EFFICIENT PATTERNS FOR ADEQUATE LIBRARY SERVICE IN A LARGE CITY: A SURVEY OF BOSTON UNHtHSITV OF HI FEB i l LIBRARY The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. University of Illinois Library -syfiSrt OCT 2 3 1S A/3Afct£l£ mm *F MAYl 6 4/4 m V," 1373 i V^ ?MAR2 m ?$ rtf L161— O-1096 University of Illinois Graduate School of Library Science MONOGRAPH SERIES Number 6 University of Illinois Graduate School of Library Science Monograph Series Goldstein, Harold. Implications of the New Media for the Teaching of Library Science (No. 1). 1963. $2.00 paperback, S3. 00 hard cover. Stone, Elizabeth. Training for the Improvement of Library Admistration (No. 2). 1967. $2.00 paperback, $3.00 hard cover. 1962 Statistics of Public Libraries Serving Populations of Less Than 35,000 (No. 3). 1966. $2.00 paperback, $3.00 hard cover. Public Libraries in the United States of America. Part 1. 1876 Report (Reprint.) (No. 4). 1966. $4.00 paperback, $5.00 hard cover. Rules for Descriptive Cataloging in the Library of Congress (Reprint of 1949 edition.) (No. 5). 1966. $2.00 paperback. Distributed by the lilini Union Bookstore 715 South Wright Street Champaign, Illinois 61820 EFFICIENT PATTERNS FOR ADEQUATE LIBRARY SERVICE IN A LARGE CITY: A SURVEY OF BOSTON by Leonard Grundt Director of the Nassau Community College Library Garden City, New York University of Illinois Graduate School of Library Science Monograph Series Copyright 1968 by University of Illinois Board of Trustees Urbana Lithographed in U.S.A. by EDWARDS BROTHERS, INC. Ann Arbor, Michigan TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter I. HYPOTHESES AND RELATED MATTERS 3 Chapter II. METHODOLOGY 5 Chapter IH. THE ADEQUACY OF BRANCH LIBRARIES IN BOSTON IN TERMS OF PHYSICAL FACILITIES 11 Chapter IV. THE ACCESSIBILITY OF PUBLIC LIBRARY SERVICE IN BOSTON 16 Chapter V. SUGGESTED LOCATIONS FOR STATIONARY PUBLIC LIBRARY OUTLETS IN BOSTON 27 Chapter VI. A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LIBRARY COLLECTIONS AND THE AMOUNTS APPROPRIATED FOR THEIR PURCHASE 32 Chapter VII. A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LIBRARY COLLECTIONS 42 Chapter VIII. READER SERVICES PROVIDED BY PUBLIC LIBRARIES 50 Chapter IX. USE PATTERNS IN STATIONARY BRANCH LIBRARIES IN BOSTON 60 Chapter X. STAFFING PATTERNS IN STATIONARY BRANCH LIBRARIES OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY 68 Chapter XI. THE COSTS OF BRANCH LIBRARY SERVICE IN BOSTON 73 Chapter XII. SOME ALTERNATIVES FOR PROVIDING ADEQUATE LIBRARY SERVICE TO A LARGE CITY, INCLUDING ESTIMATES OF COSTS 77 Chapter XIII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 86 REFERENCES 88 Appendix I. CHECKLIST OF READER SERVICES 91 Appendix II. ATTENDANCE RECORD FORM 98 Appendix III. REFERENCE STUDY FORM 99 Appendix IV. CIRCULATION ANALYSIS OF BOOKS ISSUED BY TYPE OF CARD ON WHICH BOOKS WERE ISSUED 100 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Appendix V. VITA MEAN AVERAGES OF PUBLIC AND STAFF ATTENDANCE IN BOSTON BRANCHES 106 121 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Locations of the Central Library and 26 Branches in Boston in 1963 17 Figure 2: Areas Within One -Half Mile of Stationary Public Library Outlets in Boston in 1963 19 Figure 3: Areas Within One Mile of Stationary Public Library Outlets in Boston in 1963 20 Figure 4: Areas Within One and One -Half Miles of Stationary Public Library Outlets in Boston in 1963 21 Figure 5: Areas Within Two Miles of Stationary Public Library Outlets in Boston in 1963 22 Figure 6: Sixty Suggested Sites for Stationary Public Library Outlets in Boston 29 Figure 7: Twenty-seven Suggested Sites for Stationary Public Library Outlets, as Compared with Library Locations in Boston in 1963 31 Figure 8: Mean Number of Patrons in Stationary Branch Libraries of the Boston Public Library on a Typical Weekday During the Period from October 15 through October 31, 1962, by Hours of the Day 61 Figure 9: Mean Number of Patrons and Mean Number of Staff in Stationary Branch Libraries of the Boston Public Library on a Typical Weekday During the Period from October 15 through October 31, 1962, by Hours of the Day 70 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/efficientpattern20grun INTRODUCTION Since the latter part of the nineteenth century, branch libraries and other extension agencies have been established in all American cities and towns of appreciable size to make public library service more accessible to residents living in outlying areas who could not easily reach the main library. A branch library has, with a few exceptions,! been envisaged as a main library in miniature, offering the full range of services— on a more limited scale than the large, centrally located main library— to adults, young adults, and children within its service area. The aim has not been to make a branch as complete or self-sufficient as the main library, or to offer services as extensive or varied, but rather to make a range of library service conveniently available to all residents of the municipality. Public library administrators are being compelled to re-examine their objectives and programs for providing library service to all because of the growth of suburbs and the decline of the central city, population shifts within cities, the need to promote library use by non-users, the increasing costs of providing library service, the increasing use of libraries by students, and the greater mobility of adults and young adults which has been made possible by the automobile and mass transportation facilities. For purposes of this investigation, the author accepted the current thinking of the library profession with regard to public library objectives and services, as represented by the standards issued by the American Library Association in 1956.2 While the objectives may be similar for all public libraries, it has been assumed that several different patterns of service may be used. It was the aim of this study to determine the most efficient schemes for providing adequate public library service to all residents of a typical large city. Adequate public library service requires a sufficient number of ac- cessible library outlets that are open enough hours per week and have suitable physical facilities, ade- quate collections of books and other material, sufficient numbers of professional and nonprofessional staff to handle the workload, and a program of services designed to satisfy community needs. To the area which a branch library serves, it not only represents, but is, the whole library system. Although a branch library in a typical city with more than 500,000 inhabitants cannot be expected to offer the persons who use it the large collections and specialized services of the main library, it is assumed that the branch can be expected to provide adequate public library service. For this study "adequate public library service" was defined as the level of service provided by the main library in independent cities and towns in Massachusetts serving populations between about 20,000 and 100,000 persons. In spite of the fact that large book resources may be theoretically available to the users of all out- lets in a large city library system, as well as to the patrons of smaller independent public libraries, through interlibrary loan service, it was assumed that adequate book collections should be on hand in local public library outlets when users visit the local units for service. The branch library system of the city of Boston, Massachusetts, was used as the subject of the study because the Boston Public Library offered a network of branches that appeared to be representative of public library systems in cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants. Smaller municipal libraries in Massachusetts — especially those in Framingham, Lexington, Maiden, and New Bedford— were used as' cross-checks. In addition, two high school library collections were evaluated for the sake of comparison. The 1960 decennial census reports that Boston, the thirteenth largest city in the United States, had a population of 697,197 inhabitants and a land area of 47.8 square miles, giving it an average of 14.586 persons per square mile. 3 The city of Boston may be thought of as divided into nine districts, as follows: 1. Boston Proper (including Back Bay, North End, South End, and West End) had a population of 109,761 inhabitants and a land area of about four square miles, giving it an average of approximately 27,440 persons per square mile. 2. Brighton had a population of 64,282 inhabitants and a land area of about five square miles, giving it an average of approximately 12,856 persons per square mile. 3. Charlestown had a population of 20,147 inhabitants and a land area of about one square mile. 4. Dorchester (including Ashmont, Codman Square, Columbia Point, Fields Corner, Lower Mills, Mattapan, Meetinghouse Hill, Mount Bowdoin, Neponset, Savin Hill, and Uphams Corner) had a popu- lation of 186,639 inhabitants and a land area of about nine square miles, giving it an average of ap- proximately 20,738 persons per square mile. 5. East Boston had a population of 43,809 inhabitants and a land area of about six square miles, giving it an average of approximately 7,302 persons per square mile. 6. Hyde Park had a population of 33,123 inhabitants and a land area of about six square miles, giving it an average of approximately 5,521 persons per square mile. 7. Roxbury (including Egleston Square, Grove Hall, Jamaica Plain, and Parker Hill) had a popu- lation of 120,290 inhabitants and a land area of about five square miles, giving it an average of approximately 24,058 persons per square mile. 8. South Boston had a population of 43,959 inhabitants and a land area of about three square miles, giving it an average of approximately 14,653 persons per square mile. 9. West Roxbury (including Roslindale) had a population of 66,795 inhabitants and a land area of about eight square miles, giving it an average of approximately 8,349 persons per square mile. In addition, the 1960 decennial census reports that 7,463 persons lived on vessels in Boston Harbor and 1,812 persons on islands in the harbor belonging to Boston; these islands comprise in toto about one square mile of land area. 4 The Boston Public Library was founded in 1852. Since the opening of the East Boston branch library in 1871, more than thirty outlets were added to the system. 5 During the period of this study, October, 1962, through September, 1963, the network of library outlets consisted of the central library at Copley Square in the Back Bay section of Boston Proper, twenty-six stationary branch libraries (two in Boston Proper, three in Brighton, one in Charlestown, seven in Dorchester, two in East Boston, one in Hyde Park, six in Roxbury, two in South Boston, and two in West Roxbury), and three bookmobiles— plus a small unit maintained at Boston City Hospital and a specialized business reference branch in the down- town commercial area, about one and one-quarter miles from Copley Square. This study was almost exclusively concerned with the operation of the Division of Home Reading and Community Services of the Boston Public Library, which provides general library materials and services to satisfy the informational, educational, cultural, and recreational needs of all individuals and groups in the neighborhoods served by library outlets. Specialized library materials, information, and research services are provided by another division of the library, the Division of Reference and Research Services, which operates most of the public service departments in the central library as well as the business reference branch. Regarding the smaller municipal libraries used as cross-checks, in 1960, Framingham Town Li- brary served 44,526 persons residing in a land area of 24.1 square miles, or 1,848 persons per square mile;3 four stationary outlets and a bookmobile were provided. Lexington, a town with a population of 27,691 inhabitants and a land area of 16.5 square miles, had a population density of 1,678 persons per square mile;3 in addition to Cary Memorial Library, the main library, there is a branch library in East Lexington. The city of Maiden had a population of 57,676 inhabitants and a land area of 4.8 square miles, giving it an average of 12,016 persons per square mile;^ Maiden Public Library maintains a main library and four stationary branches. New Bedford, a city with a population of 102,477 persons and a land area of 19.1 square miles, had a population density of 5,365 persons per square mile;3 the Free Public Library of New Bedford provides service through a central library, three stationary branches, and a bookmobile. The two high school library collections examined were in the following Massachusetts schools: Girls Latin School, Boston, a public school for academically superior girls in grades seven through twelve with an enrollment of 1,520 girls in September, 1962; and Newton South High School, Newton, a public co- educational school providing academic courses to about 1,600 students in grades ten through twelve in September, 1963. 7 The feasibility of providing adequate library service to children and young adults through the coordi- nation of school library service and public library service to children and young adults was not investi- gated. The socio-economic characteristics of library users were also generally ignored. Another matter not explored as part of this project was the possibility of adequate public library service being offered to residents of outlying areas of Boston through cooperative agreements involving the Boston Public Library and smaller independent public libraries in neighboring suburbs. CHAPTER I. HYPOTHESES AND RELATED MATTERS In connection with determining the most efficient patterns for providing adequate public library service to all residents of a typical large city, in this case Boston, Massachusetts, several hypotheses were formulated for testing. The first hypothesis was that public library service outlets were not equally accessible to all residents of Boston — adults, young adults, and children. "Adults" were de- fined as persons nineteen years of age and older; "young adults" were defined as those from fourteen through eighteen years of age; and "children" were defined as those from five through thirteen years of age. It was assumed that all Bostonians should have equal access to public library service in line with the democratic ideal of equal opportunity for all. "Accessibility'' refers to the ease with which service of specified quality may be obtained, and is dependent upon the age of the user, among other factors. Although the distance traveled from one's home to the library may be equal for a normal adult or young adult and a small child, the adult or young adult has greater access because (1) he can walk longer distances without tiring; (2) he can more easily use means of transportation other than his feet; (3) he does not require supervision while traveling; and (4) he can cope with traffic hazards and geographic barriers, such as highways, bridges, hills, railroad tracks, parks and industrial areas, more easily than a child can. Therefore, for effectively equal access in terms of distance, library service outlets for children must be provided at shorter intervals than library service outlets for adults and young adults. What is the maximum distance that a small child could easily walk to reach a public library? There is no precise answer to this question because many variables — including the presence of traffic hazards and geographic barriers, the physical development, emotional maturity, and motivation of the child, and the policy of the community toward travel by small children— have to be considered. The presence of traffic hazards and geographic barriers reduces the distance that a child can walk with convenience and safety. The more physically developed, emotionally mature, and highly motivated a child is, the farther he can be expected to travel. Communities differ in their policies toward travel by small children. Evidence of this may be seen in the pupil transportation laws of the various states. Although some states do not specify minimum distances that pupils must travel between their homes and schools to be entitled to free bus transpor- tation, many states do; specified distances vary from five-eighths of a mile to four miles. 1 Stated in different terms, the maximum distances that children could walk (or have transportation provided by their parents) vary from five-eighths of a mile to four miles, depending upon the prevailing opinions in the different states. In Massachusetts, free transportation is mandatory when pupils have to walk two miles or more between homes and schools. 2 Library service outlets for children are not quite comparable to schools because attendance in elementary schools is compulsory while visits to public libraries are generally voluntary. Neverthe- less, the maximum distance that a small child is expected to walk to elementary school may serve as a guide to the maximum distance between homes or schools and library service outlets for children. A search of library literature and educational literature reveals a variety of opinion among authori- ties concerning the maximum distance for young children to walk each way to and from school or the library. Three consultants on school construction— without referring to objective data— recommend half a mile as the maximum distance for elementary school pupils to walk to school. 3 While not citing empirical studies, the surveyors of extension service for youth at the Los Angeles Public Library suggest that half a mile be the maximum distance that youngsters travel from the school to the public library. 