
 
 10. 93 
 
 8.4 
 
 2,016 
 
 (•> 8 . 94 
 
 16. 48 
 
 80.6 
 
 7. 04 
 
 8.6 
 
 2, 264 
 
 68. 61 
 
 16. 78 
 
 78.3 
 
 6 . 96 
 
 Table 29. — Results of hand-fired smoke tests at Norfolk, T7/., on basis oj combustion- 
 
 chamber temperature. 
 
 Combustion- 
 chamber tem- 
 perature (° F.). 
 
 Efficiency 72* 
 (per cent). 
 
 Percentage of 
 builder’s rated 
 capacity de- 
 veloped. 
 
 Black smoke 
 (per cent). 
 
 2,016 
 
 C 18 . 94 
 
 80.6 
 
 8.4 
 
 2,192 
 
 64. 91 
 
 81.0 
 
 5. 5 1 
 
 2, 264 
 
 («. 61 
 
 78. 3 
 
 8.6 1 
 
 ' 2. 442 
 
 66 . 29 
 
 1.54. 8 
 
 5 . 6 1 
 
 I 2. 523 
 
 64. 93 
 
 129.5 
 
 6.2 ! 
 
 2,678 
 
 67. C.9 
 
 102.2 
 
 8.2 ' 
 
 1 
 
OBSEEVATIONS AT SURVEY FUEL-TESTING PLANTS. 
 
 143 
 
 Table 30. — Results oj hand-Jired smoke tests at Norfolk, Va., on basis oj CO 2 in fine gas. 
 
 C 02 in flue 
 gas (per 
 cent). 
 
 Combus- 
 tion-cham- 
 ber temper- 
 ature (° F.). 
 
 Efficiency 
 72* (per 
 cent). 
 
 Volatile 
 matter in 
 combusti- 
 ble (per 
 cent). 
 
 Black 
 smoke (per 
 cent). 
 
 Pounds of 
 air per 
 pound of 
 coml)Usti- 
 ble. 
 
 6. 26 
 
 2,192 
 
 64. 91 
 
 20. 36 
 
 5.5 
 
 34. 96 
 
 6. 73 
 
 2,442 
 
 6(). 29 
 
 19. 97 
 
 5.6 
 
 32. 74 
 
 6. 96 
 
 2,264 
 
 68. 61 
 
 16. 78 
 
 8.6 
 
 31.81 
 
 7. 04 
 
 2,016 
 
 ()8. 94 
 
 16. 48 
 
 8.4 
 
 31.74 
 
 10. 93 
 
 2, 678 
 
 67. 69 
 
 17. 05 
 
 8.2 
 
 20. (i4 
 
 TESTS WITH MECHANICAL STOKER. 
 
 At the same plant 2Z tests wei*e made with an underfeed stoker 
 under a Heine boiler. The boiler was baffled so as to form a tile- 
 roofed furnace. It contained 2,031 square feet of heating surface 
 and was rated by its builders at 210 horsepower. The boiler efficiency 
 72* averaged 67.4 per cent and varied from 61.83 to 73.71 per cent. 
 On arranging the test data and calculated results on the basis of effi- 
 ciency it was shown that there was no general relation between effi- 
 ciency and any other item. The combustion on all the tests was 
 nearly perfect, the highest average percentage of black smoke being 
 5.3. The percentage of rated capacity developed ranged from 53.8 
 to 175. The average percentage of COg in the flue gases ranged from 
 5.97 to 11.61. The average combustion-chamber temperatures varied 
 between 1,792° and 2,575° F. 
 
 The results of these tests are shown in Table 31 on the basis of black 
 smoke observed, and in Table 32 on the basis of dry coal burned per 
 hour. 
 
 Table 31. — Results oj smoke tests with underfeed stoker at Norfolk, Va., on basis of black 
 
 smoke. 
 
 Black 
 smoke (per 
 cent). 
 
 CO 2 in flue 
 gas (per 
 cent.) 
 
 CO in flue 
 gas (per 
 cent). 
 
 Percentage 
 of builder’s 
 rated capac- 
 ity devel- 
 oped. 
 
 Coml>us- 
 tion-cham- 
 ber tem- 
 perature 
 (° F.). 
 
 0 
 
 6. 81 
 
 0 
 
 54.8 
 
 1,792 
 
 0 
 
 9. 01 
 
 0 
 
 74.8 
 
 1,978 
 
 0 
 
 7. 38 
 
 0 
 
 70.7 
 
 2,014 
 
 .5 
 
 7.88 
 
 0 
 
 75.8 
 
 2,192 
 
 .8 
 
 7. 99 
 
 0 
 
 57.7 
 
 1,920 
 
 .8 
 
 8.58 
 
 0 
 
 93.0 
 
 2,070 
 
 .9 
 
 10. 00 
 
 0 
 
 94.9 
 
 2, 196 
 
 1.0 
 
 5. 97 
 
 0 
 
 83. 1 
 
 2, 136 
 
 1.1 
 
 7. 66 
 
 0 
 
 58.9 
 
 2,053 
 
 1. 1 
 
 9.58 
 
 0 
 
 7.3.5 
 
 2, 133 
 
 1.2 
 
 9.58 
 
 0 
 
 71.4 
 
 2,003 
 
 1.3 
 
 7. 55 
 
 0 
 
 131.5 
 
 2,381 
 
 1.8 
 
 8. 76 
 
 0 
 
 124.7 
 
 2,311 
 
 1.9 
 
 7. 62 
 
 0 
 
 56.4 
 
 2,016 
 
 2.0 
 
 9. 61 
 
 .05 
 
 106. 3 
 
 2,205 
 
 2.2 
 
 8.58 
 
 .06 
 
 105. 0 
 
 2,192 
 
 2.2 
 
 10. 74 
 
 .04 
 
 126. 0 
 
 2,352 
 
 2.3 
 
 6. 85 
 
 . 10 
 
 124. 0 
 
 2,296 
 
 3.4 
 
 9. 49 
 
 .04 
 
 91.9 
 
 2, 336 
 
 3.9 
 
 10. 74 
 
 .03 
 
 115.3 
 
 2,298 
 
 3.9 
 
 11.61 
 
 . 11 
 
 175. 0 
 
 2, 575 
 
 5.3 
 
 11.25 
 
 . 16 
 
 127.9 
 
 2,347 
 
144 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 Table 82 . — Results oj smoke tests with underjeed stoker at Norfolk, Va., on basis of dry 
 
 coal burned per hour. 
 
 Dry coal 
 burned 
 per hour 
 (pounds). 
 
 Black 
 
 smoke 
 
 (per 
 
 cent). 
 
 Ethcien- 
 cy 72* 
 (per 
 cent). 
 
 CO 2 in 
 flue gas 
 (per 
 cent). 
 
 CO in 
 flue gas 
 (per 
 cent). 
 
 Combus- 
 tion- 
 chamber 
 temper- 
 ature 
 (° F.). 
 
 376 
 
 0 
 
 69.58 
 
 6. 81 
 
 0 
 
 1,792 
 
 396 
 
 .08 
 
 67.60 
 
 7. 99 
 
 0 
 
 1,920 
 
 414 
 
 1.1 
 
 6(). 52 
 
 7. 66 
 
 0 
 
 2,053 
 
 421 
 
 1.9 
 
 65. 04 
 
 7. 62 
 
 0 
 
 2,016 
 
 4t)9 
 
 1.1 
 
 73.71 
 
 9.58 
 
 0 
 
 2, 1.33 
 
 482 
 
 1.2 
 
 68. <)2 
 
 9.58 
 
 0 
 
 2,003 
 
 489 
 
 0 
 
 68. 44 
 
 7. 38 
 
 0 
 
 2,014 
 
 497 
 
 0 
 
 70. 01 
 
 9. 01 
 
 0 
 
 1,978 
 
 531 
 
 .5 
 
 66. 62 
 
 7.88 
 
 0. 
 
 2, 192 
 
 570 
 
 1.0 
 
 (58. 47 
 
 5. 97 
 
 0 
 
 2, 136 
 
 636 
 
 .9 
 
 69.41 
 
 10. 00 
 
 0 
 
 2,196 
 
 682 
 
 .8 
 
 (53. 44 
 
 8.58 
 
 0 
 
 2,070 
 
 711 
 
 2.2 
 
 69. 62 
 
 8.58 
 
 .06 
 
 2,192 
 
 735 
 
 3.4 
 
 68.98 
 
 9. 49 
 
 .04 
 
 2, 336 
 
 813 
 
 2.0 
 
 63. 91 
 
 9. 61 
 
 .06 
 
 2,205 
 
 872 
 
 2.2 
 
 68.00 
 
 10. 74 
 
 .04 
 
 2, 352 
 
 879 
 
 3.9 
 
 63. 90 
 
 10. 74 
 
 .03 
 
 2, 2'98 
 
 887 
 
 2.9 
 
 65. 97 
 
 10. 7(5 
 
 0 
 
 
 894 
 
 1.3 
 
 (59. 13 
 
 7. .55 
 
 0 
 
 2, 381 
 
 901 
 
 2.3 
 
 (54. 51 
 
 (5. 8.5 
 
 . 10 
 
 2,29(5 
 
 921 
 
 5.3 
 
 (58. .59 
 
 11.25 
 
 . 16 
 
 2,347 
 
 938 
 
 1.8 
 
 (51.83 
 
 8. 7(5 
 
 0 
 
 2,311 
 
 1,209 
 
 3.9 
 
 68. 11 
 
 11.(51 
 
 . 11 
 
 2, 575 
 
 It will be noted that, as has been pointed out by Breckenridge," 
 a high percentage of CO2 is not necessarily an indication of high econ- 
 omy. IVhen the air supply is reduced, the furnace temperature, 
 CO2, CO, and smoke are all increased after a certain capacity is 
 reached. 
 
 Theoretically, better results should be obtained with only enough 
 air to supply the necessary oxygen, but in practice with most equip- 
 ments there is a limit to the capacity of the furnace for burning the 
 volatile matter in the coal, and the limited supply of air results in 
 incomplete combustion, which more than offsets the effects of high 
 furnace temperature and high COg. 
 
 The following general relations have been deduced from a study of 
 the data collected: lYhen the percentage of black smoke was the 
 highest, the CO2 and the CO in the flue gases, the capacit}", and the 
 combustion-chamber temperature were highest, and vice versa; there 
 was no definite relation with boiler efficiency. This may be taken to 
 mean that a stoker properly installed can be operated under wide 
 variations in capacity with different conditions of operation, and yet 
 run smokelessly and with high efficiency. 
 
 ‘ TESTS AT ST. LOUIS, MO. 
 
 The ])lant at St. Louis had two hand-fired Heine boilers; one fur- 
 nace had a Hat grate, the other a rocking grate. Either natural draft 
 or forced draft siqiplied by a fan could be used. The bottom row of 
 
 o Brc'c ken ridge, L. P., A study of four hundred steaming tests: Bull. U. S. Cteol. Survej' No. 325, 1907. 
 
OBSERVATIONS AT SURVEY FUEL-TESTING PLANTS. 
 
 145 
 
 water tubes in each boiler was incased in tile, forming tile-roof fur- 
 naces. In most of the tests these furnaces contained some sort of 
 structure to mix the air and the gases from the fire, and thus hasten 
 combustion. An expert fireman working under the direction of a 
 competent engineer was employed in all tests. 
 
 The following tables and deductions are compiled from tests 
 made at this plant and supplement the observations in the field and 
 at Norfolk, as they throw light on several points which have hereto- 
 fore been little considered or at least not fully determined. All 
 the tables have a bearing on the problem of smoke prevention and 
 they are presented because they may be of assistance in its solution. 
 
 Table 33 shows the results of six tests made to determine the best 
 method of hand firing a high-volatile Illinois coal, nut size, using 
 natural draft. The proximate analysis of the coal as fired showed 
 the following: Volatile matter, about 36 per cent; ash, about 10 per 
 cent; moisture, about 13 per cent; British thermal units average, 
 10,948. 
 
 Four different methods of firing were used — ribbon (firing alter- 
 nately in narrow strips across the full length of the grate), coking, 
 alternate, and spreading. In every test a reasonably thin fire was 
 carried, from 2 to 3 inches of incandescent fuel above the clinker. 
 When firing by the spreading method three shovelfuls of coal were 
 thrown on the back of the grate and two on the front. When firing 
 by the ribbon method the fire doors were kept cracked. 
 
 The average of tests 500 and 504 was taken as representative of 
 the alternate method of firing. On test 500 the furnace doors were 
 closed tightly after each firing; on test 504 they were kept cracked. 
 This cracking of the furnace doors, while it caused a slight reduction 
 in smoke compared with test 500, proved to be wasteful because the 
 combustion space was not constructed so as to make the excess air 
 of value in hastening combustion. A compromise method, cracking 
 the doors for a short time after firing and then closing them, ought 
 to give as good if not better results for alternate firing than those 
 shown in the table. 
 
 The ribbon method of firing, where the coal was fired most fre- 
 quently with the smallest amount per firing, gave the highest effi- 
 ciency and practically no smoke. The usual spreading method of 
 firing gave the lowest efficiency and caused the most smoke. The 
 results with the alternate and the coking methods showed that one 
 was about as good as the other. 
 
 74897— Bull. 373—09 10 
 
146 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 Table 33. — Results of comparative tests on Illinois coal to determine best method of firing. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 test. 
 
 Kind of 
 draft. 
 
 Method of 
 firing. 
 
 Effi- 
 
 ciency 
 
 72*. 
 
 Black 
 
 smoke. 
 
 Average 
 
 interval 
 
 between 
 
 firings. 
 
 Coal 
 
 per 
 
 firing. 
 
 Per- 
 cent- 
 age of 
 rated 
 capac- 
 ity 
 
 devel- 
 
 oped. 
 
 Observation of stack for 
 one hour. 
 
 
 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 Minutes. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 
 
 503 
 
 Natural. . . 
 
 Ribbon 
 
 62.22 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.3 
 
 50 
 
 106. 7 
 
 Twenty per cent black 
 smoke 15 minutes; clean 
 45 minutes. 
 
 502 
 a 500 
 
 do 
 
 Coking 
 
 ■ 
 
 60. 49 
 
 15.0 
 
 7.4 
 
 140 
 
 95.0 
 
 Twenty per cent black 
 smoke 48 minutes, very 
 seldom as high as 40 per 
 cent; clean 12 minutes. 
 
 One hundred per cent 
 black smoke 4J minutes, 
 80 per cent 4J minutes, 
 60 per cent 3 minutes, 40 
 per cent H minutes, 20 
 
 a 501 
 
 • do 
 
 Alternate . . . 
 
 59. 87 
 
 15.8 
 
 3.5 
 
 70 
 
 106.5 
 
 per cent 6 minutes; clean 
 41 minutes. 
 
 Forty percent black smoke 
 6 minutes, 20 per cent 24 
 minutes; clean 30 min- 
 utes. 
 
 501 
 
 1 
 
 [ 
 
 1 
 
 do 
 
 Spreading . . 
 
 57. 56 
 
 32.0 
 
 9.3 
 
 170 
 
 92.7 
 
 One hundred per cent 
 black smoke 15 minutes, 
 80 per cent 1| minutes, 60 
 per cent 1^ minutes, 40 
 per cent 4-^ minutes, 20 
 per cent 6 minutes; clean 
 32 minutes. 
 
 505 
 
 Forced 
 
 Alternate 
 
 60. 20 
 
 14.9 
 
 3.4 
 
 85 
 
 131.6 
 
 Sixty per cent black smoke 
 4j minutes, 40 per cent 3 
 minutes, 20 per cent 24 
 minutes; clean 29 min- 
 utes. 
 
 a Average. 
 
 Table 34 is instructive because it shows the possibility of utilizing 
 high-ash coals. Although the grate area was too small to obtain the 
 rated capacity of the boiler, steam was produced at a reasonable 
 efficiency. Owing to the distribution of the combustible in the coal 
 as fired and to the low rate of the combustion, no smoke was pro- 
 duced. 
 
 Table 34. — Results of tests on high-ash coals. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 test. 
 
 Pheld designation 
 of fuel. 
 
 Kind of 
 draft. 
 
 Clink- 
 er in 
 refuse. 
 
 Vola- 
 
 tile 
 
 matter 
 
 in 
 
 com- 
 
 busti- 
 
 ble. 
 
 Ash in 
 coal. 
 
 Per- 
 cent- 
 age of 
 rated 
 capac- 
 ity 
 
 devel- 
 
 oped. 
 
 Effi- 
 ciency 
 • 72*. 
 
 Black. 
 
 smoke. 
 
 CO in 
 dry 
 flue 
 gas. 
 
 Mois- 
 ture in 
 coal. 
 
 451 
 
 Argentina No. 1 
 
 Forced.. 
 
 Per ct. 
 60 
 
 Per ct. 
 39. 32 
 
 Per ct. 
 50. 16 
 
 34. 20 
 
 Per ct. 
 51.01 
 
 Per ct. 
 0 
 
 Per ct. 
 0. 15 
 
 Per ct. 
 6. 94 
 
 458 
 
 Argentina No. 1 
 
 do 
 
 48 
 
 34. 41 
 
 31.33 
 
 52.90 
 
 57.82 
 
 0 
 
 .26 
 
 16. 48 
 
 479 
 
 ( washed ) . 
 
 Washer V refuse 
 
 do 
 
 69 
 
 36. 35 
 
 41.82 
 
 72. 60 
 
 57.08 
 
 0 
 
 .40 
 
 10.83 
 
 
 Average 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 36. 69 
 
 41. 10 
 
 53. 23 
 
 55.30 
 
 0 
 
 .27 
 
 11.42 
 
OBSERVATIONS AT SURVEY FUEL-TESTING PLANTS 
 
 147 
 
 Tables 35 and 36 were compiled to show the effect of size of coal 
 on efficiency developed and smoke produced. All coal used in the 
 tests summarized in Table 35 had an average diameter of over 1 inch; 
 that used in the tests summarized in Table 36 had an average diam- 
 eter of less than one-half inch. 
 
 Table 35. — Results of tests with coals having an average diameter oj over 1 inch. 
 
 Field designation of coal. 
 
 No. of 
 test. 
 
 1 
 
 Average 
 diameter 
 of coal 
 
 Effi- 
 
 ciency. 
 
 72*. 
 
 Black 
 
 smoke. 
 
 Percent- 
 age of 
 rated ca- 
 pacity 
 devel- 
 oped. 
 
 Pounds 
 of air per 
 pound of 
 com- 
 bustible. 
 
 Alabama: 
 
 No. 2 B 1 
 
 383 
 
 Inches. 
 1 1. 12 
 
 Per cent. 
 65. 83 
 
 Per cent. 
 30.0 
 
 93.9 
 
 23. 73 
 
 Do 
 
 Illinois: 
 
 No. 19 B 
 
 Do 
 
 No. 22 A 
 
 382 
 
 175 
 
 205 
 
 324 
 
 Do 
 
 No. 24 B 
 
 325 
 
 337 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 25 
 
 338 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do 
 
 No. 26 
 
 339 i 
 341 j 
 
 1.97 
 
 65.13 
 
 19.7 
 
 97.8 
 
 20.33 
 
 Do 
 
 342 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 27 
 
 353 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 28 C 
 
 452 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 29 B 
 
 461 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 34 B 
 
 509 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Indiana: 
 
 No. 13 
 
 432 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 14 
 
 431 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do 
 
 430 
 
 1.27 
 
 66.82 
 
 12.0 
 
 90.3 
 
 20.55 
 
 No. 15 
 
 428 
 
 No. 17 
 
 441 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kentucky: 
 
 No. 5 
 
 276 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 6 
 
 271 
 
 [ M4 
 
 67. 27 
 
 19. 4 
 
 96. 2 
 
 19. 74 
 
 Do 
 
 270 
 
 Ohio: 
 
 No. 4 
 
 254 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 5 
 
 186 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 7 
 
 269 [ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 8 
 
 287 t 
 
 1.29 
 
 66. 20 
 
 25. 1 
 
 99.6 
 
 19. 26 
 
 No. 9 A 
 
 249 1 
 
 No. 10 
 
 469 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 11 
 
 474 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do 
 
 475 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pennsylvania: 
 
 No. 5 •. 
 
 . 
 
 286 
 
 ] 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 5 (washed) 
 
 194 1 
 
 1 1.29 
 
 66. 90 
 
 23.8 
 
 99.6 
 
 19.67 
 
 Do ( 
 
 195 I 
 
 No. 19 
 
 498 ' 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tennessee: 
 
 No. 1 
 
 344 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do 
 
 345 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do 
 
 346 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 2 
 
 369 
 
 1. 58 
 
 
 24. 1 
 
 106. 6 
 
 21.38 
 
 No. 3 
 
 350 
 
 66. 26 
 
 Do 
 
 349 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 4 
 
 356 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 7 A 
 
 372 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Virginia: 
 
 No. 2 
 
 247 
 
 j- 1. 03 
 
 66. 90 
 
 41.4 
 
 9.5.9 
 
 17. 63 
 
 No. 2 (washed) 
 
 260 
 
 West Virginia: 
 
 No. 16 A 
 
 .304 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 21 (washed) 
 
 274 
 
 i 1.20 
 
 68. 59 
 
 12.8 
 
 109. 3 
 
 19. 89 
 
 No. 22 B 
 
 438 
 
 No. 23 A 
 
 439 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wyoming: 
 
 No. 2 B 
 
 196 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do 
 
 213 
 
 i 1.22 
 
 61.72 
 
 18.6 
 
 83 6 
 
 20.61 
 
 No. 3 
 
 212 
 
 Do 
 
 211 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
148 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 Table 36. — Results of tests ivith coals having an average diameter of less than one-half inch. 
 
 Field designation of coal. 
 
 Alabama: 
 
 No. 4 
 
 No. 5 
 
 Do 
 
 Arkansas: 
 
 No. 7 A 
 
 Do 
 
 Illinois: o 
 
 No. 19 A 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Indiana: No. 4 b 
 
 Indian Territory: No. 9 
 
 Maryland: No. 1 
 
 New Mexico: No. 4 B.. 
 Pennsylvania: 
 
 No. 8 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 No. 15 
 
 Do 
 
 No. 16 
 
 No. 17 
 
 Tennessee: No. 9 A 
 
 Virginia: No. 6 
 
 West Virginia: 
 
 No. 13 
 
 No. 17 
 
 No. 19 
 
 Do 
 
 No. 22 A 
 
 Do 
 
 No. of 
 
 Average 
 
 Efficiency 
 
 Black 
 
 Percent- 
 age of 
 rated 
 
 Pounds 
 of air per 
 pound cf 
 combus- 
 tible. 
 
 test. 
 
 diameter. 
 
 72*. 
 
 smoke. 
 
 capacity 
 
 devel- 
 
 oped. 
 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 
 377 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 478 
 
 1 0.39 
 
 67. 25 
 
 8.5 
 
 91. 4 
 
 26. 53 
 
 480 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 293 
 
 294 
 
 } .37 
 
 67. 20 
 
 0 
 
 79.3 
 
 26. 50 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 161 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 163 
 
 .36 
 
 66. 40 
 
 13.5 
 
 90.3 
 
 19. 27 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 171 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 166 
 
 .45 
 
 66. 38 
 
 2.0 
 
 74. 7 
 
 23. 64 
 
 449 
 
 .35 
 
 65. 20 
 
 3.0 
 
 97.0 
 
 23. 77 
 
 222 
 
 .34 
 
 65. 28 
 
 8.2 
 
 80.1 
 
 21. 45 
 
 395 
 
 .39 
 
 65. 12 
 
 18.0 
 
 100.6 
 
 25. 13 
 
 242 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 239 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 238 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 237 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 236 
 
 .36 
 
 66. 87 
 
 3.6 
 
 87.5 
 
 23. 14 
 
 472 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 473 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 471 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 506 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 365 
 
 .44 
 
 64. 24 
 
 12.0 
 
 98.8 
 
 24.93 
 
 507 
 
 .46 
 
 63. 39 
 
 3.0 
 
 101.8 
 
 25.84 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 225 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 289 
 
 285 
 
 .46 
 
 68.93 
 
 9.8 
 
 86.9 
 
 22. 18 
 
 447 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 446 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a Test 129 omitted, no smoke having been recorded, 
 b Tests 164 and 176 omitted, clinker having caused trouble. 
 
 These two tables show that both large and small sizes of coal from 
 the same State were burned. All tests in which owing to some factor, 
 such as trouble with clinker, the air distribution was not due to the 
 size of the coal were omitted in compiling results. Table 37 gives a 
 comparison of the a\^erage results of Tables 35 and 36. It shows that 
 with either large or small coal about the same efficiencv resulted. 
 Unfortunately for direct comparison the large coals burned more 
 readily and produced higher capacities than the small in nearly every 
 test; also with the large coal less air was used per pound of combus- 
 tible. Nearly all the small coals burned with little smoke, while all 
 the larger sizes caused considerable black smoke. 
 
 Table 37. — Comparison of average results of tests with small and large sizes of coal. 
 
 Number 
 of tests. 
 
 .Vverage 
 
 diameter. 
 
 Efficiency 
 
 72*. 
 
 Black 
 
 smoke. 
 
 Percentage 
 of rated ca- 
 pacity de- 
 veloped. 
 
 Pounds of 
 air per 
 pound of 
 combus- 
 tible. 
 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 0. 39 
 
 <)6.88 
 
 7.4 
 
 88.6 
 
 23. 07 
 
 53 
 
 1.46 
 
 65. 97 
 
 21.3 
 
 98.3 
 
 20.28 
 
OBSERVATIONS AT SURVEY FUEL-TESTING PLANTS. 
 
 149 
 
 Table 38 is of especial interest, for it shows that lignites, peat, and 
 subbituminous coals with 47 to 67 per cent of volatile matter in the 
 combustible can be hand-fired with the production of only a small 
 amount of smoke. The average indicates that the boiler was run up 
 to the rating at an efficiency of about 60 per cent. The smoke 
 averaged less than 10 per cent black. 
 
 Table 38 . — Results of tests on lignites, peat, and subbituminous coals. 
 
 Field designation of fuel. 
 
 No. of 
 test. 
 
 Kind of 
 draft. 
 
 Clinker 
 in ref- 
 use. 
 
 Volatile 
 matter 
 in com- 
 busti- 
 ble. 
 
 Per- 
 centage 
 of rated 
 capac- 
 ity de- 
 vel- 
 oped. 
 
 Efficiency 
 
 72*. 
 
 Black 
 
 smoke. 
 
 CO in 
 dry flue 
 gases. 
 
 Unac- 
 counted 
 for in 
 heat 
 ])al- 
 ance. 
 
 
 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 Arkansas No. 10 
 
 340 
 
 Forced . . 
 
 0 
 
 53. 77 
 
 104.0 
 
 GO. 25 
 
 0 
 
 0. 34 
 
 
 Florida No. 1 (briquets). 
 
 38G 
 
 Natural. 
 
 29 
 
 G7. 24 
 
 113.2 
 
 58. 19 
 
 13 
 
 .10 
 
 9.34 
 
 Montana No. 2 
 
 470 
 
 . . .do 
 
 0 
 
 42. 07 
 
 113.2 
 
 G8. 11 
 
 18 
 
 .02 
 
 G. 00 
 
 Montana No. 3 
 
 477 
 
 . . .do 
 
 58 
 
 41. 7G 
 
 115.2 
 
 G5. 78 
 
 12.5 
 
 .07 
 
 8.G5 
 
 North Dakota No. 3 
 
 20G 
 
 Forced . . 
 
 57 
 
 5G.71 
 
 90.7 
 
 57. 4() 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 13. 32 
 
 
 ( 291 
 
 . . .do 
 
 0 
 
 54. 88 
 
 89.1 
 
 G1.37 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 G. 88 
 
 Texas No. 4 
 
 \ 298 
 
 . ..do 
 
 0 
 
 55. 14 
 
 104. 1 
 
 52. 01 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 17.59 
 
 
 [ 303 
 
 . . .do 
 
 28 
 
 53. 07 
 
 9G.4 
 
 53. 05 
 
 14 
 
 .24 
 
 14. 84 
 
 Washington No. 1 B 
 
 290 
 
 Natural. 
 
 0 
 
 47. 99 
 
 81.8 
 
 G5. 04 
 
 10 
 
 .07 
 
 8. 89 
 
 Wyoming No. G 
 
 400 
 
 . ..do 
 
 14 
 
 47. 19 
 
 93. 1 
 
 57. 84 
 
 3.5 
 
 .04 
 
 IG. 22 
 
 Average 
 
 
 
 18. G 
 
 51.98 
 
 100. 1 
 
 59.91 
 
 8.3 
 
 .08 
 
 11.30 
 
 Tables 39 to 41 supplement one another. Table 39 gives the 
 average results of tests which showed a high percentage of black 
 smoke; Table 40 gives the coals used in these tests and contains some 
 remarks explanatory of the high percentage of smoke in particular 
 tests; and Table 41 gives the results of tests with coal which made 
 little smoke. 
 
 A comparison of Tables 40 and 41 shows that the coals which 
 smoked the worst clinkered the most. The smoky coals also had 
 higher percentages of volatile matter in the combustible, were burned 
 at higher capacities, and gave a lower efficiency than the less smoky 
 coals. 
 
 Among the comparatively smokeless tests were two on Utah coal 
 and two on Missouri coal in which, for some unaccountable reason, 
 the coals burned with a low efficiency; with these four tests omitted 
 from the average, the low-smoke, tests gave an average efficiency of 
 66.93 per cent, with a percentage of builder’s rated capacity developed 
 of 96.6. The high-smoke tests gave an average efficiency of 64.32 
 per cent, with a percentage of rated capacity developed of 99.2, 
 showing a good percentage in efliciency in favor of the low-smoke 
 tests. There are many briquet tests included in Table 41, and Table 
 42 shows that as a general rule the briquets made very little smoke. 
 The other tests which gave low percentage of smoke were made with 
 coals low in volatile matter, or slow burning, or else some means 
 besides the automatic operation of the air-admission doors was 
 employed to supply more air. 
 
150 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 Table 39. — Results of tests showing 35 per cent or over of black smoke. 
 
 [Tests using natural draft, 34; forced draft, 5.] 
 
 Clinker in refuse per cent. 
 
 Volatile matter in combustible do. . . 
 
 Percentage of rated capacity developed 
 
 Efficiency 72* per cent. 
 
 Black smoke do. . . 
 
 CO in dry chimney gases do. . . 
 
 Unaccounted for in heat balance do. . . 
 
 Average. Range. 
 
 49.9 
 
 0 
 
 to 
 
 67 
 
 42. 88 
 
 36.38 
 
 to 
 
 51.58 
 
 99.2 
 
 84.4 
 
 to 
 
 129.9 
 
 64. 32 
 
 56. 64 
 
 to 
 
 69.36 
 
 41.8 
 
 35.0 
 
 to 
 
 54.8 
 
 .28 
 
 .07 
 
 to 
 
 .73 
 
 12. 55 
 
 5. 71 
 
 to 
 
 19. 03 
 
 Table 40. — Coal giving over 35 per cent black smoke. 
 
 Field designation of fuel. 
 
 No. of ■ 
 test, i 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Illinois: 
 
 No. 7 E 
 
 No. 13 (washed) 
 
 No. 15 (washed) 
 
 No. 16 
 
 Indiana: 
 
 No. 5 
 
 No. 0 (washed) 
 
 No. 7 A 
 
 No. 8 (washed) 
 
 No. 9 A 
 
 Nos. 9 A and 9 B (briquets) 
 
 No. 10 
 
 No. 10 (washed) 
 
 Kansas: No. 6 (washed) 
 
 Missouri: No. 7 (washed) 
 
 Ohio: 
 
 No. 3 
 
 No. 4 
 
 No. 4 (washed) 
 
 Do 
 
 No. 5 
 
 Do 
 
 No. 7 
 
 No. 9 A 
 
 No. 9 B (washed) 
 
 No. 9 B (washed and dried) 
 Pennsylvania: 
 
 No. 5 (washed) 
 
 No. 6 
 
 Tennessee: No. 2 
 
 Virginia: 
 
 No. 2 
 
 Do 
 
 No. 2 (washed) 
 
 No. 4 
 
 West Virginia: 
 
 No. 15 
 
 Do 
 
 No. 21 (washed) 
 
 Wyoming: No. 2 B 
 
 516 
 
 144 
 
 152 
 
 150 
 
 Forced draft; automatic air admission not operated. 
 Automatic air admission operated. 
 
 Clinker removed with difficulty; automatic air admission 
 operated. 
 
 Automatic air admission operated. 
 
 153 
 
 159 
 
 158 
 
 184 
 
 168 
 
 334 
 
 167 
 
 177 
 
 323 
 
 332 
 
 Heavy clinker formed on grate; automatic air admission 
 operated. 
 
 Automatic air admission operated. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Forced draft; clinker solid; automatic air admission not 
 operated; maximum-capacity test. 
 
 203 
 
 202 
 
 220 
 
 219 
 
 190 
 
 186 
 
 269 
 
 246 
 
 241 
 
 243 
 
 Automatic air admission operated. 
 
 Clinker adhered to grate; automatic air admission oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Automatic air admission operated; coal caked badly. 
 
 Clinker fused into grate; automatic air admission oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Automatic air admission operated. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Clinker adhered to grate; automatic air admission oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Automatic air admission operated. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 195 
 
 217 
 
 367 
 
 Do. 
 
 Maximum-capacity test; doors cracked after each firing; 
 combustion wall down during test. 
 
 251 
 
 247 
 
 260 
 
 240 
 
 Automatic air admission ojierated. 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Clinker fused into grate; automatic air admission oper- 
 ated. 
 
 216 
 
 215 
 
 267 
 
 213 
 
 Forced draft; automatic air admission operated. 
 Automatic air admission operated. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Forced draft; maximum-capacity test; automatic air ad- 
 mission not operated. 
 
Table 41. — Results of tests showing less than 6 per cent black smoke. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS AT SURVEY FUEL-TESTING PLANTS. 
 
 151 
 
 a 
 
 0 ) 
 
 ' QJ ID 
 
 Cj O (D <D S 
 
 s 
 
 a? 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 -*-> 
 
 CO 
 
 a; 
 
 CO 
 
 tM 
 
 0 
 
 t-i 
 
 0^ 
 
 •1.^ 
 
 0 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 ci 
 
 P 
 
 0 
 
 <D 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 a> 
 
 ?> 
 
 H 
 
 P 
 
 >% 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 O) 
 
 C3 O 3 
 ti'go 
 
 ■a g-s 
 
 rC O C 
 ID 
 
 a§ . 
 
 *M CO 
 
 w.22t^ 
 
 o 
 
 >.!= _ 
 1 5-S 
 
 O "S 
 p as o 
 
 ._ c -i-^ m 
 
 o$2 ^ 
 0^.0 
 
 a; ^ • 
 
 ^ C3^ M 
 
 ^•'l * (•'1 C7 
 
 'IP ^ -q 
 
 <V 
 
 O) 
 
 p. 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 c3 ■ 
 
 c3 
 
 •s® 
 
 03 OJ 
 
 Q L 
 
 "p 
 
 Unac- 
 counted 
 for in 
 heat bal- 
 ance. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 8.18 
 G. 19 
 
 8.57 
 
 8.80 
 
 CO in 
 dry 
 
 chimney 
 
 gases. 
 
 Per cent. 
 0.10 
 
 .15 
 
 .08 
 
 . OG 
 
 .11 
 
 Black 
 
 smoke. 
 
 Per cent. 
 2.3 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 2.5 
 
 1.7 
 
 2.7 
 
 Effi- 
 
 ciency 
 
 72*. 
 
 Per cent. 
 G6. 88 
 
 GG. 17 
 70. 31 
 
 G4.58 
 G5. 34 
 
 Percent- 
 age of 
 rated ca- 
 pacity 
 devel- 
 oped. 
 
 93.0 
 
 1 
 
 85.2 
 
 111.8 
 
 92. G 
 83.4 
 
 Moisture 
 in coal 
 as re- 
 ceived. 
 
 Per cent. 
 4.22 
 
 5.21 
 
 3.11 
 
 11.94 
 
 i 
 
 11.49 
 
 Ash in 
 dry coal. 
 
 Per cent. 
 IG. 18 
 
 10.98 
 
 17.77 
 
 13.41 
 
 14.04 
 
 Volatile 
 matter 
 in com- 
 bustible. 
 
 Per cent. 
 35. 13 
 
 15. IG 
 
 21.21 
 
 j 
 
 42. 01 
 43.28 
 
 Clinker 
 
 in 
 
 refuse. 
 
 Per cent. 
 i 39 
 
 1 
 
 (35 
 
 \ 
 
 > 49 
 
 41 
 
 No. of 
 test. 
 
 OOOOCOO 'Pt^OJ’-H r0t^CMC0C0i0lMOQ0t^C5C<l05t^iC'— I'-HCOCO OGOOlt^'P 
 
 1 -HOJt^^OO C3C1000 -H03 t-IOCS<M02i— I r-IrHCO'^lOLCO^OC^O CCOOIMIMO 
 
 'PCOCO'IP'5’ IMC'^CO'IP CO'^CO'P'P'PCSCOCOCOCCC^l'^'Ti'TiL.O'r'iOlC r-HIM'Ti'P'rl 
 
 odcooo' oTcP'p' 00 oT 
 
 t- 0 0 03 Cl Cl CO Uj 
 
 'Pcuco '31'p'r CO lip 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 0 
 
 o3 
 
 C 
 
 •Sf 
 
 '5! 
 
 ID 
 
 T3 
 
 2 
 
 is 
 
 4) 
 
 D 
 
 O' 
 
 ca 
 
 03 fO •'p 
 
 a 6 6 6 
 
 ^'Z'Z’Z 
 
 C3 
 
 CO 
 
 4>^ 
 
 2 
 
 *C 
 
 lO 
 
 6 6 
 
 CO ^ 
 
 fn 
 
 S 2 
 S 4) s ~ 
 
 p, P pri CP 
 ^ -p-— t; 
 
 ‘ 
 
 !/} 
 
 c 
 
 C3 
 
 li 
 
 <5 
 
 ■ OC CO 
 
 o 
 
 ^:zi 
 
 P20 
 
 LOoQ 
 
 r-^ O') C. Oi O 
 
 , .'O 
 
 CO Qi) 
 ■**^ ^ 
 S> W 
 P C3 
 
 'Ci 
 
 . 
 
 =S' 
 
 o' 0 ) 
 _o cr 
 
 0) J5 0^ . - CO CO 
 
 CO ^ CO 2 2 
 
 - CPCP, 
 CS •,- T J 
 
 <paca 
 
 oo>o:pocoocr. Ot— ICO 
 IM IM O) IM O) M C<t C^l IM rO CO CO , 
 
 'Cl (' 
 
 o o 
 
 6.2 
 
 b. 
 
 0 
 
 01 
 
 O 
 
 
 cfiOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O'o 
 
 c3 • 
 C° 
 
 •B 
 
 a 
 
 0000 
 
Table 41 . — Results of tests showing less than 6 'per cent black smoke — Continued. 
 
 152 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 ^1 
 
 2 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 V-i 
 
 -4-^ 
 
 c3 
 
 5 , 
 
 0 
 
 c3 t:; 
 . - ^ 
 
 C3 
 
 2 
 
 g 
 
 2 g 
 
 0 
 
 .^2 ft 
 
 
 — 0 
 
 
 ^ 2 
 c c 
 
 g'g 
 
 to ^ 
 
 S c3 
 
 C5 s_ 
 
 0 
 
 cd <D 
 
 
 ^ Ch 
 
 ps 2 
 
 TJ a 
 
 ^•2 
 
 & 
 
 2 .2 
 O " 
 
 O 
 
 -Co 
 
 ® s 
 
 S-T3 
 
 Z1 Cv 
 
 O 
 
 u 
 
 *;5 <1^ 
 
 c3 ^ 
 £ 0? 
 O G 
 ^ O 
 
 S 
 
 O c3 
 
 0 O 
 
 £ C 
 
 S .2 
 
 .O w »i 
 
 c/3 
 
 1 2-2 
 
 c3 
 
 c 
 
 •-x: 
 2 ^ 
 d 2 
 
 • ' • . .. <D 
 
 OX! — i 4 
 -J O 03 o 
 2 C 
 
 p O *_i 
 
 C is O 
 ■- 9^ bjC' 
 
 * — w 
 
 u 
 o 
 C.2 
 
 o .:: 
 
 '^.2 _ 
 o C/D ^ C 
 W ^ O 
 
 § s 2 C 
 
 O Ph 
 
 c c E 
 
 oiE-i 2 C 3 
 
 ■ ft d 
 
 — -a o 2 
 X 3 o fc-. S 
 
 C 3 C 
 
 ^ p<d 2 
 
 X3 C O C 
 
 2 C-^x 
 E o C6 O 
 
 ^ ._ O r* 
 
 -2 82 
 c3^ 
 
 c c 3 tr! 
 
 O .,00 t; 
 
 H o 
 
 t-i 
 
 ■ o> 
 — 
 
 2 c 
 
 S'2 
 
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OBSERVATIONS AT SURVEY FUEL-TESTING PLANTS 
 
 153 
 
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Pahlk 42. /xCHulls of tests on briquetted eoals. 
 
 154 
 
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 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
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OBSERVATIONS AT SURVEY FUEL-TESTING PLANTS 
 
 155 
 
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156 
 
 SMOKELESS CO:\rBUSTlOX OF COAL. 
 
 Table 42 is a compilation of results from all tests made on briquets 
 at the St. Louis fuel-testing plant. The briquets all had a pitch 
 binder and gave off little or no smoke, showing that the tile-roofed 
 furnace used is satisfactory for burning such briquets. The vola- 
 tile matter in the combustible varied from 23 to 46 per cent and 
 averaged about 38 per cent. The smokeless combustion of coals so 
 high in volatile shows that briquetting has an appreciable effect 
 on burning, especially in the furnaces of steam boilers at the rates 
 of combustion common in stationary practice. The average per- 
 centage of the rated capacity developed on these tests was 100.6. 
 
 Table 43 is compiled from results of tests made on raw coals and 
 the same coals washed. All the coals were washed at the fuel-testing 
 plant, and the reductions or additions in moisture, ash, and sulphur 
 are of interest. Most of the washed coal either burned freelvf was non- 
 coking) or seemed to burn more rapidly than the raw coal. In fact, 
 the average percentage of rated capacity developed was considera- 
 bly greater with the washed than with the unwashed coal. This 
 result does not indicate that the combustion chamber was more 
 effective in one case than in the other, for the table shows that the 
 washed coals burned with lower efficiency and made more smoke. 
 
 The average results show that the washed coals developed 96.6 
 per cent of the rated capacity, with an efficiency of 64.82 per cent, 
 and the unwashed coals 89.9 per cent of the rated capacity, with an 
 efficiency of 66.95 per cent. This difference in efficiency in favor 
 of raw coal is more consistent and greater with the poorer coals than 
 with the best. 
 
 The table emphasizes the difficulty of burning wet coal in any but 
 a properly designed furnace. However, with a good furnace wash- 
 ing should be of advantage, as the washed coal burns more rapidly 
 than the unwashed. 
 
 Table 44 is compiled from the results of tests made on the same 
 coals raw and briquetted, natural draft being used in every test but 
 one. It shows that the briquets usually burned with 1 to 3 per cent 
 greater efficiency, developed higher capacity, and were consumed 
 much more completely than the raw coal. Briquetting thus offers 
 to hand-fired plants a means of developing highcapacit v. The plant 
 can be run practically without smoke and obtain good efficiency by 
 the use of briquets. 
 
 Table 45 is a comparison of results of tests made on the same coals 
 burned with natural and with forced draft. Whenever forced draft 
 was used the attempt was made to attain high capacity. UsualH 
 this was accomplislied at the expense of efficiency. In the tests with 
 forced draft tlie average })ercentage of l)lack smoke was about double 
 that in those with natural draft. The combustion space not being 
 
OBSERVATIONS AT SURVEY FUEL-TESTING PLANTS. 
 
 157 
 
 designed for high rates of combustion, an average variation in capac- 
 ity of 92.6 to 108.4 caused an average drop in efficiency from 64.31 
 to 60.94. This table demonstrates that forced draft supplied through 
 the average grate and fuel bed will neither intimately mix the air and 
 gases nor allow coal to be burned at high and low rates of combustion 
 with equal efficiency. 
 
 Table 46 is a comparison of results of tests of the same coals burned 
 on flat and on rocking grates. In all the tests but one higher effici- 
 ency (from 1 to 5 per cent, with an average of 2) was obtained with 
 the rocking grate. The average difference in proportion of rated 
 capacity developed was about 2 per cent and was in favor of the flat 
 grate. However, as the rocking grate had an area of 36.4 square feet 
 and the flat grate of 40.55 square feet, it is evident that the rate of 
 combustion per square foot of grate area was at least equal on the 
 rocking grate to that on the flat grate, or perhaps slightly greater, but 
 as the total weight of coal burned on the flat grates was greater it 
 involved an increased tax on the efficiency of the combustion space. 
 The average figures for over- all efficiency of the plant show that more 
 coal was lost in the ash pit with the rocking grate than with the flat 
 grate, but this loss did not counterbalance the efficiency, which still 
 shows a gain of a little more than 1.50 per cent in favor of the rocking 
 grate. 
 
 The ash in the dry coal varied from 5.39 to 23.16 per cent and the 
 sulphur from 0.58 to 4.78 per cent. In the sole test in which the 
 rocking grate failed to show better results the dry coal contained 
 about 4.50 per cent of sulphur. With both flat and rocking grates the 
 sulphur caused trouble. The clinker fused to the grate bars so that 
 the rocking grate as constructed was practically inoperative and was 
 actually used as a flat grate. However, as more difficulty was ex- 
 perienced in getting the clinker off the rocking grate, the time of 
 cleaning and inefficient operation was longer with that grate and the 
 tests showed less efficiency, but as most plants would not have a rock- 
 ing grate to burn coal so high in sulphur, this point is unimportant. 
 In practice about 2 per cent of sulphur is assumed to be the maximum 
 content desirable for a coal to be burned on rocking grates, but this 
 limit may be exceeded if experience shows that the sulphur is in 
 organic form or that the sulphur and ash combined have no ill effects. 
 The high sulphur and ash in the Wyoming coal did not cause trouble; 
 in fact, the test was exceptional, for the coal did not clinker at all. 
 
 The black smoke was about 5 per cent less in the rocking-grate tests 
 than in those with the flat grate. While this reduction is small the 
 gain in efficiency with the rocking grate shows the advantage of hav- 
 ing some means of keeping the fire clean. Such a grate would be of 
 value in hand-fired plants for decreasing smoke and increasing the 
 efficiency of operation. 
 
Table 43. — Comparison of results of tests on washed arid raw coals. 
 
 158 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
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232 I Washed , 3.43 10.13 
 
 OBSEKVATIONS AT SURVEY FUEL-TESTING PLANTS. 
 
 159 
 
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 o3 R g" M (-1 cn 
 
 l| ^11 
 
 O.^R'R t3 
 _ ® O Ot3 o3 
 
 *— O 2 CD 
 
 .2 ^ g .2 
 
 mt 3 RRiR ^ 
 •R 0.5 03-0 
 
 3 R ^ b. 03 .2 
 R 2 
 
 S gS.2 
 
 »lp 
 
 -3 0 O Sh 
 
 C3 4^ O 
 
 5 
 
 c3 
 
 0^0 ^ 
 
 3 S Stj o 
 
 o o) o 033 • 
 
 ■2 P.-2 d 03'R 
 
 3 o 2 S R A 
 « g, 3 § ts 
 
 ^ ^ O^ 0) 
 O) - a; ^ c3 O 4 
 C (1) C o 
 =5 .2 42 .2. .R 
 'P mP3 3 
 
 •§3c3|i 
 
 ’ - 3 "S o R 
 
 X 03 ^ 
 
 O -R 2 r-R 
 
 b- bn .3 -d 3 
 
 c3 ^ c3 y — 4 ^ <D 
 
 o 3 
 
 R'd 
 
 E ^ 
 
 Ut 
 
 1'a I’a’i 
 
 00^ 
 
 T3 
 
 c3 
 
 C3 
 
 p 03 
 g O 
 O y ■ 
 
 log 
 
 '^.b^ 3 
 bl22 
 R R 3 
 
 ■ 33 =^ 
 
 S .2 .. 
 
 .Q.r o 
 
 o 3 -d 
 
 2'R o- 
 
 42 c3 
 
 ^ r 
 
 ^ *R P 
 o " o 
 O O 
 
 d ^-1 
 
 42 o 
 
 2 (R 
 
 C3 o 
 
 . .. R 
 
 'R t>>2 
 
 Oi — ^ 
 
 d ^ ^ 
 
 Ot3 
 
 23 o 
 342 
 •d 03 
 
 C3 
 
 O -R 
 
 . ., O 
 
 S a 
 |S 
 
 •R O 
 
 R 
 '^32 
 23 o 
 
 R d” 
 
 O -2 
 
 -e o3 
 
 R'C RT3 
 
 0000 
 
 4b> *j +J> 
 
 3 o3 3 c3 
 . 03 2 03 2 
 
 y 
 
 a 2 a® 
 
 c^'d'g 
 
 ^ ^4 
 
 c: o 
 
 y o 
 
 g.^ a 2'd'd'S 
 
 ;.R^R2ao3gc3 
 
 R.2 
 
 : "3 -p 
 o 
 
 o R-R- 
 c3 "R R R — .2 
 O S 03 c3 03 c3 
 o o 
 
 g-a 
 
 o 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 to 
 
 3 
 
 CM 
 
 to 
 
 rt< 
 
 ^4 05 
 
 
 0 
 
 • T}4 
 
 
 05 
 
 00 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 
 QO 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 r-4 iO 
 
 
 
 • CM 
 
 
 CO 
 
 c^ 
 
 (N 
 
 l> 
 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 10 
 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 05 
 
 
 05 ' 
 
 
 id ■'3^ 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 • to 
 
 CO 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t-H 
 
 1-H 
 
 
 t-H 
 
 
 
 
 
 rH 
 
 1-H 
 
 
 • rH 
 
 rH 
 
 
 oc 
 
 0 
 
 (N 
 
 
 <N 
 
 C^l 
 
 
 »-H 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 to 
 
 tT ^ 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 1-H 
 
 i-H 
 
 
 1-H 
 
 »-H 
 
 1-H 
 
 
 1-H 
 
 rH 
 
 CM 
 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 CM 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 • 0 
 
 • 
 
 CM 
 
 »o 
 
 <N 
 
 0 
 
 lO 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 CM 
 
 0 
 
 CM 
 
 00 
 
 CM 
 
 tH 
 
 0 
 
 
 00 ^ 
 
 00 
 
 0 
 
 to 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 
 06 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 CM 
 
 
 05 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 05 
 
 CM 
 
 CO to 
 
 0 
 
 06 0 0 
 
 0 
 
 c^i 
 
 
 
 (N 
 
 <N 
 
 (N 
 
 3—1 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 TT^ r-l 
 
 rH 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 rfi 
 
 CO 
 
 05 
 
 TT 
 
 00 
 
 rH 
 
 CO 
 
 rH 
 
 CO 
 
 rp 
 
 
 
 t- 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 Tf 
 
 tH 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 rH 
 
 r-H 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO o> 
 
 CM 
 
 to 
 
 1-H 
 
 co 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 05 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 CO 
 
 lO ^ 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 cO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 
 0 ^ 
 
 00 
 
 1 -H 
 
 05 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 Tt< 
 
 CO 
 
 
 X 
 
 05 05 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 ^H 
 
 X 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 06 
 
 CO 
 
 
 d 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 d to 
 
 06 
 
 t-o 
 
 d 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 00 
 
 rH 
 
 ^H 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 
 00 
 
 05 
 
 X 
 
 05 05 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 0 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 ^H 
 
 r-H 
 
 1 -H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 CM 
 
 05 
 
 ^H 
 
 05 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 X 
 
 05 
 
 
 Tf r -. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t'- 
 
 CM 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 05 
 
 1 -H 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 
 ’-H 
 
 
 X 
 
 CO 
 
 0 05 
 
 X 
 
 0 
 
 05 
 
 
 CM 
 
 X 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 yj, 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 06 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 
 1 -H 
 
 1 -H 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 'rp 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tfl 
 
 
 HJ4 
 
 X X 
 
 CM 
 
 (N 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 CM 
 
 X 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 X 
 
 0 to 
 
 X 
 
 0 
 
 y—i 
 
 
 0 
 
 t'- 
 
 CM 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 X 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 
 tt 
 
 X 
 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 ■VP 
 
 TJH 
 
 X 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 
 cO 
 
 CM 
 
 0 
 
 to 
 
 05 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 05 
 
 CO 
 
 X 05 
 
 0 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 CO 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 05 
 
 to 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 1-H 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 
 X CM 
 
 to 
 
 
 to 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 
 d 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 
 1-H 
 
 TP 
 
 X 
 
 to 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 t- 
 
 CM 
 
 
 d 
 
 X 
 
 r-H 
 
 tj5 
 
 d 
 
 to 
 
 Tp 
 
 d 
 
 »-H 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 1-H 
 
 rH 
 
 r-H 
 
 rH 
 
 
 1-H 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 1-H 
 
 rH 
 
 ^H 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 05 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 05 
 
 0 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 r-l 
 
 to 
 
 tr 10 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 
 X 
 
 CO 
 
 
 tO 
 
 I'- 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 to 
 
 05 0 
 
 
 X 
 
 0 
 
 Tp 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 rH 
 
 1-H 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 rH 
 
 rH 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 OJ 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 X 
 
 0 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 TP -H 
 
 01 
 
 C<1 
 
 CM 
 
 X 
 
 to 
 
 CM 
 
 rH 
 
 to 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 X 
 
 05 
 
 C^ 
 
 0 
 
 
 X 
 
 CM 
 
 05 0 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 05 
 
 CM 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 ^4 
 
 1-H 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 o\ 
 
 CO 
 
 rH 
 
 rH 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 X 
 
 rH 
 
 0 
 
 X 
 
 
 rH 
 
 05 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 05 
 
 X to 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 05 
 
 to 
 
 CM 
 
 05 
 
 
 to 
 
 tr 
 
 X 
 
 CO 
 
 
 X 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 X 
 
 rr 05 
 
 05 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 X 
 
 
 rH 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 tr 
 
 CO 
 
 d 
 
 05 
 
 d 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 ■up 
 
 d 
 
 CO 
 
 d 
 
 Tp 
 
 
 d 
 
 r-H 
 
 r-H 
 
 rH 
 
 i-H 
 
 1-H 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 
 
 1-H 
 
 
 1-H 
 
 
 1-H 
 
 rH 
 
 rH 
 
 rH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 05 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 X 
 
 CO 
 
 rH 
 
 CM 
 
 TP 
 
 1 -H 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 X 
 
 0 
 
 TP 
 
 CM 
 
 X 
 
 t'- 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 05 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 CM 
 
 
 05 
 
 X 
 
 O 5 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 TP 
 
 X 
 
 
 1 -H 
 
 Tp 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 06 
 
 X 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 1 - 
 
 
 oi TP 
 
 Tp 
 
 to 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 
Table 43. — Comparison of results of tests on washed and raw coals — Continued. 
 
 160 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL 
 
 S 
 
 O) 
 
 O 
 
 3 a 
 
 C3 O 
 
 ...3 
 
 t>.o 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 > E2 
 
 O 
 
 OT O 
 
 I 3 
 
 <=•3 
 
 t_ C3 
 , C3 O) 
 
 
 
 
 c3 
 
 O O o 
 C3 M c3 "O 
 ^3 
 --3 ° 
 
 § cs 3 
 
 O < 
 
 o 
 
 e-d 
 
 O 3 
 
 3 C3 
 
 S 
 
 O - 
 
 c 5 
 fr-. o 
 
 CO 
 
 ;>4 Co 
 
 c3 
 
 c3 
 
 d” o S 
 
 c; o 
 
 T! ki 
 c '3 
 3 3 
 
 ^ uOQ„ 
 
 1'^ o 
 
 Q O 
 
 . a 
 
 o o 
 
 S "5 d 
 
 rii 3 o 
 
 c3«’3QJ!-, 
 
 O rt 3 Si •— 
 
 ■3 2 0*0) 3 
 
 « 3 5 32 
 
 . .. 03 aTJ "O 
 
 33 ..O ^ 3.2 
 3 C ^ 3 
 3 2-2 
 
 3 O"' 
 
 0—0 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 »-l L, 
 
 2 0.3 
 
 13 3.SX 
 
 2?2'3 
 
 n-i ^ C 
 
 O 
 
 . _ S 
 .3^ S 
 
 3 3S 3 
 Q +j 3 O O C3 
 
 O ^ 
 
 o 3 
 
 .■T3 w-o 
 0.22 c3 
 
 -2 £ s ^ 
 
 C3 333 S 
 
 o:2:!3 
 0.3 .2 32 
 0 0 3 0 
 
 o 
 
 . 
 
 2 .2 .S 13 — o 
 3 2 ^ o 3 2 
 O o'2-^'“ 3 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 OS 
 
 o o> 00 02 cd o 
 
 ■2 >.3 
 ^ u .3 o t/3 
 O 33 .O C 3 
 O o M 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 00 :0 10 
 O (M 01 
 
 O 
 
 O --I 
 
 ^ ® 
 
 2-^ 
 
 3 o 
 
 S £ 
 
 CO 
 
 I ^ , 
 
 go*- 
 
 w.in 
 
 o 
 
 >^1 
 
 33 
 
 3) f • 
 
 be .12 
 
 ~ ^-2 
 3 „t3 
 .3 O 
 
 '313d 
 o 2 2 
 ® S o 
 
 J-; O W 
 
 ^13'=' 
 
 3-g 
 
 q3 2 ® 
 
 ^ c3 Q 
 fc-i ^ in y 
 
 &c'co 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 0 . 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 (N 
 
 0 I-O 0 
 
 0 LO 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 CO ^ 
 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 0 CO 0 
 
 CO 06 
 
 
 
 
 0 06 
 
 ^ C 4 
 
 
 (M 
 
 
 CO — ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 CN ^ 
 
 . 
 
 
 00 
 
 L-. 
 
 i--< lO to 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 Tf< 
 
 00 
 
 0 
 
 00 
 
 
 0 
 
 00 Ci 
 
 TT 00 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 cb oi 16 
 
 06 o4 
 
 
 cb 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 0 *0 0 
 
 CO 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 tT ^ 
 
 <N Ci 
 
 I t£ rtj 
 
 ® c3 
 V O 
 
 o 0^ , ^ 
 
 a^ol 
 
 l.d'^o 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 !>. 
 
 CC 
 
 00 CO 
 
 ^ 0 
 
 05 
 
 0 
 
 (N 
 
 'sC 05 
 
 Oi 
 
 t'-’ 
 
 cb 
 
 cb 
 
 to — ^ 0 
 
 a> 00 
 
 lb 
 
 
 00 
 
 05 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 0 0 
 
 0 00 
 
 05 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 05 C30 
 
 A t- c . 
 
 32 o 2 .A 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 C 3 
 
 S.S- 
 
 3 .0 
 
 0 °5 
 
 lO 
 
 h- 
 
 0 
 
 05 00 
 
 ^ h-. 
 
 05 
 
 Tf 
 
 0 
 
 s»d 
 
 IC 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 10 00 05 
 
 0 r-( 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CS^ CO 
 
 r-^ 
 
 0 
 
 lb 
 
 05 
 
 cb 05 
 
 00 
 
 05 
 
 f— ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO CO CO 
 
 CO CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 10 
 
 0 22 
 
 
 iO 
 
 
 OJ lO 
 
 CO 0 
 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 to CN 
 
 CO CO 
 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 ® I . 
 
 3-- 
 
 33 ca 
 
 o 
 
 
 32 C^3 
 
 _^73 O 
 
 
 CM 
 
 
 00 
 
 CO -r 
 
 0 0 
 
 lO 
 
 00 
 
 0 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 00 CO 
 
 CM 0 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 
 10 I-O 
 
 0 
 
 l>^ 
 
 lb 
 
 06 
 
 cb 0 'O 
 
 lb 
 
 0 
 
 00 
 
 06 
 
 06 cb 
 
 73 fc- 
 Ci. 
 
 
 o 
 
 rfi 
 
 iC 
 
 o 
 
 <N 
 
 T3 O 
 ^ O 
 
 TT 
 
 Oi 
 
 C ^ . 
 
 C3 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 CO 
 
 o cc 
 
 o 
 
 lO 
 
 ^ cq o 
 
 O 01 Oi 
 
 o 
 
 cs 
 
 O C3 fcn 
 ^02 Oc3 
 o 
 
 .-M c3 ^ 
 
 CO 2 b 
 ^ O 
 <1 O 
 
 
 0 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 0 
 
 0 t-H 
 
 
 lO 
 
 
 0 ^ 
 
 ?»• 
 
 ^ w 
 
 
 lb 
 
 06 
 
 cb ->b *b 
 
 Oi 
 
 trj 
 
 O 
 
 C/i — < C3 
 
 |2-S£ 
 ^.2 8'^ 
 
 »2 lit) 
 
 0 
 
 
 05 
 
 CM ^ 
 
 to '-0 
 
 Tf^ 
 
 00 
 
 0 
 
 *0 X 
 
 U CO 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 CM CM 
 
 i-o 0 
 
 
 0 
 
 w 
 
 0 
 
 t ^ 
 
 
 cb 
 
 CM 
 
 cb lb 
 
 lb 
 
 CM 
 
 05 
 
 cb 
 
 00 l>^ 
 
 Description 
 of coal. 
 
 Washed 
 
 Raw 
 
 Washed 
 
 Raw 
 
 Washed 
 
 Raw 
 
 Washed 
 
 Raw 
 
 Washed 
 
 Raw 
 
 Washed 
 
 Raw 
 
 L Washed 
 
 \Raw 
 
 . 
 
 0 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 r- CO 
 
 
 I-O 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 
 ® t/5 
 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 05 l-O 
 
 rr 
 
 
 oi 
 
 
 
 y.°s 
 
 OJ 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 OI CM 
 
 TT TT 
 
 TT 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 
Table 44 . — Comparison of results of tests on raw and briqueittd coals. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS AT SURVEY FUEL-TESTING PLANTS. 
 
 V3 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 o S 
 
 a 9 vh 
 
 t— , o ^ 
 
 ^ S oi 
 .9-3 =3 
 
 O O 
 O 
 
 X) 
 
 U) 
 
 a 
 
 'C 
 
 tc 
 
 03 
 
 (-1 
 
 03 
 
 .a 
 
 a 
 
 03 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 Ih 
 
 ,a 
 
 ■fj 
 
 03 
 
 3 
 
 Sf 
 
 ’C 
 
 P4 
 
 a 
 
 o3 
 
 (-> 
 
 O 
 
 bi 
 
 « 03 J3 
 M ^ 03 
 U 03 M 
 
 §>- 
 6 g 03 3 
 
 a — 
 
 piH PQ 
 
 trt 
 
 _a 
 
 Td 
 
 a? 
 
 O c3 
 
 c3 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 1-H i-H CO O t» 
 
 O O O 00 00 
 
 »— iCOt^C^JOi CO TtHOiiOOOOt^iO 
 
 Oi lO O 00 0 00000-^0^ 
 
 05 1-H 05 00 05 :0 O 00 00 00 00 00 
 
 rH l> |> O t>. t>. 00 
 
 ^ ^ lO to 
 
 5 i O o o 
 
 
 o 
 
 05 io I>* (M O O 
 
 O O ^ O r-t 
 
 O CO 00 (N <M Tf o 
 COOOOOOO 1-t 
 
 05 lO 
 
 o o 
 
 o ^ 
 ce o 
 
 s s 
 
 c /2 
 
 •g 
 
 ^ o o *o 
 
 ^ CO 
 
 Oh 
 
 lo 
 
 lO O 00 lO 
 lO O CO O lO 
 
 X LO »o o o 
 
 O lO 
 
 a . 
 
 03 * 
 
 o C;) 
 
 se^ 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 C O /I'l 
 
 a; 0^ o 5*^ 
 
 o 0)4^ C3 > ^ 
 
 Jh b£) c3 Q, 0> ft 
 
 0 ^ ce o 
 
 ft CO 
 
 
 <N 
 
 
 to 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 <■50 
 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 
 O 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 oq 
 
 05 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 05 
 
 CO 
 
 s 
 
 lO 
 
 
 05 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 05 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 04 
 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 
 cq 
 
 <M 
 
 oq 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 (N 
 
 o 
 
 05 
 
 
 05 
 
 to 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 05 
 
 00 
 
 
 to 
 
 05 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 05 
 
 
 to 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 TJH01005 COCOC^C^1-0 05 
 
 O (M O 05 05 1 -H o (N t>. 05 00 CO l> iO 
 
 1—1 00 05 o 
 05 o o o 
 
 lO 1— t CO 
 
 05 o 05 1 — I 
 
 lO t^05^iOOOCOOO-^ 
 O 050505005rHOi— *CO 
 
 ■42^ S3 
 
 II 
 
 > S.9_g 
 
 hJ CO 1-H CO »C 05 O CO 
 
 5* 05 00 CO 00 CO O 00 CO 
 
 o 00 00 O lO 
 ^ CO CO CO CO 
 
 Oh 
 
 T-< oq lo to 
 
 TJH Tt< Tji 
 
 00 
 
 1-H CO t>- 05 CO 
 
 to 
 
 O5cooqco’^r>.t^co^ 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 00 (M f-H 05 05 
 
 
 totoo5Tj<oqi>.iotoco 
 
 00 00 
 
 05 
 
 O 05 to 04 00 
 
 05 
 
 oocoo5r^Tt<t^tooo 
 
 05 00 
 
 CO 
 
 ^ t-4 t— 1 oq 
 
 CO 
 
 cooqr-toqoqcoco'^'^ 
 
 CO CO 
 
 u o 
 O) w 
 
 C o 
 
 o a 
 
 S o CO 
 
 lO lO 
 
 CO :c (M 
 (N to CO 
 
 '^05-^i-HOTt<OCOO 
 
 toco^'^'*t’co'^cq 
 
 ^ CO 
 
 to 
 
 'O'a 
 
 .s| 
 
 c3 
 
 Sh 
 
 9 o o o 
 
 (jj'O'd'd 
 
 9 
 
 43 a 
 
 a 43 o O O O 
 
 o es'd'a'a'a 
 
 
 o 
 
 -o 
 
 o o o o o 
 
 'd 'd a3 'd 
 
 o 
 
 as 
 
 ooooooooo 
 
 o o 
 
 a) -a 
 
 **-< • 
 O +.3 
 
 o oq CO to 
 
 00 O CO 1-H 00 00 
 
 CO 
 
 00 O 05 CO o 
 
 CO 
 
 t^t^CO00r-H00 00 O5i-H 
 
 to CO 
 
 1-H 00 »— I t"** 
 
 1 — 1 I-H CO CO 00 to 
 
 to 
 
 1 -H to 05 05 
 
 CO 
 
 rHCOt>-COU*-0050’-H 
 
 Ttl 
 
 . C/2 
 
 o ^ 
 
 4-5 
 
 CO CO 
 
 CO CO TfH rH 
 
 
 ^ rf* Tt« 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO CO 
 
 •a 
 
 43 
 
 k. 
 
 cG 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 tuO 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 "o 
 
 43 
 
 a 
 
 .3 
 
 'C 
 
 JD 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 K1 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 £f^ 
 
 S 43 9 43 
 
 jpikjpi 
 
 43 
 
 a 
 
 .3 
 
 'Eh 
 
 as 
 
 43 
 bJO I 
 
 rill 
 
 43 
 
 a 
 
 05 
 
 43 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 43 
 
 43 
 
 05 
 
 
 a 
 
 0 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 0 
 
 . 2 " 
 
 .3 
 
 . 2 ^ 
 
 . 2 ^ 
 
 .3 
 
 a* 
 
 . 2 " 
 
 ‘u 
 
 
 *C 
 
 *£h 
 
 'ip 
 
 'C 
 
 *n 
 
 XU 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 —4 
 
 43 
 
 ^->4 
 
 
 43 
 
 <13 
 
 
 
 
 43 a 
 
 
 .W) a fe 
 
 a • a 
 
 aa 
 
 43 © 
 
 9 a 
 
 OT OT 
 +l> 4H> 
 
 43 <23 
 
 a a 
 .3.3 
 
 'E2 'EP 
 aa 
 43a 
 
 C3 a a 43 c3 43 
 apiMPnapH 
 
 
 43 43 a 43 9 a 
 
 ppt»p5api 
 
 43 
 
 a 
 
 tfmPPaP5aPiaM 
 
 o 
 
 74897— Bull. 373—09 11 
 
 o 
 
 iz; 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 _a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 > CO 
 ^ 6 
 C3/^ 
 
 a 
 
 05 
 
 ft 
 
 C5 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 12; 
 
 o 
 
 )2; 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 05 
 
 a 
 
 0 
 
 05 
 
 Eh 
 
 o 
 
 ^2; 
 
 161 
 
Table 44 ■ — Comjmrison of results of tests on raw and briquetted coals — Continued. 
 