4 Similarly, Shaw's study of libraries in metropolitan Toronto specifies half a mile as the maximum walking distance for a child in search of public library service, but no substantiating evi- dence is supplied. 5 A Wyoming school official's doctoral thesis indicates that elementary school pupils in well-populated areas should not have to walk more than three-quarters of a mile one way to school. but objective data are not cited. 6 Finally, McColvin offers his opinion that children's libraries should be "certainly not more than a mile from their homes or their schools and preferably less." ' On the basis of whatever authoritative opinions were available, the assumption was made for pur- poses of this study that the maximum walking distance for a small child should be half a mile; there- fore, a library more than half a mile from a child's home or school would be effectively inaccessible in terms of distance. What is the maximum distance that an adult or young adult could easily travel to reach a library? As in the case of a small child, there is no pat answer because of many factors that have to be con- sidered; however, some empirical studies have been made. In 1933, Horwitz reported that a survey of patrons of the Duluth Public Library revealed that a branch library in the main section of the city at- tracts mostly persons living within a half mile radius of the branch, a branch library in an isolated suburb draws well for a distance of three-quarters of a mile, and "the main library building, because of its central location, longer hours of service, greater book selection, and superior service, attracts city-wide patronage, but residents beyond a radius of two miles use it infrequently. "8 Wert's 1937 paper on the relative effectiveness of two branch libraries in St. Louis indicates that half a mile is the maximum distance most adults are willing to travel to reach a branch. 9 Finally, an investigation by Blackburn in 1948 involving two similar branches of the New York Public Library, one large and the other small, shows that adults are generally willing to travel one and one-half miles to obtain superior library service in a large branch, but only three-quarters of a mile to obtain service in a small branch; this statement is true mainly with respect to male patrons, since female patrons tend to travel no more than three-quarters of a mile. 10 On the basis of the objective data available, it was assumed that one and one-half to two miles should be the maximum distance for an adult or young adult to travel to obtain library service. For effectively equal access, there would have to be a public library outlet located within one and one-half to two miles of every adult's or young adult's home and within half a mile of every child's home. The second hypothesis was that adequate public library service was not available to all residents of Boston, even if outlets were equally accessible to all. As defined earlier (see "Introduction") "adequate public library service" referred to the level of service provided by the main library in independent cities and towns in Massachusetts serving populations between about 20,000 and 100,000 persons. This population range was selected because it corresponded roughly to the range of populations within the nine districts of Boston. 11 It was assumed that a branch library should provide the same level of service as the main library in a small municipality serving the same number of people. Furthermore, the assumption was made that most adults and young adults use public library outlets no more than two miles from their homes while most children use outlets no more than half a mile from their homes. A third hypothesis was that a high school library with a stock of materials that met established standards 12 provided collections that were superior in quality to the adult and young adult collections of a typical branch library in Boston. An attempt was made to determine if— in place of the present branch library system— a network con- sisting possibly of seven large library service outlets (hereafter referred to as "regional libraries"), each serving a population of about 100,000 persons (one-seventh of Boston's 1960 inhabitants) residing within a land area of about seven square miles (approximately one-seventh of Boston's land area) —plus many small library service outlets (hereafter referred to as "neighborhood libraries"), each serving primarily children residing within land areas of less than one square mile that are part of the larger areas served by regional libraries— would result in (1) all Bostonians having effectively equal access to adequate public library service, and (2) better utilization of staff than is possible with the present branch library system. With a regional library system for Boston, each regional library would, in effect, be the main library for a region— with neighborhood libraries serving most of the functions of branch libraries in the present system. It was assumed that the Boston Public Library would continue supplying library service to elementary school pupils, even in the event that school li- braries—which are presently lacking in Boston— were established. Finally, an attempt was made to determine if the costs of establishing and maintaining a regional library system for Boston designed to provide adequate public library service to all residents would be less than the costs of establishing and maintaining a conventional branch library system designed to provide an equivalent level of service. CHAPTER II. METHODOLOGY Before the most efficient patterns for providing adequate public library service to all residents of a typical large city such as Boston, Massachusetts, could be determined, the present levels of service and the extent of use of existing library service had to be evaluated. Measures of accessibility include the distance that the user must travel to obtain service, the travel time, and the number of hours per week that the service agency is open to the public. In this study, accessibility was measured by determining the distances between stationary outlets, both in terms of miles and in terms of travel time by public transit facilities and on foot, and the extent to which out- lets were distributed throughout the city of Boston. Bookmobile stops were not included because book- mobiles can provide few adult services other than book distribution. 1 As discussed earlier, a public library outlet should be located within one and one-half to two miles of every adult's or young adult's home and within half a mile of every child's home to provide effective- ly equal access to all Bostonians. In terms of travel time, it seems reasonable that no adult or young adult should have to travel more than twenty minutes by public transportation— including waiting time —and no child should have to walk more than twenty minutes to obtain adequate public library service. Statistics on hours of service per week were gathered for all public library outlets in Boston. These were compared with statistics for all independent libraries in Massachusetts serving populations of 20,000 to 100,000 persons— populations roughly comparable in size to those of Boston's nine districts. To determine the adequacy of physical facilities, data on the age, ownership, physical condition, and layout of buildings housing branch libraries, and on the floor space, meeting rooms, seating capacities of reading areas and meeting rooms, audio-visual equipment, bulletin boards, and display areas, were gathered and evaluated in line with the following criteria: 1. Branch libraries should be housed in attractive, well-lighted buildings not more than thirty years old. 2. All public service areas should be grouped on one floor so that effective control can be main- tained from a single service point, if possible. 3. There should be sufficient space for materials, patrons, and staff. 4. There should be meeting rooms for group services. 5. Audio-visual equipment should be available so that recordings, films, and other non-book ma- terials may be examined by individuals and groups. 6. There should be bulletin boards and display areas to serve as vehicles for publicity. The adequacy of collections was measured by quantitative and qualitative means. The size of branch collections was compared to the size of collections in the libraries of all independent munici- palities in Massachusetts ranging in size from 20,000 to 100,000 population. It was assumed that com- munities with populations of comparable size should have accessible to them library collections of comparable size. In order to analyze branch library service on a per capita basis, it was necessary to estimate the populations served by the various branches. Registration statistics for the entire system were of no value because they were not divided by outlet; besides, not all potential users were registered bor- rowers. Populations served by branches were estimated from statistics gathered during the 1960 decennial census for census tracts in Boston. 2 The assumptions underlying the estimating procedures were: 1. Significant changes had not occurred in the size and distribution of Boston's population since 1960. 2. Within census tracts, population was evenly dispersed so that dividing a tract geographically resulted in equal populations inhabiting equal parts of the tract. 3. People used only the library outlets closest to their homes, unless topographic factors necessi- tated the use of the next nearest outlets. 4. Bookmobile stops were not counted, all inhabitants of Boston — except for the 9,275 persons re- siding on vessels and islands in Boston Harbor— being assigned to a stationary outlet. Branch book collections were compared quantitatively on absolute and per capita bases with collections in all independent Massachusetts public libraries serving populations of 20,000 to 100,000 persons. The budgets for the purchase of books and periodicals were also analyzed. The quality of book and periodical collections was evaluated with the use of specially developed checklists. The assumption was made that all adequate library collections, regardless of the differ- ences among the communities served, should include certain standard titles that had been highly recommended by several established authorities. The checklists of books that were used in this study consisted only of items that had been chosen as highly desirable for basic collections by at least two nationally respected compilers of book selection tools. It was known that these lists were not perfect instruments, but they represented what was thought to be the consensus of professional opinion. Al- though there could not be complete agreement on checklists, the same lists were used in evaluating branch collections, collections in the main public libraries at Boston, Framingham, Lexington, Maiden, and New Bedford, and collections in the two high school libraries; therefore, the results obtained were comparable. No titles published after December 31, 1961, appeared on the checklists so that all libraries checked would have had an opportunity to acquire the items and add them to their collections before the check- ing, which was carried on during 1963. Although a separate list was compiled for checking children's collections, separate lists were not prepared for adult and young adult titles because of the great ex- tent of duplication; approximately 80 percent of the titles in a young adult collection should be adult books, according to established standards. •* The checklist of five hundred children's titles contained both fiction and nonfiction which appeared on at least two of the following bibliographies: Children's Catalog. 10th edition (New York, H. W. Wilson, 1961), plus the 1962 supplement (double-starred titles only); 3300 Best Books for Children , 1962 edition (see below); Mary K. Eakin's Good Books for Children . . ., (revised and enlarged edition, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1962); and Hilary J. Deason's The Science Book List for Chil - dren , (Washington, D. C, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1960 [ double-starred titles only]). There was a double stress, in the instrument which was developed, upon books included in the Children's Catalog , since Catalog of 3300 of the Best Books for Children . . . (New York, R. R. Bowker, 1962) was largely based upon the Wilson Company publication; this duplication was considered desirable. Initially, 947 titles were obtained through a comparison of the foregoing standard lists— about 340 from checking the double-starred titles in the Children's Catalog against 3300 Best Books , about ten additional titles from matching Good Books with the Children's Catalog , about 550 more from a com- parison of 3300 Best Books with Good Books , and an additional forty-five by introducing the double- starred titles from Science Book List to the compilation; the latter specialized list was included because of the weakness of the general standard lists in the area of science. The 947 titles were re- duced in number to 500 by the use of a table of random digits after they were arranged in alphabetical order by author and assigned numbers ranging from 001 for Adler's Dust to 947 for Zolotow's Storm Book. Only in cases where there was agreement among any two of the bibliographies concerning the edition of a title was the given title acceptable for the checklist; when more than one edition was acceptable, only the latest one was included. If no two bibliographies agreed upon a particular edition of a title, the title was omitted. In the case of items undergoing continuous revision, such as encyclopedias, editions published between 1958 and 1961 were acceptable because it was assumed that they are out of date within five years; to include only 1961 editions of such items on the checklist was considered un- fair to the libraries being studied. Because 3300 Best Books and Good Books included books for the young adult of high school age, as well as the child, there were fourteen titles among the 500 on the checklist that duplicated titles on the lists for adults and young adults before the titles were deleted from the latter lists. Since the user of a library is generally granted permission to obtain books from any collection — adult, young adult, or children's— when the need arises, it was assumed that there need not neces- sarily be three copies of a book such as Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea found in each of the libraries; consequently, a given title appeared only on one of the checklists, unless there 6 was a special edition of it recommended for a given age group. The collections in a library were treated as a unit during the application of the checklists. A checklist of adult and young adult fiction was compiled from double-starred titles in the Fiction Catalog, 7th edition, (New York, H. W. Wilson Co., 1960) plus the 1961 supplement, and in the Basic List of Adult Books for Branches of the P. C. Public Library , (Washington, D. C, Public Library, 1960); 3000 Books for Secondary School Libraries, (New York, R. R. Bowker, 1961); and annual listings of "Notable Books" 4 and "Interesting Adult Books for Young People" 5 for 1961, both prepared by com- mittees of the ALA. The instrument which was developed placed more emphasis upon adult titles than upon books for young adults. Matching of double-starred titles from the Fiction Catalog and the D. C. Public Library list yielded 172 titles for the checklist; eighty-five more titles were added by comparing the fiction titles in 3000 Books with the double-starred entries in the Fiction Catalog and the D. C. Public Library list; intro- ducing the other two listings supplied eight more titles. Of the 265 titles appearing on at least two lists, eight were deleted from the final adult and young adult fiction checklist because they appeared on the checklist of children's books. As with children's books, only in cases where there was agreement among at least two bibliographies concerning the edition of a title was the given title acceptable for the fiction checklist. In cases where one bibliography listed an anthology and another listed each of the parts of the anthology as separate works, the anthology title was acceptable, and the separate parts were indicated along with the an- thology title so that libraries holding the individual parts but lacking the anthology were given credit during the checking. An adult and young adult nonfiction checklist was developed from double-starred items in the Stand - ard Catalog for Public Libraries , 4th edition, 1958 (plus the supplements for 1959-61); double-starred items in the Basic List of Adult Books for Branches of the P. C. Public Library , 1960; 3000 Books for Secondary School Libraries , 1961; New York Public Library's Basic List for Branch Reference Col - lections , 2nd edition, 1960; double-starred titles in Hilary J. Peason's AAAS Science Book List , (Washington, P. C, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1959); and annual listings for 1961 of "Notable Books" and "Interesting Adult Books for Young People" and "Reference Books' -4 and "Technical Books, " 5 published in Library Journal. Matching of double-starred entries in the Standard Catalog (New York, H. W. Wilson Co., 1928) and the P. C. Public Library list supplied about three hundred titles; checking 3000 Books against the Standard Catalog and the P. C. Public Library list added another two hundred and eighty items; using the New York Public Library's reference list for branches as a cross-check yielded about a hundred more titles; similarly, the AAAS list added about forty items; and another forty were contributed through comparing titles on