 162 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 a 
 
 S 
 
 Ba 
 
 U4 " 
 
 2 o 
 .S'S 
 
 2 >^.S 
 
 | 1 £ 
 
 rQ O S-. 
 
 'C£< 
 
 ® aj o3 
 
 cro a 
 •C g > 
 P 3 m 
 
 U 
 
 o 
 
 O O O 
 ^ ^ c3 
 ^ O) 
 ^ ® t- 
 
 -o Is 
 
 ^ !h C3 
 3.- 
 
 T 3 > 
 QJ OJ IM 
 
 H.'^S 
 
 •^i-s 
 
 mo 
 
 i ® C =3 
 
 a S 
 
 P o 
 1 ) 
 
 , o 
 
 fc. +j ^ 
 
 ° =3 § 
 
 QJ 03 
 
 xi 
 
 t 
 
 IP 
 
 C .5 
 
 O ® 
 
 O <» 
 'd 
 
 M g 
 
 O 
 
 C 3 O 
 
 S S 
 
 CO M 
 O (N 
 
 55 
 
 » 
 
 t 
 
 p 
 
 (N 
 tjh cc 
 
 >> 
 
 O 
 
 G . 
 
 O) * 
 
 W 
 
 g o'g-'g'S'd 
 
 O O -2 c3 > S 
 5 j 0 Q. ^ ^ 
 
 C3 tH O 
 
 ^-i O 
 
 O lO 
 
 gsoo 
 
 Cj 05 !>• 
 ^COCO 
 
 CO lO 
 O CO 
 
 CO 00 CO 
 
 lO o 
 o ^ 
 
 CO iO 
 CO 
 
 o Ez:^ 
 
 pi r— 
 
 O *1— • 
 
 > S S 3 
 
 (M TfH 
 
 55 05 
 ^ . . 
 
 Cj 05 00 
 
 ^cocc 
 
 Clinkor 
 in refuse. 
 
 Per cent. 
 25 
 38 
 
 CO ^ 
 <M CO 
 
 32.8 
 
 48.3 
 
 
 
 ;’ j 
 
 
 
 
 » • 
 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 ; ,* 
 
 
 S u 
 
 o o 
 
 o o 
 
 
 
 XSTP 
 
 -0X3 
 
 
 
 lO to 
 
 (N 05 
 
 
 
 O to 
 
 1-H lO 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 O 0 ) 
 
 T3 
 
 tc 
 
 CO 
 
 C3 
 
 . 2 " 
 
 'C 
 
 c 
 
 c4 
 
 <v 
 
 ex > 
 1 - 2 
 S3 C3 
 
 O 
 
 S 
 
 _o 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 .rf 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 X! 
 
 .2 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 5 “ 
 
 C3 
 
 0 > 
 
 03 e 3 
 
 mm 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 fcC 
 
 d 
 
 S 
 
 c 3 
 
 p 
 
 i- 
 
 3 ® 
 
 . 2 *^ 
 
 U cd 
 
 Cj 
 
 tl 
 
 CS 
 
 u 
 
 o> 
 
 > 
 
Table 45. — Comparison of results of tests of the same fuels when using natural and forced drafts. 
 
 OBSEKVATIONS AT SUKVEY FUEL-TESTING PLANTS 
 
 163 
 
 Unac- 
 counted for 
 in heat bal- 
 ance. 
 
 (X) CO CD 00 00 lO CO CO lO CO 05 o CO O ^ 00 (N ^ CO CO 
 
 ,00'^^'^ ID CO 00 O O CD CO CD 00 CD CM CO O ^ 
 
 g05I>i-HCD O iO 00 CO CO 00 CD ^ 00 00 »D 05 CD 
 
 ^ rH 
 
 a, 
 
 13. 39 
 10. 84 
 
 CO in dry 
 flue gases. 
 
 .CM^t^CO o 1 -H CD ^ Tji CM t>* ^ CO »D O CD iC CD CO cD 
 
 -«Oi-i»DO i-It-hOO^Ot-i OOO CMrHTf^CMiDO 
 
 Co o o 
 
 .21 
 
 .08 
 
 Black 
 
 smoke. 
 
 . O5I>-C0 OO^iOOOO^O ID CD CM O 
 
 "SOOOO ’^05’»l5ot^CMCM*l^05I>o6o OrH'^cDCMO 
 
 ^ 1 -H r-i 1-1 CM CM CM 1-1 CM ID 
 
 O 
 
 21.2 
 
 12.2 
 
 Efficiency 
 
 72*. 
 
 ,1>CMCM*^ O CO N* CM CO CO CD ID CO CO CO O i-H 00 CD 
 
 «*JOC005CD CMiD05C0CM05CDO'^^C0C0 CM^COOOO 
 
 
 
 S ID 05 CM Q CM CM CO 00 00 CD CM CO l> CO »D O O CM CD i-h 
 
 ^CDCDCDCD OcDcDCD»D^iDcDcDcDcDcD OCDCDCD^DCD 
 
 a, 
 
 60. 94 
 64. 41 
 
 [ 
 
 Percentage 
 of rated ca- 
 pacity de- 
 veloped. 
 
 P-00COO5 CD 1-H CM 05 CD O O O O ID 00 !>. O 05 CO 
 
 iD CM CD O tH CM 00 ID CD CD 05 iD 00 ^ CD CM 05 CO 05 00 
 
 OOt'^OOO COf-H050000CMrH05000t^ TT050000500 
 
 rH t-H rH rH i-H tH rH 
 
 35. 9 ; 108. 4 
 
 35. 7 92. 6 
 
 1 
 
 Volatile 
 matter in 
 combusti- 
 ble. 
 
 ,t>-l>-»HCO i-H 00 CD ^ ^ 00 O ^ »D CM ^ 00 CM ^ 00 rH 
 
 ^'OO^DO 00O5CMOcDcD'^Tt<»Dt^00'^ t^rH05t^iDO 
 
 SO5O5CMC0 iDiDtDCMcDcDTriDCMC00505 ’^‘DCMCM’-'Q 
 
 ;ji— li-HrHi— 1 "^^'^’^^^^'^COCOCOCO ,-Hi-H'^^lD»D 
 
 a. 
 
 Clinker in 
 refuse. 
 
 g CM 00 CD »D rH CD CM CM rH »D CD ^ ID !>• CM rH 05 CD O O 
 
 2 iO tD CM CO ID ID »D CO CD CD CD »D ID LD ID ID cD »D rfi 
 
 CJ 
 
 as 
 
 48.9 
 
 45.5 
 
 Kind of draft. 
 
 Forced 
 
 Natural 
 
 Forced 
 
 Natural 
 
 Forced 
 
 Natural 
 
 Forced 
 
 Natural 
 
 Forced 
 
 Natural 
 
 Forced 
 
 Natural 
 
 Forced 
 
 Natural 
 
 Forced 
 
 Natural 
 
 Forced 
 
 Natural 
 
 Forced 
 
 Natural 
 
 Forced 
 
 Natural 
 
 f Forced 
 
 iNatural 
 
 No. of 
 test. 
 
 Tt<CClO500 lO O (M (M r-l (M o O QO lO (M CO lO CC O " 
 
 05 05 0 0 O Q 05 05 (M (M fO CO O 05 00 C50 00 t-S l ^ r-S 
 
 (M (N CO CO 50 lO tT Tji CO CO CO CO lO CO CO 'T (M <N <M iM 
 
 Field designation of fuel. 
 
 Arkansas: 
 
 No. 7 A 
 
 No. 8 (washed) 
 
 Illinois: 
 
 Colluisville 
 
 No. 9 C (briquets) 
 
 No. 23 B (briquets) 
 
 Missouri, No. 7 (washed) i 
 
 Pennsylvania, No. 17 
 
 Tennessee, No. 8 
 
 West Virginia : 
 
 No. 5 A 
 
 No. 15 
 
 Wyoming, No. 2 B 
 
 Average of 11 tests 
 
Table 4G. — Comparison of results of tests on the same coals with flat and rocking grates. 
 
 164 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL 
 
 Effi- 
 ciency 
 of boiler 
 and 
 grate. 
 
 . (M w o O ^ 00 00 O 00 CO CC O O w 
 
 ^ ^ o 00 00 lO CO Oi 00 <N ^ O O CO CO 
 
 ^t^cor^ioxt^ <M(NC50CO’^’^(N'^10 <M*-iOiOOC5»OOOiO 
 
 cjcocococococo cocoocococococococo c 0 c 0 c 0 coc 0 c 0 » 0»0 
 
 CO X 
 O L- 
 
 d d 
 
 CO CO 
 
 Ash in 
 dry coal. 
 
 Ot^^OlMC^i-HiOcOO OOCOOOO^OOcO 
 
 o cc c<i O) TT to T-t CO 00 1 -H th oo o cc i>- o i— < 
 
 o 30 00 o o 1-5 .-5 00 cd 1-5 !N o o o o o o 00 td CO 05 id id o cd 
 
 ^ ^ ^ 1-H ^ 
 
 Cs 
 
 10. 34 
 10.53 
 
 Sulphur 
 in dry 
 coal. 
 
 1 
 
 •♦SO'^OOOOi-HCO cO’^t^OOCCKNiCOOkO 
 
 gSiO'^ioiocoio oococooot>-oooooo ooooc>o»-<^cot^ 
 
 ^ t-h 1— I cs OQ ^ OQ fc CO (M 1-H 1— 1 ^ 
 
 $1. 
 
 a. 
 
 2. 01 
 2. 13 
 
 Unac- 
 counted 
 for in 
 heat 
 balance. 
 
 .*i.^C^iOi-HiOt^C2> COt^i— i^COiOiOiOOO 1— 1»— (•^’^TTCCcOiO 
 
 giOOXCOCOCO ICIOCOCVKMC^COOICOOO (N?OOCOCCt^^I> 
 
 CJ (N o4 ci 1-5 ci 00 Oc OS cd CO t-5 CO 1-5 1-5 (N lO :d t-5 od i-i ® 
 
 ^ T— H ^ rH 1—1 1 -H 1 — i rH i-H ^ rH i— H ^ 
 
 10.99 
 17. 40 
 
 CO in dry 
 chim- 
 ney gases. 
 
 *...!'^cO'^CCOi-< 00 O 00 '^? 0 <M**^t^c 0 *^ OCO*^ lOcOcOi— t 
 
 5* CO fC 1 -f ^ <M OQ 1 -H O O 1 -H 1 -H i-( (N (N o 1 -H oa o O O O 1 -H 
 
 o • ■ ■ * 
 
 
 Black 
 
 smoke. 
 
 Hi^OOOOOOO OXC^OCOOOCCOOO^ 00(N OOO CO 
 
 ^OOCOCOCCOO<M (MCSILOCOCCC^iCCOiM'^ C^COOOCO^OO 
 
 c;> OI ro 1 -H r-4 CO ,-H ^ r-H t-H t-H CQ CO cc TT CO ^ 
 
 r\ 
 
 18.2 
 23. 1 
 
 i 
 
 Effiicien- 
 cy 72*. 
 
 -i^iO?CCiI>-t^cO OOt^CiX'^iO'^l'-CC^ Tf^cOiOCCOOcOO 
 
 gi-HCOO(N(MC^ COCOX^'^Ot-hOOO ^Ot^cOOJ^OC^ 
 
 cjdt^do6i-5d coHroc^ocdcoccdd o6o5ddocdi-Ho6 
 
 CO CO CO CO l>- CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO cO r- cO cO lO 
 
 CSJ JO 
 CO 
 
 l> lO 
 CO CO 
 
 Percent- 
 age of 
 rated 
 capacity 
 devel- 
 oped. 
 
 t^oocococct^ L-OOiOCOCi(N<NOcOcO C^-^OOcOiOt^COCO 
 
 ’^codt^'^'^ rroidooGOt>^ccidr^d id^^-^ddcdood 
 
 CiOCiXCsO t^xt^t^r-t^occooo t-XXt^CiXXt^ 
 
 ^H * 
 
 85.5 
 
 87.8 
 
 1 
 
 Volatile 
 matter in 
 combus- 
 tible. 
 
 oiocskcxx^t^t^x x^oi^r^t^^io 
 5S^COCO*Ot^cO Xi-Ht^OlcOCS'^XX"^ cot^coxoooo 
 
 yoociididcct^ oliii^t^ocoot^clciqiCt.: oii5lc4e4cdcooc 
 
 1.0 
 »0 C2 
 
 L- L- 
 CO X 
 
 Clinker 
 in refuse. 
 
 •i^iOt^iOXr-iO TrXCCC^OrHT-^CCt^iO cOcOcOXCOiOOO 
 
 CJ 
 
 41. 7 
 42.8 
 
 Kind of grate. 
 
 Rocking 
 
 Flat 
 
 Rocking 
 
 Flat 
 
 Rocking 
 
 Flat 
 
 Rocking 
 
 Flat 
 
 Rocking 
 
 Flat 
 
 Rocking 
 
 Flat 
 
 Rocking 
 
 Flat 
 
 Rocking 
 
 Flat 
 
 Rocking 
 
 Flat 
 
 Rocking 
 
 Flat 
 
 Rocking 
 
 Flat 
 
 Rocking 
 
 Flat 
 
 /Rocking 
 
 \Flat 
 
 No. of 
 test. 
 
 irjrt^i-H^Li^iO co^Tfco?CtOi-HXcO*-H ’^iOiOCi'^cOOcO • 
 
 TT’it’t^cOOL- cOiOcOr^COcOOXL.'tL'^ i-h^oCXCOcOi-hO • 
 
 i-Hr-i-Hi-HC^i^ 
 
 e e ! 
 
 ! 
 
 ion of coal. 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 •A 
 
 O 
 
 72 
 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 d 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 >> 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 52 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 5 
 
 
 c 
 
 X 
 
 No. 2 
 
 ci 
 
 ‘E 
 
 'tt 
 
 L.0 
 
 O: 
 
 'w' 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 .2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r> 
 
 d 
 
 6 
 
 d 
 
 c 
 
 'Ei 
 
 72 
 
 'Z 
 
 z 
 
 
 b. 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 >> 
 
 72 
 
 X 
 
 u 
 
 X 
 
 c3 
 
 Ln 
 
 X 
 
 > 
 
 a Clinker fused into grate and was removed with dilliculty. 
 
Table 47 . — Comparison of results of tests on the same coals showing the variation in boiler efficiency 72* as the percentage of black smoke increases . 
 
 OBSERVATIONS AT SURVEY FUEL-TESTING PLANTS. 
 
 165 
 
 rb.) 
 
 s 
 
 0 ) 
 
 to I ”• 
 
 >-< Ss 'd 
 
 o . • • oj 
 
 o ^ 
 
 rrt a O O) 
 
 a 03 
 
 o 
 
 C 3 
 
 D c3. 
 
 Sh q;) Frt 4 -^ 
 
 a i 4 a S “ 
 
 O O O CL- 
 w ^ 'to ^ <u ^ 
 
 . .. 2 .22 w i^.S 
 1?.S '§ ,!=i S 2 ° 5 
 
 •i52-5='d t ^ 
 
 o3 ^ o3 Qj o 
 
 a.2 §.sa S-§ 
 
 ^2 2 o 
 
 _±i O CD O C 8 
 
 o <1 
 
 ' 0 .2 
 
 S 03 
 
 O.tl 
 
 a 
 
 O Q 
 
 ] a 
 
 0 ) ^ 
 
 (-4 Lh 
 
 s 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 pO 
 
 q;* 
 CD ii 
 
 o C3 
 
 
 U 
 
 -M 
 
 .s 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 J =1 .P-, 
 
 ^ KA CO ' 
 
 - a 
 2-aSS 
 
 'g'S.bi 
 
 p gii Cl'S 
 
 "S'S 
 
 D C 3 
 
 = 1 
 
 11 - 
 
 CO • CO 
 CO • CO 
 
 'a .^.2 ’a 
 
 rS'O *^rS 
 
 'U S-H 'u 
 . c« p,o; a 
 
 ^ U( 9 ^ 
 
 o3 
 
 tH 
 
 q:» 
 
 Ph 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 c 3 
 
 a > a § 
 
 P =4 < 5 o 
 
 03 a 
 .2 2 .2 ■ 
 a § 
 
 0 2 5.2 2 
 
 c i ^ 
 
 .2 +^ 73 x 3 
 
 w a § a 
 
 • I 4 .S 
 
 !>>o !-, 
 
 ■n ti o 
 
 0 ^ 2 ^ <2 
 ^ w 
 
 a 
 
 °a 
 
 _o 
 
 -rt 'w 
 
 ■ - o 2 
 
 ^ « g 
 
 a^'O 
 
 *-• *P 
 
 a; o 
 
 goS 
 
 05 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 as. 
 
 C /2 ^ 'D 3 
 
 -P o> 0 ) 
 
 (X) '♦“=> t-* 
 3 C3 D 
 Ph *-< X 2 
 CD 
 
 "C 
 
 .a o 
 
 r? ^ 
 
 S. 2 .S 
 
 a ?2.g 
 
 T 3 a 'S 
 
 a 
 
 t> ° 
 3 
 
 te a 
 0.2 
 
 4 ) 
 
 ft 
 
 O 
 
 +J 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 ■a 
 
 aft 
 
 . a 03 
 
 2.2 
 
 03 
 
 2 0 
 
 g 
 
 O ft 
 
 a a 
 
 fto 133 O 
 
 pq 
 
 _ c« Wj O 
 
 ^.2 a-E^ 
 
 « Sa- 
 
 Sa'^ g 
 
 ft fe'a 
 
 a ^ 
 
 ^ g 03 .2 
 
 . 2 ft g o 
 
 4 a c3--ft 
 
 g22 S 2 . 
 
 “Is si's 
 
 o p2 p .p 44> 
 
 44> O c^ CO S P 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 ■p ^ 
 
 S . -M 
 
 p ^ p 
 
 a te ft 
 
 4 tH O 
 
 03 ft a 
 
 4 0.2 
 
 . . c c^ 
 
 -S2 
 
 ft ’m g 
 .2 --a 
 
 3 g c3 
 
 o^a .2 
 
 rrt a 03 
 w ^ o 
 c'ceft 
 . a 4 2 
 ft ft g 
 
 _ 03 O 
 03 g a 
 
 ° ^ ft 
 
 
 
 
 iO 
 
 C5 
 
 00 
 
 
 CO CD 
 
 O (N 
 
 CO <N 
 
 05 
 
 00 
 
 CD 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 05 
 
 lO 
 
 05 
 
 CD rf O 
 
 lO 
 
 
 00 
 
 t-H 
 
 
 3 a — 03 a 
 
 2 5 (-1 4 o3 
 
 ft) 0=2 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 1-H 
 
 c5 
 
 05 
 
 00 
 
 05 00 
 
 05 05 CD 
 
 cd 
 
 
 oi 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 rH 
 
 T— ( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 ft 
 
 Ps 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C5 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 00 05 
 
 05 CO 
 
 05 <35 O 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 a 2 r/E 
 
 S 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ca o 
 
 O rH 
 
 OOO 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^ g 4 
 
 O a ^ 
 
 CJ 
 
 K 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 O 33 W) 
 
 O 
 
 fft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft O 
 
 4 ft 
 03 O 
 
 S s 
 
 § O 
 I;.. 
 
 lO 
 
 o 
 
 lO 
 
 cd 
 
 o ^ iC 
 (NO o t-H 
 
 O lO lO 
 CD O 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 . 2 ^ 
 ^ >> 
 
 
 
 -si 
 
 CO 
 
 04 
 
 
 «M 
 
 00 
 
 00 CO 
 
 CO ^ 
 
 <N 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 
 cD 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 1—1 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 rfi 
 
 lO 
 
 CD 
 
 00 
 
 (N 
 
 o 
 
 r> 
 
 id 
 
 »d 
 
 id 
 
 CD 
 
 CD O 
 
 tj 5 rfi 
 
 id 
 
 CD 
 
 05 
 
 O 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 cd 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 JftS ►>> 
 
 l>. 
 
 00 
 
 
 (N 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 05 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 lO 
 
 05 
 
 CSI 
 
 t>- 
 
 ^H 
 
 i’erceni 
 age of 
 rated 
 lapacit 
 devel- 
 oped. 
 
 04 
 
 Tf 
 
 
 cd 
 
 CD 
 
 00 
 
 id 
 
 00 05 id 
 
 cd 
 
 id 
 
 cd 
 
 Tf 5 
 
 00 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 l>* 
 
 00 
 
 O 
 
 t> 00 
 
 00 05 
 
 Ir^ 00 O 
 
 rH 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 
 (h P 
 
 ■ 2 'gv 
 
 .2 4 2 
 
 11 '^ 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 
 Tt< 
 
 
 05 CM 
 
 CO lO 
 
 05 05 05 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 5S 05 
 
 00 
 
 CM 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 00 o 
 
 O O CM 
 
 !>► 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 S CM 
 
 
 id 
 
 
 
 Tf cd 
 
 CM cd 
 
 o 05 cd 
 
 CM 
 
 cd 
 
 cd 
 
 CM 
 
 cd 
 
 a o3 
 — o 
 ft « 
 
 J 2 >> 
 
 a 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 05 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 rH lO 05 
 
 00 
 
 CM 
 
 00 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 5 S 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 o 
 
 05 
 
 ^ o 
 
 ^ rH 
 
 CM lO 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 l>. 
 
 ^ rH 
 
 00 
 
 cd 
 
 id 
 
 d 
 
 00 d 
 
 05 d 
 
 TP cd 00 
 
 00 
 
 yJt 
 
 d 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 rH 
 
 rH 
 
 rH 
 
 rH 
 
 rH 04 
 
 ^H 
 
 rH rH 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 rH 
 
 rH 
 
 A 2 A 
 ftS gft 
 
 II 11 
 
 ft ->-o 
 St- 
 
 a. 
 
 2 -^-. 4 
 ft OTTS t« 
 
 a a cft 
 
 ft a a 
 
 0 -- >H 
 
 o . 
 
 aa 
 
 a g 
 
 ft CO 
 ?; 'cji 
 
 05 
 
 
 CO 
 
 rH 
 
 lO lO 
 
 CD CM 
 
 05 05 00 
 
 CD 
 
 
 05 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 LC 
 
 CM 
 
 00 
 
 Tp 
 
 00 CM 
 
 rH rH 
 
 lO 00 00 
 
 rH 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 id 
 
 TP 
 
 id 
 
 
 rH d 
 
 cd Tp C 5 
 
 d 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 TP 
 
 Tp 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 Tp T ^1 
 
 ^ TP CO 
 
 Tp 
 
 
 rH 
 
 TP 
 
 Tp 
 
 CM 
 
 
 Tp 
 
 Tp 
 
 Tp CO 
 
 rH CO 
 
 O CO 
 
 CD 
 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 
 iC 
 
 iC 
 
 Tp 
 
 IC 
 
 Tp l-O 
 
 Tp »0 
 
 I-O IC CO 
 
 C ^4 
 
 rH 
 
 CM 
 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 o oo oo ooo 
 
 a a a a a a a a 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 03 
 
 3 ^ 
 ;zi^ 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 cc 
 
 a: 
 
 CC 
 
 CO 
 
 cc 
 
 CD 
 
 cc 
 
 lO 
 
 CO 
 
 CD iC 05 CO CD CO 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 O 
 
 ’•P 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 .£f 
 
 'So 
 
 a> 
 
 t: 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Ph 
 
 p ^ 
 
 3 6 
 
 rO" 
 
 P 
 
 o 
 
 . . f 
 
 a ...; 
 O A 
 , 2 l^ 
 a 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 iz; 
 
 CO 
 
 O) 
 
 6 
 
 iz; 
 
 Ui 
 
 O 
 
 A 4 
 
 H 3 
 
 a.? 
 
 C 3 
 
 a£, 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 o3 
 
 03 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 ^ CM o 
 
 oo CO (M 
 
 Cl CM oo 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 ft 
 
 C 35 
 
 OO 
 
 O 
 
 2 ; 
 
 coal caked. 
 
Table 47. — Comparison of results of tests cn the same coals showing the variation in boiler efficiency 72* as the percentage of black smoke increases 
 
 Continued. 
 
 166 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 6 
 
 a; 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 Q> 
 
 ft 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 cS 
 
 ..T 3 w . 
 
 "S 
 
 c 3 5 ® 
 .3 (h T3 ® 
 ft® cSij 
 
 ^ S' fcn 
 I-, 0.3x3 
 
 •ft 3 2 
 
 2 . 2.2 S 
 
 H r/> S 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 S c> 
 
 U 73 
 
 Ph 3 
 O O 
 
 o 
 
 o-rJ 
 
 w ^ 
 
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 c3 
 
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 ft 2 
 
 • 3 S 
 3 ' 
 T 3 <S 
 c3 
 
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 £ 
 
 3 • 13 ^ 
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 O rrt • Q.^ 
 
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 S.g -3 >- tf o 
 
 2 2 2 2° 
 
 c 3 2 73 o, C 
 
 ...2'^'d.2oogoo 
 
 32 ft..^'^ O '3 
 
 2 O ® 2 ’5 3 -3) 33 .22 
 
 ^oi: ag ^3 2 S £ g 
 
 2 3 o^s 2'g 2-3 
 
 Tl n '3 rt o ^ £ 3 
 
 : 1.2 3.2 3 ft 3 . 2 'S .3 
 iFizi!-im 33 3 
 
 'ft 2 3 g’-5 2-3 
 
 ' — . 3_..3 3 3 ft d 
 
 osg^g^os’S.gg—g 
 <1 Q O S O ^ 
 
 ' '3 _ o 
 
 0 o 3 +3 o 
 
 cs-^-" (3 3 
 i=i g 3 2 3 
 p o 3 
 
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 rJ O • 
 
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 o .a “ 
 « 
 
 ft 
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 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 $S 
 
 o O 
 
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 i-» T-H (M 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 M 
 
 c3 O 
 
 s s 
 
 1 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 X 
 
 (N 
 
 X 
 
 §* 
 .2 <M 
 
 0 
 
 s » 
 
 00 
 
 r— 4 
 
 <M 
 
 0 
 
 05 
 
 CD 
 
 0 
 
 
 CD 
 
 o4 
 
 0 
 
 rH 
 
 CD 
 
 
 Tf 
 
 8 >> 
 w " 
 
 I-'® 
 
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 CD CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 0 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 iO 
 
 (N 
 
 
 CO 
 
 05 
 
 0 
 
 
 3 o ^ ■— "n* T3 
 
 <U QJ o ® m 
 
 o O.W ts > 2 
 
 «H bjo 03 Gi O fti 
 
 ® 03 O 
 
 ^ o 
 
 00 
 
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 b *-N 
 
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 (M X 
 
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 CD 
 
 10 
 
 05 
 
 t-H 
 
 CD 
 
 
 CD 
 
 10 
 
 
 05 
 
 06 
 
 iO 
 
 T-H 
 
 CO 
 
 3 "g 
 
 O 
 
 ft 
 
 J2 >> 
 
 .2 sh Aij 
 
 .- O) g-3 
 
 c3 ^-3 O 
 
 •3 3 ®t^ 
 i 3 
 -ft 
 
 ■3 3 ' 
 
 >S.: 
 
 HO ^ 
 
 X 
 
 rH 0 
 
 (N 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 si 03 
 
 05 
 
 »D 
 
 
 05 
 
 iC 
 
 CD 
 
 
 C^ 0 
 
 05 
 
 05 05 
 
 06 
 
 d 
 
 CO 
 
 05 
 
 06 
 
 
 
 
 ’-H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (N 
 
 
 00 
 
 IC 
 
 
 X 
 
 0 
 
 CD 
 
 set- 
 
 
 X r-H 
 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 w oi 
 
 05 
 
 05 10 
 
 TJ4 
 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 
 yj, 
 
 
 X 
 
 X ^ 
 
 
 ID 
 
 10 
 
 iC 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 1 -H 
 
 (N 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 00 
 
 Si 
 
 
 TT iC 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 1*7 
 
 o ft _, o 
 ft M ft w 
 C 3 3 
 •ft 3 =3 o 
 
 O— (-, 
 
 C OT 
 
 X 
 
 u 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 : 3 ; 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 . . 
 
 _; 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 0 
 
 3 2|-g 
 
 c3 
 
 (m 
 
 ft 
 
 c3 
 
 u 
 
 o3 
 
 ft 
 
 ft 3 2 8 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 • tf 0 ^ 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 • c3 0 
 
 c3 
 
 0 
 
 c3 
 
 c3 ^ 
 
 
 :;z; 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 7. 
 
 X 
 
 00 CD c^j 
 L.7 ic 00 
 
 CO CO 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 Z 
 
 OT 
 
 ’3c 
 
 3^ 
 
 >» 
 
 o 
 
METHODS OF SUPPLYING AIR FOR COMBUSTION. 
 
 167 
 
 Table 47, compiled from the results of tests made on the same coals, 
 shows the variation in boiler efficiency as the smoke increases. The 
 tests of each coal compared were made with the same boiler and same 
 grate. All the tests but two were made with natural draft; but 
 inasmuch as the use of forced draft only increased the rate of com- 
 bustion, as was shown by Table 45, the tests are comparable both as 
 to efficiency and smoke. 
 
 In general the results show that as the percentage of rated capacity 
 developed increased the percentage of black smoke increased and the 
 efficiency decreased. This proves that the combustion space was 
 not efficient over a wide range of working conditions, but there was 
 a limit for rate of combustion for each kind of coal, above which effi- 
 cient operation was impossible. The table also demonstrates that 
 with hand-fired furnaces the combustion space to be most efficient 
 must have some means of mixing the air and gases. The results 
 with Maryland and Indian Territory coals show that the most smoke 
 was made on the tests showing low capacity. Methods of operation 
 may account for this efficiency variation, as with the Maryland coal 
 the automatic air admission was used on the high-capacity test and 
 not on the low. The discordant results in the tests of Indiana coals 
 are probably due to the variation in air admission. The beneficial 
 effect of the automatic air admission in reducing the smoke and 
 increasing efficiency is noticeable in several tests. 
 
 The three tests on Alabama coal were run at about equal efficiency 
 over a wide range of capacity, but as the methods of operating were 
 dissimilar these apparent discrepancies could easily result. 
 
 High smoke values gave high unaccounted for values in the heat 
 balance. Usually the percentage of CO in the flue gas was much 
 greater when the smoke was high, showing a cause for the decreasing 
 efficiency and increasing visible evidence of loss noted with high 
 rates of combustion. 
 
 COMPARISON OF METHODS OF SUPPLYING AIR FOR 
 
 COMBUSTION. 
 
 METHODS COMPARED. 
 
 As supplementing the data already presented to show the results 
 obtained in tests at the fuel-testing plants, a number of tables have 
 been compiled to show the relative value of different methods of 
 supplying air for combustion. The following methods are compared: 
 (1) Air supplied continuously by means of openings in grates; (2) air 
 taken continuously through the grates and an extra amount supplied 
 automatically at times of greatest distillation of volatile matter; 
 (3) air taken continuously through the grates and more supplied at 
 times of firing by cracking the furnace doors. All full-length St. 
 Louis tests (except the briquet tests) and the hand-fired Norfolk tests 
 have been used in this compilation. 
 
168 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 RELATION OF EFFICIENCY TO CAPACITY WITH AIR ADMITTED 
 THROUGH GRATES AND BY AUTOMATIC DEVICES. 
 
 To permit fair comparison of the boiler efficiency and rated capacity 
 developed; tests were selected on which the same kind of coal was 
 used and the same method of supplying air for combustion. These 
 tests include two series, 'one in which the automatic air-admission 
 device for the furnace was not operated and another in which it was. 
 The results of the first series are given in the following table: 
 
 Table 48. 
 
 — Relation of efficiency to capacity, automatic air-admission device not operated. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Percentage 
 of rated 
 capacity 
 developed. 
 
 Efficiency 
 
 72*. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Percentage 
 of rated 
 capacity 
 developed. 
 
 Efficiency 
 
 72*. 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 106.3 
 
 Per cent. 
 62. 92 
 
 Virginia 
 
 101.8 
 
 Per cent. 
 63.39 
 
 Do 
 
 85.7 
 
 65.07 
 
 Do 
 
 99.7 
 
 67.13 
 
 Do 
 
 85.0 
 
 65.90 
 
 Do 
 
 92.3 
 
 68.25 
 
 Do 
 
 80.9 
 
 67.64 
 
 Do 
 
 81.6 
 
 65.77 
 
 Do 
 
 72.8 
 
 69.32 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 99.9 
 
 56.98 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 108.2 
 
 67. 19 
 
 ' Do..T 
 
 95.2 
 
 59.63 
 
 Do 
 
 108.1 
 
 65.83 
 
 Do 
 
 93. 1 
 
 57.84 
 
 Do 
 
 103.9 
 
 63.86 
 
 Do 
 
 88.2 
 
 64.08 
 
 Virginia 
 
 147.7 
 
 60. 23 
 
 Do 
 
 81.0 
 
 63.34 
 
 
 
 The above table shows that, in general, when the air was supplied 
 by means of the air spaces in the grates the boiler efficiency was 
 highest at the lowest capacities and decreased as the capacity 
 increased. 
 
 Data from the second series of selected tests are presented in 
 Table 49. 
 
 Table 49. — Relation of efficiency to capacity, automatic air-admission device operated. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Percentage 
 of rated 
 capacity 
 developed. 
 
 Efficiency 
 
 72*. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Percentage 
 of rated 
 capacity 
 developed. 
 
 Efficiency 
 
 72*. 
 
 Maryland 
 
 113.9 
 
 Per cent. 
 68. 54 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 88.3 
 
 Per cent. 
 61.06 
 
 bo 
 
 93.2 
 
 67. 64 
 
 ' Do..t 
 
 79.3 
 
 58. 20 
 
 Do 
 
 80.1 
 
 65. 28 
 
 Do 
 
 67.0 
 
 67.62 
 
 
 
 This table shows that the automatic air admission is not always 
 of equal value. With the Mar^dand coal too much air was supplied 
 at the capacity of 80.1 per cent, for even at the highest capacity 
 given neither the greatest possible reduction of air supply nor the 
 higliest efficiency had. been reached. With the Wyoming coal not 
 enough air was supj)lied at 88.3 per cent capacity to maintain the 
 same efficiency as at 67 per cent. 
 
METHODS OF SUPPLYING AIR FOR COMBUSTION 
 
 169 
 
 COMPARISON OF RESULTS FROM DIFFERENT COALS WITH 
 
 VARIED AIR ADMISSION. 
 
 In Table 50 the volatile matter in the coal as received, the percent- 
 age of rated capacity developed, the efficiency 72*, and the smoke 
 readings have been averaged for the coals from each State according 
 to the method of supplying air for combustion. The data show that 
 no unvarying rule can be formulated to cover all coals, but in general 
 a higher capacity and a higher efficiency resulted when additional air 
 was supplied at times of firing. Many of the smoke averages do not 
 fall as might be expected. 
 
 Table 50. — Relation of air admission to results when burning different coals. 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 lilinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Indian Territory . . . 
 
 West Virginia 
 (Jamestown) 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Method of supplying air. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 tests. 
 
 Volatile 
 matter in 
 coal as 
 fired. 
 
 Percent- 
 age of 
 rated ca- 
 pacity de- 
 veloped. 
 
 Efficien- 
 cy 72*. 
 
 Black 
 
 smoke. 
 
 1 Automatic air admission off 
 
 5 
 
 Per cent. 
 27.3 
 
 95.5 
 
 Per cent. 
 66. 56 
 
 Per ct. 
 14.4 
 
 •^Automatic air admission on 
 
 2 
 
 29.7 
 
 78.3 
 
 65.92 
 
 0 
 
 [Furnace doors cracked after firing. 
 
 4 
 
 28.1 
 
 98.8 
 
 66. 88 
 
 8.0 
 
 Automatic air admission off 
 
 6 
 
 15.0 
 
 89.1 
 
 65. 18 
 
 0 
 
 f....do 
 
 32 
 
 32.5 
 
 91.7 
 
 58. 56 
 
 24.7 
 
 < Automatic air admission on 
 
 40 
 
 32.2 
 
 91.9 
 
 66. 05 
 
 18.3 
 
 [Furnace doors cracked after firing. 
 
 11 
 
 31.6 
 
 92.7 
 
 65. 04 
 
 5.4 
 
 (Automatic air admission off 
 
 1 
 
 34.1 
 
 103.9 
 
 67.15 
 
 31.4 
 
 1 Automatic air admission on 
 
 35 
 
 34.8 
 
 90.1 
 
 65. 13 
 
 21.9 
 
 1 Furnace doors cracked after firing. 
 
 1 
 
 33.5 
 
 93.1 
 
 65.36 
 
 28.2 
 
 [Automatic air admission off 
 
 1 
 
 13.6 
 
 97.0 
 
 65. 20 
 
 3.0 
 
 (Furnace doors cracked after firing. 
 
 1 
 
 35.4 
 
 90.5 
 
 68.10 
 
 19.5 
 
 [Automatic air admission off 
 
 2 
 
 16.9 
 
 128.5 
 
 66.99 
 
 6.9 
 
 < Automatic air admission on 
 
 2 
 
 17.1 
 
 80.8 
 
 66.93 
 
 7.0 
 
 [Furnace doors cracked after firing. 
 
 1 
 
 15.3 
 
 78.3 
 
 68.61 
 
 8.6 
 
 /Automatic air admission on 
 
 13 
 
 33.1 
 
 92.2 
 
 66.47 
 
 20.1 
 
 (Furnace doors cracked after firing. 
 
 1 
 
 33.7 
 
 68.4 
 
 67. 08 
 
 
 (Automatic air admission off 
 
 3 
 
 15.0 
 
 95.7 
 
 67. 15 
 
 6.8 
 
 (Automatic air admission on 
 
 1 
 
 14.0 
 
 95.9 
 
 68. 56 
 
 0 
 
 (Automatic air admission off 
 
 1 
 
 32.0 
 
 129.4 
 
 56.64 
 
 42.5 
 
 (Automatic air admission on 
 
 6 
 
 32.5 
 
 97.7 
 
 63. 12 
 
 12.8 
 
 Automatic air admission off 
 
 2 
 
 31.7 
 
 114.3 
 
 66. 95 
 
 15.3 
 
 ( do 
 
 3 
 
 33.8 
 
 106.7 
 
 65. 63 
 
 17.3 
 
 (Furnace doors cracked after firing. 
 
 4 
 
 32.6 
 
 107.9 
 
 67. 08 
 
 17.8 
 
 [Automatic air admission off 
 
 1 
 
 36.6 
 
 81.3 
 
 69.01 
 
 13.1 
 
 < Automatic air admission on 
 
 24 
 
 36.6 
 
 92.1 
 
 65.69 
 
 33.1 
 
 [Furnace doors cracked after firing. 
 
 2 
 
 39.0 
 
 118.4 
 
 68. 02 
 
 13.0 
 
 (Automatic air admission off 
 
 12 
 
 22.7 
 
 91.4 
 
 67. 43 
 
 6.2 
 
 (Automatic air admission on 
 
 10 
 
 31.2 
 
 93.5 
 
 67.67 
 
 23.7 
 
 [Automatic air admission off 
 
 4 
 
 32.8 
 
 89.8 
 
 65.71 
 
 20.1 
 
 < Automatic air admission on 
 
 12 
 
 32.1 
 
 103.0 
 
 66.02 
 
 14.2 
 
 [Furnace doors cracked after firing. 
 
 7 
 
 33.0 
 
 110.2 
 
 65.16 
 
 21.9 
 
 Automatic air admission off 
 
 2 
 
 30.6 
 
 96.6 
 
 56.69 
 
 6.0 
 
 1 do 
 
 5 
 
 22.5 
 
 104.6 
 
 64. 95 
 
 10.4 
 
 (Automatic air admission on 
 
 9 
 
 34.7 
 
 92.3 
 
 66.77 
 
 34.2 
 
 (Automatic air admission off 
 
 1 
 
 35.6 
 
 108.4 
 
 63. 98 
 
 17.0 
 
 < Automatic air admission on 
 
 1 
 
 34.5 
 
 81.8 
 
 65.04 
 
 10.0 
 
 [Furnace doors cracked after firing. 
 
 1 
 
 36.5 
 
 97.4 
 
 66. 65 
 
 33.5 
 
 [Automatic air admission off 
 
 2 
 
 20.6 
 
 80.7 
 
 70.71 
 
 0 
 
 •{Automatic air admission on 
 
 27 
 
 32.7 
 
 93.8 
 
 67.59 
 
 21.5 
 
 [Furnace doors cracked after firing. 
 
 2 
 
 34.3 
 
 103.9 
 
 69.10 
 
 16.0 
 
 /Automatic air admission off 
 
 5 
 
 37.0 
 
 91.5 
 
 60. 37 
 
 21.6 
 
 (.\utomatic air admission on 
 
 3 
 
 35. 0 
 
 78.2 
 
 62.29 
 
 3.2 
 
170 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 RELATION OF EFFICIENCY TO CAPACITY WITH VARIED AIR 
 
 ADMISSION. 
 
 Table 51 gives averages for all tests made with automatic air ad- 
 mission not operated, automatic air admission operated, and furnace 
 doors cracked, not classified according to States. 
 
 Table 51. — Relations of air supply to averages of results. 
 
 
 
 Volatile 
 
 Percent- 
 age of 
 
 
 Black smoke. 
 
 Method of supplying air. 
 
 Number 
 of tests. 
 
 matter 
 in coal 
 as fired. 
 
 rated 
 
 capacity 
 
 devel- 
 
 oped. 
 
 ElBcien- 
 cy 72*. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Niunber 
 of tests. 
 
 Automatic air admission off 
 
 88 
 
 Per cent. 
 28.0 
 
 93.8 
 
 Per cent. 
 62. 95 
 
 Per cent. 
 11.8 
 
 59 
 
 Automatic air admission on 
 
 185 
 
 33.2 
 
 92.9 
 
 66.06 
 
 21.6 
 
 162 
 
 Furnace doors cracked 
 
 35 
 
 31.2 
 
 99.7 
 
 66.21 
 
 15.4 
 
 28 
 
 The subjoined list shows the names of the coals which fell in the 
 final grouping of Table 51: 
 
 AUTOMATIC AIR ADMISSION NOT OPERATED. 
 
 Indian Territory. Pennsylvania. 
 
 Arkansas. Alabama. 
 
 Maryland. Texas. 
 
 West Virginia (Jamestown). Illinois. 
 
 West Virginia. Missouri. 
 
 Virginia. Montana. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 New Mexico. 
 Washington. 
 Ohio. 
 Wyoming. 
 
 AUTOMATIC AIR ADMISSION OPERATED. ^ 
 
 Maryland . 
 
 West Virginia (Jamestown). 
 Alabama. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Missouri. 
 Tennessee. 
 West Virginia. 
 Kansas. 
 Indiana. 
 
 Virginia. 
 Washington . 
 Wyoming. 
 Ohio. 
 
 FURNACE DOORS CRACKED. 
 
 West Virginia (Jamestown). 
 Alabama. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 New Mexico. 
 
 Indiana. 
 Kansas. 
 Tennessee. 
 West Virginia. 
 
 Indian Territory. 
 Washington. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Tables 52 to 54 give averaged results showing the relation of effi- 
 ciency to capacity under the three methods of air admission when 
 high-volatile coals are burned, all the tests on low-volatile coals 
 lieing excluded. 
 
 Table 52. — Relation of efficiency to capacity, automatic air admission not operated. 
 
 Percentage 
 of rated 
 capacity 
 developed. 
 
 F.fficiency 
 
 72*. 
 
 Percentage 
 of rated 
 capacity 
 developed. 
 
 Efficiency 
 
 72*. 
 
 108.4 
 
 Per cent. 
 63.98 
 
 96.6 
 
 Per cent. 
 56. 69 
 
 106.3 
 
 61.97 
 
 95.5 
 
 66. 56 
 
 105.3 
 
 66. 39 
 
 86.4 
 
 1)4. 69 
 
 98.0 
 
 66. 19 
 
 80.7 
 
 70.71 
 
METHODS OF SUPPLYING AIR FOR COMBUSTION. I7l 
 
 Table 52 shows that the highest efficiency was obtained with the 
 lowest capacity and that the efficiency decreased as the capacity 
 increased. 
 
 Table 53 . — Relation of efficiency to capacity, automatic air admission operated. 
 
 Percentage 
 of rated 
 capacity 
 developed. 
 
 Efficiency 
 
 72*. 
 
 Percentage 
 of rated 
 capacity 
 developed. 
 
 Efficiency 
 
 72*. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 96.6 
 
 65.70 
 
 88. 1 
 
 65. 65 
 
 93.5 
 
 67.67 
 
 78.3 
 
 65. 92 
 
 92.2 
 
 66.47 
 
 IS. 2 
 
 62. 29 
 
 92. 1 
 
 65. 69 
 
 
 
 Table 53 shows that the lowest efficiency was obtained when run- 
 ning at the lowest capacity and that the efficiency increased as the 
 capacity increased. 
 
 Table 54. — Relation of efficiency to capacity, furnace doors cracked after each fring. 
 
 Percentage 
 of rated 
 capacity 
 developed. 
 
 Efficiency 
 
 72*. 
 
 Percentage 
 of rated 
 capacity 
 developed. 
 
 Efficiency 
 
 72*. 
 
 118.4 
 
 Per cent. 
 68.02 
 
 97.4 
 
 Per cent. 
 66. 65 
 
 107.9 
 
 67. 08 
 
 92.7 
 
 65. 04 
 
 103.9 
 
 69. 10 
 
 90.6 
 
 65. 87 
 
 98.8 
 
 66. 88 
 
 90.5 
 
 68. 10 
 
 Table 54 shows that the highest efficiencies were obtained when 
 running at high capacity and that with one exception, the reverse was 
 true. Supplying air by cracking the door, while it results in high 
 efficiency, is more liable to furnish a variable supply than an auto- 
 matic device, as it introduces the personal element. 
 
 With the furnace door cracked after firing, the lowest efficiency was 
 65 per cent. With the automatic air admission operated, the lowest 
 efficiency was 62.3 per cent. With the automatic air admission not 
 operated, the lowest efficiency was 56.7 per cent. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 Air supply should be regulated to suit the combustion of different 
 kinds of coal. 
 
 With the same coal burned in the same furnace, a proper amount of 
 air supplied at times of greatest distillation of volatile matter will 
 aid in obtaining higher capacity and higher efficiency than can be 
 had without such regulation. 
 
 When air is supplied in the same manner to the same coal in the 
 same furnace, the efficiency is practically determined by the rate of 
 combustion. 
 
 On the average, cracking the furnace door resulted in highest 
 capacities with the highest efficiencies, from which it would seem that 
 
172 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OP COAL. 
 
 in general not enough air was supplied by the automatic air-admission 
 openings. 
 
 Air should be supplied automatically to the furnace, as this over- 
 comes in a measure the personal element. 
 
 In the average furnace the gases and air are not mixed thoroughly 
 and it is possible, especially by cracking the furnace doors, to admit 
 large amounts of air into the furnace and reduce the visible products 
 of incomplete combustion at the expense of efficiency. (See tests of 
 Illinois coal in Table 50.) 
 
 INFLUENCE OF VOLATILE MATTER IN FUEL ON THE 
 
 SMOKE PROBLEM. 
 
 From a study of the tables giving the results of the tests made 
 under Heine boilers, it appears that in all tests coal with low volatile 
 matter was burned most efficiently and with the least smoke. High- 
 volatile coals are more difficult to burn without loss than low-volatile 
 Coals, but the difficulty is not directly proportional to the percentage 
 of volatile matter. Some coals with less than 30 per cent of volatile 
 matter give off more smoke than others having 40 per cent. Ob- 
 servations of the behavior of coals when thrown into the furnace 
 indicated that some coals gave off their volatile matter at lower 
 temperatures than others, and that there was a difference in the 
 nature of the volatile matter. 
 
 This phase of the composition of ‘coals is now undergoing laboratory 
 investigation under the direction of N. W. Lord. When these 
 investigations are completed valuable data will be at the command of 
 engineers who are called on to design furnaces for burning coal. 
 Horace C. Porter, who is conducting the experiments, has furnished 
 the following preliminary statement, which shows that among the 
 coals tested there is a wide difference in the character of the volatile 
 matter: 
 
 Table 55. — Results of heating 10 grams of air-dried coal ten minutes. 
 
 
 Highest 
 
 
 
 
 Gas composition (calculated to undiluted gas). 
 
 
 tern- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 pera- 
 ture in 
 
 Tar.a 
 
 Water. 
 
 Gas. 
 
 
 Illumi- 
 
 naiits.a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 coal in 
 retort. 
 
 
 
 
 CO 2 . 
 
 CO. 
 
 CIIi. 
 
 C2H6.<^ 6 
 
 H 2 . 
 
 N 2 . 
 
 At heating temperature 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of 500° C. 
 
 “ C. 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 C.c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Connellsville, Pa 
 
 335 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 30.0 
 
 0 
 
 0. 5 
 
 6. 5 
 
 7.0 
 
 0 
 
 C50.0 
 
 Zeigler, 111...' 
 
 325 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 14.8 
 
 0 
 
 5.3 
 
 8.0 
 
 0 
 
 C71.9 
 
 At heating temperature 
 
 
 
 
 of '600° C. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Connellsville, Pa 
 
 441 
 
 4.9 
 
 3.2 
 
 190 
 
 0.3 
 
 8.2 
 
 5. 9 
 
 36.9 
 
 23.7 
 
 2.0 
 
 C17.0 
 
 Zeigler, 111 
 
 440 
 
 (i.8 
 
 13.0 
 
 173 
 
 15. 7 
 
 7.0 
 
 14.4 
 
 19.0 
 
 22.2 
 
 2.8 
 
 C18.9 
 
 n Sinoke-fonniiiK matter. 
 
 S Includes all hif'her paralTin calculated as C 2 H 6 . 
 c Includes small amount of air. 
 
HOKSEPOWER FROM DIFFERENT COALS. 
 
 173 
 
 Table 55 , — Results of heating 10 grams of air-dried coal ten minutes — Continued. 
 
 
 Highest 
 
 tern- 
 
 
 
 
 Gas composition (calculated to undiluted gas.) 
 
 Kind of coal. 
 
 pera- 
 ture in 
 coal in 
 retort. 
 
 Tar. 
 
 W ater. 
 
 Gas. 
 
 CO 2. 
 
 Illumi- 
 
 nants. 
 
 CO. 
 
 CH4. 
 
 C 2 H 6 . 
 
 H 2 . 
 
 N 2 . 
 
 At heating temperature 
 of 700° a 
 
 Connells ville, Pa 
 
 ° C. 
 5ti2 
 
 P. ct. 
 11.0 
 
 P. ct. 
 3.5 
 
 C. c. 
 
 583 
 
 3.0 
 
 7.2 
 
 5.4 
 
 44.1 
 
 17.7 
 
 13.5 
 
 9.1 
 
 Zeigler, 111 
 
 545 
 
 7.8 
 
 14.0 
 
 471 
 
 8.5 
 
 5.1 
 
 13.7 
 
 59.6 
 
 0 
 
 1.1 
 
 12.0 
 
 Sheridan, Wyo 
 
 580 
 
 8.2 
 
 18.5 
 
 1,020 
 
 28.8 
 
 3.7 
 
 20.0 
 
 18.6 
 
 6.8 
 
 15. 1 
 
 7.0 
 
 Pocahontas, W. Va... 
 
 599 
 
 4.2 
 
 1.9 
 
 675 
 
 1.9 
 
 4.4 
 
 3.9 
 
 44.4 
 
 16.1 
 
 28.5 
 
 .8 
 
 At heating temperature 
 of 800° a 
 
 ConneUs ville. Pa 
 
 687 
 
 12.6 
 
 4.5 
 
 1, 375 
 
 1.5 
 
 5.5 
 
 6.9 
 
 24.9 
 
 12.1 
 
 33.1 
 
 a 16.0 
 
 Zeigler, 111 
 
 680 
 
 9.3 
 
 13.9 
 
 1,251 
 
 1,780 
 
 1,590 
 
 3.8 
 
 3.8 
 
 16.0 
 
 27.7 
 
 6.1 
 
 33.7 
 
 a 8. 9 
 
 Sheridan, Wyo 
 
 
 7.9 
 
 19. 1 
 
 19.8 
 
 2.7 
 
 21.4 
 
 14. 1 
 
 4.0 
 
 30.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 Pocahontas, W. Va... 
 
 
 6.5 
 
 2.4 
 
 1.2 
 
 3.4 
 
 4.8 
 
 24.4 
 
 11.6 
 
 43.2 
 
 11.4 
 
 c Includes small amount of air. 
 
 The differences in the ease with which various coals give off their 
 smoke-producing constituents are strikingly shown by the accom- 
 panying diagram (fig. 40), in which all these volatile substances are 
 grouped, the total percentages given off being represented by the 
 vertical scale and the temperatures by the horizontal scale. The 
 behavior of the Illinois coal at temperatures between 600 and 
 700° C. contrasts strongly with the progressive distillation of Con- 
 nellsville coal, and the decline in production of volatile compounds 
 at temperatures over 700° shown by Wyoming coal is notably differ- 
 ent from the even increases shown by Illinois, Pocahontas, and Con- 
 nells ville coals. 
 
 HORSEPOWER FROM DIFFERENT COALS. 
 
 The facts presented in Table 56 were obtained by averaging more 
 than 200 tests on coals and lignites from 17 different States. All 
 these fuels were hand fired under a Heine boiler. The furnace was 
 set with flat grates, which were 26 inches from the U tile on the lower 
 row of tubes, measured at about the center of the grate. Natural 
 draft was used in nearly all the tests. The damper was usually set 
 so as to get a draft of about 0.6 inch of water in the hood, this giving 
 from 0.12 to 0.30 inch in the furnace, varying with the coal and the 
 condition of the fire. On the assumption that the boilers at the 
 average good plant are run at approximately the same efficiency as 
 those at the government testing plant, the figures given in Table 56 
 for coal per boiler horsepower per hour may be used as a basis for an 
 approximate determination of the total boiler horsepower at any 
 plant by dividing the amount of coal used per hour by the figures in 
 the table opposite the State from which the coal is supplied. For 
 
174 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL, 
 
 (^H — sasBa uoqjBOOjpitq XAcaq sn(d jbx) 
 
 JU33 jad ‘spnpoad ain^iOA 3upnpojd-aj|oius 
 
 Temperature of coal (°C.) 
 
 P'lGURE 40. — Proportion of smoke-producing compounds given off at different temperatures by several coaE. 
 
CENTRAL HEATING STATIONS. 
 
 175 
 
 instance, a consumption of 460 pounds of best Illinois coal per hour 
 indicates that the total boiler horsepower developed would be about 1 00. 
 
 Table 56 . — Efficiency 7f* and coal burned per boiler horsepower per hour. 
 
 state. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 tests 
 aver- 
 aged. 
 
 Effi- 
 
 ciency, 
 
 72*. 
 
 Coal 
 burned 
 per boiler 
 horse- 
 power 
 per hour. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 3 
 
 Per cent. 
 66 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 4.2 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 67 
 
 3.9 
 
 Colorado (lignite) 
 
 1 
 
 61 
 
 6.0 
 
 Illinois (best coal) 
 
 23 
 
 66 
 
 4.6 
 
 Illinois (fair and poor 
 coal) 
 
 21 
 
 61 
 
 5.0 
 
 Indiana 
 
 27 
 
 63 
 
 4.7 
 
 Indian Territory 
 
 4 
 
 64 
 
 4.5 
 
 Iowa 
 
 5 
 
 61 
 
 5.5 
 
 Kansas 
 
 8 
 
 63 
 
 4.4 
 
 State. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 tests 
 aver- 
 aged. 
 
 Effi- 
 
 ciency, 
 
 72*. 
 
 Coal 
 burned 
 per boiler 
 horse- 
 power 
 per hour. 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 13 
 
 Per cent. 
 65 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 4.0 
 
 Maryland 
 
 ' 3 
 
 66 
 
 3.8 
 
 Missouri 
 
 7 
 
 63 
 
 5.1 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 2 
 
 60 
 
 5.5 
 
 Ohio 
 
 26 
 
 64 
 
 4.2 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 21 
 
 67 
 
 3.6 
 
 Virginia 
 
 12 
 
 65 
 
 3.7 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 36 
 
 67 
 
 3.6 
 
 Wyomnng (lignite). . . 
 
 8 
 
 59 
 
 6.1 
 
 CENTRAL HEATING STATIONS. 
 
 The possibility of reducing smoke in cities by the use of central 
 heating plants was taken up as part of the general study of the smoke 
 problem. There is no doubt that in winter the small heating plants, 
 both in residences and in store buildings, contribute largely to the 
 smoke nuisance. This is because the small plant is poorly designed 
 for burning any but low-volatile fuels. 'WTien an attempt is made to 
 burn the cheaper coals, such as large stations utilize, dense black 
 smoke results, often lasting for several minutes after each coaling. 
 Moreover, the plant is not large enough to warrant careful operation 
 and the coal is fired in large quantities and at long intervals. To 
 obviate the difficulties of combustion high-priced coal is burned, this 
 being especially true in congested areas. It is evident that if for the 
 heating plants of several buildings could be substituted a central 
 station where a power-plant boiler of standard type could be installed, 
 a correct furnace constructed,^ cheap fuel utilized, and the plant 
 operated intelligently, much of the nuisance and discomfort from 
 the small plants would be overcome. 
 
 The central heating plant is not a new thing; in fact some of the 
 plants have been in operation for twenty to twenty-five years. 
 Development in this direction has been very slow, however, until 
 within the last five or six years, when the idea has received renewed 
 attention. 
 
 The data presented in Table 57 were obtained by sending a circular 
 letter to each of the central heating plants supposed to be in oper- 
 ation in the United States — 150 in all. Of these, 77 responded, 57 
 giving the information as tabulated; twenty stated that they were 
 out of business or inactive. The location of the 130 is given in the 
 
176 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 statement below. The tabulated statistics may be taken as fairly 
 representative of central heating plant conditions. It will be noted 
 that the plants are most numerous in the States where coal is rela- 
 tively cheap. 
 
 Location and number of central heating plants. 
 
 Number 
 of plants. 
 
 Arkansas 1 
 
 Colorado 2 
 
 Connecticut 1 
 
 Georgia 1 
 
 Idaho 1 
 
 Illinois 24 
 
 Indiana 17 
 
 Kansas 1 
 
 Massachusetts 2 
 
 Michigan 3 
 
 Minnesota 3 
 
 Number 
 of plants. 
 
 Montana 1 
 
 Missouri 4 
 
 New Hampshire 1 
 
 New York 10 
 
 North Dakota 2 
 
 Ohio 24 
 
 Pennsylvania 25 
 
 Rhode Island 1 
 
 Texas 1 
 
 Washington 1 
 
 Wisconsin 4 
 
Table 57 . — Details of operation of central heating plants. 
 
 CENTRAL HEATING STATIONS. 
 
 
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Table 57 . — Details of operation of central heating plants — Continued. 
 
 178 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
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Table 57 . — Details of operation of central heating plants — Continued. 
 
 CENTRAL HEATING STATIONS. 
 
 179 
 
 
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T\hlk 57 . — Details of opcralioji, of central hcatmg plants — ('ontiniicd. 
 
 180 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
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 Very little. Pair. c Nearly 100. 
 
Table 57 . — Details of operation of central heating plants — Continued. 
 
 CENTRAL HEATING STATIONS. 
 
 181 
 
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Table 57 . — Details of operation of ventral heating plants — rontiiiuod. 
 
 182 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTIOK OF COAL. 
 
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183 
 
 CENTRAL HEATING STATIONS. 
 
 Of the 57 plants included in Table 57 only 12 were operating for 
 the express purpose of central heating. The remaining 45 were 
 supplying either light and heat, power and heat, or power, light, and 
 heat. Steam heat is furnished by 38 plants, hot water by 17, and a 
 combination of steam and hot water by 2. The plants which have 
 been installed in the last five or six years show about an equal propor- 
 tion of steam and hot-water heating. The plants range in size from 
 300 to 16,000 horsepower; only 25 per cent are of 600 horsepower or 
 less. Sixteen of the plants have mechanical stokers. The price of 
 coal ranges from $4.60 per short ton in Montana to 90 cents in Illinois, 
 the average cost from all the plants being $2.05 per short ton. Both 
 direct and indirect radiation are used, but by far the greater propor- 
 tion is direct. The greatest distance to which heat is sent from the 
 station varies considerably, but a reasonable distance seems to be 
 about 4,000 to 5,000 feet. 
 
 Payment for the use of steam is made in two ways — (1) at a flat 
 rate, based on square feet of radiating surface installed or on 1,000 
 cubic feet of contents heated, or (2) at a meter rate, based on 1,000 
 pounds of condensed steam. The price paid per square foot of radi- 
 ating surface averaged 33 J cents, and varied from 22 J to 65 cents. 
 The plants selling on a basis of 1,000 cubic feet of contents charged an 
 average of $4.46, the price varying from $2 to $6. On the basis of 
 1,000 pounds of condensed steam the payments averaged 50| cents, 
 ranging from 40 to 66 cents. One plant that sold heat on this basis 
 for 40 cents intimated that such a rate was not profitable. 
 
 The hot-water plants sold heat only on the basis of square feet of 
 radiating surface installed, the average rate being 17+ cents and the 
 range from 12j to 25 cents per square foot. Two plants, one selling 
 at 12^ and the other at 15^ cents, claimed that their prices were too 
 low for successful operation. 
 
 A comparison of the prices charged by central stations, as given in 
 Table 57, with the cost of fuel only for a house-heating boiler, as 
 published in Bulletin 366,® shows that in many cases the cost of pro- 
 ducing heat on the premises equals the price charged by the central 
 station. When heat is purchased the customer avoids the annoyance 
 of having to supervise the operation of the heating plant, as well 
 as the dust resulting from the delivery of fuel and the removal of 
 ashes. Some allowance should also be made for the space that would 
 be occupied by the heater and for the expense necessary to install 
 and keep a boiler in repair. 
 
 The following suggestions have been made by the managers of the 
 plants and are worthy of consideration: 
 
 Heat from a central plant should be, as largely as possible, a 
 secondary product. 
 
 a Randall, U. T., Tests of coal and briquets as fuel for house-heating boilers: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey 
 No. 366, 1908, p. 39. 
 
184 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 Heating mains should be concentrated and should not extend too 
 far from the station. 
 
 Direct radiation should be installed. 
 
 Mains should be of sufficient size to avoid the necessity of high 
 pressure at the station. 
 
 Heat should be under automatic control. 
 
 The flat rate is not a successful basis for payment; the service 
 should be metered. 
 
 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ON SMOKE ABATEMENT. 
 
 Some general conclusions from the facts set forth in this volume 
 are as follows: 
 
 The flame and the distilled gases should not be allowed to come 
 into contact with the boiler surfaces until combustion is complete. 
 
 Fire-brick furnaces of sufficient length and a continuous or nearly 
 continuous supply of coal and air to the fire make it possible to burn 
 most coals efficiently and without smoke. 
 
 Coals containing a large percentage of tar and heavy hydro- 
 carbons are difficult to burn without smoke and require special 
 furnaces and more than ordinary care in firing. 
 
 Briquets are suitable for use under power-plant conditions when 
 burned in a reasonably good furnace at the temperatures at which 
 such furnaces are usually operated. In such furnaces briquets 
 generally give better results than the same coal burned raw. 
 
 In ordinary boiler furnaces only coals high in fixed carbon can 
 be burned without smoke, except by expert firemen using more than 
 ordinary care in firing. 
 
 Combinations of boiler-room equipment suitable for nearly all 
 power-plant conditions can be selected, and can be operated without 
 objectionable smoke when reasonable care is exercised. 
 
 Of the existing plants some can be remodeled to advantage. 
 Others can not, but must continue to burn coals high in fixed carbon 
 or to burn other coals with inefficient results, accompanied by more 
 or less annoyance from smoke. In these cases a new, well-designed 
 plant is the only solution of the difficulty. 
 
 Large plants are for obvious reasons usually operated more eco- 
 nomically than small ones, and the increasing growth of central 
 plants offers a solution of the problem of procuring heat and power at 
 a reasonable price and without anno}^ance from smoke. 
 
 The increasing use of coke from by-product coke plants in sections 
 where soft coal was previously used, the use of gas for domestic pur- 
 poses, and the purchase of heat from a central plant in business and 
 residence sections all have their influence in making possible a clean 
 and comfortable cit}L 
 
SMOKELESS COMBUSTION OF COAL. 
 
 185 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 SURVEY PUBLICATIONS ON COAL AND FUEL TESTING. 
 
 A classified list of Survey papers dealing with coal is given in Bulle- 
 tin 316, and in an abstract from that bulletin, pp. 439 to 532, pub- 
 lished separately. 
 
 The following publications on fuel testing, except those to which a 
 price is affixed, can he obtained free by applying to the Director, 
 Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. The priced publications can 
 be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government 
 Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Bulletin 261. Preliminary report on the operations of the coal-testmg plant of the 
 United States Geological Survey at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in St. Louis, 
 Mo., 1904; E. W. Parker, J. A. Holmes, M. R. Campbell, committee in charge. 1905. 
 172 pp. 10 cents. 
 
 Professional Paper 48. Report on the operations of the coal-testing plant of the 
 United States Geological Survey at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 
 Mo., 1904; E. W. Parker, J. A. Holmes, M. R. Campbell, committee in charge. 1906. 
 In three parts. 1492 pp., 13 pis. $1.50. 
 
 Bulletin 290. Preliminary report on the operations of the fuel-testing plant of the 
 United States Geological Survey at St. Louis, Mo., 1905, by J. A. Holmes. 1906. 
 240 pp. 20 cents. 
 
 Bulletin 323. Experimental work conducted in the chemical laboratory of the 
 United States fuel-testing plant at St. Louis, Mo., January 1, 1905, to July 31, 1906, 
 by N. W. Lord. 1907. 49 pp. 10 cents. 
 
 Bulletin 325. A study of four' hundred steaming tests, made at the fuel-testing 
 plant, St. Louis, Mo., 1904, 1905, and 1906, by L. P. Breckenridge. 1907. 196 pp. 
 
 Bulletin 332. Report of the United States fuel-testing plant at St. Louis, Mo., 
 January 1, 1906, to June 30, 1907; J. A. Holmes, in charge. 1908. '299 pp. 
 
 Bulletin 334. The burning of coal without smoke in boiler plants; a preliminary 
 report, by D. T. Randall. 1908. 26 pp. 5 cents. 
 
 Bulletin 336. Washing and coking tests of coal and cupola tests of coke, by Rich- 
 ard Moldenke, A. W. Belden, and G. R. Delamater. 1908. 76 pp. 10 cents. 
 
 Bulletin 339. The purchase of coal under government and commercial specifica- 
 tions on the basis of its heating value, with analyses of coal delivered under govern- 
 ment contracts, by D. T. Randall. 1908. 27 pp. 5 cents. 
 
 Bulletin 343. Binders for coal briquets, by J. E. Mills. 1908. 56 pp. 
 
 Bulletin 362. Mine sampling and chemical analyses of coals tested at the United 
 States fuel-testing plant, Norfolk, Va., in 1907, by J. S. Burrows. 1908. 23pp. 5cents. 
 
 Bulletin 363. Comparative tests of run-of-mine and briquetted coal on locomo- 
 tives, by AV. F. M. Goss. 1908. 57 pp. 
 
 Bulletin 366. Tests of coal and briquets as fuel for house-heating boilers, by D. T. 
 Randall. 1908. 44 pp. 
 
 Bulletin 367. Significance of drafts in steam-boiler practice, by W. T. Ray and 
 Henry Kreisinger. 1909. 61 pp. 
 
 Bulletin 368. Washing and coking tests of coal at Denver, Colo., by A. W. Belden, 
 G. R. Delamater, and J. W. Groves. 1909. 54 pp., 2 pis. 
 
186 
 
 SMOKELESS COMBUSTIOX OF COAL. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS ON SMOKE ABATEMENT. 
 
 The following references supplement the list of books and papers 
 o^iven in Bulletin 334. 
 