the remaining lists. In all, 757 nonfiction titles were obtained in this manner; six of these were eliminated because of their inclusion on the checklist of children's books. The same guidelines were followed in the compilation of this list as were adhered to in the prepa- ration of the two previous lists; in addition, in the case of a yearbook, only the 1961 edition was ac- cepted, unless it was considered important that a ten-year file be held. When the 751 items on the checklist of adult and young adult nonfiction were arranged according to the Pewey decimal classifi- cation, the distribution shown in Table 1 was found. The disproportionately large number of 900' s resulted from the inclusion of many guides to individual states prepared by the Federal Writers Project. If the specialized reference and science bibliographies had not been used in conjunction with the general lists, the proportion of science and technology books on the checklist would have been smaller. No differentiation was made between reference and non-reference items because many items could, with justification, be placed in either category. As an instrument for checking on the quality of periodical collections, the list of 128 periodicals indexed by the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature during the spring of 1963 was used. A union shelflist, against which the three checklists of books could be matched, was available. For those units in the Boston Public Library which were part of the Pivision of Home Reading and Com- munity Services, including the twenty-six branch libraries, the bookmobiles, and the Open Shelf, Branch Issue, and Audio- Visual Pepartments in the central library. It should be noted, however, that the union shelflist was not completely accurate in two respects: (1) in some cases, items which had been discarded still were listed as being held; and (2) in many cases, no differentiation was made be- tween editions held. Because of these factors, during the checking units were sometimes given credit for holding items which were not part of their collections. The possibility of units possessing titles not included in the union shelflist was small, according to the department chief responsible for the maintenance of the records." TABLE 1 DISTRIBUTION OF ITEMS ON CHECKLIST OF ADULT AND YOUNG ADULT NONFICTION TITLES BY DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION Number of Titles in Titles in Class as Percentage Class Class of Total 000 36 4.8 100 17 2.3 200 42 5.6 300 79 10.5 400 25 3.3 500 81 10.8 600 45 6.0 700 51 6.8 800 121 16.1 900 176 23.4 Biography 78 10.4 Total 751 100.0 The main public catalog, which listed titles in the Division of Reference and Research Services, was checked for items not found in the union shelflist. Additional searching was done in departmental cata- logs in cases where the main public catalog was deficient. Files in the Book Purchasing Department of the Boston Public Library were checked in the case of the periodicals list. Units were given credit for titles received on subscription as of July. 1963. The checklists of materials were also matched against the holdings of the main libraries in four typical Massachusetts municipalities ranging in size from about 20,000 to 100,000 population and of two high school libraries. This was done in conjunction with visits to the libraries and interviews with staff during the summer and fall of 1963. A checklist of reader services was developed to assess the range of services provided; this provided one measure of quality. This checklist was applied in conjunction with interviews with staff and obser- vations in all outlets of the Boston Public Library and in the independent municipal libraries chosen. It was assumed that the checklist included all reader services provided by public libraries in the United States. The list was based upon the American Library Association's 1956 standards for public li- braries, Public Library Service , A Guide to Evaluation, with Minimum Standards (Chicago, ALA, 1956); New York Public Library's Use of the Circulation Department: Policies and Procedures: (1960) ; Margaret E. Monroe's checklist of services developed for courses in reader services offered at the Graduate School of Library Service at Rutgers, and the list from Helen L. Smith's Adult Education Ac - tivities in Public Libraries; a Report of the ALA Survey of Adult Education Activities in Public Li - braries and State Library Extension Agencies of the United States (Chicago, ALA, 1954). The checklist of services was divided into four parts: (1) physical plant and arrangement of materials; (2) orientation and instruction in use of the library; (3) reader's assistance; and (4) group services. Quantitative measures were included where applicable. Before use patterns could be studied, it was necessary to determine what was meant by "library use." "Library use" could be defined in several quantitative ways. If, by "library use," one is referring to the number of persons occupying the public service areas in a library, attendance data may furnish this information. Many persons, however, use the library as a substitute for a social center and do not seek the types of materials and services that a library provides. If, by "library use," one means the amount of reading done, circulation statistics may furnish this information. But many books are read in the library and do not circulate. In addition, many of the books borrowed may not be read by the borrower, his family, or his friends. Therefore, the circu- lation figures reflect accurately only the activity at the charging desk. If, by "library use," one is referring to the amount of information and reading guidance provided to patrons by librarians, a count of questions asked may furnish this information. Many questions, how- ever, do not relate to library materials or services or are simply directional; the inclusion of di- rectional questions in a count of reference and advisory requests makes it appear as though there was more professional work than actually was the case. 8 In spite of their shortcomings, attendance data, circulation figures, and reference statistics relating to branch libraries in Boston were analyzed as part of this study. Circulation figures for other Massachusetts libraries were available, but attendance and reference statistics were not. A survey of attendance was conducted by the Division of Home Reading and Community Services in each of the twenty-six branch libraries between October 15 and October 31 (in the case of all branches except the East Boston branch, which terminated the study on October 27, and three other branches, which collected data through November 3), 1962. The number of patrons and staff present every hour on the half-hour during what was assumed to be a representative period was recorded; it was thought that the hourly spot checks reflected the total attendance picture. In addition, the daily circulation figures during the period were noted on a data sheet (see Appendix II). The attendance data obtained were compared on a day-by-day and hour-by-hour basis. During the same period, the number of indi- vidual requests for information and reading guidance were recorded daily on a form (see Appendix III) developed by the Division of Home Reading and Community Services; these data were not broken down by hours of the day, but were divided according to age groups— adults, young adults, and children. For two branches, attendance figures were separated by public service areas— i.e., adult area, young adult area, and children's area— as were requests for information and reading guidance in all branches. At two other branches, attendance figures were divided into two groups: adult and young adult, and children. The fact that there were separate charging machines on each floor in three of the four two-floor branches made it possible for them to separate circulation data for adults and young adults from children; in none of the other units were circulation figures divided by age groups. The assumption was made that patrons used principally the public service areas designated for their use, by age groups. In addition to the analysis of data on library use supplied by the Division of Home Reading and Community Services, on-the-spot observations and interviews with staff were conducted in all branch libraries, primarily in the spring of 1963, to determine the extent of use. In addition to some brief visits, each branch library was observed for a whole day (from 9 a.m. to either 6 p.m. or 9 p.m.) during each full visit, weather conditions were described, attendance by patrons and staff was noted every hour on the half-hour, jobs being performed by all bibliothecal staff were recorded several times per hour, users and use patterns were described periodically, and total circulation statistics for the day were collected. It was assumed that sample observations would help in the evaluation of the total picture and act as a check on the reliability of data obtained during the October, 1962, study period. It was ascertained through interviews that, among branch librarians, the methods of data col- lection were not uniform. A comparison of attendance and circulation data collected during the study period with those collected during the on-the-spot observations revealed that, although in some branches circulation was about the same, attendance had fallen during the study period; this leads one to suspect that some attendance figures during the study period were actually lower than reported. Annual circulation statistics from the Boston Public Library and all independent public libraries in Massachusetts serving populations of between 20,000 and 100,000 persons were analyzed and compared on a per capita basis. At the time of this study, units of the Boston Public Library did not systematically collect circu- lation data according to the age groups of borrowers. Circulation statistics by age groups were there- fore obtained by counting the number of items circulated on each of the three types of borrower's cards during what were considered to be representative periods: July 25-30, 1960, January 23-28, 1961, April 24-29, 1961, July 22-27, 1962, January 21-26, 1963, and April 22-27, 1963; because of blurred film records, equivalent weeks were substituted in some cases. These reports on circulation by age groups, prepared by the Division of Home Reading and Community Services, are shown in Appendix IV. Although the type of borrower's card used did not necessarily indicate the age group of the borrower (for example, all members of a family might have used the same card), it was assumed that the type of borrower's card used was a rough measure of the age group of the borrower. During National Library Week, April 8-14, 1962, Bostonians visiting their local branch libraries were asked to fill out a "Library-User Questionnaire," which did not have to be signed and which con- sisted largely of multiple-choice questions. The purpose of the form which was for adults only, was to indicate the needs and interests of users of the branch libraries, so that better service might be provided. Because these questionnaires were not distributed to the public in a random manner, gener- alizing from the responses obtained was not possible. Nevertheless, the completed questionnaires were analyzed to shed some light on the question of library use. During the period from January 19 to February 8, 1959, the Boston Public Library surveyed the people entering the central library at Copley Square and the Kirstein business branch to determine the 9 extent of nonresident use of the Division of Reference and Research Services. A random sample of the users was not obtained in this case either, because there were many people who completed more than one questionnaire. The results of the survey were nevertheless incorporated into this study of the Boston library system. To determine if staff were being utilized effectively in Boston's branch libraries, data on staffing patterns were assembled. An analysis was made of the allocation of staff in professional and non- professional categories in branches. The ratio of circulation to staff size was computed, and compari- sons were made with what were assumed to be appropriate standards from recognized authorities. During observations made in branches during the spring of 1963, the tasks performed by all staff members (excluding maintenance personnel) were recorded and later analyzed in terms of professional and nonprofessional duties. In differentiating between professional and nonprofessional tasks, the list of duties issued by the American Library Association in 1948 was referred to extensively. "Profes- sional duties" were defined as "those whose adequate performance involves the ability to exercise independent judgment based upon an understanding of the elements of library service— books, readers, and the means by which they are brought into effective relationship— and in addition a familiarity with specific library techniques and procedures. "9 "Nonprofessional duties" were defined as those that nonprofessional employees were able to per- form satisfactorily, without the professional training and/or experience of professional employees. In spite of the fact that professional employees were observed performing many tasks satisfactorily, these tasks were not considered professional in nature if a nonprofessional employee was observed performing the same tasks adequately. It was conceded by the authors of the 1948 list that "many individual library duties classed as 'professional' can be performed, after training in specific tech- niques, by 'nonprofessional' library employees. "« Nonprofessional employees in the bibliothecal service of the Boston Public Library were either library aides (part-time employees, usually attending school or college on a full-time basis) or library assistants (full-time employees, usually lacking col- lege education); professional employees included both those in the professional library service and those in the preprofessional library service, for those in the latter group were given the same assign- ments as those on the lowest levels of the former group. The assumption was made that the sample observations were indicative of the normal staffing patterns and work assignments. The costs of present branch library service in Boston were analyzed in absolute terms and on a per capita basis. The cost per circulation was computed for branch libraries in Boston and for all inde- pendent public libraries in Massachusetts serving between 20,000 and 100,000 persons. Comparisons were made to determine which libraries were operated more efficiently. On the basis of the information gathered, a few possible approaches to the problem of providing adequate public library service to all residents of Boston were proposed. The number and size of pos- sible library outlets, together with the estimated costs involved, were presented. Underlying the pro- posals was the conviction that all Bostonians were entitled to the same level of library service which they would have received as residents of small cities and towns, rather than of neighborhoods in a city with nearly 700,000 inhabitants. 10 CHAPTER HI. THE ADEQUACY OF BRANCH LIBRARIES IN BOSTON IN TERMS OF PHYSICAL FACILITIES The services that a library can provide are limited by the physical facilities of the unit. As Table 2 indicates, four of the twenty-six branch libraries in Boston in 1963 were housed in buildings constructed in the nineteenth century; the oldest of these branches was moved to a new building in 1964. Only five of the structures housing branches were erected after 1933; therefore, twenty-one, or 80 percent, of the branches were buildings constructed over thirty years earlier. TABLE 2 CONSTRUCTION DATES, AND OWNERS OF BUILDINGS HOUSING BRANCHES OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY IN 1963* Branch Library Construction Date Owner Rental Charge (1961) Adams Street Allston Brighton Charlestown Codman Square Connolly Dorchester East Boston Egleston Square Faneuil Hyde Park Jamaica Plain Lower Mills Mattapan Memorial Mount Bowdoin Mount Pleasant North End Orient Heights Parker Hill Roslindale South Boston South End Uphams Corner Washington Village West Roxbury 1952 1927 1874 1913 1904 1932 1875 1914 1953 1932 1912 1911 1871 1931 1926 1923 1913 1828 1929 1931 1961 1957 1921 1904 1941 1922 Library Private Library Library City Library City Library Library Library Library Library Library Library City Private City Library Private Library Library Library City City City Library $4,000 $3, 600 $4,871 $ 101 *Data from Division of Home Reading and Community Services, Boston Public Library Of the twenty-six branches, sixteen were housed in buildings owned by the Boston Public Library, as Table 2 shows; seven occupied parts of buildings under the jurisdiction of other city departments; and three were housed in quarters rented from private realtors. Four of the seven branches occupying parts of city-owned buildings were housed in regular municipal buildings together with other city de- partments; the fifth occupied part of a police station; the sixth was housed in Boston Technical High School; and the seventh was quartered in the basement of an apartment house in a public housing project. A token rental charge of $101 was paid annually for space in the housing project. In 1961, 11 the rental charges paid to private realtors for space for branch libraries amounted to $12,471— $3,600 for a store-type location, $4,000 for a second-floor loft in a commercial office building, and $4,871 for a one-story building devoted exclusively to library purposes. In four of the twenty-six branches, public service areas (excluding meeting rooms) were provided on two floors, as Table 3, indicates; one of these two-floor branches was moved to the new one-story building mentioned earlier. One-story outlets are less costly to staff than two-floor units when public service areas (excluding meeting rooms) are provided on both levels, assuming that the branches have equivalent workloads and that supervision can be maintained from the same number of control points on a floor in both instances. TABLE 3 FLOOR SPACE IN BRANCH LIBRARIES OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY IN 1963* No. of Floors with Floor Space Public Service Floor Space (in Estimated Population per Capita (in Branch Library An ;as a Square Feet)b Served (1960) Square Feet) Adams Street ; 6,301 21,615 .29 Allston ; 3,597 21,984 .16 Brighton l 9,626 30,108 .32 Charlestown 5 ! 9,848 20,147 .48 Codman Square I 4,403 26,100 .17 Connolly I 8,033 21,449 .37 Dorchester 2 ! 6,007 25,029 .24 East Boston L 14,924 29,164 .51 Egleston Square L 3,956 24,587 .16 Faneuil L 6,291 12,191 .52 Hyde Park 1 11,205 33,123 .34 Jamaica Plain I 9,630 18,605 .52 Lower Mills I 4,017 13,892 .29 Mattapan L 7,204 30,034 .24 Memorial L 5,192 23,415 .22 Mount Bowdoin L 5,354 22,282 .24 Mount Pleasant L 2,175 27,092 .08 North End ! I 13,754 11,970 1.15 Orient Heights L 3,143 13,762 .23 Parker Hill ] L 7,689 22,989 .33 Roslindale L 13,600 36,289 .37 South Boston I 9,721 33,859 .29 South End ] I 6,882 32,899 .21 Uphams Corner ! 2 4,427 28,377 .16 Washington Village L 6,197 16,359 .38 West Roxbury ] I 7,131 25,328 .28 Median 6,592 24,001 .29 a Excludes meeting rooms if they are on additional floors— as was the case at Brighton, Charles- town, Connolly, East Boston, Hyde Park, Jamaica Plain, Parker Hill, and West Roxbury branch libraries. ^Includes meeting rooms, maintenance areas, etc. on all floors. *Data from Division of Home Reading and Community Services, Boston Public Library As Table 3 shows, the branches of the Boston Public Library in 1963 had floor areas varying from 2,175 square feet to 14,924 square feet, with a median of 6,592 square feet. Considering the popu- lations served by the various branches in 1960, the floor space per capita varies from .08 square feet to 1.15 square feet, with a median of .29 square feet. Table 4 depicts the seating situation in Boston's twenty-six branch libraries in 1963. Ten of the branches did not differentiate between adults and young adults with regard to seating, as visits to 12 branches in the spring of 1963 revealed. The number of seats provided in public service areas (ex- cluding meeting rooms) for adults and young adults varied from 13 to 100, with a median of 47; in children's areas, the median number of seats was 38.5, with the range extending from 12 to 83; for all public service areas combined (excluding meeting rooms), the number of seating accommodations ranged from 29 to 183, with a median of 84. Considering the population served by the various branches in 1960, the number of seats per thousand population varied from 1.7 to 7, with a median of 3.6. TABLE 4 SEATING ACCOMMODATIONS FOR PATRONS IN PUBLIC SERVICE AREAS (EXCLUDING MEETING ROOMS) OF BRANCH LIBRARIES IN BOSTON, BY AGE GROUPS IN 1962 Estimated Population No. of Served, 1960 Seats per No. of Adult No. of Young Children's Grand (in Thou- Thousand Branch Library Seats Adult Seats Combined Seats Total sands) Population Adams Street 21 30 51 31 82 21.6 3.8 Allston 10 10 20 55 75 22.0 3.4 Brighton 21 9 30 22 52 30.1 1.7 Charlestown — -- 60 80 140 20.1 7.0 Codman Square 26 24 50 32 82 26.1 3.1 Connolly 30 8 38 48 86 21.4 4.0 Dorchester -- -- 52 49 101 25.0 4.0 East Boston 35 24 59 3 2 91 29.1 3.1 Egleston Square 41 34 7 5 43 118 24.6 4.8 Faneuil 26 21 47 27 74 12.1 6.1 Hyde Park 20 12 32 47 79 33.1 2.4 Jamaica Plain 34 4 38 32 70 18.6 3.8 Lower Mills -- -- 20 12 32 13.9 2.3 Mattapan 28 32 fiO 36 96 30.0 3.2 Memorial -- -- 44 39 83 23.4 3.5 Mount Bowdoin — -- 29 38 67 22.3 3.0 Mount Pleasant — -- 47 28 75 27.1 2.8 North End 25 13 38 26 64 12.0 5.3 Orient Heights -- -- 13 10 29 13.8 2.1 Parker Hill 43 23 66 48 114 23.0 5.0 Roslindale 60 40 100 83 183 36.3 5.0 South Boston 37 41 78 47 125 33.9 3.7 South End 48 24 72 (34 136 32.9 4.1 Uphams Corner -- -- 66 28 94 28.4 3.3 Washington Village -- -- 35 56 91 16.4 5.5 West Roxbury -- -- 35 50 85 25.3 3.4 Median 47.0 38.5 84.0 3.6 In addition to the normal public service areas and staff areas, ten branch libraries in Boston had been given special meeting rooms in which group services might be provided; the seating capacities of the special rooms are shown in Table 5. When other branches present group programs, meetings are held in what are normally public service areas or staff rooms. As a result, group services inter- fere with the provision of services to individuals in branches lacking special meeting rooms. As Table 5 shows, seventeen of the twenty-six branch libraries had operable record players in the spring of 1963 while five had motion picture projection equipment. It was possible for all branches to borrow projection equipment and projectionists from the central library, but record players were not lent. The distribution of display areas and of bulletin boards in the various branches is also depicted in Table 5. All except two branches had some areas set aside for displays or exhibits. Only one branch lacked a bulletin board. i:-; TABLE 5 DISTRIBUTION OF MEETING ROOMS, RECORD PLAYERS, PROJECTION EQUIPMENT, DISPLAY AREAS, AND BULLETIN BOARDS IN BRANCHES OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, 1963 Branch Library Seating Capacity of Meeting Room Operable Record Player Projection Equipment No. of Display Areas No. of Bulletin Boards Adams Street 110 Allston Brighton 110 Charlestown 180 Codman Square Connolly 130 Dorchester — East Boston 185 Egleston Square Faneuil Hyde Park 100 Jamaica Plain 200 Lower Mills — Mattapan Memorial — Mount Bowdoin — Mount Pleasant — North End 100 Orient Heights Parker Hill 150 Roslindale 150 South Boston 150 South End Uphams Corner Washington Village West Roxbury 150 X X X X X X X X X X X X 6 4 2 4 1 1 X 6 4 7 5 4 4 10 4 X 8 1 X 7 1 3 - 2 2 - 3 6 4 3 10 7 3 8 2 6 4 11 4 - 2 4 2 X 6 5 X 6 3 8 4 2 4 13 1 4 8 For the sake of comparison, data on physical facilities gathered in the main public libraries at Framingham, Lexington, Maiden, and New Bedford, Massachusetts, are shown in Table 6. Although these cities and towns varied in population from 27,691 to 102,477 persons in 1960, while the branches in Boston served populations estimated at from 11,970 to 36,289 persons, the total public seating ca- pacities of the main libraries (excluding meeting rooms) ranged only from 111 to 144, with a median of 125.5, while the range for the branches extended from 29 to 183, with a median of 84. The main li- braries in the small municipalities had from 77 to 117 seats for adults and young adults (excluding meeting rooms), with a median of 93, or 46 more than the median number of adult and young adult seats in branches. For children, the main libraries provided between 18 and 42 seats, with a median of 33, while Boston's branches provided a median of 38.5 seats, or 5.5 more than the main libraries. While two of the four main libraries in small cities and towns had large meeting rooms, three had record players, and all had motion picture projection equipment, display areas, and bulletin boards. In addition, three of the four main libraries had a machine for photoduplication of library materials, an item lacking in all branch libraries in 1963. Supervision of all public service areas (excluding meeting rooms) from a central control point was possible in all branch libraries in Boston in 1963, except for the four with two floors and at least five other units with poorly designed physical layouts — Brighton, Faneuil, Hyde Park, Lower Mills, and Washington Village branches. At the Brighton branch, the young adult and children's areas could not be observed from the circulation desk. The children's room at Faneuil branch, which was formerly a meeting room, was separated from the rest of the library by a long, narrow hallway. Hyde Park branch had a stack area which could not be supervised from the circulation desk and a children's room and a reference area which could not be observed from the charging desk. Lower Mills branch library 14 TABLE 6 DISTRIBUTION OF SEATS, MEETING ROOMS, RECORD PLAYERS, PROJECTION EQUIPMENT, DISPLAY AREAS, BULLETIN BOARDS, AND PHOTODUPLICATION EQUIPMENT IN THE MAIN PUBLIC LIBRARIES OF FOUR INDEPENDENT MUNICIPALITIES IN MASSACHUSETTS IN THE SUMMER OF 1963 No. of No. of Adult No. of Total Seats in Population and Young Children's No. of Meeting Municipality (1960) Adult Seats a Seats a Seats a Room Framingham 44,526 84 32 116 _.-b Lexington 27,691 102 42 144 Maiden 57,676 77 34 111 100 New Bedford 102,477 117 18 135 250 No. of No. of Photo- Record Projection Display Bulletin duplication Municipality Player? Equipment? Areas Boards Equipment? Framingham Yes Yes 4 4 No Lexington Yes Yes 14 17 Yes Maiden Yes Yes 12 5 Yes New Bedford No Yes 5 5 Yes ^Excluding seats in meeting rooms. Because there were other stationary outlets in the independent municipalities for which data were not available, an analysis of seating accommodations on a per capita basis was not attempted. bMeeting room to be set up in unfinished basement of building. was a maze of small rooms in a building that was formerly a city jail. Finally, Washington Village branch occupied a large basement room shaped like the letter U; as a result, complete supervision from a central point was not possible. 15 CHAPTER IV. THE ACCESSIBILITY OF PUBLIC LIBRARY SERVICE IN BOSTON In 1963 the city of Boston was served by the central library, twenty-six regular branch libraries, a small library at Boston City Hospital, the Kirstein business branch, and three bookmobiles which made weekly stops at seventy locations, each visit lasting no longer than two and one-half hours. The locations of the twenty-six regular branches and the central library (as shown in Fig. 1) are as follows: 1. Adams Street branch— Adams Street and Pierce Avenue (Dorchester) 2. Allston branch— Harvard Avenue and Glenville Terrace (Brighton) 3. Brighton branch— Academy Hill Road and Parkland Street (Brighton) 4. Charlestown branch— Monument Square (Charlestown) 5. Codman Square branch — Codman Square (Dorchester) 6. Connolly branch — Centre Street and South Huntington Avenue (Roxbury) 7. Dorchester branch— Adams and Arcadia Streets (Dorchester) 8. East Boston branch— Meridian and Lexington Streets (East Boston) 9. Egleston Square branch— Columbus and Walnut Avenues (Roxbury) 10. Faneuil branch— Oak Square (Brighton) 11. Hyde Park branch— Harvard Avenue and Winthrop Street (Hyde Park) 12. Jamaica Plain branch— South and Sedgwick Streets (Roxbury) 13. Lower Mills branch— Washington and Richmond Streets (Dorchester) 14. Mattapan branch — Blue Hill Avenue and Hazelton Street (Dorchester) 15. Memorial branch— Warren and Townsend Streets (Roxbury) 16. Mount Bowdoin branch— Washington and Norwell Streets (Dorchester) 17. Mount Pleasant branch— Dudley and Vine Streets (Roxbury) 18. North End branch— Hanover and North Bennet Streets (Boston Proper) 19. Orient Heights branch — Barnes Avenue and Saratoga Street (East Boston) 20. Parker Hill branch— Tremont and Burney Streets (Roxbury) 21. Roslindale branch— Roslindale Square (West Roxbury) 22. South Boston branch— East Broadway and I Street (South Boston) 23. South End branch — Blackst one Square (Boston Proper) 24. Uphams Corner branch— Columbia Road and Bird Street (Dorchester) 25. Washington Village branch— Old Colony Avenue and Vinton Street (South Boston) 26. West Roxbury branch— Centre and Bellevue Streets (West Roxbury) 27. Central library— Copley Square (Boston Proper) Each of the nine districts of Boston had at least one regular branch library. In addition to the central library building, there were two regular branches in Boston Proper; Brighton had three branches; Charlestown had one branch; Dorchester had seven branches; East Boston had two branches; Hyde Park had one branch; Roxbury had six branches; South Boston had two branches; and West Roxbury had two branches. Excluding the limited hospital library service, the specialized business reference service, and the bookmobile stops, there were twenty-seven library outlets in 1963, scattered throughout Boston's 47.8 square miles, or an average of one unit for each 1.8 square miles of land area. If these twenty-seven units had been provided at equal geographical intervals, no Bostonian would have had to travel more than three-quarters of a mile, as the crow flies,* to reach a library. As Fig. 1 indicates, however, the branches were not evenly distributed throughout the city. In Boston Proper, there was roughly an *A11 distances given are "as the crow flies," rather than the distances actually traveled by existent roads. 16 CHARLESTOWN • LOCATION OF OUTLET — DISTRICT LINE Figure 1: Locations of the Central Library and 26 Branches in Boston in 1963 17 outlet for each 1.3 square miles; Brighton had roughly one branch for each 1.7 square miles; Charles- town's single branch served a land area of about one square mile; Dorchester had about one branch for each 1.5 square miles; East Boston had roughly one branch for each three square miles; Hyde Park's single branch served a land area of about six square miles; Roxbury had roughly one branch for each 0.8 square miles; South Boston had approximately one branch for each 1.5 square miles; and West Roxbury had one branch for each four square miles. The foregoing figures may be misleading because (1) some branches served more than one district of the city, and (2) the parcels of land devoted to non- residential purposes have been included with the residential areas in the computations. When circles with radii representing one -half mile distances are drawn around the locations of these library units, as in Fig. 2, it becomes evident that fifteen of the twenty-seven outlets were less than one mile apart. The typical inhabitant of Boston whose home lay between two outlets that were less than one mile apart had to travel no more than one-half mile to reach a public library. Approxi- mately 250,000 residents, or nearly 36 percent of Boston's population, lived more than one-half mile from a public library in 1963. When circles with radii representing one mile distances are drawn around the locations of existing library units, as in Fig. 3, it becomes evident that all Bostonians needed to travel no more than one mile to reach a stationary library agency, except for those living in some sections of Hyde Park and West Roxbury, Columbia Point (a peninsular section of Dorchester jutting into Dorchester Bay to the south of South Boston), and the Kenmore Square- Boston University area (at the western end of Boston Proper). Other land areas not within the circles are nonresidential. Approximately 23,500 residents, or slightly more than three percent of Boston's population, lived more than one mile from a stationary public library outlet. As Fig. 4 indicates, all of Columbia Point and the Kenmore Square- Boston University area lay within one and one-half miles of several stationary outlets. Approximately 3,500 persons, or about one-half of one percent of Boston's population, who inhabit parts of the Germantown section of West Roxbury and the Readville section of Hyde Park, were situated more than one and one-half miles from a branch library in 1963. A stationary public library outlet was found within two miles of every Bostonian's home, as Fig. 5 demonstrates. Only part of Logan International Airport in East Boston and the harbor islands were more than two miles from a branch. Within a two-mile radius of some outlets there were ten other units, while within a two-mile radius of others there was but one. A better distribution of outlets seems desirable in order to give all residents equal access to library service. In the four independent municipalities selected for comparison, stationary library outlets were distributed as they were in the districts of Boston. Framingham had four units serving an area of 24.1 square miles, or an average of about one outlet for each six square miles; Lexington had two units for its 16.5 square miles, or one for each eight and one-quarter square miles; Maiden main- tained five units in its 4.8 square miles, or about one unit per square mile; and New Bedford had four outlets for its 19.1 square miles, or one outlet for each 4.75 square miles. In none of these munici- palities was a library outlet to be found within one-half mile of every resident's home. For all urban places in Massachusetts with populations of 20,000 to 100,000 persons in 1960, the median land area was 13.1 square miles, with the range from 1.7 square miles to 46.3 square miles. Since the typical Massachusetts municipality has a compact shape, practically all residents live within two miles of the center, where it is assumed the main library is most often situated. Every normal adult and young adult can therefore easily travel to the main library. In Boston, the distances from the twenty-six branch libraries in 1963 to the central library at Copley Square varied from seven-tenths of a mile to 6.6 miles. As Table 7 shows, the median distance from a stationary branch to the central library was 3.1 miles, more than the typical adult or young adult can reasonably be expected to travel. By public transportation, the portal-to-portal travel time from branches to the central library ranged from twelve to forty-five minutes, with a median of twenty-six minutes; the figures shown as travel time in Table 7 are based upon a small sample and will vary according to the time of day, weather, and other conditions. Although three branches were 1.7 miles from the central library, by public transportation it took from twelve to twenty-five minutes to reach the central library from their respective locations. The availability of direct public transit routes made the difference. Even when the travel times were identical, the costs differed because in Boston the subways were more expensive than the buses. To ascertain travel time for the normal male adult pedestrian, some walking from one branch to another was done by the investigator. Table 8 shows the results of the excursions on foot. Generally speaking, the normal adult male can walk one mile on slightly winding thoroughfares in eighteen minutes. 