 Breckexridge, L. P., How to burn Illinois coal without smoke: L’niv. Illinois 
 Eng. Exper. Sta. Bull. Xo. 15, Urbana, 111., 1907, pp. 43. Discusses principles of 
 smokeless combustion and causes of smoke; describes various types of furnaces and 
 boiler settings that have given satisfactory results. 
 
 Kershaw, J. B. C., The smoke problem in large cities: Fortn. Rev., Februarj', 
 1908, pp. 286-299. Mentions measures taken in France, Germany, and Austria to 
 abate smoke; refers to the work of the Hamburg Society for the Prevention of Smoke 
 and of the London Coal Smoke Abatement Society. 
 
 Krause, Johx W., Smoke prevention: Proc.'Eng. Soc. Western Pennsylvania, 
 March, 1908, pp. 101-120. Reviews progress in smoke prevention in several cities, 
 particularly Cleveland, Ohio; discusses causes of smoke and methods of abatement. 
 
 Kuxze, Edward J., Smoke suppression: Engineer, January 31, 1908. Describes an 
 instrument for smoke determination and a method of recording observations. 
 
 Smoke Prevention in Newark, X. J.: Eng. Record, January 18, 1908, pp. 72-73. 
 Gives new city ordinance against dense smoke and describes an automatic steam-jet 
 device for preventing smoke. 
 
INDEX 
 
 A. Page. 
 
 Air, admission of, effect of 6, 139, 171-172 
 
 methods of 167 
 
 Air, supply of, to capacity developed 169-171 
 
 relation of, to efficiency 11, 168-172 
 
 to size of coal 147-148 
 
 to smoke 11,169-170 
 
 to volatile matter 169-170 
 
 Arch, ignition, height of 17, 77 
 
 B. 
 
 Beers, L. F., work of 7 
 
 Bibliography 185-186 
 
 Boiler horsepower, definition of : . . . 8 
 
 relation of, to efficiency 99 
 
 chart showing 100 
 
 Boiler plants. See Industrial plants. 
 
 Boilsrs, capacity of 8 
 
 See afso Water-tube boilers; Return tu- 
 bular boilers. 
 
 Briquets, character of 156 
 
 tests of 10-11, 1.54-155, 156, 161-162, 184 
 
 C. 
 
 Capacity developed, relation of, to efficiency. 168 
 
 relation of, to size of coal 147-148 
 
 Carbon dioxide, relation of, to draft 143 
 
 relation of, to efficiency 143 
 
 to smoke 11,143 
 
 to temperature 143 
 
 to volatile matter 143 
 
 Chain grates, draft measurements on 18 
 
 observations on 15-32 
 
 summary of 33 
 
 relation of, to smoke 17-18, 33 
 
 types of 12-15 
 
 figures showing 13,14,15,16 
 
 Clinker, relation of, to smoke 149-153 
 
 Coal, briquets of, tests of 154-156 
 
 consumption of, relation of, to capacity 
 
 developed 10 
 
 relation of, to carbon dioxide 144 
 
 to carbon monoxide 144 
 
 to efficiency 144 
 
 to temperature 144 
 
 horsepower from 173-175 
 
 kinds of, relation of, to chain grates 16-17 
 
 relation of, to front-feed stokers 38 
 
 to hand-fired furnaces 107, 118, 124 
 
 to side-feed furnaces 55, 64 
 
 to under-feed furnaces 84, 92 . 
 
 size of 7-8 
 
 Page. 
 
 Coal, size of, effect of, on air supply 147-148 
 
 on capacity developed 10, 147-148 
 
 on efficiency 147-148 
 
 on smoke 10,147-148 
 
 temperature of, relation of, to smoke... 172-173 
 relation of, to smoke, chart showing. . 174 
 
 Coals, high-ash, tests on 146 
 
 Coking furnace, description of 101 
 
 Combustion, complete, necessity for 184 
 
 requirements of 6 
 
 ('ombustion, smokeless. See Smoke. 
 
 D. 
 
 Data, collection of 
 
 Draft, measurement of, with chain grates 
 
 measurement of, with front-feed stokers. . 
 
 readings of, object of 
 
 relation of, to smoke 156, 
 
 Draft, forced. See Forced draft. 
 
 E. 
 
 Efficiency, relation of, to air supply 11 
 
 relation of, to boiler horsepower 99 
 
 to boiler horsepower, chart showing . 100 
 
 to capacity developed 141, 142, 168 
 
 to carbon dioxide 141, 142 
 
 to coal consumed 175 
 
 to size of coal 10, 147-148 
 
 to smoke 11,142,165-167 
 
 to volatile matter 10, 140, 142 
 
 to wa.shing 11 
 
 F. 
 
 18 
 
 39 
 
 7 
 
 163 
 
 Fire, depth of, relation of, to chain grates 16-17 
 
 relation of, to front-feed stokers 38 
 
 to hand-fired furnaces 107, 118, 124 
 
 to side-feed stokers 55, 64 
 
 Firing, methods of, relative efficiencies of. . 145-146 
 
 Forced draft, relation of, to efficiency 11 
 
 relation of, to smoke 11, 156, 163 
 
 Front-feed stokers, observations on 37-47 
 
 observations on, summary of 48 
 
 types of 34-37 
 
 figures showing 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 
 
 Furnaces, coal supply to, variations in, effects 
 
 of 10 
 
 placing of 6 
 
 G. 
 
 Geological Survey, tests by 9-10, 139-167 
 
 tests by, conclusions from 10-11 
 
 Grates style of, relation of, to smoke 11, 157, 164 
 
 187 
 
188 
 
 INDEX 
 
 • H. Page. 
 
 Hand-fired plants, defects of 101 
 
 furnaces at, figures showing 105, 
 
 106, 107, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124 
 
 observations on 103-138 
 
 smoke prevention in 101 
 
 tests of 139-143 
 
 tj"pes of 12,99-103 
 
 descriptions of 99-139 
 
 Hand firing, best methods of 10 
 
 difficulties of 6-7 
 
 Heating stations, details of 177-184 
 
 development and use of 175-176 
 
 heating cost of 183 
 
 Heating surface, determination of 9 
 
 I. 
 
 Industrial plants, investigation of 5-9 
 
 types of 11-139 
 
 divisions of 12 
 
 L. 
 
 Lignite, tests of 10, 149 
 
 M. 
 
 Mixing devices, figure showing 103 
 
 value of 102-103, 167 
 
 N. 
 
 Norfolk, Va., plant at, description of 131 
 
 plant at, figures showing 140, 141 
 
 tests at 139-144 
 
 O. 
 
 Overfeed stokers, descriptions of 12-77 
 
 See also Chain grates; Front-feed stokers; 
 Side-feed stokers. 
 
 P. 
 
 Peat, tests on 
 
 Personnel of work 
 
 Plants. See Industrial plants 
 Publications, list of 
 
 R. 
 
 Randall, D. T., work of 
 
 Rate of work, unit of 8 
 
 Representative plants. See Industrial plants. 
 Return tubular boilers, plants with, observa- 
 tions of 64-76,92-98, 117-138 
 
 Ribbon firing, test of 145-146 
 
 10, 149 
 
 185-186 
 
 S. 
 
 St. Louis, plant at, description of 144 
 
 smoke prevention tests at 145-167 
 
 Scotchunarine boilers, observation on 103-116 
 
 Side-feed stokers, observations on 55-76 
 
 observations on, summarj' of 77 
 
 types of 48-54 
 
 figures showing 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54 
 
 Smoke, observations on, making of 7 
 
 prevention of, publications on 186 
 
 conclusions on 184 
 
 devices for 99-100 
 
 economy in 7 
 
 factors in ,5 
 
 former report on 5 
 
 in hand-fired plants 101,184 
 
 Page. 
 
 Smoke, prevention of, possibility of 6, 184 
 
 problem of 5 
 
 solution of 5 
 
 relation of, to air supply 11 
 
 to ash 151-153,158-162 
 
 to capacity developed 142, 
 
 143,151-155,158-162 
 
 to carbon dioxide 142, 143 
 
 to carbon monoxide. 11, 143, 151-155, 158-166 
 
 to chain grates 33 
 
 to clinker 14^155, 158-166 
 
 to consumption 149-153 
 
 to draft 156-157,163 
 
 to efficiency 10, 
 
 142, 149-155, 158-166, 165-167 
 
 to forced draft 11 
 
 to front-feed stokers 48 
 
 to load 99 
 
 to moisture 151-153, 158-162, 165-166 
 
 to size of coal 10,147-148 
 
 to style of grate 11 
 
 to sulphur 158-162 
 
 to temperature of coal 142, 143, 172-173 
 
 chart showing 174 
 
 to imderfeed stokers 99 
 
 to volatile matter 142, 
 
 149-155, 158-166, 172-173 
 
 chart showing 174 
 
 to washing 156-160 
 
 Stack, relation of, to underfeed stokers 99 
 
 Steam jets, use of 101-102 
 
 use of, figures showing 104 
 
 Stokers, placing of 6 
 
 relative values of 6 
 
 tests of 143-144 
 
 tj^jes of 12 
 
 descriptions of 12-99 
 
 See also Overfeed stokers; L"nderfeed 
 stokers. 
 
 Subbituminous coal, tests of 10, 149 
 
 T. 
 
 Temperature, relation of, to capacity devel- 
 
 oped 142 
 
 relation of, to efficiency 142 
 
 to smoke 142,172-173 
 
 chart showing 174 
 
 U. 
 
 Underfeed stokers, observations on 84-98 
 
 observations on, summary of 99 
 
 tests with 143 
 
 types of 77-84 
 
 figures showing 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83 
 
 V. 
 
 Volatile matter, relation of, to efficiencj’. . 10-11, 140 
 
 relation of, to smoke 149-153, 172-173 
 
 to smoke, chart showing 174 
 
 W. 
 
 Washing, relation of, to elficiencj" 11 
 
 relation of, to smoke 150-160 
 
 Water-tube boilers, plants with, observa- 
 tions on 55-<)3, 84-91, 103-1 17 
 
 Weeks, H. W., work of 7 
 
 Work, rate of, unit of 8 
 
 o 
 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
 UNITP]D STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director 
 
 Bueeetix 374 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 OF THE 
 
 KOTSINA-CHITIM REGION, ALASKA 
 
 BY 
 
 FRED H. MOFFIT and A. G. AlADDREN 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT I’RINTING OFFICE 
 
 19 0 9 
 

CONTENTS 
 
 Preface, by Alfred H. Brooks 
 
 Introduction 
 
 Geography and history 
 
 Position 
 
 Trails and routes 
 
 Vegetation and climatic conditions . 
 
 History 
 
 General geology 
 
 Introduction 
 
 Undetermined rocks on Kotsina River 
 
 Nikolai greenstone 
 
 Description 
 
 Occurrence and distribution 
 
 Structure of the greenstone 
 
 Age of the greenstone 
 
 Chitistone limestone (Triassic) 
 
 Description 
 
 Occurrence and distribution 
 
 Thickness of Chitistone limestone 
 
 Age of the Chitistone limestone 
 
 Triassic limestones and shales 
 
 Description 
 
 Occurrence and distribution 
 
 Fossils 
 
 Disturbances following deposition of Triassic 
 
 Kennicott formation 
 
 Description 
 
 Occurrence and distribution 
 
 Age of Kennicott formation 
 
 Post-Kennicott disturbance and erosion 
 
 Coal -bearing rocks 
 
 Tertiary volcanic series 
 
 Description and occurrence 
 
 Thickness of volcanic series 
 
 Age of volcanic series 
 
 Igneous rocks 
 
 Preliminary statement 
 
 Granular rocks in the unmetaniorphosed sediments 
 
 I’orphyries in the unmetamorphosed s(‘diments 
 
 Andesite cutting the Triassic 
 
 Intrusive rocks in Tertiary volcanic series 
 
 Andesite flows 
 
 Page. 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 20 
 20 
 28 
 28 
 29 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 35 
 30 
 30 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
4 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 General geology — Continued. Page. 
 
 Faults 37 
 
 Pleistocene and Recent deposits 37 
 
 Introduction 37 
 
 Present features 38 
 
 Pre-Pleistocene land surface 38 
 
 Erosion and deposition during Pleistocene and Recent time 39 
 
 Character of the valley-plain deposits 41 
 
 Economic geology l . 42 
 
 General statement 42 
 
 Copper 42 
 
 The copper minerals ' 44 
 
 Preliminary statement 44 
 
 Native copper 44 
 
 Cuprite 45 
 
 Tenorite 45 
 
 Chalcocite 45 
 
 Bornite 46 
 
 Chalcopyrite 46 
 
 Malachite 46 
 
 Azurite 47 
 
 Chalcanthite . 47 
 
 Occurrence of the ores 47 
 
 General statement 47 
 
 Copper sulphide dei)Osits in greenstone and limestone 48 
 
 Native copper associated with the greenstone 50 
 
 Placer copper 50 
 
 Source and character of the copper deposits 50 
 
 Description of properties 54 
 
 Kotsina River basin 54 
 
 Kotsina River 54 
 
 Ames Creek 55 
 
 Rock Creek . 55 
 
 Roaring Creek 56 
 
 Peacock Creek 57 
 
 Rose claim 
 
 White Dog and Mint claims 
 
 Mountain claim 
 
 Shower Gulch 
 
 Suri)rise Creek 
 
 Taiddie claim 
 
 Sheehan claim 
 
 Hubbard claim 
 
 Kluvesna Creek 
 
 Copper Creek 
 
 Elliott Creek 
 
 General description 
 
 Copper King and Mineral King claims 
 
 Claim at the head of Queen Creek 
 
 Van Dyke claim 
 
 Copper Queen claim 
 
 Marmot claim 
 
 Louise claim 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 62 
 63 
 63 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 66 
 66 
 66 
 67 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 5 
 
 Economic geology — Continued. 
 
 Copper — Continued. 
 
 Description of properties — Continued. 
 
 Kotsina River basin — Continued. 
 
 Elliott Creek — Continued. 
 
 Lizzie G claim 
 
 Goodyear and Henry Prather claims 
 
 Elizabeth claim 
 
 Marie Antoinette claim ! 
 
 Albert Johnson claim 
 
 Guthrie claim 
 
 Leland and Lawton claims 
 
 Cliff claim 
 
 Chance claim 
 
 Kuskulana River basin 
 
 General description 
 
 Nuggett Creek 
 
 General outline 
 
 Valdez claim 
 
 One Girl claim 
 
 Strelna Creek ^ 
 
 Lakina River 
 
 Kennicott River basin 
 
 Hidden Creek 
 
 Glacier and Fourth of July creeks 
 
 Nebraska claim 
 
 Bekka and Eli claims 
 
 Bonanza Creek 
 
 Jumbo Creek 
 
 Erie and Independence claims 
 
 Nikolai Creek 
 
 Chitistone River basin 
 
 Main stream 
 
 Glacier Creek !. 
 
 Dan Creek 
 
 Gold 
 
 The Nizina placers : 
 
 Location and historj- 
 
 Geological sketch 
 
 Chititu Creek 
 
 Dan Creek 
 
 Realgar 
 
 Coal 
 
 Index 
 
 Page. 
 
 07 
 
 07 
 
 (51) 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 71 
 71 
 71 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 80 
 
 87 
 
 88 
 89 
 89 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 92 
 92 
 92 
 9.S 
 95 
 97 
 
 ‘ 99 
 LOO 
 101 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Plate I. Topographic reconnaissance map of Chitina River and Copper 
 
 River region, Alaska In pocket. 
 
 II. Geologic reconnaissance map and sections of the Chitina copper 
 
 belt, Alaska In pocket. 
 
 III. A, Contact of Nikolai greenstone and Chitistone limestone west 
 
 of Nizina River, near Nikolai mine ; B, Sheared greenstone 
 on south side of Rotsina River below Surprise Creek 24 
 
 IV. A, Thin-bedded Triassic limestone and shale on west branch of 
 
 Rock Creek ; B, Crumpling in thin-bedded Triassic limestone 
 
 on ridge east of Gilahina River 28 
 
 V. Head of Nikolai Creek 30 
 
 VI. A, Intrusions of fine-grained iiorphyry in black shale on Young 
 
 Creek ; B, Castle Mountain 34 
 
 VII. A, Pleistocene gravel bluffs along north bank of Chitina River : 
 
 B, Chitistone limestone on the north side of Elliott Creek 38 
 
 VIII. View of Bonanza mine from Horseshoe trail SO 
 
 IX. A, View of the Nikolai vein and shaft; B, View along the vein 
 
 of the Henry Prather claim 88 
 
 X. A, Contact of the Chitistone limestone and Nikolai greenstone 
 formations on east side of Nizina River ; B, View across 
 
 Nizina River into Dan Creek 92 
 
 Figure 1. Comparative grades of the four proposed railroad routes from 
 
 the coast to the interior Copper River basin 16 
 
 2. Sketch map of part of Elliott Creek 64 
 
 3. Cross section of the Elliott Creek anticline 6.5 
 
 4. Diagram showing the relation of the faulted portions of the 
 
 Goodyear claim, Elliott Creek 68 
 
 5. Sketch map of the Bonanza mine 81 
 
 6. Form of ore body exposed in the main or northern tunnel at 
 
 the Bonanza mine S4 
 
 7. Form of ore body exposed in the southern tunnel at the 
 
 Bonanza mine 85 
 
 8. Ore body at the .Tumbo claim 87 
 
 9. Sketch map of a part of Chititu Creek 96 
 
 6 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 By Alike!) TT. I^kooks. 
 
 Native copper from the district described in this volume is the 
 first mineral reported from Alaska. Steller, the naturalist who 
 accompanied Bering on his voyage of discovery in 1741, noted the 
 use of copper knives among the natives of Kayak Island. This 
 copper undoubtedly came from the Chitina-Kotsina belt. Among 
 the Alaskan natives the use of copper was Avidespread, for it Avas the 
 only metal utilized by them, but apparently the century of occupation 
 by the Russians passed without any search on their part for the 
 locality from Avhich the supply was derived. The only attempt made 
 by the Russians to explore the Copper River (Serebranikof, 1847) 
 i-esulted in the massacre of the Avhole party b}" the Indians. 
 
 The first successful explorations Avere made by Allen (1885) and 
 by SchAvatka and Hayes (1891), and the first systematic surA^ys Avere 
 carried out bv Schrader of the United States Geological SurveA^ 
 and his associates in 1900. 
 
 It is part of the SurA^ey’s plan for the iiiA^estigation of the mineral 
 resources of Alaska to keep the Avork abreast of the mining develop- 
 ments in each district so far as the means available Avill permit. As 
 a great deal of prospecting, Avhich has developed many neAv facts in 
 regard to the occurrence of ore, has been done in the Chitina Valley 
 since 1900, and as the valley has become a focal point of interest to 
 those Avho are considering railway construction into the interior, a 
 reexamination of the copper belt seemed to be necessary. A neAv 
 report Avas, furthermore, justified by the fact that the edition of 
 Schrader and Spencer’s report, published in 1900, is now out of print. 
 
 The portion of the present volume Avhich treats of the general 
 geology is to be regarded as a revised edition of that report, which 
 has been of incalculable value as a guide to the prospectors. The 
 geologic map Avhich resulted from Schrader and Spencer’s very 
 hasty reconnaissance has stood the test of seven years of active 
 prospecting, and the authors of the jiresent report, Messrs. Moffit 
 and Maddren, after a careful reexamination of this district, have 
 made but few changes. 
 
8 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 The topographic map accompanying this report, based on the sur- 
 veys of Gerdine and Witherspoon in 1900 and 1902, and of Hamilton 
 and Hill in 1905, has been entirely redrawn, with the aid of the data 
 afforded by several railway surveys and of the work of the Coast 
 and Geodetic Survey along the seaboard. 
 
 The description of the occurrence of mineral deposits is entirely 
 by Moffit and Maddren, but their work was much aided by the earlier 
 studies of Schrader, Spencer, and Mendenhall. 
 
 This second report on the copper belt can be regarded as onl}^ 
 another step toward the solution of the many problems connected 
 with the economic geology of the region. Detailed survej^s will be 
 necessary before the problems can be submitted to an ultimate an- 
 alysis. For this reason there is in preparation a detailed topo- 
 graphic map of the eastern end of the field, in which the deepest 
 mining has been done and which seems to afford the best opportunity 
 for solving the geologic problems. The detailed geolog}" of this 
 area will be studied as soon as means will permit, for it is believed 
 that such a study Avill throw light on the occurrence of copper 
 throughout the field. 
 
i/y-. :• 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE KOTSINA-CHITINA 
 
 REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 By Fred H. Moffit and A. G. Maddren. 
 
 IKTRODUCTIOJ^^. 
 
 The increased demand for copper and its prevailing high price, 
 due chiefly to remarkable advances in the use of electric power, have, 
 during the last few years, attracted much attention to the copper 
 deposits of Alaska. Copper has been found in many parts of Alaska, 
 but at present only three regions or districts give promise of mak- 
 ing any important contribution to the copper market. These regions 
 are Prince of Wales Island in southeastern Alaska, Prince William 
 Sound, and the Copper Biver-Chitina Piver region. The first two 
 regions have produced copper for several years, as their mines are 
 situated near the ocean and enjoy cheaper transportation facili- 
 ties, but the interior region is still in the prospecting stage and will 
 remain so till a better and more economical means of handling sup- 
 plies and ore is provided. 
 
 The investigations of the Geological Survey in the interior copper 
 region during 1907 were carried on in its southern portion, which 
 includes Kotsina Biver and most of the northern side of Chitina 
 Biver valley. This work was a continuation of the investigations 
 of Schrader and Spencer in 1900, and with the results of their study 
 in hand greater headway was made than would otherwise have been 
 possible. The work consisted chiefly of visits to the various copper 
 2 :>rospects and investigations of the occurrence of copper, but the 
 study of the regional geology was continued, so far as it could 
 advantageously be carried on. A second object of the expedition 
 was an investigation of the Nizina gold placers. The party landed at 
 Valdez in the middle of June, but, owing to the necessity of making 
 double trips with the summer’s supplies and to other delays, field 
 work was not begun till July 10, when Elliott Creek was reached. 
 From that time till the last of September it was continued with 
 little interruj)tion, so that nearly eighty days were included in the 
 
 9 
 
10 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHTTINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 field season, of which much the greater part was devoted to a study 
 of the copper deposits. 
 
 Exploration in the Chitina Kiver valley was begun in 1885, when 
 Lieut, (now Maj.) Henry T. Allen, in the course of a remarkable 
 journey from Prince William Sound to St. Michael, during which 
 he traversed portions of the valleys of Copper, Tanana, Koyukuk, 
 and Yukon rivers, ascended Chitina River on the ice from Taral to 
 Nikolai House near the mouth of Dan Creek. Lieutenant Allen 
 made a reconnaissance route map of the region through which he 
 went and in his report mentioned the occurrence of copper in the 
 vicinity of Chitistone River, or Nizina River, as it is now called. 
 
 In 1891 Lieut. Frederick Schwatka, U. S. A., and C. Willard 
 Hayes, of the Geological Survey, both acting in a private capacity, 
 entered Chitina River A^alley by way of Skolai Pass. They descended 
 Nizina River nearly to Dan Creek on foot, but after building a 
 canvas boat continued their journey down Nizina, Chitina, and Cop- 
 ])er rivers to the coast. They also made a reconnaissance route map 
 of their traverse. In 1899 a party in charge of Oscar Rohn explored 
 the region south and east of Mount Wrangell. This party was a 
 detachment from the military exploration in charge of Capt. W. R. 
 Abercombie. 
 
 In 1900 a geologic and topographic reconnaissance of the Chitina 
 and Hanagita valleys and of the lower Copper River was made 
 under the direction of F rank C. Schrader, of the Geological Sur- 
 vey. The topographic map was made by T. G. Gerdine and D. C. 
 Witherspoon. The geologic investigations were carried on by F. C. 
 Schrader and Arthur C. Spencer. This work, although hastily done, 
 owing to the difficulties of travel and the necessitv of covering the 
 greatest possible area in the time available, has nevertheless been 
 of very great value to prospectors of the region. 
 
 Two years later, in 1902, Walter C. Mendenhall, of the Geological 
 Survey, during an investigation of the geology and mineral resources 
 of the central Copper River region, visited the copper ]:>rospects of 
 Kotsina River and Elliott Creek. 
 
 A list of the publications resulting from the Avork of these expedi- 
 tions is here given : 
 
 Allen, Lieut. Henry T. Report of an expedition to the Copper, Tanana, and 
 Koyukuk rivers, in the Territory of Alaska, in the year ISSo. Washington, 
 (ioverninent I‘rinting Office, 1887. 
 
 Hayes, C. Willard. An ex])edition through the Yukon District: National 
 Geographic Magazine, vol. 4, 1892, pjL ] 17-162. 
 
 Koiin, Oscar. A reconnaissance of the Chitina River and the Skolai Moun- 
 tains : Twenty-first Ann. Rei)t., U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2, 1900, pp. 393-440. 
 
 SciiRADEH, Frank Charles, and Si’encek, Arthur Coe. The geology and 
 mineral resources of a portion of the Copper River district. Alaska. Special 
 publication of tlu‘ T". S. (ieological Survey, lOCTi. 
 
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. 
 
 11 
 
 Mendenhall, Walter C., and Schrader, Frank C. The mineral resources of 
 the Mount Wrangell district, Alaska : PTof. reaper U. S. Genl. Survey No. 15, 
 1903. 
 
 Mendenhall, Walter C. Geology of the central Gop])er Piiver region, Alaska : 
 Prof. Paper T^. S. Geol. vSurvey No. 41, 1905. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY ANO HISTORY. 
 
 GEOGRAPHIC POSITION. 
 
 The Kotsina-Chitina region, as represented on the topographic 
 and geologic map made under Schrader’s direction in 1900 (PL II), 
 is included in a quadrangle bounded by parallels 01° and 02° north 
 latitude and meridians 142° and 145° west longitude. This map does 
 not, however, include all the area surveyed that year, since the trail 
 from Valdez to Copper Eiver, the lotver Copper Piver, and the 
 upper portion of Tana River are omitted (PL I). 
 
 Copper River is joined about 100 miles from its mouth by its large 
 eastern branch, Chitina River, Avhose general course is nearly west- 
 northwest. On ascending the main branch of the Copper it is found 
 that the river first bears to the northwest, then swings northeast, and 
 finally southeast. Thus the tAvo branches of Copper RiA^er, the 
 Chitina and the upper Copper, nearly surround the AVrangell Moun- 
 tains. The area included between these tAvo streams and the heads 
 of White, Chisana (or “Shusana”), and Nabesna riATrs is generally 
 referred to as the Copper River copper region. It is divided into 
 a northern and a southern district by the AYrangell and Skolai moun- 
 tains, Avhose ice-coA"ered ridges form an almost impassable barrier 
 betAveen them. This paper deals Avith the southern district only. 
 
 The Wrangell Mountains are a someAvhat detached or partly iso- 
 lated mass, bounded on the north, Avest, and south by valleys Avhose 
 trend is Avest-nortliAvest and east-southeast. To the southeast they 
 merge into the Skolai Mountains, and these in turn unite Avith the 
 St. Elias Range. Their summits rise to altitudes ranging from 8,000 
 to more than 10,000 feet, and reach their greatest elevation in such 
 peaks as Regal Mountain (13,400 feet). Mount Blackburn (16,140 
 feet), and Mount AVrangell (14,005 feet), all of which are visible 
 from Chitina Valley. Mount Drum (12,000 feet) and Mount San- 
 ford (10,200 feet) are conspicuous in upper Copper River valley, but 
 are hidden on the south by the other peaks mentioned. 
 
 The lofty summits of these mountains and the ridges that join 
 them are the gathering places for snoAvs that feed the numerous 
 glaciers that creep doAvn their sides and out into the valleys at their 
 feet. These snoAv fields and glaciers are the sources of nearlv all 
 the large tributaries of Chitina River. A glance at the map (PL I) 
 will shoAv the great difi'erence between the quantities of water sup- 
 plied to the river from the tAvo sides of its drainage basin. 
 
12 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA KEGIOK, ALASKA. 
 
 Nizina, Lakina, Gilahina, and Kuskulana rivers are the largest 
 northern tributaries of the Chitina. Kotsina River, which joins the 
 Copi^er 2 miles above the Chitina’s mouth, and is therefore not a 
 tributary of the latter stream, is also fed by the glaciers. The largest 
 southern tributaries to Chitina River are Tana River, heading in 
 a glacier of the mountains between Chitina Valley and the coast, 
 and Chakina and Tebay rivers, draining Hanagita Valley. 
 
 The Chitina Valle}^ floor is a broad, gravel-covered, lake-dotted 
 flat land expanse w:ith a maximum width of at least 10 miles, whose 
 surface is broken here and there by low round- topped hills and by 
 deep canyons of streams which cross it. Chitina River, in the lower 
 50 or 60 miles of its course, has cut a deep broad channel in the 
 valley floor, and for most of that distance it flows close to the foot 
 of the mountain slopes on the south. The flood plain in places, par- 
 ticularly along the river’s lower course, reaches a width of 1 mile, 
 and is bounded on one or on both sides by banks — in some places 
 gravel, in other places hard rock — which gradually decrease in height 
 downstream, but which have an average height of between 100 and 
 200 feet. Over this gravel flood plain the river flows in numerous 
 branching subchannels, whose positions are constantly changing, and 
 are particularly unstable at the time of spring floods, so that those 
 who follow them one year may And them entirely different the next 
 year. The current is swift, rarely less than 6 or 7 miles per hour. 
 
 About 45 miles above its mouth Chitina River forks, the southern 
 branch retaining the name Chitina, and the northern being known as 
 Nizina River. The northern branch is almost as large as the southern 
 and drains nearly half of the copper-bearing region. For 2 or 3 
 miles above its mouth Nizina River flows through a deep, narrow, 
 Avinding box canyon, cut through solid rock. AboA^e this for 8 or 10 
 miles the canyon is much less pronounced, the Avails in places being 
 steep gravel banks instead of rock cliff's. Still farther upstream the 
 canyon giA-es Avay to a Avide graA^el flood plain, Avhich gradually nar- 
 roAvs and leads into the open glaciated mountain valley of the 
 upper riA^er. Each of the important headAvater tributaries of Nizina 
 RiA^er, except Dan and Chititu creeks, has a glacial origin. 
 
 This general description might be applied Avith slight modification 
 to all the large northern tributaries’ of Chitina RiA^er, and to Kotsina 
 River also. All except Gilahina River spring from glacial sources, 
 traA^erse broad, gravel-floored glaciated ATilleys in the mountain dis- 
 trict, and finally cross the Chitina Valley in deep canyons before join- 
 ing the main river. 
 
 They drain an area of exceedingly rugged topography, whose sharp 
 outlines are softened only in the Aucinity of Young Creek. BetAveen 
 Hanagita Valley and Cffiitina River the mountains are lower and less 
 
GEOGKAPHY AND HISTOKY. 
 
 13 
 
 rugged, and lack the snow fields and glaciers so commonly seen in 
 the Wrangell Mountains. The streams are smaller, and descend 
 through steep gulches to the river. South of Hanagita Valley are 
 other lofty snow-capped sierras, forming part of the Coast Range, 
 but they are beyond the limits of the area under consideration. 
 
 TRAILS AND ROUTES. 
 
 The Kotsina-Chitina region may be reached from Valdez in sum- 
 mer by the Government trail between Valdez and Eagle, and in win- 
 ter either by the same route or by way of Tasnuna and Copper rivers. 
 One may also enter the region from P]agle or Fairbanks by the Gov- 
 ernment trail, but these routes are used only by those already in the 
 interior. Skolai Pass is now frequently crossed by those going from 
 Nizina River to the head of the White, or in the opposite direction, 
 and it is reported that two prospectors Avent from Yaktag on the coast 
 to Chitina River by Avay of the Tana River glacier. Xeither of these, 
 however, is a practicable route of travel. Up to the present Valdez 
 has been the coast point from which all supplies were taken into the 
 Copper River region. The Government trail is the route always fol- 
 lowed in summer, and is the one usually chosen in winter. Leaving 
 Valdez the main trail is followed till Tonsina River bridge is crossed. 
 PYom there a second trail leads eastward about 25 miles along the 
 high bluff north of Tonsina River to Copper Ri^^er. The total 
 distance from Valdez to Copper River by this route is approximately 
 100 miles. 
 
 Copper River is crossed at a point 2 miles aboA^e the mouth of 
 Tonsina RiA^er. An Indian named Billum has a ferry license and 
 transfers travelers Avith their baggage in tAvo small boats. Plorses 
 must sAvim the riA^er. xVfter crossing Copper RiA^er the trail follows 
 the east bank 6 miles to Billum’s loAver cabin and then, leaAung the 
 river, proceeds northeast 3 miles to Plorse Creek. At Plorse Creek it 
 divides, one branch leading northeast to upper Kotsina River and 
 Elliott Creek, the other southeast to the copper camps and gold 
 placers of Chitina Valley. 
 
 The Tasnuna-Copper River route from Valdez to Chitina River 
 can be used only when the river is frozen over, for the trail is on the 
 ice all the Avay after leaving Tasnuna River. Supplies for the 
 Chitina Valley leaA^e Copper River on reaching Chitina River and 
 are carried up that stream. Those destined for Kotsina River and 
 Elliott Creek continue up the Copper to the summer trail at Billum’s 
 lower cabin. The great advantage of the Tasnuna River route is 
 the saving of time under favorable conditions by the possibility of 
 hauling heavy loads. A snow plow is used to break a trail, over 
 
14 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 which the freight is hauled on heavy bobs in place of the narrow 
 double-ended sleds employed elsewhere. This advantage may be 
 entirely 'olfset by the loss of time due to the fearful winds which 
 sweep down the river and prevent any travel for days at a time. The 
 Government trail has the advantage of being kept open all winter, 
 since it is the mail route and is traveled regularly. Its chief diffi- 
 culty lies in the crossing of Thomson Pass. 
 
 Returning now to the Kotsina-Chitina area : Of the two trails lead- 
 ing from Horse (h'eek — the Kotsina trail and the Chitina Valley 
 trail — the Kotsina trail proceeds northeastward to AVillow Creek, a 
 small tributary of Kotsina River, where a branch trail, after the 
 Hubbard-Elliott bridge over the Kotsina has been crossed, leads 
 over a steep spur of Hubbard Peak to Elliott Creek. The main trail 
 continues along the right, or Avest and north, bank of Kotsina River 
 into Kotsina Valley. The stream issuing from Long Glacier is 
 crossed on ice at the glacier’s lower end; and bridges over KluA^esna 
 River and over Kotsina River near Rock Creek obviate most of the 
 difficulties and dangers formerly offered by these streams. 
 
 The Chitina Valley trail runs southeastward from Horse Creek, 
 and reaches Kotsina River at a point 8 miles below WilloAV Creek. 
 A bridge recently built by the Government at this place does away 
 with another dangerous ford. From the government bridge the 
 trail continues eastward along the VTangell Mountain foothills, 
 crossing Kuskulana River 3 miles below the glacier, and reaching 
 Chokosna River and the Lakina by Avay of Kuskulana Pass. Ascend- 
 ing Eohlin Creek, it proceeds b}^ Avay of Bear Creek and Fourth of 
 ffuly Creek to Kennicott Glacier and Kennicott River, Avhich is 
 crossed on the glacier ice. A good trail has been built from the 
 glacier’s lower end to the Bonanza property. Another trail ascends 
 McCarthy Creek 4 miles and, crossing the ridge known as Sourdough 
 Hill, lands one on Nizina River at a place from Avhich Chititu Creek, 
 Dan Creek, and Chitistone River are reached Avith ease Avhen once 
 the Nizina has been forded. There are no bridges east of Kotsina 
 RiA’er, and the streams being of glacial origin are A’ery cold and 
 subject to great and rapid changes in the quantity of Avater carried, 
 but the only ones likely to cause trouble are the Kuskulana, Lakina, 
 and Nizina. 
 
 Most prospectors leaving the Nizina countiy descend Chitina and 
 Copper riA^ers in small boats, either leaAung the Coi^per at Tasnuna 
 River and goinc: oATrland to Valdez or folloAving the riA^er to 
 tlie coast and landing in Eyak or Orca. SeA’eral days’ Avork is re- 
 (piired for AvhipsaAving lumber and building a boat, but eA’en then 
 the riAxu- trip is much easier and quicker than the trail. The trip 
 from the month of A'oimg (h-eek to Tasniina River, over 115 miles. 
 
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. 
 
 15 
 
 has been made in less than twenty running hours. A skillful boat- 
 man would meet with little or no difficulty on the Copper or Chitina, 
 but the canyon at the lower end of Nizina Kiver is dangerous, par- 
 ticularly at low Avater, and a number of persons have been drowned 
 in trying to run through it. 
 
 In July, 1907, a small steamboat called the Chitina made her first 
 trip from Tasnuna Ei^^er to Copper Center, on Copper Ei\^er, and to 
 the Nizina, on Chitina River. Material for her construction Avas 
 carried over the snoAV from Valdez during the previous Avinter, and 
 she Avas completed early in July, but after the trip up the riA^er Avas 
 hauled out on the bank for the Avinter. She draws very little Avater, 
 but Avill probably be unable to run after the middle of summer, be- 
 cause the Chitina is much lower in the fall than during the spring 
 and early summer. She can not descend Copper River farther than 
 Abercrombie Rapids, 25 miles beloAv Tasnuna River, and any freight 
 she may carry up the river must be delivered to her either at the 
 rapids or at Tasnuna River. 
 
 The mineral resources of the Copper Ri\^er region Avill remain 
 undeA^eloped until a more reliable and economical means of trans- 
 porting freight to and from it has been provided, and since Copper 
 River can never become a higliAvay of communication, such as the 
 Yukon is for the northern country, no important copper production 
 can be expected till a railroad has been constructed to connect the 
 copper-bearing area Avith a coast point. On the other hand, it is 
 hardly possible that such a road would be profitable until the region 
 reaches a stable productiA^e stage. The success of the one then ap- 
 pears to depend on the establishment of the other, and it is not 
 strange that the future of each has so far been more or less in doubt. 
 
 There has been no lack of projects for the building of a road. 
 Some have e\"en been carried to a point AAdiere their accomplishment 
 seemed almost assured and yet have fallen through. Nevertheless, 
 it is probable that Avithin a few years there Avill be railroad com- 
 munication between the coast and the loAA^er limit of steamboat navi- 
 gation on Copper RiA^er. 
 
 Four railroad routes to the interior are possible and have been 
 considered by those interested in building a road. Preliminary sur- 
 veys, furthermore, have been made over each. Each route overlaps 
 some one of the others in part of its course and all have difficulties to 
 surmount. Two of the four routes originate from Valdez and tAv;) 
 from points adjacent to the mouth of Copper River. The first one 
 from Valdez is practically that of the government trail. It folloAvs 
 LoAve River to Thomson Pass, over Avhich it proceeds to the head 
 of Tsina River, or South Fork of Tiekel River, as it is more gen- 
 erally called, and then continues northAvard to Tonsina. The sec- 
 
16 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 ond ascends Lowe River to its head, crosses Marshall Pass to Tas- 
 nima River, and after descending that stream follows the west bank 
 of Copper River northward. Of the two strictly Copper River 
 routes one starts from Cordova Bay in Prince William Sound, 24 
 miles west of the river's nearest point ; the other from Katalla, nearly 
 17 miles southeast of Cottonwood Point, the southern extremity of 
 Copper River’s east bank. 
 
 There are not sufficient data at hand for a thorough discussion of 
 these routes, but- some of their advantages and difficulties may bo 
 pointed out. It will be seen that there are some discrepancies between 
 distances given here and elsewhere, arising from the use of railroad 
 survevs in connection with small-scale maps. The given elevations. 
 
 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 90 too MO I20roile£> 
 
 1 — Comparative grades of the four proposed railroad routes from the coast to the 
 
 interior Copper River hasin. 
 
 too, take no account of minor grades and are therefore minimum 
 quantities — less than the total number of feet a locomotive must rise 
 in going from tide water to the interior points indicated. 
 
 The Tonsina route has the most difficult grades. (See 6g. 1.) 
 I^rom Valdez to Thomson Pass, 34 miles distant by the railroad sur- 
 veys, there is a climb of 2,370 feet. Then comes a descent of 1,250 
 feet in 19 miles to Tiekel River, followed by an ascent of 710 feet in 
 16 miles to the Ernestine divide. From Ernestine to Tonsina, 16 
 miles, there is a descent of about 400 feet. It will be seen that the 
 total of the distances here given is 86 miles, or 6 miles greater than 
 the distance from Valdez to Tonsina given by the road commission. 
 
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. 
 
 17 
 
 The greatest obstacles encountered on this route are the Keystone 
 Canyon of Lowe River and Thomson Pass, by which the coast range 
 is crossed. These involve a great deal of rockwork and are subject 
 to deep snows and snowslides in winter. The latter difficulty, how- 
 ever, will be met on any route. 
 
 Less difficult grades are presented by the Tasnuna route. From 
 Valdez to Marshall Pass, 34 miles, there is a rise of 1,860 feet. Then 
 comes a fall of 1,740 feet in 26 miles to Copper River. From Tasnuna 
 River mouth to Chitina River, 47 miles, is an ascent of 370 feet. The 
 difficulties of Kevstone Canvon are encountered on this route also, 
 but Marshall Pass is 500 feet lower than Thomson Pass, and the heavy 
 grade from Tiekel to Ernestine is avoided. 
 
 The two Copper River routes have practically the same grades (see 
 fig. 1 ) , a rise of 480 feet between the coast and Chitina River. The 
 distance from Katalla to Chitina River is 120 miles, and from Eyak 
 or Cordova Bay slightly farther, about 124 miles. 
 
 A railroad from Katalla involves the construction of a harbor avail- 
 able at all seasons where ships can discharge their cargoes in safety. 
 A bridge over Copper River is required immediately above Childs 
 Glacier, but there is no rockwork, except a mile or two at Katalla, 
 till Abercrombie Rapids have been reached. Two railways are located 
 and under construction at Katalla. One runs west from the town 
 and then northwest to Copper River, but has a spur up Katalla River 
 to Bering Lake and the coal fields; the other ascends Katalla River 
 and reaches Martin River, which it descends to the Copper by the 
 Lake Charlotte divide. The Lake Charlotte route thus passes through 
 the coal field. Each of these Katalla roads has its own plans for a 
 separate breakwater and terminal facilities. 
 
 Cordova Bay, in contrast with the open roadstead of Katalla, is 
 a protected body of water that can be entered at any time, but a 
 road from this place involves rockwork below Abercrombie Rapids 
 and two bridges over Copper River in order to avoid Childs Glacier. 
 Furthermore, it will be necessary to build a branch line to the coal 
 fields. The upper bridge, between Childs Glacier and the little lake 
 fronting Miles Glacier, can probably be built without unusual trouble, 
 since it is not long and the foundations are believed to be good, but 
 as to the bridge below Childs Glacier there is uncertainty that will 
 not be removed till the nature of the river’s bottom has been more 
 fully examined. 
 
 Northward from Abercrombie Rapids the Katalla and Cordova 
 Bay routes are the same, and above Tasnuna River they also coincide 
 with the Valdez-Tasnuna route, following the river’s steep west bank. 
 Immediately above the rapids is the moraine ‘or stationary debris- 
 covered lower end of Baird Glacier. This is overgrown with a thick 
 
18 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 growth of alders and extends down to the river's edge, where the 
 underlying ice has been exposed occasional!}^ in test pits. It is known 
 as “ dead glacier ” and must be traversed for several miles by any 
 road following the Avest side of Copper River. The surface is some- 
 times disturbed by melting of the ice beneath, but Avhether this will 
 cause serious difficulty in maintaining the track is perhaps doubtful. 
 Between Baird Glacier and Chitina River much of the roadbed must 
 Ije cut from the solid rock, but it is not belieA^ed that any unusual 
 engineering difficulties Avill be met. 
 
 A great advantage of the two Copper River routes, in addition to 
 their lower grades, is their nearness to the Controller Bay coal fields. 
 This is doubtless one reason Avhy they are regarded with greater favor 
 than the shorter routes from Valdez. 
 
 VEGETATION AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. 
 
 Chitina Valle}^ is a timbered region and furnishes a supply of Avood 
 suitable for most of the miner’s requirements. The greater part of 
 the timber is spruce, but cottoiiAvood is abundant on many riA^er banks 
 and deltas; and though it is of little value foiTumber, it is nevertheless 
 useful for some purposes. The broad, marshy, A^alley lowland supports 
 a scanty groAvth of A^ery inferior spruce and of aspen. Better timber 
 groAvs along the borders of the loAvland and on the loAver mountain 
 slopes. It coA^ers the slopes to an eleA^ation A^arying from 2,000 to 
 3,000 feet above sea level, but trees groAving near timber line are of 
 course dAvarfed and of little use except for firewood. Xear glaciers 
 or in the narroAV A^alleys leading to them the timber line does not 
 reach as great an eleA^ation as on the interstream slopes. Some of the 
 best timber in the A^alley groAvs in the Aucinity of Chititu and Young 
 creeks. Trees 18 inches in diameter at the butt and tall enough to 
 giA^e two 16- foot cuts are not unusual, but the large majority of 
 them are smaller than this. 
 
 South of Chitina RiA^er betAveen Xizina RiA^er and the Copper 
 there is a heavy groAvth of spruce on the north slopes of the moun- 
 -tains. It is of much poorer quality, hoAvever, than that on the 
 AVrangell ^lountains. The Avood is brittle and has little strength. 
 Most of the trees, too, are of small diameter and Avill probably be 
 of more value as fuel for the steamboat Chitina than for any other 
 l)iirpose. 
 
 Inadequate and expensiA^e means of transportation haA’e been the 
 chief obstacle in deATdoping the copper resources of Chitina Valley, 
 l)ut another adA^erse condition, Avhich, hoAvever, affects prospecting 
 more than mining, is the short summer season. Up to the present 
 practically all supplies haA^e been carried during the winter Avith 
 sleds draAvn by horses. In the earlier days dogs, or cA^en man power. 
 
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. 
 
 19 
 
 were sometimes used, but in later years horses have been employed 
 almost entirely. Sufficient feed to last till grass starts in the spring 
 is carried in from the coast, but after spring most horses “ live on 
 the country.” Early snows come about the end of August, so that 
 between a late spring and an early winter horses can not be expected 
 to find their own feed longer than from approximately the first of 
 June till the first of September. Grass is always abundant near 
 timber line in June, July, and August, and good pasture is usually 
 found at lower elevations after the timber has been burned off for a 
 number of years. Some of the prospectors have provided their stock 
 with fine feed by following this practice of burning off' the timber. 
 Horses frequently have difficulty in finding feed in the timbered 
 valley bottoms, even in midsummer, but in the fall, after frost has 
 killed the grass on the mountains, the river bars afi'ord a plant known 
 locally as pea vine,” of which horses are very fond and which is 
 excellent forage. Since most prospectors use at least one or two 
 horses for jiacking in summer and for hauling supplies in winter, it is 
 readily seen that the matter of horse feed has a great influence in 
 determining the number of available working days in a summer. 
 The prospecting season is still further shortened by the fact that in 
 the high mountains, where most of the copper ores have been found, 
 much snow often remains till the first or even the middle of July. 
 
 Figures for the yearly precipitation and temperature are not avail- 
 able, but it may be said that the extremes of temperature in summer 
 and winter are much greater than on the coast and that the rainfall 
 is very much less. 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 Native cojiper from the Chitina (c/f^Y/== copper and = river) 
 
 Valley was used by the Copper Fiver Indians before white men 
 entered the country. Spear and arrow heads of copper were made 
 by them and have been found in the sluice boxes by miners on Chititu 
 and Han creeks. Ceremonial knives of copper are even noAv employed 
 by the natives for cutting the first salmon caught in the beginning 
 of the season’s run. Lieutenant Allen relates that Nikolai showed ' 
 him specimens of bornite and told him of native copper on Chititu 
 Creek. He also showed him bullets of native copper obtained from 
 natives ‘‘ over the mountains,” probably at the head of White Fiver. 
 A much-worn wooden shovel and birch bucket, found in tlie loose 
 waste below an outcrop of native copper in amygdaloidal greenstone 
 on Glacier Creek, a tributary of Chitistone Fiver, indicates that the 
 Indians also knew of native copper in place at that point.' Whether 
 they had any knowledge of the presence of gold on Chititu and Dan 
 creeks is not known to the writers. 
 
20 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 "White prospectors first appeared in the Chitina Valley in 1898, 
 their presence resulting from the general interest aroused in Alaska 
 by the discoveries at Dawson two years before. Spencer,® after visit- 
 ing the region in 1900, says : 
 
 The occurrence of rich copper deposits within the basins of Copper and 
 Chitina rivers has been commonly reported for many years, but it was not untii 
 the summer of 1898 that eiforts to locate ores proved successful. In this year 
 several prospectors readied the interior and made some locations, while in 1899 
 a number of men penetrated the AVrangell Mountains by way of Kotsina River 
 and discovered good indications at many places ; others, exploring toward the 
 east, proved the continuance of the copper-bearing belt in the direction of White 
 River, where copper occurs in important quantities. In this region the Nikolai 
 mine was discovered in July, 1899, under the guidance of a native sent by 
 Chief Nikolai. During the summer of 1900 several prospecting parties were 
 operating in the Kotsina and Chitina regions, and many additional locations 
 were made, and upon the most promising properties considerable development 
 work was done. 
 
 The Bonanza was discovered about the end of July or the first of 
 August, 1900, by two prospectors, Clarence Warner and Jack Smith, 
 who staked the property. It was discovered independently two or 
 three weeks later by A. C. Spencer, of the Geological Survey party, 
 who found it while tracing the limestone-greenstone contact eastward 
 from Kennicott Glacier. Warner and Smith were members of a 
 party acting under an agreement to share whatever minerals might 
 be discovered. Some of the men were also bound to divide their 
 interest with others, not members of the party, who had furnished 
 them with supplies — “ grubstaked ” them. In consequence of this 
 complication of ownership the property became involved in liti- 
 gation that was not settled for several years. 
 
 The Nizina gold placers were discovered in 1901, but the rush of 
 prospectors to the region did not begin till the following year. A 
 large number of men left Valdez for the upper Chitina in June and 
 Jidy, 1902, and Dan, Chititu, and Young creeks, besides others, were 
 jirospected and staked. After the richest and more easil}^ handled 
 gravels were Avorked over the claims Avere sold or abandoned and 
 gradually came into the hands of feAver individuals, so that iioav most 
 of the claims on Dan and Chititu creeks are included in three separate 
 oAAuierships. There has been little mining on Young Creek. 
 
 GEODOGY. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In the folloAving account of the geology of the Kotsina-Chitina 
 region the descriptions are confined to the area betAveen Chitina 
 IliATr and the summits of the AVrangell and Skolai mountains rep- 
 
 " Schrader, F. C., and Spencer, A. C., The geology and mineral resources of a portion 
 of the Copper River district, Alaska; a special publication of the U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 1901, p. S2. 
 
GENERAL GEOLOGY. 
 
 21 
 
 resented on the geologic map (PI. II). This map is reproduced from 
 the report of Schrader and Spencer (1901), but has received such 
 corrections in some of its lesser details as were indicated to be neces- 
 sary by the later work of Mendenhall (1902) and by the more recent 
 work of the Survey party in 1907. The formation names used by 
 Schrader and Spencer on the map and in the description are here 
 retained. 
 
 In outline the important facts concerning the geology are as fol- 
 lows: Both sedimentary and igneous rocks are encountered. Four 
 principal formations, including the unnamed Triassic shales and 
 limestones, occupy most of the area and appear throughout its length 
 from east to west. These formations, in order from oldest to young- 
 est, are the Nikolai greenstone, the Chitistone limestone, the Triassic 
 limestones and shales, and the Kennicott formation: These rocks 
 
 have been folded and faulted, but the metamorphism is not great. It 
 is most noticeable in the greenstone but has hardly affected the Ken- 
 nicott formation. 
 
 The Nikolai greenstone consists of a succession of basaltic lava 
 flows and is overlain conformably by the massive Chitistone lime- 
 stone. This limestone is of Triassic age and is succeeded without any 
 known interruption in deposition by other Triassic rocks — limestones 
 and shales — consisting of a lower member made up of interbedded 
 thin limestones and black or gray shales and an upper member 
 formed almost entirely of shale. The Kennicott formation is in large 
 part a conglomerate, but includes limestone, sandstone, and shale 
 beds. Its age is Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous and its depo- 
 sition was separated from that of the Triassic shales by a long erosion 
 interval, so that in some places it is found to lie unconformably on 
 the greenstone, in other places on the limestone or on the limestone 
 and shales. In addition to the sedimentary rocks that have been 
 mentioned, there is in the western part of the district an area of 
 limestones, shales, and conglomerates with associated sills or flows 
 of basalt of unknown age that has not been correlated with any of 
 the four first-named formations, and there are also in the eastern part 
 of the district at least two areas of coal-bearing rocks that are perhaps 
 younger than any of the four major formations. 
 
 The igneous rocks, in part extrusive and in part intrusive, are rep- 
 resented by both basic and acidic types. A list of these includes 
 gabbro, diabase, diorite, andesite, granite, and rhyolite. Surface 
 flows, mostly andesite, and fragmental volcanic deposits, chiefly rh}m- 
 lite, cover relatively large areas in the western part of the district and 
 higher parts of the Wrangell and Skolai mountains. Surface flows 
 of diabasic character that have been covered by younger sedimentary 
 deposits have their most important representative in the Nikolai 
 greenstone previously mentioned. Intruded porphyritic dikes related 
 
22 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHTTT^’A REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 to the cliorites are veiy abundant in places, particular!}^ in the Tri- 
 assic limestones and shales. Only one considerable mass of the 
 lighter-colored granitic intrusives, however, is represented on the 
 map, and gabbro, so far as is now known, is restricted to 3 localities. 
 
 The principal unconsolidated deposits of the region comprise sands 
 and gravels dej^osited in Avater and the more poorly sorted or unsorted 
 fragmental material resulting from glacial actiAuty. They are most 
 extensiAx in the broad lowland bordering Chitina and Xizina riA^ers. 
 but are Avell deA^eloped in most of the tributary A^alleys. 
 
 The geologic map (PI. II) shows the general distribution and areal 
 relations of the rocks that haA^e been briefly described. It is giA^en 
 in practically the same form as when first published in 1901, but a 
 feAv changes haA^e been made, particularly in the Aucinity of Elliott 
 Creek. Furthermore, the representation of the Chitistone limestone 
 in the southeastern part of the area has been omitted. This region 
 Avas not Ausited in 1907 and was seen only from a distance by geolo- 
 gists of the Survey party in 1900. Prospectors report that lime- 
 stones outcropping near the Chitina on its north side aboA^e Tana 
 EiA^er are not part of the Chitistone limestone. That the identifica- 
 tion of this limestone Avas doubtful Avas also suggested in the original 
 report, and it has therefore seemed best to omit it on the accompa- 
 nying geologic map. One other change of less importance has been 
 made in mapping the Aucinity of Hidden Creek Avest of Kennicott 
 Glacier. 
 
 The detailed geologic descriptions which follow are quoted almost 
 entirely from the published report of Schrader and Spencer.® Such 
 portions of that paper as deal Avith areas outside the limits of the 
 area here under discussion are omitted. A feAv explanatory words 
 are inserted in brackets. Some neAv material is introduced, and a 
 few changes are made where later Avork has shoAvn the earlier con- 
 clusions to be inaccurate. The most important change appears in 
 the substitution of Chitistone for Carboniferous in those places AAdiere 
 Carboniferous Avas used to indicate the inassiA^e Triassic limestone. 
 The error arose from a lack of fossil evidence Avith which to deter- 
 mine the age of the Chitistone limestone and from an attempt to 
 correlate it on stratigraphic and lithologic grounds Avith the mas- 
 siA’e “ I^pper Carboniferous " limestone at the head of I^liite PiA^er. 
 It has been necessary on account of the substitution to change the 
 original Avording slightly in one or tAvo places, in order that there 
 maA’ be no mistake concerning the age of the limestone and that the 
 close relation betAveen the Chitistone limestone and Triassic lime- 
 stones and shales may appear. 
 
 “ Schrader, F. C., and Spencer, A. C., The geology and mineral resources of a portion of 
 the Copper River district, Alaska, a special publication of the United States Geological 
 Survey, 1001, pp. 40—62. 
 
NIKOLAI GREENSTONE. 
 
 23 
 
 The account of the unconsolidated Pleistocene and Recent deposits 
 is entirely rewritten in such a way that the general discussion of these 
 deposits as occurring in the Copper River Valley is not taken up. 
 
 UNDETERMINED ROCKS ON KOTSINA RIVER« 
 
 On either side of Kotsiiia River and extending from the edge of the andesite 
 west of Long Glacier and the region about Clear Creek southward to Elliott 
 Creek there is a series of rocks whose relations and age have not been deter- 
 mined. They are made up of sediments, including limestones, shales, and 
 coarse conglomerates, with intercalated sheets or flows of basalt like the Niko- 
 lai greenstone. The pebbles of the conglomerate are composed of greenstone 
 material. 
 
 The series shows a general dip toward the southwest, and in this regard it 
 follows the structure of the Nikolai greenstone and the Chitistone limestone 
 which occur farther up the river. The age of the series is unknown, but from 
 the structure it would seem that it must be younger than the Chitistone, which 
 appears to dip beneath it. Owing to its make-up, however, and the fact that 
 it has been affected to a certain extent by metamorphism, it seems impossible 
 to correlate it with the adjacent Triassic strata. If, however, it is older than 
 the limestone, it may be representative of a series equivalent to the Orca 
 rocks occurring in Prince William Sound. This suggestion is made in the most 
 tentative way, since there is no evidence at hand for the determination of the 
 stratigraphic position of the series. For this reason it has been represented 
 on the map as unknown sediments. 
 
 In cross section C-D [PI. II] a fault is suggested to explain the relation of 
 the rocks shown on the map in the region of Copper and Pass creeks. The 
 existence of such a fault would also explain the occurrence of the unknown 
 series in its observed relations, on the supposition that it belongs beneath the 
 mass of the Nikolai greenstone. 
 
 NIKOLAI GREENSTONE..^ 
 
 Description . — The term “ Nikolai greenstone ” is employed to designate a series 
 of volcanic flows forming an important mass in the Wrangell district. The 
 rock shows considerable variation from place to place, both laterally and ver- 
 tically, in the separate flows. In color it is generally green, though in some 
 I)laces it is of a reddish hue. In texture it varies from fine-grained, very densely 
 crystalline, to rather coarse-grained porphyritic, and in many places it shows 
 amygdaloidal characters. Under the microscope the rock is found to consist of 
 feldspar and augite, with considerable quantities of two green minerals, which 
 are found to be chlorite and serpentine. In rare instances grains of olivine are 
 noted under such conditions that it seems certain that the serpentine had its 
 origin in the alteration of the olivine. The structure is always that which is 
 characteristic of diabase, where the laths of feldspar form a feltlike mesh 
 with augite lying in the interstices. At times the rock is so fine grained that it 
 becomes almost aphanitic, while at other times the crystals of feldspar have 
 dimensions reaching several millimeters. When amygdaloidal, as it frequently 
 
 " Schrader and Spencer, op. cit. 
 
 ** Greenstone is a word sometimes used in an indefinite noncommittal way to designate 
 altered igneous rocks that may differ much in other ways but possess the common charac- 
 teristic of green color. The term “ greenstone ” is perhaps most frequently applied to 
 certain metamorphosed diabases or diabase tuffs, but is also used in connection with altered 
 diorites and gabbros. 
 
24 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 is, the cavities are filled by chlorite or serpentine, either with or without chal- 
 cedonic quartz. Accessory magnetite is always present and frequently in con- 
 siderable amounts; also in many cases metallic sulphides are present, though 
 these are probably of secondary origin. Locally metallic copper occurs in grains 
 or stringers, but always under such circumstances that it may be considered of 
 secondaiy rather than primary origin. The composition and structure of the 
 Nikolai greenstones show them to have been originally typical basalts. * * * 
 
 Occurrence and distriljution. — The Nikolai greenstone occurs in many places 
 in the Wrangell and Skolai mountains and wherever seen is found to show the 
 same relations to the sedimentary series of the region. The massive Chitistone 
 limestone, which is the lowest unmetamorphosed sedimentary formation of the 
 district, lies directly upon the greenstone in such a way that it would seem as 
 if it had been originally laid down upon the surface of the earlier volcanic 
 flows. In this relation it is observed in the upper part of Kotsina River, where 
 the greenstone passes beneath the Chitistone limestone, dipping toward the 
 southwest, and forms a large part of the mountain masses that are drained by 
 the southern glaciers of the Kotsina basin. From this region it connects 
 directly with the occurrence in the mountains in the vicinity of Kuskulana 
 Glacier, and, reappearing in the valley of the Lakinaj is again found in the 
 upper part of the Kennicott drainage, whence it may be traced (always bearing 
 the same relation to the massive limestone) across McCarthy Creek and thence 
 to the Nizina and the mountains to the east. [See PI. Ill, A.] 
 
 The thickness of the greenstone flows is not known, for while the 
 top is easily determined the bottom has not been recognized with 
 certainty. In the upper Kotsina basin the Nikolai greenstone as rep- 
 resented on the map includes some tuffaceous beds, hard, gray, sili- 
 ceous or silicified beds (perhaps tuffaceous also), cherty beds which 
 are possibly a variation of the siliceous beds last mentioned, and even 
 some dark-gray or black slates. It is probable that on closer study 
 the Nikolai greenstone may be divided and the word greenstone ap- 
 plied to only a part of the succession in such a way as to more nearly 
 conform with the stricter use of the term.® The Nikolai greenstone as 
 it is mapped probably has its greatest thickness in the upper Kotsina 
 country, where it was estimated by Schrader and Spencer as roughly 
 4,000 feet thick. 
 
 Strucfure of the greenstone.^ — From the origin of the greenstone series, 
 through the successive outflow of innumerable sheets of basalt, it is natural 
 that the complex should show a bedded character comparable to stratification 
 in sedimentary rocks, and in many places this structure is very well exhibited. 
 The bedding in* the volcanic series is always found to be in accord with the 
 structure of the overljnng water-laid formations. 
 
 Locally the greenstone shows a secondary structure due to shearing [as 
 illustrated in PI. Ill, B], which is reproduced from a photograph taken below 
 Surprise Creek on Kotsina River. * * * 
 
 Age of the greenstone. — Concerning the actual age of the Nikolai series little 
 can be said. They are older than the Chitistone limestones which rest upon 
 
 “ The possibility of correlating part of the Nikolai greenstone succession with some 
 of the interbcdded Carboniferous shales, tuffs, and lava flows examined in 1908 in the 
 region about Skolai Pass and the head of White River is suggested. 
 
 '' Schrader and Spencer, op cit. 
 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 BULLETIN 374 PLATE III 
 
 .1. CONTACT OF NIKOLAI GREENSTONE AND CHITISTONE LIMESTONE, WEST OF NIZINA RIVER, 
 
 NEAR NIKOLAI MINE. 
 
 B. SHEARED GREENSTONE ON SOUTH SIDE OF KOTSINA RIVER, BELOW SURPRISE CREEK. 
 

 iSIk: ' ^ -r*'* V ^ ^ '; - V • ::-^ ^ 
 
 " : - : ' ''C- 
 
 ,w< 
 
 
 fc* ^ V -•* - .-r . . I 
 
 ri • • • . - y- 
 
 • , « -^-r ~: ^ <! 1^ 
 
 / 2^*- f. -V 
 
 4 PT ^ » 
 
 d jKr 
 
 
 
 
 'in ' i¥^m ^.. 
 
CHITISTONE LIMESTONE. 
 
 25 
 
 them, though probably not very much older, since there seems to be no folding 
 in the interval between the close of the volcanic outflows and the beginning 
 of marine sedimentation. * 4= * 
 
 The evidence that the greenstone was formed previous to the Cliitistone lime- 
 stone is as follows: Wherever the two are in contact the limestone shows no 
 metamorphism, such as usually results from the intrusion of a calcareous rock 
 by an igneous mass; the pseudostratification in the greenstone is parallel with 
 the bedding of the overlying limestone wherever observed, and the layers in 
 the former are different in structure and general appearance. These facts, 
 and the frequent occurrence of amygdaloidal phases in the greenstone and 
 extremely marked variations in the coarseness of crystallization within short 
 distances, are distinctly in favor of the origin of the greenstone by successive* 
 flows of basalt at a date preceding the deposition of the limestone. Further- 
 more, there are no dikes or irregular intrusions of the basalt which can be 
 definitely shown to cut across the Triassic strata, a condition which could 
 hardly exist if the greenstone had been forced into the sedimentary rocks in the 
 form of a long laccolith at a constant horizon. * * * 
 
 CHITISTONE LIMESTONE iTRIASSICl. 
 
 Description . — The Cliitistone formation is composed of very massive lime- 
 stones, without any important intercalations of shale. When weathered, it has 
 a white or gray color, which makes it prominent in contrast with the greenstone 
 upon which it lies, but when broken it is found to have a blue color, which is 
 indicative of considerable carbonaceous material in its composition. In texture 
 it is fine-grained throughout. 
 
 Occurrence and distrilmtion . — The massive Cliitistone limestone is one of 
 the most prominent formations of the Wrangell region. It is found lying above 
 the greenstone in the upper part of the Kotsina basin, where it crosses the river 
 at the mouth of Kluvesna Creek. Northwest of this place it has been traced 
 as far as Long Glacier, which comes down from the slopes of ]\Iount Wrangell, 
 but beyond this glacier it is hidden by recent flows of andesite. Southeast of 
 the Kotsina the limestone is found at various localities, which can not be con- 
 nected upon the surface, since there are overlying unconformable deposits on 
 tbe higher mountains, but the main outcrop may be traced toward the south- 
 east to the divide between Rock Creek and the Kuskulana, and thence in the 
 mountains which lie between Strelna Creek and Kuskulana River the forma- 
 tion is prominent. It is thought that the limestone may also occur on the 
 southwestern slopes of the mountains beyond where the Kuskulana comes out 
 into the open basin of the Chitina Valley, but no observations have been made 
 on this vicinity. At a point a mile or so above Trail Gulch, on the east side of 
 Kuskulana River, the limestone appears, and, rising rapidly above the massive 
 Nikolai greenstone, soon reaches the tops of the mountains lying south of 
 Kuskulana Glacier. East of the first prominent creek on the south side of the 
 eastern fork of Kuskulana Glacier observations have not been made, but from 
 the distant view obtained of the upper part of the drainage it seems that the 
 massive limestone is not present. Its absence must be explained through fold- 
 ing or faulting, the nature of which could not be ascertained. The limestone 
 appears again on the east side of Lakiiia River above the lower eaid of the 
 glacier, where it rises rapidly toward the northeast, and while probably it 
 connects directly with the exposure on the west side of the Kennicott drainage 
 it has not been so represented on the map because of the lack of sufiicient 
 observations. On the east side of the mountains between Lakina and Keiini- 
 
26 
 
 THE KOTSIXA-CHITIXA EEGIOX, ALASKA. 
 
 cott g:faciers the limestone is very well exposed, and dipping slightly toward 
 tlie north appears in the mountain between the first forks of the glacier, and 
 again across the eastern fork about 7 miles above the foot of the glacier. From 
 this place the massive stratum can be traced across McCarthy Creek to the 
 liead of Nikolai Creek and to Nizina River. In the region between Kotsina 
 River and the Lakina the general dip of the formation is southward, but from 
 the Kennicott to the Xizina the structure is in the opposite direction, the dips 
 varying from 20° to 60°. This structure is indicative of an anticlinal axis 
 having a general northwest-southeast direction. 
 
 East of Xizina River the structure is more complex, and while the dips 
 are not so steep the simple anticlinal structure gives place to a series of broad 
 folds at times showing quaquaversal dips, so that erosion has revealed the 
 underlying greenstone at various places both along the Nizina and on the trib- 
 utaries which join it from the east. A view of the drainage basin of Skolai 
 Creek shows the limestone rising gradually toward the White River divide, 
 with greenstone lying in the valleys. At the mouth of Chitistone River the 
 limestone comes to the vallej’ bottom on the north side, while on the south it is 
 from 1,000 to 1,500 feet higher, and between the forks the greenstone reaches 
 to the top of the mountain. From the lower side of the Chitistone the forma- 
 tion may be traced along the side of the mountain tmtil the upper part of the 
 creek [Dan Creek] which joins the Nizina at Nikolai House is reached, where 
 the rocks are seen to be descending. [The character of the contact between the 
 limestone and the underlying volcanic series is illustrated in PI. Ill, A, which 
 also exhibits some of the structural features that have been mentioned.] 
 