18 CHARLESTOWN LEGEND LOCATION OF OUTLET DISTRICT LINE Figure 2: Areas Within One-Half Mile of Stationary Public Library Outlets in Boston in 1963 1!) CHARLESTOWN 27 18 19 EA< BOSTON ,20 >TON «\ 25 .24 26 DOf 14 [StER HYDE PAT LEGEND • LOCATION OF OUTLET — DISTRICT LINE Figure 3: Areas Within One Mile of Stationary Public Library Outlets in Boston in 1963 20 • LOCATION OF OUTLET — DISTRICT LINE Figure 4: Areas Within One and One-Half Miles of Stationary- Public Library Outlets in Boston in 1963 >\ HYDE \^ y LEGEND PARK yS / • LOCATION OF OUTLET — DISTRICT LINE Figure 5: Areas Within Two Miles of Stationary Public Library Outlets in Boston in 1963 22 TABLE 7 DISTANCE AND SAMPLE TRAVEL TIME BY QUICKEST PUBLIC TRANSIT ROUTES FROM STATIONARY PUBLIC LIBRARY BRANCHES TO THE CENTRAL LIBRARY IN BOSTON IN 1963 Branch Library Distance from Central (in Miles) Portal-to-Portal Travel Time (in Minutes) Adams Street Allston Brighton Charlestown Codman Square Connolly Dorchester East Boston Egleston Square Faneuil Hyde Park Jamaica Plain Lower Mills Mattapan Memorial Mount Bowdoin Mount Pleasant North End Orient Heights Parker Hill Roslindale South Boston South End Uphams Corner Washington Village West Roxbury Median 4.5 2.8 2.7 4.7 6.6 3.5 5.2 4.8 2.4 3.3 1.7 1.7 4.2 1.7 5.2 2.1 0.7 2.5 1.8 6.1 3.1 35 18 22 3 32 18 27 22 28 25 45 21 33 45 27 35 25 20 23 12 40 25 12 33 21 45 2 b TABLE 8 DISTANCE BETWEEN SELECTED PUBLIC LIBRARY OUTLETS IN BOSTON AND SAMPLE TRAVEL TIME FOR A NORMAL ADULT MALE PEDESTRIAN Public Library Outlet to Public Library Outlet Adams Street branch Adams Street branch Codman Square branch Codman Square branch Mount Bowdoin branch Memorial branch Uphams Corner branch Connolly branch South Boston branch Brighton branch South End branch North End branch Dorchester branch Codman Square branch Mount Bowdoin branch Lower Mills branch Memorial branch Uphams Corner branch Mount Pleasant branch Jamaica Plain branch Washington Village branch Faneuil branch Central library Central library Distance Walking Time (in Miles) (in Minutes) 1.2 20 1.1 20 0.7 If) 1.2 20 1.4 21 1.0 18 1.3 20 0.8 15 0.8 17 0.7 15 0.7 15 1.8 32 23 Travel time between stationary library outlets by private automobile was not measured, but it is known that outside of rush hours when persons are generally traveling to and from work, the use of private automobiles considerably reduces travel time, especially since the major part of the public transportation system in Boston operates on city streets rather than in subways or on elevated tracks. Driving may save travel time, but— with few exceptions— seeking a parking space consumes much of the time saved. In addition to distance and travel time, hours of service per week must be considered in evaluating accessibility. While the central library in Boston was open seventy-three hours a week during all ex- cept the summer months, seventeen branches were open fifty-three hours a week, eight were open forty-seven hours a week, and one was open forty hours a week, as shown in Table 9. The median number of hours of service per week in branch libraries was fifty-three. TABLE 9 ESTIMATED POPULATION SERVED AND HOURS OF SERVICE IN STATIONARY OUTLETS OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, OCTOBER 1962 - MAY 1963 Estimated Population Hours of Service Public Library Outlet Served (1960) per Week Adams Street branch 21,615 53 Allston branch 21,984 47 Brighton branch 30,108 53 Charlestown branch 20,147 53 Codman Square branch 26,100 53 Connolly branch 21,449 53 Dorchester branch 25,029 47 East Boston branch 29,164 53 Egleston Square branch 24,587 53 Faneuil branch 12,191 47 Hyde Park branch 33,123 53 Jamaica Plain branch 18,605 53 Lower Mills branch 13,892 47 Mattapan branch 30,034 53 Memorial branch 23,415 40 Mount Bowdoin branch 22,282 47 Mount Pleasant branch 27,092 47 North End branch 11,970 53 Orient Heights branch 13,762 47 Parker Hill branch 22,989 53 Roslindale branch 36,289 53 South Boston branch 33,859 53 South End branch 32,899 47 Uphams Corner branch 28,377 53 Washington Village branch 16,359 53 West Roxbury branch 25,328 53 Median 24,001 53 Central library 73 In 1961, the main units of the free public libraries in Massachusetts that served between 20,000 and 100,000 persons were open to the public between 37.5 and seventy-three hours per week during most of the year, with a median of 68.5 hours of service per week, as Table 10 indicates. For independent libraries serving between 20,000 and 30,000 persons— the population range served by the middle 50 percent of Boston's branch libraries— the median number of hours was sixty-three with the spread from 37.5 to seventy-two. The branch libraries in Boston open fifty-three hours per week provided service on four weekday nights, Monday through Thursday, while the branches with forty-seven hours of service were open only on Monday and Thursday evenings; Memorial branch closed at 5:30 p.m. each weekday and was 24 not open on Saturday mornings, as the other branches were. Libraries which fail to provide much evening service are relatively inaccessible to adults who normally work on weekdays. TABLE 10* WINTER HOURS OF SERVICE IN FREE PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN MASSACHUSETTS THAT SERVED POPULATIONS FROM 20,000 TO 100,000 PERSONS DURING 1961** Municipality Population (1960) Hours of Service Arlington Attleboro Belmont Beverly Braintree Brockton Brookline Chelsea Chicopee Danvers Dedham Fall River Fitchburg Framingham Haverhill Holyoke Lawrence Leominster Lexington Lowell Lynn Maiden Medford Melrose Milton Needham Newton Norwood Peabody Pittsfield Quincy Revere Salem Saugus Somerville Taunton Wakefield Waltham Watertown Wellesley West Springfield Westfield Median 49 953 27 118 28 715 36 108 31 069 72 813 54 044 33 749 61 553 21 926 23 869 99 942 43. 021 44 526 46 346 52 689 70 933 27 929 27 691 92 107 94 478 57 676 64 971 29 619 26 375 25 793 92 384 24 898 32 202 57 879 87 409 40 080 39 211 20 666 94 697 41 132 24 295 55 413 39 092 26 071 24 924 20 303 39 211 69 60 63 60.5 61.5 72 73 63 60.5 72 63 60.5 68 69 69 69 69 69 69 68.5 69 66 69 63 63 63 69 69 61 69 68 42 69 37.5 64 64 69 69 69 69 60.5 47 68.5 *Data from: Massachusetts. Department of Education. Division of Library Extension. Seventy - third annual report of the Board o f Library Commissioners for the year ending June 30, 1962 . (Massa- chusetts Public Document No. 44). [Boston, 1963] pp. 16-21. **Six municipalities in this population range had more than one independent library and one other town provided no municipal appropriation to the library; these seven were omitted from this table to avoid errors due to inclusion of incomparable data. 25 In terms of accessibility, adults and young adults living in a typical Massachusetts municipality with between 20,000 and 100,000 inhabitants were better served than the approximately 395,000 inhabi- tants of Boston aged fourteen and over who resided more than two miles from the central library. The adult and young adult residents of the smaller municipalities could easily travel the distances to the main libraries which were open more than sixty hours a week for their convenience. On the other hand, Bostonians living in many districts with populations comparable in size to those of the smaller municipalities had to travel more than two miles to reach the central library— the only public library outlet open more than sixty hours per week. For children, neither the Boston Public Library nor any smaller independent public library visited provided a stationary outlet within one-half mile of every resident's home. 26 CHAPTER V. SUGGESTED LOCATIONS FOR STATIONARY PUBLIC LIBRARY OUTLETS IN BOSTON In the selection of desirable locations for stationary public library outlets in the city of Boston, primary consideration was given to travel distances. On the basis of the current state of our knowl- edge, one-half mile was accepted as the maximum distance that children might reasonably be expected to travel each way going to and from a public library unit, while two miles was accepted as the maxi- mum distance that adults and young adults might reasonably be expected to travel each way for the same purpose. The possibility of using all existing library facilities as part of a proposed system was also considered. In addition, the proximity of main traffic arteries and public transit routes to sug- gested locations was noted, since adults and young adults could use alternatives to foot travel. As the result of studying geographic and transportation factors, it was found that a minimum of sixty units would be necessary to provide stationary library outlets within one -half mile of the homes of nearly all residents of Boston. Of the sixty units, six would be situated in Boston Proper, five in Brighton, two in Charlestown, fourteen in Dorchester, four in East Boston, seven in Hyde Park, nine in Roxbury, three in South Boston, and ten in West Roxbury. The sixty locations suggested, which are shown in Fig. 6, are the following: 1. Haymarket Square (Boston Proper) 2. Bennington and Putnam Streets (East Boston) 3. Harvard Avenue and Cambridge Street (Brighton) 4. Jackson Square (Roxbury) 5. Dorchester Avenue and Columbia Road (Dorchester) 6. Washington and Beech Streets (West Roxbury) 7. Harvard Avenue and Winthrop Street (Hyde Park) 8. Codman Square (Dorchester) 9. Monument Square (Charlestown) 10. Copley Square (Boston Proper) 11. Ashley and Blackinton Streets (East Boston) 12. Chestnut Hill Avenue and Chiswick Road (Brighton) 13. Boylston and Jersey Streets (Boston Proper) 14. McBride and Lee Streets (Roxbury) 15. Dudley and Vine Streets (Roxbury) 16. East Broadway and L Streets (South Boston) 17. Corey and Vermont Streets (West Roxbury) 18. Centre and Allandale Streets (West Roxbury) 19. Hyde Park Avenue and Eldridge Road (West Roxbury) 20. Grove Street and Birch Road (West Roxbury) 21. Wolcott Square (Hyde Park) 22. Taunton Avenue and Blake Street (Hyde Park) 23. Washington and Morse Streets (Dorchester) 24. Adams and Arcadia Streets (Dorchester) 25. Blue Hill Avenue and Hazelton Street (Dorchester) 26. Washington and Richmond Streets (Dorchester) 27. Neponset Avenue and Ashmont Street (Dorchester) 28. Charles and Main Streets (Charlestown) 29. Charles and Pinckney Streets (Boston Proper) 30. Kneeland and Tyler Streets (Boston Proper) 31. Blackstone Square (Boston Proper) 32. Frankfort and Maverick Streets (East Boston) 33. Bennington and Byron Streets (East Boston) 27 34. Oak Square (Brighton) 35. Market and Faneuil Streets (Brighton) 36. Commonwealth Avenue and Washington Street (Brighton) 37. Brigham Circle (Roxbury) 38. Tremont and Ruggles Streets (Roxbury) 39. Centre Street and South Huntington Avenue (Roxbury) 40. Pond and May Streets (Roxbury) 41. Columbus and Walnut Avenues (Roxbury) 42. Warren and Townsend Streets (Roxbury) 43. D and West Third Streets (South Boston) 44. Old Colony Avenue and Vinton Street (South Boston) 45. Columbia Road and Bird Street (Dorchester) 46. Savin Hill Avenue and Tuttle Street (Dorchester) 47. Mount Vernon and Hill Cove Streets (Dorchester) 48. Baker Street and Rumford Road (West Roxbury) 49. Baker Street and Joyce Kilmer Road (West Roxbury) 50. Lagrange and Shaw Streets (West Roxbury) 51. Centre and Ainsworth Streets (West Roxbury) 52. Roslindale Square (West Roxbury) 53. Hyde Park and Ramsdell Avenues (Hyde Park) 54. Beech and Sherrin Streets (Hyde Park) 55. Turtle Pond Parkway and Upton Street (Hyde Park) 56. Summit Street and Williams Avenue (Hyde Park) 57. Blue Hill Avenue and Paxton Street (Dorchester) 58. Selden and Capen Streets (Dorchester) 59. River Street and Gladeside Avenue (Dorchester) 60. Gallivan Boulevard and Frederika Street (Dorchester) Of the foregoing sixty locations, sixteen (numbers 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 24, 25, 26, 31, 34, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, and 52) were occupied by fifteen branches and the central library. The other eleven locations used in 1963 could not be incorporated into this suggested scheme because their inclusion would have re- quired having more than sixty units. With sixty outlets, the Boston Public Library would be able to provide more effective accessibility to library service for all residents than the best independent municipal library in Massachusetts serving 20,000 to 100,000 persons offered in 1963, for Boston would have one outlet for each 0.8 square miles of land area while the best independent city or town visited had one outlet per square mile. There would be no need for bookmobile service because stationary library units would be within reasonable walking distance of nearly all Bostonians. Since adults and young adults can reasonably be expected to travel a maximum distance of two miles each way going to and from a public library outlet, it was found that a minimum of eight stationary units could provide adults and young adults with effectively equal access to library service. The level of accessibility would be comparable to that offered by main libraries in small independent municipalities. Public library outlets at locations numbered one through eight in Fig. 6 could serve nearly all adults and young adults in Boston. Copley Square is not one of the sites suggested because (1) all of Charles- town does not lie within a two-mile radius thereof; (2) Haymarket Square is more accessible by public transportation; and (3) the research services provided by the central library at Copley Square can legitimately be segregated from reference and advisory services provided in branches for the general readers and students. By using Haymarket Square as the location of an outlet, the need for North End branch library is eliminated. Location no. 2, Bennington and Putnam Streets is used instead of the present East Boston branch library because (1) part of Orient Heights is more than two miles away from the present unit, and (2) the suggested location is more accessible. In place of Roslindale Square, Washington and Beech Streets is suggested because the former location lies more than two miles from many outlying parts of West Roxbury. The Brighton site is suggested because of its great accessibility. Similarly, Jackson Square in Roxbury is accessible without being too close to other districts. Location no. 5, Dorchester Avenue and Columbia Road, is suggested because of its position between South Boston and Dorchester; it would be able to draw adults and young adults from both districts. The other two suggested sites are presently occupied by the Codman Square and Hyde Park branch libraries. 28 CHARLESTOWN / A 28 • 9 • OLD LOCATION £ NEW LOCATION — DISTRICT LINE Figure 6: Sixty Suggested Sites for Stationary Public Library Outlets in Boston 2r, TABLE 34 (continued) No. of Musical Programs Re- No. of Film Show- ings Pre- No. of Visits to or by Groups for Orientation Purposes of Instruction Both c to Outlet by to by to by Live corded sented Groups Groups Groups Groups Groups Groups No. of Volumes for Deposit Collections Adams Street branch Allston branch Brighton branch Charlestown branch Codman Square branch Connolly branch Dorchester branch East Boston branch Egleston Square branch Faneuil branch Hyde Park branch Jamaica Plain branch Lower Mills branch Mattapan branch Memorial branch Mount Bowdoin branch Mount Pleasant branch North End branch Orient Heights branch Parker Hill branch Roslindale branch South Boston branch South End branch Uphams Corner branch Washington Village branch West Roxbury branch Central library 17 17 56 175 144 11 9 8 6 24 13 1 50 680 1,700 680 720 15 2 5 11 300 1 7 30 10 1 14 1 18 2 10 25 22 150 200 NA NA = Not Available a Computed by multiplying the estimated daily averages by 280, the approximate number of days per year the branch libraries were open. D Excludes booktalks given as part of group visits. °These are mutually exclusive categories. 56 Interdepartmental loan service was far from perfect, however, for less than half of the approximate- ly 95,000 items requested during 1962 from the Branch Issue Department were sent to the branches seeking them.* Some of this failure to fill requests was due to the fact that such materials as periodi- cals and reference books were not lent from one department to another. Since branches could not bor- row all that they wished from other libraries, they needed to maintain collections adequate to provide high quality library service to users. All public libraries visited provided adults and young adults with lending and reserve book service. There were no formal reading records for guidance purposes and no reader interest files linked to the reserve book service in any of the outlets studied. As Tables 34 and 35 indicate, there was little de- velopment of planned reading programs for individuals at any of the libraries, with the exception of the central library in Boston, to which Bostonians were often referred by the branches; during the year which ended June 30, 1963, it was estimated that the reader's adviser for adults prepared reading programs for fifty individuals while the reader's adviser for young adults developed reading lists for thirty-five teenagers, the combined figure being shown in Table 34. Reference service was offered to adults and young adults at all libraries visited. No comparable statistics were available for the outlets in Boston and elsewhere. Since the quality of reference service depends upon the quality of nonfiction collections for adults and young adults, it is assumed that the service provided in stationary branches of the Boston Public Library was of a lower quality than that available at the central library in Boston and at the central libraries in the four Massachusetts munici- palities whose populations ranged from 20,000 to 100,000 persons, in view of the relative inferiority of branch collections of adult and young adult nonfiction. Photocopying service was not offered at any Boston branch or at Framingham Town Library; it was offered at the central library in Boston and at the other three independent libraries. Reading guidance was provided to adults and young adults at all the libraries visited. Comparable statistics were not available on the amount of service given in every library outlet studied. Although lists of new accessions were compiled by nearly all libraries, few booklists for groups of adults and young adults were prepared at any of the libraries, except for the central library in Boston, as shown in Tables 34 and 35; the reader's adviser for adults and young adults developed a total of 125 lists, seventy-five for adults and fifty for young adults. The largest number of lists produced at a branch was thirty and the largest number produced at an independent library was seven. All library agencies visited reported some participation in community activities, ranging from at- tendance at meetings of community groups to contributing articles to local newspapers. Lists of com- munity organizations and agencies, materials dealing with local historical events, information on local educational, cultural, and vocational opportunities, civil service announcements, and program planning advisory service for leaders of community groups were available at all public libraries studied, both in Boston and elsewhere. Further involvement of libraries in community life was shown by the fact that twelve of the twenty- six branch libraries in Boston and all of the independent libraries provided free meeting space for adult and young adult groups in the communities they served, as indicated by Tables 34 and 35. Simi- larly, all of the branches and three of the four independent public libraries exhibited the work of local artists. Group services provided for adults and young adults included library-sponsored groups, such as Friends of the Library, mothers' clubs, groups for senior citizens, Great Books discussion groups, young adult councils, and an art society; book talks; lectures, usually by subject specialists from out- side the library; panel discussions; musical programs, either live or recorded; and film showings, as listed in Tables 34 and 35. Half of the branches in Boston sponsored groups at the same time that half of the independent libraries did; the variety of library-sponsored groups was greater in Boston because each outlet had different groups. Seventeen branches presented book talks for adults and young adults, as compared with two of the four independent libraries; the largest number of book talks given during the year ended June 30, 1963, in any library visited was less than fifteen, as shown in the tables. With regard to lectures, half of the branches scheduled them while three of the four independent li- braries did, the highest frequency for branch libraries being twenty-three per year and the highest frequency for independent libraries being nine per year. Four branches reported holding no more than two panel discussions each during the year, but none of the independent libraries held any. While only one independent library scheduled concerts, five branches sponsored musical programs, both live and recorded. At none of the four independent libraries were film showings presented for adults and young adults, although films were incorporated into the lecture series at one of the independent libraries; during the year ended June 30, 1963, eleven of the branches in Boston scheduled from one to twenty 57 TABLE 35 ESTIMATED AMOUNTS OF SPECIFIC SERVICES PROVIDED FOR ADULTS AND YOUNG ADULTS BY THE MAIN LIBRARIES OF SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES IN MASSACHUSETTS DURING THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1963 No. of No. of Planned No. of Requests Reading No. of No. of Times No. of No. of Lecture for Pro- Book- Space Pro- Library- Book- Pro- No. of Inter- gram s lists vided for Spon- talks grams Panel library Pre- Pre- Group Art sored Pro- Pro- Discussions Municipality Loans pared pared Meetings Exhibit Groups vided a vided Held Framingham 50 3 2 2 2 1 9 -- Lexington 2,500 -- 6 90 12 __ 6 -- Maiden NA 4 7 25 12 1 4 6 -- New Bedford 5 4 200 2 No. of No. of No. of Film No. of Visi .ts to or by Groups for Volumes Musical Programs Re- Show- Purposes of for ings Pre- Orientation^ to by Instruction to by Both b Deposit to by Col- Municipality Live cc irded sented Groups Groups Groups Groups Groups Groups lections Framingham -- -- -- __ __ -- -- 120 Lexington 6 -- __ 13 __ -- -- 1,200 Maiden -- -- -- 4 __ -- 27 NA New Bedford -- -- -- 4 -- — -- -- NA = Not Available a Excludes booktalks given as part of group visits. °These are mutually exclusive categories. film programs for these age groups while the central library had four shows a day, one day a week, eight months a year, for a total of 144 showings a year. Group orientation and instruction in the use of the library and of library materials played a smaller role in the workload of staffs serving adults and young adults than in the workload of children's li- brarians, because high school and college students often receive orientation and instruction from high school and college librarians rather than from public librarians. In the case of adults not attending schools, only those belonging to community groups had the opportunity to obtain group orientation and instruction— and these groups often lacked the time or the inclination. As Table 34 shows, twenty of the twenty-six branches in Boston supplied some orientation to adult and young adult groups, with eight of the branches providing some instruction sessions, too; the central library arranged orientation tours and some visits by staff to community groups, but no instruction in the use of the library and library materials was given. Of the four independent libraries, as depicted in Table 35, one furnished no orientation or instruction to groups of adults and young adults, two pro- vided only orientation, and one supplied both orientation and instruction. When instruction was given, high school classes were the only groups involved. On the basis of the limited data gathered, the typical branch library appeared to be providing more group orientation and instruction than the typical independent library. In addition to these services, eight branches and the central library in Boston, as well as three of the four independent libraries, reported that they deposited collections of books at nursing homes, settlement houses, and homes for the aged. Estimates of the number of volumes supplied to groups as deposits in the course of a year are shown in Tables 34 and 35. 58 The reader services provided for adults, young adults, and children by the branch libraries in Boston and the main libraries in the four Massachusetts municipalities with about 20,000 to 100,000 inhabitants, differ in terms of the range of services and the quality of services. When the services are dichotomized into those that depend heavily upon the book collections (circulation, reference, read- ing guidance, etc.) and those that may be provided without extensive book stocks (story hours, audio- visual programs, orientation, etc.) the differences between the branches and the independent libraries become apparent. Branch libraries supplied a wider range of services not specifically dependent upon the book collections than did independent libraries, although all branches did not furnish the same services; in terms of quality, there seems to have been no significant difference. The range of ser- vices that depend heavily upon the book collections provided by independent public libraries and in Boston branches was comparable; in terms of quality, however, the branch services are assumed to have been inferior to the services of independent public libraries which depend heavily upon the book collections, because of the relative inadequacy of branch holdings, as shown in the earlier chapters on qualitative and quantitative analysis of library collections. 59 CHAPTER IX. USE PATTERNS IN STATIONARY BRANCH LIBRARIES IN BOSTON In spite of the shortcomings of attendance data, circulation figures, and reference statistics— which were discussed in Chapter III on methodology— an examination was made of available attendance, circulation, and reference information to determine use patterns in stationary branch libraries. A survey of attendance was conducted by the Division of Home Reading and Community Services in each of the twenty-six branches between October 15 and October 31 (in the case of all branch libraries except one, which terminated the study on October 27, and three other branches, which collected data through November 3), 1962. The number of patrons present every hour on the half-hour during what was assumed to be a representative fifteen-day period was recorded; it was thought that the hourly spot checks reflected the total attendance picture. Subsequent visits to branch libraries in the spring of 1963 indicated that the attendance reported in the survey was probably overstated, since librarians sometimes reported the number of patrons entering the libraries throughout the hour rather than the number actually present on the half-hour; nevertheless, the survey data were analyzed. With the exception of one branch, all stationary branch libraries were closed to the public on Monday and Thursday mornings. Three of the branches conducted group programs— class visits, pre- school story hours, and meetings of mothers' groups— while barring the general public on closed morn- ings, but the other closed units admitted no patrons whatsoever. Disregarding Saturday mornings, on the three weekday mornings when all branches were open to the public, there were typically fewer than fifteen patrons present at any one time, as shown in Table 36; between nine and ten o'clock, there were usually fewer than five users. TABLE 36 MEAN NUMBER OF PATRONS IN STATIONARY BRANCH LIBRARIES OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, OCTOBER 15-31, 1962, BY DAYS OF THE WEEK AND BY HOURS OF THE DAY Hour Day 9:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 1:30 2:30 3:30 4:30 5:30 6:30 7:30 8:30 Monday 10 24 66 54 18 20 30 21 Tuesday 4 12 7 7 11 25 65 49 16 20 30 20 Wednesday 5 9 8 6 8 22 64 47 15 15 24 17 Thursday 10 26 73 48 17 17 28 18 Friday 3 14 11 6 10 17 44 33 11 Saturday 7 17 24 14 Note: Means are rounded to the nearest whole numbers. In the afternoons, attendance rose sharply, as depicted graphically in Fig. 8, after schools were closed for the day; during the peak period between three and four o'clock, attendance averaged sixty- two, or more than five times the highest typical morning attendance of twelve. After dropping off during the dinner hour, attendance again rose in the evening, reaching the typical high of twenty-eight, or less than half of the afternoon peak. Although the figures in Table 36 and Fig. 8 do not distinguish between types of users by age group, data provided by four of the twenty-six stationary branches did separate adults, young adults, and children into separate categories. From this information, and from all-day visits made in the spring of 1963, it is apparent that the morning users of branch libraries were principally adults, except when 60 class visits to the library or preschool story hours were scheduled; in the morning hours, elderly persons and housewives were frequently observed browsing and reading, without the aid of library staff. During the afternoon hours, the principal users of branch libraries were children, the ratio of children to young adults to adults during the peak period being about eight to three to two. The amount of professional assistance sought by users seemed to be directly related to school assignments, stu- dents without specific assignments doing more browsing on their own. Adult users during afternoon hours made few requests for professional assistance. Seventeen of the twenty-six branch libraries were open four evenings a week and the rest— with one exception— were open two evenings a week. During evening hours, the children's service areas in many branches were closed; in the branches where they were open, use by children was generally small when compared to adult and young adult use. In many units, youngsters were observed using the libraries as study halls. Typically, the ratio of adults to young adults in branch libraries during evening hours was about four to three. On the basis of attendance data alone, it seems fair to conclude that the typical weekday morning in a stationary branch library was characterized by a lack of requests for personal service from patrons, unless a group program had attracted users. A typical Saturday morning, however, was different be- cause schools were not in session and many businesses were closed. As Table 36 reveals, more patrons visited branch libraries on Saturday mornings than on any other mornings. Saturday mornings were typically as busy as Wednesday evenings, the peak number of patrons at any one time not exceed- ing twenty-four; the big difference was that the users were predominantly children rather than adults and young adults. Observations in branch libraries revealed that children seem to demand more personal assistance from professional staff than any other age group. CO O cr H <£ a. > < cc CD o cr Id LTD 70 60 50- 40 30 ■ 20- 2 l0 £30 10 30 1130 1230 130 230 3 : 30 430 5 30 6 30 7 30 8 30 HOUR Figure 8: Mean Number of Patrons in Stationary Branch Libraries of the Boston Public Library on a Typical Weekday During the Period from October 15 through October 31, 1962, by Hours of the Day Note: Data for Saturdays were omitted and closed hours were excluded from the computations 61 Circulation figures for 1961 indicated that the stationary branches in Boston lent 2,152,523 of the 3,040,616 books circulated by the library system as a whole; branch loans for home use amounted to nearly 71 percent of the total annual circulation. The median branch circulation was 73,206, with the range from 36,152 to 169,016, as Table 37 reveals. On a per capita basis, the branch circulation figures varied from 1.2 to 5.9, with a median of 3.4. TABLE 37 CIRCULATION IN STATIONARY BRANCHES OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, 1961, BY BRANCH AND ON A PER CAPITA BASIS* Estimated Population Volumes Circulated Branch Library Circulation Served (1960) per Capita Adams Street 126,492 21,615 5.9 Allston 63,748 21,984 2.9 Brighton 77,440 30,108 2.6 Charlestown 68,972 20,147 3.4 Codman Square 138,494 26,100 5.3 Connolly 82,494 21,449 3.8 Dorchester 64,895 25,029 2.6 East Boston 54,890 29,164 1.9 Egleston Square 105,905 24,587 4.3 Faneuil 55,525 12,191 4.6 Hyde Park 106,747 33,123 3.2 Jamaica Plain 81,963 18,605 4.4 Lower Mills 63,530 13,892 4.6 Mattapan 123,193 30,034 4.1 Memorial 42,384 23,415 1.8 Mount Bowdoin 58,164 22,282 2.6 Mount Pleasant 41,752 27,092 1.5 North End 36,152 11,970 3.0 Orient Heights 43,175 13,762 3.1 Parker Hill 51,455 22,989 2.2 Roslindale 169,016 36,289 4.7 South Boston 134,376 33,859 4.0 South End 38,239 32,899 1.2 Uphams Corner 96,252 28,377 3.4 Washington Village 78,270 16,359 4.8 West Roxbury 149,000 25,328 5.9 Median 73,206 24,001 3.4 Data from Division of Home Reading and Community Services, Boston Public Library. As a comparison, all of the free public libraries in Massachusetts serving populations of from 20,000 to 100,000 persons lent between 75,924 and 857,222 volumes in 1961, with a median of 286,915; on a per capita basis, the median was 7.2 and the range was from 1.9 to 16.1. The median circulation in 1961 for all libraries in municipalities of between 20,000 and 30,000 population was 216,387, with the range from 79,801 to 445,566; these libraries lent between 3.9 and 16.1 volumes per capita, with a median of 8.6 volumes per capita. It seems that the independent libraries circulated, on the average, more than three times as many books as the typical branch; on a per capita basis, this amounted to more than twice as many volumes as the average branch lent. Data for the independent libraries are shown in Table 38. Circulation data were not collected by agencies of the Boston Public Library according to the age groups of the borrowers, i.e., adults, young adults, and children. Statistics by age groups have been obtained by counting the number of items circulated on each of the three types of borrower's cards during what were considered to be representative periods: July 25-30, 1960, January 23-28, 1961, 62 TABLE 38 CIRCULATION IN FREE PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN MASSACHUSETTS SERVING POPULATIONS FROM 20,000 TO 100,000 FOR 1961, BY MUNICIPALITY AND ON A PER CAPITA BASIS a Municipality Arlington Attleboro Belmont Beverly Braintree Brockton Brookline Chelsea Chicopee Danvers Dedham Fall River Fitchburg Framingham Haverhill Holyoke Lawrence Leominster Lexington Lowell Lynn Maiden Medford Melrose Milton Needham Newton Norwood Peabody Pittsfield Quincy Revere Salem Saugus Somerville Taunton Wakefield Waltham Watertown Wellesley West Springfield Westfield Winthrop Median 286,915 39,211 7.2 a Six municipalities in this population range had more than one independent library and one other town provided no municipal appropriation to the library; these seven were omitted from this table to avoid errors due to inclusion of incomparable data. Data from: Massachusetts. Department of Education. Division of Library Extension. Seventy- third annual report of the Board of Library Commissioners for the year ending June 30, 1962 . [Boston, 1963] pp. 16-21. 