 Southward from the stream [Dan Creek] which joins the Nizina at Nikolai 
 House the limestone is not found, and it seems necessary to suppose that its 
 absence is due to a fault which follows the general course of this tributary. 
 The mountains to the south are composed of black shales intruded by igneous 
 dikes, and are supposed to belong to the Triassic series lying west of the 
 Nizina. The same series is found south of the belt of greenstone without the 
 occurrence of the limestone between, so that it seems probable that the sup- 
 loosed fault extends toward the west at least as far as Lakina River. The gen- 
 eral line of the displacement has been represented on the geological map. * * * 
 
 Tliicl'ness of Chitistone limestone . — Studies of the [Chitistone limestone] 
 and [the other] Triassic strata of the Wrangell district have not been sutti- 
 ciently detailed to afford evidence as to where the line between these two 
 formations should be drawn. Above the massive basal series of limestones 
 there is a series of thin-bedded limestones with shaly partings which is ap- 
 parently in joerfect conformity with the underlying beds and which passes 
 by gradation into the black shales above. These black shales contain the 
 fossils by means of which the Triassic age of the formation has been deter- 
 mined. The provisional and arbitrary line between the two formations has been 
 l>laced at the top of the massive limestone series. The thickness of the Chiti- 
 stone formation, as thus defined, is somewhat variable. Its maximum devel- 
 opment is probably in the region of Nizina River, where it reaches a thickness 
 of approximately 2.000 feet. In the Kotsina and Strelna region its thickness 
 is somewhat less, but it can not be made out that there is any progressive 
 Ihinning toward the west. 
 
 Ar/e of the limestone . — There has been doubt concerning the age 
 of the Chitistone limestone, owing to the fact that no determinable 
 fossils were* collected from it until the summer of 1907, Schrader 
 
CHITISTONE LIMESTONE. 
 
 27 
 
 and Spencer correlated the Chitistone with the massive limestone 
 near the head of White River on Kletsan Creek, described by Brooks." 
 
 Schuchert, who determined the fossils collected by Brooks, states: 
 “ These two localities are of one general horizon in the Upper Car- 
 boniferous. * * * j have made no specific determinations, since 
 
 the fauna is not to be correlated with that of the Upper Carlioniferoiis 
 of the Mississippi Valley, but with the Fusulina zone of China, India, 
 and the eastern slopes of the Urals.-’ At a later date, howevei*, 
 Schuchert assigned the Vdiite River rocks to the Permian. 
 
 Mendenhall, on the assumption that the Chitistone had been cor- 
 rectly correlated with the limestone at the head of White River, ac- 
 cepts provisionally the Permian age of the Chitistone. He evidently 
 felt that the correlation was a doubtful one, however, and sums up 
 the evidence for and against the Permian age of the Chitistone lime- 
 stone as follows : " 
 
 For Permian age : 
 
 1. The Chitistone is geographically very near ami litliologically very similar 
 to the Permian north of Skolai Pass. 
 
 2. It lies beneath known Triassic. 
 
 H. There is no similar heavy limestone in the known Triassic. 
 
 Against Permian age: 
 
 I. The Chitistone heavy limestone and the thinner beds above it are non- 
 fossiliferons, while the Permian in other localities is very fossil iferons. 
 
 2. The Chitistone seems to lie conformably below known Triassic, while 
 the known Permian lies imconformably below Triassic when the relations ai-e 
 shown. 
 
 3. The Chitistone is free or nearly free from basic intrnsives and overlies 
 basic effnsives, while the known Permian near by is extensively intruded by 
 basic masses. 
 
 In 1907 fossils were collected from the Chitistone limestone at a 
 number of localities bettveen Kotsina River and Chitistone River, and 
 they definitely determine its age as Triassic. Part of these fossils 
 were found in place, but a majority Avere collected from the talus 
 debris beloAv cliffs of the limestone, yet there Avas no place Avhere it 
 seemed possible that the limestone fragments containing the fosvsils 
 could have come from any other source than the cliffs above them, 
 and no hesitation is felt in accepting their evidence for the age of 
 the Chitistone. The fossils were determined by T. W. Stanton, Avho 
 describes them as follows: 
 
 Several different localities are rejiresented in the collections, but the fossils. 
 Avith one exception, are all said to be from the Chitistone limestone and closely 
 associated formations. The collection is small and somewhjit fragmentary, bnt 
 
 " Brooks, Alfred II., A reconnaissance from Pyramid Harbor to Eagle City, Alaska : 
 Twenty-first Ann. Kept. P. S. Oeol. Survey, pt. 2, 1900, p. :ir)9. 
 
 ^ ** Mendenhall, AA\ C., Geology of the central Copper River region, Alaska : I’rof. Paper 
 U. S. Geol. Survey No. 41, 1905, p. 43. On the other hand George II. Girty believes that all 
 the sedimentary beds of Alaska that have been described as Permian are “ Tapper Carbon- 
 iferous.” 
 
 '■ Op. cit., p. 51. 
 
28 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 it has proved sufficient to show quite conclusively that the beds in question 
 are of Triassic age. The ammonites, especially, are all characteristic Triassic 
 types, and the few brachiopods obtained are also Mesozoic. There is no indica- 
 tion of Paleozoic fossils in any part of the section represented. 
 
 The single ammonite from Chititu Creek is of more modern types and most 
 probably comes from the Jurassic. 
 
 The following lists give the forms recognized from each locality. In most 
 cases specific identifications have not been possible, but this does not lessen the 
 accuracy of the age determination. 
 
 4804. No. 1. Elliott Creek, from beds above Chitistone limestone. Pseudo- 
 monotis suhcircularis (Gabb). A single imperfect specimen of this Triassic 
 species. 
 
 4805. Nos. 2 and 23. Hoodoo or Mullen claim on Copper Creek, Kotsina 
 River. Chitistone limestone. Hinnitesf sp. Endeterminable cross section of 
 ammonites. 
 
 4805. Nos. 3 to 6. Chitistone limestone. Talus on Copper Creek. Terehm- 
 tula sp., 8i)iriferina sp., Hinnitesf sp., Pleuromynf sp. 
 
 4806. No. 7. Crawford’s Skyscraper claim on Roaring Creek, Kotsina River, 
 Chitistone limestone. Naticaf sp. Undetermined bivalve fragments. 
 
 4808. Nos 9, 14 to 19, 21, 22. Bonanza mine and Bonanza Creek. Undeter- 
 mined corals. Terehratula sp., kiyiriferina sp., Hinnitesf sp., Pseudomonotis 
 siibeireularis (Gabb) ? 
 
 4809. Nos. 10 to 13, 20. Jumbo Creek near the Bonanza mine. Pentaerinus 
 sp., Terehratula sp., Aviculaf sp,, Areestesf sp. (cross section), Juvavitesf sp. 
 The last two named are certainly Triassic types of ammonites and probably be- 
 long to the genera to which they are provisionally assigned. 
 
 4810. Nos. 24, 25. South side of Chitistone River at Houghton-Alaska Com- 
 pany’s prospect. Syiriferinaf sp., Halohia sp., Areestesf sp., Tropitesf sp. The 
 last two are Triassic ammonites provisionally identified from imperfect speci- 
 mens. 
 
 4811. No. 26. Chititu Creek. Perisphinectesf sp. This ammonite is not a 
 typical Perisphinectes, but it is probably of Jurassic age — certainly not older 
 than Jurassic. 
 
 TRIASSIC LIMESTONES AND SHALES. 
 
 Deseription^ — The rocks which have been included in the Triassic [lime- 
 stones and shales] series comprise all the strata that lie above the Chitistone 
 limestone and below the unconformable Kennicott formation of .Jura-Cretaceous 
 age. In the lower part, and resting ‘conformably upon the Chitistone lime- 
 stone, is a series of thin-bedded limestones, in strata from a few inches to a 
 foot or more in thickness, supported by thin partings of black shale (IM. TV, ,1). 
 The thickness of this member is approximately 1.000 feet, and the limestone, 
 so far as observed, did not contain fossil remains. Above the thin-bedded lime- 
 stones, and sharply defined from them, are black shales containing occasional 
 bands of impure limestone, locally affording fossils, from which the age of 
 the formation has been determined. The thickness of the upper member of the 
 Triassic is very great, possibly more than 3,000 feet, but no opportunity was 
 offered for its direct measurement, since its occurrence beneath strata lying 
 unconformably upon it, together with the attitude which it has assumed as the 
 result of folding and faulting, renders its relations complicated and obscure. 
 A few thin flows of greenstone, similar to that of the Nikolai series, were ob- 
 served here and there interbedded with the black shales of the ’Priassic. The 
 
 Schrader and Spencer, op. cit. 
 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 BULLETIN 374 PLATE IV 
 
 JB. CRUMPLING IN THIN-BEDDED TRIASSIC LIMESTONE ON RIDGE EAST OF GILAHINA CREEK. 
 
SI- ■ 'J4-' • '•'^ ,-, * n>»«fc <-j-MiJw>nlt -. ■>. .'■ i-'T "«i '>-<^75^ "ai* 
 
 ;■# -.V ' '■> ^ 
 
 r- - ?j5 
 
 Lr <■ 
 
 lfe 
 
 '^i -• ?' -' 
 
 L‘ rf-t ■ •'. * .. 
 
TRIASSIC LIMESTONES AND SHALES. 
 
 29 
 
 Triassic [limestones and shales] series may be easily recognized from its gen- 
 eral homogeneous nature and the fine-grained character of its black carbona- 
 ceous shales. 
 
 Locally the thin-bedded limestones are very intricately folded and contorted, 
 a feature which is well shown in the ridge formed of Triassic rocks at the 
 head of Gilahina Creek [and is illustrated in PI. IV, B]. 
 
 Occurrence and distribution. — The Triassic rocks [limestones and shales] are 
 found dipping toward the southwest in the Kotsina region, and may be traced 
 in a continuous band southwestward [southeastward] to Kuskulana River and 
 from the east side of that stream to Lakina River and thence to the Kemiicott 
 and Nizina. East of the Nizina they occur principally in the region south of 
 the great fault which limits the Chitistone limestone, and in the region south 
 of the Nizina the black shales reach across Chitina and Tana rivers and come 
 in contact with rocks of the Valdez ® “ series.” Their occurrence in the vicinity 
 of Skolai Pass is reported by Hayes. * * * 
 
 In the region south of the fault and east of Lakina River and again east of 
 this region as far as the mountains beyond the Nizina the Triassic shales are 
 very intricately intruded by dikes and sheets of porphyry. 
 
 Fossils of Triassic beds. — Only two recognizable fossil forms have been 
 determined in the material which was collected from the Triassic beds, but 
 ibese are considered sufficient to fix definitely the age of the series. T. W. 
 Si nton, of the Geological Survey, reports the following forms of Upper Triassic 
 age: Monotis subcircularis Gabb and DaoncUa like D. loninicli Wissmaim. 
 
 DISTURBANCES FOLLOWING DEPOSITION OF TRIASSIC. 
 
 The formations next younger than the Triassic shales in the Copper River 
 region were deposited at the close of the Jurassic or the beginning of the 
 Cretaceous — that is, at a time corresponding to the deposition of the Knoxville 
 beds of the northwestern United States. These latter rocks are unconformable 
 upon the Triassic and older formations and previous to their formation the 
 older rocks had been folded and raised above the sea and their upturned edges 
 reduced by the process of erosion. The close of Triassic deposition in the 
 western and southwestern portions of the continent has been very generally 
 recognized as a period of mountain building and of geological revolution. It 
 is supposed by Dawson that at this period the Vancouver and coast ranges of 
 British Columbia were outlined, and that there was probably at the same time 
 some corrugation along the line of the Rocky Mountains.*^ The result of this 
 disturbance in the Wrangell district was the production of the broad folds 
 which have been recognized from the attitude of the Nikolai greenstone and 
 the overlying sediments. The period of erosion which followed the uplift and 
 
 ® The term Valdez “ series ” was first used by Schrader in a report entitled “A recon- 
 naissance of a part of Prince William Sound and the Copper River district, Alaska, in 
 1898 ” (Twentieth Ann. Kept. IT. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 7, 1900, p. 408) to describe the rocks 
 typically developed in the vicinty of Valdez. The Valdez “ series ” includes a succession 
 of highly metamorphosed sedimentary beds and consists of “ bluish-gray and dark quartz- 
 ites, arkoses, and quartz schists, interbedded with generally thin beds of dark blue or 
 black slate, shale, mica schist (in some places highly graphitic), nodular mica schist, and 
 occasionally some stretched conglomerate.” So far as is how known the Valdez “ series ” 
 makes up the greater part of the Chugach Mountains. Its rocks are exposed along Copper 
 River from the vicinity of Wood Canyon at least as far south as Baird Glacier. It is not 
 known how far eastward they extend. 
 
 Dawson, George M., On the late physiographic geology of the Rocky Mountain region 
 in Canada, with special reference to changes in elevation and to the history of the glacial 
 period : Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, vol. 8, 1890, sec. 4, p. 6. 
 
30 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 folding was a very long one, since tlie amount of rock removed must necessarily 
 have been measured by several thousand feet. 
 
 The general trend of the folds in the Triassic rocks is parallel with the 
 structure of the adjacent Valdez “ series.” This older structure is very uni- 
 form throughout the whole region from the coast to Copper River, and it is 
 only natural that the recurrence of dynamic action in the region should have 
 I)roduced structures in accord with the lines of weakness that were developed 
 at a veiy early date. 
 
 The Nikolai greenstone and the sedimentary formation which lie conformably 
 above it are at present found to be considerably jointed and cut by fissures. It 
 is probable that this fracturing of the rocks was ])roduced during the post- 
 Triassic disturbance, though it is reasonable to suppose that subsequent move- 
 ments, which must have accompanied the volcanic phenomena of the region, 
 may have caused additional fracturing and folding of the rocks. 
 
 It is believed that the eruptive phenomena of the Wrangell region may have 
 begun during this period of disturbance, but there is no evidence to show that 
 the intrusion of the Triassic shales occurred at this period rather than at a 
 much later date, when, as is known, volcanic forces were very activet 
 
 KENNICOTT FORMATION. 
 
 DescHptiim . — The strata which, on the evidence of fossils, have been assigned 
 to the Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous consist of a variable series of con- 
 glomerates, sandstones, limestones, and shales. The formation lies unconform- 
 ably upon the ui)turned edges of the older rocks, resting in different places upon 
 the Nikolai greenstone, the Chitistone limestone, and the shales of the Triassic. 
 In places it appears that these older formations were completely leveled by 
 erosion previous to the deposition of the Kennicott formation, but elsewhere the 
 relations, though obscure, are indicative of the probability that deposition took 
 place in narrow, deep lagoons. 
 
 At the base of the formation there is usually a conglomerate or coarse sand- 
 stone composed of materials derived from the greenstone and from the lime- 
 stones and shales, with an admixture of quartz sand. Above this there are 
 alternations of green sandstone with black shales, and occasionally bands of 
 limestone, in places containing considerable sand. 
 
 Occurrence and distrihution . — The northernmost known occurrence of the 
 Kennicott formation is at the head of Umestone Creek between Clear and 
 Kluvesna creeks. Here the formation is in contact with the Chitistone lime- 
 stone and with the Triassic shales. South of this there is an outlier resting 
 ui)on the shales, forming the top of a high peak between Clear Creek and 
 Kluvesna Creek north of Kotsina River. South of the Kotsina the formation 
 is found usually capping the highest ridges, where it rests upon the Triassic 
 [shales and limestones] or locally upon the Chitistone or the still older green- 
 stone. From the ridge between Sheep and Coi)per creeks there is considerable 
 cropping of the formation, which extends continuously to the divide between 
 Rock and Strelna creeks, and again there is a considerable thickness in the 
 high mountains at the head of the south fork of Strelna Creek. 
 
 As viewed from a distance the high ridge between the north fork of Kusku- 
 lana Glacier and the eastern drainage of the Kotsina ai>pears to have a capping 
 of sedimentary rock resting upon the greenstone, and though this region has 
 not been visited it seems probable that the Kennicott formation may occur in 
 these high peaks. To the east of the Kuskulana Glacier it first appears in the 
 bed of Trail Gulch, at an elevation of about 2,2(K) feet, and may be traced east- 
 ward for a distance of about 8 miles. In this locality the formation affords 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 374 PLATE 
 
 HEAD OF NIKOLAI CREEK. 
 
\ 
 
 
 
 V' 
 
 
 . -<Ci 
 
 -3^ 
 
 c"> 
 
 -JH. 
 
 ’ ** -ipt J 
 
 M ,»L 
 
 T 
 
KEN N ICO TT F( UiMATION . 
 
 31 
 
 fossil remains. It does not appear again west of Lakina River, but to tlie 
 east of that stream, in the drainage of Fohlin Creek, it attains considerable 
 development, having a thickness which possibly reaches 1,000 feet or more. In 
 this locality and in the last it seems as if the formation was deposited in a 
 submerged valley, the sides of which had considerable height above the level of 
 the water. 
 
 East of Kennicott River the Kennicott formation occurs at the head of Nikolai 
 Creek, where its general relations to the topography and to the Triassic forma- 
 tions are shown in PI. [V]. The sloping strata in the middle of the illustra- 
 tion are the sandstones of the basal portion of the Kennicott formation, while 
 the deep trenches cut through them into the underlying limestone and green- 
 stone. The mountains in the distance are composed of Triassic shales, with 
 igneous intrusions, which have protected the mountains from erosion. 
 
 Beyond the Nizina the formation is found capping the shale ridge between 
 Young Creek and the Chitina. 
 
 Age of Kennicott formation. — The age of the Kennicott formation has been 
 definitely determined by Dr. T. W. Stanton, who has studied its fossils and 
 proved their general correspondence with the fossils of the Knoxville formation 
 of northwestern United States. This places the formation in the doubtful series 
 lying at the top of the Jurassic or at the base of the Cretaceous. The following 
 forms have been recognized : 
 
 Inoceramus eximius EichwaldV 
 Belemnites sp. 
 
 Halobia occidentalis Whiteaves? 
 Rhynchonella sp. 
 
 Pecten sp. 
 
 Avicula sp. 
 
 Aucella pallasi Keyserling? 
 Lytoceras sp. 
 
 Hoplites sp. 
 
 Olcostephanus? sp. 
 
 Gryphjea sp. 
 
 Sagenopteris sp. 
 
 Concerning Inocera^nus eximius Doctor Stanton says : 
 
 “ This form is represented by a single specimen collected on Chitty Creek. 
 It may be distinct from Eichwald’s s])ecies, originally described from Turkusitun 
 Bay in Cook Inlet and referred by him to the Neocomian. Eichwald described 
 three other species — I. umMguus, I. porrectus, and I. lacifer — all belonging to 
 one section of Inoeerarniis, from the same horizon in Alaska. The present shell 
 does not agre p.u-fectly with any of the figures, but it is most nearly like 
 /. eximius am )robably comes from the same formation. Similar forms occur 
 both in the Ji . assic and in the Cretaceous, but the evidence of the other fossils 
 from this part of Alaska favors the reference of the Kennicott formation to the 
 Jurassic.” 
 
 Of the form referred with a question to Halohia occidentalis. Doctor Stan- 
 ton says ; 
 
 “ The specimens agree fairly well in sculpture and general appearance with 
 some of the figures of Whiteaves’s species from the Liard River, and may be 
 identical with it. They are, however, somewhat suggestive of Ilinnites linamsl.s, 
 from the Jurassic (?) of Siberia. 
 
 ''Sagenopteris is a genus which occurs both in the Jurassic and in the Cr(>- 
 taceous, but the species is thought by Professor Ward, to whom it was shown, 
 to be near a si)ecies occurring in the .Turassic of the I*acific coast.” 
 
 Concerning the general relations of the fossils from the Kennicott formation 
 Dr. Stanton observes : 
 
 “ These fossils are all either Upper .Jurassic or Cretaceous, with a sugges- 
 tion of a somewhat younger age for a few localities. In the present state of 
 knowledge, and with these small collections, it is not practicable to determine 
 whether they represent one horizon or several. In my opinion, they probably 
 
32 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA EEGION, ALASKA. 
 
 all belong to the Upper Jurassic, though subsequent work may show the con- 
 trary. The question is connected with the still unsolved problem of the exact 
 boundary between the Jurassic and the Cretaceous in the AwceHa-bearing beds 
 of Russia, Siberia, and the Pacific coast region of North America. The Aucella 
 occurring in the Copper River district appears to be referable to a Russian 
 Jurassic species, but it is also quite similar to the Cretaceous form in the lower 
 Knoxville beds of California. The few other forms are mostly undescribed 
 species of types that occur both in the Jurassic and in the Lower Cretaceous.” 
 
 POST-KENNICOTT DISTURBANCE AND EROSION. 
 
 After the deposition of the Kennicott formation the region seems to have 
 been uplifted from its previous low position with reference to the sea and to 
 have suffered a slight deformation, which gave rise in great part to the present 
 slightly inclined attitude of the rocks that were deposited not long before its 
 initiation. In respect to the amount of folding produced this uplift was of 
 much less importance than the earlier disturbance which caused the folding of 
 the Triassic formations. It seems to have been a regional uplift without very 
 much of the deformation which comes from lateral pressure. 
 
 The uplift which followed the deposition of early Cretaceous time seems to 
 have been regional in its extent, and may be supposed to have affected all of 
 the area between the present Wrangell Mountains and the coast and to have 
 raised a large continent from the waters of the sea. The limits of the uplift 
 can not be determined, but it was followed by a period of erosion during which 
 the streams that developed upon the new land surface were able to reduce the 
 land very nearly to sea level. 
 
 Before the completion of this cycle of erosion a period of volcanic activity 
 was commenced which very materially altered the character of the topography 
 by the upbuilding of immense piles of lava and of volcanic tuffs. 
 
 COAL-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Two localities where coal-bearing rocks are known to be present 
 lie within the area under discussion. One is situated on the high 
 ridge between Hidden Creek and the heads of Bear and Fourth of 
 July creeks, the other is near the head of Chitistone River. Little is 
 known about either locality, and there is no evidence at hand on 
 which a definite statement concerning the age of the beds may be 
 based. The first -mentioned locality is approximately 2 miles north 
 of the saddle known as Fourth of July Pass, through which the trail 
 runs in crossing the ridge between F ohlin Creek and Kennicott 
 Glacier. The area is small, possibh^ not over 20 acres, and lies at an 
 altitude of nearly (>,000 feet. The beds are probably not much over 
 50 feet thick, and consist of black carbonaceous shales with thin coal 
 seams overlain by arkose sandstone. The coal beds have a horizontal 
 position and lie unconformably on the upturned edges of beds be- 
 longing to the Triassic limestones and shales. They adjoin the Chiti- 
 stone limestone on the north and appear to pass over the great fault 
 by which the Xikolai greenstone and the Triassic limestones ami 
 shales are brought in contact. A mass of andesite, with a spirelike 
 
COAL-BEAKING ROCKS. 
 
 33 
 
 form about 50 feet high, rests on the coal-bearing rocks, but since its 
 age is unknown it furnishes little additional evidence for the age of 
 the coal. Coal is not known to be present in the Kennicott formation. 
 The Kennicott, moreover, is believed to be older than the great fault, 
 and since the coal beds, as previously stated, appear to cover the 
 fault, it is suggested that the coal is probably Tertiary. 
 
 The Chitistone River coal-bearing beds were not seen by members 
 of the Survey party, and their relations to the other formations are 
 not known. From the reports of prospectors it is thought that the 
 coal beds are thicker, more extensive, and more folded than those of 
 the area just described, and it is possible that they may be of ditferent 
 age. 
 
 TERTIARY VOLCANIC SERIES.® 
 
 Description and occurrence . — In the region about the head of Nizina River, 
 extending westward to Mount Klackburn and eastward into the Skolai Moun- 
 tains, there is a series of bedded volcanic rocks made up of andesites, rhyolites, 
 and strata of pyroclastic origin. The main distribution of these rocks is in 
 the region which was not penetrated during the explorations of 1900, but a suf- 
 ficiently extended view of the upper basin of the Nizina was obtained to indicate 
 the relations which the series bears to the older sedimentary and igneous rocks. 
 The character of the materials is shown by the debris occurring upon Nizina 
 Glacier. A single outlier, which is undoubtedly to be correlated with the series, 
 lies north of the trail opposite the pass east of Knsknlana River. * * * 
 
 Standing upon the high, shaly ridge between McCarthy Creek and Nizina 
 River and looking toward the north and east, one sees that the black Triassic 
 shales, with the massive Chitistone limestone beneath them and the greenstone 
 still underlying, are folded in broad arches or domes, and that these structures 
 have been eroded to a general uniform surface, and upon this surface a series 
 of rocks has been nonconformably deposited. Assuming, as seems allowable, 
 that these rocks were deposited in a nearly horizontal position, it is evident 
 that there has been some deformation since they were laid down, as there is a 
 general dip of the stratification toward the north, so that the series rising 
 toward the south and east disappears where the underlying formations come up 
 to form the tops of the range. Volcanic rocks, the description of which answers 
 very well to that of this series, were mentioned by Rohn as occurring in the 
 region at the head of the Nizina and the Tanana, also along the northern edge 
 of the St. Elias Range; and an important volcanic series on Nabesna River has 
 been described by Brooks.^ 
 
 The rocks of the series are said to include rhyolite, andesite, and basaltic 
 types. A similar series of volcanic rocks is known to occur along the northern 
 front of the St. Elias Range. 
 
 Thickness of volcanic scries . — No accurate determinations of the thickness 
 of the volcanic series were i)ossible, but from photogra{)hs showing its occur- 
 rence it is estimated that it can not be less than ‘>,000 feet in its maximnm 
 development. 
 
 “ Schrader and Spencer, op. cit., pp. ,51-52. 
 
 ''Brooks, A. II., A reconnaissance from Pyramid Harbor to Kajile ('ity, .\laska, includinf; 
 a description of the copper deposits of the upper White and Tanana rivers: Twenty-first 
 Ann. Kept. U. S. Qeol. Survey, pt. 2, 1000, p. ;U52. 
 
 G8797— Bull. :i74— 09 3 
 
34 
 
 THE KOTSIXA-CHITIXA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 Age of volcnnic series . — In the description of the topographic development of 
 the Copper River region it will be shown that the land surface which was pro- 
 duced through the process of erosion previous to the formation of the volcanic 
 series had its origin some time during the Tertiary, and with this conclusion 
 as- a basis it may be concluded that the age of the volcanic series is also Ter- 
 tiary. There is, however, no criterion for determining the exact portion of the 
 period to which its formation belongs, though it is doubtless later than the 
 Eocene. Brooks shows that the volcanics of the St. Elias Range are probably 
 of Tertiary age.® 
 
 IGNEOUS ROCKS. 
 
 Preliminary statement . — The igneous rocks of the Kotsina-Chitina 
 area, as has been .stated, include gabbro, diabase, diorite, andesite, 
 
 2:ranite, and rhyolite. They haye not been studied in an exhaustiye 
 
 < — • / «. «. 
 
 way and the following descriptions are general. The yarious rocks 
 are grouped in the description according to their occurrence in the 
 larger geological diyisions of the sedimentary rocks. Areas of igne- 
 ous rocks are not represented in a detailed way on the map (PI. II). 
 Diorite and granite are not separated from each other, but they are 
 distinguished from gabbro. 
 
 The intruded rocks of a porphyritic nature are giyen a distinct 
 color. Andesites also haye a separate color, but no attempt is made to 
 separate those of intrusiye from those of extrusiye character. 
 
 Granular rocks in the unmetamorpliosed sediments .^ — The intruded rocks 
 which occur in the unmetamorphosed sediments of the Wrangell region . . . 
 consist of gabbros, granites, and dioritic rocks, and in addition there is a large 
 cross-cutting mass of andesite v.diich forms Castle Mountain . . . 
 
 The gabbro in the Blount Wrangell district is confined, so far as known, to 
 three small areas : One in the Kotsina region between Long Glacier and 
 Kluvesna Glacier, another at the head of Nugget Creek north of Kuskulana 
 River, and the third just above the forks of Strelna Creek. The rocks of these 
 three localities belong to the same tyi)e. but show minor variations. The gal)- 
 bro occurring in the vicinity of Long Glacier is a coarse-grained rock, consisting 
 of a very basic plagioclase, probably bytownite, and augite in large irregular 
 grains. ATitli the augite there is a small amount of brown hornblende, which 
 is probably original. Magnetite occurs in large grains. In the gabbro of 
 Strelna Creek there is some interstitial micropegmatite which is probably of 
 secondary origin. 
 
 A rock which is similar to these gabbros, but which has. in addition to the 
 minerals which they contain, -a considerable amount of brown mica, was noted 
 in the vicinity of the crossing of the main Chitina and the Kotsina trails. Here, 
 in the walls of the canyon, there is a coarse-grained granular rock made up of 
 andesite, diallage, hypersthene. and a considerable amount of dark-brown biotite. 
 The relations of this rock are rather unusual, since it is granular rock cutting 
 glacial gravels. 
 
 The only granite which has been noted in the Wrangell Mountains is located 
 somewhere in the drainage of the second Kotsina Glacier. Its presence is 
 known only from a si)ecimen collected from the moraine. It is a tine-grained 
 rock composed of biotite with some plagioclase. 
 
 " Op. cit.. p. ao.”., 
 
 Sclirador and Sponcor, oi>. cit.. p. H soq. 
 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 BULLETIN 374 PLATE VI 
 
 II. CASTLE MOUNTAIN. 
 
 Looking N. 60° W. fronn ridge between Gilahina Creek and Lakina River. 
 

 
 •'Vj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ar 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \i.i. 
 
 1 p 9. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i . r '^r- ^ 3-^ 
 
 
 
 ■SS.f' 
 
 :ii 
 
 a, 
 
 i 5 f 
 
 -i-t:-. 
 
 »T ■ ' ■:^f^- ^ ‘ -” • - 
 
 -- -'-*• »i 
 
 
 
 '/t 
 
 H-:,; 
 
 
 ? ' • A. 
 
 '♦i‘ 
 
 
 • * 
 
 ™ . - -'•^"v":- -'Jsr 
 
 -- • «-• ^ 
 
 -JibA - ■' . '■- >= 
 
 L .1 ■ 
 
 
 %’"i> 
 
 ■ '• 'i’.t'C 
 
 m 
 
 
 \ ■ -<*.•- 
 
 
 Px: 
 
 *■ ^ -''v : ■ 1-' . , ■ '■ 
 
 •. ■ v:?*;- : 
 
 . - :■■. '^ 5:6 - 
 
 \ ',■•■' V . r-f - :. ■■ O 
 
 ' >.*•■ . ' ;• V:\lt ^ 
 
 1 --Hs'' 
 
 P#'* 
 
IGNEOUS ROCKS. 
 
 35 
 
 On the north side of the main tributary of Kotsina River, near Surprise 
 Creek, there is a mass of diorite which varies considerably in character from 
 place to place. In some parts the rock is practically granular, while elsewhere 
 it becomes porphyritic. It is composed essentially of abundant thick prisms of 
 plagioclase, which is probably andesine, while between these prisms there is a 
 sort of groundmass composed of orthoclase and quartz. Biotite and horn- 
 blende occur in irregular grains and imperfect prisms. The rock is related to 
 granodiorite, but may be called a quartz diorite. 
 
 A porphyritic phase of diorite occurs along the west side of Kuskulana 
 Glacier, below the forks, though this mass has not been represented on the 
 map. The broad dike which is represented as crossing the mountain mass 
 between the forks of Kuskulana Glacier is supposed to have the same character. 
 
 Porphyries in the unmctamorphosed sediments . — Besides the granular or 
 nearly granular rocks already considered, there is a considerable variety of 
 porphyritic rocks occurring in dikes and irregular masses in the black shales 
 of the Triassic formation and in the slmles and sandstones of the Kennicott 
 series. These rocks are rather generally distributed from the vicinity of 
 Kuskulana River eastward as far as our observations extended. They are 
 well shown in the shale series on either side of Kennicott River, and it is to 
 the resistance which the intruded rocks have presented to erosion that the 
 mountains of this vicinity owe their preservation. Some less important oc- 
 currences are observed in the valley of Young Creek and as far toward the 
 south as Chitina River. PI VI [A] is illustrative of dikes of fine-grained 
 porphyry cutting the black shale in the walls of Young Creek. 
 
 On the map the intricate intrusion of the shales is represented in a dia- 
 grammatic way to indicate the character of the intrusions rather than the 
 actual occurrence of the cross-cutting beds. 
 
 The porphyries of the class here under consideration are always much 
 altered, so much so, indeed, that it is very difficult to determine their exact 
 nature, but it may be seen that they are all not identical, though they are prob- 
 ably closely related throughout. They are mostly diorite or quartz diorite 
 porphyries, judging from the aggregates of altered minerals which now make 
 up their mass. They vary in grain from cryptocrystalline to porphyritic with 
 stony groundmass. 
 
 These porphyries are, in part at least, later than the Kennicott formation, 
 of Jura-Cretaceous age, for they are found cutting this series in the region 
 between Lakina and Kennicott rivers, and dikes of porphyry cut the bedded 
 volcanic series east of Kuskulana River, and in the Nizina region there are 
 masses of unknown character cutting across the volcanic series. It appears 
 that in general the intruded rocks have been injected at comparatively recent 
 dates, although there are no data for determining the priority of one or the 
 other of the different types of rock. It may be that the porphyries were 
 intruded during the period of folding which preceded the deposition that took 
 place in Jura-Cretaceous time, but so far as the evidence goes, it may be that 
 they were introduced after the deposition of the Tertiary volcanic rocks. 
 
 Andesite cutting the Triassic . — The mass of Castle IMountain is composed of 
 dark andesite, similar to that which forms the surface flows of the Wrangell 
 region. On the western side of the mountain the contact with the shales and 
 crumpled limestones may be clearly distinguished by the contrast betweeen 
 the dark-colored andesite and the sedimentary rocks which have been blenched 
 and whitened through contact metamorphism. The a])pearance of Castle 
 Mountain and the andesite contact is illustrated in [PI. VI, Ji^. Looking at 
 Castle Mountain from the southeast, one sees the contact runuing in a zigzag 
 
36 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 course down the ridge on the left side, as shown in the picture, and again, 
 with less distinctness at the right, which is at the base of the steep cliff. 
 
 Intrusive rocks in Tertiary volcanic series . — The occurrence of dikes of diorite 
 porphyry in the volcanic series has already been noted, and aside from this the 
 only knowledge of cross-cutting massive rocks has been gained from a distant 
 view of the region lying east of the Nizina River, between Chitistone River and 
 the first creek flowing into the Nizina. Above the foot of the glacier there is 
 a mountainous mass, which shows the topographic characters that are common 
 in the case of massive rocks, and this mass is in part surrounded by the flows 
 and tuff's of the volcanic series. This occurrence is the only evidence of the post- 
 volcanic date of the intrusive rocks, and it must be admitted as incomplete. 
 
 Andesite flows . — The recent lavas which occur on the southern and western 
 slopes of Mount Wrangell are typical hypersthene andesites, composed of 
 plagioclase, at least as basic as labradorite, much hypersthene in sharply out- 
 lined i)henocrysts, and a small amount of augite. Olivine is sometimes present. 
 The groundmass varies from glassy to finely crystalline. In color the andesites 
 vary from red to gray and black, and in texture from vesicular to close-grained 
 porphyritic. 
 
 The age of the andesite is Pleistocene and Recent. The form of Mount 
 Wrangell is the result of successive lava flows, by which its cone has been con- 
 structed. The great sheet of andesite to the north of the Kotsina drainage lies 
 above the mass of the Pleistocene, but gravels are found resting upon it locally, 
 and glacial scoring is also observed, so that at some time since the most im- 
 portant outflows glaciation must have been more extensive than at present. 
 
 sH ❖ ❖ ❖ 5f: * 
 
 Below Tonsina River, on the east side of the Copper, the river banks have a 
 height of 400 to 600 feet, and here they are composed very largely of till. Here, 
 also, andesite occurs in the upper part of the deposit, and this occurrence ap- 
 pears to be the western extension of the general sheet of andesite which may 
 be found at intervals and traced toward the east, becoming of more importance 
 as the mountains are reached. East of the trail leading from Tonsina to the 
 upper Chitina the andesite is of considerable importance, and here gives rise to 
 a prominent bench, which may be traced northward to the’ point where it con- 
 nects with the andesite already mentioned as occurring on Chetaslina River, 
 and from this point still northward, forming a marked terrace for a distance of 
 at least 10 miles. Wherever observed there is evidence that the andesite was 
 poured out during the glacial epoch. The greatest thickness of the glacial de- 
 posits is below it, but in protected places it always shows surfaces which have 
 been smoothed by ice action, and there is no considerable area of the andesite 
 exposed that does not carry exotic bowlders upon it. I.ocally there is also a 
 considerable amount of gravel resting upon the andesite. This relation may be 
 seen on (’opper River in the vicinity of Billum’s, and also at the crossing on 
 Kotsina River. 
 
 ^ * 
 
 The edge of the lava flow forming the plateau north of the point at which 
 Kotsina River emerges from the mountains seems unquestionably to have been 
 in contact with the side of a glacier which extended outward from the upi)er 
 valley from the time of the eruption. The same conditions maj’ be suggested 
 along the north side of Long Glacier. 
 
 The distribution of the andesite as represented on the map is only approxi- 
 mate, and underneath the latest gravels the lava undoubtedly has a much 
 greater extent than is indicated, and over much more of the area where it 
 is represented gravels may be found above it. 
 
FAULTS. 
 
 87 
 
 Just north of Long Glacier the thickness of the andesite is several hundred 
 feet, while at the edge of the flow, in the neighborhood of Chetaslina River, 
 it is less than 150 feet, and where it reaches Copper River and at the crossing 
 of the Nikolai [Nizina] trail on Kotsina River it is less than 50 feet. 
 
 FAULTS.® 
 
 Displacements of the formations occurring in the Wrangell region are not 
 at all infrequent, and while the faults are usually of small importance struc- 
 turally, they are frequently followed by mineral-bearing veins. An example of 
 this is seen in the Nikolai vein, which follows a fault having a throw of several 
 feet. Two faults of very considerable importance have, however, been recog- 
 nized where they cross Nizina River, while, from the observed relations of 
 the various formations, a third break is supposed to exist in the Kotsina 
 region. On the west side of Copper Creek the Chitistone limestone is found 
 dipping toward the west and overlying the Nikolai greenstone in its normal 
 position, while on the east side of the creek the greenstone comes in contact 
 with Triassic shales ; and though the relations of the former were not studied 
 sufllciently in detail to allow the representation of the fault on the geological 
 map, a break has been shown in the geological cross section in accordance with 
 the hypothesis of a fault. 
 
 There is a fault crossing Nizina River about 3 miles above the mouth of 
 Chitistone River, and, though its occurrence was noted, no opportunity was 
 afforded for a detailed examination. This feature was observed by Hayes in 
 1891 and described as an over-thrust fault having a displacement of over half 
 a mile.^ The representation of this fault on the geological map must be taken 
 as only approximating the actual relations. 
 
 The most prominent fault which has been recognized is the one which limits 
 the southern extension of the greenstone as it crosses Nizina River. Here the 
 shales of the Triassic are brought against the Nikolai greenstone, and, though 
 the actual fault plane was not observed, it is seen from the horizons which 
 come in contact that the displacement must amount to 3,000 or even 4,000 feet. 
 East of Nizina River the continuance of the break is not known, since the region 
 was not visited, but toward the west it probably extends for a considerable 
 distance, and on the east side of Kennicott Glacier the displacement must still 
 be in excess of 3,000 feet. The fault was also observed on the west side of 
 Kennicott Glacier, and from this place it is probably continuous to Lakina River, 
 where there is a displacement of several hundred feet. In age this great struc- 
 tural break antedates the deposition of the Kennicott formation, and its pro- 
 duction probably belongs to the post-Triassic period of uplift and deformation. 
 
 PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT DEPOSITS. 
 
 Introduction . — Under the heading of Pleistocene and Recent de- 
 ]:>osits is given a general description of the unconsolidated deposits 
 that now occupy the valley portions of the Chitina and Copper rivers 
 and their tributaries as included in the area shown on the geologic 
 map (PI. II). The scale of this map is too small to give a detailed 
 representation of the deposits, but their general distribution is well 
 shown. 
 
 “ Schrader and Spencer, op. cit., p. 62. 
 
 Hayes, C. W., An expedition through the Yukon district : Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 4, 1892, 
 
 p. 141. 
 
38 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 Present features . — A view of the river valleys of this region dis- 
 closes two very distinct topographic features, caused by two equally 
 distinct geologic processes that have dominated the development of 
 the topography during Pleistocene and Recent time. These features 
 are very forcibly impressed on anyone who may have occasion to visit 
 the region. The first is. the present-day aspect of the accumulations 
 of a former period of very rapid deposition, the completion of which 
 was the closing event of the Pleistocene period. In their broad sur- 
 face characteristics these deposits have changed but little since they 
 were laid down. The second is the recent trenching by streams that 
 is so marked a feature of late drainage activity in many other parts 
 in Alaska also and that is brought particularly to . notice where 
 streams have worked upon unconsolidated deposits of Pleistocene age. 
 (See PI. VII, A.) This trenching began with Recent time and re- 
 sults from conditions that still prevail. 
 
 The completed result of Pleistocene deposition is presented to-day 
 in the form of gravel and silt plains that extend over all the lower 
 areas. They floor the large main valleys almost completely and ex- 
 tend up the tributary valleys considerable distances into the moun- 
 tains. Their surfaces slope gradually in two directions — from the 
 sides of the valleys inward to the lower levels occupied by the drain- 
 ing streams, and from the heads of the valleys toward their outlets. 
 They are characteristic valley plains. 
 
 The combined ice and water drainage of Pleistocene time, that 
 brought down such vast quantities of rock material from the sur- 
 rounding mountain ranges, filling the valleys and spreading it out 
 in the form of the gravel plain, has had its gradients and its relation 
 to sea level changed by a widespread elevation which was differen- 
 tial rather than harmonious. The present rivers, in working down 
 to the new grades thus imposed, have cut deeply into the Pleistocene 
 plains (PI. VII, A), so that to-day all the streams occupy trenches 
 in the filled valley floor. Thus the valleys are incised from 50 to 
 000 feet into the unconsolidated Pleistocene deposits, and in many 
 places through them. 
 
 Pre-Pleistocene land surface . — To understand more fully the dis- 
 tribution and thickness of the unconsolidated Pleistocene deposits 
 it ma}^ be well to indicate briefly what the appearance of this region 
 must have been just before the deposition of the Pleistocene began. 
 This appearance may be imagined from an understanding of the 
 present surface. To-day the country is especially characterized by 
 rugged mountains, most of them showing well up on their sides the 
 effects of vigorous glacial erosion. The sides are steep and in many 
 |:)laces descend abruptly to the valley bottoms where the bed-rock 
 slopes disappear beneath the comparatively flat Pleistocene deposits. 
 
 The bed-rock contour of the larger tributary ATille}^s of the Chitina 
 to-day ])reseiit wide U-shaped cross sections typical of strongly 
 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 BULLETIN 374 PLATE VII 
 
 .1. PLEISTOCENE GRAVEL BLUFFS. 
 
 North bank of Chitina River, above mouth of Nizina River, looking northwest. 
 
 li. CHITISTONE LIMESTONE, NORTH SIDE OF ELLIOTT CREEK NEAR DECEPTION CREEK. 
 Nikolai greenstone below; Kennicott limestone above. 
 
PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT DEPOSITS. 
 
 39 
 
 glaciated valleys, though the bottoms are no^y hidden in many places 
 to a depth of at least 500 or GOO feet by Pleistocene deposits. Be- 
 fore the glaciers occupied them the broad valleys were no doubt es- 
 sentially of the uniform deeply eroded rock-floored type, presenting 
 rolling surfaces with here and there considerable hills rising from 
 them, and encircled by high rugged mountains. At that time the 
 mountains had not been glaciated and were not so steep sided, and 
 the valleys were cut deeply only by stream erosion. Even in the 
 main valleys of the Chitina, of the Copper just north of Taral, and 
 of the lower half of the Kotsina, the rock floors were not flat, but 
 presented rolling surfaces, for to-day there are considerable hills of 
 hard bed rock standing above the more level unconsolidated Pleisto- 
 cene deposits that surround them, like islands in a body of water. 
 The general attitude of these bed-rock islands indicates that the pre- 
 Pleistocene grade of the Chitina Valley was not as steep from the 
 head to its mouth as it is to-day, for the areas of the older bed-rock 
 surface exposed above the unconsolidated deposits are of consider- 
 able extent near the mouth of the Chitina, and are less exposed up 
 its valley, where they are more deeply buried by the gravel and are 
 only shown where the main stream and its larger tributaries have 
 cut through the unconsolidated sediments. 
 
 The Avork of Pleistocene time Avas the filling of these ATalleys by 
 A^ast quantities of poorly sorted material eroded by ice and Avater 
 from the mountains that surround them. The old drainage of the 
 valleys Avas overAvhelnied by an invasion of glacial ice, and erosion 
 and deposition by this ice and its attendant streams left the surface 
 almost as Ave see it to-day. These unconsolidated deposits are the 
 evidence that tell of Pleistocene time and its activities. 
 
 Erosion and deposition during Pleistocene and Recent time. — The 
 Pleistocene and Recent geology of this region is probably brought 
 most conspicuously to our notice by its unconsolidated deposits, but 
 the erosional effects are also marked. The character and extent of 
 the deposits are a direct result of the character and extent of the 
 drainage of that time, and these Avere dependent on the character of 
 the precipitation. It is not necessary to suppose a larger supply of 
 moisture or a greatly different climate from that of to-day, but the 
 form of precipitation must have been such as to give a great increase 
 in the development of the snoAV fields that fed the glaciers and their 
 streams. A great change in the character of the drainage appears to 
 have come over the region at the beginning of Pleistocene time. 
 This change iiwolved a marked development of glaciers and their 
 attendant streams, together Avith the greater rapidity of erosion and 
 more active transportation of rock material that accompanies such 
 phenomena. The groAvth of this kind of drainage seems to have 
 
40 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 been rapid, until it finally dominated the Avhole area of the Copper- 
 Chitina region. It apparently had various stages of advance to its 
 maximum extent and then stages of decrease to its present condition. 
 The present character and extent of glaciation is Avell shown on the 
 map. The detailed stages of its advance have been largely obliter- 
 ated by its retreat, but the evidences of its greatest development are 
 still distinct, and a detailed study no doubt would bring out much of 
 the history of that period. 
 
 Chitina Valley appears to have been occupied by a great valley 
 glacier, and its tributaries, especially the Nizina, Kennicott, Lakina, 
 and Kuskulana valleys — the principal feeders of the master ice stream 
 on the north — were also filled by ice streams that united in the great 
 Chitina Glacier. In addition there were smaller glaciers flowing 
 into the Chitina from the south. The glaciers from the head of 
 Kotsina Valley, together with the Kluvesna and Long glaciers from 
 Mount Wrangell, united Avith each other and their combined ice 
 stream extended at least to the point where the valley opens out into 
 Copper Kiver basin. Thus it Avill be seen that this region at some 
 (ime during the Pleistocene was practically hidden under snow and 
 glacial ice. Only the higher mountain ridges protruded above it, yet 
 even these Avere the gathering places for snoAV that fed the glaciers 
 beloAV. As the ice streams moved sloAvly, but poAverfully, doAvn their 
 confining valleys, they Avere loaded Avith vast quantities of rock ma- 
 terial Avhich they carried Avith them to the loAver level. Hoav long 
 the maximum extent of the ice invasion Avas maintained is not knoAvn, 
 but Avhen the glaciers had reached their greatest development and 
 their increase Avas stopped by the lack of sufficient snoAv at their 
 sources to balance the Avaste by melting at their loAver leA^els, their 
 retreat began. As the melting proceeded and the loAver limits of 
 the glaciers Avithdrew up the valleys, a great quantity of morainal 
 material Avas dumped on the valley floors, and the Avater from melt- 
 ing ice spread this heterogeneous assortment of rock material oA^er 
 the valley flood plains, left bare by the receding glaciers, thus form- 
 ing the valley-plain deposits almost as they are seen to-day. Melting 
 of the ice did not proceed at a uniform rate, nor Avas it a continuous 
 course of recession. There Avere intervals Avhen meltinjr Avas not so 
 rapid, and then terminal moraines Avere laid doAvn Avhich the streams 
 issuing from the ice front Avere unahle to spread out in a uniform 
 manner. There Avere times also Avhen the ice readvanced oA’er areas 
 it had formerly occupied and laid doAvn till sheets of greater or less 
 extent on the unconsolidated ])artly sorted sediments. Terminal 
 moraine heaj)s to-day occupy considerable areas in the valley plains 
 and mark ])ositions of halting in the recession of the glaciers to their 
 present positions. Till deposits also occur on top of sediments that 
 were laid doAvii in bodies of (]uiet Avater after the first retreat of the 
 
PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT DEPOSITS. 
 
 41 
 
 ice, in order to occupy their present positions in relation to the sedi- 
 ments they overlie, they must have been formed by a readvancement 
 of the ice. 
 
 Character of the valley- plain deposits . — The unconsolidated de- 
 posits laid down during the recession of the ice are of various kinds. 
 AVith few exceptions, they are all sediments of pronounced glacial 
 character and present all the great variety of phases of such deposi- 
 tion, from the unsorted morainal dumps of bowlders, with many 
 angular blocks, to partially sorted cobble beds, regularly arranged 
 gravels, and coarse cross-bedded sands, and in many places consider- 
 able areas of typical lacustrine sediments consisting of fine sands and 
 silts. Mendenhall " has described the character of these deposits in 
 the Copper Eiver Valley, and his description applies also to their 
 continuation in the Chitina River valley : 
 
 Such deposits are generally separated into (1) stratitied or assorted drift, 
 and (2) iinstratified or unassorted drift, the first having been laid down under 
 the influence of water, and hence showing a more or less stratified condition, 
 while the second, deposited directly from the ice, consists of heterogeneous ag- 
 gregates of coarse and fine materials without evident marks of stratification. 
 The two forms are not always readily separable, nor are their relative posi- 
 tions always the same, either one occurring uppermost, and not rarely they 
 alternate with each other several times between the surface and the bottom 
 of the drift. 
 
 The greater part of the deposits that fill the valleys do not show 
 the characteristics of gravel and sand laid down in standing water. 
 Their deposition was governed by more or less local conditions of 
 glacial and stream transportation and deposition, and these condi- 
 tions each had its particular features in different localities that 
 changed rapidly from time to time. On the whole, the peculiarities 
 of deposition were a rapid dumping of material, much of which was 
 coarse, into the ample valley basins, and a vigorous fluviatile grading 
 of these materials in the lower areas of the valleys. p]ach tributary 
 valley furnished an amount of material commensurate with its size 
 and the ability of its stream to transport material out into the larger 
 valleys, where the combined drainage net spread out and graded it 
 all into more even surfaces but was inadequate to do the work of dis- 
 tributing it in uniform stratified deposits of any considerable extent, 
 as might have been done if the deposition had been dominated by a 
 large body of water, such as a lake. 
 
 There are, nevertheless, lacustrine deposits consisting of fine strati- 
 fied sediments occupying more or less restricted areas throughout 
 the valley drift deposits, which show that local lakes of greater or 
 less extent existed in the main valleys, while the streams of tributary 
 valleys were contributing their deposits of heterogeneous material. 
 
 " Mendenhall, W. C., Geology of the central Copper River region, Alaska : Prof. Paper 
 r. S. Geol. Survey No. 41, 100.''), pp. 04-74. 
 
42 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 The outflow of andesitic lava indicated southwest of Mount Wran- 
 oell on the geologic map (PL II) occurred after a large part of the 
 Pleistocene deposits had been laid down, as is shown by the fact that 
 it overlies a considerable thickness of these sediments. This relation 
 has been examined by Schrader and Spencer « along Chetaslina River. 
 They also noted a deposit of fragmental volcanic material in the 
 sediments directly underneath the lava, which they associate with 
 this outburst of volcanic activity. This fragmental material shows 
 every appearance of having been ejected from craters in the form 
 of bombs only a short time before the outflow of lava began. Frag- 
 mental volcanic material of this nature was observed by the present 
 Avriters in the benches of Pleistocene sediments of the Kotsina Valley 
 opposite the mouth of Roaring Creek. At this locality there is no 
 laA^a oA^erlying the material, but the bomb-like fragments have a rough 
 stratiform arrangement under about 30 feet of gravels and silts. 
 The bombs at this locality have a porous friable texture, and occur 
 as roughly spherical masses from a few inches to a foot or more 
 in diameter. 
 
 After the outflow of lava had taken place the area was again over- 
 ridden by the glacier, as is shown by the fact that the surface of 
 the lava has been smoothed by moving ice, and deposits of glacial 
 debris lie upon it. 
 
 ECOXOMIC GEOEOGY. 
 
 GENERAL STATEMENT. 
 
 The mineral resources of the Chitina and the Kotsina River val- 
 leys that are of present commercial interest are gold, copper, and 
 possibly coal. 
 
 Gold has been mined from the Xizina placers since 1902. . As in 
 many other placer regions, however, no records of the early produc- 
 tion are* available, and no attempt is here made to give even approxi- 
 mate figures for the yield of gold in these six }^ears. Gold placer 
 mining is noAv on a more firmly established basis than in the past, 
 and doubtless an increase in the 3ueld of gold Avill be seen in the next 
 few years. Possibl}^ this yield may be increased further b}^ an ex- 
 tension of the producing area as the conditions for economical min- 
 ing grow more favorable. 
 
 Copper, because of the high price of that metal from 1905 to 1907, 
 has received much attention from prospectors and others interested 
 in copper production, but this region has not yet produced a pound 
 of copper in a commercial way. 
 
 The coal dej)Osits of Chitina Valley are probablv of only local 
 interest. No coal comparable in (uiality with the coal of Controller 
 
 “ Schrader, F. C., and Spepccr, A. C., op. cit., p. HO. 
 
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 
 
 43 
 
 Bay or Matanuska River has been found, yet, if obtainable in proper 
 quantity, the Chitistone River coal may have a small local demand. 
 
 At present, then, the Kotsina-Chitina area has an actual production 
 of gold and a prospective production of copper, but, without detract- 
 ing in any way from the importance of its gold placers, it may be 
 said that the future position of the region as a producer of mineral 
 wealth may be determined in large part by the importance which its 
 copper deposits assume on development. 
 
 In this paper greater attention is given to the copper deposits. It 
 is hoped that the facts observed are presented impartially and in 
 such a way as to give a proper idea of the type of ores occurring here 
 and of the progress in developing them since they were last visited 
 by member's of the Survey. Those seeking information in regard to 
 the commercial value of the deposits described may be disappointed 
 in finding no definite statement in regard to values. It has become 
 the established practice in the Alaskan investigations of the Geolog- 
 ical Survey not to treat this subject, for it evidently falls within 
 the province of the mining engineer who investigates a particular 
 property. In the short time available for their study it would ob- 
 viously be impossible for the Survey geologists to sample the deposits 
 visited, and it also appears unwise to publish the results of assays 
 furnished by property owners, because it is not always possible to 
 learn how a given sample was taken. It is admitted that the descrip- 
 tions are in no way exhaustive. This is necessarily so from the con- 
 ditions under which the work was done. In the first place the copper 
 properties are all prospects and not developed mines. The ores ex- 
 amined are near the surface and are exposed in shallow open cuts 
 or in short tunnels, so that there is little data at hand for determining 
 the character of the ore in depth or for obtaining an accurate idea 
 of the form of the ore bodies. In the second place time was too 
 short to make a thorough examination of all the properties in the 
 region. A few prospects were not visited because their locations 
 were not definitely known, and in the absence of the owners either 
 they were not found when searched for or it did not appear to be 
 in accord with the best interests of the work to spend time in looking 
 for them. 
 
 The omission of the name of a claim in the descriptions to follow, 
 therefore, reflects in no way on the value of that claim. On the other 
 hand, in a few instances where there was more than the usual oppor- 
 tunity for studying the ores it is possible that the more nearly complete 
 descriptions of them will make it appear that they were considered 
 to be of unusual promise or value. These more detailed descriptions, 
 however, are given in the hope that they may lead to a better under- 
 standing of the copper deposits by the reader and enable him to draw 
 his own conclusions respecting the character of the ores. Knowing 
 
44 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 the liarni that sometimes is caused by premature or hasty conclusions 
 the writers have endeavored to state facts rather than inferences 
 in the hope that more detailed and thorough studies may be made 
 in the future. 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 THE COPPER ^MINERALS. 
 
 Preliminary statement . — The copper minerals most common in this 
 region are not many. Those associated with the copper are even fewer. 
 The copper deposits, therefore, so far as their mineralogy is con- 
 cerned, are not complex, but it is difficult with the data at hand to give 
 an outline of their histor}^ that is fully satisfying. Copper was seen 
 in greatest amount as chalcocite, bornite, and chalcopyrite. Native 
 copper should probably be mentioned after these. Malachite is the 
 most noticeable of all the copper minerals. Azurite, cuprite, chal- 
 canthite, and tenorite occur locally. Calcite, quartz, and epidote are 
 associates of the copper minerals in some places. 
 
 Descriptions of all the minerals named are to be found in any 
 book on mineralogy, but for the convenience of those who may not 
 have such books at hand their chemical composition and percentage 
 of copper will be given in describing the copper minerals as they 
 occur in this region. 
 
 Native copper . — Native copper is found in the Nikolai greenstone 
 in many places. It is believed to be entirely of secondary origin, 
 and occurs most commonly either without quartz in the amygdaloidal 
 lava flows or accompanied by quartz, or quartz and epidote, in small 
 veins or shattered portions of the lava flows. It appears to prefer 
 the amygdaloidal phases of the greenstone rather than the more 
 compact beds such as the coarser grained diabase lying immediately 
 below the Chitistone limestone, }^et native copper is found there 
 also. It takes the form (1) of small grains and slugs formed by 
 alteration or replacement, or deposited in cavities which were either 
 produced when the lavas solidified, or else resulted later from solu- 
 tion, and (2) of thin crumpled leaves or films deposited along frac- 
 tures resulting from strains and movements in the rock. In places 
 the copper forms small lenticular veinlike masses, or it occurs as 
 a network of intersecting seams almost like the complex of quartz 
 veins sometimes seen in a rock that has been brecciated and rece- 
 mented. This last phase is particularly common where the copper, 
 accompanied by quartz, has filled ca\ities in the country rock. When 
 such a mixture of quartz and copper is struck with the hammer so 
 as to sliatter the more brittle quartz, it leaves a cavernous or sponge- 
 like mass of co})per. That the copper has in some places filled open 
 cavities seems to be shown by the presence of perfectly formed (]uartz 
 crystals in it. In at least one jilace native co])per is restricted to a 
 particulai’ lava flow and is not seen in the flows lying immediately 
 
THE COPPER MINERALS. 
 
 45 
 
 above and below. At this locality it is associated with a black 
 glassy amygdaloidal filling consisting of a mixture of copper oxide 
 and carbonaceous matter. The copper is present as grains and films 
 in the amygdules and also in the greenstone. No quartz was seen 
 here, but it was reported that a mass of copper and quartz weighing 
 GO pounds was taken from an outcrop only 400 or 500 feet distant. 
 This is the largest piece of native copper found in place reported to 
 the writer. 
 
 Native copper is found in the gravels of several streams, such as 
 Nugget, Dan, and Chititu creeks. The largest piece yet discovered 
 is on Nugget Creek. It is estimated to weigh between 2 and 3 tons. 
 Native copper is common in the gravels of Dan and Chititu creeks, 
 the pieces ranging in size from small grains to masses of 300 pounds 
 weight. The copper is all more or less rounded and some of the 
 pieces assume most fantastic shapes. Native copper and native silver 
 crystallized together in the same nugget are not uncommon. As a 
 rule the placer copper is nearly free from quartz, but is considerably 
 oxidized, and some pieces when broken are found to be spongy or 
 cavernous. Native copper was not seen in the Chitistone limestone. 
 
 Cuprite . — The dark-red oxide of copper, cuprite (Cir.O, 88.8 per 
 c^nt copper), is found in the Chitina region, Avhere native copper is 
 found, and usually does not occur without it. It is difficult or perhaps 
 impossible to determine whether the native copper results from the 
 reduction of the cuprite or the cuprite from the oxidation of tlie 
 copper. Probably both changes take place. Cuprite is not known 
 in the Kotsina-Chitina country in quantities sufficient to make it of 
 value as an ore. Many of the placer copper nuggets show little 
 crystals of cuprite when the oxidized scale is broken from the surface. 
 Cuprite is also seen as little red specks in copper-bearing greenstone 
 or on the native copper in the greenstone. 
 
 ' Tenorite . — The black oxide of copper (CuO, 70.8 per cent copper), 
 
 tenorite or melaconite, is of rare occurrence in this resfion. To<rether 
 with a certain amount of carbonaceous material it forms a black, 
 glassy or resinous filling of cavities in some of the amygdaloidal lava 
 flows. It also was found in one place in association with the quartz 
 of a small vein filling. 
 
 Chalcocite . — The cuprous sulphide, chalcocite, frequently called 
 copper glance (CilS, 70.9 per cent copper), forms the most valuable 
 of the known copper deposits of Chitina Valley. It is found in tlie 
 Nikolai greenstone at many places from Kotsina River to the Chiti- 
 stone, but its greatest deposits are in the Chitistone limestone. It is 
 more abundant in the eastern part of the field than the Avestern. In 
 the greenstone it forms irregular lenticular and veinlike bodies, re- 
 placing the rock, or is disseminated through it in small particles. In 
 ])laces it is associated with epidote. Large masses of practically pure 
 
46 
 
 THE KOTSIXA-CHITIXA REGIOX, ALASKA. 
 
 chalcocite were formed in the Chitistone limestone by replacement of 
 the original rock. It is imoxidized save for a thin film on the sur- 
 face, and breaks with a smooth, shining fracture, like stove polish. 
 Both here and in the greenstone it may more probably be of secondary 
 origin, but from Avhat original mineral it is derived is not known. 
 
 Bornite . — On the whole, bornite (Cu^FeS^, 63.3 per cent copper) 
 is perhaps the most widespread copper mineral of the region. It is 
 found in the greenstone and in the limestone near the limestone-green- 
 stone contact, but it is much more common in the greenstone. The 
 bornite usually occurs without accompanying minerals other than 
 those of the altered greenstone. It is also seen, however, accom- 
 panied by calcite and a minor amount of quartz in veins. In the 
 greenstone it assumes practically the same form as does chalcocite, 
 that is, it is disseminated in grains through the rock or occurs in it in 
 irregular veins or lenses. Sheared portions of the greenstone in 
 places show a mixture of more or less replaced country rock and 
 nearly pure bornite. Thin sections of the ore show that the green- 
 stone, while it appears in the hand specimen to be quite fresh, is never- 
 theless highly altered and contains much secondary calcite. In some 
 thin sections the ferromagnesian minerals are practically lacking. 
 The bornite is scattered through the rock in small grains that are in 
 places intergrown with chalcopyrite. This intergrowth of bornite 
 and chalcopyrite on a much larger scale is usual in the vein deposits 
 accompanied by a calcite gangue. 
 
 Chalcopyiite . — So far as prospecting has shown, chalcopyrite 
 (CuFeS^, 34.6 per cent copper), is not an abundant copper mineral 
 in the region under discussion, but it accompanies bornite in a great 
 many places, forming an intimate intergrowth with it. It may not 
 be distinguishable in a hand specimen, but many of the thin sections 
 examined under the microscope show it to be present. Where chal- 
 copyrite and bornite are accompanied by calcite in vein deposits the 
 two minerals crystallize in larger masses than in the greenstone, and 
 with the Avhite calcite backoround thev form a handsome ore. It 
 
 <I K, 
 
 is natural to expect that the rich sulphide deposits may have been 
 derived from poorer pyritic ores, and proof of this was sought, but 
 no conclusive evidence on this point was discovered. 
 
 Malachite . — The green copper carbonate, malachite (Cu 2 (OH)o 
 CO 3 , 57.5 per cent copper), forms a stain on the copper minerals and 
 on the inclosing country rock Avherever copper is found. In most 
 places it is conspicuous in a degree entirely out of proportion to 
 the quantity of coj)per present and is apt to give one a greatly exag- 
 gerated idea of the deposit it marks. ^lalachite forms a green film 
 that covers exposed surfaces of ore and rock and penetrates along 
 joint planes and fractures wherever the copper-bearing waters find 
 an entrance. Though it is the most widespread and noticeable of 
 
OCCUKKEN(’E OF THE ORES. 
 
 47 
 
 all the copper minerals, it is not known to be present anywhere in 
 the region in sufficient amount to make it of importance as an ore. 
 In a few places it forms small deposits in broken limestone. Weed ^ 
 in describing this mineral says : “ Owing to its brilliant green color 
 a very small amount will stain a very large amount of rock or vein 
 matter, or color thin and worthless incrustations or nodules of 
 valueless material, so that it is difficult and, in fact, often impos- 
 sible to form any accurate opinion of the ore from its external 
 appearance.” 
 
 Azurite . — The blue carbonate of copper, azurite (Cu3(OH)2 
 (003)2, 55.3 per cent copper), is much less common in this part of 
 the Copper River region than malachite. It is found chiefly in con- 
 nection with deposits of chalcocite in limestone, and in places is 
 clearly an alteration product of the chalcocite. At the Bonanza 
 mine azurite forms small veins or veinlets in joints or fractures 
 of the limestone around the boundaries of the main ore body. Some 
 of the veins when broken show a core of chalcocite. Azurite also 
 forms beautiful deep-blue crystals on the chalcocite. On the whole, 
 it may be said to be an uncommon mineral in this region and is 
 rarely seen as an alteration product of the ores in greenstone except 
 Avhere they are accompanied by calcite. 
 
 Chalcanthite . — The blue copper sulphate, chalcanthite (CUSO4 
 5H2O, 25.5 per cent copper), was observed in a few places where 
 water seeping from the copper-bearing greenstone had evaporated, 
 leaving small crystals of the sulphate on the rock surface. It is 
 easily recognized by its appearance and acid taste. It is of no im- 
 portance as a copper ore in this re^on. 
 
 OCCURRENCE OF THE ORES. 
 
 General statement . — The copper ores of the region are associated 
 with the Nikolai greenstone and the Chitistone limestone. Copper is 
 widely distributed through the greenstone, but the largest and most 
 valuable of the known deposits are in the limestone very close to the 
 limestone-greenstone contact. Co]3per, however, was not seen in 
 the Chitistone limestone at any considerable distance above the green- 
 stone; that is, the copper minerals found in the limestone can be 
 shown in almost every instance to be near the base of the formation 
 and consequently near the greenstone. All of the important known 
 deposits in limestone are in the eastern part of the district. The de- 
 posits in greenstone, on the other hand, do not a|)pear to be more 
 developed in one locality than in another. 
 
 The copper ores may be referred to one of the three following 
 classes: (1) Copper and copper-iron sulphides associated {a) Avitli 
 
 “ Weed, W. II., The copper mines of the world, p. no. 
 
48 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 greenstone and (h) with limestone; (2) native copper associated with 
 greenstone; (3) placer copper. 
 
 On the basis of form the first class, and to a certain extent the 
 second also, may be divided into (1) vein deposits and (2) deposits 
 of irregular shape to which the name “ bunch deposits ” has been 
 aj:>plied. Under veins are included the deposits of tabular form. 
 In nearU all places observed the}^ are clearly associated with fault 
 jilanes or shear zones, and are accompanied by the vein minerals 
 calcite and quartz, with epidote also present in some places. Ore 
 bodies of this nature approach more nearly to the geometric form 
 commonly ascribed to “ fissure veins.” 
 
 Regularity and definiteness of outline, however, are not character- 
 istic of the Kotsina-Chitina ore bodies. In by far the greater num- 
 ber of places they have an irregular form that Mendenhall has 
 described under the term “ bunch deposits.” ® This term is not en- 
 tirely satisfactory, but it probably describes as closely as any one 
 word the form of ore body most common in the Kotsina-Chitina 
 region. It does not necessarily imply a mass of ore composed of 
 copper minerals alone, since most of the ore bodies to which the term 
 might be applied are not such masses, but it does suggest an approach 
 to something like equality in the dimensions of the ore-bearing rock 
 mass, and especially it conve^^s an idea of separation of one body 
 from other bodies. 
 