63 Population Served Volumes Circulated Circulation (1960) per Capita 454,026 49,953 9.1 177,014 27,118 6.5 286,915 28,715 10.0 335,221 36,108 9.3 321,700 31,069 10.4 458,953 72,813 6.3 388,138 54,044 7.2 87,784 33,749 2.6 262,141 61,553 4.3 122,736 21,926 5.6 194,718 23,869 8.2 297,744 99,942 3.0 269,854 43,021 6.3 456,531 44,526 10.3 258,884 46,346 5.6 284,772 52,689 5.4 236,653 70,933 3.3 152,963 27,929 5.5 445,566 27,691 16.1 696,848 92,107 7.6 506,963 94,478 5.4 386,428 57,676 6.7 324,739 64,971 5.0 265,376 29,619 9.0 275,519 26,375 10.4 283,513 25,793 11.0 857,222 92,384 9.3 205,390 24,898 8.2 148,359 32,202 4.6 484,908 57,879 8.4 792,787 87,409 9.1 75,924 40,080 1.9 133,477 39,211 3.4 99,593 20,666 4.8 457,574 94,697 4.8 379,290 41,132 9.2 227,384 24,295 9.4 468,922 55,413 8.5 297,667 39,092 7.6 295,412 26,071 11.3 127,112 24,924 5.1 292,041 26,302 11.1 79,801 20,303 3.9 April 24-29, 1961, July 22-27, 1962, January 21-26, 1963, and April 22-27, 1963; because of blurred film records, equivalent weeks were substituted in some cases. Although the type of borrower's card used does not necessarily indicate the age group of the borrower (for example, all members of a family might have used the same card) it is assumed that the type of borrower's card used is a rough measure of the age group of the borrower. It was found that during the summer period, about 44 percent of the books lent were borrowed on adult cards, 15 percent on young adult cards, and 41 percent on children's cards, as shown by Table 39, which is based upon data compiled by the Division of Home Reading and Community Services (shown as Appendix IV to this study). During the winter period, about 36 percent of the books issued were circu- lated on adult cards, 14 on young adult cards, and 50 percent on children's cards, while during the spring period, about 37 percent were lent on adult cards, 13 percent on young adult cards, and 50 on children's cards. In the course of the school year, children probably borrowed half of the books circu- lated by stationary branches of the Boston Public Library; during the summer, adults replaced children as the principal borrowers, while the rate of young adult circulation varied by only a few percentage points. TABLE 39 MEDIAN PERCENTAGE OF BOOKS CIRCULATED ON ADULT, YOUNG ADULT, AND CHILDREN'S CARDS BY STATIONARY BRANCHES OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, BY TIME PERIODS Median Percentage Median Percentage Median Percentage of Books Issued of Books Issued of Books Issued Total Time Period on Adult Cards on Young Adult Cards on Children's Cards Percentage a July 25-30, 1960 46.8 14.4 39.7 100.9 July 22-27, 1962 40.5 16.0 42.5 99.0 Average 43.7 15.2 41.1 100.0 January 23-28, 1961 37.0 14.5 49.5 101.0 January 21-26, 1963 35.5 13.0 50.5 99.0 Average 36.3 13.8 50.0 100.1 April 24-29, 1961 39.0 13.0 48.3 100.3 April 22-27, 1963 34.0 13.2 51.8 99.0 Average 36.5 13.1 50.1 99.7 a All figures in these columns do not equal 100.0 percent because of rounding errors and the fact that values in the other columns were computed independently of each other. Data from Appendix IV. At the same time that the survey of attendance was being conducted in branches of the Boston Public Library, a count was being made of the number of questions asked at public service desks. A form devised by the Division of Home Reading and Community Services (shown as Appendix IH to this study) divided "reference'' questions into (1) those answered in less than ten minutes, (2) those answered in ten to thirty minutes, and (3) those that required more than thirty minutes of working time; there were also spaces in which to indicate whether requests were filled or unfilled. Questions of book selection were divided into (1) simple author location, (2) subject list consultation, and (3) advisory service, in- cluding preparation of reading lists. On the form there were also spaces in which to indicate whether the card catalog was consulted through author, title, or subject approaches and whether information was given over the telephone. On visits to branches, the investigator was told by some librarians that they found the data form difficult to use, with the result that the data obtained may lack reliability. As Table 40 shows, the median number of questions submitted during a "typical week," i.e., the average of three weeks, October 15-31, 1962, at stationary branch libraries in Boston was 403.4, with the range from 217.8 to 1,196.1. The median number of weekly questions answered at adult service 64 TABLE 40 NUMBER OF QUESTIONS SUBMITTED DURING A TYPICAL WEEK* IN 1962 IN STATIONARY BRANCH LIBRARIES OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, AND LISTED BY TYPE OF QUESTION AND DESK AT WHICH QUESTION WAS ASKED Branch Library Number of Reference and Reading Guidance Questions Asked Adult Young Adult Children Total Adams Street 131.3 Allston 43.4 Brighton 37.0 Charlestown 36.5 Codman Square 177.3 Connolly 77.8 Dorchester 133.3 East Boston 67.5 Egleston Square 52.0 Faneuil 7.8 Hyde Park b Jamaica Plain 34.8 Lower Mills 43.3 Mattapan 41.5 Memorial 119.7 Mount Bowdoin 47.6 Mount Pleasant 28.8 North End 60.1 Orient Heights 5.5 Parker Hill 23.6 Roslindale 23.1 South Boston 29.3 South End 53.2 Uphams Corner 25.7 Washington Village 36.4 West Roxbury 94.9 Totaic Adams Street Allston Brighton Charlestown Codman Square Connolly Dorchester East Boston Egleston Square Faneuil Hyde Park b Jamaica Plain Lower Mills Mattapan Memorial Mount Bowdoin 1,431.4 78.6 136.0 21.7 96.4 121.5 39.0 151.0 94.0 67.5 44.9 37.0 29.2 71.9 115.1 59.7 53.5 101.0 12.6 20.6 62.1 75.0 20.9 44.1 78.5 88.7 1,720.5 175.9 138.1 59.9 124.7 268.3 84.2 72.2 44.0 100.7 69.0 70.2 79.2 47.9 393.3 104.6 44.4 43.0 18.7 100.3 75.3 63.6 39.9 81.1 63.8 75.3 2,437.6 43.6 30.7 40.5 13.0 115.6 133.2 37.2 41.0 37.2 20.1 37.5 30.2 63.1 83.0 15.8 49.0 84.1 34.2 39.2 118.3 71.0 59.8 43.0 73.0 33.0 47.7 31.0 48.6 123.2 32.6 610.6 153.6 139.1 143.9 395.1 267.5 46.4 140.0 220.5 150.8 78.3 173.0 147.8 293.2 56.6 385.8 317.5 118.6 257.6 567.1 201.0 356.5 205.5 220.2 121.7 164.9 142.0 151.7 161.3 628.1 211.9 126.7 204.1 36.8 144.5 160.5 167.9 114.0 150.9 178.7 258.9 5,754.4 Median 43.3 67.5 75.3 173.3 Number of Other Types of Questions Asked Branch Library Adult Young Adult Children Total 703.2 268.4 213.8 196.1 629.0 471.7 143.4 224.0 330.7 203.9 191.9 163.5 234.2 259.5 499.4 105.0 65 TABLE 40 (continued) Number of Other Types of Questions Asked Branch Library Adult Young Adult Children Total Mount Pleasant 10.1 42.4 42.4 94.9 North End 17.2 40.7 41.5 99.4 Orient Heights 13.6 35.1 132.3 181.0 Parker Hill 24.9 14.2 66.2 105.3 Roslindale 80.6 97.1 300.6 478.3 South Boston 26.5 56.8 321.8 405.1 South End 42.0 23.5 38.4 103.9 Uphams Corner 44.3 60.1 117.1 221.5 Washington Village 20.6 50.6 68.3 139.5 West Roxbury 117.7 157.8 121.9 397.4 Total c 1,139.2 1,466.0 4,266.9 7,064.0 Median 37.2 48.6 140.0 217.7 Total Number of Q> aestions Asked Branch Library Adult Young Adult Children Total Adams Street 174.9 127.6 786.5 1,089.0 Allston 74.1 220.1 291.7 585.9 Brighton 77.5 55.9 199.0 332.4 Charlestown 49.5 135.6 268.6 453.7 Codman Square 292.9 239.8 663.4 1,196.1 Connolly 211.0 110.0 351.7 672.7 Dorchester 170.5 210.8 118.6 499.9 East Boston 108.5 137.0 184.0 429.5 Egleston Square 89.2 140.5 321.2 550.9 Faneuil 27.9 77.9 219.8 325.6 Hyde Park b 356.8 Jamaica Plain 72.3 84.7 148.5 305.5 Lower Mills 73.5 60.2 252.2 385.9 Mattapan 104.6 120.5 195.7 420.8 Memorial 202.7 238.3 686.5 1,127.5 Mount Bowdoin 63.4 92.3 161.2 316.9 Mount Pleasant 38.9 95.9 86.8 221.6 North End 77.3 141.7 84.5 303.5 Orient Heights 19.1 47.7 151.0 217.8 Parker Hill 48.5 34.8 166.5 249.8 Roslindale 103.7 159.2 375.9 638.8 South Boston 55.8 131.8 385.4 573.0 South End 95.2 44.4 78.3 217.9 Uphams Corner 70.0 104.2 198.2 372.4 Washington Village 57.0 129.1 132.1 318.2 West Roxbury 212.6 246.5 197.2 656.3 Total c 2,570.6 3,186.5 6,704.5 12,818.4 Median 77.3 127.6 198.2 403.4 a Average of three weeks, October 15-31, 1962. b Data by desk not available. c Totals for adult desk plus young adult desk plus children's desk do not equal totals for all desks because Hyde Park branch did not furnish data by age groups. 66 points was 77.3, with the range from 19.1 to 292.9; the median number at young adult service points was 127.6, with the range from 34.8 to 246.5; and the median number at children's service points was 198.2, with the range from 78.3 to 786.5. Of the questions presented, 19.2 percent were asked at adult service desks, 31.6 percent at young adult service desks, and 49.1 percent at children's service desks. When the questions were divided into those which usually require professional assistance to be answered, (viz., those in the categories of reference and advisory service requests on the data form), and those that it is assumed may be answered by nonprofessional staff, (viz., those involving the lo- cation of specific books by author or title), it was found that of the 12,818.4 questions submitted during a "typical week" at all stationary branches, 5,754.4 questions, or about 44 percent, were probably re- quests for professional service, while the rest might have been answered by clerks. With regard to questions thought to require professional assistance, the median number at adult service points was 43.3, with the range from 5.5 to 177.3; the median number at young adult desks was 67.5, with the range from 12.6 to 151; and the median number at children's service points was 75.3, with the range from 18.7 to 268.3. For all reference and advisory questions, the median was 173.3 per week, with the range from 36.8 to 628.1. Not only did children appear to ask the most questions, but they appeared to ask the most questions requiring professional assistance. On the basis of attendance statistics, circulation figures, and a count of questions asked by patrons, children were the principal users of the branches of the Boston Public Library. The central library at Copley Square is predominantly a library for adults; less than 10 percent of the books borrowed from the central library are issued on children's cards. During National Library Week, April 8-14, 1962, Bostonians visiting their neighborhood libraries were asked to fill out a "Library-User Questionnaire," which did not have to be signed and which con- sisted largely of multiple-choice questions. The purpose of the form which was for adults only, was to indicate the needs and interests of users of the neighborhood libraries so that better service might be provided. These questionnaires were not distributed to the public in a manner intended to yield a random distribution; therefore, generalizing from the responses is questionable. Nevertheless, the completed questionnaires were analyzed to shed some light on the question of library use. At all branches, some patrons reported that they used other libraries in addition to the neighborhood library they were visiting; they were apparently willing to travel to find the materials they needed. 1 From January 19 to February 8, 1959, the Boston Public Library surveyed the people entering the central library at Copley Square and the Kirstein business branch to determine the extent of nonresident use of the Division of Reference and Research Services. A random sample of the users was not ob- tained in this study either, because there were many people who completed more than one question- naire. The results of this survey nevertheless indicated that over 30 percent of the users traveled from sections of Boston beyond Back Bay, the section in which the central library is situated, while another 50 percent of the users resided outside the Boston city limits. Of the respondents to the questionnaire, about half reported that they used the central library because they believed it to be the only location of desired information.! In summation, the central library in Boston was the only public library in the city that served pri- marily adults; young adults who were serious students had to use it, too. Adults and young adults were willing to travel for high quality collections and services. The stationary branches were principally children's libraries; the collections for adults and young adults constituted little more than browsing collections. On typical mornings when group programs were not scheduled, only a handful of browsers used the branch libraries. In the afternoons, school children were predominant among the patrons, asking many questions and borrowing heavily. During evening hours, adults and young adults visited branch li- braries—the former group most frequently to browse and borrow books and the latter group most frequently to do school assignments and to socialize— as all-day observations in branches have shown. Sufficient use data from independent public libraries serving populations of 20,000 to 100,000 persons were not available for purposes of comparison. 67 CHAPTER X. STAFFING PATTERNS IN STATIONARY BRANCH LIBRARIES OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY In terms of full-time equivalents, as of December 31, 1961, the stationary branch libraries in Boston had an average staff of about seven employees, excluding maintenance workers. Of the seven employees, as Table 41 indicates, three were classified as professional librarians (although not all professional librarians in the Boston Public Library had received academic training in library ser- vice), one was in the pre-professional category, and three were classified as nonprofessional library employees— half of them full-time library assistants and half of them part-time library aides. The number of professional staff members in the twenty-six stationary branches ranged from two to six, the number of pre-professional staff from none to three, and the number of library assistants and li- brary aides (in full-time equivalents) from one to six. The ratio of professional librarians to other library employees, excluding maintenance workers, as of December 31, 1961, was typically three to four in branch libraries of the Boston Public Library. When pre-professional staff were placed in the same category as professional staff, the ratio became four to three. The fact that pre-professional employees were assigned the same duties as professional employees in the lower ranks permitted the consolidation of professional and pre-professional classes for purposes of analysis. As Table 41 shows, nonprofessional staff outnumbered professional staff at seven branch libraries while there were more professional staff than nonprofessional staff at nineteen neighborhood outlets. Nonprofessional tasks, such as the accessioning of books, lettering, filing, typing, stamping of forms, the lending and checking-in of materials, the preparation of simple statistical reports, mending, the preparation of overdue records, shelving, and the reading of shelves, must be completed for a li- brary to function properly. Because of a shortage of nonprofessional employees in branch libraries, it was necessary for professional staff to perform nonprofessional duties. On all-day visits to the branches made during the spring of 1963, librarians were observed doing work that clerks could have completed if they were available; professionals in some units were performing tasks identical to those being performed in other branch libraries by nonprofessional employees. To have professional staff perform the same tasks as nonprofessional staff members is to waste professional skills. In the previous chapter, it was demonstrated that little use was made of neighborhood outlets by the public during morning hours on weekdays unless group programs were scheduled. On all weekday mornings— whether the branches were open or closed to the public— staff were present, as shown in Table 42; data were collected— without a division being made between professional and nonprofessional staff— during the latter half of October, 1962, at the same time that the attendance and reference sur- veys were being conducted. The difference, in terms of the number of staff present, between an open morning and a closed morning was typically one bibliothecal employee. Visits to branches on Monday and Thursday mornings when libraries were closed to the public re- vealed that staff used these mornings to perform duties that required absence from public service desks, such as preparation of overdue notices, mending, preparation of simple statistical reports, and accessioning of books; only three branch libraries scheduled class visits to the library, pre-school story hours, or meetings of mothers' groups for closed mornings. Since all of the activities carried on while branches were closed to the public could have been carried on during open hours— as they were in most branches visited— assignment of staff to branches on closed mornings seemed unneces- sary; the public would probably have received better service had the staff working on closed mornings been assigned to work during open hours. Because users on open mornings were principally adults who sought no professional assistance, there appeared to be no reason for the scheduling of professional staff during these hours, unless group programs were planned for this age group. Although assigned to work morning hours, children's li- brarians did not have to be present for coverage since most youngsters were in school; children's workers could have been visiting classes during these hours. 