 It has already been pointed out that faulting is common in the 
 rocks of the Wrangell ^lountains. Some of the faults are of great 
 displacement, but most of them are small. Crushing and shearing 
 are slightly different expression^ of the same disturbances that 
 produce the faulting. Openings produced in this way have given 
 opportunity for extensive circulation of waters that carried and 
 deposited copper minerals. Most of the channels must have been 
 exceedingly variable in form and direction, because regularly formed 
 and clear-cut veins are so rare in the region. This is particularly 
 true of ore bodies in the greenstone. 
 
 Copper sulphide deposits in greenstone and limestone . — The copper 
 ores in greenstone are prevailingly bornite with smaller amounts of 
 chalcopyrite, chalcocite, and native copper in approximately the 
 order given. In limestone the ores are chalcocite, bornite, and chal- 
 copyrite. The surface oxidation product in greenstone areas is 
 malachite. In limestone azurite is common as an oxidation product, 
 but perhaps no more abundant than malachite. 
 
 Copper ores in the greenstone are composed in many places of 
 country rocks and copjier minerals without accompanying vein min- 
 erals. The copper sul])hides occur in shear zones or in jointed and 
 
 " Mondenhall, W. C., (Joolofrj’ of the central Copper region, Alaska : Prof. l*aper S. 
 (Jeol. Survey No. 41, 1005, p. 42. 
 
OCCURRENCE OF THE ORES. 
 
 49 
 
 shattered portions of the rock; they fill fractures in the rock and 
 also occur as a replacement of it. As has been stated, bornite is the 
 most common copper mineral in the greenstone, but chalcopyrite is 
 probably always present with it. All the thin sections of bornite 
 ore examined showed chalcopyrite in small amount. In some of the 
 calcite vein deposits chalcopyrite is nearly, if not quite, as abundant 
 as bornite. Chalcocite is seen in the greenstone in some places accom- 
 panying or accompanied by bornite, or by bornite and chalcopyrite, 
 a relation suggesting the derivation of the chalcocite from the poorer 
 sulphides. A careful examination of the ores in greenstone is usually 
 necessary to determine the limit of impregnation, which is not marked 
 by any definite boundary, the replacement becoming gradually less 
 with increasing distance from the center of impregnation. In lime- 
 stone areas, on the other hand, the transition from ore minerals to 
 country rock is more abrupt and the boundary surface is more 
 easily determined. I'nfortunateh^ deposits in limestone appear to 
 be less numerous than those in greenstone. The large size of the 
 chalcocite bodies in limestone and their comparative freedom from 
 included fragments of the country rock, such as are always present 
 in the greenstone ores, is probably due to the grater solubility of the 
 limestone. There is a possibility also that some chemical (piality of 
 the limestone gave it greater precipitating poAver than was possessed 
 by the greenstone and made it a more favorable place for deposition 
 of copper minerals from solution. This, however, is offered merely 
 as a suggestion, for it can not be proved Avith our present knoAvledge 
 of the conditions during ore deposition. 
 
 AVhere copper minerals are asscK'iated with gangue minerals in 
 A^eins the gangue is chiefly calcite, but is usually accompanied by a 
 small amount of quartz. One of the striking features of the copper 
 deposits throughout the region is the scarcity of (piartz accompanying 
 them. Veins of quartz and e})idote are of local importance, but on 
 the whole calcite is the prevailing vein mineral. Veins and stringers 
 of calcite, as well as small grains of that mineral, are found through- 
 out the greenstone, but are more abundant near the top. Part of the 
 calcite may have been derived from the overlying limestone, but a 
 second source of calcite is the basic feldspar in the greenstone. All 
 the thin sections of ore in greenstone sIioaa" a rock more or less decom- 
 posed in Avhich secondary calcite is common. Although it Avould be 
 difficult or impossible to prove that the calcite in a particular case 
 Avas not introduced from other sources than the greenstone, the ])os- 
 sibility that some of it has that origin is to be considered. So far 
 as could be determined at the exposures, the veins of this kind that 
 AA’ere examined are subject to rapid changes in thickness from place 
 to place. FeAv of them were traced for any considerable distance. 
 
 68797— Bull. 374—09 
 
 4 
 
50 
 
 THE KOTSIXA-CHITIXA EEGIOX, ALASKA. 
 
 This statement, however, is not to be' interpreted as implying that 
 they do not so continue. At several localities variation in the thick- 
 ness of the veins is plainly due to faulting later than the ore deposi- 
 tion and oblique to the veins. Slight movements along such faults 
 ma}^ either increase the thickness of the vein or diminish it according 
 to the direction of the movement. It is perhaps safe to say that the 
 effects of faulting will be one of the difficulties encountered in mining 
 in this region. 
 
 Native copper associated with the greenstone . — Native copper is 
 associated with amygdaloidal phases of the Nikolai greenstone and is 
 also found accompanied by quartz or by quartz and epidote in veins 
 cutting the greenstone. Most commonly it occurs as grains and small 
 slugs in the amygdules and disseminated through the greenstone and 
 as films or leaves and small veinlets cutting the greenstone. Tabular 
 masses deposited in joint j^lanes also occur and without much doubt 
 indicate the way in which the large mass of native copper on Nugget 
 Creek was formed. Such masses were not seen in place in Chitina 
 Valiev, but thev have been found east of Skolai Pass near the head of 
 White River. In a few places native copper occurs in amygdaloidal 
 greenstone in association with a mixture of copper oxide and car- 
 bonaceous matter filling the cavities of the lava. Much of the native 
 coi:>per is probably secondary and is thought to have resulted from 
 the reduction of previously deposited sulphides or oxides. What 
 part, if any, is primary is a question which it is difficult to answer. 
 
 Placer copper . — Copper is present in stream and bench gravels in 
 a number of localities, particular!}" on Chititu, Dan, and Nugget 
 creeks. It is found in pieces ranging from the size of shot to masses 
 weighing hundreds of pounds or even several tons. Native silver 
 accompanies the copper, either in nuggets of silver only or united 
 with the copper in the same nugget, showing that the solutions de- 
 positing the copper carried silver as well. The source of the two 
 metals is not definitely known, but the native copper deposits in the 
 greenstone are naturally suggested as a j^lace from which they are 
 most probably derived. 
 
 SOURCE AND CHARACTER OF THE COPPER DEPOSITS. 
 
 The wide distribution of copper minerals throughout the Nikolai 
 greenstone leads to the belief that the copper has been derived from 
 the greenstone and owes its present concentration to the action of 
 circulating waters. No evidence at hand warrants either affirming 
 or denying a more deep-seated source for some of the copper-bearing 
 solutions, but the weight of evidence is in favor of a local source for 
 the copper. 
 
SOUECE AND CHARACTEK OF THE COPPER DEPOSITS. 
 
 51 
 
 The occurrence appears sinrilar in this respect to that of the Lake 
 Superior copper deposits, in accounting for which Van Hise says : " 
 
 In this region the only locality at which the ore has been found in paying 
 quantities is at Keweenaw Point, and the productive district is at present con- 
 fined to a very small area about Calumet and Houghton. Notwithstanding this 
 fact, there is scarcely a locality in the Lake Superior region where the Kewee- 
 nawan basic lavas occur in which small amounts of copper are not found. 
 Almost every porous amygdaloid shows flakes of it. In many localities it is so 
 abundant that extensive exploration has been undertaken with the hope of 
 finding ore bodies, as, for instance, in Douglas County, Wis., Isle Royal, and 
 Mamainse. But all these explorations have resulted in failure. To me the 
 almost universal association of small quantities of copper with the Keweena- 
 wan lavas is the most conclusive evidence that these lavas are the source of 
 the metal. 
 
 It is a noteworthy fact that the Kotsina-Chitina region has been 
 one of considerable volcanic activity since the time when the Nikolai 
 greenstone w^as poured out, as is shown by the large amount of 
 igneous rocks present — porphyritic intrusives, Tertiary volcanics, and 
 Kecent andesite flows. Steam issues from Mount Wrangell at the 
 jiresent time. It seems that the presence of such heated rock masses 
 must have greatly promoted the circulation and solvent power of 
 water in the rocks, whatever the source of that water may have been. 
 The formation of ore bodies would appear to be due to the migration 
 of copper minerals taken into solution and redeposited in more con- 
 centrated form in favorable locations b}" water circulating through 
 the greenstone. 
 
 The study of ore deposits in many other places has shown that in 
 typical examples the character of the ore is not uniform from the sur- 
 face to the lowest parts of the deposit, but that ore bodies may be 
 divided into three zones, each of which has its own characteristics but 
 is not sharply separated from the one immediately above or below it. 
 These three zones are the upper zone of oxidized ore, the zone of en- 
 riched sulphides, and the lower zone of unaltered sulphides. In at- 
 tempting to divide the copper deposits of the Kotsina-Chitina region, 
 according to this arrangement, it is immediately seen that they do 
 not fully correspond with the ideal case. There is no zone of oxidized 
 ore in the deposits of this region, such as is commonly seen in many 
 other districts. Oxidation products in nearly every instance are con- 
 fined to a thin film on exposed ore surfaces or along fracture planes 
 in ore that has not been exposed directly to weathering or in fractures 
 in country rock adjacent to. ore. This absence of an oxidized zone is 
 general throughout most of Alaska, and is due to climatic conditions. 
 Many of the large masses of copper minerals have been exposed di- 
 rectly to the weather for a long period of years, but the mechanical 
 breaking down of the ore body and inclosing rock has kept pace with 
 
 “Van Hise, C. R., A treatise on metamorphism : Mon, F, S. Geol, Survey, vol, 47, 1004, 
 p. 1108. 
 
52 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA KEGION, ALASKA. 
 
 or has exceeded the rate of chemical alteration. The talus slopes on 
 both sides of the ridge at the Bonanza mine contain a large amount 
 of unaltered chalcocite fragments derived from the outcrops of the 
 ore body above. Float ore is present in streams, and either shows 
 nothing but a thin surface alteration or is practically fresh. 
 
 It is desirable to determine, if possible, to which of the two lower 
 zones the present ore bodies belong, whether they were deposited in 
 their present form, and are therefore primary ore bodies, or whether 
 they have resulted from alteration and enrichment of previously 
 existing ore bodies, and are therefore secondary. This question is 
 of importance because it will help in forming an opinion of the 
 character of the ore bodies that may be found at depth. If those 
 now exposed are shown to be secondary enriched ores, then it may 
 be expected that the deeper ores will be leaner. If on the other hand 
 they are primary, there is no reason to suppose that the deeper ores 
 may not be as rich as those at the surface. To answer this question 
 with confidence would require more time and closer study than it 
 v/as possible to give. No deep workings haye been made, and there 
 is no evidence from that source concerning the probable character 
 of the ore at depth. 
 
 It is nevertheless desirable to state such facts as throw any light 
 on the problem. From studies of many ore deposits it is known 
 that the ground-water level is an important factor in the considera- 
 tion of veins whose original material has been modified by the action 
 of surface water. Above the water table the vein, as well as the 
 country rocks, are most rapidly afi'ected by the ordinary processes 
 of decay, and material is taken into solution by circulating water to 
 be brought to the surface or to be carried downward and redeposited. 
 By such solution and redeposition an enrichment of the lower part 
 of a vein may take place. Such enrichment has been found to be 
 more or less closely connected with the ground-water leyel and to a 
 certain extent gives ground for the belief generally held that the 
 richness of ore deposits increases with depth. The depth at which 
 ground water is encountered varies in ditferent districts and localities. 
 In some regions it is found near the surface; in others it is not 
 encountered until a great depth has been reached. From the evi- 
 dence at hand it a})pears that the ground-water level in the region 
 under discussion is near the stirface in most ])laces and in many 
 places reaches it. Furthermore, mechanical breaking down of the 
 ores and country rock is so rapid at present as to prevent the forma- 
 tion of an oxidized zone, and consequently of an enriched zone. It 
 therefore seems improbable tliat secondary ores are forming or haye 
 formed under present conditions, but it is still possible that the ore^s 
 may be secondary ores formed in a previous cycle when conditions 
 were ditfercnt from what they are now. 
 
SOURCE AND CHARACTER OF THE COPPER DEPOSITS. 
 
 53 
 
 There are a number of facts that may be stated as having some 
 bearing on the primary or secondary character of the ores. The evi- 
 dence, however, is for the most part of a negative rather than a posi- 
 tive character and is consequently more or less unsatisfactory. All 
 of the ores under discussion that are of possible economic value are 
 secondary in the sense that they are concentrations from copper dis- 
 seminated through the greenstone, possibly in the form of one of the 
 two sulphides just mentioned or contained in some of the constituent 
 minerals resulting on consolidation of the magma. Clarke ® in dis- 
 cussing the relations of the several sulphide minerals of copper has 
 stated that “ chalcopyrite and bornite are probably the ])rimary com- 
 pounds from which the others in most cases are derived, and they 
 have been repeatedly identified as of magmatic origin.” It is, how- 
 ever, the primary or secondary character of the ore bodies themselves, 
 irrespective of their original source, that is under discussion, and the 
 following statements have reference to this question : 
 
 (1) All the copper sulphides that have been described are known 
 to occur as primary minerals in ores, and the fact that a given ore 
 is composed of bornite or chalcocite is not necessarily evidence of its 
 secondary character. 
 
 (2) The absence of the leaner sulphides — chalcopyrite and bor- 
 nit^ — in such chalcocite deposits as that of the Bonanza mine might 
 be considered as presumptive evidence that the chalcocite was depos- 
 ited primarily as such and not secondarily by the alteration and 
 enrichment of an earlier ore body. 
 
 (3) In considering the ores in greenstone it should be stated that, 
 while bornite is the prevailing copper mineral and in many places 
 chalcopyrite may not be distinguished by the eye alone, yet nearly all 
 of the thin sections examined under the microscope show it to be 
 present either intergrown with bornite or surrounded by it. This is 
 true of both vein and “ bunch deposits ” and suggests an alteration of 
 primary chalcopyrite to bornite as being more probable than a simul- 
 taneous deposition of the two minerals. 
 
 (4) Chalcocite, although it is held to be primary in some localities, 
 is usually considered a secondary mineral. In the Bonanza ore body 
 chalcocite is practically the only mineral in the limestone. Neither 
 chalcopyrite nor bornite was found in the ore. Yet immediately be- 
 low the contact in the same shear zone bornite, chalcocite, and native 
 copper are present in small amounts. If the sulphides in the green- 
 stone are secondary, it appears more probable that the ore in limestone 
 is secondary also. 
 
 (5) “ Native copper is commonly, if not always, a secondary min- 
 eral, either deposited from solution or formed by the reduction of 
 some solid compounds.” ^ 
 
 “ Clarke, F. W., The data of geochemistry : Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. .‘>.‘>0, 190S, p. 508. 
 
 ** Idem, p. 564. 
 
54 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 If these facts are considered in the light of experience in other 
 regions, they apjiear to favor a secondary rather than a primary 
 character for the sulphide ores in greenstone, but they leave still 
 greater doubt concerning the chalcocite deposits in limestone. No 
 reason Avas discovered Avhy any of the ore bodies examined should 
 increase in richness and A^alue Avith depth through any other cause 
 than by an increase in the size of the ore body. It is believed that 
 the surface indications in most places giA^e a fair idea of the maxi- 
 mum richness of the deposits in so far as that richness depends on 
 the character of the copper minerals resulting either from enrich- 
 ment or from oxidation and removal in solution of minerals in the 
 ui^per part of the ore bodies. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 Copper prospecting in the Chitina region is carried on from a feAv 
 central localities, of Avhich those receiAung most attention are Kotsina 
 RiA'er (including Elliott Creek), Kuskulana Rh^er, Kennicott RiA^er, 
 and Chitistone River. These centers are named from Avest to east, in 
 the order in Avhich they Avere Ausited, and the prospects Avill be de- 
 scribed in the same Avav. 
 
 $ 
 
 KOTSINA RIVER BASIN. 
 
 Kotsina Ri\"er receiA’es a large part of its Avater from snoAv fields 
 and glaciers on the southern slopes of Mount Wrangell and joins 
 Copper RiA'er 2 miles aboA e the Chitina. Much of the drainage area 
 is occupied by Nikolai greenstone, but the limestone, shales, and con- 
 glomerate are all present. Prospecting is most actiA^ly carried on 
 in the upper part of the basin and on Elliott Creek. The upper 
 tributaries include Peacock, Surprise, Roaring, Ames, Rock, Klu- 
 A^esna, and Copper creeks. No Avork has been done here Avhich can 
 properly be called mine deA’elopment, as there is no place Avhere suffi- 
 cient Avork has been done to demonstrate the presence of a mine. 
 
 KOTSINA RIVER, 
 
 Practically the onl}^ prospecting on the Kotsina itself is that done 
 by the Great Northern Development Company. This company is the 
 largest one carrying on operations on the Kotsina, to Avhich. hoAVCA^er, 
 its interests are not confined. The headquarters of tliis company 
 are on the Kotsina River at the mouth of Roaring Creek, and its 
 equi})inent includes a saAvmill and telephone comiection AAuth the 
 goATumment telegrajih line at Tonsina. Probably 100 men Avere em- 
 jiloyed during the summer. The prospects on the riA^er include fiA^e 
 short tunnels, the nearest of Avhich is about one-half mile beloAv the 
 canqi. Idiey are Avithin a short distance of one another on the south 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 55 
 
 side of the river and almost on the same level with its broad gravel 
 floor. None of these tunnels had been driven farther than 20 feet 
 in xlugust, 1907. At the first tunnel a porphyritic dike 10 feet thick 
 cuts a fine-grained greenstone. Its course is N. 30° W. and it is 
 bounded on both sides by fault planes. A little copper-bearing 
 pyrite was deposited along the faults in the fractured rock. At the 
 second tunnel, a few hundred feet to the west, a quartz vein varying 
 from 4 to 6 inches in thickness contained a little copper pyrite. The 
 vein has a strike S. 50° W. and cuts the greenstone in a perpendicular 
 direction. At the other three tunnels a little pyrite is present in the 
 greenstone, and its oxidation gave the brown stain by which the 
 tunnels were located. 
 
 AMES CREEK. 
 
 Ames Creek is the first stream below Roaring Creek on the south 
 side of Kotsina River. It is a small stream in a hanging valley and 
 like nearly all the tributaries of this river owes the broad round 
 cross section of its valley to the work of glacial ice. The copper pros- 
 pects include three tunnels, the property of the Great Northern 
 Development Company, known as tunnels 3, 7, and 8. 
 
 Tunnel 6 is on the west side of Ames Creek, 1,400 feet above its 
 mouth. Early in August, 1907, it had been driven 50 feet in a south- 
 westerly direction in frozen slide rock from the hill above. Countr}^ 
 rock in place had not been reached. About 100 feet above the tunnel 
 a little pyrite is seen in a dense, hard, faulted greenstone. 
 
 On the east side of Ames Creek, 50 feet higher than tunnel 6, is 
 tunnel 7, which runs N. 30° E. for 70 feet through loose slide rock 
 before reaching the undisturbed greenstone, which here is fine 
 grained and stained with iron from the oxidation of pyrite. 
 
 Tunnel 8 is also on the east side of Ames Creek, one-fourth mile 
 south of tunnel 7. It has been driven for 30 feet in amygdaloidal 
 greenstone, but no copper has been found. 
 
 ROCK CREEK. 
 
 Rock Creek is one of the largest southern branches of the Kotsina 
 and heads against Strelna and Nugget creeks, tributaries of Kusku- 
 lana River. A horse trail crosses the divide from Rock Creek to Strelna 
 Creek and is the shortest route from upper Kotsina River to Chitina 
 Valley. Active jirospecting was confined to Lime Creek, a tributary 
 of Rock Creek, which joins it from the east. The Warner prospect, 
 at the mouth of Rock Creek, which was visited and described by 
 Mendenhall in 1902, is now patented and no further work has been 
 done on it. Lime Creek flows near the limestone-greenstone contact, 
 and the copper deposits, although mostly northeast of the creek on 
 the opposite side from the southwestward-dipping limestone, are not 
 far from it. The prospects are near the point where the Rock Creek 
 
56 
 
 THE KOTSINA-OHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 trail crosses Lime Creek. In July, 1907, a tunnel was being driven 
 in the greenstone just below the limestone, only a few feet above the 
 creek, but no ore had been found at that time. 
 
 Several hundred feet up the hill to the northeast w^as a tunnel 20 
 feet in depth in jointed greenstone. The principal copper mineral 
 is bornite, which occurs in the greenstone as lenses or irregular lumps 
 that have diameters from one to several inches. These patches, as 
 far as the present surface shows, appear to be unconnected. Bornite 
 also occurs filling fractures in the rock and forming small lenticular 
 veins, but it appears principally in joint planes, on whose surfaces 
 it forms a veneer that in places is an eighth of an inch or more in 
 thickness. There are small veins of calcite and quartz. 
 
 About 50 feet farther east is an open cut showing similar rock 
 and ore, although here the ore is in greater amount. The bornite 
 occurs in sheared greenstone, cut by small faults striking N. 35° E. 
 and dipping 60° S., and forms a lens-shaped mass 2 feet thick. The 
 greenstone has nearly been replaced by bornite. 
 
 At a point 200 feet farther north and 100 feet higher is an open 
 cut in amygdaloidal greenstone. The cavities are now filled with 
 quartz or with a dark mineral, possibly chlorite. Several faults with 
 gouge and zones of crushed rock up to 1 foot in thickness cut the 
 greenstone with a strike of N. 15° E. and a dip ranging from 60° to 
 70° E. A little copper stain was seen along the crushed rock, but no 
 other copper minerals are present, although bornite is found in the 
 slide rock near by. 
 
 ROARING CREI:K. 
 
 Boaring Creek is a southern tributary of Kotsina Kiver, which it 
 joins a short distance above the main camp. It heads in a small 
 glacier and flows through an open valley several hundred feet higher 
 than the level of Kotsina Kiver. The countiy rock, except one small 
 limestone area on top of the ridge between Koaring Creek and Pea- 
 cock Creek, is greenstone, but the greenstone is not of uniform char- 
 acter, for slaty beds and hard, fine-grained, cherty-looking beds are 
 intermingled with amygdaloidal flows. Most of the prospects are in 
 the upper part of the valley. 
 
 Idle Great Northern Development Company has several prospects 
 on Roaring Creek. One of these is located on the south side of a 
 small gulch west of Roaring Creek near the camp known as camp 3. 
 A tunnel was started in gray and black mottled slates near a fault 
 j)lane which separates them from a greenstone mass. The strike of 
 the slate cleavage and of the fault plane is the same. No. 20° W., and 
 the di}) is steep. The tunnel is perpendicular to the strike. There is 
 .some brown iron .stain resulting from pyrite alteration, but no copper 
 ore had been found. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 57 
 
 Another tunnel was being started on the east side of Roaring Creek 
 about half a mile above the tunnel just mentioned, but not enough 
 work had been done to show the presence of ore. A piece of green- 
 stone picked up near this place contained small particles of native 
 copper. 
 
 Above camp 3, on the west side of Roaring Creek, a tunnel 50 feet 
 long had been driven by the California- Alaska Mining and Develop- 
 ment Company. This tunnel is 2,600 feet above the mouth of Roar- 
 ing Creek and at least 1,500 feet above camp 3. The country rock is 
 greenstone, and the ore consists of small calcite-quartz veins contain- 
 ing native copper and azurite. In the slide rock in a little gulch a 
 few feet north of this tunnel, but some distance below it, a nugget of 
 native copper was found, which was taken to Valdez and is reported 
 to weigh about 800 pounds. 
 
 The Kotsina Mining Company ® holds several claims on Roaring 
 Creek. Among them are the Skyscraper and associated claims, 
 located near the small limestone area previously mentioned. Several 
 open cuts and short tunnels have been made, and in July, 1907, the 
 company was starting a tunnel on an exposure of copper minerals 
 350 feet below the base of the limestone at the northern end of the 
 area. This cut exposed a lenticular mass of chalcocite 6 inches thick 
 and 3 feet long, as seen on the face, lying horizontally in the rough, 
 coarse-grained greenstone that occurs immediately below the Chiti- 
 stone limestone. In the vicinity are several greenstone exposures in 
 which chalcocite forms small patches or lenses. They are seemingly 
 in no way related to one another. 
 
 PEACOCK CREEK. 
 
 Peacock Creek joins Kotsina River about 2 miles below the more 
 southerly of the several large glaciers from which the river receives 
 its water supply. There are two branches of the stream, one extend- 
 ing toward the east and the other toward the southeast. The eastern 
 branch originates in a small glacier, and the valleys of both branches 
 were formerly occupied by glaciers. Greenstone is the country rock 
 except for the limestone mass on the ridge between Roaring Creek 
 and the more southerly branch of Peacock Creek. Dikes of diorite 
 cut the greenstone, probably apophyses of the diorite mass on the 
 north side of Kotsina River. The copper prospects of Peacock Creek 
 are owned by the Alaska Kotsina Copper Company. 
 
 Rose claim . — The Rose claim of the Alaska Kotsina Copper Com- 
 pany is located on the point of the ridge between the two branches 
 of Peacock Creek. It is a little more than 2,000 feet above the valley 
 
 “ The use of the name Kotsina Mining Company has been abandoned by the owner of 
 this property since this paper was written, but the name used in its place has not been 
 learned. 
 
58 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHTTTNA RRCilON, ALASKA. 
 
 of Kotsina Kiver. The greenstone is cut by a perpendicular fault 
 striking N. 25° E. This fault is easily traced for a distance of nearly 
 100 feet and is indicated by a zone of crushed greenstone with a maxi- 
 mum width of about 12 feet, in which the copper minerals are seen. 
 Bornite, glance, chalcopyrite, and a small amount of native copper 
 with malachite and a little red oxide as alteration products comprise 
 the minerals associated with the fault. 
 
 White Dog and Mint claims . — Two claims on the west side of the 
 more southerly fork of Peacock Creek have been partly prospected. 
 The first of these, called the White Dog, is approximately 2,500 feet 
 above Kotsina River. The country rock is greenstone and is cut by 
 a fault plane striking N. 40° E. and dipping steeply westward. There 
 is a crushed zone of rock along the fault ranging from 3^ to 4^ feet 
 in width. The walls are well defined, and clay seams show where the 
 principal movements have taken place. An open cut 25 feet long has 
 been made in the crushed rock. Chalcopyrite or copper-bearing 
 pyrite is scattered through the crushed rock and clay seams and has 
 strongly colored them with iron oxide. Green copper carbonate oc- 
 curs as a surface stain, but bornite and glance were not seen here. 
 The fault is plainly marked along the steep mountain side for several 
 hundred feet. 
 
 Two hundred feet above the White Dog, and a little to the north, 
 is a claim called the Mint. A small fault with a strike of N. 15° W. 
 and a dip of 60° W. cuts a grayish greenstone having amygdaloidal 
 phases. The rock adjacent to the fault is broken and crushed, caus- 
 ing a zone with a thickness of 6 inches to 1 foot which, besides the 
 greenstone, includes a little quartz and calcite accompanied by bornite 
 and glance. Chalcopyrite was not observed, but a heavy stain of iron 
 oxode seems to indicate that either this mineral or pyrite had formerly 
 been present. There is a parallel fault 4 feet from this main faulty 
 and both are cut perpendicularly by a third poorly defined fault hav- 
 ing the same strike and carrying a little bornite. The main fault was 
 traced for a distance of 500 feet. 
 
 Mountain claim . — The mountain claim is one of several on the 
 north side of the east fork of Peacock Creek. It is about 2,600 feet 
 above Kotsina River and consequently is at a greater elevation than 
 the other claims described. In August almost no work had been done 
 on it and only a few small stringers of copper sulphides were exposed. 
 
 SHOWER GULCH. 
 
 A small stream joining Kotsina River a short distance below the 
 glacier in Avhich its southern branch originates is called Shower 
 Gulch from the waterfall near its lower end. Native copper is found 
 near this fall in the amygdaloidal greenstone that forms the country ^ 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 59 
 
 rock. Copper occurs as thin leaves or films in fractures of the green- 
 stone and as grains and small slugs in the greenstone and in some of 
 the amygdules. It is in places associated with secondary quartz, fill- 
 ing irregularly shaped veins or cavities. Several claims have been 
 staked on Shower Gulch, but little prospecting has been done. 
 
 SURPRISE CREEK. 
 
 Surprise Creek is a northerly tributary of Kotsina River and 
 heads in the high mountain southeast of the lower end of Kluvesna 
 Glacier. Most of its bed is cut in the diorite mass previously re- 
 ferred to, and in a rude way follows the contact between the diorite 
 and the greenstone on the east. It has a small eastern tributary. 
 Sunshine Creek, which lies -mostly in the greenstones. Tin is re- 
 ported to have been found in the diorite of Surprise Creek, but the 
 specimens of the supposed tin-bearing rock examined contained no 
 tin, and no reliable assay tests of the rock are known to the writers. 
 All the copper prospects are in the greenstone east of Surprise Creek. 
 They are the property of the Alaska Kotsina Copper Company. 
 
 Laddie claim . — Between Surprise and Sunshine creeks is a steep 
 gulch running down from the north. On the west side of this gulch 
 and nearly 3,000 feet above Kotsina River is the Laddie claim. A 
 very close-grained grayish “ greenstone ” forms the country rock and 
 is cut by a fault striking N. 20° to 30° E. and dipping about 45° NW. 
 Along the fault is a zone of crushed country rock ranging in width 
 from 2 to 3 feet, in which is a quartz vein 18 inches thick. Besides 
 quartz there is a small amount of calcite. The vein carries copper 
 glance accompanied by a little bornite and chalcopyrite. In places 
 the percentage of copper minerals in the vein is high, but they are 
 not distributed uniformly through it. A line of prospect holes ex- 
 tends along the vein for a distance of 200 feet. 
 
 Sheehan claim . — At the Sheehan claim, 200 feet higher than 
 the Laddie and a little farther east around the mountain side, the 
 greenstone is cut by a fault striking N. 45° E. and dipping 45° NW. 
 This fault resembles the Laddie fault in being accompanied by a 
 zone of crushed rock, but the zone is here somewhat wider, ranging 
 from 3 to 4 feet. A small quartz vein is exposed, in which the copper 
 minerals are glance, bornite, and a little pyrite. The small veins of 
 glance cutting the quartz are in places half an inch thick. 
 
 Huhhard claim . — About 300 feet east of the Sheehan claim and a 
 little higher on the mountain the vein of the Hubbard is exposed in 
 two open cuts. The vein is almost perpendicular and strikes N. 40° 
 E. In the more southerly open cut there is a vein of white quartz 
 ranging in thickness from 4 to 8 feet and carrying the copper 
 minerals, chalcocite, bornite, and chalcopyrite, which are named in 
 the order of their abundance. A strongly marked fault with 3 inches 
 
60 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITTNA BEGTON, ALASKA. 
 
 of clay seam defines the north wall of the vein. Eight feet from the 
 vein on the southeast is a second vein or lens of quartz 10 inches 
 thick and also carrying chalcocite. BetAveen the two veins is crushed 
 greenstone. Nearly 200 feet to the. northeast along the strike an open 
 cut 40 feet long and 25 feet deep has been made across the vein. The 
 fault is again seen along the north wall, but the single large quartz 
 vein exposed in the other cut is here represented by many smaller 
 veins of lenticular form up to 12 inches in thickness. Chalcocite and 
 bornite are the copper minerals. Nearly 1,000 feet farther northeast 
 a well-marked fault with a zone of sheared greenstone crosses the 
 ridge betAveen Kotsina River and the Hubbard claim and is said to 
 extend as far as the glacier from Avhich this branch of the Kotsina 
 springs. There is little doubt that this fault is the continuation of 
 that crossing the Hubbard claim. 
 
 KLUVESNA CREEK. 
 
 KluA^esna Creek and its tributary Fall Creek are the only streams 
 besides Surprise Creek coming into Kotsina River from the north on 
 AAdiich any prospecting or assessment Avork was done in the summer 
 of 1907. Kluvesna Creek drains the main lobe of Kluvesna Glacier, 
 and the smaller Avestern fork knoAvn as Fall Creek originates in a 
 minor lobe of the same ice mass coming doAvn from the snoAv fields of 
 Mount AVrangell. The A' alley floor is a broad graA^el flat, and Avas once 
 occupied by glacier ice, Avhich has since retreated to its present po- 
 sition 7 miles from the riA^er’s mouth. The country rock is green- 
 stone, except that the Chitistone limestone forms the top of the ridge 
 AA^est of the southern part of the riA^er, and descends to the Kotsina 
 RiATr A'alley near its junction Avith the A^alley of IvluA^esna Creek. 
 Dikes of light-colored eruptive rock, mostly dioritic in character, cut 
 the greenstones locally. 
 
 On the east side of IvluA^esna Glacier and nearly three-fourths of 
 a mile from its south end copper minerals haA^e been found in the 
 greenstone seATu*al hundred feet aboA^e the ice. Three o]Aen cuts shoAV 
 a light-colored rock — possibly altered greenstone — cut by irregularly 
 branching quartz A^eins. The light-colored rock contains chalcocite 
 and chalcopyrite scattered through it in specks rarely larger than a 
 })in head. Tliere are besides this small veins of chalcopyrite. The 
 greenstone country rock locally contains small particles of chalcopy- 
 rite. a fact that may liaA^e some bearing on the origin of the richer 
 copper sulphide ores. 
 
 West or a little soutliAvest of the mouth of Fall Creek, and nearly 
 1.800 feet aboAX it, is a short tunnel, Avhich is the property of the 
 Kotsina IMining Company.'^ This .tunnel is on the north side of a 
 
 “ The writers have latelj’ learned that the name Kotsina Mining Company is no longer 
 in use. 
 
DESCRIPTION OE PROPERTIES. 
 
 61 
 
 small gulch running down to Kluvesna Creek and is located at the 
 contact of a fine-grained greenstone and a grayish amygdaloidal 
 greenstone. The contact, Avhich is parallel with several prominent 
 fault planes cutting the country rock, strikes N. 35° to 45° W. and 
 dips 50° SW. The fine-grained greenstone is much shattered and 
 requires timbering to make it stand in the tunnel. Native copper ap- 
 pears as small particles in the amygdaloidal greenstone, both in the 
 apparently unaltered rock and in portions that have been partly 
 leached. It is also associated Avith small quartz and calcite veins in 
 the greenstone. At many places Avhere native copper is found there 
 is a little red copper oxide. Several pieces of native copper and quartz 
 weighing 20 or 30 pounds were piled on the dump, but nothing like 
 them Avas seen in the tunnel or in the open cut above the tunnel. 
 
 On Fall Creek or its tributaries a number of small open cuts and 
 short tunnels in Avhich copper minerals Avere seen Avere examined. 
 These small branches floAv into Fall Creek from the Avest Avithin the 
 lower 2 miles of its course. Less than luilf a mile from the mouth 
 of the most northerly branch there is a short tunnel on the south 
 side of the stream driven along a north-south fault in amygdaloidal 
 greenstone. The greenstone is crushed and contains small veins of 
 quartz and calcite. A green stain of malachite a])])ears on the sur- 
 face, but Avithin the crushed country rock both green and blue copper 
 carbonates are found in a Avay that suggests them to be the alteration 
 products of some earlier copper mineral dej)osited along the fault. 
 BetAveen the rock fragments along the fault there is in places a soft 
 black carbonaceous filling Avith Avhich the copper carbonates are 
 mingled. Only a small amount of copper minerals is exposed by the 
 tunnel. 
 
 South of this creek on the second tributary a short tunnel about 
 6 feet under cover Avas made along a perpendicular north-south fault 
 plane in am 3 ^gdaloidal greenstone. This tunnel is only a feAv feet 
 above the creek and on its north side. The greenstone is cut bv 
 many small, light-colored, fine-grained, porphyritic dikes containing 
 abundant grains or crystals of quartz. A very little bornite is asso- 
 ciated with quartz veins in the greenstone. 
 
 Up the hill to the south and 375 feet aboA’^e the short tunnel just 
 mentioned is another tunnel 40 feet long, also in amygdaloidal green- 
 stone. Here, too, the perpendicular north-south faulting is to be seen, 
 and green copper stains appear on the surface of the fractured rock. 
 The tunnel Avas driA^en to strike the supposed dowiiAvard extension 
 of an outcrop of greenstone, contaning native coi)per, exposed on 
 the ledge 25 feet aboAT the tunnel and al)out that distance to the 
 soutli, but had not reached it. Bornite and copper carbonates in 
 small amount Avere seen in a number of shallow open cuts a short 
 distance southeast of this tunnel. 
 
62 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 COPPER CREEK. 
 
 Copper Creek is the westernmost tributary of Kotsina River on 
 which prospecting was done last summer. It drains a portion of 
 the ridge between Kotsina River and Elliott Creek and joins the 
 Kotsina 2 miles below Kluvesna Creek. All the geologic formations 
 already named are present in the upper part of the basin — the Nikolai 
 greenstone, Chitistone limestone, Triassic shales, and Kennicott for- 
 mation. Their relations, however, are not simply those due to fold- 
 ing, for extensive faulting has accompanied the folding. 
 
 There are two principal branches of Copper Creek, but the western 
 branch also forks at a point about 2^ miles from Kotsina River. 
 Near this fork the limestone-greenstone contact crosses the two 
 branches in a nortliAvest-southeast direction, and good exposures of 
 the limestone are found between the branches as well as on each side 
 of them. The greenstone, however, is not exposed on the slope from 
 the fork to the limestone outcrops between the branches. 
 
 The workings of the Mullen claim are between the branches, about 
 1,000 feet from the point where they separate and 275 feet above 
 their junction. Three open cuts have been made along the foot of 
 a limestone cliff. The strike of the limestone at this place is difficult 
 to determine accurately, but is nearly north and south. It dips 
 45° W. In the northernmost open cut, which is 20 feet long and 10 
 feet in depth from front to back, a fault plane parallels the bedding 
 and forms the west wall of the cut. The limestone is much broken, 
 particularly near the fault, forming a zone of broken rock with a 
 maximum width of 3 feet. In places the limestone is almost com- 
 pletely replaced by bornite and chalcopyrite. The best ore forms a 
 poorly-defined vein, ranging in thickness from 12 to 18 inches, but 
 does not outcrop on the surface. Azurite is more abundant than 
 malachite where the copper minerals are oxidized, and in places the 
 bornite is completely altered to azurite. Small calcite veins are 
 numerous, especially in the brecciated rock near the fault, where the 
 fragments have been cemented together with calcite. There are 
 minor faults or joint planes in which a green copper stain is seen, 
 })ut this appears to be derived from the main vein. 
 
 About 75 feet south is another open cut, where the fault planes 
 are not prominent, but where the limestone is much jointed. Bornite 
 occurs in isolated bunches in the limestone. 
 
 About 75 feet still farther south is a large open cut, and a shallow 
 pit has been made. Several faults may be seen here, but the most 
 prominent ones strike east and west and dip at a high angle to the 
 south. The north-south faults are present, but are continuous for 
 only short distances. Patches of crushed rotten rock stained with 
 iron oxide and copper carbonate lie adjacent to the faults and joints. 
 There are also small masses of high-grade bornite replacing the linie- 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 63 
 
 stone and forming bunch deposits in the country rock. These depos- 
 its were probably connected by the joints and faults with the chan- 
 nels carrying the mineral solutions, but this is not evident at the 
 surface. A little chalcopyrite and both malachite and azurite are 
 present with the bornite. Malachite is the surface stain, but beloAv 
 the surface azurite is the alteration product of the copper minerals. 
 The bornite is cut by many thin veins of azurite, and in places con- 
 tains small cavities lined with iron oxide or with azurite crystals. 
 More work has been done in this place than in the first open cut, but 
 less ore seems to have been taken out, if the amount piled near by is 
 an indication. 
 
 ELLIOTT CREEK. 
 
 General description . — Elliott Creek (see fig. 2) is a tributary of 
 Kotsina River, and joins it approximately IT miles above the mouth 
 of that stream, or 12.5 miles almost directly east of the Copper River 
 crossing. It is reached by a trail which leaves* the Kotsina trail at 
 Willow Creek and crosses Kotsina River by a bridge about half a 
 mile above the upper end of the canyon. This trail passes over the 
 southwestern spur of Hubbard Peak and reaches an elevation of 
 approximately 2,700 feet before the descent to Elliott Creek begins. 
 A second trail used for the first time during the summer of 1907, 
 leaves Elliott Creek about 6 miles above the mouth at Five Sheep 
 Creek, and crossing the west end of the ridge south of the stream 
 leads to the Nizina trail not far east of the new government bridge. 
 
 Elliott Creek is approximately 10 miles long, and throughout most 
 of that distance flows in a direction about X. 30° W., but makes a 
 sharp southerly bend before joining Kotsina River. More than 2 
 miles of the lower portion is through a narrow rock-w^alled canyon, 
 but the upper part, along which the claims extend for a distance of 
 miles, lies in a narrow V-shaped valley. Between the upper cabin, 
 situated about midway between the upper and lower ends of the 
 claims, and the lower cabin, a distance of 2| miles, the creek descends 
 759 feet, or approximately 360 feet per mile. Above the upper cabin 
 this gradient increases as the head of the stream is approached. 
 Elliott Creek is fed in large measure by melting snow, and although 
 the stream is not large, it is capable of furnishing considerable power 
 with the head available. 
 
 The lowest and the only commercially important rock formation 
 exposed in Elliott Creek valley is the Nikolai greenstone. All the 
 copper prospects so far discovered here are associated with this rock. 
 The massive bluish-gray Chitistone limestone is conformably over- 
 lain in some places by black and gray Triassic shales and thin- 
 bedded limestones cut by light-gray porphyritic dikes and sills, and 
 in other places is succeeded unconformably by coarse conglomerate of 
 the Kennicott formation. 
 

 64 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 65 
 
 In an ascent of Elliott Creek the greenstone and overlying lime- 
 stone appear for the first time on Magpie Creek and continue east- 
 ward from that locality to the head of the valley. These two rock 
 formations form a great anticline (fig. 3), whose axis is approxi- 
 mately parallel with the course of Elliott Creek. It pitches under 
 the younger rocks at the eastern and western ends and dips into the 
 ridges on each side of the creek (PI. VII, B). North of Elliott 
 Creek and at its upper end the Chitistone limestone forms a very 
 prominent topographic feature. With the exception of the Copper 
 King and Mineral King the claims described are on the north side of 
 Elliott Creek and all but 8 are owned by the Hubbard Elliott Copper 
 Mines Development Company. The description of the claims is given 
 in the order of their location from east to west. 
 
 Copper King and Mineral King claims . — The Copper King and 
 Mineral King claims, often spoken of as “ the Kings,” are the most 
 easterly on Elliott Creek. They are located along the limestone- 
 greenstone contact at an elevation of over 4,000 feet above the sea. 
 
 Fig. 3. — Cross section (somewhat diagrammatic) of the Elliott Creek anticline. 1, 
 Nikolai greenstone ; 2, Chitistone limestone ; 3, contorted Triassic shales and lime- 
 stones ; 4, Kennicott formation ; 5, tuffs and shales ; 6, porphyritic dikes. 
 
 On the Copper King claim there is an open cut in the greenstone 
 a little more than 100 feet below the base of the limestone clifP, 1,390 
 feet above the upper cabin. The copper minerals are found along a 
 shear zone in the greenstone. Bornite is the principal copper ore, and 
 is seen along fractures and between them replacing the country rock. 
 Calcite veins are not so numerous as might be expected near the lime- 
 stone contact. The shear zone, which, as far as can be determined at 
 this exposure, runs parallel with the base of the limestone, striking 
 N. 60° to 70° E. and dipping to the south, is mineralized for a thick- 
 ness of about 10 feet, though the copper-bearing solutions have pene- 
 trated the country rock for a greater distance, as is shown by a slight 
 alteration of the greenstone. There is some pyrite in the ore, and be- 
 sides malachite a blue coating of copper sulphate appears in protected 
 places. This open cut is reached by climbing over a steep rock slide. 
 
 The two open cuts on the Mineral King are reached by another 
 hard climb over a steep snow-covered talus slope. These cuts are 
 about 800 feet northeast of the cut in the Copper King. The lower 
 one was filled with snow at the time they were visited, but the ore 
 68797 — Bull. 374—09 5 
 
66 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITTNA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 piled up at one side consisted of bornite replacing greenstone. The 
 second cut, 50 feet higher and about 100 feet farther west, is almost 
 at the same elevation as the Copper King cut. The ore was found 
 on the steep face of tlie cliff and consists of chalcocite, with a small 
 amount of bornite replacing the greenstone along a fault or shear 
 zone. Numerous close perpendicular joints running approximately 
 N. 60° E. cut the greenstone, and there are a number of fault planes 
 which strike N. 35° E. and dip 30° S. The trend of the disturbed 
 zone is the same as that of the faults mentioned. The best ore has a 
 thickness of about 6 feet and is traced for a distance of 25 to 30 feet 
 along the strike, although the boundaries and extent of the ore body 
 are somewhat indefinite. On the south, however, a fault plane makes 
 a fairly well-defined wall. There is some rich ore at this exposure, 
 but the development work is not yet sufficient to determine Avhether 
 or not the ore body has any considerable extent. 
 
 Claim at the head of Queen Creek. — On the claim at the head of 
 Queen Creek a small open cut has been made in the greenstone about 
 50 feet below the base of the limestone and shows small veins of 
 calcite and a little quartz containing copper. 
 
 Van Dyke claim. — Two open cuts on the Van Dyke claim were 
 visited, one 15 and the other 25 feet below the base of the limestone. 
 The greenstone is stained with the oxidation products of iron and 
 copper and contains also a small amount of pyrite, but the cut shows 
 very little of the copper minerals. 
 
 Coffer Queen claim. — The open cut on the Copper Queen claim is 
 .^bout 50 feet west of Kings Creek. It has an elevation of 905 feet 
 above the upper cabin. The cut is nearly filled by the caving of the 
 bank above, so that the face of the greenstone was not exposed. A 
 large mass of the rock, however, Avhich lay at one end was filled Avith 
 a great number of tiny intersecting A^eins of iron and copper sulphide, 
 either pyrite and chalcopyrite or, more probably, copper-bearing 
 pyrite. The greenstone fragments Avere coA^ered Avith the green cop- 
 per coating. 
 
 Mav7not claim. — A large open cut has been made on the Marmot 
 claim at the base of the limestone betAveen 200 and 300 feet aa^sI of 
 Pouch Creek. The greenstone is much broken, and slicken-sided sur- 
 faces are numerous. The most ])roniinent fault planes strike approxi- 
 mately N. 60° W. and are nearly perpendicular. Small calcite A’eins 
 carrying a small amount of copper-bearing pyrite occur along some 
 of the oj)enings. A malachite coating Avas seen in the greenstone, but 
 is not prominent along the main fault planes. Pornite aatis not 
 observed. 
 
 Louise claim. — The Louise open cut is on the east side of KainboAv 
 Creek and 50 feet above it, or 390 feet above the iipj)ei’ cabin. The 
 country rock is greenstone and is cut by faults and joints. Slickeii- 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 67 
 
 i!-ided surfaces are coiiiiiioii. The best developed fault planes strike 
 about N. 20° W. and dip 45° to 50° W. Small calcite veins, having^a 
 thickness in general not greater than 2 inches and containing a little 
 quartz, cross the country rock in all directions. vSuch veins are more 
 numerous here than in most of the other workings examined. Bornite 
 and chalcopyrite are the copper minerals present, and of the two 
 bornite is the more abundant. They appear in the calcite veins and 
 disseminated through the greenstone. The ore is best developed, 
 however, in the calcite veins and the greenstone adjacent to these. 
 It is ditRcult to give any definite statement of the thickness of the 
 mineralized zone. The ore extends parallel with the creek for a 
 distance of about 30 feet horizontally. 
 
 Above the cut on the steep hill slope green copper stains can be 
 traced for a distance of 150 or perhaps 200 feet. Such an exposure 
 as this may be the surface indication of an ore shoot, but the rich 
 ore can not be traced for any considerable distance on the surface, 
 usually not more than 25 feet and rarely as much as 50 feet. 
 
 Lizzie G. claim . — The open cut of the Lizzie G. claim is in the bed 
 of Rainbow Creek only a short distance from the Louise. The green- 
 stone at this place is sheared and plicated, but many of the resulting 
 openings have been filled by infiltration of quartz and calcite. Quartz 
 veins reach a thickness of 2 inches and carry considerable chalcopy- 
 rite. Calcite filling is, however, the more abundant, and in places 
 the rock consists of about equal amounts of sheared greenstone and 
 calcite similar to the knotty masses of schist and quartz seen in many 
 regions where metamorphism has been greater than in this area. 
 These calcite-greenstone veins, if such they may be called, carry a 
 considerable amount of bornite and chalcopyrite and make a fine- 
 appearing copper ore, but the open cut does not shoAv how great a 
 quantity may be present. 
 
 Goodyear and Henry Prather claims. — Direct!}^ opposite the Louise 
 open cut, about 40 feet west of Rainbow Creek and 340 feet higher 
 than the upper cabin, an open cut has been made in the claim known 
 as the. Goodyear. The amygdaloidal greenstone is cut by faults and 
 is much jointed. The most prominent of these faults strike north 
 and south and dip about 40° W. Another set of less well-developed 
 faults has a more easterly strike and a lower dip to the northwest. 
 Between two of the north-south faults is a mass of rock lighter in 
 color than the greenstone outside the faults. This lighter rock is 
 sheared or sheeted parallel with the faults and is filled with a great 
 number of thin calcite veins containing chalcopyrite or copper-bear- 
 ing pyrite and bornite, somewhat like the leaves of a book made of 
 coarse paper. In the lower part of the cut this ore body is between 
 4 and 5 feet thick, and forms a lenticular mass about 20 feet long 
 bounded by two north-south faulty and a northeast fault. The 
 
68 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA EEGION, ALASKA. 
 
 upper north-south fault is not continuous, but? the lower foot-wall 
 fault extends to the north for some distance. On the south this body 
 of ore is much crushed and is filled with iron oxide. It can not be 
 traced farther in that direction than the limit of the cut. Besides 
 the thin veins of copper minerals in the sheeted rock there are small 
 veins of calcite and ore throughout the mass. 
 
 Along the strike a short distance to the north, and a few feet 
 higher, the light-colored, copper-bearing rock reappears, but the 
 upper boundary of the mass is the fault which forms the lower 
 boundary of the lower body. The ore body has a maximum thick- 
 ness here of not less than 8 feet. An irregular branching calcite 
 vein containing small horses of the light rock or main ore body 
 reaches a thickness of 14 inches and contains chalcopyrite and bornite. 
 This body of ore continues for a distance of 50 or 60 feet toward the 
 north. These two bodies are portions of a single ore body included 
 between two north-south faults and cut by later faidting. (See 
 
 fig- 4.) 
 
 Almost directly above the Goodyear on the hill slope to the west 
 and not more than 100 feet away is the open cut of the Henry 
 Prather. Here a north-south fault dips 60° W. and is intersected by 
 two parallel faults striking N. 40° E. and dipping 30° to 35° W. 
 These faults inclose a lenticular mass of rock 30 feet long and 5 
 feet wide (PL IX, Z?), whose weathered surface is lighter in color 
 than the inclosing greenstone and Avhich is similar in all respects to 
 the ore body of the Goodyear. This lighter colored rock is impreg- 
 nated in a similar manner with co])per sulphides, and through it runs 
 a vein of coarsely crystalline calcite carrying chalcopyrite and bornite, 
 which are very rich in places. The calcite vein has an irregular thick- 
 ness ranging from 8 to inches, and in two places is oflset by small 
 faults to a distance of 10 inches. 
 
 4'he main north-south fault may be traced north for about 75 
 feet, and shows much green stain and some sulphides, but the large 
 calcite vein and main ore body end, apparently having been faulted 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 69 
 
 off. Almost 50 feet from the ore body the large fault is intersected 
 by a northeast fault. This also shows copper stain, and both contain 
 small calcite veins with the sulphides. 
 
 Although no direct proof was obtained the similarity in character 
 and appearance of these two ore bodies of the Goodyear and Henry 
 Prather indicate that they are faulted portions of one mass. 
 
 Elizabeth claim . — The Elizabeth claim lies north of the upper 
 cabin, and has received more attention in the way of development 
 work than any other claim on the creek. This work consists of a tun- 
 nel and one or two open cuts. The tunnel is located in a narrow gulch 
 a little more than 1,000 feet above the cabin. It has been driven into 
 the greenstone in a northeasterly direction for 250 feet, and some 
 ore has been uncovered, but it is not believed that the main ore body 
 which outcrops on the hill above has been reached, and the work is 
 to be continued. About 75 feet from the entrance the first copper 
 appears in some lenticular veins of calcite and quartz, but there is 
 only a small amount of this. In the face of the tunnel the green- 
 stone is impregnated with bornite and chalcopyrite. Small veins of 
 calcite also are present and carry the copper minerals. These small 
 veins follow joint and slip planes in the greenstone and are rarely 
 over half an inch thick. There is no well-defined master vein ; the 
 mineral waters appear to have followed a zone of fracture and fault- 
 ing running, as closely as it is possible to determine at the tunnel 
 face, in a nearly north-south direction. The greenstone has under- 
 gone considerable movement and slickensided surfaces are numerous. 
 If the slip planes and joints follow any definite general direction, 
 this direction could not be determined. At present the tunnel does 
 not reveal the thickness of the ore-bearing zone, nor even its direction 
 with certainty. 
 
 In the gulch directly above the tunnel to the north, and about 100 
 feet higher, is an open cut exposing the copper-bearing fault zone, 
 which the tunnel is expected to cut. The greenstone is much shat- 
 tered, and shows a number of fault planes the most prominent of 
 which range in strike from N. 10° AY. to N. 30° AY. Movement along 
 some of these planes has been very marked, and the rock is greatly 
 crushed. Bornite and chalcopyrite are present in small calcite veins 
 and also impregnating the greenstone in and adjacent to the fault 
 zone. The green stain due to oxidation is prominent here, as it is 
 in all places where the copper minerals occur, and makes it possible 
 to trace the copper-bearing zone from the open cut in a direction 
 N. 12° AY. for several hundred feet up the hill, where several other 
 small open cuts have been made. 
 
 Marie Antoinette claim . — Copper minerals are exposed in the 
 Marie Antoinette claim in two open cuts on the top of a narrow 
 ridge adjoining the Elizabeth claim on the northwest. These cuts 
 
70 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHTTINA EEGTON, ALASKA. 
 
 are within less than 100 feet of each other, and show shattered green- 
 stone stained with the oxidation products of iron and copper. There 
 are a number of faults which strike in different directions, and in 
 the open cut on the Avest brow of the ridge a crushed A^ein of A^ariable 
 thickness, consisting of calcite and a small amount of quartz, is ex- 
 posed. The greenstone also contains veinlets of calcite, AAdiich fol- 
 low joint or slip planes and carry the cojDper and iron sulphides. 
 The larger A^ein strikes approximately X. 30° W., a direction AAdiich 
 AAmuld take it someAvhat to the south of the other open cut. Xear 
 it a small perpendicular dike of fine-grained diorite from 2 to 2d 
 feet thick cuts the greenstone. 
 
 Albert Johnson claim . — The Albert Johnson claim and the Guthrie 
 claim described beloAA" adjoin each other end to end and lie parallel 
 to and slightly beloAA^ the greenstone-limestone contact. Deception 
 Creek crosses their common end line at an angle of about 45°. Some 
 open-cut AAmrk has been done, and a tunnel has been driven on the 
 Albert Johnson about 100 feet east of Deception Creek. The tunnel 
 is 30 feet under cover and is not over 150 feet beloAV the base of the 
 Chitistone limestone exposed to the north in the creek. 
 
 Small, nearly horizontal faults cut the greenstone, and the rock is 
 otherAvise broken by joints, giving it a blocky character. Calcite 
 veins are present but not abundant. Copper ore is exposed in the 
 tunnel and in the open cuts. When a piece of the copper-bearing 
 greenstone is broken, bornite and chalcoj)yrite are found to be the 
 copper minerals, the bornite predominating. The fault zone in 
 Avhich the copper sulphides occur can be traced by the green stain 
 in a nearly horizontal plane almost around to the Guthrie tunnel, 
 so that these tAvo appear to form j^arts of one ore deposit. 
 
 Guthrie claim. — The tunnel of the (iiithrie claim is on the hill 
 slope Avest of Deception Creek, directly opposite the Albert Johnson 
 tunnel and about 200 feet from it but 10 or 15 feet higher. AboA^e 
 the tunnel for a distance of 40 or 50 feet the surface of the country 
 rock has been cleaned off, exposing small A^eins of calcite in shattered 
 greenstone; these A^eins carry the sulphides bornite and chalcopyrite. 
 The freshly broken greenstone adjacent to these small veins is also 
 seen to be impregnated Avith the sulphides. There is no Avell-defined 
 A’ein, but the jointing or faulting has permitted the mineral-bearing 
 Avaters to circulate through a shattered zone in the greenstone. The 
 tunnel is not more than 100 feet beloAv the base of the lieaAW limestone 
 as it is ex])osed in the creek to the north, AAdiich Avould account for 
 the considerable amount of calcite present in the greenstone. 
 
 Leland and Lairton claims . — The Leland and LaAvton claims are 
 located in the saddle betAveen the heads of Five Shee]i and Deception 
 creeks, Avhich here has an eleATition of more than 2,500 feet above 
 the loAver cabin. They lie north of the main body of the Chitistone 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 71 
 
 limestone, whose scarp forms the prominent clitf on the southern 
 hrow of the spur to the south. This unusual location apparently 
 above the limestone is due to faulting, Avhich brings the greenstone 
 up against the Kennicott conglomerate or rather against the large 
 porphyritic dike which here separates these two formations. On 
 the LaAvton claim a fault Avhicli strikes X. 30° W. and dips 50° to 
 00° 8. is seen betAveen the greenstone on the south and the porphyry 
 dike on the north. The dike here shoAvs a thickness of 30 to 35 feet. 
 SeA^eral open cuts liaA^e been made in the greenstone and sIioay small 
 {imoimts of pyrite and chalcopyrite impregnating the rock adjacent 
 to joint or fault planes. Green copper stain and also copper sulphate 
 Avere seen in a number of other places. The copper minerals Avhere 
 obserA^ed Avere all Avithin a feAV feet of the porphyry dike, but any 
 other relation betAveen the tAVo Avas not evident. 
 
 Cliff claim. — The Clilf claim is on the Avest side of Deception Creek. 
 Tavo ojien cuts have been made at an eleAuition of ()00 feet aboA^e the 
 mouth of this stream. The greenstone is cut by numerous fault 
 planes, and slickensided surfaces are frequently seen, but perhaps the 
 most prominent of the planes of movement strike nearly east and 
 Avest and dip about 45° N. The green copper carbonate and the 
 oxide of iron stain the greenstone. Small amounts of the -copper 
 sulphides also are exposed along joint planes, but no considerable 
 exposure of ore has been made. 
 
 Chance claim. — The Chance is the most Avesterly of the patented 
 claims and includes the prominent point of the limestone cliff Avhich 
 is seen on entering the valley. A small open cut only a fcAv feet 
 befoAv the base of the limestone shoAvs the green copper stain and 
 a little bornite in the greenstone. 
 
 Kl SKIILAXA RIVER BAS1\. 
 
 * CENEKAI. DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Kuskulana Riv^er receiA^es its greatest supply of Avater from Kusku- 
 lana Glacier, an ice stream made up by the union of four principal 
 branches coming doAvn from the soutliAvest side of Mount Blackburn. 
 The riv^er is a little over 21 miles long, and in the upper half passes 
 through a broad gravel-floored glacial valley betAveen high, rugged 
 mountains. After leaving the mountains it fioAvs for more than 10 
 miles, most of the Avay in a narroAv rock-Avalled canyon, across the 
 broad valley of Chitina River and joins that stream 10 miles aboA^e 
 Copper River. Strelna Creek is the largest tributary of Kuskulana 
 RiA^er. It rises in the mountains about the head of PRliott Creek and 
 joins the Kuskulana 3 miles from Chitina River, thus having a length 
 of 12 miles. 
 
 Most of the copper prospects are in the Aucinity of Kuskulana 
 Glacier, Avhere the Nikolai greenstone and Chitistone limestone are 
 
72 
 
 THE KOTSINA-OHITINA KEGION, ALASKA. 
 
 well exjDOSed. There are, besides these two formations, some rocks 
 of doubtful identity in the vicinity of Nugget Creek, a western tribu- 
 tary joining Kuskulana River just below the glacier. These rocks 
 are probably the same as some at the head of Kotsina River which 
 have been included in the Nikolai greenstone, but may be older. 
 Triassic shales and limestones are well developed east of the Kusku- 
 lana and are also represented in a small area west of it. 
 
 The best-known copper properties of this area are on Nugget 
 Creek, but there are other prospects on one or two neighboring 
 streams tributary to the main river on the west side and in the vicinity 
 of the glacier on the east side, as well as on Slatka and Trail creeks. 
 There are also a few prospects on the head of Strelna Creek. 
 
 NUGGET CREEK. 
 
 General outline . — Nugget Creek drains the southeast side of the 
 mountain mass whose northwest side is drained by Peacock, Roaring, 
 and Rock creeks of the Kotsina basin. Several of its branches are fed 
 .by small glaciers. The stream is about 6 miles long and joins Kusku- 
 lana River less than a mile below the glacier. 
 
 The country rock includes amygdaloidal greenstones and other 
 greenish rocks, which differ somewhat in appearance from typical 
 exposures of the Nikolai greenstone and might be separated from it 
 on closer study. A small area of Chitistone limestone outcrops on 
 the mountain slope east of the^upper part of Nugget Creek, and near 
 it, along the creek bed, is a small exposure of gabbro. 
 
 Most of the copper prospects, of which there are a consideral)le 
 number, are situated in the lower or southern part of Nugget Creek 
 valley. Collectively they constitute the Alaska Consolidated Copper 
 Company's properties, only a part of which were examined by the 
 writers. The claims on which most work has been done are located on 
 the small rounded hill between the lower end of Nugget Creek and 
 Kuskulana Glacier. It was not possible in the short time available 
 to visit an}^ other properties than those on this hill, so that no de.scrip- 
 tion of claims in the Nugget Creek valley north of the hill or west of 
 the stream can be given. A good trail leads from the creek's mouth 
 to the camp, where several veiy comfortable cabins have been built. 
 
 Valdez claim . — On the south slope of the rounded hill referred to 
 above is a claim called the Valdez. It is crossed by a fault or a set of 
 parallel vertical faults, running N. G5° E., along Avhich the ore is 
 deposited. The continuation of the fault or faults for a distance of sev- 
 eral hundred feet is shown by a line of test pits, but how much farther 
 they extend was not learned. A tunnel run in toward the north and 
 80 feet under cover gives a cross section of the deposit. At the mouth 
 of the tunnel is greenstone separated by a fault from a large calcite 
 vein on the north. The calcite vein has a width of 24 feet, as nieas- 
 
DESCRTPTTOK OF PROPERTTES. 
 
 73 
 
 ured along the tunnel wall. This wall, however, is not exactly per- 
 pendicular to the course of the faults. After passing through the cal- 
 cite vein the tunnel penetrates a close-grained, dark-gray rock, pos- 
 sibly one phase of the greenstone series, for a distance of 5 feet. This 
 latter rock and the vein are separated by a fault, along which is a 
 seam of blue and yellow clay, ranging from 2 to 3 inches in thick- 
 ness and containing small crystals of chalcopyrite. All of the calcite 
 vein as exposed in the tunnel is ore. Bornite is the principal copper 
 mineral, and is accompanied by chalcopyrite in minor amount. Move- 
 ment has taken place along both faults since the ore was deposited, 
 and the country rock, as well as the vein matter, is jointed and 
 crushed. The greenstone is sheeted parallel to the fault, but the 
 harder, close-grained rock in the face of the tunnel was more resist- 
 ant and broke in angular blocks. The calcite vein is also much 
 broken and in places granulated. 
 
 A prospect hole or crosscut a short distance northeast of the tunnel 
 did not expose the vein, but 300 feet still farther to the northeast an 
 open cut shows greenstone faulted against a light-colored rock, con- 
 sisting chiefly of calcite and quartz, much shattered and impregnated 
 with bornite and chalcopyrite. 
 
 Thirty feet to the southwest along the vein from the tunnel mouth 
 is a shaft which in August, 1907, was partly filled with water, but was 
 said to be 30 feet deep. The shaft is sunk in the vein matter, but here 
 the vein has a thicknevSS of only 8 or 9 feet. On the north side is 
 greenstone, much sheared, and containing thin calcite veins accom- 
 panied by bornite. It is not evident from the exposures why the po- 
 sition of the greenstone with reference to the calcite vein is here re- 
 versed. The ore is similar to that in the tunnel. No traces of the 
 vein or fault were seen on the grassy hill slope southwest of the shaft, 
 nor were they expected, since no test pits had been dug and the coun- 
 try rock was not exposed. 
 
 One Girl claim . — The One Girl claim is on the west slope of the 
 hill between Nugget Creek and the lower end of Kuskulana Glacier. 
 A tunnel called the “ mud tunnel ” has been driven on the south side 
 of a small gulch and extends into the hill for 100 feet in a direction 
 S. 75° W. Of this tunnel 91 feet is in frozen slide rock, and is re- 
 ported to have caved in sometime during the early fall. The remain- 
 ing 9 feet of the tunnel is in amygdaloidal greenstone, the cavity fill- 
 ings being calcite. No ore was observed in the face, but the tunnel 
 had not been extended far enough to encounter the mineralized body 
 of rock seen on the hill nearly 300 feet higher than the tunnel, toward 
 the southeast. This “ lead ” is amygdaloidal greenstone country rock 
 impregnated with fine particles or grains of chalcocite in association 
 with small calcite veins and epidote. Several open cuts extending 
 along a line from southwest to northeast show the same copper-bear- 
 
74 
 
 THE KOTSINA.-CHTTIHA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 ing greenstone, but no Avork has been done to indicate the Avidth of the 
 zone, or any of its other dimensions. This ore, if the copper content 
 is siifRcient to AAUirrant the use of the term under the conditions pre- 
 A^ailing in Alaska, is similar in many respects to that of the Copper 
 Queen claim north of the Nugget Creek camp. 
 
 Nugget Creek receiA^ed its name from the large mass of natiA’e cop- 
 per found in the creek bed a short distance above the camp. This 
 nugget is estimated to Aveigh betAveen 2 and 3 tons, and is too heavy 
 to be remoA^ed economically by any means of transportation noAv 
 aA^ailable. It is 7 feet in its greatest dimension, 3 feet 2 inches Avide 
 in the middle, and has a maximum thickness of 12 inches, but the 
 aAxrage thickness is probably less than 6 inches. Many smaller nug- 
 gets, ranging in size from shot to pieces of seA^eral ounces or pounds, 
 are found in the gravels of the creek, but their bed-rock source has 
 iieA^er been discoA^ered. 
 
 STRELNA CREEK. 
 
 The copper prospects of Strelna Creek are of interest chiefly as 
 shoAving a close relation between copper deposition and the limestone- 
 greenstone contact. The Chitistone limestone forms numerous cliffs 
 in the upper part of the creek, particularly on the branch leading to 
 the Elliott Creek pass. 
 
 About a mile southeast of the Elliott Creek pass a small area of 
 Chitistone limestone caps the greenstone of the ridge south of Strelna 
 Creek. The north contact of the tAvo formations is here a faidt con- 
 tact. Erom G to 8 feet of the decomposed greenstone along the fault 
 is heavily mineralized Avith pyrite, Aveathering to broAvn iron oxide. 
 Along Avith the pyrite is a little copper, as is shoAvn by the green 
 stain of malachite. In the heaAw OA’^erlying limestone, but not over 
 10 to 20 feet above the contact, thin A^eins of copper-bearing pyrite 
 AA’ere seen in the limestone. Stringers and small bunches of ore are 
 not uncommon in the underlying greenstone at Auirious places on the 
 creek. 
 
 I.AKIXA RIVER. 
 
 Lakina EiA’er rises in an area of glacial drainage of minor im- 
 portance lying betAveen the much more extensiA^e basins of the Kusku- 
 lana Glacier on the Avest and the Kennicott Glacier on the east. The 
 Lakina is not as large or as turbulent a glacial stream as the Kusku- 
 lana or the Kennicott. 
 
 The trail regularly traAxded through this region reaches Lakina 
 River about G or 7 miles beloAv the loAver ends of the tAvo glaciers 
 from Avhich the riATi* emerges. This portion of the Aadley of the 
 Lakina differs someAvhat from the valleys of Kuskulana and Kenni- 
 cott riA^rs Avhere they floAv from their glacial sources in that it has a 
 more basin-like exj)ansion in its loAver half. This basin-like expanse, 
 Avhich is about 2 mih's A' ide along the trail aud gradually narroAvs 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 75 
 
 into a mountain gorge valley one-half mile wide toward the head of 
 the river as the glaciers are approached, is floored with deposits of 
 gravel, sand, and mud. 
 
 In an ascent of Lakina River from the main trail, the first bed 
 rock to present itself along the margins of the flat gravel floor of the 
 valley is the Nikolai greenstone. This rock ajDpears on both sides of 
 the valley where the valley begins to become more restricted, about 
 3 miles below the glaciers, and rises in steep mountain slopes on both 
 sides. Above the greenstone the Chitistone limestone presents its 
 characteristic cliff -like faces, and above the Chitistone limestone a 
 series of shales and thin-bedded limestones on the east side of the 
 valley forms bare slopes that are also present, though not so evident, 
 on the heights west of the river. 
 
 The camps of two prospecting parties are located within a few 
 hundred yards of each other on the west side of the Lakina about a 
 mile below the glaciers from which the river flows. The copper 
 prospects occur at comparatively low elevations above the river in 
 the greenstones that form the steep western side of the valley at this 
 place. 
 
 The prospect farthest up the river is about 250 feet up the moun- 
 tain side from the upper cabin. A short open cut, about (> feet deep, 
 has been made on a shear or minor fault plane that strikes N. 30° W. 
 and dips 70° SW. into the country rock of amygdaloidal greenstone, 
 which at this place is weathered to a reddish-brown color. The walls 
 of this plane are separated at this opening for about 2 feet, and the 
 space thus formed contains a filling of crushed and slickensided slabs 
 and fragmental pieces of the country rock, the whole being cemented 
 together by the deposition of quartz in the interstices. The quartz 
 in one place is somewhat continuous along one of the walls for a few 
 feet and has a thickness of from 1 to 2 inches. Most of the fillinof, 
 however, is crushed country rock. A small amount of native copper 
 in the form of specks and scales occurs within this filling. The 
 amygdaloidal greenstone country rock just north of this filled space 
 is checked with thin veinlets of quartz and contains some scat- 
 tered chalcopyrite in specks and films. The narrowness of the open- 
 ing makes it impossible to give any idea of the extent or amount of 
 mineralization at this place. 
 
 The second prospect of this vicinity is similarly located on the 
 lower slopes of the mountain side only a few hundred yards south 
 of the one just described. At this locality the natural exposure of 
 the rocks is good enough to exhibit the so-called pseudobedding that 
 the Nikolai greenstone shows in many localities. Here this bedlike 
 structure of the greenstones strikes N. 70° E. and dips 45° SE. Ap- 
 parently there has been some shearing or movement along a major 
 plane of pseudobedding or faulting as well as movements along joint 
 
76 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHTTINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 or other pseudobedding planes parallel to the principal one. This 
 is shown by clean block or slab spalling for a distance of 500 to 600 
 feet on the strike and dip above recorded. This well-exposed face 
 extends up the mountain side to the west and above the camp in a 
 diagonal direction. The surface of the exposure is a natural dip 
 slope along the major pseudobedding plane, offset somewhat by par- 
 allel bedding or joint planes. Slickensided surfaces may be observed 
 along the joints or planes, and a tendency toward plication, indica- 
 tive of shearing movements, is present. A small stream flows down 
 over the surface of this rock incline. Along the major pseudobed- 
 ding plane at this locality there is a somewhat continuous sheet-like 
 filling of rock that does not look very different from some phases of 
 the country rock at this locality and elsewhere. This sheet-like filling 
 ranges from 1 to 6 or 8 inches in thickness and, as the surface of the 
 rock incline is now exposed, this material lies in patches as a veneer 
 over the surface of the countiy rock. It does not appear to be so 
 markedly siliceous as the filling in the prospect several hundred 
 yards to the north. It is this filling that contains the native copper 
 in specks, flakes, slugs, and nugget-like lumps. Xo pieces of native 
 copper of large size were observed, the largest pieces seen being about 
 2 inches by one-half inch in area ; the size of these, as they are 
 exposed on the surface, is due to the flattening and spreading to 
 which they have been subjected by the impact of material carried 
 down over this steeply inclined rock surface by the stream. The sur- 
 face exposure of this sheet of native copper-bearing material, which 
 lies bare over an area of about 100 by 20 to 30 feet, has been well 
 picked over for specimens, and most of the larger pieces of copper 
 originally present have been removed. For this reason it is impos- 
 sible to give an estimate of the quantity of native copper that a given 
 volume of the sheet-like filling along this shear plane may have 
 originally contained. Xo work has been done in opening up the 
 locality to show how extensive or persistent the deposit may be in 
 any direction, and there appears to be no evidence to justify an as- 
 sumption that there is a mass of native copper-bearing rock 20 to 40 
 feet wide extending into the mountain in a direction perpendicular 
 to the strike of the pseudobedding. 
 
 High up on the mountain side, 2,400 feet above and three-fourths 
 of a mile west of the camps on the river, some surface stripping has 
 been done that exposes a fault in shattered amygdaloidal greenstones. 
 This fault strikes X. 15° E. and dips 75° W. The Avails are 18 
 inches apart and the sjiace is occupied by Avhat appears to be a gouge 
 of crushed country rock, the 6 inches of material adjacent to the 
 hanging Avail being essentially earthy and the remaining 12 inches 
 on the foot aaoiII being cemented by a quartz filling. Apparently just 
 enough copper-bearing mineral matter is associated Avith this cemented 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 77 
 
 gouge to stain the surface of the 18 inches exposed with green car- 
 bonate films. No other copper minerals seemed to be present, but 
 some may be finely disseminated through the cementing material. A 
 very little bornite in specks and stringers not over one-eighth inch 
 thick was observed in a piece of loose material at this place. 
 
 KENMCOTT RIVER BASIN. 
 
 The summer trail that leads through the mountains east of Lakina 
 River to the Kennicott Glacier folloAvs the banks of the Lakina to 
 Fohlin Creek, a tributary flowing from the north. The trail then 
 ascends Fohlin Creek about 2 miles to its first large tributary from 
 the east, locally known as Bear Creek, and continues up the valley 
 of Bear Creek to Kennicott or Fourth of July Pass. From this 
 mountain gap the trail descends Fourth of July Creek to the western 
 margin of the Kennicott Glacier, doAvn along which it continues to 
 Kennicott River. 
 
 HIDDEN CREEK. 
 
 Hidden Creek is a tributary to Kennicott Glacier on its west side, 
 about 4 miles northeast of the mouth of Fourth of July Creek. It 
 presents a feature of lateral valley drainage that is unique in a way, 
 yet also characteristic of many glacial valleys that are tributary 
 to larger glacial valleys Avhere the main ice stream still flows past 
 and completely dams the mouth of the smaller A^alley. Considered 
 by itself, the valley of Hidden Creek presents all the features of 
 larger glacial valleys. The head of the valley comprises ample 
 cirque basins for the accumulation of snow and its transformation 
 into the ice of comparatiA^ely small glaciers that noAv exist at its 
 head. These glaciers flow from their basins and terminate well 
 down toward the valley level, but they do not extend into its flatter 
 main portion. From them issue small streams that within a short 
 distance join to form a creek of good size that flows down over the 
 gravel-floored part of the valley. At its lower end the valley of 
 Hidden Creek is completely dammed by the Kennicott Glacier, Avhich 
 ponds back the waters of the stream so as to form a lake which 
 occupies the entire lower valley. This body of water is knoAvn as 
 Icy Lake. It is one-half mile across and extends miles up the 
 A^alley to a point where the gradually ascending gravel floor rises 
 above its surface. This gravel floor continues as bare flats to the 
 foot of the slopes of the cirque basins, from which the small steep 
 glaciers occupying the head of the valley descend. The stream 
 flowing over it from the glaciers at its head to the lake at its foot 
 is about 2 miles long and has been well named Hidden Creek, as its 
 existence is not to be suspected and it can not be seen until the 
 valley is actually entered. About half a mile above Icy Lake on the 
 
78 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 south side of the valley a small stream that heads near Fourth of 
 July Pass hows out of a steep mountain gorge. This stream is 
 locally known as Glacier Creek. 
 
 The steep walls of both the north and south sides of the valley of 
 Hidden Creek expose on the lower halves of their slopes the Xikolai 
 greenstone, above which rise practical!}" inaccessible cliffs of the 
 massive Chitistone limestone. A number of lode claims have been 
 located along the contact of the greenstone and overlying limestone, 
 where in places a little evidence of copper mineralization is to be 
 seen. Most of these locations Avere made in 190G, and during the 
 summer of 1907 assessment Avork Avas performed on them with a AueAV 
 to prospecting the ground. 
 
 The Great Xorthern Development Company had in this neigh- 
 borhood for part of the season a crew of men aaJio expended most of 
 their labor in making a trail to the ATilley by following along the 
 steep mountain that bounds the Avestern side of the Kennicott Glacier 
 for a couple of miles south of Hidden Creek. This trail Avas not 
 completed. 
 
 The only actual Avork on claims located in the Hidden Creek 
 valley Avas done by the Valdez Exploration Company. This com- 
 pany packed its supplies Avith horses up a trail over the Avestern 
 lateral moraine of Kennicott Glacier to the Hidden Creek valley, 
 thence by a hazardous route across the ice that dams that A'alley to 
 the north side, and thence up the northern shore of Icy Lake to its 
 head. The camp Avas located 500 feet aboA e the bed of Hidden Creek 
 on a small area of bench ground, about 4,100 feet aboA’e sea level, 
 that lies in the fork formed by the junction of Hidden and Glacier 
 creeks. During the summer season of 1907 fiA’e or six men Avere 
 employed by the company in prospecting a group of 25 lode claims, 
 more or less, some of Avhich are located on the greenstone-limestone 
 contact that extends along the south side of the Hidden Creek valkw 
 aboA^e Glacier Creek. About half a dozen claims extend from this 
 group along the contact to the Avest and across the course of Glacier 
 (Teek into an area of greenstones. Another chain of claims has been 
 located up the valley of Glacier Creek and act'oss the diA’ide at its 
 head into the headAvater drainage area of Fourth of July Creek. 
 
 Most of the Avork on Hidden Creek is on its south side, about a 
 mile above the camj), and consists of open cuts in the greenstones 
 about 300 to 400 feet beloAv their contact AAuth the overhung limestones. 
 All the Avork done during 1907 Avas necessarily in the form of ojien 
 cuts, because of the difficulty of getting supjilies into the place. e.spe- 
 cially timber foi- tunnel Avork. necessitated by the condition of the 
 rock. No timber of any kind groAvs near Hidden Creek. FiA'e o])en 
 cuts were seen on claim 3 at this hx*ality. at an elevation of from 
 4,800 to 4,900 feet above s(‘a IcatI, in much-sheared greenstones, the 
 
DESCEIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 79 
 
 shattered blocks and fragments of which are tightly keyed into one 
 another. The displacements that the greenstones have undergone at 
 this place have been severe enough to obscure the pseudobedded struc- 
 ture to a large extent. The mineralization through and between these 
 keyed shattered blocks consists of irregular and disconnected string- 
 ers of bornite with lumps of the same mineral, some of which may 
 Aveigh as much as 20 to 30 pounds. There is no continuit}^ to the 
 mineral deposits. They appear to be scattered erratically through 
 the greenstones in an irregular zone for a width of 25 to 75 feet, 
 and by far the greatest amount of this material is only shattered 
 country rock. 
 
 GLACIER AND FOURTH OF JULY CREEKS. 
 
 Nebraska claim , — About three-fourths mile up Glacier Creek, at an 
 elevation of approximately 4,800 feet above sea level, an open pit 8 
 feet square and 8 feet deep has been sunk, on what is called the 
 Nebraska claim, in a shattered mass of the greenstone that forms a 
 loAv knoll in the valley. This knoll appears to be a slide mass from 
 the mountain side on the east. Green copper carbonate stains, specks 
 of bornite, and one speck of chalcopyrite Avere obserA^ed in some of the 
 pieces of rock that came from this pit, but nothing more Avas re- 
 vealed. There is said to be a surface shoAving of chalcocite, upon 
 Avhich no Avork has been done, in the greenstones about 400 feet 
 beloAv the limestones on the southeast side of Glacier Creek opposite 
 the camp. 
 
 Bekka and Eli claims . — Above the Nebraska claim the Chitistone 
 limestone dips southAvard under thin-bedded limestones and shales. 
 But the stratigraphic continuity of the rocks that occupy the head- 
 Avater areas of Glacier and Fourth of July creeks is disturbed by a 
 line of major faulting that passes in an east-Avest direction through 
 the head of Fourth of July Creek. This faidt throAvs the hea\"y- 
 bedded Chitistone limestone to the surface again on the diAude be- 
 tAveen Glacier and Fourth of July creeks, Avhere it is exposed for a 
 thickness of about 600 feet. There is probably a minor fault that 
 passes across Glacier Creek north of and jiarallel to the major dis- 
 placement on Fourth of July Creek. Over this faulted area the 
 Bekka and Eli claims extend, crossing the diAude to the head of 
 Fourth of July Creek, Avhere the major fault brings the thin-bedded 
 limestones and shales against the greenstones. In the greenstones at 
 the head of the creek, about 200 feet beloAv the massiA^e Chitistone 
 limestone, is a bed of crystalline rock about 30 feet thick that has the 
 attitude of a sill. Above the sill-like rock at this place is typical 
 ain}^gdaloidal greenstone that does not appear to be altered from its 
 usual texture in any Avay. Along the contact betAveen this crystalline 
 rock and the overlying amygdaloidal greenstone are a fcAV thin seams 
 
80 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 of chalcopyrite, and there are also specks of this mineral within the 
 amygdaloid a few inches from the contact. Bornite occurs associated 
 with this chalcopyrite in very small quantities, and the presence of a 
 small amount of chalcocite is suspected from its occurrence in a piece 
 of rock not in place picked up below. 
 
 BONANZA CREEK. 
 
 The Bonanza mine, on the most valuable known copper deposit of 
 Chitina Valley, is situated at the head of Bonanza Creek, about 
 miles east of Kennicott Glacier and 7 miles north of the glacier’s 
 southern extremity. It is the property of the Kennicott Mines Com- 
 l^any, and is the only property visited during the season that gives 
 promise of shipping ore in a commercial way in the near future. 
 Two other groups of claims, known as the Jumbo and Independence 
 groups, are situated in the vicinity and are owned by the same com- 
 pany. 
 
 Bonanza Creek is about 3 miles long and heads on the west side of 
 the high mountain ridge running north and south between Kennicott 
 Glacier and McCarthy Creek (PL VIII). Its general course is 
 southwest. The company’s main camp and office, however, are located 
 at the mouth of National Creek, almost I miles by trail from the 
 mine. A new trail, sufficiently wide for a wagon road, is nearly com- 
 pleted and leads from the lower camp to the upper one, and a second 
 trail of easy grade and good width leads down the east side of the 
 glacier to the Kennicott River crossing. 
 
 South of National Creek the high north-south ridge between the 
 glacier and McCarthy Creek is made up of Triassic shales and lime- 
 stones, intruded by large masses of a light-gra}’ quartz porphyry. 
 These Triassic rocks and the intrusive are separated by a great fault 
 from the greenstone and overlying Chitistone limestone on the north. 
 The strike of the limestone is northwest and southeast, and its dip 
 averages between 25° and 35° NE. It therefore cuts diagonally 
 across the main ridge and appears at the glacier’s eastern edge, nearly 
 9 miles north of the head of Kennicott River. The limestone here has 
 a thickness of more than 1,000 feet. Still farther northeast the Tri- 
 assic shales conformably overlying the hea\w limestone reappear, but 
 they do not occur within the area of the copper-bearing rocks. 
 Bonanza Creek and the other creeks where copper claims have been 
 located lie wholly within the greenstone-limestone area. 
 
 The Bonanza mine (fig. 5) is situated on the west side of Bonanza 
 Creek, on a s})ur running down to the southwest from the main ridge. 
 This spur divides Bonanza Creek from a small southwestward-flowing 
 tributary heading just west of the mine, and is crossed by the 
 greenstone-limestone boundary about one-half mile southwest of the 
 main ridge. On the axis of the ridge this boundary has an elevation 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 374 PLATE VIII 
 
 BONANZA MINE, FROM HORSESHOE TRAIL. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 81 
 
 of approximately 6,000 feet above sea level, or 3,800 feet above the 
 mouth of National Creek, where the ore bins are to be built. To the 
 southwest the spur is greenstone ; to the northeast it is limestone, ris- 
 
 Fig. 5. — Sketch map of the Bonanza mine, showing the limestone-greenstone contact, the 
 location of the rich ores of the surface, and the tunnels. 
 
 ing to an elevation more than 1,000 feet greater than that of the 
 contact. 
 
 The greenstone immediately below the ore body is variable in 
 texture and general appearance. Part of it is amygdaloidal, but 
 
 68797— Bull. 374—09 6 
 
82 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 porphyritic intrusive phases are also present. Amygdules are not 
 confined to the upper part of a flow, but are present throughout from 
 bottom to top. In some places they have been dissolved out on ex- 
 posed surfaces, leaving a cellular rock that looks like a recent lava 
 Between the greenstone and overlying limestone ^lere is a bed of 
 green and red shale having a thickness of about 5 feet. This sha e 
 forms a narrow bench for a short distance along the northwest side 
 of the ridge, but is evervwhere covered with talus and is only found 
 after a careful search. The base of the limestone consists of not less 
 than 40 feet of coarse gray, slightly argillaceous rock, whose broken 
 surface in places is covered with flattened cylindrical bodies that im- 
 mediatelv suggest organic material of some kind, but a careful exami- 
 nation of the markings did not indicate such origin, and it is probable 
 that they merelv represent some peculiarity of fracture. Over this 
 is a few'feet of 'impure shaly limestone, which in turn is overlain by 
 dark and light-gray massive beds which carry the ore bodies. -U 
 the mine the limestone dip is slightly variable, but averages about 2^ 
 
 toward the northeast. ^ 
 
 The limestone is broken by numerous faults and fracture planes, 
 
 the most prominent of which are nearly perpendicular and range in 
 strike from N. 40° E. to X. 70° E. , A minor set of fault planes, with 
 about the same strike, dips steeply to the west. AnoUier set runs in 
 a northwesterlv direction, and in several places striations on slicken- 
 sided surfaces or clay seams show that the movement was horizontal. 
 
 Fault planes with low dips, some of them nearly horizontal, are 
 also present. None of the faults observed give evidence of 
 displacement, but together with the numerous joints they afforded 
 an opportunity for mineral-bearing waters to enter the limestone. 
 The principal fault planes— those running from northeast to soiitli- 
 .(vest— form what mav be described as a sheeted zone in the limestone. 
 This zone has a width of 50 or GO feet and extends through the shale 
 bed into the greenstone below, but is less noticeable in the greenstone 
 than in the limestone. A vertical displacement of 2 feet occurred 
 in the limestone-greenstone contact along one of the fault plan^ in 
 the shear zone and is the maximum displacement observed. 4 his 
 zone of fracture and slight displacement was not traced in a wel - 
 developed form for any considerable distance to the northeast, 
 although the limestone exposures are on the whole very good, and one 
 Avould expect to find it with little difficulty.® 
 
 The copper ores are chalcocite and azurite. The chalcocite is m 
 veins or tabular masses of solid ore up to 5 or G feet in thickness, 
 in large irregidarlv shaped bodies, and in stockworks in the biec- 
 ciateiriimestone. Two iirincipal veins of chal cocite are seen on the 
 
 « Since visiting this region the writers have been inforn^ that the shear zone crosses 
 to the McCarthy Creek side of the ridge northeast of the Bonanza mine. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 83 
 
 surface. They stand almost perpendicularly, 12 to 15 feet apart, 
 and strike N. 41° E., forming the comb of the sharp ridge, but cross- 
 ing it at a slight angle, as the ridge at this place has a more nearly 
 north-south direction than the veins. The veins do not extend down 
 into the impure lower part of the limestone, but end abruptly and 
 flatten out on reaching it. Tn places the precipitous northwest face 
 of the ridge is plastered over with masses of solid chalcocite for a 
 distance of 50 or 60 feet vertically below the top. 
 
 Azurite appears on the surface of the chalcocite and also as a 
 lining of small vugs in the glance, but it is present chiefly as thin 
 veins that form a network in the limestone and probably are due to 
 the alteration of original chalcocite veins, for some of the azurite 
 has an inner core of chalcocite. Azurite is more conspicuous than 
 chalcocite in the northern 150 feet of the ore bodv, but chalcocite 
 forms the great mass of the remainder. The ore bodies formed along 
 the northeast-southwest faults of the northern part of the deposit 
 are not the direct continuation of the large chalcocite veins at the 
 south, but lie in nearly parallel veins which cut the ridge at a greater 
 angle, their strike being about N. 60° to 70° E. The very rich ore 
 can be traced on the surface for a distance of about 250 feet. It 
 ends abruptly on the south in a nearly vertical limestone wall, but 
 on the north gives place to the lower grade ores, consisting of small 
 veins of azurite and chalcocite Avith scattered masses of chalcocite, 
 some of them weighing several tons. This lower-grade ore shows on 
 the surface for a distance of at least 150 feet northeast from the high- 
 grade ores, and small scattered azurite veins extend still farther in 
 that direction. The ore, as it shows on the surface, therefore, extends 
 northeast and southwest along the strike for a distance of 400 feet. 
 The thickness, however, is more indefinite, but the very rich ore, Avith 
 its included limestone, as seen at the surface, has a Avidth of approxi- 
 mately 25 feet, although the thickness of ore sufficiently rich to be 
 mined may be greater. 
 
 A little chalcocite and less bornite is found in some of the shearing 
 planes in the greenstone, but it does not extend far into the green- 
 stone. The quantity is small and inconspicuous and might readily 
 pass unobserved. A small amount of e})idote is associated Avith it in 
 places. The main shear zone in the greenstone cuts an older set of 
 quartz-epidote veins, Avhose direction is about north-northAvest. 
 These quartz-epidote veins do not intersect the limestone. TheA^ 
 reach a maximum thickness of 1 foot and carry small amounts of 
 chalcocite, bornite, and native copper. 
 
 Tavo crosscuts (fig. 5) have been dri\"en in the ore body in a direc- 
 tion N. 33° W. They are, therefore, not exactly perpendicular to it. 
 The longer of these crosscuts starts on the east side of the ridge and 
 75 feet below its top. It is 180 feet in length and extends through 
 
84 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA KEGION, ALASKA. 
 
 to the west side of the ridge. The richest ore, consisting of large 
 masses of chalcocite with some included limestone, is encountered 
 at a distance of 90 feet from the tunnel’s mouth and continues for a 
 distance of 21J feet, as measured in the roof. There are smaller 
 bodies of chalcocite, however, for a distance of 10 or 15 feet on either 
 side of the main ore body. About 115 feet from the entrance to the 
 tunnel a winze 33' feet deep Avas sunk in the ore, and from the bottom 
 a drift zigzags northward approximately 110 feet. 
 
 About 120 feet southwest of this tunnel is a parallel tunnel driven 
 from the west side of the ridge and 50 feet lower than the little 
 saddle above it on the north. This tunnel starts in a face of solid 
 chalcocite and extends S. 33° E. for 50 feet. The ore, which is chal- 
 cocite wdth a small amount of azurite, is exposed for 34 feet along 
 the tunnel, but is interrupted by horses of limestone. The remainder 
 of the tunnel shows limestone cut by small azurite veins and in places 
 containing a small amount of chalcocite. 
 
 SE. 
 
 SW. wall 
 
 I I 
 
 0 5 10 15 feet 
 
 1 I I I I I I I 
 
 Fig. 6. — Sketch showing form of ore body exposed in the main or northern tunnel at the 
 
 Bonanza mine. 
 
 A better conception of the form of the ore bodies can be obtained 
 by an examination of figs. 5, 6, and 7 than can be given in a Avritteri 
 description. The tAvo main parallel surface A^eins afford only an 
 imperfect idea of the deposit. Those tAvo A^eins represent a total 
 replacement of limestone along minor zones where shearing Avas most 
 intense. The tAvo tunnels shoAv that not only is the limestone re- 
 placed along the main shear zone, but that mineralized Avaters fol- 
 loAved minor fracture planes also, and thus yielded the loAV-lying ore 
 bodies and great irregular masses seen underground. BetAveen and 
 around the large masses of chalcocite the limestone Avas shattered 
 and filled Avith many small A^eins of ore, forming a stockAvork that 
 is most noticeable in the Avinze tunnel and on the surface northeast 
 of the main ore body. As a rule the bi-ittle chalcocite is A^ery little 
 fractured. The limestone, on the other hand, is greatly shattered 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 85 
 
 and is filled with thin veins of calcite, which are older than the ore 
 deposition. Open cavities in the fractured limestone have been filled 
 with ice, and both the country rock and the talus on either side of 
 this ridge are frozen all summer except for a few feet at the surface. 
 The talus slopes below the ore body contain a large quantity of chal- 
 cocite resulting from weathering of the veins above and are a valua- 
 ble source of copper. 
 
 It is a suggestive fact that, although the main shear zone of the 
 Bonanza mine extends from the limestone through the thin shale bed 
 into the greenstone below, the large chalcocite bodies, so far as can 
 be determined on the surface, end abruptly at the top of the impure 
 shaly beds forming the lower 50 or 60 feet of the limestone. Copper 
 minerals are associated with the shear zone in the greenstone, but only 
 in small amount. Apparently the impure thin-bedded part of the 
 limestone was a less favorable place for deposition than the purer 
 
 Fig. 7. — Sketch showing form of ore body exposed in the southern tunnel at the Bonanza 
 
 mine. 
 
 massive beds above. This fact has a practical bearing on the quan- 
 tity of ore present, for it is evident that if the same condition con- 
 tinues underground it limits the downward extension of chalcocite in 
 the limestone. The continuation of the ore body to the northeast will 
 probably be limited chiefly by the continuation of the shear zone in 
 that direction. The exact conditions which determined the deposi- 
 tion of the Bonanza ore body are not known ; possibly it was the pres- 
 ence of a shear zone favorable to circulation, but its occurrence 
 together with that of the Jumbo and Erie chalcocite bodies to the 
 northwest indicates that favorable conditions for deposition have been 
 established in more than one place and offer encouragement for seek- 
 ing other chalcocite bodies at the base of the Chitistone formation. 
 
 From the description that has been given it will be seen that there 
 IS little on the surface or in the tunnels by which to determine that 
 the ore body has a greater extension from southwest to northeast than 
 
86 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA KEGION, ALASKA. 
 
 about 400 feet, or, at most, 450 feet, or that it extends down into the 
 basal beds of the Chitistone limestone. It is evident, however, that 
 the Bonanza is an exceedingly rich and unusual body of copper ore. 
 
 JUMBO CREEK. 
 
 From the Bonanza mine the Chitistone limestone continues north- 
 westward in a succession of lofty cliffs as far as Kennicott Glacier. 
 The base of these cliffs is at the greenstone contact, and in many places 
 contains veinlets and stringers of azurite or chalcocite. In at least 
 two places the quantity of these two minerals, especially of the chal- 
 cocite, is such as to make the deposits of commercial importance. 
 
 The ore body of the Jumbo claim is 4,600 feet northwest of the 
 Bonanza, at the head of Jumbo Creek, and is located in limestone 
 just above the greenstone-limestone contact on a small southwestward 
 projecting spur or angle of the limestone cliff. South of it and nearly 
 200 feet below is the glacier in which J umbo Creek heads and which 
 must be crossed to reach the ore body. The Jumbo and Bonanza ore 
 bodies are at practically the same elevation above sea level, approxi- 
 mately 6,000 feet. 
 
 The limestone at the Jumbo is made up near the base of slightly 
 cherty beds ranging in thickness from. 8 to 12 inches, die stiike is 
 N. 65° W., the dip 35° N. A tunnel 12 feet long Avas started on the 
 south face of the ridge, 10 feet above the greenstone. The limestone 
 is jointed or cut by minor faults parallel to the bedding and is crossed 
 by veins of calcite from 1 to 2 inches thick. Thin veins of chalcocite 
 and azurite accompany them and fill some of the fractures. SeA^en 
 feet above the tunnel mouth is the east end of a large chalcocite mass, 
 Avhich is Avell exposed on the axis of the ridge. As indicated on the 
 surface, this body of ore is a mass of solid chalcocite 30 feet long. 6 
 feet by 4 feet 6 inches at the Avest end, and tapering to a diameter of 
 1 foot at the east end. It appears to be a rudely lenticular or possibly 
 a conical body, but has irregularly shaped protuberances, as may be 
 seen at the west end, AAdiere the steep Avest face or slope of the spur 
 gives a cross section of the ore bodt^ (See fig. 8.) 
 
 A little AA"ay east of the Jumbo tunnel is a second tunnel in lime- 
 stone a short distance above the greenstone. The tunnel runs neaily 
 north or slightly to the northeast in limestone that strikes X. 65° A . 
 and dips 25° x!! In the tunnel, Avhich is 12 feet long, the limestone 
 is crushed and jointed. Small A^eins of calcite and azurite up to 24 
 inches in thickness fill joint cracks, especially a set of perpendicular 
 minor faults or slip planes running X. 70° A . Xo chalcocite is 
 exposed in the tunnel, but it is belieA’ed that the azurite indicates its 
 former presence. Fifty feet beloAA' the tunnel a lenticular A’^ein of 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 87 
 
 chalcocite, 3 inches thick at its widest part and 3 feet long, was found 
 in the limestone. 
 
 Northwest of the Jumbo claim and nearer Kennicott Glacier is 
 another chalcocite body, the Erie, of similar character, that is said 
 to be larger than the Jumbo. This property was not visited by the 
 Survey party, nor was the Independence gi'oup of claims visited, 
 which lies 000 or 1,000 feet below the top of the ridge between 
 Bonanza and McCarthy creeks, on the McCarthy Creek side. The 
 vein of the Independence is in greenstone, and is described by Men- 
 denhall® as being a fairly persistent fissure vein from () to 8 inches 
 wide and trending obliquely to the limestone-greenstone contact. The 
 
 KRIE AND INDEPENDENCE CLAIMS. 
 
 vein mentioned is one of a number that occur in a sheeted zone strik 
 ing N. 38° E. and made up of a number of small fissures, most of 
 which contain considerable calcite. This zone passes from the green- 
 stone into the limestone, and has its greatest width, about 50 feet, at 
 the contact. The ore is found in the greenstone only, and consists 
 essentially of chalcocite, which fills fracture openings and permeates 
 the greenstone between them. In places the chalcocite is present as 
 amygdaloidal fillings in the greenstone. It is later than the calcite 
 filling of the sheeted zone, and gradually disappears with increasing 
 distance from the zone of mineralization. The main shear zone inter- 
 sects a system of quartz-epidote veins striking N. 78° E. and carrying 
 
 “Mendenhall, W. C., Geology of the central Copper River region, Alaska : I’rof. Paper 
 P. S. Geol. Survey No. 41, 190G, p. 104, 
 
gg the KOTSmA-CHITINA KEGION, ALASKA. 
 
 a small amount of bornite. Except for the absence of chalcocite 
 bodies in the limestone, there is a marked similarity between the 
 occurrence of copper minerals in this locality and that at the Bonanza. 
 
 NIKOLAI CREEK. 
 
 The Nikolai mine, on Nikolai Creek, a tributary of McCarthy 
 Creek emptying into Kennicott River a short distance below t le 
 glacier, was' not visited by the Survey party, as no work has been 
 done there since the claim was patented, and the shaft was reporter 
 to be filled with snow and ice. The following description is quoted 
 from the report of Schrader and Spencer.® 
 
 Nikolai mine.— The Nikolai mine is located on the creek of the same name, 
 tributary to McCarthy Creek from the east. [See PI. X, A.] The occimence 
 has probably been known to the natives for a long time, and was revealed bj 
 an Indian named Jack to Mr. Edward Gates, who, though he had never Msited 
 the locality, was able to find it with the aid of a map drawn by Mkolai, late 
 Chief of the Taral Indians. 
 
 The Nikolai mine is situated 1,000 feet or more above timber line, at an 
 elevation of 4,200 feet. The country rock in the lower part of the creek is 
 Triassic shale intruded by porphyry, but a great fault brings up the Nyoai 
 greenstone, which forms the bed rock from the vicinity of the mam forks of 
 the creek to a point above the mine. On the south side of the gulch, opposite 
 the mine, the greenstone is opposed by the unconformable beds of the Keuni- 
 cott formation, but to the north the Chitistone massive limestone is seen dip- 
 ping steeply into the mountains, and this is followed by the Triassic shales, 
 covering a large area between McCarthy Creek and Nizina B.n er. 
 
 The vein occurs in the greenstone at a horizon not more than 50 feet be ow 
 the bottom of the limestone, which outcrops in the creek bed a fev himciec 
 feet above the shaft. It is a true fissure vein, with well-marked walls, am 
 there has been displacement or faulting along it to the amount of perhaps aO 
 feet, with the upthrow on the northwest. The course of ^ the fissuie ^alles 
 from N. 50° E. to N. 55° E., and the vein dips about 65° SE. It may he 
 traced for several thousand feet, though it shows no ore on the surface except 
 near the place of discovery. The main fissure is paralleled at a distance of 
 00 and 140 feet, respectively, by two fissures which, though less pTOimiient 
 also contain copper minerals, and the rock between is cut by many stringers of 
 ore In the vicinity of the shaft the main vein has a width of from 8 to l- 
 feet and is divided about equally by a horse of greenstone 3 or 4 feet across, 
 in which the shaft has been sunk. The ore on either side of the horse is 
 practically pure bornite, with only a small amount of quartz associated in an 
 irregular ‘way. Locally, as shown near the creek bed, there is a hand of 
 chalcopyrite lying next to the hanging wall. The development in the latter 
 part of August, 1900, consisted of a shaft 30 feet in depth, and an open cii 
 along the vein for perhaps 50 feet. Throughout this distance ore having a 
 thickness of from 2 to 4 feet had been exposed, and in the bottom of the sha 
 the horse had been penetrateil and bornite ore was found on the foot-wall side. 
 The development has been sufficient to show the presence of a large shoot o 
 ore which can be mined from the present shaft or from a short adit wliic i 
 could be driven to cut the vein at a depth of perhaps 100 feet, but whether the 
 
 “Schrader, F. C., and Spencer, .V. C., Op. cit., pp. 8G 8<. 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 374 PLATE IX 
 
 NIKOLAI VEIN AND SHAFT. B. VEIN OF HENRY PRATHER CLAIM. 
 
„ . _ ;■ ;ir'^ ■4'i^ 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 89 
 
 ore is generally distributed or wbether there are other large ore bodies along 
 its course is yet to be determined. 
 
 A good trail, a mile or more in length, has been constructed from the camp 
 at timber line to the mine. During the summer of 1900 about a dozen men 
 were engaged in the exploitation of the Nikolai mine. 
 
 (HITISTOXK RIVER BASIN. 
 
 MAIN STREAM. 
 
 Chitistone River is a southtvestward-flowing tributary of the 
 Nizina and joins tliat stream approximately 30 miles abov^e its mouth. 
 It heads in the glaciers which cover the divide between Copper and 
 White rivers, and its valley is one of the routes by which ^prospectors 
 reach Skolai Pass and the White River Glacier. Between the lower 
 end of the Chitistone Glacier and Nizina River the stream has a 
 length of 18 miles, but the copper properties on which most work 
 has been done are situated within the lower 10 miles of the valley. 
 Within this lower 10 miles Chitistone River flows over a broad 
 gravel-covered flat, ranging in width from one-half to 1 mile. The 
 largest tributaries are Glacier and Toby creeks, both flowing in a 
 northwesterly direction and joining the main stream within 2 miles 
 of each other. The mouth of Glacier Creek, the more westerly of 
 the two tributaries, is 7 miles from Nizina River. The larger tribu- 
 taries, including two or three besides the two named, hav^e broad 
 gravel-covered valley floors similar to that of the Chitistone itself, 
 but much narrower and with higher gradients. The smaller tribu- 
 taries tumble down steep, rock-walled gulches. 
 
 For more than half its length the valley of Chitistone River is 
 cut in Nikolai greenstone and the overlying heavy Chitistone lime- 
 stone. In this vicinity the limestone reaches the maximum thick- 
 ness observed, at least 2,000 feet. South of the river it dips gently 
 northward, forming a conspicuous cap on the greenstone that may 
 be seen for many miles to the southwest, and everywhere it lies at 
 least 1,000 feet above the valley floor. On the north side of the river, 
 between Nizina River and Glacier Creek, the whole mountain mass, 
 except two or three hundred feet at the base, is Chitistone limestone 
 extending to an elevation of more than 4,000 feet above the valley. 
 On the west side of Nizina River the limestone is seen to dip to the 
 north at about 30°, so that the great thickness on the east side repre- 
 sents the central low-lying portion of a large syncline. Farther up 
 the valley Triassic and other younger rocks with granular intrusions 
 and included coal beds appear. 
 
 Copper is found on Chitistone River in both the greenstone and 
 the limestone, but in 1907 development had not revealed any con- 
 siderable ore bodies. On the Chitistone itself most of the work had 
 been done by the Houghton Alaska Exploration Company and by 
 
90 THE KOTSIKA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 the Alaska United Copper Exploration Company, the first-named 
 company directing its efforts to prospecting claims north of the 
 mouth of Glacier Creek on the north side of the river and to claims 
 on the south side of the river about 4 miles below Glacier Creek, and 
 the second to j^rospecting ground on Contact Gidch opposite the 
 mouth of Toby Creek. A large number of claims have been staked, 
 including practically all of the limestone-greenstone contact, but 
 some of them show nothing but the green carbonate stain. 
 
 Glacier Creek, among the tributaries of Chitistone River, is at 
 present the area of greatest promise. Native copper is the ore 
 chiefly found. 
 
 The property of the Houghton Alaska Exploration Company west 
 of Glacier Creek on Chitistone River, on which most work has been 
 done, lies at the limestone-greenstone contact 1,225 feet above the 
 river valley. A tunnel 20 feet long follows a fault in the limestone 
 running S. 30° E. and dipping 70° to 80° E. This tunnel lies just 
 above the greenstone contact at the top of a large limestone talus 
 slope. Fifteen feet higher and 20 feet farther east is a slope about 
 25 feet long driven on the dip of a fault parallel to the bedding, which 
 strikes N. 60° E. and dips 35° S. There is a fault zone of crushed 
 country rock which has a thickness of 4 feet on the west side of the 
 slope, but diminishes to 2 feet on the east side and practically dies out 
 at a short distance from the mouth. It can be followed for 15 feet 
 westward and is then cut off by a cross fault, giving it a lenticular 
 cross section with a maximum thickness of 4 feet and a length of 
 about 25 feet. The limestone is further cut by many small calcite 
 veins. The fault zone is heavily impregnated with blue and green 
 copper carbonate, accompanied by epidote. Iron oxide also is 
 abundant in the crushed zone. The cojiper minerals penetrate the 
 country" rock, coating ihe joint planes with green carbonate, but 
 azurite is almost restricted to the crushed zone. 
 
 The central camp of the Alaska United Copper Exploration Com- 
 pany is at the mouth of Contact Gulch, opposite Toby Creek, and 
 most of the summer’s work Avas done in that vicinity, although the 
 compaii}^ owns many other claims. A large part of the season Avas 
 consumed in the construction of a cabin and trails by Avhich the 
 prospects, situated oA^er 2.000 feet aboA^e the mouth of Contact Gulch, 
 may be reached. Bornite in greenstone is the principal ore, but not 
 enough development has yet been done to iweal any large body of it. 
 
 GLACIER CREEK. 
 
 XatiA^e copper is found on Glacier Creek in a small gulch about 1 
 mile above the loAver end of the glacier, or 6 miles above the mouth of 
 the creek. This copper A\as knoAAui to the Indians, Avho broke out 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES. 
 
 91 
 
 fragments from the bed rock. The outcrop is on the northwest side 
 of a steep gulch 625 feet above the glacier and less than half a mile 
 from it. The gulch is reached by a trail over a high rock cliff, by 
 going along the north side of the glacier between the ice and the 
 bank or by crossing diagonally from the south side of the glacier. 
 Traveling along the glacier’s side is dangerous because of almost 
 continuous rock slides, and is not possible at all in some seasons. 
 
 The country rock is a series of bedded amygdaloidal greenstone 
 flows, and the copper is seemingly restricted to a particular one of 
 these beds. Nearly 75 feet above the creek, on the claim known as the 
 Chiti, the greenstone is cut by a fault running N. 10° E. and dipping 
 40° W., almost parallel to a bed of greenstone filled with black 
 arnygdules, consisting of a mixture of copper oxide and carbonaceous 
 matter, and cut by small veins of the same m.aterial. Above and be- 
 low this bed, whose maximum thickness is 8 feet, is greenstone with 
 quartz arnygdules and only a small amount of the black mineral. 
 In the main open cut the fault appears at first glance to form the 
 hanging wall, but there is a small thickness, not over 2 feet, of the 
 black amygdaloidal greenstone just above it. Thirty feet farther 
 north along the strike the fault is at the foot wall, and here the black 
 amygdaloidal rock has its greatest thickness, 8 feet. The main fault 
 changes its direction here and strikes more nearly east and west. It is 
 cut by minor faults and slightly displaced. The black amygdaloidal 
 rock is covered by slide rock 50 feet south of the largest cut, but con- 
 tinues with decreasing thickness northeastward for about 200 feet. 
 The large fault, however, is easily traced for not less than 300 feet. 
 
 Copper is present as malachite, native copper, chalcocite, and 
 cuprite. Masses of native copper weighing several pounds are 
 found, but it is present chiefly as small specks in the greenstone and 
 the black arnygdules and as thin sheets or leaves of about the thick- 
 ness of paper and small stringers in the greenstone. The larger 
 masses occur in sponge or netlike form inclosing country rock. The 
 largest one seen in place was not over 8 inches in diameter, but a 
 quartz vein 300 feet north of the main cut yielded a mass weighing 
 about 60 pounds. The fault with traces of the black amygdaloidal 
 rqck and some copper are reported to be found still farther to the 
 northeast, but were not followed. 
 
 DAN (REEK. 
 
 Dan Creek is the first tributary to Nizina River below the Chiti- 
 stone, from which it is separated by a mountain mass made up of 
 Nikolai greenstone capped by gently northward-dipping Chitistone 
 limestone (PI. X, A). On the northern side of this mountain mass 
 the limestone-greenstone contact at its lowest point is only a few 
 hundred feet above Chitistone River. On the southern or Dan Creek 
 
92 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 side, however, it ranges from 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the stream 
 (PI. X, 5). A further description of the geography and geology 
 of Dan Creek is given in the account of its gold placers on pages 97-99. 
 
 Just beloAv the contact, north of Dan Creek, the greenstone in 
 many places is stained Avith copper green and contains small stringers 
 and bunches of coj)per minerals, chiefly bornite. This is said to be 
 , particularly true of a zone of greenstone extending for a long dis- 
 tance along the contact and situated about 30 feet below it. 
 
 At the head of Boulder Creek, Avhich joins Dan Creek beloAv the 
 canyon, is a claim called the Westover, belonging to the Alaska 
 United Copper Exploration Company. The exposed ore is a mass 
 of bornite at or just above the limestone-greenstone contact. This 
 ore body is entirely in the limestone and is unusual in that the other 
 known similarly situated copper deposits of the eastern portion of 
 the Chitina copper region are chalcocite rather than bornite. The 
 surface exposure has a length, in a horizontal direction, of 30 feet and 
 a maximum Avidth of 8 feet. At one end the ore consists of nearly 
 pure bornite, Avhose boundaries Avith the inclosing limestone are 
 rather sharply deflned. At the other end it gradually fades into the 
 country rock. Xo development Avork has been done other than to 
 clear aAvay the face of the exposure. 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 THE NTZTNA PLACERS. 
 
 LOCATION AM) HISTORY. 
 
 The Nizina placer district, as noAv knoAvn, embraces in a general 
 sense the drainage areas of Dan, Chititu, and Young creeks, Avhich 
 floAv into Nizina KiA^er from the east and south. Young Creek 
 empties into the Nizina about 20 miles aboA^e its mouth, Chititu Creek 
 comes in about 1 mile above Young Creek, and Dan Creek. floAvs ipto 
 the main river about 4 miles farther upstream. 
 
 The discovery and location of these placers in 1902 has been de- 
 scribed by ^lendenhall and Schrader." After passing through the 
 stampede stage of exploration the Nizina district relapsed into a 
 period during Avhich a great many of the claims as originally located 
 Avere Avorked only on a small scale in an unprofitable manner. From 
 one cause or another much of the better ground Avas soon involved in 
 laAvsuits AAdncli. until last year, 1906, Avere not settled in a Avay to 
 justify systematic AAork necessitating an iiiA^estment of capital. 
 
 " Mim-ral rosourc(‘s of tin* Mount AA’ranKell district, .Alaska : Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. 
 Survey Xo. I!"*, 100.*], pp. .A9-61. 
 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 BULLETIN 374 PLATE X 
 
 A. CONTACT OF CHITISTONE LIMESTONE AND NIKOLAI GREENSTONE. 
 East side of Nizina River, about a mile below mouth of Chitistone River. 
 
 n. LOOKING ACROSS NIZINA RIVER INTO VALLEY OF DAN CREEK. 
 Chitistone limestone capping Nikolai greenstone on left; Triassic limestone-shale on right. 
 
• * - * * . V 
 
 - ^ *4 ‘ . • -^ . '». ^ w^^-ViT ' • T -T-k — i» ■! I ■-----^-. ^ ^ — T»!«t*-’I— 
 
 
 
 Ht gt » • - ^ I^H " *• -fci^ f**' • 'vTr'*^' kl*"- l^Sl^K ^ 
 
 ri- .- 
 
 #,m_, V. . - ^ .»:■ -.r 
 
 ,'^ ' »-v ' 
 
 aCf ^ .•• »:• 4 
 
 11 %' t ; 
 
 
 A MM 4^^ ' • 
 
 •-4L %'f:^!!. 
 
 
 klKk 
 
 
 i-^ 
 
 >:-A^ . 
 
THE NIZINA GOLD PLACERS. 
 
 93 
 
 GEOLOGIC SKETCH. 
 
 The bed-rock floor of this area is, so far as known, made up of a 
 series of shales with a few thin limestones that are rather commonly 
 intruded by dikes and sheets of light-colored porphyry. This bed 
 rock on Chititu and Dan creeks is for the most part a dark, fine- 
 grained, homogeneous shale in which there is very little limestone. 
 These shales are hard and closely jointed and have been intricately 
 folded and contorted. They have also been subjected to faulting, 
 some of which is very recent, as it has. occurred since the uncon- 
 solidated Pleistocene bench gravels that lie unconformably upon the 
 shales were deposited. It is probable that this shale bed rock is the 
 floor upon which rests the thick sheet of bench gravel deposits that, 
 so far as known, appear to extend from the northern slopes of the 
 valley of Dan Creek along the gently sloping mountain sides that 
 form the eastern side of the Nizina Valley to and probably beyond 
 Young Creek. Schrader and Spencer represent the higher moun- 
 tains to the east as made up of this series of shales and thin-bedded 
 limestone. . 
 
 The broad depression between the Skolai and Chugach mountains 
 is floored by unconsolidated deposits, whose character and origin have 
 already been discussed. A part of them Avas laid doAvn in Avater ; an- 
 other part Avas deposited Avithout sorting by Avater. The important 
 deposits of the Nizina region, hoAvever, Avere mainly Avater laid and 
 include the bench and stream gravels. Of the tAvo the bench gravels 
 are of less present commercial importance, although in amount they 
 greatly exceed the stream deposits. 
 
 The general distribution of this thick graA^el terrane appears 
 to correspond to the benchlike surface feature that extends along 
 the eastern side of Nizina Valley from Dan Creek to Young Creek 
 and beyond in a southAvesterly direction. The gravels apparently 
 have their upper eastward limits about the middle altitudes of the 
 mountain sides. They gradually slope doAvn toAvard the Avest to an 
 elevation of about 3,000 feet above the sea level, Avhere the surface 
 descends more abruptly for seA’-eral hundred feet and thence continues 
 on to the west for 2 to 6 miles as a gradually sloping A^alley floor to 
 Nizina River, where the elevation is about 1,400 feet. 
 
 It is not knoAvn to Avhat extent the distribution of the gravels may 
 depend on the configuration of the rock floor beneath them, but con- 
 siderable topographic irregularities exist both in slope of surface and 
 in surface forms, giving rise to ridges, valleys, and hills such as Avould 
 be presented by a rolling topography of moderate relief. These 
 topographic features have been factors in the original distribution 
 of the gravels, and their consideration is important in studying the 
 Nizina placers, for the reason that at the present time the evidence 
 
94 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA EEGION, ALASKA. 
 
 points toward the bench gravels on this older land surface as being 
 the source from which the supply of gold in the present stream or 
 creek gravels is chiefly derived. 
 
 The view that the easily worked creek gravels of the present 
 streams have received their gold from a source in the higher bench 
 gravels is amply substantiated by the fact that the presence of gold 
 in the bench gravels has been established. At several localities on 
 Chititu Creek the bench gravels have been prospected systematically 
 by tunnels following the bed-rock surface, and it has been found that 
 gold is present in no inconsiderable amount, and that while the values 
 are naturally highest on or near bed rock, yet considerable gold is 
 present for some distance above bed rock. Under present conditions, 
 however, it does not seem that the bench gravels can be worked profit- 
 ably, though when supplies and labor can be obtained at lower cost 
 it may prove profitable to mine them by tunnel and drift methods, or 
 possibly by hydraulicking on a large scale. The bench gravels are 
 not frozen, as are similar deposits in some parts of Alaska, conse- 
 quently in working them by tunnels and drifts it is necessary to 
 timber the workings thoroughly, an item of expense that increases 
 the cost of such operations. It is by no means improbable that there 
 may be old channels in the rock floor underlying these gravels where 
 placer gold has been concentrated in amounts large enough to pay for 
 mining by timbered tunnels and drifts. It may also be found that 
 over some areas the bench gravels are not too thick to be profitably 
 worked by hydraulic methods, even if a considerable thickness of 
 overburden should have to be removed to reach the pay ground. 
 Systematic and thorough sampling of large areas by drilling test 
 holes should precede any contemplated installatioii for working 
 gravels. 
 
 The present stream gravels of Dan, Chititu, and Young creeks are 
 the deposits in which gold Avas first discovered and on Avhich acti^^e 
 operations are now being conducted. They are in part derived from 
 the bench gravels and in part by the cutting of the streams in their 
 own bed-rock channels. These deposits are more fully described in 
 connection Avith the indiAudual creeks. 
 
 The suggestion that the present auriferous creek deposits have been 
 derived from the thick mantle of bench graA^els leads to a considera- 
 tion of the source of the bench graA^els and the placer metals they 
 contain. BoAvlders, col)bles, and pebbles of greenstone, Avith a con- 
 siderable amount of natiA’e copper, are characteristic materials of the 
 bench graA^ls. A fcAv of these co]>per nuggets Aveigh more than 100 
 pounds, but most of tliem run about 1 or 2 ounces. The nearest 
 knoAvn source for the greenstone and iiatiAT' copper of these gravels is 
 on the north side of the valley of Dan Creek, and thence nortliAvard 
 in the area of Chitistone Iviver. Here are areas of irreenstones in 
 
THE NIZINA GOLD PLACERS. 
 
 95 
 
 which some small amounts of native copjDer are known to occur, but 
 no gold has been reported from these rocks. The following state- 
 ments are quoted from the report by Mendenhall and Schrader : ® 
 
 The rocks throughout the greater part of the district are reported by Schrader 
 and Spencer to be the black shales and thin limestones of the Triassic, but in 
 the northern part of the basin of Dan Creek the Nikolai greenstone and the 
 overlying heavy-bedded Chitistone limestone outcrop. There is a doubtful 
 region about the head of Young Creek, where these older rocks may also be 
 found. 
 
 The black Triassic shales are reported to be intruded in this region, as they 
 are known to be in other localities, by abundant porphyritic dikes, and the gold 
 may be found to be genetically connected with these intrusives. 
 
 So far no facts have been brought to light to show whether the 
 porphyry dikes in the Triassic shales may be a possible source of 
 gold or not. On the other hand, it has been reported by a prospector 
 that free gold occurs in the conglomerates of the Kennicott for- 
 mation in this region. This formation has been assigned to the Up])er 
 Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous, and at present the only rocks of this 
 age known to occur in the Nizina placer area lie south of Young 
 Creek. There is also an area on the Avest side of Xizina Kiver, oppo- 
 site the mouth of Chitistone River. The Kennicott formation as noAv 
 known occurs in isolated areas, of no very great extent, distributed 
 from Kotsina River to the mountains south of Young Creek. It lies 
 unconformably upon the Triassic shales and limestones and older 
 greenstones. This series of conglomerates Avas no doubt formerly 
 very much more Avidely distributed than it is at present. ExtensiA^e 
 deposits of it haA^e probably been entirely carried aAvay by erosion, 
 land if they Avere gold bearing, in part or as a Avhole, it can easily l)e 
 seen how such a source might have supplied the present bench gravels 
 in the Nizina district. 
 
 CHITITU ( REEK. 
 
 The stream graA^els of Chititu Creek (fig. 9) and its tributaries 
 haA^e received the most attention in this district. The upper half of 
 Chititu Creek occupies a comparativ^ely narroAv valley that is exca- 
 vated to a depth of 200 to 400 feet through the thick deposits of 
 bench gravels and exposes the underlying shale. In this shale bed 
 rock the stream has carA^ed a trough from 200 to 700 feet Avide and 
 from 10 to 50 feet deep, conforming in slope Avith the surface of the 
 rock fioor. The trough is filled to a depth of 8 to 16 feet by recent 
 stream graA^els mainly derived from the adjacent bench graATls. In 
 brief, the Avhole process has been that of a natural ground sluicing 
 of the bench gravels. The bed-rock flume or sluiceway is paved with 
 boAvlders and cobbles, and in the natural riffles thus formed the gold 
 and copper have been concentrated. 
 
 “Mendenhall, W. C., and Schrader, F. C., Prof. PaiH'r F. S. (jeol. Sui’vey No. L5, 
 p. 61. 
 
96 THE KOTSINA-CHITIIs'A KEGION, ALASKA. 
 
 Only one of the original locators of claims on Chititu Creek has 
 developed his holdings along conservative and consistent lines from 
 the time of their discovery. On claim No. 11 above Discover}^ open- 
 cut work was begun with pick and shovel. During the second season 
 canvas hose was used, and finally a small hydraulic plant with giants 
 
 was installed. This plant has been improved from year to year and 
 the results obtained have been increasingly satisfactory to the owner. 
 
 In 1907 active development work was begun on a group of claims 
 that includes tlie major portion of the ])lacer ground on Chititu 
 Creek. A complete hydraulic plant, supplemented by a well- 
 
 I'To. 0. — Sketch map of a part of Chititu Creek, showing location of claims and relation of bench and stream gravels. 
 
THE NIZINA GOLD PLACERS. 
 
 97 
 
 equipped sawmill run by water power and an electric-lighting plant 
 to aid in night work during the latter part of the open season, was 
 during the winter taken over the snow and ice to Chititu Creek from 
 Valdez, a distance of 200 miles, by means of horses and . ^ds. This 
 method of transportation is the only way by which any c msiderable 
 quantity of material can be conveyed into the Copper iver region 
 at the present time. Even when economically conducted, on a large 
 scale involving quantities of 100 tons or more, such transportation 
 from Valdez to the Nizina district has never cost less than $130 per 
 ton. On small shipments the cost may be as much as $400 per ton. 
 
 The greater part of the open season of 1907 was spent in installing 
 this plant on the lower eight claims on Chititu Creek. The sawmill 
 was erected on claim No. 4, above Discovery, to supply lumber for 
 flumes, buildings, and other purposes. A large amount of hydraulic 
 pipe was riveted together from the separate sheets, and as the season 
 progressed the whole plant, with dam and headgates on claim No. 8 
 above, the flume and pipe lines, lighting plant, etc., was assembled 
 in working order, so that by the close of the season all arrangements 
 were completed for beginning active mining on claim No. 1 with 
 the opening of the season of 1908. 
 
 DAN ( KEEK. 
 
 Dan Creek, in point of size, is the first important tributary to 
 Xizina River above Chititu Creek, and, as has been previous!}^ stated, 
 is also the first one below Chitistone River. Its general course is west- 
 northwest, and it joins the Nizina at the point where that stream, 
 flowing southAvard from the Skolai Mountains, abruptly changes its 
 course to the Avest. The drainage area of Dan Creek covers approxi- 
 mately 45 square miles and is nearly as broad as it is long. 
 
 The stream for a distance of nearly a mile beloAV the place where 
 it emerges from the mountains floAvs across the graA^el floor of the 
 Nizina River valley, but is raised slightly aboA^e it by the broad, Ioav, 
 fan-shaped deposit of gravels it has brought doAvn from above. The 
 valley above this portion of the stream presents three different to- 
 pographic features. For nearly 2 miles Dan Creek has cut its Avay 
 through the deep bench gravels bordering the Nizina Valley and has 
 excavated a shalloAv trough in the country rock. In this narroAv 
 trough the stream graA-el is laid doAvn. Above this portion the chan- 
 nel is in a narroAV box canyon, Avhich finally expands into the more 
 open basin-like upper valley. Tavo principal branches unite above 
 the canyon to form the main stream. The northern branch retains 
 the name Dan Creek; the other is knoAvn as Copper Creek. 
 
 The bed rock, as naturally exposed or as uncoA^ered by mining oper- 
 ations along the loAver part of Dan Creek, is made up of Triassic shales 
 68797— Bull. 374—09 7 
 
98 
 
 THE KOTSINA-CHITINA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 intruded by light-gray porphyritic and greenstone dikes. These 
 shales, so far as is now known, occupy most of the area south of Dan 
 Creek to Chitina River. Xorth of Dan Creek is the Nikolai green- 
 stone, overlain hy a heavy capping of Chitistone limestone that forms 
 the top of the mountain mass between Dan Creek and Chitistone 
 River (PL X, B). The unnatural position of the Triassic shales 
 south of the stream with reference to the greenstone north of it is be- 
 lieved to have been brought about by a great fault extending through 
 the valley from southeast to northwest and removing from view the 
 Chitistone limestone which normally should be present between the 
 m-eenstone and shales. This fault continues nortlnvestward at least 
 as far as Lakina River. 
 
 I^lacer mining is at present restricted to the areas above and below 
 the canyon. Above the canyon most work has been done on Copper 
 Creek. This part of the stream is difficult to reach with supplies, and 
 only a few men were at work there in 1907. Most of them were doing 
 nothing but assessment work, and }^et a few thousand dollars in gold 
 have been produced during the several years since work began. The 
 creek claims below the canyon are under one control, and, though the 
 gold production has not been large owing to the difficulty of working 
 the ground, prospecting has shown that gold is present. 
 
 Placer gold is associated with two classes of deposits, the- present 
 stream gravels and the older and much more extensive bench gravels. 
 Mining or prospecting has been carried on in both of these. ' Undoubt- 
 edly a great part of the gold in the present stream is a concentration 
 from the benches through which the creek has cut its channel. 
 Whether any part of it has been brought by the present stream di- 
 rectly from its original source — that is, a source other than the higher 
 unconsolidated bench gravels — to the place it now occupies, was not 
 determined. 
 
 The first claim below the canyon is No. 7 and the numbers decrease 
 downstream. Near the camp a cut approximately 400 feet long and 
 as wide as the shovelers could Avork at one settino; of the boxes Avas 
 made in the creek gravels of claim No. o. Directly aboA^e is a larger 
 cut nearly as long and aA^raging about 75 feet in Avidth. The bed 
 rock is hard, close-jointed shale cut by dikes of light yelloAvish-gray 
 j)or|)hyry and of greenstone. The gravel and its slight soil coati’- 
 ing range in thickness from 8 to 12 feet. The graA^l consists in part 
 of shale fragments and contains a large percentage of greenstone and 
 jiorphyry. Some of the boAvlders in the large cut have diameters as 
 great as 4 feet and many of them average 10 oi- 12 indies in maximum 
 diameter. All of this material has been more or less rounded by 
 stream action. It is poorly bedded, and spruce logs and fragments 
 of Avood are bui-ied in it. The large cut Avas made by piling up a 
 AA'all of boAvlders along the graAT'l face, thus forcing the creek Avater 
 
REALGAR. 
 
 99 
 
 to undercut the bank and cause it to cave. Bed rock was then cleaned 
 by hand. Such work is expensive, as it requires several handlings 
 of all the larger material. A third cut, 300 feet long and one box 
 wide, on claim No. 6 showed gravel and bed rock of the same char- 
 acter. 
 
 The width of the stream gravels is not great, in places not over 100 
 or 200 feet, but it increases down the creek. On each side benches of 
 gravel close to the stream rise to a height of several hundred feet. 
 Tunnels in these benches have demonstrated that they carry gold. 
 One of these tunnels on the upper end of No. G or the lower end of 
 No. 7 had a length of 72 feet. It was driven along the rock floor 
 upon which the gravel rests and is 10 feet higher than the present 
 stream. In other words, the creek has here cut 10 feet into the bed 
 rock since the present drainage was established. The tunnel was 
 driven in winter as a prospect and yielded good values in gold. 
 
 The Dan Creek gold from the gravels below the canyon is coarse 
 and smooth. Most of it is flat, and the heaviest of it is found either 
 on bed rock or within 2 feet of it. It is accompanied by placer silver 
 and placer copper. Nuggets of silver and copper, such as are called 
 ‘‘half breeds” in the Lake Superior region, are frequently found 
 here and on Chititu Creek also. Copper is associated with both the 
 creek and the bench gravels in pieces ranging from the size of shot 
 to masses of 100 pounds or more. Only recently has any effort been 
 made to secure the copper, as it is of no value with the present means 
 of transportation. Most of the operators are now saving it, however, 
 and when railroad transportation is available the returns from the 
 copper may be found to reduce considerably the cost of mining. 
 
 The gold from Dan Creek above the canyon differs from most of 
 that below in that it is generally rough and not flattened, indicating 
 that it has not been hammered out and worn so much by moving 
 bowlders. 
 
 Surveys for a hydraulic plant on the lower end of Dan Creek have 
 been made, and it is expected that the installation of the plant will 
 be begun during the summer of 1908. 
 
 REALGAR. 
 
 About one-third of a mile doAvn Fourth of July Creek from the 
 Bekka and Eli claims there is an occurrence of realgar (sulphide of 
 arsenic). The mineral fills small spaces in a crushed zone in thin- 
 bedded limestones. Some of the spaces are filled for a width of 1 
 to 2 inches with well-formed crystals, but other seams contain the 
 realgar in a more impure earthy form. The rest of the shatter 
 spaces of the limestone are largely filled by thin seams of calcite. No 
 considerable amount of realgar appears to be present at this place. 
 
100 
 
 THE KOTSIKA-C’HTTIKA REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 r 
 
 On the divide between Fourth of July and Bear creeks, north of 
 the pass crossed by the trial, at elevations of 5,800 to 6,000 feet, is 
 a small patch of coal -bearing shales and flaggy arkosic sandstones 
 covering an oval-shaped area of about 20 acres. The thickness of 
 these beds is probably not over 50 feet. They are partly covered b}’ 
 more recent andesite lava, that occupies a smaller area and stands 
 at its highest point as a pinnacle about 50 feet high. These rocks, 
 which may be provisionally assigned to the Tertiary, appear not to 
 have been involved in the major fault that is well exposed on the 
 head of Fourth of July Creek, which brings the Nikolai greenstone 
 and Chitistone limestone to the north, against the thin-bedded lime- 
 stones and shales to the south. The Tertiary coal-bearing beds seem 
 to lie in a nearly horizontal position on top of the inclined beds of 
 the older series. The coal was not seen in place, its presence being 
 indicated only by small weathered fragments mixed with the dis- 
 integrated shales. It is probably not of workable thickness; and 
 if it were, the small amount and its inaccessibility would prevent it 
 from becoming of commercial importance. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Abercrombie, W. R., work of. 
 
 Alaska Kotsina Mining Co., claims of 
 
 Alaska surveys, plan of 
 
 Alaska United Copper Exploration Co., 
 
 claims of 
 
 Albert Johnson claim, description of 
 
 Allen, II. T., on copper deposits 
 
 work of. 
 
 Altitudes, data on 
 
 Ames Creek, copper claims on 
 
 Andesite, character and distribution of 
 
 Azurite, distribution of 
 
 10 
 
 57 
 
 7,8 
 
 90,92 
 
 70 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 55 
 
 35-36 
 
 47 
 
 B. 
 
 Bekka claim, description of 79-80 
 
 Bibliography of region 10-11 
 
 Bonanza Creek, copper claims on 80-86 
 
 description of. 80 
 
 (Bonanza mine, description of 80-86 
 
 j discovery of 20 
 
 map of 81 
 
 i sections of, figures showing 84, 85 
 
 view of 80 
 
 Bornite, distribution of. 46 
 
 Boulder Creek, copper claims on 92 
 
 Brooks, A. II., on geology of region 33, 34 
 
 preface by 7 
 
 (California-Alaska Mining and Development 
 
 Co., claims of 57 
 
 Castle Mountain, rocks of 35, 36 
 
 view of 34 
 
 Chalcanthite, distribution of 47 
 
 Chalcocite, distribution of 45-46 
 
 Chalcopyrite, distribution of 46 
 
 Chance claim, description of 71 
 
 Chetaslina River, rocks on 37 
 
 Chiti claim, description of 91 
 
 Chitina River, bluffs of, view of 38 
 
 copper belt on, map of Pocket 
 
 description of 12 
 
 explorations on 10 
 
 map of Pocket 
 
 rocks on 22 
 
 Chitina Valley trail, description of 14 
 
 Chitistone limestone, character and distribu- 
 tion of 21,25-28 
 
 copper in 47-50 
 
 occurrence of, plate showing 38 
 
 relations of 24-25, 29, 33, 37 
 
 plate showing 24-92 
 
 Chitistone River, basin of, copper claims in.. 89-92 
 
 coal on 32-33,42-43 
 
 copper claims on 89-90 
 
 Page, 
 
 Chitistone River, description of 89 
 
 rocks on 26 
 
 Chititu Creek, copper on 45 
 
 gold on 94,95-97 
 
 map of 96 
 
 rocks on 95-96 
 
 Cliff claim, description of 71 
 
 Climatic conditions, description of 18-19 
 
 Coal, character and distribution of 42-43, 100 
 
 Coal-bearing rocks, character and distribution 
 
 of 32-33,99 
 
 relations of 32-33 
 
 Contact Gulch, copper claims in 90 
 
 Copper, early discovery and use of 7, 19-20 
 
 mining of 42-43 
 
 geological occurrence of 47-50 
 
 growing importance of 9 
 
 ores of, character and derivation of 50-54 
 
 zones of 51-52 
 
 Copper claims, detailed descriptions of. 43-44, 54-92 
 
 Copper Creek, copper claims on 62-63 
 
 Copper King claim, description of 65-66 
 
 Copper minerals, description of 44-47 
 
 Copper Queen claim, description of 66 
 
 Copper River, description of 11 
 
 map of Pocket. 
 
 railway routes along 16-18- 
 
 Copper River region, exploration of 7 
 
 Cordova Bay, description of 17 
 
 railroad route from 16 
 
 Cretaceous rocks, character and distribution 
 
 of 21 
 
 Cuprite, distribution of 45- 
 
 D. 
 
 Dan Creek, copper claims on 45, 92 
 
 description of 91-92 
 
 gold on 94,97-99 
 
 rocks on 26, 97 
 
 view of 92 
 
 Deception Creek, copper claims on 70-71 
 
 Dikes, character and distribution of 34-36 
 
 Diorite, character and distribution of 35, 36 
 
 E. 
 
 Economic geology, account of 42-100 
 
 Elevations, data on 11 
 
 Eli claim, decription of 79-80 
 
 Elizabeth claim, description of 09 
 
 Elliott Creek, copper claims on (i5-71 
 
 description of 63-65- 
 
 map of, showing claims 04 
 
 rocks on, view of 38 
 
 section on, figure showing (>5 
 
 Erie claim, description of 87-88- 
 
 101 
 
102 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 F. Page. 
 
 Erosion, period of 32 
 
 progress of 39-41 
 
 Fal 1 Creek, copper claims on 60-61 
 
 Faulting and folding, occurrence of 29-30, 32 
 
 Faults, distribution of 37 
 
 Field work, outline of 9-10 
 
 Fohlin Creek, rocks on 31 
 
 Fourth of July Creek, copper claims on 79-80 
 
 realgar on 99 
 
 Fourth of July Pass, coal near 32 
 
 P'reight, transfer of 13-14 
 
 G. 
 
 Gabbro, character and distribution of 34 
 
 Geography, sketch of 11-18 
 
 Geologic map of region Pocket 
 
 commenton 7,20-22 
 
 Geology, accoimt of 20-42 
 
 Gerdine, T. G., work of 8, 10 
 
 Gilahina River, description of 12 
 
 rocks on 29 
 
 view of 28 
 
 Glacial deposits, character and distribution 
 
 of 36,38,39-41 
 
 Glaciation, history of 40-41 
 
 Glacier, railroad route over 18 
 
 Glacier Creek (of Chitistone River), copper 
 
 claims on 90-91 
 
 Glacier Creek (of Kennicott River), copper 
 
 claims on 79-80 
 
 Gold, mining of 42 
 
 placers of, descriptions of 92-99 
 
 source of 94 
 
 Goodyear claim, description of 67-68 
 
 section of, figure showing 68 
 
 Government trail, description of 13 
 
 Granite, character and distribution of 34 
 
 Great Northern Development Co., claims 
 
 of 54-55,56,78 
 
 Greenstone, meaning of 23 
 
 See also Nikolai greenstone. 
 
 Guthrie claim, description of 70 
 
 II. 
 
 Hayes, C. W., work of 10 
 
 Henry Prather claim, description of 68-69 
 
 view of 88 
 
 Hidden Creek, copper claims on 78-79 
 
 description of 77-78 
 
 History, outline of 19-20 
 
 Horse feed, supply of 19 
 
 Houghton- Alaska Exploration Co. , claims of. . 89-90 
 
 Hubbard claim, description of .59-60 
 
 Hubbard Elliott Copper Mines Development 
 
 Co., claims of 65 
 
 I. 
 
 -Igneous rocks, character and distribution 
 
 of 21-22, 34-.37 
 
 Independence claim, description of 87-88 
 
 Intrusive rocks, character and distribution of. .36 
 
 T. 
 
 Jumbo claim, description of 86-87 
 
 ore body of, section of 87 
 
 Jumbo Creek, copper claims on 86-88 
 
 K. Page. 
 
 Jurassic rocks, character and distribution of.. 21 
 
 Katalla, harbor of 17 
 
 railroad route from . -. 16 
 
 Kennicott formation, character and distribu- 
 tion of 21,. 30-32, 95 
 
 gold in 95 
 
 relations of 30 
 
 Kennicott Mines Co., claims of 80 
 
 Kennicott River, basin of, copper claims in. . 77-89 
 
 rocks on 29 
 
 Kluvesna Creek, copper claims on 60-61 
 
 rocks on 25 
 
 Kotsina Mining Co., claims of 57,60 
 
 Kotsina River, basin of, copper claims in 54-71 
 
 copper claims on 54-55 
 
 description of 12 
 
 rocks on 23-25, 29, 30, 34, 36, 37 
 
 view of 24 
 
 Kotsina trail, description of 14 
 
 Kuskulana River, basin of, copper claims in. . 71-74 
 
 description of 71 
 
 rocks near 25, 29, 35 
 
 L. 
 
 Laddie claim, description of 59 
 
 Lakina River, basin of, copper claims in 7.5-77 
 
 description of 74-75 
 
 Lakina River, fault at 37 
 
 rocks on 25,29 
 
 Lawton claim, description of 70-71 
 
 Leland claim, description of 70-71 
 
 Lime Creek, copper claims on 55 
 
 Limestone Creek, rocks on .30 
 
 Literature, list of 10-11 
 
 Lizzie G. claim, description of 67 
 
 Location of region 11 
 
 Loui.se claim, description of 66-67 
 
 M. 
 
 McCarthy Creek, rocks on 26 
 
 M. 
 
 Malachite, distribution of 46-47 
 
 Map of Chitina— Copper River region Pocket 
 
 Map, geologic, of Chitina copper belt Pocket 
 
 Maps of region, comment on 7-8,20-21 
 
 Marie Antoinette claim, description of 69-70 
 
 Marmot claim, description of 66 
 
 Mendenhall, W. C., on Chitistone limestone. . 27 
 
 on valley-plain deposits 41 
 
 work of 10 
 
 Mendenhall, W. C., and Schrader, F. C., on 
 
 Nizina placers 95 
 
 Minerals, description of 44-47 
 
 Mineral King claim, description of 65-66 
 
 Mint claim, description of .58 
 
 Mountain claim, description of 58 
 
 Mount Wrangell, rocks of 36 
 
 Mullen claim, description of 62-63 
 
 N. . 
 
 Nebesna River, rocks on 3.3 
 
 Native copper, distribution of 44-45 
 
 huge nuggets of 57, 74 
 
 Navigation, character of 14-15 
 
7 
 
 103 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Vimv. 
 
 Nebraska claim, description of 79 
 
 Nikolai, on copper 19,20 
 
 Nikolai Creek, copper claims on 88-89 
 
 rocks on 2(i, 31 
 
 view on 30 
 
 Nikolai greenstone, character and distribu- 
 tion of 21,23-25 
 
 copper in 44-45, 47-.50 
 
 relations of 24-25, 30, 33, 37 
 
 plates showing 24,92 
 
 Nikolai mine, description of 88-89 
 
 rocks near, view of 24 
 
 view of X8 
 
 Nizina River, basin of, gold placers in 42,92-99 
 
 basin of, gold placers in, discovery of 20, 92 
 
 description of 12 
 
 faults on -37 
 
 rocks on and near 20, 29, 33, 35, 93-95 
 
 plates showing 24,92 
 
 view on 92 
 
 Nugget Creek, copper claims on 45, 72-74 
 
 huge nugget on 74 
 
 rocks on 34 
 
 O. 
 
 One Girl claim, description of 73-74 
 
 r. 
 
 Peacock Creek, copper claims on 57-58 
 
 I’lacer copper, character and distribution of. . 50 
 
 Pleistocene deposits, character and distribu- 
 tion of 37-42 
 
 view of 38 
 
 Porphyry, character and distribution of 35, 30 
 
 Prince of W ales Island, copper of 9 
 
 Prince William Sound, copper of 9 
 
 Q. 
 
 Queen Creek, copper claim on 00 
 
 R. 
 
 Railroad routes, description of 15-18 
 
 grades of, chart showing 10 
 
 Rainbow Creek, copper claims on 00-07 
 
 Realgar, occurrence of 99 
 
 Recent deposits, character and distribution of 39-42’^ 
 
 Roaring Creek, copper claims on 50-57 
 
 Rock Creek, copper claims on 55-56 
 
 rocks on, view of 28 
 
 Rohn, Oscar, work of 10 
 
 Rose claim, description of 57-58 
 
 S. 
 
 Schrader, F. C., and Mendenhall, W. C., on 
 
 Nizina placers 95 
 
 Schrader, F. C., and Spencer, A. C., on copper 
 
 deposits 20 
 
 on Nikolai mine 88-89 
 
 Page. 
 
 Schrader, F. C., and Spencer, A. C., on rocks 
 
 of region 23-37 
 
 work of 7,9,10 
 
 Schuchert, Charles, on Chitistone fossils. 27 
 
 Sehwatka, Frederick, work of 10 
 
 Sheehan claim, description of 59 
 
 Shower Gulch, copper claims in 58-59 
 
 Skolai Mountains, location of 1 1 
 
 Skolai Pass, rocks at 29 
 
 Spencer, C., and Schrader, F. C. See 
 Schrader and Spencer. 
 
 Stanton, T. W., fossils identified by... 27-28,31-32 
 
 Steamboats, use of 15 
 
 Stratigraphy, account of 20-37 
 
 Streams, description of 11-12 
 
 Strelna Creek, copper claims on 74 
 
 rocks on .* 30,34 
 
 Surprise Creek, copper claims on 59-( 0 
 
 rocks on • 3o 
 
 T. 
 
 Tanana River, rocks on 33 
 
 Tasnuna-f’opper River route, description 
 
 of 13-14,17 
 
 Tenorite, distribution of 45 
 
 Tertiary volcanics, character and distribution 
 
 of 33-34 
 
 Tonsina route, description of p; 
 
 Topography, description of 11-13.38 
 
 development of 38-42 
 
 Trail Gulch, rocks in 30 
 
 Trails,' description of 13-15 
 
 Triassic rocks, character and distribution 
 
 of 21,26,28-29 
 
 relations of 28-30, 33, .37 
 
 views of 28 
 
 V. 
 
 Valdez, railroad routes from 15-16 
 
 Valdez claim, description of 72-73 
 
 Valdez Exploration Co., claims of 78 
 
 Valdez series, character and distribution of. . 29, 30 
 
 Valley-plain deposits, character and distri- 
 bution of 41-42 
 
 Van Dyke claim, description of 66 
 
 Van Ilise, C. R., on derivation of copper ores. 51 
 
 Vegetation, description of 18-19 
 
 Volcanic rocks, character and distribution of. 33-34 
 
 Volcanism, period of 29-30 
 
 W. 
 
 Westover claim, description of 92 
 
 White Dog claim, description of 58 
 
 Witherspoon, D. C., work of 8, 10 
 
 Wrangell Mountains, description of 11 
 
 Y. 
 
 Young Creek, gold on 94-95 
 
 rocks on 35 
 
 view of 34 
 
 o 
 
Topography by T.G.Gendinc and D C. Witherspoon. 
 
 GEOLOGIC RECONNAISSANCE MAP AND SECTIONS OP THE CHITINA COPPER BET>T, ALASKA 
 
 . -i GEOLCO’CAt SURVEY 
 SMITH. DIRECTOR 
 
 LEGEND 
 
 SeolMENTARY ROCKS 
 
 08 
 
 < ij'iivrls. IxrM-lilf'i'H 
 <Tav ajicl Hills 
 
 K.-mui..u 
 
 ■’’c i 
 
 lliUi-StnlK- 
 
 IGNEOUS ROCKS 
 
 
 iiilrusTVfs S 
 
 
 StnUi- un.l iliji 
 
 OlliraelT* 
 
dp:partment of the interior 
 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Directok 
 
 Bulletin 375 
 
 THE 
 
 0 
 
 FOH I YMILE QUADKANGLE 
 
 YUKON-TANANA REGION 
 ALASKA 
 
 BY 
 
 L. M. PRINDLE 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFITICE 
 
 1909 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Preface, by Alfred H. Brooks 
 
 Introductory statement 
 
 Geographic sketch 
 
 Relief 
 
 Drainage 
 
 Climate and vegetation 
 
 Transportation 
 
 International boundary 
 
 Geologic sketch 
 
 Stratigraphy 
 
 Introdiiction : 
 
 Pre-Ordovician 
 
 Devonian 
 
 Carboniferous 
 
 Tertiary 
 
 Alluvial deiK)sits 
 
 Structure 
 
 Igneous rocks 
 
 Origin of the gold 
 
 • Geologic history 
 
 Gold placers 
 
 Distribution 
 
 Fortyniile area 
 
 Walker Fork, I’oker Creek, and Davis Creek 
 
 Wade Creek 
 
 Chicken Creek and vicinity 
 
 Napoleon Creek 
 
 Franklin Creek 
 
 Canyon Creek and its tributaries 
 
 Bars and benches of the Fortymile 
 
 Other localities 
 
 Eagle area 
 
 Seventy mile area 
 
 Mining methods 
 
 Production 
 
 Summary 
 
 Index 
 
 Page. 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 2 ?> 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 34 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 51 
 
r 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Plate I. A , View np American Creek ; B, View np Wade Creek 8 
 
 II. A, Canyon of Fortymile, 500 feet below the level of the old val- 
 ley ; B, B^'lat-topped ridge between Davis and Poker creeks 10 
 
 III. A, Schists with thin granitic sill on trail from Wade Creek to 
 
 Walker Fork ; B, Contorted schist on ridge north of Mosquito 
 
 Fork IG 
 
 IV. Topographic reconnaissance map of the Fortymile quad- 
 
 rangle In pocket. 
 
 V. Ceologic reconnaissance map of the Fortymile quadrangle In pocket. 
 
 Figure 1. Index map showing location of quadrangles in the Yukon - 
 
 Tanana region 7 
 
 2. Map showing distribution of timber in the Fortymile quad- 
 rangle lo 
 
 4 
 
 f 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 By Aij RED Pr. Brooks. 
 
 In planning the surveys and investigations of Alaska the attempt 
 was made to cover first those regions which were of the greatest 
 economic importance. As a result many of the mapped areas are 
 very irregular in outline, and it was found desirable to introduce 
 greater uniformity into the published maps as rapidly as the data 
 available for their preparation would permit. With this end in 
 view there has been projected a system of maps covering quadrangu- 
 lar areas outlined by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude, 
 this being in conformity with the Geological Survey’s practice in 
 making surveys within the United States proper. But as the Alaska 
 sxirveys are for the most part of a reconnaissance character and the 
 region is very thinly populated, it has seemed best to adopt a map 
 unit larger than that used in the^ States. This unit will include 4 
 degrees of longitude and 2 degrees of latitude, making a map about 
 as large as can be conveniently handled. It is hoped that eventually 
 all these published reconnaissance topographic maps can be accom- 
 panied by sheets showing the geology and the economic resources, 
 but in view of the great demand for the topographic maps it has 
 been deemed advisable to publish some of them immediately in con- 
 nection with such accounts of the geology and mineral resources as 
 may be available. Nor is it deemed desirable in all cases to delay the 
 issuing of maps until the areas have been completely covered. 
 
 The following report, with its accompanying maps, is the third of 
 this series to be issued, and, like the others, covers a part of the Yukon- 
 Tanana region. Others will be published as fast as the accumulation 
 of the field notes will permit. The topographic surveys on which 
 the maps are based were made under the direction of E. C. Barnard 
 in 1898. This is the first of thi's series of publications which is ac- 
 companied by a geologic reconnaissance map on the .same scale as the 
 topographic map, and it therefore marks a distinct advance over 
 those previously issued. The geology, however, is treated in the same 
 
 5 
 
6 
 
 THE rORTYMILE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA, 
 
 general way as in the previous reports, the complete analysis of the 
 many intricate problems being deferred until more facts regarding 
 the phenomena have been collected. 
 
 The mapping was done by Mr. Prindle between the years 1903 and 
 1907. In 1903, 1904, and 1905 he traversed portions of the area, and 
 in 1907 he spent several weeks in studying the rocks exposed along 
 Fortymile River. The work of a number of other geologists has also 
 been utilized in the preparation of the map and report. 
 
THE FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE, YUKON-TANANA 
 
 REGION, ALASKA. 
 
 By L. M. Prindle. 
 
 im RODUCTORY STATEMENT. 
 
 The Forty mile quadrangle is delimited by meridians 141 (which 
 is the international boundary) and 142 and parallels 64 and 65. The 
 
 0 50 100 miles 
 
 1 1 1 1— - « > - » 
 
 Rampart quadraiigle Fairbanks quadrangle 
 
 Circle quadranglel 
 
 Fortymile quadrangle 
 
 , Figure 1. — Index map showing location of quadrangles in the Yukon-Tanana region. 
 
 area is about 70 miles long from north to south and 30 miles wide. 
 The relation of this quadrangle to the other quadrangles of the 
 Yukon-Tanana region is shown in the index map, figure 1. 
 
 7 
 
8 THE FORTYMTLE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA. . 
 
 Placer gold was discovered on Fortymile River in 1886, and within 
 a few years gold was being produced from many creeks within the 
 limits of the quadrangle. The subsequent discovery of other placer 
 deposits withdrew men from the Fortymile region, but gold has 
 been mined there continuously since the time of its discovery. New 
 jDroductive areas have been developed, and the old areas have been 
 worked by new methods until the ground available for work by the 
 methods hitherto employed is largely exhausted. With a gradual 
 decreasing annual production that reached in 1907 about $150,000, 
 the introduction of methods capable of handling cheaply large quan- 
 tities of ground has been rendered imperative to meet the conditions 
 that now prevail. Such methods have been in use for several years 
 in the Dawson region, and the results attained there by dredging 
 have been influential in the determination of methods to be employed 
 in the Fortymile region, where the conditions are in many respects 
 similar. The most important item of mining development in the 
 Fortymile region in 1907 was the introduction of dredges and experi- 
 mentation with this method. 
 
 The investigations of the Geological Survey have helped in the 
 development of the district. On account of the growing importance 
 of the Yukon-Tanana region a party consisting of Spun*, Goodrich, 
 and Schrader investigated the placers of the Fortymile, Birch Creek, 
 and Rampart districts in 1896.“ The Fortymile quadrangle was 
 mapped topographically by E. C. Barnard in 1898 on a scale of 
 1 : 250,000, or about 4 miles to the inch. The district was traversed 
 by the Peters and Brooks party during the fall of 1899 on their trip 
 from Pyramid Harbor to Eagle.^ In connection with the systematic 
 survey of the Yukon-Tanana region, begun in 1903, the areas ad- 
 joining the Fortymile district have been topographically mapped on 
 the same scale as that of the accompanying map (PI. lY, in pocket), 
 and geologic reconnaissance trips have been made by the writer 
 through the country lying between Yukon and Tanana rivers. All 
 the producing creeks were visited in 1903; in 1904 and 1905 portions 
 of the quadrangle were traversed, and in 1907 the areas adjacent to 
 the Fortymile were visited. 
 
 As a ’ result of these various trips, a body of material has been 
 gathered bearing on the geology and mineral resources of the Forty- 
 mile quadrangle which has not yet been altogether correlated and 
 studied in detail. Geologic survevs have not been carried on svs- 
 tematically throughout the quadrangle with the idea of mapping it 
 areally as a unit, but have been largely incidental to the other work, 
 
 ® Spurr, J, E., Geology of the Yukon gold districts, Alaska : Eighteenth Ann. Kept. U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, pt. 3, 1898, pp. 87-392. 
 
 "Brooks, Alfred 11., A reconnaissance from Pyramid Harbor to Eagle City, Alaska, in- 
 cluding description of tlie copper deposits on the Copper and Tanana rivers : Twenty-tir.st 
 .\nn. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2, 1900, pp. 331-391. 
 
u. s. geological survey 
 
 BULLETIN 375 PLATE I 
 
 11 . VIEW UP WADE CREEK. 
 
.. ..-v ^ r~ X ; ' rKl 
 
 t— -‘^^ • ■ 
 
 a - ’ 
 
 
 - ,***Bf V * ■ 
 
 
 
 .?%•» ,-.>i:,7yr 
 
 > • \ i ' ^ 
 
 
GEOGRAPHIC SKETCH. 
 
 9 
 
 and consequently there are many areas that have not been under 
 observation. It is believed, however, that there are sufficient facts 
 at hand upon which to base a preliminary outline of the geology and 
 gold resources of this region — an outline justified by the demand on 
 the part of the mining interests for information of this character. 
 The material is being studied in more detail, and a comprehensive 
 discussion of the problems involved is reserved for the report on the 
 geology of the entire Yukon-Tanana region that is in preparation. 
 
 GKOOKAPIIIC SKKTCII. 
 
 RELIEF. 
 
 The topographic map expresses, by means of the contour lines, 
 which represent lines of equal height above sea level, the form of the 
 surface of the country. A study of the map (PI. IV) shows that the 
 region in general is not characterized by definite topographic trends, 
 but rather by undulating, more or less flat -topped, ridges uniform in 
 height and trending in various directions. The flat-topped character 
 is shown in Plate II, B. There are a few isolated prominences, 
 locally known as domes — Fortymile Dome and Steele Dome, for 
 example — and in the northwestern part of the quadrangle the ridge 
 of Glacier Mountain, with its rough outline, accentuates the resistant 
 character of the rock composing it. But the predominant character- 
 istic of the country is one of uniformity. This is further empha- 
 sized by the valleys. They have been cut to about the same level 
 below the ridges, and those of streams of about the same size are 
 similar. The highest points of the area are in Glacier Mountain, 
 where an altitude of 6,000 feet is attained. The Yukon at Eagle 
 is about 800 feet above sea level. The altitude of most of the ridges 
 is about 3,000 feet. The valleys in general are about 1,500 feet below 
 the ridges. 
 
 DRAINAGE. 
 
 The map shows the extensive ramification of the drainage units 
 and the complexity of their intergrowths. The valleys have been 
 formed by the streams that flow in them. The drainage of the 
 northern third of the quadrangle is to Yukon River, and, acting on 
 an area of relatively high relief adjacent to a major stream, has 
 formed deep, narrow, high-grade valleys. Fortymile River, formed 
 by the union of North and South forks, receives all the drainage 
 from the southern two-thirds of the quadrangle. The narrow, deeply 
 cut character of the Fortymile Valley is present also in the lower 
 valleys of its tributaries. 
 
 The valleys in general maintain their depth nearly to the head, 
 where there is an abrupt descent from the level of the ridges. The 
 upper portions of the valleys are narrowly V-shaped (PI. I, .1), 
 
10 
 
 THE FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA. 
 
 and in a few this characteristic persists nearly to their mouths. Ordi- 
 narih^, however, the streams have developed a stream flat a few hun- 
 dred feet in width, rather sharply differentiated from the lateral 
 slopes (PI. B). It is frequently the case that the slope forming 
 one side of a valley rises abruptly from the valley floor, while the 
 other slope merges gradually with the level of the ridges. This habit 
 produces an unsymmetrical cross section of valley, Avhich is very com- 
 mon throughout the Yukon-Tanana region. The grade of j)ortions 
 of the smaller valleys where mining is in progress ranges from less 
 than 80 to more than 100 feet to the mile. The grade of the Forty- 
 mile within the limits of the quadrangle is probably about 6 feet to 
 the mile, and that of the Yukon somewhat in excess of 1 foot to the 
 mile. 
 
 The streams are shallow and rather swift, and most of them are 
 cutting bed rock through a large part of their valleys. The Forty- 
 mile, draining as it does large areas outside of the quadrangle and 
 receiving several large tributaries Avithin the quadrangle, is the 
 largest stream and carries the largest quantity of water. Xotwith- 
 standing the abundance of AA^ater, the swiftness and shallowness of 
 the stream render it difficult of naAUgation eA^en for poling boats. 
 The SeA^entymile is comparable in size to Dennison or Mosquito Fork, 
 and carries at ordinary stages sufficient Avater to enable small boats 
 lightly loaded to reach nearly the western limit of the quadrangle. 
 All the streams except the Fortymile are easily fordable on foot at 
 ordinary stages of the Avater. The quantit}^ of water in all the 
 streams is subject to great A^ariation from the fact that there is a 
 direct relation between the amount of water carried by them and the 
 rainfall. The ground being for the most part permanently frozen, 
 the greatest part of the rainfall finds its Ava}" rapidly to the streams, 
 Avhich soon remoA^e it. A few days of dry weather consequently 
 influence A’eiy appreciably the water leA^el in the streams and quickly 
 reduce beloAv the required amount the quantity available for mining 
 purposes in the smaller streams. 
 
 The drainage of the quadrangle might be called homogeneous from 
 the fact that most of the streams head at about the same leA’el and 
 that equal streams are cut to about the same depth and haA’e ap- 
 proximately the same grade. This homogeneous character of the 
 drainage has an economic bearing Avhen the necessity of increasing b}- 
 artificial means the water supply at any given point arises. The 
 absence of commanding ridges Avith abundant Avater supply at higher 
 leA^els renders it necessary, in adAnincing any undertaking that in- 
 Amlves an artificial increase of the Avater supply, to draAV upon similar 
 units of drainage, and the differences in elevation are so slight that, 
 in order to obtain the efficiency available in such narroAv vertical 
 
u. s. geological survey 
 
 BULLETIN 375 PLATE II 
 
 .1. CANYON OF FORTYMILE, 500 FEET BELOW THE LEVEL OF THE OLD VALLEY. 
 
 
 
 n. FLAT-TOPPED RIDGE OF QUARTZITE SCHIST. 
 Between Davis and Poker creeks. Altitude approximately 3,800 feet. 
 
GEOGRAPHIC SKETCH. 
 
 11 
 
 limits, careful preliminary measurements of water supply and grades 
 are required. 
 
 A characteristic of many valleys in the Fortymile quadrangle is 
 the presence of benches at various heights, from a few feet to more 
 than 500 feet, above the present level of the streams. These are a 
 part of the great system of benches present throughout the greater 
 part of the valley of the Yukon and those of its tributaries, and mark 
 different stages of stream development. The significance of these 
 benches lies in the fact that streams have a tendency to register a 
 long-continued maintenance at a certain level by the development, 
 through lateral cutting, of an approximately level bed-rock floor of 
 considerable width upon which stream deposits are in the course of 
 time deposited. With renewed opportunity for downcutting, a can- 
 yon may be cut below the level of this floor, like that of the F ortymile 
 below the floor of the old valley of the Fortymile that is so promi- 
 nently developed as a high bench throughout the portion of the 
 Fortymile Valley included in the quadrangle. Pauses in the process 
 of downcutting are duly indicated by benches of intermediate height. 
 The high bench and present canyon of the Fortymile are shown in 
 Plate II, A. The benches are particularly well developed in the val- 
 ley of the Fortymile and the adjacent portions of the valleys of its 
 tributaries and along parts of the valley of the Seventymile. Atten- 
 tion has long been directed to the benches from the fact that the 
 stream deposits left upon some of them have proved to be richly 
 auriferous. 
 
 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION. 
 
 The latitude of the area entails strongly contrasted seasons and a 
 wide range of temperature. The summers have the variability 
 characteristic of those in many parts of the States. Some of them 
 are very warm and predominantly dry ; in others, rain is frequent and 
 abundant. Their shortness is compensated by the great number of 
 hours the sun is above the horizon. The temperature has an annual 
 range of about 133° F. The maximum attained is about 90° F. and 
 the minimum about — 75° F. The following table shows tempera- 
 tures observed at Eagle : ® 
 
 Wlaximum and minimum temperatures observed at Eagle. 
 
 
 Maxi- 
 
 mum. 
 
 Mini- 
 
 mum. 
 
 
 Maxi- 
 
 mum. 
 
 Mini- 
 
 mum. 
 
 January 
 
 ^F. 
 
 23 
 
 °F. 
 
 -75 
 
 July 
 
 °F. 
 
 ' 82 
 
 °F. 
 
 31 
 
 February 
 
 38 
 
 -74 
 
 August 
 
 80 
 
 24 
 
 March .1 
 
 56 
 
 —56 
 
 September. 
 
 78 
 
 8 
 
 April 
 
 59 
 
 —12 
 
 0(J,ober. . _ 
 
 68 
 
 -28 
 
 -52 
 
 May 
 
 82 
 
 10 
 
 November 
 
 39 
 
 June 
 
 87 
 
 26 
 
 Deeemher 
 
 39 
 
 -68 
 
 
 
 " Brooks, Alfred II., and Abbe, Cleveland, jr.. The geoj?raphy and geoloj^y of Alaska : 
 I’rof. Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 45, 190G, pp. 158-161. 
 
12 
 
 THE FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA. 
 
 The dates upon which the observations were made were as follows : 
 October, 1882, to May 9, 1883 ; August 22, 1884, to May 12, 1885 ; 
 August 16, 1885, to May 19, 1886; August 15, 1899, to December, 
 1900; Xovember and December, 1901; February to December, 1902. 
 
 Frosts are uncommon between May 15 and the end of August, and 
 the conditions are favorable for an abundant growth of vegetation. 
 The precipitation is low, an average of 11.35 inches having been re- 
 l^orted from Eagle. 
 
 The climatic conditions have an important economic bearing. The 
 Yukon becomes lower and clearer as the time for the freeze up ap- 
 proaches, and closes to naAugation at dates ranging from about Octo- 
 ber 10 to Xovember 20. A thickness of approximately 6 feet of ice 
 is formed, which does not break up till about May 10 to May 20. 
 ^luch of the ground is permanently frozen, but notwithstanding the 
 extreme cold there is much water in the ground throughout the win- 
 ter. The water in the streams frequently breaks through and over- 
 flows ice already formed, and although quickly frozen is a source of 
 troublesome and expensive delays where streams are used as routes of 
 winter travel. Constant repetition of this process in the smaller val- 
 leys results in the accumulation of such a thickness of ice that it lasts 
 till late in summer and interferes with the work of mining. Dams, 
 mining equipment, aiid roads may be buried beneath such accumula- 
 tions of ice and rendered valueless. This process of glaciering is so 
 characteristic of the region that it must be provided against in con- 
 struction work. 
 
 The spruce is the predominant tree, but aspen and birch are com- 
 mon, and there is a thick growth of alders and willows along many 
 of the streams. Spruce is abundant and of considerable size in the 
 valleys of the larger streams, and throughout the area it covers the 
 slopes as high as the climatic conditions permit, and the lower ridges 
 in the vicinity of the main drainage lines are covered with it, together 
 with a small proportion of birch (fig. 2). Dwarf birch and scattered 
 bunches of alders are common on the higher ridges. The spruce is 
 of sufficient size to furnish a limited quantity of logs 12 to 15 feet or 
 more in length and a foot in diameter. It has been used generally 
 for sluice boxes and to some extent for dredge building. 
 
 Food for stock is rather plentiful and sufficient for forage pur- 
 poses in many of the valleys. Timber for fuel has proved abundantly 
 sufficient up to the present time. 
 
 The well-nigh universal covering of moss retains the frost in the 
 ground, but by stripping away the moss where there is sufficient 
 soil and by repeated cultivation ordinary vegetables can be grown 
 in abundance. At the present time a large part of the supplies of 
 the road houses in the Fortymile quadrangle are furnished by the 
 gardens, and nearly every miner has a small patch of ground under 
 cultivation. 
 
GEOGKAPHIC SKETCH 
 
 13 
 
 Timbered area 
 
 Sparsely timbered 
 area 
 
 Area above timber 
 
 Figure 2. — Map showing distribution of timber in the Fortymile quadrangle, 
 
14 
 
 THE FOKTYMILE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 Transportation of supplies to the localities where mining is in 
 progress has always been a time-consuming and expensive process. 
 Eagle is the main supply point on the Alaskan side of the boundary, 
 but many of the localities are so situated that it has hitherto been 
 more feasible to procure supplies from Dawson on the Canadian side. 
 Most of the supplies for the Fortymile area are purchased in Dawson 
 and freighted up the Fortymile on the ice by horse sleighs during 
 the winter months. The Fortymile affords access to the remote 
 tributaries where work is being done, but is a roundabout road, and 
 the overflows to which it is subject are often an additional source 
 of delay. Several hundred tons of dredge material were shipped by 
 this route during the winter of 1906-7, when the freight rate to the 
 vicinity of Franklin Creek was about $70 per ton. Summer freight- 
 ing on the Fort}miile is done by poling boats, but it is a difficult 
 stream to navigate even by this method. Long reaches of quiet water 
 are separated by bed-rock riffles where the water is swift and shallow. 
 Supplies are frequently lost or long delayed by low water, and the 
 rates from Fortymile Post on the Yukon to Chicken Creek — the 
 farthest locality to which supplies are carried by this method — is 
 25 cents per pound (1907). The Canadian wagon road from Dawson 
 to Glacier — a distance of about 60 miles in Canadian territory — is 
 utilized during the summer to a certain extent for the transportation 
 of supplies to creeks on the Alaskan side in the vicinity of the 
 boundary. 
 
 The road commission has surveyed a government wagon road from 
 Eagle to the Fortymile country and has already completed about 9 
 miles of it, from Eagle to American Creek. It is hoped by the con- 
 struction of such a road to bring Eagle into closer relations with the 
 Fortymile country. Work is also being done by the commission on 
 a road that will make the Seventymile area more accessible from 
 Eagle. In the fall of 1907 a road was in process of construction from 
 the head of Canyon Creek to Walker Fork, in order to avoid the 
 long haul up the Fortymile. 
 
 The mail route from Eagle to Valdez passes through the Forty- 
 mile country and affords a mail service to the miners of that country. 
 The mail is carried by pack train during the summer season, and in 
 consequence of the large mail-order business the facilities are gener- 
 ally overtaxed. 
 
 There are stations of the Government telegraph line at Eagle, at 
 North Fork, and at Kechumstuk, both the latter localities being out- 
 side the limits of the quadrangle. The installation of a telephone 
 line has been under discussion by the miners, and a system connect- 
 ing all the creeks with the supply points would be of great service. 
 
GEOLOGIC SKETCH. 
 
 15 
 
 INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY. 
 
 Work was commenced in 1907 on the location of the international 
 boundary southward from the Yukon. A topographic map of the 
 country for 2 miles on each side of the boundary is being made by 
 representatives of both Governments and will afford definite informa- 
 tion to the miners as to the position of the line. 
 
 GEOLOGIC SKETCH. 
 
 STRATIGRAPHY. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The Fortymile quadrangle is composed of a group of highly meta- 
 morphosed rocks, predominantly schists and limestone, assigned pro- 
 visionally to the pre-Ordovician ; ® of Paleozoic rocks, including 
 phyllites, limestones, and greenstones belonging to the Devonian and 
 shales, slates, limestone, sandstone, and conglomerate belonging to 
 the Carboniferous; of clays, lignite, sandstones, and conglomerates 
 belonging to tlie Tertiary; of Pleistocene and Recent bench gravels 
 and stream gravels; and of intrusive igneous rocks, some of which 
 have been metamorphosed. 
 
 The vertical distribution of the rocks is shown in the table on page 
 16; their areal distribution is shown on the geologic map, Plate Y. 
 
 The quadrangle is not one of a few well-defined formations main- 
 taining constant characters over areas of considerable extent, but one 
 in which there is wide variation of material Avithin narroAV limits. 
 The different formations possess a heterogeneity of lithologic char- 
 acter which their representation on the map does not express, and 
 their frequent occurrence in small areas necessitates detailed field 
 treatment of the quadrangle that has not yet been given to it. 
 Furthermore, the complexity of the rocks of sedimentary origin has 
 been increased by their metamorphism and intrusion by igneous 
 material, and the igneous rocks also occur largely in areas so small 
 as to be easily overlooked in reconnaissance work. The stratigraphic 
 succession and the distribution of the rocks indicated on the geologic 
 map are therefore generalized to a certain extent, but it is belie\^ed 
 that they express with a fair degree of accuracy the geologic rela- 
 tions of the material occurring in this quadrangle. 
 
 An inspection of the geologic map shows that the metamorphic 
 rocks form nearly the whole of the southern half of the quadrangle 
 and that the northern half is composed predominantly of Paleozoic 
 
 “ The rocks designated pre-Ordovician include those to which the names Birch Creek 
 and Fortymile have been given by Spun* and Nasina by Brooks. It is not desirable in 
 this report to enter into a detailed discussion of the nomenclature and correlation of the 
 schists. This is one of the most important problems of A'ukon-Tanana geology and is to 
 be treated fully in a later report on the geology of the region. 
 
16 
 
 THE FOETYMILE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA. 
 
 rocks and more recent sediments. Paleozoic and more recent sedi- 
 ments occur also in the southern part of the quadrangle, and local 
 areas of these rocks have perhaps been included within areas assigned 
 on the map to the metamorphic rocks. The data regarding the rocks 
 below Eagle are taken from the work of Brooks and Kindle.® 
 
 Provisional tahular statement of stratigraphy of FortymUe quadrangle. 
 
 System. 
 
 Series. 
 
 Formation. 
 
 Lithologic character. 
 
 
 iRecent 
 
 
 Stream gravels and silts. 
 
 Bench gravels. 
 
 Clays, sandstone, lignite, shales, and conglom- 
 erates. 
 
 Gray shales with heavy conglomerate beds and 
 some sandstone. 
 
 Black and gray shales and slates with .some 
 limestone beds. 
 
 Slates, phyllites, quartzites, cherts, limestones, 
 greenstones, and tuffs. 
 
 Quartzite schist, quartz-mica schist, carbona- 
 ceous schist, hornblende schist, gneisses, and 
 crystalline limestone. 
 
 QuhIbiuh.! y ..... . 
 
 Tertiary 
 
 \Pleistocene 
 
 
 Eocene 
 
 Kenai 
 
 Carboniferous 
 
 
 [Nation River . . . 
 1 Calico Bluff 
 
 Devonian 
 
 
 Pre-Ordovician . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PKE-OKDOVICIAN . 
 
 Under the provisional designation pre-Ordovician is included here 
 a complex of crystalline rocks, some of which are very definitely 
 of sedimentary origin and some of which are as definitely of igneous 
 origin. Through metamorphism, however, the original constituents 
 and structures have been largely replaced by new constituents and 
 new structures and in some of the rocks the distinctive character of 
 their mode of origin are practically obliterated. The complex at the 
 present time, therefore, is a unit in the sense that all the hetero- 
 geneous materials of which it is composed, having undergone the 
 processes of metamorphism, exhibit certain general characters due to 
 these processes and have thus attained a partial homogeneity that 
 affords a basis in the area under discussion for the separation of this 
 group from others. The rocks composing it are regarded as the 
 oldest in the quadrangle. Where the original composition has been 
 similar to that of the overlying rocks and where metamorphism has 
 not expressed itself forcibly it is very difficult to delimit this complex 
 precisely from the later formations. 
 
 The area covered by these rocks in the Fortymile quadrangle is 
 only a small part of that occupied by them in the Yukon-Tanafia 
 region. The types represented include quartzite, quartzite schist, 
 calcareous quartzite schist, quartz-biotite schist, garnetiferous mica 
 schist, hornblende schist, carbonaceous schist, crystalline limestone, 
 biotite gneiss, hornblende-biotite-plagioclase gneiss, and biotite augen 
 
 “ Brooks, Alfred II., and Kindle, E. M., The Paleozoic and associated rocks of the upper 
 Yukon, Alaska; Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 19, 1908, pp. 255-338. 
 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 BULLETIN 375 PLATE III 
 
 A. SCHISTS WITH THIN GRANITIC SILL ON TRAIL FROM WADE CREEK TO 
 
 WALKER FORK. 
 
 B. CONTORTED SCHIST ON RIDGE NORTH OF MOSQUITO FORK 
 
GEOLOGIC SKETCH. 
 
 17 
 
 gneiss. In most of the schists* garnets are common, and epidote is 
 very abundant in both schists and gneisses. All of these rocks occur 
 in frequent alternation over large areas. Along the Fortymile from 
 Franklin Creek to the boundary there is exhibited a constant suc- 
 cession of these recurrent types. The crystalline limestones occur in- 
 terbedded with the schists in beds from a few inches to a hundred 
 feet or more in thickness, being in close contact on either side with 
 quartzite or quartz-biotite schist or with hornblende feldspathic 
 schists or gneisses. At some localities very pure quartzites occur 
 associated with the limestones, and at other localities there are quartz- 
 ites that contain a considerable admixture of calcareous material. 
 
 The structure is very complex. The rocks have been very closely 
 folded (PI. Ill, A). In places they are apparently nearly hori- 
 zontal, but here and there such horizontality is the result of the 
 overturning of the folds to a nearly horizontal position. In general 
 the attitude is highly inclined and the dips and strikes vary greatly 
 within small intervals, closely appressed folds being common and 
 pitching in many places at high angles, the pitch of minor folds 
 becoming in places, so far as observable, practically vertical. Shear- 
 ing has been extensive, and through the shearing of highly pitching 
 folds of thin-bedded quartzite and alternating beds of mica schist 
 rods of quartzite a foot or more in length with elliptical cross sec- 
 tions an inch or more in longer diameter have been developed. In 
 a weathered cross section of such beds the eyes of the quartzite in 
 a micaceous matrix present the appearance of pebbles in a metamor- 
 phosed conglomerate. The complicated folding which these rocks 
 have undergone precludes any estimate of thickness. 
 
 The structure and composition of these rocks have been further 
 complicated by the intrusion of a large amount of igneous material, 
 some of which has been so closely incorporated with the schists as 
 to be not easily recognizable as of different origin. Innumerable 
 small dikes and sills (PI. Ill, A), which have permeated these rocks 
 and have in part been folded with them, are reduced to lenticular 
 masses ranging in size from the minute remnants of a crumpled sill a 
 quarter of an inch or less in thickness to the more massive fragments 
 of a sill a foot or more in thickness. Crosscutting dikes have given 
 off minute sheets of thin material along the structural planes of the 
 schists or gneisses until a considerable proportion of the rock has 
 become granitic in composition. There is also much material of 
 intermediate composition, and basic dikes are common. In a word, 
 it would seem that the intimate intrusion of this complex of schists 
 is indicative of their proximity to large masses of igneous material, 
 to wliich, perhaps, a large part of their metamorphism and a part 
 of their complex structure are due. 
 
 72«20— Bull. 37.5—09 2 
 
18 
 
 THE FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA. 
 
 The distribution of these rocks is approximately shown on the map. 
 The boundaries indicated have not been traced out on the ground 
 to their entire extent, and must be regarded only as provisional. It 
 is probable that small areas of younger rocks have not been differ- 
 entiated. Besides the large area of these rocks that form predomi- 
 nantly the southern half of the quadrangle, there is a small area 
 appearing in the upper part of the Seventymile Valley, from the 
 falls to the boundary of the quadrangle. A narrow ridge of unde- 
 termined extent, probably to be correlated with these rocks, is located 
 at the base of the ridge limiting Mission Creek on the north. A 
 narrow belt of them is apparently exposed round the north side of 
 the intrusive mass of Glacier Mountain. The approximate northern 
 boundary of the main area extends southeast of Glacier Mountain 
 and crosses the boundary at a point wdiich is probably not far north 
 of Fortymile Dome. 
 
 An attempt to separate the complex into distinct formations is not 
 justified by the facts at present available. The uppermost part is 
 apparently carbonaceous schist with interbedded quartzite, also in part 
 carbonaceous, and crystalline limestone. From these beds there is ap- 
 parently a gradual metamorphic transition, wdth repeated alternation 
 of beds originally different in composition, to more and more crystal- 
 line rocks and to rocks that have undergone an increasing amount of 
 intrusion, and the base of the formation is probably most thoroughly 
 magmatized. 
 
 DEVONIAN. 
 
 Green and black phy Hites and cherty slates, cherts, greenstones, 
 serpentine, quartzites, and limestones, all regarded for the most part 
 of Devonian age, characterize a large part of the northern half of 
 the quadrangle. It is possible that Silurian or Carboniferous rocks 
 are included in this grouping, but at present there is no evidence for 
 their separation. They form the bluff just below^ Eagle, the bluffs 
 above Eagle on the north side of the river, and are abundant below 
 Eagle along the Yukon, wdiere they are in close relation with Car- 
 boniferous rocks. In the southwestern part of the quadrangle they 
 occur on the Fortymile from the mouth of Dennison Fork to a point 
 about 2 miles above Franklin Creek. The drainage area of Chicken 
 Creek is formed partly of these rocks. A belt of them is present also 
 in the area about the headwaters of King Solomon and Champion 
 creeks. This belt apparently terminates to the southeast, and to the 
 northwest probabty connects with a considerable body of these rocks 
 that lies outside of the quadrangle. There is also a small area of 
 them on Canyon Creek. 
 
 The lithologic character varies greatl}". The greenstones and next 
 to them the limestones are the prominent members of this group. 
 This formation offers a strong contrast to the preceding rocks by an 
 
GEOLOGIC SKETCH. 
 
 19 
 
 absence of the intense metamorphism generally characteristic of the 
 latter. In the sedimentary part of the formation the characteristics 
 of sedimentary rocks still prevail and the limestones in places still 
 retain fossil evidences of animal life. At two localities, one at Thir- 
 teenmile camp southeast of Eagle, and one on the Fortymile just 
 below the mouth of Napoleon Creek, the Avriter found fragments of 
 crinoid stems in the limestones, but these are of little value for strati- 
 graphic purposes. The limestones are in places thin bedded, bluish, 
 and occur interbedded with shaly phyllites; at other localities there 
 are massive beds up to 150 feet or more in thickness. 
 
 The contemporary igneous material so characteristic of this forma- 
 tion is predominantly of a diabasic or basaltic character and mucli 
 of it is tuflaceous. The relation of these rocks to the limestones is 
 Avell shown in the ridge that extends east and west along the north 
 side of Mission and Excelsior creeks. Here a gray limestone about 
 150 feet thick is capped by a very fine-grained green vesicular basaltic 
 rock. Black shaly slates are associated with the limestone in this 
 same ridge at a locality near Eagle, and the green rock forms the 
 capping, as at the other locality. Besides the igneous material inter- 
 bedded with the sediments there are dikes of diabasic character. The 
 Devonian rocks have been closely folded, but otherwise have sutt'ered 
 little alteration. 
 
 The succession of rocks assigned to the Devonian is not completely 
 exposed at any locality observed in the Fortymile quadrangle. A 
 partial section is shown in the ridge extending northeast from 
 Glacier Mountain, betAveen the headwaters of Excelsior Creek and 
 Seward Creek. The intrusive mass of Glacier Mountain is bordered 
 by quartzite schist assigned to the pre-Ordovician. The succeeding 
 rocks are fairly well exposed for about a mile. The attitude over a 
 part of this distance is nearly A^ertical. The base of the Paleozoic 
 rocks is taken to be a band of carbonaceous phyllites outcropping over 
 a width of about 500 feet. These are followed in order by an outcrop 
 of massive limestone about 600 feet wide, a massive quartzite 50 feet 
 thick, black and gray slaty phyllites outcropping at intervals over 
 about half a mile, and then meager outcrops of more limestone. A 
 mile farther along the ridge are greenish slates, and 2 miles from 
 them, beyond an area about three-quarters of a mile Avide of loosely 
 consolidated conglomerate and sandstone assigned to the Tertiary, 
 are outcrops of greenstone. Shales and slates, which carry a fcAv 
 Devonian fossils, occur at several localities below Eagle on the Yukon. 
 These beds, Avhich aggregate about 1,000 feet in thickness, represent 
 the uppermost member of the Devonian, and are succeeded con- 
 formably by the lowest member of the Carboniferous. As this forma- 
 tion was not definitely recognized in other parts of the quadrangle, 
 the rocks are here grouped Avith the other DeAmnian terranes, though 
 they probably represent a horizon higher in the geologic column. 
 
20 THE FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA. 
 
 CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 The Carboniferous is represented within the limits of the quad- 
 rangle by two formations, the Calico Bluff and the Nation River. 
 These formations are present below Eagle on the Yukon and have 
 been studied by Brooks and Kindle,® from whose description the fol- 
 lowing paragraphs are quoted : 
 
 The lower of the two well-defined formations, for which the name “ Calico 
 P.lnff ” is proposed, embraces about 900 feet of black and gray shales, with 
 some slate, and niimerons interpolated thin beds of limestone. The whole 
 formation carries an abundant fauna, assigned to the Mississippian by Dr. 
 George H. Girty. Its typical exposure is at Calico Bluff on the Yukon, about 
 15 miles below Eagle. The Calico Bluff formation is separated by an uncon- 
 formity from the succeeding formation, here called the “ Nation River.” There 
 can be little doubt of this unconformable relation, though no complete section 
 was found showing both. The relations are inferred from the apparently abrupt 
 change in character of sediments to fine limestone from coarse fragmental 
 material. It is not improbable, however, that detailed mapping may reveal a 
 considerable thickness of strata lying between the Calico Bluff and Nation 
 River, as here described. Whether such strata, if found, should be included in 
 one or the other of these formations, or be mapped as a distinct stratigraphic 
 unit, must be left to the future to determine. 
 
 * * * The physical changes involved in the transition from Devonian to 
 
 Carboniferous sedimentation embraced a continuation of the deposition of 
 shale-producing sediments, interrupted at intervals by periods of limestone 
 deposition. The Carboniferous fauna seems to have made its first appearance 
 in the region with the advent of limestone-forming conditions during the tem- 
 porary cessation of the deposition of black-shale sediments. The regular and 
 frequent alternations of closely folded light-colored limestone and dark shale 
 which characterize the Carboniferous portion of the nearly vertical face of 
 Calico Bluff give it an unusual and striking appearance, as seen from the river. 
 
 The Carboniferous fossils obtained here were submitted to Dr. George H. 
 Girty, who reports the following si)ecies from bed 9j, * * * the lowest bed 
 
 holding Carboniferous fossils : 
 
 Fossihs from bed 9j, Calico Bluff, 
 
 Fenestella sp. 
 
 Polypora sp. 
 
 Cystodictya sp. 
 
 Stenopora V sp. 
 
 Rhombopora s[). 
 
 Derby a? si>. '' 
 
 Chonetes aff. choctawensis Girty. 
 Productus aff. cherokeensis Drake. 
 Productus aff. iuflatus McChesney. 
 Productus aff.? hirsutiformis Walcott. 
 Productus aff. punctatus Martin. 
 Productus aff. setigera Hall. 
 
 Productus aff. biseriatus Hall. 
 
 Productus sp. 
 
 Spirifer aff. bisulcatus Sowerby. 
 Spirifer aff. keokuk Hall. 
 Spirifer sp. 
 
 Reticularia atf. setigera Hall. 
 Martinia? sp. 
 
 Leiorhynchus sp. 
 
 Aviculipecten sp. 
 
 Myalina sp. 
 
 Macrodon aff. carbonari us Cox. 
 Bellerophon sp. 
 
 Phillipsia sp. 
 
 "Brooks, Alfred H., and Kindle, E. M., The Paleozoic and associated rocks of the Upper 
 Yukon: Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 10, 1008, pp. 255-314. 
 
GEOLOGIC SKETCH. 
 
 21 
 
 From the black shale above this faima * * * a small fauna was secured 
 
 coiitaiiiing three species, rei)orted by Girty as follows: 
 
 Liorh.ynchus aff. mesicostale Hall. 
 
 Goniatites undet. 
 
 Orthoceras sp. 
 
 The Liorhynchus of this fauna is a recurrence of the species * * * 
 which is referred to the Devonian. It is characteristic of some of the species 
 of this genus in the New York Devonian to be associated with black shales at 
 various horizons in a section, while they are entirely absent from the inter- 
 vening sediments. 
 
 The following species have been recognized from the several beds from j to n 
 of the Calico Bluff section, by Doctor Girty, which were not included in the 
 fauna of division j : 
 
 Fossils from beds 9j to On, Calico Bluff. 
 
 Zaphrentis sp. 
 
 Archjeocidaris sp. 
 
 Fenestella sp. 
 
 Pinna topora sp. 
 
 I'olypora sp. 
 
 Bhombopora sp. 
 
 Cystodictya sp. 
 
 Stenopora sp. 
 
 Stenopora? sp. 
 
 Schizophoria sp. 
 
 Chonetes sp. 
 
 Chonetes aff. choctawensis Girty. 
 IToductus aff. biseriatus Hall. 
 Productus aff. semireticulatus Martin. 
 Productus aff. hirsuitiformis Walcott. 
 I*roductus aff. parvus Meek and 
 Worthen. 
 
 Productus aff. cherokeensis Drake. 
 Productus aff. cora D’Orbigny. 
 Productus, 2 sp. 
 
 Spirifer aff. bisulcatus Sowerby. 
 Spirifer aff. keokuk Hall. 
 
 Keticularia aff. setigera Hall. 
 Amboccelia V sp. 
 
 (Yimarotmchia ? sp. 
 
 Caniarophoria sp. 
 
 Aviculipecten sp. 
 
 Macrodon n. sp. 
 
 I’leorophorus aff. subcostatus Meek 
 and Worthen. 
 
 'Pleorophorus sp. 
 
 Chiton sp. 
 
 Trachydomia ? sp. 
 
 I’leurotomaria, 3 sp. 
 
 Doctor Girty makes the following statements regarding the horizon repre- 
 sented by the Carboniferous of Calico Bluff and other sections representing 
 a similar horizon : 
 
 “ I have been unable to trace the affinity of this fauna with a member of the 
 Russian section, but presumably it is somewhere near the age of the Productus 
 yiganteus zone, in which c;ise a gap of considerable extent separates this from 
 the Upper Carboniferous fauna described below. The fauna of the Calico 
 Bluff section appears to be related to that of the upper part of the Mississi])- 
 pian section as developed to the south and west of the typical area. I refer 
 to the “Spring Creek” limestone and Marshall [should read Moorefield— 
 G. H. G.] shale of Arkansas and the Caney shale of Indian Territory (and prob- 
 ably the Eureka [should read White Pine — G. H. G.] shale of Nevada), which 
 from available data appear to represent the upper portion of the typical Mis- 
 sissippian section. This relationship of the Alaskan fauna I believe to be a 
 real and not a fancied one, and while belonging distinctly with the faunas just 
 mentioned, rather than with the tyincal Osage and Kinderhook, it would at 
 present be unsafe to say that these localities represent the upper Mississippian 
 alone.” 
 
 Since the preceding observations of Doctor Girty indicate that the nearest 
 faunal equivalents of the Calico Bluff fauna in the United States are repre- 
 
22 
 
 THE FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE^ ALASKA. 
 
 sentatives of the upper portion of the Mississipi)iaii section, it should be pointed 
 out that all of the available stratigraphic evidence indicates that it is the 
 earliest Carboniferous fauna present in the Yukon section. The stratigraphic 
 evidence appears to place it somewhat lower than the faunal evidence and to 
 indicate that it represents both the upper and lower portions of the Missis- 
 sippian section. 
 
 A section about 2 miles above the mouth of Seventymile River, on the oppo- 
 site bank of the Yukon, exposes the Carboniferous series seen at Calico Bluff 
 and some higher beds which show the Lower Carboniferous shales terminated 
 by a coarse conglomerate which, with some interbedded shales, is about 200 
 feet thick. This conglomerate may represent the base of the Nation River 
 series. The limestones and shales here show about the same association of 
 species as in the Calico Bluff section. 
 
 The Nation River series includes about 3,700 feet of gray clay shales with 
 some clay slates interpolated with heavy beds of conglomerate and some sand- 
 stone. It is typically exposed along Nation River, where it includes some small 
 seams of bituminous coal. The limits of this formation are well defined. The 
 base is beiieved to be marked by an unconformity which separates it from the 
 shales and limestone of the Calico Bluff formation. At the top it is limited by 
 the heavy limestone which previously formed the topmost member of the Car- 
 boniferous and will be described below. 
 
 Two conglomerate beds are particularly striking in this formation. One 
 occurs at the base and is very massive, and the second, which is not quite as 
 heavy, occurs about 1,000 feet above the base. The succeeding thousand feet 
 is largely made up of shales, with some fine conglomerates and sandstone, while 
 the upper 500 feet of the formation is chiefly gray shales. Some bituminous 
 coal beds occur in the lower part of the section. 
 
 The Nation River formation has yielded no fossils except a few plant frag- 
 ments, upon which Mr. David White has reported as follows ; 
 
 “ This collection consists of three fragments of rock with one counterpart 
 containing small fragments of carbonized wood, decorticated stems, etc. The 
 plant remains bear evidence of transportation, maceration, and trituration, the 
 result being that none of them are definitely determinable, even generically. 
 One fragment, about 1 cm. in length and 6 mm. in width, evidently represents a 
 branch of some lepidophyte or gymnosperm. Although it is partially decorti- 
 cated as the result of maceration, so that the epidermal characters are lost, 
 the subepidermal features of this branch so closely resemble those of certain 
 Carboniferous strobiliar axes and earlier types of phyllotaxy that I am inclined 
 to regard it as probably belonging to one of these Paleozoic forms. In fact, 
 though constrained to emphasize the poor condition and limited characters pre- 
 sented by the specimen and the consequent hazard of any attempt at identifi- 
 cation, I am nevertheless disposed to regard this fragment as belonging to one 
 of the Carboniferous lepidophytes. Among the latter it bears the closest resem- 
 blance to some of the early forms in the basal Carboniferous, or the late 
 Devonian.” 
 
 The stratigraphy and the invertebrate faunas of the associated formations 
 strongly support the opinion that the Nation River coal is of Carboniferous age. 
 The coal seam occurs near the axis of an anticline, the beds dipping away in 
 opposite directions at angles of 30° to 60° on the north and south sides of the 
 Nation River Ahilley. South of the river they pass under a massive white lime- 
 stone, carrjung an Upper Carboniferous fauna, and in which a series of open 
 folds is developed along the north side of the Yukon. Considerable interest at- 
 taches to the beds at the Nation River coal mine because it is the only locality 
 in the Yukon Basin where beds of Carboniferous age have afforded coal. 
 
GEOLOGIC SKETCH. 
 
 23 
 
 TERTIARY. 
 
 The rocks regarded as Tertiary include sandstone, clay, lignite, 
 shale, and conglomerate. The state of consolidation varies greatly 
 at different localities, but the plant remains, which are in many places 
 very abundant in these deposits, have been referred, so far as they were 
 determinable, to the Kenai formation, of Eocene age. The most ex- 
 tensive body of these deposits is in the valley of the Seventymile, 
 where a well-defined belt of them extends northwestward toward the 
 Birch Creek region. To the southeast a portion of this belt forms 
 the lower hills south from Eagle and extends still farther southeast- 
 ward to Yukon River. 
 
 Northward from the areas of Paleozoic rocks that form the hills’ 
 around the headwaters of American and Wolf creeks there are found, 
 in the valleys of these streams and in the ridge between them, brown- 
 ish sandstone, clay, lignite, ferruginous nodules with plant remains, 
 and loosely consolidated conglomerate. These rocks were observed 
 about 4 miles above the mouth of Wolf Creek in the valley of a small 
 tributary from the west. Farther north, on Wolf Creek, about 
 miles above the mouth, a bluff of conglomerate 125 feet high forms 
 the west side of the valley. The conglomerate is composed essen- 
 tially of black and red chert pebbles and vein quartz, with a few 
 pieces of granite and diorite. The conglomerate in places grades 
 into a brownish sandstone. On the west side of Mission Creek, about 
 2 miles above Excelsior Creek, there is a bluff 150 feet high of similar 
 conglomerate. Brownish sandstone is associated with it and there 
 are ferruginous nodules with plant remains. The rocks at this 
 locality dip northwest about 50°. 
 
 Still farther to the north, in the lower part of the valley of Bryant 
 Creek, there is an almost continuous section of these rocks nearly a 
 mile wide. About 4 miles above the mouth of Bryant Creek are 
 thin-bedded gray and black shales, grits, and conglomerate. In the 
 shales are numerous heavy, yellow, ferruginous nodules containing 
 plant remains, which are also abundant in the thin-bedded grits. 
 The strike is about N. 70° E. and the dip 15° N. About TOO feet 
 downstream are precipitous slopes of conglomerate with an east- west 
 strike and a nearly vertical dip. These beds, with possibly some 
 shales, occur over a width of about 3,000 feet, and are succeeded by 
 GO feet of dark and gray paper shales and grit with the same strike 
 and dip and in close contact with conglomerate on both sides. The 
 shales contain many plant remains, and the sandy beds of the con- 
 glomerate next to them exhibit irregular impressions a foot or more 
 long and up to 4 inches Avide. These show generally well-defined 
 linear markings, and there seems little doubt that they represent some 
 form of vegetable life. The shales are succeeded by 350 feet of con- 
 
24 
 
 THE FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE^ ALASKA. 
 
 glomerate, and this by more fine sediments, 50 feet thick, composed 
 of gray, micaceous, somewhat loosely consolidated, leaf-bearing 
 shales and grits and fine-grained compact shales, in which leaves 
 have been very perfect!}^ preserved. These shale beds, like the 
 others, are in contact on both sides with conglomerate. That on the 
 downstream side outcrops, with possibly some interbedded shales, for 
 nearly a quarter of a mile, to a point where a wooded slope descends 
 gradually toward the Seventymile. Precipitous slopes were seen 
 nearly 2 miles to the north, across Seventymile. These were not 
 visited, but the continuation of these slopes a few miles to the west 
 is composed also of conglomerate. The maximum size of pebbles 
 observed in the conglomerate was 5 inches; the average was from 
 1 to 3 inches. The material is mostly black, gray, and green chert, 
 quartzite, and vein quartz. The rock grades into a sandstone with 
 a cement resembling mortar. All the way to Barney Creek the 
 ridge on the north side of the river is made up of this formation, 
 either nearly vertical or dipping steeply toward the valley. The 
 cement contains much ferruginous matter, and the rock breaks down 
 easily into its constituent materials, which form loose heaps of gravel 
 and sand. The spurs on the south of Seventymile are also of this 
 material as far as the falls. The steepness of the dip is Avell shown 
 in the nearly vertical position of the leaves so abundant in the shale. 
 
 In the Chicken Creek area patches of sandstone Avith associated 
 shale, clay, and lignitic coal occur. There are ferruginous nodules 
 containing fragments of dicotyledonous leaves, and there are also 
 badly preseiwed plant remains in tlie shales and sandstones. So far 
 as these are determinable they indicate the relationship of these beds 
 with the Kenai, to Avhich they are proAUsionally referred. 
 
 On Napoleon Creek and on the Fortymile at the mouth of IValker 
 Fork there are breccias, conglomerates, sandstones, and coal-bearing 
 beds similar to those of Chicken Creek. The unconformable contact 
 of this formation Avith underlining Paleozoic rocks is Avell exhibited 
 on the east side of the Fortymile about 900 feet aboA’e the mouth of 
 Walker Fork. The older formation is composed of gray, green, and 
 black phyllites Avith some cherty beds. The oA^erlying formation com- 
 mences Avith a breccia about 15 feet thick, composed of fragments uja 
 to 4 inches or more in diameter of the underlying greenish phyllites, 
 cemented Avith a ferriminous sandA^ matrix. This is oA^erlain 1)A" about 
 
 4.' • ^ 
 
 4 feet of fine-grained bluish argillaceous beds, the material of Avhich 
 breaks Avith a conchoidal fracture. OA^rlying this fine material is 
 about 20 feet more of breccia, folloAved by alternating beds of shale 
 and massive conglomerate. The shales carry abundant poorly pre- 
 serA^ed plant remains, but unfortunately none AA’ere found sufficiently 
 well presei’AXKl to admit of determination. These rocks are tilted and 
 
GEOLOGIC SKETCH. 
 
 25 
 
 exhibit dips up to 40°. In the absence of evidence to the contrary 
 they are correlated with the other occurrences and regarded as Kenai. 
 
 A deposit on the west side of Mission Creek about a (juarter of a 
 mile above the mouth of Excelsior Creek is unlike those above de- 
 scribed. The blutf, about 90 feet high, is composed mostly of very 
 slightly consolidated angular material consisting largely of granite. 
 There are fragments of coarsely porphyritic light-colored granite 2 
 feet or more in diameter, also much fine material of the same kind 
 and a few waterworn pebbles, but apparently no chert pebbles, 
 which are so characteristic of the other deposits. There are some thin 
 beds of gray sandstone and clay with carbonaceous matter. This 
 deposit is about miles beloAV the locality on Mission Creek where 
 conglomerate associated Avith rocks containing characteristic Kenai 
 fossils occurs. It is regarded proAusionally as Kenai. 
 
 A conglomerate of doubtful age occurs on Moose Creek just at the 
 eastern edge of the quadrangle. It is strikingly coarse, containing 
 bowlders up to 6 feet or more in length. The rocks composing it are 
 principally schist, but there is also a small proportion of limestone. 
 One boAvlder of limestone Avas obseiwed, the exposed ])ortion of Avhich 
 measured 6 by 15 inches. Vein quartz pebbles are fairly abundant. 
 The cement is composed for the most part of coarse sand, but in some 
 places fine sand occurs in limited quantities betAveen the boAvlders. 
 In the vicinity of the limestone that forms the hill east of the Forty- 
 mile and north of Moose Creek the deposit is finer and the constitu- 
 ents are more angular. 
 
 Ko evidence of the stratigraphic position of this conglomerate Avas 
 observed. Its state of consolidation is similar to that of the other 
 deposits, and it probably does not differ greatly in age from them. 
 Provisionally it is included Avith them. 
 
 Lithologically there is much difference between the elements in- 
 cluded above in the Kenai, and there is also much difference in the 
 degree of consolidation, even within narroAv limits in the same out- 
 crop. All the paleontologic evidence at present available precludes 
 a separation into distinct formations. It may be stated that in 
 general the loAver portion of these deposits seems to be characterized 
 by the presence of finer material and that the uppermost portions 
 are conglomeratic. The clays, sandstones, and lignites are, Avherever 
 observed, close to the underlying older rocks. The thickness of these 
 deposits in the Fortymile quadrangle is probably greatest in the 
 valley of the Seventymile, where it reaches perhaps 3,000 feet or 
 more. The beds have been closely folded in the SeA^entymile Valley 
 and reduplication is possible. The formation has proliably origi- 
 nated from lacustrine conditions giving place later to fluviatile con- 
 ditions. 
 
26 
 
 THE FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE^ ALASKA. 
 
 Following is a report by F. H. Knowlton on the material collected 
 by the writer during 1903 from the rocks assigned to the Kenai : 
 
 3AP 224. Irene Gulch, Chicken Creek : Fragments of stems, indeterminable. 
 
 SAP 224^. McDowell claim. Chicken Creek : Equisetum sp. 
 
 SAP 2S7. Mouth of creek, 1 mile west of Chicken : Black carbonaceous shale 
 with minute plant fragments, indeterminable. 
 
 SAP 251. Chicken Creek : Fragments of dicotyledons, possibly Corylm Mac- 
 Quarrii, but uncertain. 
 
 SAP SSO. Wolf Creek: Taxodium dudiumf Heer ; Populus sp. 
 
 SAP SS6. Branch of Wolf Creek: Populus, cf. P. Richardsoni Heer; dicotyle- 
 donous fragments. 
 
 SAP SS7. Branch of Wolf Creek : Only fragments of stems and bark. 
 
 SAP S48. Bryant Creek: Sequoia Langsdorfii (Brgt.) Heer; Taxodium duUum? 
 
 Heer; Populus arcticaf Heer; Populus Richardsoni? Heer; Corylus 
 MacQuarrii (Forbes) Heer; Quercus platania Heer; Betula priscaf 
 Ett. 
 
 SAP S49. Bryant Creek: Sequoia Lanysdorfii (Brgt.) Heer; Corylus Mac- 
 Quarrii (Forbes) Heer; Populus arcPica Heer; Populus Ricliard- 
 sonif Heer; Juglans nigella? Heer. 
 
 SAP SSO. Bryant Creek: Sequoia Langsdorfii (Brgt.) Heer; Equisetum sp. ; 
 
 Populus latior Heer; Populus Hookeri Heer; Fagus Deucalionis 
 Linger; Quercus furcinervis (Ross M.) Unger; Juglans sp.V 
 
 SAP S55. Mogul Creek: Sequoia hrevifolia? Heer; Corylus MacQuarrii (Forbes) 
 Heer; Populus sp.? 
 
 SAP 4S2. Mission Creek, 2 miles above junction with Excelsior: Corylus Mac- 
 Quarrii (Forbes) Heer; Betula prisca Ett.; Fagus Deucalionis 
 Unger. 
 
 Listing the species from all the localities, we have the following : 
 
 Sequoia Langsdorfii. 
 Sequoia brevifolia. 
 Taxodium dubium. 
 Populus arctica. 
 Populus latior. 
 Populus Richardsoni. 
 Populus Hookeri. 
 
 Corylus MacQuarrii. 
 Quercus furcinervis. 
 Quercus platania. 
 Fagus Deucalionis. 
 Betula prisca. 
 Juglans nigella. 
 
 Taking well into account the fact that not all of the above species are deter- 
 mined with absolute certainty, it is nevertheless perfectly clear that all are of 
 the same age, and I do not hesitate to say that this is Arctic Miocene.® Not 
 a trace of the Cretaceous element appears. 
 
 ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 The alluvial deposits include the bench gravels that are common 
 on so many of the benches throughout the area and the deposits of 
 the present streams. The deposits of the higher benches are sharply 
 differentiated from those of the present streams; those of some of 
 the lower benches merge into the present stream deposits. There is 
 no definite evidence in the area as to the age of the higher bench 
 
 “This flora was first described as the Arctic Miocene. Subsequent investigations have 
 shown that it is of Eocene age, but the old name is still retained. — L. M. P. 
 
GEOLOGIC SKETCH. 
 
 27 
 
 gravels, but they are correlated with the high gravels in other parts 
 of the Yukon-Tanana region and referred to the Pleistocene. 
 
 The high bench of the Fortymile is very marked and is sufficiently 
 distinctive to lend itself to topographic expression, even on the scale 
 of the map of the Fortymile quadrangle. It is especially well de- 
 veloped between Steele Creek and the mouth of Canyon Creek on the 
 north side of the river, and at a level of about 300 feet above the 
 stream, on this bench, gravels are found that are reported to be aurifer- 
 ous. Nugget Gulch cuts this bench. Most of the pay gravel found in 
 Nugget Gulch is reported to have been in that portion of the valley 
 that cuts the high bench, and is due perhaps to reconcentration from 
 the latter. Gravels about 200 feet above the F ortymile were observed 
 near Bonanza Bar. The high gravels of Lost Chicken Creek, de- 
 scribed elsewhere in this report, proved to be richly auriferous. 
 There are extensive deposits of gravels in the Mosquito Fork Valley 
 at a height of about 300 feet above the stream. On Mission Creek 
 20 feet of stream gravels were observed forming the capping of a 
 bluff TO feet high. There is another bench in the Mission Creek 
 valley at a height of 15 to 20 feet above the stream, and a bench of 
 similar height has extensive development in the valley of the Seventy- 
 mile, where it is distinctly differentiated from the gravels of the 
 present stream. No detailed studies of the material or distribution 
 of these various bench deposits have been made, but so far as ob- 
 served they are composed of material of fluviatile origin and are all 
 definitely related to the valleys in which they occur. 
 
 The stream gravels have been derived from the bed rock within 
 the valleys of the streams along which they occur, or from the older 
 gravels present on the benches, or from conglomerates composed of 
 fluviatile material, and betray no evidence of other than a fluviatile 
 origin. They are described in relation to the gold occurrences. 
 
 Silts have been abundantly deposited in the valley of the Yukon at 
 different levels down to that of the present flood plains. These were 
 probably laid down under lacustrine conditions and under the inter- 
 action of lacustrine and fluviatile conditions, and date probably from 
 the Pleistocene to the present time. 
 
 It has been impossible to differentiate these deposits upon the map. 
 The areas covered by the deposits of the present streams are roughly 
 delimited, and it may be accepted as a general fact that in nearly 
 every valley there are deposits, more or less extensive, of bench 
 gravels. 
 
 STRUCTURE. 
 
 An examination of the map (PI. IV, in pocket) will show that the 
 major structures of the pre-Carboniferoiis rocks trend in a north- 
 westerly direction. Thus they are i:>arallel with the dominant tec- 
 tonic features of this part of Alaska. As has been stated, the pre- 
 
28 
 
 THE FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA. 
 
 Ordovician rocks are very intricately folded, with great complexity 
 of dips. 
 
 The Devonian beds are somewhat less deformed, but their struc- 
 ture, too, owing to scarcity of outcrops in some areas and to lack of 
 detailed mapping, can not be expressed in general terms. For this 
 reason it has not seemed worth Avhile to record graphically by means 
 of a cross section an interpretation of the structure, which could be 
 regarded as little more than a bold guess. From the evidence in hand 
 it is perhaps fair to assume that the Devonian areas, as indicated on 
 the map, mark synclinoria caught up in a highly deformed complex 
 of metamorphic sediments and igneous rocks. 
 
 The strike of the Carboniferous rocks is at variance with that of 
 the older terranes, being northeasterlv. They occur as a series of 
 broad, open folds, the best example of which in this quadrangle is the 
 anticline shown in cross section along the river between Eagle and 
 the mouth of Seventymile. Here the two Carboniferous formations 
 are exposed in the limbs of the anticline, while the Devonian occurs 
 along the axis of the fold. One nose of the anticline is exposed at 
 Calico Bluff. 
 
 The Tertiary beds are but slightly deformed, though in places 
 they exhibit vertical dips. The axis of deformation of the Tertiary 
 terranes parallels that of the pre-Carboniferous terranes. This is 
 probably connected with the form of their deposition in basins or 
 valleys which were carved out of the older terranes. 
 
 IGNEOUS ROCKS. 
 
 There is a large variety of intrusive igneous rocks in the Yukon- 
 Tanana region, and these were fully described by Spurr.“ Those that 
 have been derived from the granito-dioritic magma are especially 
 common. While extrusives of similar composition occur at short dis- 
 tances outside of the quadrangle, the extrusives Avithin the quad- 
 rangle, so far as observed, are chiefly diabasic and basaltic and are 
 confined to occurrences contemporaneous Avith the Paleozoic rocks, in 
 AA hich the}^ are so abundantl}^ interbedded as to have impressed their 
 characteristics upon a large part of the entire group. 
 
 The intrusive rocks range in composition from persilicic rocks, com- 
 posed almost entirely of quartz and feldspar, to rocks composed pre- 
 .dominantly of hornblende or of augite. They occur as large intrusiA^e 
 masses, like Glacier Mountain and the large area that extends into the 
 Fortymile quadrangle from the soutliAvest and also as innumerable 
 dikes and sills. Besides the variation in composition and in mode of 
 occurrence there has been a variation in time of intrusion. Most of 
 the intrusiA’e masses are comparatiA’ely fresh, but some of them Avere 
 
 “ Spurr, .7. E., Goolofry of fho A'ukon gold district, Alaska : Eighteenth Ann. Rep. TJ. S. 
 Geol. Survey, pt. IStiS, pp. 224-249. 
 
GEOLOGIC SKETCH. 
 
 29 
 
 intruded early enough to undergo nietamorphism along Avitli the 
 schists, and these present themselves now as gneisses of varying com- 
 position. 
 
 The persilicic rocks, termed alaskite by Spurr, occur as dikes or sills 
 from many feet to a fraction of an inch in thickness. They are light 
 in color, in some cases white, so that at a distance they simulate out- 
 crops of limestone. They are composed essentially of quartz and feld- 
 spar with a little mica. The feldspar is orthoclase, albite, oligoclase, 
 and in some cases mainly andesine with some microcline. * The con- 
 stituents are xenomorphic and range up to 3 millimeters or more in 
 diameter. Cataclastic phenomena are general and exhibit themseh^es 
 macroscopically as crumpling or as separation of the dike or sill into 
 lenticular fragments, and under the microscope as bent twinning 1am- 
 ellse in the feldspars, as comminuted marginal areas of the grains, or 
 as fracturing of the grains, feldspar grains being frequently crushed 
 into several fragments which have been cemented by a deposit of 
 quartz. Sericite is sometimes present to a limited amount between 
 the grains of quartz and feldspar, and many of the feldspar grains 
 are sprinkled with it. Where good exposures of the schists intruded 
 by these acidic dikes are shown it is possible to observe the transition 
 of these rocks to quartz veins through disappearance of the feldspar. 
 
 Biotite granite has a darker color, due to the presence of the biotite. 
 There are areas of considerable extent outside the quadrangle, but 
 within the quadrangle it occurs commonly as rather small dikes and 
 sills in the schists. The rock is generally even grained, but in some 
 localities has a porphyritic development with individuals of alkali 
 feldspar an inch or more in diameter. Most of the augen gneisses in 
 the Yukon-Tanana region are referable to old intrusions of this kind 
 of rock that have been metamorphosed along with the schists into 
 which they were intruded. 
 
 A hornblende granite composed of quartz, alkali feldspar, abundant 
 soda-lime feldspar, hornblende, some biotite, and titanite is rather 
 commonly distributed. The alkali feldspars frequently show por- 
 phyritic development. Cataclastic phenomena are common. 
 
 The large intrusive mass forming Glacier Mountain and adjacent 
 areas, so far as can be judged from material collected at several periph- 
 eral points, and from alluvial material derived from the mountain, 
 is composed predominantly of a rock referable for the most j^art to 
 quartz diorite. In most of the material examined the proportion of 
 soda-lime feldspar is very abundant, the automorphic individuals of 
 this mineral are in immediate contact with quartz grains, and the pro- 
 portion of interstitial alkali feldspar is small. There are porphyritic 
 dikes of this rock cutting the more evenly granular variety, and the 
 prominent point at the head of Beai* Creek is composed of this rock. 
 In the schists surrounding the main body are numerous dikes, and 
 
30 
 
 THE FOKTYMILE QUADRANGLE^ ALASKA. 
 
 some of these are more basic, containing a large proportion of horn- 
 blende and approaching diorite in composition. 
 
 The large area of intrusives in the southwestern part of the quad- 
 rangle, forming the bed rock along Dennison Fork and a large part 
 of the bed rock in the Chicken Creek area, is composed of the same 
 kind of rock. This rock is porphyritic in places and is also cut by 
 finer-grained porphyritic dikes of the same general composition. 
 This rock also, like the granites, has its gneissoid representatives, 
 older bodies of approximately the same composition having intruded 
 the schists. Hornblende-plagioclase gneisses along the F ortymile are 
 referable to this origin. Some of these are thoroughly recrystallized ; 
 others, presumably those intruded nearer the surface, exhibit different 
 stages of reduction to gneisses by cataclastic action combined with 
 some recrystallization. The occurrence of gold on Mosquito Fork is 
 in a brecciated mineralized zone of this rock. Along Dennison Fork 
 it is cut occasionally by felsitic dikes and dikes of basalt. 
 
 Dioritic marginal facies of the rocks above described and dioritic 
 dikes occur to some extent. Dikes are found composed almost en- 
 tirely of hornblende and biotite with a little plagioclase and quartz. 
 But in general dioritic rocks are not so common as those of a more in- 
 termediate type. 
 
 A massive dike of pyroxenite occurs about miles below the mouth 
 
 of Canyon Creek. The rock is composed predominantly of xenomor- 
 phic augite with some biotite and hornblende, titanite, and iron min- 
 eral. Some of it is coarse, with glistening biotite plates an inch or 
 more in diameter that attract attention to the blackish outcrop of 
 this rock. The rock in contact with it is quartzite schist. The dike 
 is cut by some persilicic dikes. Another dike of similar composition 
 was observed on the Fortymile just below the mouth of Discovery 
 Fork. 
 
 The schists and the intrusives above described are cut by a few 
 fresh basaltic dikes. Dikes of this rock have been observed on Wade 
 Creek, Walker Fork, and Dennison Fork. The dike on Walker Fork 
 is composed of pinkish augite, basic soda-lime feldspar, and olivine. 
 A noteworthy constituent is a quartz inclusion, corroded, fractured, 
 surrounded by a zone of augite, and entirely surrounding augite, 
 which has crystallized from the magma in a corroded cavity of the 
 quartz. 
 
 There is a considerable area of this olivine basalt in the Chicken 
 Creek area. Part of it at least is probably intrusive, like the dike 
 of the same material in the quartz diorite of Dennison Fork. Part of 
 it, however, may be in the form of a flow. The rock on Myers Fork 
 is composed of basic soda-lime feldspar, occasional large augites, 
 abundant blades of iron mineral, and brownish-black undifferentiated 
 material ; amygdaloidal cavities are numerous. 
 
GEOLOGIC SKETCH. 
 
 31 
 
 The diabasic and basaltic material contemporaneous with the Pale- 
 ozoic rocks comprises both intrusives and extrusives. The extrusives 
 have been accompanied by more or less tuffaceous matter. These 
 rocks have all been more or less altered and are composed at the 
 present time largely of chloritic, uralitic, and serpen tinous material. 
 
 The intrusion at different periods of so large a quantity of igneous 
 material and the thorough manner in which much of this has become 
 mingled with the rocks of sedimentary origin indicate conditions fa- 
 vorable for mutual influence. That the unaltered intrusions of quartz 
 diorite have brought about contact metamorphism in the intruded 
 rocks is shown by the andalusite contact zone about the intrusive mass 
 that is situated just off the southwestern border of the quadrangle, 
 at the head of Buckskin Creek. 
 
 The age of the latest intrusions of granular rocks has not been de- 
 termined, but the Paleozoic rocks are penetrated by them. The intru- 
 sions like that of Glacier Mountain and that of Dennison Fork and 
 Chicken Creek are similar in composition and occurrence to rocks of 
 the Eampart region that have intruded Upper Cretaceous sediments. 
 The end of the Mesozoic was a time of extensive intrusion, and it is 
 probable that some of the rocks of intermediate composition in the 
 Fortj^mile quadrangle were intruded at that time. The age of the 
 fresh basaltic rocks is also indefinite. There are areas of fresh vol- 
 canics outside the limits of the quadrangle; some of these are prob- 
 ably at least post-Kenai in age, and the degree of freshness of some 
 of them would indicate a comparatively recent origin. 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE GOLD. 
 
 There are a few localities in the Fortymile region where gold has 
 been found in the bed rock, and these are described in detail in the 
 following section of this report. One of these localities is on Mos- 
 quito Fork, about 2^ miles west of Chicken Creek. The gold at this 
 locality occurs in a brecciated zone of quartz diorite that has under- 
 gone silicification and mineralization. Another locality is near the 
 head of Chicken Creek, where gold is found in thin calcite seams in 
 black phyllites in close proximity to about the same kind of rock 
 as that on Mosquito Fork. The placers of Chicken Creek have prob- 
 ably derived a part at least of their gold from this source. A locality 
 on the ridge south of Kalamazoo Creek contains gold in brecciated 
 vein quartz in quartzite schists within the zone of abundant intru- 
 sions. The alluvial deposits of the streams have been derived from 
 the bed rock of the valleys in which they occur, and there has been 
 no interference by glaciation in this area with the orderly deposition 
 of material by stream action. The bed rock in some of these valleys, 
 especially those of the Fortymile region, is composed of schists of 
 
32 
 
 THE FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA. 
 
 sedimentary origin containing many small quartz veins. Gold has 
 been found in such small A'cins on Davis Creek, and on many creeks 
 nuggets occur with quartz attached. It is probable that a large part 
 of the gold of the Fort^nnile area Iras been derived from this source. 
 The gold of the Eagle area is derived apparently from mineralized 
 areas or quartz veins in bed rock that is composed of carbonaceous 
 phyllites, limestone, and greenstone of Paleozoic age. The origin 
 of the gold in the Seventymile area is not clear, as there are too many 
 possible modes of origin. It has probably been concentrated to the 
 present stream gravels from bench gravels that were derived partly 
 from the conglomerates in which the streams are cut and partly from 
 other sources. The placers of AYoodchopper Creek are in conglom- 
 erates of tlie same age as those of the Seventymile and occur in the 
 extension of the same belt to the west. They are believed by Brooks 
 to have originated from the conglomerate, where the gold had been 
 deposited as alluvial gold contemporaneously with the constituents 
 of the conglomerate. 
 
 Some of the minerals found associated Avith gold in the Fortymile 
 quadrangle are barite, galena, hatiA^e lead, argentite (sih^er sulphide), 
 cinnabar (mercury sulphide), iron pyrites, hematite, limonite, mag- 
 netite, rutile, and garnet. 
 
 GEOLOGIC HISTORY.^ 
 
 In spite of the absence of detailed information, it will be Avell to 
 outline some of the salient features of the geologic history of this 
 area. 
 
 That the oldest sediments, including arenaceous, argillaceous, and 
 calcareous material, Avere deposited in a pre-OrdoAucian sea seems 
 probable, but no more definite assignment of the period when this 
 deposition took place can be made. What is knoAAui of the geologs" 
 of the adjacent regions makes it probable that this sea Avas of Avide 
 extent. Accumulation of sediments Avent on until a great but un- 
 knoAvn thickness, probably to be measured in thousands of feet. Avas 
 laid doAvn, intrusions took place, and then, some time before the 
 middle Devonian, an extensiAn crustal moA^ement, Avhich brought 
 about a metamoiq^hism of the entire mass, took place. Limestones 
 recrystallized, sandstones changed to quartzites, and slates to phyllites 
 and schists. 
 
 This disturbance Avas probably followed by erosion, of Avhich, 
 hoAvever, no records haA^e been discoA^ered in this quadrangle. In 
 any eA^ent, possibly during Silurian and certainly during DeAmnian 
 time, sedimentation Avas again in progi*ess in this field. Sedimenta- 
 
 " Brooks, Alfred II.. Bull. V. S. Oeol. Survey No. 314, 1907, p. 199. 
 
 *'This section was prepared in cooperation with Alfred H. Brooks. 
 
GEOLOGIC SKETCH. 
 
 33 
 
 tion during the latter period was accompanied by volcanic outbursts, 
 which contributed the greenstones and tuffs so intimately associated 
 with some of the Devonian terranes. The sediments deposited dur- 
 ing Devonian time were not unlike those laid down during the pre- 
 ceding epochs. In late Devonian time the deposition of at least a 
 thousand feet of argillaceous material in the northeastern part of 
 the quadrangle took place. This material, now found as slate, which 
 could not be differentiated from the older Devonian rocks in other 
 parts of the quadrangle, belongs distinctly to the upper part of the 
 system and may very likely be separated from the older terranes by 
 an interval of erosion. Tectonically this uppermost Devonian mem- 
 ber is to be grouped with the Carboniferous horizons, from which 
 it is not separated by an erosional interval. 
 
 Carboniferous time began with an increase in calcareous matter 
 and the appearance of a new fauna. Deposition of calcareous and 
 argillaceous material continued until at least a thousand feet of 
 strata had accumulated, called the Calico Bluff formation. It is 
 probable that there was then a crustal movement which left a land 
 mass exposed and inaugurated a period of erosion. In any event, 
 the basal beds of the next series of sediments (Nation Diver forma- 
 tion) are made of coarse fragmental material, indicating a near-by 
 land mass and probably an unconformity. The evidence therefore 
 points to the conclusion that the oldest Carboniferous (Calico Bluff 
 formation) was eroded before the deposition of the second member of 
 the Carboniferous (Nation Diver). Sedimentation continued until 
 at least 4,000 feet of arenaceous and argillaceous material was 
 deposited. In adjacent areas, though not within the Fortymile quad- 
 rangle, there is evidence of another epoch of erosion following the 
 deposition of the Nation Diver. This erosional interval was suc- 
 ceeded by deep-sea conditions, which continued throughout the latter 
 part of Carboniferous and into Triassic time. There is no deposi- 
 tional record of the Mesozoic within the quadrangle, but the Lower 
 Cretaceous sea probably covered it. The close of Lower Cretaceous 
 time marked a period of mountain building and intrusion through- 
 out most of Alaska, and some of the granitic rocks of the Fortymile 
 quadrangle were probably intruded at this time. 
 
 Deposition during Tertiary time is represented by the fresh-water 
 plant-bearing beds, here assigned to the lower Eocene. These were in 
 part fluviatile, in part lacustrine, and probably never mantled any 
 considerable part of the region. Their distribution indicates deposi- 
 tion in an extensive drainage system, possibly partly broken by lakes. 
 
 The later history of the province is a complex one which has not 
 yet been fully deciphered. There was at least one extensive period 
 of erosion, when much of the area was reduced to a peneplain. It 
 
 72G20— Bull. 375—09 3 
 
34 
 
 THE FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE^ ALASKA. 
 
 does not now seem likely that all the flat-topped topographic features 
 can be assigned to this one period of erosion, as has been previously 
 sujDposed, but the correlation and genesis of these varied topographic 
 features must await further studies. The topographic records, such 
 as flat-topped ridges, spurs, and well-marked stream benches, point 
 to intermittent uplift since the first widespread period of erosion of 
 which there is evidence in the even crest lines of the higher inter- 
 stream areas. Glaciation has played no part in molding the topo- 
 graphic forms within the quadrangle, which lies entirely outside the 
 glaciated area. 
 
 GOLD PTACEHS. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 The material concerning the placers is presented in the order of 
 their areal distribution, and is followed by an account of mining 
 methods and statistics of production. 
 
 The localities of productive placers are indicated on the geologic 
 map (PL Y, in pocket). It is not practicable to show the distribu- 
 tion of the auriferous gravels, because nearly all the alluvium carries 
 at least a trace of gold, and prospecting has not gone far enough to 
 disclose how much of it may carry workable placers. The area of 
 the Fortymile and its tributaries contains the most localities and the 
 widest distribution of gold known to be in quantities sufficient to be 
 mined. The map shows that this distribution of gold corresponds 
 with that of the pre-Ordovician metamorphic rocks and associated 
 intrusives. These are the rocks that have proved most productive of 
 placer gold in the Birch Creek and Fairbanks regions, and merit, 
 wherever they occur, attention on the part of the prospector. They 
 are not everywhere auriferous, but it is in association with them 
 especially that placer areas are likely to be found. The occurrence on 
 creeks in the vicinity of Eagle in Paleozoic rocks is more local, being 
 limited thus far to small areas on American Creek and its tributary, 
 Discovery Fork. The Seventymile area includes occurrences at 
 several rather widely separated localities in a region where the bed 
 rock is predominantly formed of Tertiary conglomerates. This sug- 
 gests that the gold of Seventymile is a secondary concentration from 
 Tertiary placers. It does not follow, however, that the gold in the 
 Tertiary beds is sufficient to pay for the cost of extraction. As these 
 beds are indurated, they could not be exploited by placer-mining 
 methods. 
 
 FORTYMILE AREA. 
 
 The discovery of gold on the Fortymile in 1886 was followed within 
 the next ten years by the discovery of practicall}^ all the localities 
 that have since been productive. These include Walker Fork with 
 
GOLD PLACERS. 
 
 35 
 
 its headwaters, Poker and Da^ds creeks, Wade Creek, Chicken Creek, 
 jind small creeks in the vicinity, Napoleon Creek, Franklin Creek, 
 Canyon Creek and tributaries, the Fortymile itself, and a few small 
 areas in the immediate vicinity of the Fortymile. Chicken, Lost 
 Chicken, and Wade creeks yield at the present time the largest annual 
 output of gold. Most of the localities were visited by the writer in 
 1903, a few of them were reexamined in 1905, and others in 1907. 
 In the following descriptions of the creeks free use has been made of 
 the writer’s published statements.® 
 
 alhev Forh^ Poker Creek^ and Davis Creek . — The headwater 
 drainage of Walker Fork includes a number of small streams having 
 their sources in the divide within Canadian territory. Of these. 
 Poker and Davis creeks, which carry gold placers, are deeply cut 
 with narrow V-shaped valleys. The grade of the upper part of the 
 Walker Fork valley is approximately 100 feet to the mile. Here the 
 valley floor is a few hundred feet in width, gradually broadening 
 downstream. 
 
 A bench about 400 feet high limits the upper part of the valley on 
 the south, and on the north there is a gradual rise to a benched sur- 
 face at a corresponding level. In the vicinity of Twelvemile Creek 
 there is another bench, about 100 feet high, very prominently devel- 
 oped. The valley narrows and becomes a canyon below the great 
 bend to the northwest about halfway from Twelvemile to the mouth. 
 There is but little timber in the upper part of the valley, and the 
 adjacent ridges are bare. The valley floor and slopes between Cherry 
 Creek and TAvelvemile are fairly well timbered, having produced 
 some spruce of sufficient size for mining purposes. There is abundant 
 timber for fuel purposes. 
 
 The bed rock of the upper valley is predominantly quartzite schist , 
 and carbonaceous schist. In the lower part of the valle}^ there is a 
 large amount of hornblende gneiss with quartzite schist and quartz- 
 mica schist. Between Twelvemile and the mouth of Wade Creek 
 granitic and pegmatitic intrusives are most intimately incorporated 
 with the schists. Dikes and small sills occur from a fraction of an 
 inch to several feet in thickness. These have in many cases been 
 plicated with the schists and even reduced to lenticular fragments. 
 All of these that have been examined under the microscope exhibit 
 the effects of cataclastic action. There are occasional basaltic frag- 
 ments in the alluvials, and at one locality a fresh basaltic dike was 
 observed. Quartz veins are common, many of them being parallel to 
 the predominant structures. The structure is complex, the attitude 
 being in places nearly vertical and in places horizontal. 
 
 “ Prindle, L. M., The gold placers of the Fortymile, Birch Creek, and Fairbanks regions, 
 Alaska : Bull, U. S. Geol. Survey No. 251, 1905, pp. 39-59. 
 
36 
 
 THE 'FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA. 
 
 The first mining was done in the upper part of the valley and on 
 Poker and Davis creeks, the area of economic interest on the Alaskan 
 side extending from the boundary nearly to Cherry Creek, a distance 
 of about 4 miles. In 1907, however, a dredge was installed on Walker 
 Fork about a mile above the mouth of Twelvemile, at a locality 
 several miles below the point where the ground had been found 
 hitherto sufficiently productive to be worked by open cut. 
 
 The material on bed rock in the upper part of the valley ranges 
 from 4 to 12 feet in thickness and includes muck, sand, gravel, and in 
 some cases clay. In places there is no overburden of muck and rarely 
 no gravels are found under the muck. The thickness of the gravels 
 generally exceeds 4 feet and the maximum is about 10 feet. The 
 greatest proportion of the gravel is made up of more or less angular 
 fragments of quartzite schist under a foot in diameter. The pro- 
 portion of bowlders is small. The gold is found not only on the 
 bed rock, but in the gravels above bed rock through a distance of 2 
 or more feet. It is found also to a depth of IJ feet or more in the 
 bed rock. Gravel has been worked in places over a width of 50 feet, 
 but on the outer limits it carries only low values. Ground has been 
 worked that is reported to have carried values of $2 or somewhat 
 more to the cubic yard. The general run of gold is made up of small, 
 flat pieces, but nuggets have been found worth as high as $20. 
 Toward the head of the creek there is some gold of a blackish color. 
 
 Wade Creek . — The valley of AVade Creek is narrow and V-shaped 
 toward the head, the lower portion is more open and there is a floor 
 a few hundred feet in width that merges finally into the valley of 
 AA^alker Fork. The fall from the upper limit of placer mining to the 
 mouth, a distance of about 8 miles, is approximately 600 feet. The 
 quantity of water during dry seasons is insufficient to meet the de- 
 mand. There is considerable timber on the northwest slopes of the 
 valley and a light growth of spruce on the southeast. The valley 
 floor near the mouth of the creek is fairly well timbered with spruce 
 and aspen. 
 
 The bed rock in which the valley of AA^ade Creek has been incised 
 is predominantly schist with some interbedded ferruginous limestone. 
 The schists are in places intruded by granitic rocks, and a small 
 basaltic dike was observed near the head of the creek. Quartz veins 
 are common in the schist. The schist and quartz veins are in places 
 pyritif erous. The gravels range from 1 foot to 3 or more feet in thick- 
 ness and are overlain by a bed of muck that in places attains a thick- 
 ness of about 20 feet. Gold is rarelv found more than 14 feet above 
 the bed rock in the gravels. Most of it is on bed rock and in crevices 
 and along joint planes of the bed rock to a depth in places of about 
 4 feet. The values are rather irregularly distributed. Values were 
 first found on the river at the terminations of the spurs, and these 
 
GOLD PLACERS. 
 
 37 
 
 became favorite localities for prospecting, as the gravel was shallow 
 and the values were frequently greater than in the valley floor. 
 
 Much of the gold is coarse and several nuggets have been found 
 ranging in value from $216 to $437. The nuggets are all well worn, 
 contain very little quartz, and are valued at $17 an ounce. The 
 largest of them have been found in the part of the valley about mid- 
 way between the source and the mouth. The general run of the gold 
 is made up of small flat pieces, and a considerable proportion of that 
 found near the head of the creek is rusty. A small amount of gold 
 has been found in the lateral gulches, and this differs from that in the 
 main creek in being but slightly worn and somewhat rusty. Very 
 little fine gold is found. As so large a proportion of the gold is in 
 the nuggety form and as nuggets are of irregular distribution, the 
 values are extremely variable. The ground is reported to average 
 about $100 to the box length of 12 by 12 feet. The proportion of 
 black sand associated wfith the gold is small. Barite is abundant, 
 and the rounded pebbles of this mineral are characteristic associates 
 of the gold. Hematite pebbles are also abundant. 
 
 The alluvial deposits have been derived from the bed rock of the 
 drainage area. Pieces of gold with quartz attached are common, 
 and an assay of quartz from a vein near the head of the creek was 
 found to carry 0.06 of an ounce of gold to the ton. It seems probable 
 that the gold has been derived from quartz veins and stringers in 
 the schist, and possibly also from mineralized areas in the schists, 
 which are in places impregnated with considerable pyrite. 
 
 Mining developments are scattered along about 5 miles of the val- 
 ley, commencing at a point about 4 miles above the mouth and ex- 
 tending toward the head. The gold is mined principally by open 
 cut, but there is some ground sufficiently deep for drifting. 
 
 Chicken Creek and vicinity . — The drainage area of Chicken Creek 
 includes about 20 square miles of a fan-shaped area which is only 
 about 5 miles long from north to south. The tributaries converge 
 from their sources in the divide between it and Franklin and give 
 an amphitheatral form to the upper valley. The creek is a small 
 one, and Stonehouse Creek and Myers Fork are the most important 
 tributaries. The valley of Chicken Creek is open and the lower 
 part has a grade of less than 80 feet to the mile. The valley has a 
 flat on the west, which rises gradually to a broad, low spur, and south- 
 ward merges into the broad, grassy meadows of Mosquito Fork. 
 The ridge east of Chicken Creek shows a well-defined bench about 
 275 feet above the creek, where heads a small stream called Lost 
 Chicken, which flows southeast to Mosquito Fork. Ingle Creek, a 
 small tributary of Mosquito Fork about 2 miles west of Chicken 
 Creek and just beyond the western edge of this quadrangle, is in- 
 cluded in the productive area. 
 
38 
 
 THE FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA. 
 
 There is a considerable variety of bed rock in the Chicken Creek 
 drainage area. There are schists in a part of the divide between 
 Chicken and Franklin creeks. Phyllites, limestone, and greenstone 
 occur, all regarded as Paleozoic; there is the northeastern extension 
 of a large area of intrusives, mostly of the composition of quartz 
 diorite, and there is an extensive area of basalt. The general distri- 
 bution of these rocks is shown on the accompanying geologic map 
 (PI. V). 
 
 The alluvial deposits include the present stream gravels and bench 
 gravels. The stream gravels are of a mixed character. There is a 
 large proportion of greenish hornblendic rock, partly of tuffaceous 
 origin, derived from the large body of this rock present in the hill 
 east of Chicken Creek; there are evenly granular and porphyritic 
 varieties of the quartz diorite; there is vein quartz, phyllite, schist, 
 crystalline limestone and sandstone, coal and ferruginous nodules, 
 which in many cases contain fragments of dicotyledonous leaves. 
 The constituents are mostly under a foot in diameter and the pro- 
 portion of bowlders is small. The depth to bed rock in the main 
 valley ranges from about G to 45 feet. A layer of muck from a few 
 feet to more than 20 feet thick covers the gravels, forming frequently 
 more than half the alluvial deposit. The gravels range from about 
 6 to 20 feet in thickness and are mostly on the west side of the stream, 
 to a distance of 1,000 feet from it. The lower portion of the gravels 
 contains considerable clay, which often carries away the gold in the 
 sluices. 
 
 The pay is found mostly on bed rock, but sometimes extends into 
 it and often above it, where it is found through 5 feet or more of 
 the gravels. Most of the work has been done on the west side of the 
 creek, in places several hundred feet from it. Pay has been found 
 nearly to the western limit of the gravel and over a width of about 
 80 feet. The values range from $50 to $175 to the box length, and a 
 considerable portion of the ground has probably averaged about $1 
 to the square foot. The gold is rather fine, and much of it is granu- 
 lar. It is generally dark in color and some of it has quartz attached. 
 
 The bench between Chicken and Lost Chicken creeks is about 275 
 feet above the valley. Claims Avere located on this bench at the head 
 of the Lost Chicken in 1901, and \uilues Avere found at a depth of 33 
 feet. Further prospecting resulted in the discoA^ry of ground car- 
 rying values of about $1 to the square foot of bed rock. A 45-foot 
 hole Avas sunk through 23 feet of muck and 22 feet of graA^el similar in 
 character to the stream gravels, but someAvhat finer and more rounded. 
 The bed rock is similar to quartz diorite in character, like that at the 
 head of Chicken and that on Mosquito Fork, Avliere gold has been 
 found in the bed rock. The discoAXU-y of gold on this bench led to 
 great activity in bench prospecting throughout the region, but up to 
 
GOLD PLACERS. 
 
 39 
 
 1907 this was the only bench found to contain values workable under 
 existing conditions. During 1907 values were found in bench gravels 
 at a locality near the head of Chicken Creek, known as the Last 
 Chance. The deposits at this locality are 18 to 20 feet deep and con- 
 sist of 10 feet or more of muck overlying a thin bed of gravels resting 
 on a hummocky surface of decomposed basaltic bed rock. These 
 gravels are apparently on about the same level as those of the Lost 
 Chicken bench. Insufficient work has been done to determine the ex- 
 tent of the values. 
 
 On the spur east of Stonehouse Creek, about 1 mile north of the 
 junction of Stonehouse and Chicken creeks and about 500 feet ver- 
 tically above the junction, gold has been found in place in dark 
 phyllites lying on a surface of fine-grained quartz diorite porphyry 
 dipping about 25 degrees. The only exposure at this point is in a hole 
 10 feet deep which has been sunk through the phyllite and about 2 feet 
 of the underlying igneous rock and in a crosscut which has been car- 
 ried to a distance of about 35 feet. In immediate contact with the 
 igneous rock is about 10 inches of soft black material having the 
 consistency of clay. The phyllites contain many thin calcite veins 
 and some quartz veins; the thickest observed were hardly more than 
 2 inches in thickness. The quartz veins contain considerable pyrite, 
 and the thinner calcite veins contain granular pieces and thin plates 
 of gold. The alluvials on the slope below this locality adjacent to 
 Stonehouse Creek, and those in Irene Gulch, which heads in similar 
 phyllites only a short distance from this locality, have been mined 
 for several years, and it is reasonably sure that a part, at least, of the 
 placer gold found has been derived from these mineralized phyllites. 
 The distribution of these rocks has not been determined in detail, 
 but they have been found at several localities on both sides of Stone- 
 house Creek, where prospect holes have been sunk. The rock out- 
 cropping about the head of the Stonehouse is quartz diorite, and it is 
 probably in the vicinity of the contact of this rock with the phyllite 
 that the mineralized areas occur. 
 
 The problem of the immediate origin of the gold in the stream 
 gravels of Chicken Creek and its tributaries is complicated by the 
 facts that auriferous bench gravels occur in a part of the valley and 
 that, besides the occurrence of gold in place in the phyllites, gold has 
 also been found in place in the quartz dioritic rock like that forming 
 much of the ridge at the head of the Chicken ; but the only locality 
 at which it has been found in this rock lies just beyond the drainage 
 area of Chicken Creek, about 2J miles up Mosquito Fork. 
 
 At this point Mosquito Fork is limited by a steep canyon wall of 
 the quartz diorite, and about 200 feet above the stream is a mineral- 
 ized zone about (> feet thick striking approximately N. 25° W., which 
 is very conspicuous by the brilliant red and yellow colors produced by 
 
40 
 
 THE FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA. 
 
 weathering. The rock has been brecciated and there has been consid- 
 erable silicification. The surface rock within the zone is thoroughly 
 decomposed and contains abundant fragments of quartz, which occurs 
 in thin intersecting veins. This decomposed material yields fine flour 
 gold by panning. Two assays of material collected in 1903 gave, in 
 fine ounces per ton, for the one, gold 0.58, silver 0.10 ; for the other, 
 gold 0.36, silver 0.10, or an average per ton of about $9.70 in gold. 
 Since that time a small amount of drifting has been done and higher 
 values have been reported, but no systematic work has been under- 
 taken, and the extent of this occurrence has not been determined. 
 
 At a few localities on Chicken Creek, on Myers Fork, on Stone- 
 house Creek, and on Irene Gulch claims are worked by open cuts. 
 The bed rock on Myers Fork is mostly basalt, and the gravels, from 
 8 to 20 feet in thickness, are composed largely of coarse fragments 
 of this rock. Most of the gold is on bed rock and is coarser than the 
 average of that on Chicken Creek. On Stonehouse Creek, where work 
 has been done, there is a thickness of about 14 feet of gravels, of 
 which about 4 feet carries values. Irene Gulch is a very small tribu- 
 tary of Stonehouse Creek and the gravels are shallow. Mdiile the 
 creek heads in the phyllites above referred to, the bed rock near the 
 mouth is slightly consolidated sandstone containing ferruginous 
 nodules with plant remains. At all of these localities the w’ater 
 supply is limited. 
 
 On Chicken Creek most of the ground is suitable for drifting and 
 considerable work has been done. Indeed, much of the ground that 
 it would pay to work under present conditions has been already 
 mined out, and, furthermore, the ratio of water to gravel in the 
 Chicken area is so small that during a large part of most summers 
 work is at a standstill. Several plans to bring water to the gravels 
 of Chicken Creek from Mosquito Fork have been under consideration 
 at different times, and during the summer of 1907 a dam was being 
 constructed at Kechumstuk with that end in Anew. 
 
 Ingle Creek, a small tributary of Mosquito Fork west of Chicken 
 Creek, just beyond the Avestern limit of this quadrangle, has been 
 mined to some extent. The graA^el that was being Avorked here in 
 1907 Avas about 4 feet thick, and all Avas shoA^eled into boxes. The 
 bed rock at this locality, like that from Avhich a large proportion 
 of the graA^ls of Chicken Creek has been deriA^ed, is mostly a green 
 tuffaceous rock, and here it shoAvs considerable mineralization Avith 
 sulphides. 
 
 Napoleon Creeh . — The A^alley of Napoleon Creek is deeply sunk 
 beloAv the steep slopes, and the ATille}" floor is narroAV, being about 
 300 feet AA'ide at the mouth of the creek. The drainage area is small 
 and the Avater su})ply is therefore limited. The A^alley, like that of 
 Chicken Creek, has a variety of bed rock. The upper part of it is 
 
GOLD PLACERS. 
 
 41 
 
 cut in schists intruded by granitic rocks. In the lower part of the 
 valley are Paleozoic rocks (Devonian?), principally greenstones and 
 limestones, and fragmental rocks ranging from sandstones to con- 
 glomerates, regarded as Kenai (Eocene). There is also fresh basalt 
 like that of Chicken Creek, and this occurs probably as dikes in 
 the older rocks. Nearly every year since 1898 a small amount of 
 work has been done on Napoleon Creek, and during 1907 work was 
 in progress on Discovery claim and claim 1 above. The average depth 
 to bed rock at the locality is about 11 feet. The ground ranges 
 from 3 to 10 feet in thickness, and the width of workable ground is 
 about 100 feet. The gold is practically all in the bed rock. It is 
 coarse and of high grade, being reported to assay someAvhat in ex- 
 cess of $19 to the ounce. 
 
 Franldin Greek . — That part of the valley of Franklin Creek ad- 
 jacent to the Fortymile is narrowly V-shaped, with a stream flat of 
 very limited extent, in places hardly 50 feet in width. The valley of 
 the upper part of the creek is more open. The quantity of water 
 carried by the stream is so small that in dry Aveather the water merely 
 trickles through the gravel or stands in disconnected pools. 
 
 The bed rock includes micaceous, garnetiferous, and hornblendic 
 schists and crystalline limestones that strike nearly east and west. 
 They show much crumpling locally and are cut in places by gra- 
 nitic dikes. The gravels consist of more or less angular fragments 
 of schist, crystalline limestone, granitic rocks, dark, heavy, rounded 
 pieces of basalt reported to outcrop in the upper part of the valley, 
 and brown and gTeen pieces of rock composed of garnet, epidote, and 
 quartz with considerable pyrite. The depth to bed rock ranges 
 from 2 to 30 feet, with an average of 8 to 10 feet. Pay gravel is 
 found mostly near bed rock and across the entire Avidth of the creek 
 bottom near the mouth, and some of the ground is reported to have 
 carried as high as $5 to the cubic yard. Most of such ground, how- 
 ever, has been Avorked out. Of tAvo of the largest nuggets found on 
 the creek, one Avas Avorth $239 and the other $500. Much Avork Avas 
 done on Franklin Creek in the early days, and at the present time it 
 is affording a living to several miners, Avho are Avorking partly by 
 open cut and partly by drifting. 
 
 Canyon Creek and its tributaries. — The loAver part of the valley 
 of Canyon Creek is rather open, Avith a Auilley floor up to nearly a half 
 mile in Avidth. The valley is deeply sunk beloAv the inclosing ridges, 
 and the valleys of the tributaries are acutely V-shaped. The bed rock 
 includes schists and limestones intruded by granitic rocks and green- 
 stones partly fragmental in character. Considerable work has been 
 done on Squaw Gulch. The stream is small, Avith a grade of about 
 150 feet to the mile. The gravels are predominantly quartzitic 
 schist and crystalline limestone, with some granite and vein quartz 
 
42 
 
 THE FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA. 
 
 ranging in thickness from 3 to 10 feet. The proportion of bowlders 
 is rather large. Gold has been found in about feet of gravel over 
 a width of about 50 feet. It occurs as small flat pieces, with a con- 
 siderable proportion of fine flaky gold; but coarse pieces have been 
 found, up to nuggets worth as much as $43. The creek is reported 
 to have produced a total of a few thousand dollars. Work has also 
 been done on Camp Creek and Woods Creek, but the results attained 
 are not available. The valley of the main creek has a large body of 
 gravels, to which attention has been directed during the season of 
 1907 with the object of working the ground on a large scale. 
 
 Gold has been found in place in the ridge south of Kalamazoo 
 Creek, a tributary of Canyon Creek, that heads in Steele Dome. At 
 this locality there is a conspicuous outcrop of vein quartz and 
 quartzitic schists about 1,000 feet in length and 50 to 100 feet or 
 more in width. The rock is partly brecciated and cemented with 
 ferruginous material. Specimens have been obtained showing specks 
 of fine gold. It is not knowm, however, whether the gold is uni- 
 formly distributed through the rock or whether it is only of local 
 occurrence. Placer gold found in creeks draining this area is believed 
 by miners* to have been derived from this locality. 
 
 Bars and benches of the Fortymile , — Many of the bars of the 
 Fortymile proved veiy productive in the early days, and even in 
 1907 a few miners were found making wages with the rocker. The 
 Fortymile follows a meandering course in a steep- walled canyon and, 
 swinging from side to side, has left at more or less regular intervals 
 considerable areas of the bed rock that have been reduced b}^ the 
 stream to a more or less level surface. The bed rock is predominantly 
 closely folded, thin-bedded schists and crystalline limestone. The 
 main structures are generally transverse to the course of the creek, 
 and the attitude is for the most part nearly vertical. The process 
 of downcutting is still in progress and bed rock is exposed along a 
 great part of the stream in this quadrangle. 
 
 The bed rock on some of the bars slopes gradually from the stream, 
 leaving an area several hundred feet in width at a distance of but 
 a feAv feet above it. The thin mantle of gravels with which such 
 areas were' covered was easily removed and the cracks and crevices 
 of the broken bed rock, composed of alternating soft and hard 
 layers wdiich a horded an excellent surface for retaining the gold, 
 w^as most thoroughly cleaned by the miners. At the present time 
 there is renew*ed interest in these shallow^ deposits that are under 
 w*ater at certain stages, and they are being investigated with refer- 
 ence to dredging. Where the Fortymile is sufficiently shallow* it is 
 possible in wdnter to sink holes through the ice to the frozen gravels 
 and through them to the underlying bed rock Avithout being troubled 
 greatly by Avater. The gravel-covered flats that extend back from 
 
GOLD PLACERS. 
 
 43 
 
 the stream a distance ranging from a few hundred feet to half a 
 mile or more are also being prospected. 
 
 The flat at the mouth of O’Brien Creek was being mined to a 
 small extent in 1907 and was reported to carry some gold. 
 
 Work was being done in 1907 on gravels adjacent to the Fortymile 
 at a locality on the right bank 1 mile above Canyon Creek. The 
 depth to bed rock is from 18 to 22 feet. The gold is mostly on bed 
 rock and to a depth of 1 to 2 feet within it. Water from adjacent 
 creeks was stored in a small reservoir at a sufficient height above the 
 gravels to afford a small head for the utilization of the water by 
 means of a canvas hose and nozzle. 
 
 Discovery Bar, about 2 miles below Canyon Creek, was being 
 worked by water from Discovery Creek, conveyed by a ditch about 
 4,500 feet long. One man was working at this locality with a portable 
 set of short, narrow sluice boxes. The bar is reported to have yielded 
 in the early days approximately $80,000 in gold. 
 
 The bar opposite the mouth of Smith (Davis) Creek was being 
 worked in 1907 by water brought from Smith Creek. By taking 
 water from a point about 7,000 feet up this creek a head of 120 feet 
 is available, and two sluice heads are reported as the lowest amount. 
 The water is piped across the Fortymile by means of a cable bridge 
 having a span of 280 feet. The bar was first worked in 1887, and is 
 reported to have produced in the early days approximately $500,000. 
 
 Another bar upon which much work was formerly done is located 
 a mile above Moose Creek. In 1907 plans were being carried out to 
 bring water to this locality, a distance of 3 miles, from tributaries of 
 Moose Creek, by means of a combined ditch and flume. The amount 
 of fluming necessary is approximately 7,000 feet. It was expected 
 that 100 to 125 inches of water would be delivered with an available 
 head of 100 feet. The dejDosit to be worked is 25 feet thick, the gravel 
 being overlain by 6 to 9 feet of muck. The auriferous part of the 
 deposit is 16 to 18 feet thick, half gravel and half broken bed rock. 
 The muck was to be ground sluiced away and the rest of the deposit 
 run through the boxes. 
 
 The gravels found on the benches of the Fortymile have in places 
 been found auriferous and considerable attention has been directed 
 to them. It is a slow process to prospect these deposits, and in many 
 localities there is no available water. With the exception of the 
 bench deposits of the Chicken Creek area, already described, no 
 bench deposits have been worked extensively. 
 
 There has been considerable prospecting on the benches, and during 
 the summer of 1907 bench deposits on the north side of the Forty- 
 mile about 2 miles above Steele Creek, in the drainage area of Flat 
 Creek, were under investigation with reference to working by the 
 hydraulic method. By the construction of a small reservoir and ditch 
 
44 
 
 THE FOKTYMILE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA. 
 
 a small amount of water was made available, sufficient for testing 
 the values to a certain extent. At this locality there is an overburden 
 of 6 to 10 feet resting on about the same thickness of gravel. Work 
 was being done at this locality, so far as the conditions would permit, 
 and values were reported. 
 
 The stream that formerly occupied the old valley of the Fortymile, 
 which is so perfectly preserved as the present high bench, was doing 
 work similar to that which is now being done in the present valley. 
 The older valley was wider than the present valley, the processes of 
 concentration had extended over a longer interval of time, and if 
 there was available at that time aii}^ considerable body of auriferous 
 material the g’old would have been concentrated in such localities 
 as the form of the old valley, the position of the stream within it, 
 and the character of the bed rock rendered most favorable. The 
 amount in the bench gravels at the present time would represent the 
 difference between that originally concentrated in the older valley 
 and that reconcentrated from that older valle}^ into the benches of 
 intermediate height and into the valley of the present stream. 
 AVhether such amount proves to be of economic importance is a 
 problem for the future. 
 
 Other localities . — There are a few localities where mining has been 
 done that are of interest with reference to the distribution of the 
 gold. Nugget Gulch, a short distance below Steele Creek, is an 
 acutel}^ V-shaped valley that is reported to have yielded in the past 
 several thousand dollars. The stream floor is very narrow and has 
 been Avorked for about a mile above the mouth OA^er a width of about 
 30 feet. The ATilley is cut in an area of schists, limestones, and basic 
 intrusiA'es, and the graA^els are similar to those of the other creeks. 
 
 The occurrence of gold on Miller Creek, a small tributary of Dome 
 Creek, carries the extent of the possibl}^ auriferous area to a con- 
 siderable distance north of the Fortymile. Gold Avas discoA^ered in 
 1893 and a small amount of Avork has been done. The bed rock is 
 schist and the graA^els are predominant!}" of the same material. No 
 gold has been found in the other tributaries of Dome Creek or in 
 Dome Creek itself, except iimnediately beloAv the mouth of Miller 
 Creek. The occurrence is apparently an isolated one. 
 
 EAGLE AREA. 
 
 The most important gold-producing area in the A-icinity of Eagle 
 is that of American Creek and its tributary. Discovery Fork. These 
 streams floAv in acutely V-shaped A-alleys Avith a rather steep grade. 
 The heads of the A^alleys are cut in carbonaceous schists and lime- 
 stones. The bed rock of the loAver parts of the ATilleys is mostly 
 serpentine Avith basic dikes. The graA"els are shalloAV — up to about 
 10 feet in thickness. 
 
GOLD PLACERS. 
 
 45 
 
 American Creek has been worked for several years and has pro- 
 duced a considerable quantity of coarse gold. In 1903 preparations 
 were made to work the gravels on a large scale by the hydraulic proc- 
 ess. A flume 7,200 feet in length, with a capacity of 1,200 miner’s 
 inches, was built and a hydraulic elevator installed. The quantity 
 of available water, however, was limited and the plant could not be 
 used to best advantage. On Discovery Fork an automatic dam had 
 been constructed and found to work successfully, and in 1907 prep- 
 arations were being made to work the ground on American Creek 
 by the same method. The construction of the government wagon 
 road by the road commission has brought these localities into close 
 relation with Eagle, only about 10 miles distant. 
 
 SEVENTYMILE AREA. 
 
 The valley of Seventymile Creek as far as the falls is located 
 mostly in Kenai (Eocene) conglomerates. Above the falls as far as 
 Barney Creek the Seventymile flows close to the contact of the Kenai 
 rocks with schists. The valley is elaborately benched, and the sur- 
 face of the lowest bench, about 20 feet above the stream, is covered 
 with gravels several feet in thickness that are being prospected for 
 working on a large scale. At the falls, about 20 miles from Eagle, 
 the bench gravels have been mined to some extent and some gold has 
 been extracted. Most of the mining, however, has been done on tribu^ 
 taries of the Seventymile, and those that have proved productive 
 within the quadrangle are Broken Neck, Sonickson, and Nugget 
 Creek. 
 
 Broken Neck Creek enters the Seventymile from the north, just 
 above Mogul Creek. The V alley is deeply cut in Kenai conglomerate 
 and shales, and where the stream leaves it the valley floor is only 
 about 120 feet wide. The rocks dip 75° to the north and the shales 
 contain many fossil leaves. The gravels are composed of the pebbles 
 found in the conglomerate, pieces of shale and sandstone, a small 
 proportion of quartzitic bowlders a foot or more in diameter, unlike 
 the constituents observed . in the conglomerate at this locality, and 
 large bowlders of compact, fine-grained conglomerate, composed 
 largely of chert pebbles. The creek has been worked to a width of 
 100 feet from the north to a point about half a mile upstream. The 
 pay streak is reported to have been about 6 feet wide. ' 
 
 Sonickson Creek flows in a canyon whose slopes exhibit well-defined 
 benching near the Seventymile. The bed rock at the mouth is a cal- 
 careous schist. The gravels contain bowlders of schist, conglomerate, 
 greenstone, and granite. A small amount of work has been done 
 near the mouth, but the results thus far obtained have not proved 
 very encouraging. 
 
46 
 
 THE FORTYMILE QUADRANGLE^ ALASKA. 
 
 Barney Creek enters the Seventymile from the north. The valley 
 near the mouth is a very narrow cut in conglomerate and shales that 
 range in dip from 55° S. to vertical. The gravels in the creek bot- 
 tom are from about 1 to 3 feet thick and are composed of pebbles 
 from the conglomerate, pieces of bowlders, and vitreous quartzite 
 up to 3 feet in diameter. At a level of 50 feet above the mouth of the 
 creek are bench gravels about 6 feet thick resting on the edges of the 
 upturned conglomerate. These contain large quartzite bowlders like 
 those observed in the creek gravels and similar also to those observed 
 in Broken Neck Creek. These bench graA^els on Barney Creek are 
 auriferous and it is probable that part, at least, of the gold in the 
 creek gravels has been derived by reconcentration from them. 
 
 The occurrence of gold on Nugget Creek and Flume Creek, both 
 tributaries of the Seventymile to the west of the Fortymile quad- 
 rangle, indicates the extension of the auriferous area westward. 
 
 In conclusion it may be said that a few of the tributaries of 
 Seventymile have produced in the past fairly good pay, Barney and 
 Broken Neck creeks having been most productive, with several thou- 
 sand dollars probably to the credit of each, and that there are exten- 
 sive deposits of gravel along the main stream that in places have been 
 found auriferous. 
 
 MINING METHODS. 
 
 Mining in the Fortymile quadrangle has been done by the rocker, 
 by open-cut work, by hydraulic methods, by drifting, and, during the 
 season of 1907, by dredging. Various accessory means for the utiliza- 
 tion of water have been brought into service, such as ditches, small 
 reservoirs, automatic dams, etc. 
 
 Much work was formerly done by the rocker on the bars of the 
 Fortymile, and even in 1907 a few instances of reversion to this 
 original type were observed. The prevailing low stage of water was 
 especially favorable for this kind of work. With the exception of 
 the mining on Chicken Creek, most of the work has been done by 
 open cut. The ground is generally stripped first of all by ground 
 sluicing; then a cut of sufficient width for one or two sets of boxes 
 is opened, and a bed-rock drain several hundred feet in length is 
 constructed. The pay gravels have generally been shoveled into the 
 boxes by hand work, but steam scrapers and bucket conve}^ers have 
 also been used for this purpose. The hj^draulic method has been 
 used only to a small extent. Drifting is the most common method in 
 the valley of Chicken Creek. The process includes the sinking of 
 a shaft to bed rock, a distance of 20 to 40 feet, the timbering of the 
 shaft, the opening up of the gi'ound by drifts from which crosscuts 
 are driven, the extraction of the few feet of auriferous gravels, and 
 the hoisting of this material to the surface, where the gold is recov- 
 
GOLD PLACERS. 
 
 47 
 
 ered by ordinary sluicing. The method of thawing by steam points 
 is the one most commonly employed. 
 
 The most recent development of method in the Fortymile region 
 has been the introduction of dredging. The season of 1907 was an 
 experimental one for this method, and while the results were perhaps 
 incommensurate with the expectations, a considerable body of experi- 
 ence was undoubtedly acquired regarding the conditions under which 
 dredging has to be carried on in this region. A dredge was installed 
 an Walker Fork, about a mile above the mouth of Twelvemile, in 
 the spring of 1907 ; a dredge was in the process of construction on 
 Pump Bar of the Fortymile, about 2 miles below the mouth of 
 Franklin Creek, during the summer of 1907; a dredge was in opera- 
 tion on the Fortymile at the Boundary, and another was working 
 Sour Dough Bar of the Fortymile about 4 miles above the mouth, 
 in Canadian territory. 
 
 The dredge on Walker Fork was freighted up the Fortymile and 
 Walker Fork to its present position during the winter of 1906-7. 
 The valley floor where the dredge is located is several hundred feet 
 wide. The bed rock in this part of the valley includes schists, 
 gneisses, and granitic intrusions, partly parallel with the main struc- 
 tures and partly cutting them. The alluvial deposits are reported 
 to range from 6 to 14 feet in thickness, with an average of about 
 9 feet. The muck ranges from IJ to 4 feet, in thickness. The gold 
 is said to be mostly on bed rock or within it to a depth of a few 
 inches. The deposits are frozen. Insufficient ground had been pre- 
 viously prepared by ground sluicing for the operation of the dredge 
 and it was necessary to use steam points for thawing the gravels. 
 The dredge is a bucket open-connected steam dredge, the buckets 
 having a capacity of 5 cubic feet. It was reported capable of work- 
 ing about 3 acres a month to a depth of 14 or 15 feet. The dimen- 
 sions of the dredge are 36 by 76 feet and it draws about 4J feet of 
 water. It was held in position by two cables on each side and one 
 in front, all held by deadmen. Three men are required to run it — 
 a winchman, an engineer, and a fireman. The working season can 
 commence from the 10th to the 15th of May and continue till the 
 middle of September, giving about 120 days. The great difficulty 
 encountered is the frozen character of the ground. It has been found 
 necessary to prepare ground by stripping at least a year in advance 
 in order to give the greatest opportunity possible for thawing by 
 natural processes and thus for saving to a great extent the extra 
 expense of thawing by steam points. Bucket lips that have a life 
 of perhaps nine months under such conditions as are found in the 
 dredging areas of California are worn down completely in a few 
 weeks where they have to encounter frozen ground. 
 
48 THE FOKTYMILE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA. 
 
 The machine in process of installation on Pump Bar below the 
 mouth of Franklin is a dipper dredge. The machinery had been 
 freighted up the Fortymile and was being assembled on a scow 42 
 by 80 feet, built of native spruce lumber. The capacity of the dipper 
 was cubic yards and the machine was expected to handle about 
 1,000 cubic yards in ten hours. The ground to be worked is a shallow 
 portion of the bed of the Fortymile, ranging from 6 to 12 feet in 
 thickness, and is all unfrozen. It was reported that ground carrying 
 25 cents to the cubic yard would pay the cost of working. 
 
 The dredge on the Fortymile at the boundary is similar to that of 
 Walker Fork but of less capacity. It was working on a bar of the 
 Fortymile where the average depth to bed rock is about 8 feet. 
 While bowlders are somewhat troublesome there, necessitating fre- 
 quent stopping of the machine, the ground is for the most part un- 
 frozen. 
 
 The dredge on the Canadian side of the boundary is a much larger 
 machine with a capacity of 3,000 cubic yards per day, and a capacity 
 for depth of 35 feet. This dredge also was working on a bar of the 
 Fortymile where the ground was unfrozen and the bed rock soft. 
 
 There are many factors to be taken into consideration in any plan 
 involving the installation of a dredge, and the neglect of any one 
 of them may be fatal to the success of the undertaking. This is not 
 the place for a detailed statement of the dredging problem, but inas- 
 much as some of these factors are overlooked so frequently with 
 apparent indifference by those in charge of operation attention may 
 be drawn to some of them. There is, for example, the problem of the 
 determination of values in the ground. It might seem superfluous 
 to insist on the importance of a thorough preliminary investigation 
 of the ground, but those familiar with the conditions will recall cases 
 where this vital factor has been practically neglected. There are also 
 to be considered the dimensions and character of the alluvial de- 
 posits, the vertical and horizontal distribution and the character of 
 the gold; the bed-rock surface, its hardness, receptivity for gold, 
 and adaptability for dredging; the water and fuel supplies; the 
 length of the working season ; the costs of material, labor, and trans- 
 portation; and the selection of a dredge best adapted to the con- 
 ditions presented by the ground under consideration. 
 
 PRODUCTION. 
 
 The production of placer gold of the Fortymile quadrangle, in- 
 clusive of 1907, has been approximately $5,000,000. Most of the gold 
 is taken out of Alaska by way of Fortymile River, and from records 
 furnished the Survey by the office of the United States Customs 
 Service at the subport of Fortymile, Alaska, the following table 
 showing the production of the Fortymile area for the years 1901 to 
 1907 has been prepared. These statistics do not include the pro- 
 
SUMMARY. 
 
 49 
 
 duction from the Eagle and Seventymile areas, for which very in- 
 complete data are at hand. The production of the entire Fortymile 
 quadrangle for 1907 was approximately $150,000. 
 
 Production of the Fortymile area for the years IDOJf to 1007. 
 
 
 1904. 
 
 1905. 
 
 1906. 
 
 1907. 
 
 Creeks. 
 
 Fine 
 
 ounces. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Fine 
 
 ounces. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Fine 
 
 ounces. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Fine 
 
 ounces. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Chicken, Lost Chicken, Myers 
 Fork, Stoiiehouse, and Ingle. 
 
 6,819. 74 
 
 $140, 964 
 
 5, 368. 11 
 
 $110, 959 
 
 4, 269. 32 
 
 $88, 247 
 
 2, 377. 74 
 
 $49, 147 
 
 Franklin 
 
 494. 29 
 
 10,217 
 
 581 . 47 
 
 12,019 
 
 783. 79 
 
 16, 201 
 
 100.34 
 
 2, 074 
 
 Wade 
 
 5, 233. 24 
 
 108, 171 
 
 4,521.00 
 
 93, 449 
 
 3,094.87 
 
 63, 971 
 
 3,381.90 
 
 69, 904 
 
 Walker Fork, Poker, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Davis 
 
 1, 222. 11 
 
 25, 262 
 
 1, 124. 28 
 
 23. 239 
 
 1,184.32 
 
 24,480 
 
 484.42 
 
 10, 013 
 
 Squaw, Camp, and Woods 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2, 550 
 
 Canyon 
 
 156. 27 
 
 3, 230 
 
 103.62 
 
 2, 142 
 
 63. 32 
 
 1, 309 
 
 123. 36 
 
 Napoleon, Montana, Buck- 
 skin, Dome, Eagle, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Twin 
 
 51.00 
 
 1,054 
 
 46.06 
 
 952 
 
 13. 11 
 
 272 
 
 11.51 
 
 238 
 
 Fortymile bars and commer- 
 cial dust 
 
 886. 60 
 
 18, 326 
 
 637. 40 
 
 13, 175 
 
 437. 54 
 
 9,044 
 
 266. 47 
 
 5, 508 
 
 
 14, 863. 25 
 
 307, 224 
 
 12,381.94 
 
 255, 935 
 
 9, 846. 27 
 
 203,524 
 
 6, 745. 74 
 
 139, 434 
 
 SUMMAKY. 
 
 The topographic features of this quadrangle comprise numerous 
 ridges, of approximately uniform height, separated by deep, rela- 
 tively narrow valleys. The rocks include a complex of schists and 
 limestones with altered intrusives; Paleozoic phyllites, quartzites, 
 limestones, and greenstones, both intrusive and extrusive, with asso- 
 ciated tuffs; Tertiary clays, lignite, sandstone, shale, and conglomer- 
 ates ; bench gravels and stream gravels ; and unaltered igneous rocks. 
 The structure is exceedingly complex. The dominant trends in the 
 northern part of the quadrangle are northwest-southeast; in the 
 southern part, northeast-southwest to east-west. Igneous rocks are 
 abundant and have been an important factor in the geologic history. 
 The gold deposits are probably to be referred indirectly to them. The 
 age of mineralization is not definitely established, but some of the 
 auriferous material originated subsequent to the intrusion of compar- 
 atively fresh granular rocks of intermediate composition, which may 
 have been as late as the Upper Cretaceous. 
 
 The quadrangle has produced approximately $5,000,000 in placer 
 gold, and while the decreasing annual production indicates that the 
 ground which it would pay to work under present conditions will soon 
 be exhausted, there are still considerable bodies of low-grade ground 
 that, under a lower cost of mining due to improvement in the facili- 
 ties of transportation and cheaper methods of handling material, 
 could probably be profitably mined. No workable deposits of (*oal 
 have been found, but a small amount of local coal has been used for 
 blacksmithing purposes. 
 
 72020— Bull. .375-09- 
 
 4 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
INDEX 
 
 Page. 
 
 Alaskite, character and distribution of 29 
 
 Alluvium, character and distribution of 26-27 
 
 Altitudes, maxima of 9 
 
 American Creek, gold on 45 
 
 rocks on 23 
 
 view on 8 
 
 Barnard, E. C., work of 5,8 
 
 Barney Creek, gold on'. 46 
 
 Benches, occurrence of 11 
 
 Broken Neck Creek, gold on 45 
 
 Brooks, A. H., on source of gold 32 
 
 prelace by 5 
 
 Brooks, A. H., and Kindle, E. M., on rocks 
 
 of Yukon 20 
 
 Bryant Creek, rocks on 23 
 
 BucksLin Creek, rocks on 31 
 
 Calico Bluff formation, character and dis- 
 tribution of 20-22 
 
 fossils from 20-22 
 
 Camp Creek, gold on 42 
 
 Canyoa Creek, gold on 41 
 
 rocks on ! 18 
 
 Carboiiferous rocks, character and distribu- 
 tion of 20-22, 28 
 
 Chicken Creek, gold on and near 31,37-40 
 
 mining on 46^7 
 
 rocks on 18,24,30,31 
 
 Climate, description of 11-12 
 
 Davis Creek, gold on 32,35-36 
 
 ridge near, view of 10 
 
 Dennson Fork, rocks on 30,31 
 
 Devonian rocks, character and distribution 
 
 of 18-19,28 
 
 Dikes occurrence of 17,29-30 
 
 Diorite, character and distribution of 29-30 
 
 Discoi^ery Creek, gold at 43 
 
 Discoi^ery Fork, gold on 45 
 
 Domes, occurrence of 9 
 
 Drairage, description of 9-11 
 
 Dredjes, introduction of 8 
 
 use of 47-48 
 
 Eagk, gold at and near 32,34,44^5 
 
 rocks at and near 18,19,23 
 
 Excesior Creek, rocks on 19 
 
 Flat Creek, gold on 43-44 
 
 Flurre Creek, gold on 46 
 
 Fortjmile area, gold in 34-44 
 
 Fort.^mile River, benches on 11,27,42-44 
 
 cinyon of, view of 10 
 
 dredges on 47-48 
 
 gold on 8,42-44 
 
 production of 8 
 
 rocks on 17,18,24,30 
 
 Page. 
 
 Franklin Creek, gold on 41 
 
 Geography, sketch of 9-11 
 
 Geologic history, outline of 32-34 
 
 Geologic map of quadrangle Pocket 
 
 Geologic surveys, nature of 8-9 
 
 Geology, discussion of 5 
 
 sketch of 15-34 
 
 Girty, G. II., on Carboniferous fossils 20-21 
 
 Glacier Mountain, elevation of 9 
 
 rocks on 18,19,28,31 
 
 Gold, discovery of 8 
 
 distribution of 34-46 
 
 mining of 46-48 
 
 production of 48-49 
 
 source of 31-32 
 
 Granite, character and distribution of 29 
 
 Igneous rocks, character and occurrence of 17, 
 
 19,28-31 
 
 Ingle Creek, gold on 40 
 
 International boundary, survey of 15 
 
 Irene Gulch, gold in 39,40 
 
 Kalamazoo Creek, gold near 31,42 
 
 Kenai formation, character and distribution 
 
 of 23-25 
 
 fossils of 26 
 
 Kindle, E. M., and Brooks, A. H., on rocks of 
 
 Yukon ‘20 
 
 Knowlton, F. II., on Kenai fossils 26 
 
 Location of area, map showing 7 
 
 Lost Chicken Creek, gold on 38 
 
 gravels of 27 
 
 Maps, topographic and geologic Pocket 
 
 topographic and geologic, preparation of. 5 
 
 unit size of 5 
 
 Metamorphism, presence of 31 
 
 Miller Creek, gold on 44 
 
 Minerals, list of 32 
 
 Mining methods, description of 46-48 
 
 Mission Creek, gravels of 27 
 
 rocks on 19,23,25 
 
 Moose Creek, gold at 43. 
 
 rocks on 25 
 
 Mosquito Fork, gold on 31,38,39,40’ 
 
 gravels of 27 
 
 rocks near, view of 16 
 
 Myers Fork, gold on 40 
 
 rocks on 30 
 
 Napoleon Creek, gold on 40-41 
 
 rocks on 24 
 
 Nation River formation, character and dis- 
 tribution of 20-22 
 
 fossils of 22 
 
 Nugget Creek, gold on 46 
 
 51 
 
52 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Nugget Gulch, benches on 27,44 
 
 O’Brien Creek, gold at 43 
 
 Poker Creek, gold on 35-36 
 
 ridge near, view of 10 
 
 Pre-Ordovician rocks, character and distri- 
 bution of 16-18,27-28 
 
 Roads and trails, description of 14-15 
 
 Relief, description of 9 
 
 Seventjunile area, gold in 32,34,45-46 
 
 rocks of 18,23-25 
 
 Smith Creek, gold at 43 
 
 Sonickson Creek, gold on 45 
 
 Squaw Gulch, gold on 41 
 
 Storehouse Creek, gold near 39,40 
 
 Stratigraphy, description of 15-27 
 
 details of 16-27 
 
 table of 16 
 
 Streams, nature of 10 
 
 Structure, description of 27-28 
 
 Survey maps, nature of ^5 
 
 Surveys, nature of 8-9 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 Page. 
 
 Temperature, range of 11-12 
 
 Tertiarj' rocks, character and distribution 
 
 of 23-26,28 
 
 Timber, distribution of 12 
 
 distribution of, map showing 13 
 
 Transportation, means of 14-15 
 
 Valleys, description of 0-1 o 
 
 Vegetation, nature of 12 
 
 Wade Creek, gold on 3'>-37 
 
 rocks on and near 
 
 view of 
 
 view on 
 
 Walker Fork, dredging on 
 
 gold on 
 
 rocks on and near 
 
 view of 
 
 Wliite, David, on Nation River fossils. 
 
 Wolf Creek, rocks on 
 
 Woodchopper Creek, gold on 
 
 Woods Creek, gold on 
 
 30 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 47 
 
 35-36 
 
 24,30 
 
 16 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 32 
 
 42 
 

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 J 
 
 
 
 
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 f ' • 
 
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7 * 
 
 \ 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 A*. 
 
LEGEND 
 
 
 
 
 Wll*"' 
 
 hlUHHll 
 
 > 1 
 
 /M'l) 
 
 DofW 
 
 
 Csolo^Y by L 
 
 (;koi,o(;i(' 
 
 KKl'dNNAISSAN't'E MAP OF FUKTYMILF (.H’M 'KAXCI.E 
 
 
 (V.uto'irinterTOl 20(1 
 
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