68 TABLE 41 DISTRIBUTION OF BIBLIOTHECAL STAFF IN BRANCH LIBRARIES OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1961, BY PROFESSIONAL AND NONPROFESSIONAL CLASSES (IN FULL-TIME EQUIVALENTS) No. of No. of Pre- Total No. of No. of Total Non- Professional Professional Professional Library Library professional Total Branch Library Librarians Librarians Staff Assistants Aides Staff Staff Adams Street 3 1 4 3 1.6 4.6 8.6 Allston 4 - 4 1 1.1 2.1 6.1 Brighton 3 - 3 2 1.2 3.2 6.2 Charlestown 3 1 4 2 1 3 7 Codman Square 3 2 5 2 1.7 3.7 8.7 Connolly 2 3 5 1 1.4 2.4 7.4 Dorchester 3 0.4 3.4 2 1.7 3.7 7.1 East Boston 3 - 3 2 1.7 3.7 6.7 Egleston Square 3 2 5 2 2.1 4.1 9.1 Faneuil 4 - 4 - 1.8 1.8 5.8 Hyde Park 3 1 4 2 1.7 3.7 7.7 Jamaica Plain 4 1 5 1 1.6 2.6 7.6 Lower Mills 3 1 4 - 1.5 1.5 5.5 Mattapan 4 1 5 2 2 4 9 Memorial 3 - 3 1 1.1 2.1 5.1 Mount Bowdoin 2 1 3 2 1.7 3.7 6.7 Mount Pleasant 2 a 1 3 - 1.4 1.4 4.4 North End 3 2 5 - 1.3 1.3 6.3 Orient Heights 2 - 2 1 1.3 2.3 4.3 Parker Hill 2 1 3 2 1.5 3.5 6.5 Roslindale 5 1 6 3 2.9 5.9 11.9 South Boston 5 1 6 1 1.6 2.6 8.6 South End 2 2 4 1 1 2 6 Uphams Corner 3 2 5 2 1.8 3.8 8.8 Washington Village 2 2 4 2 1.4 3.4 7.4 West Roxbury 5 1 6 1 2 3 9 Total Mean 3.1 27.4 1.1 108.4 4.2 38 1.5 41.1 1.6 79.1 3.0 187.5 7.2 a Actually four were on the staff, of whom two were on terminal leave. Data from Division of Personnel, Boston Public Library. TABLE 42 MEAN NUMBER OF STAFF IN STATIONARY BRANCH LIBRARIES OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, OCTOBER 15-31, 1962, BY DAYS OF THE WEEK AND BY HOURS OF THE DAY Hou r Day 9:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 1:30 2:30 3:30 4:30 5:30 6:30 7:30 8:30 Monday 2 2 2 2 4 5 7 7 5 4 4 4 Tuesday 3 3 3 3 3 5 8 8 5 4 4 4 Wednesday 3 3 3 3 3 5 8 8 5 4 4 4 Thursday 1 2 2 1 3 5 7 7 4 4 4 4 Friday 3 4 4 2 2 4 7 7 5 Saturday 5 5 5 5 Notes: In East Boston branch library, the study was terminated on October 27; and in Allston, Mount Bowdoin, and South End branch libraries, it was continued through November 3. Means are rounded to the nearest whole numbers. 69 oo o CO or 70 Id CL u. 60 o ri 2 bO Z UJ 40 U <2 < Q 30 2 UJ h- 20 451 15 Connolly 124 10 213 12 141 8 Dorchester 238 22 275 20 301 21 East Boston 88 15 187 20 230 16 Egleston Square 208 11 321 13 229 9 Faneuil 112 12 128 12 100 8 Hyde Park 252 14 332 14 263 10 Jamaica Plain 123 9 240 13 217 11 Lower Mills 64 7 204 18 200 14 Mattapan 261 13 505 19 479 18 Memorial 85 16 179 20 242 22 Mount Bowdoin 222 22 172 15 205 16 Mount Pleasant 100 18 156 16 114 13 North End 145 26 125 12 97 13 Orient Heights 122 14 film 140 12 Parker Hill 127 16 74 10 77 10 Roslindale 462 18 529 18 714 23 South Boston 292 15 480 16 573 18 South End film blurred Uphams Corner 369 22 415 22 376 17 Washington Village 180 15 228 14 236 13 West Roxbury 383 13 430 14 630 17 Central Charging 842 10 1089 11 968 9 A = July 25-30, 1960. B = Jan. 23-28, 1961. C = Apr. 24-29, 1961. ( corrected copy) 101 APPENDIX IV (continued) CHILDREN'S CARDS A B i C Branch Books % Books % Books % Adams Street 687 34 1101 46 1401 48 Allston 325 30 475 34 527 38 Bookmobile I 689 57 2348 73 2504 76 Bookmobile II 2380 79 Bookmobile III Brighton 564 44 596 45 767 48 Charlestown 259 30 708 49 646 47 Codman Square 803 36 1424 50 1402 47 Connolly 492 40 858 50 820 49 Dorchester 445 42 745 52 649 46 East Boston 171 28 391 40 660 48 Egleston Square 840 45 1347 56 1325 50 Faneuil 306 34 658 50 718 53 Hyde Park 774 45 1153 49 1348 52 Jamaica Plain 518 42 1040 55 935 49 Lower Mills 485 51 511 45 722 50 Mattapan 746 40 1190 46 1251 44 Memorial 229 45 587 65 578 51 Mount Bowdoin 341 34 596 52 761 56 Mount Pleasant 270 50 542 57 549 60 North End 205 37 621 60 478 63 Orient Heights 392 45 film 660 56 Parker Hill 259 34 384 52 321 42 Roslindale 861 33 1166 38 1075 34 South Boston 720 36 1436 47 1215 39 South End film blurred Uphams Corner 647 40 992 51 1249 58 Washington Village 496 41 771 45 837 45 West Roxbury 991 34 1062 35 1370 37 Central Charging 605 7 764 8 745 6 A = July 25-30, 1960. B = Jan. 23-28, 1961. C = Apr. 24-29,1961. ( corrected copy) 102 APPENDIX IV (continued) ADULT CARDS A k B C Branch Books % Books % Books % Adams Street 1049 40 1293 40 1456 37 Allston 624 53 690 47 684 49 Bookmobiles (2) 1418 30 1816 14 1839 14 Brighton * 545 41 700 37 811 42 Charlestown 489 53 * 440 27 509 28 Codman Square 966 41 1311 35 1200 30 Connolly 774 50 798 37 867 38 Dorchester 417 34 * 409 25 * 415 30 East Boston 318 39 490 28 432 26 Egleston Square 420 28 935 37 880 31 Faneuil 476 43 582 46 439 30 Hyde Park 714 35 833 33 1023 39 Jamaica Plain 599 40 672 33 769 36 Lower Mills 510 3<> 629 40 593 34 Mattapan 810 41 1071 36 1116 32 Memorial * 226 38 212 20 237 25 Mount Bowdoin 376 4(J 402 30 460 26 Mount Pleasant 184 31 217 26 285 30 North End 225 38 220 24 191 22 Orient Heights * 379 45 381 44 * 291 37 Parker Hill 358 37 * 496 33 673 44 Roslindale 1951 49 2283 46 2037 38 South Boston 1035 46 1443 40 1273 37 South End 353 55 * 308 42 433 44 Uphams Corner 757 39 737 31 807 30 Washington Village 514 40 616 35 641 34 West Roxbury 1322 51 1379 43 1561 45 ♦Equivalent week substituted because film blurred. A = July 22-27, 1962. B= Jan. 21-26, 1963. C = Apr. 22-27, 1963. 103 APPENDIX IV (continued) YOUNG ADULT CARDS A : B C Branch Books % Books % Books % Adams Street 388 15 387 12 378 10 Allston 180 16 233 16 192 13 Bookmobiles (2) 172 4 325 3 248 2 Brighton * 242 18 231 12 281 14 Charlestown 93 10 * 226 14 227 13 Codman Square 378 16 346 9 403 10 Connolly 193 12 193 9 335 14 Dorchester 246 20 * 261 15 * 259 19 East Boston 161 20 273 16 265 16 Egleston Square 296 20 420 17 437 16 Faneuil 106 9 109 8 122 8 Hyde Park 216 10 263 11 250 9 Jamaica Plain 125 10 154 8 247 11 Lower Mills 140 11 150 10 83 5 Mattapan 455 23 571 19 580 16 Memorial * 107 18 313 30 224 24 Mount Bowdoin 172 18 277 24 197 12 Mount Pleasant 106 18 121 14 104 11 North End 109 19 105 11 181 20 Orient Heights * 85 10 85 10 * 100 13 Parker Hill 165 17 * 174 12 168 11 Roslindale 574 14 726 14 990 19 South Boston 316 14 342 10 654 20 South End 36 6 * 35 5 72 7 Uphams Corner 394 20 354 15 474 18 Washington Village 222 18 273 15 315 16 West Roxbury 296 11 472 15 373 11 *Equivalent week substituted because film blurred. A = July 22-27, 1962. B = Jan. 21-26, 1963. C = Apr. 22-27, 1963. 104 APPENDIX IV (continued) CHILDREN'S CARDS A B ( : Branch Books % Books % Books % Adams Street 1172 45 1568 48 2056 53 Allston 366 31 540 37 529 38 Bookmobiles (2) 3089 66 10806 83 11015 84 Brighton * 552 41 961 51 847 44 Charlestown 340 37 * 970 59 1053 59 Codman Square 1025 43 2111 56 2324 60 Connolly 586 38 1146 54 1126 48 Dorchester 551 46 * 996 fi() * 705 51 East Boston 338 41 980 50 962 58 Egleston Square 771 52 1175 46 1484 53 Faneuil 538 48 587 46 925 62 Hyde Park 1116 55 1381 56 1389 52 Jamaica Plain 561 44 1198 59 1135 53 Lower Mills 632 50 788 50 1095 61 Mattapan 710 36 1353 45 1852 52 Memorial * 260 44 527 50 473 51 Mount Bowdoin 394 42 549 46 1056 62 Mount Pleasant 300 51 513 fio 553 59 North End 260 43 597 65 512 58 Orient Heights * 379 45 401 46 * 391 50 Parker Hill 440 46 * 810 55 675 45 Roslindale 1500 37 1991 40 2298 43 South Boston 874 40 1874 50 1470 43 South End 252 39 * 395 53 480 49 Uphams Corner 808 41 1258 54 1398 52 Washington Village 537 42 868 50 937 50 West Roxbury 973 38 1315 42 1550 44 *Equivalent week substituted because film blurred. A = July 22-27, 1962. B = Jan. 21-26, 1963. C = Apr. 22-27, 1963. 105 APPENDIX V MEAN AVERAGES OF PUBLIC ATTENDANCE AND STAFF ATTENDANCE IN BRANCHES ON THE HALF HOUR, OCTOBER 15-31, 1962, BY DAYS OF THE WEEK AND HOURS OF THE DAY Monday a 9:30 10:30 11:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street Allston Brighton Charlestown Codman Square Connolly Dorchester East Boston' 3 Egleston Square Faneuil Hyde Park Jamaica Plain Lower Mills Mattapan Memorial Mount Bowdoin Mount Pleasant North End Orient Heights Parker Hill Roslindale South Boston South End Uphams Corner Washington Village West Roxbury 23.3 2.7 3.0 2.7 1.7 0.7 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.3 3.0 1.0 3.0 2.7 1.3 0.7 3.7 2.7 0.3 2.3 1.3 3.0 23.3 23.7 3.0 3.3 2.7 2.0 1.0 2.7 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.3 3.0 1.0 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.0 3.7 2.7 2.0 2.3 1.7 2.7 Adams Street Allston Brighton Charlestown Codman Square Connolly Dorchester East Boston 1 - 1 Egleston Square Faneuil 5.3 2.7 1.0 0.7 2.0 2.3 1.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 9.3 12.3 5.7 2.3 24.3 3.0 15.3 3.5 11.0 2.7 4.0 3.7 3.0 3.3 4.0 2.3 3.7 2.0 3.7 3.0 25.7 2.0 16.3 12.7 7.7 19.0 26.7 10.7 38.3 38.0 43.7 9.0 3.3 2.7 2.0 1.0 2.7 2.3 1.0 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.0 3.7 2.7 2.0 2.3 1.7 3.0 Mean Averages 1.8 C 2.1 c 2.0 C Monday a 12:30 1:30 2:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff 6.7 5.0 4.3 5.7 9.3 4.3 5.3 4.0 6.7 5.0 106 APPENDIX V (continued) Monday a 12:30 1:30 2:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Hyde Park 1.7 7.7 2.7 46.0 5.3 Jamaica Plain 8.3 3.7 13.3 5.0 Lower Mills 0.7 2.3 4.0 18.7 4.3 Mattapan 8.0 3.7 23.3 3.7 44.7 6.7 Memorial 3.0 1.0 3.0 2.0 17.3 3.7 Mount Bowdoin 2.3 4.0 2.3 14.3 5.7 Mount Pleasant 4.0 2.3 5.3 2.7 North End 1.3 12.0 2.0 30.0 4.0 Orient Heights 18.0 2.7 27.0 2.7 Parker Hill 1.7 1.7 10.7 4.7 26.7 5.0 Roslindale 1.0 20.0 7.0 42.0 8.0 South Boston 12.0 6.0 21.3 6.3 South End 2.0 27.7 2.0 31.0 4.3 Uphams Corner 1.0 9.7 4.7 18.3 6.7 Washington Village 2.3 5.0 4.3 14.3 5.0 West Roxbury 0.7 5.0 6.0 18.3 6.7 Mean Averages 1.6C 10.1 3.6 23.5 5.3 Monday a 3:30 4:30 5:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street 46.3 10.0 59.0 10.0 15.7 7.0 Allston 31.0 6.0 25.3 6.0 11.3 4.0 Brighton 43.7 5.7 28.3 7.0 11.0 4.0 Charlestown 78.3 7.0 76.7 6.7 31.3 4.7 Codman Square 81.3 10.0 77.7 8.0 15.3 5.0 Connolly 54.7 7.3 49.7 7.3 7.3 4.7 Dorchester 79.7 6.0 80.0 6.7 19.0 4.0 East Boston b 88.0 7.0 50.5 7.0 10.5 4.0 Egleston Square 97.7 9.7 107.3 9.7 37.7 5.0 Faneuil 58.0 5.7 35.7 6.7 7.7 4.0 Hyde Park 56.3 5.3 37.3 5.7 12.0 4.3 Jamaica Plain 36.3 7.7 31.0 7.7 13.0 4.7 Lower Mills 51.0 6.7 21.7 6.7 6.0 5.3 Mattapan 110.0 10.0 102.3 10.3 34.3 6.0 Memorial 56.3 6.7 39.0 6.7 10.3 5.7 Mount Bowdoin 55.7 7.3 30.7 7.0 17.7 4.0 Mount Pleasant 41.7 5.0 36.0 5.0 13.7 3.7 North End 53.0 5.0 38.3 6.0 16.3 4.0 Orient Heights 28.3 4.3 19.7 5.0 6.3 3.0 Parker Hill 62.7 6.3 45.3 6.3 20.0 4.0 Roslindale 129.7 9.0 58.7 9.3 17.7 7.7 South Boston 117.3 9.0 87.0 9.0 25.7 4.7 South End 59.0 7.0 85.3 7.0 40.0 4.3 Uphams Corner 59.0 10.7 65.3 11.0 22.0 6.3 Washington Village 72.0 6.0 63.7 4.7 22.3 4.3 West Roxbury 62.0 8.0 58.3 8.7 13.3 4.3 Mean Averages 65.7 6.9 54.2 7.4 17.6 4.7 107 APPENDIX V (continued) Monday 3 - 6:30 7:30 8:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street 22.3 6.7 57.0 7.0 20.7 7.0 Allston 5.7 3.7 9.0 4.0 5.3 4.0 Brighton 4.0 3.0 7.3 2.7 6.3 2.7 Charlestown 19.7 3.0 45.7 5.0 27.3 4.7 Codman Square 17.3 4.0 27.0 4.3 13.3 4.3 Connolly 11.7 3.0 25.0 3.0 15.3 3.0 Dorchester 16.0 2.0 23.7 3.0 19.3 3.0 East Boston 13 14.5 4.0 14.5 4.0 10.5 4.0 Egleston Square 44.0 4.7 58.3 5.3 41.3 5.3 Faneuil 9.3 3.0 15.3 4.0 9.3 4.0 Hyde Park 17.0 3.3 31.3 4.0 23.3 4.0 Jamaica Plain 15.0 3.0 21.3 3.0 9.7 3.0 Lower Mills 11.3 3.7 19.0 4.0 17.7 4.0 Mattapan 23.7 5.0 49.7 5.3 47.3 5.3 Memorial Mount Bowdoin 10.7 3.0 9.7 4.0 12.0 4.0 Mount Pleasant 7.7 2.7 7.3 3.7 3.1 3.7 North End 16.7 2.3 28.3 3.0 17.3 3.0 Orient Heights 5.0 2.7 6.7 2.7 5.7 2.7 Parker Hill 25.7 4.0 24.7 4.7 25.0 4.7 Roslindale 31.0 7.7 55.0 7.3 53.7 7.3 South Boston 75.0 5.7 124.3 6.7 81.3 6.7 South End 24.3 2.0 15.0 2.0 10.7 2.0 Uphams Corner 14.0 4.0 18.7 4.3 15.7 4.3 Washington Village 34.7 4.3 32.7 4.7 10.3 4.7 West Roxbury 20.3 4.0 33.3 5.3 24.0 5.0 Mean Averages 19.9 3.8 30.4 4.3 21.0 4.3 Tuesday^ 9:30 10:30 11:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street 1.3 2.3 2.7 3.0 5.0 3.0 Allston 2.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 2.7 3.7 Brighton 1.7 3.0 69.3 3.0 1.3 3.0 Charlestown 11.7 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.7 Codman Square 2.0 1.3 4.3 2.7 5.7 2.7 Connolly 1.7 2.7 2.3 3.0 6.3 3.0 Dorchester 3.0 3.3 3.3 4.3 5.7 4.7 East Boston e 0.5 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Egleston Square 24.3 3.3 31.7 4.0 30.7 4.0 Faneuil 1.7 3.7 8.7 4.7 0.7 4.7 Hyde Park 2.7 2.0 3.7 2.3 7.3 2.3 Jamaica Plain 3.0 3.0 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 Lower Mills 1.7 2.3 2.7 2.0 2.0 3.0 Mattapan 6.3 3.0 4.7 3.0 11.3 3.0 Memorial 2.7 2.0 2.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 Mount Bowdoin 2.0 2.7 2.3 3.7 3.3 3.7 Mount Pleasant 0.7 1.7 1.0 2.7 7.3 2.7 North End 3.7 2.3 4.7 3.0 7.3 3.0 108 APPENDIX V (continued) Branch Library 9:30 Tuesday^ 10:30 Public Staff Public Staff 11:30 Public Staff Orient Heights Parker Hill Roslindale South Boston South End Uphams Corner Washington Village West Roxbury Adams Street Allston Brighton Charlestown Codman Square Connolly Dorchester East Boston e Egleston Square Faneuil Hyde Park Jamaica Plain Lower Mills Mattapan Memorial Mount Bowdoin Mount Pleasant North End Orient Heights Parker Hill Roslindale South Boston South End Uphams Corner Washington Village West Roxbury Mean Averages 2.0 3.0 3.3 3.0 13.7 3.0 3.0 6.7 1.3 2.3 3.3 3.3 2.3 4.0 3.0 2.3 4.0 4.7 9.3 43.0 14.0 34.3 38.3 6.7 2.3 2.3 3.3 3.3 4.3 4.0 3.0 2.3 4.0 5.3 2.0 1.3 4.3 7.0 7.0 4.0 19.7 0.7 2.7 4.0 2.7 7.0 2.3 3.3 1.7 9.7 2.7 6.7 15.3 8.0 30.7 15.0 4.3 5.7 6.8 4.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.7 1.0 2.3 1.7 2.0 1.0 2.3 5.0 3.3 1.7 3.7 2.0 3.3 2.5 7.7 7.0 5.7 12.0 11.3 8.7 18.7 2.5 35.3 1.7 5.3 6.3 2.7 21.0 2.0 4.0 1.3 32.3 3.0 9.7 10.0 10.0 26.0 22.7 7.0 9.7 10.9 3.7 1.7 3.0 2.0 3.7 2.3 3.3 2.0 2.7 1.0 2.7 1.7 3.3 4.3 2.7 2.3 5.0 3.0 3.3 2.6 1.7 6.0 8.0 4.0 20.3 19.7 4.3 7.0 12.3 8.3 13.3 15.7 28.0 17.0 47.3 25.0 78.3 3.0 50.7 5.3 18.7 19.0 16.0 9.3 6.3 54.7 19.0 36.7 20.3 18.7 28.7 32.0 10.0 47.0 24.6 2.3 2.3 3.7 3.3 4.3 4.7 3.0 2.3 Mean Averages 4.2 2.6 12.0 3.0 6.8 3.1 Tuesday * 12:30 1:30 2:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff 4.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 6.0 4.0 4.7 3.0 5.0 2.7 5.7 7.0 6.0 4.7 6.0 4.7 6.0 5.2 109 APPENDIX V (continued) Tuesday^ 3:30 4:30 5:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street 41.3 9.0 46.0 9.3 12.0 7.7 Allston 27.7 6.3 23.3 6.3 8.7 4.3 Brighton 41.3 7.3 23.7 7.3 6.3 5.3 Charlestown 71.3 5.3 71.3 6.3 30.7 5.7 Codman Square 87.7 9.7 54.3 9.3 16.0 4.3 Connolly 48.7 8.0 30.3 8.3 9.7 5.0 Dorchester 64.7 8.0 51.0 8.7 12.3 6.7 East Boston e 64.5 8.0 35.5 8.0 11.0 5.0 Egleston Square 91.3 10.0 142.3 10.0 38.0 5.0 Faneuil 60.7 7.7 35.7 8.7 4.3 5.7 Hyde Park 63.0 6.7 36.3 7.0 6.7 4.3 Jamaica Plain 24.7 7.7 27.7 7.0 5.7 4.7 Lower Mills 52.3 6.3 24.3 7.3 10.7 4.7 Mattapan 141.3 9.3 77.0 9.3 44.3 5.3 Memorial 67.3 7.0 48.3 7.0 10.0 6.0 Mount Bowdoin 39.3 7.7 20.7 7.7 6.0 4.7 Mount Pleasant 35.0 5.3 23.3 4.3 5.7 4.0 North End 77.0 6.3 38.7 6.3 25.0 3.0 Orient Heights 38.3 4.0 14.7 4.0 6.3 2.0 Parker Hill 101.0 6.0 44.7 6.3 21.3 4.3 Roslindale 106.0 10.0 67.3 8.3 22.0 8.3 South Boston 106.0 9.0 112.0 9.0 23.3 5.0 South End 63.0 7.0 50.0 7.0 37.0 4.0 Uphams Corner 57.0 10.3 69.3 10.0 17.7 5.0 Washington Village 60.7 7.0 58.3 7.7 19.7 6.7 West Roxbury 46.7 7.3 40.3 7.7 16.0 4.3 Mean Averages 64.5 7.5 48.7 7.6 16.4 5.0 Tuesday" 6:30 7:30 8:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street 16.3 6.0 37.3 5.7 23.0 5.7 Allston Brighton 7.7 3.7 8.0 2.7 8.7 2.7 Charlestown 22.7 2.0 39.7 4.3 25.0 4.0 Codman Square 14.3 5.3 24.7 5.3 10.7 5.0 Connolly 11.3 3.0 18.7 3.0 10.7 3.0 Dorchester East Boston e 12.5 3.0 18.0 3.0 7.5 3.0 Egleston Square 31.3 4.7 36.3 4.7 27.7 4.7 Faneuil Hyde Park 14.7 3.0 23.7 3.0 22.3 3.0 Jamaica Plain 4.7 3.0 19.3 3.0 12.0 3.0 Lower Mills Mattapan 24.7 4.7 39.3 5.3 31.3 5.3 Memorial Mount Bowdoin Mount Pleasant North End 17.0 2.0 32.3 3.0 21.0 3.0 Orient Heights 110 APPENDIX V (continued) Tuesdayd 6:30 7:30 8:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Parker Hill 16.7 4.7 23.3 4.7 17.3 4.7 Roslindale 35.3 6.3 38.7 6.0 36.7 6.3 South Boston 60.0 5.0 68.7 6.0 29.7 6.0 South End Uphams Corner 5.3 3.0 15.7 3.0 13.0 3.0 Washington Village 37.7 5.0 38.0 4.7 9.3 4.7 West Roxbury 11.7 4.0 24.7 4.3 26.3 4.3 Mean Averages 20.2 4.0 29.8 4.2 19.5 4.2 Wednesday^ 9:30 10:30 11:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street 47.7 3.7 32.7 3.7 47.0 3.7 Allston 2.3 4.0 4.7 3.7 6.0 3.7 Brighton 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.3 3.7 2.3 Charlestown 0.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 2.0 Codman Square 1.7 2.0 6.0 2.7 4.7 3.3 Connolly 3.3 2.3 3.3 3.3 7.0 3.3 Dorchester 2.3 3.3 3.7 4.0 6.3 3.7 East Boston!? 2.0 4.0 2.0 3.5 2.0 Egleston Square 2.7 2.0 8.0 3.0 11.0 3.0 Faneuil 2.0 3.3 2.3 4.3 2.0 4.3 Hyde Park 2.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 2.3 2.0 Jamaica Plain 2.3 2.7 28.7 2.7 3.3 2.7 Lower Mills 1.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 Mattapan 5.0 2.7 9.0 2.7 12.3 2.7 Memorial 5.7 3.0 4.0 2.7 3.0 2.7 Mount Bowdoin 1.0 3.7 1.3 3.7 2.7 4.0 Mount Pleasant 0.3 2.0 1.3 2.7 2.3 3.0 North End 3.0 2.0 15.0 2.7 3.0 2.7 Orient Heights 2.7 1.7 9.3 2.3 4.0 2.7 Parker Hill 2.0 2.7 18.0 2.7 22.7 3.7 Roslindale 3.7 3.7 14.7 3.3 11.0 3.7 South Boston 3.7 3.7 20.0 3.7 20.7 3.7 South End 16.3 3.3 14.0 5.0 15.7 4.3 Uphams Corner 2.3 3.3 4.3 3.3 5.0 3.7 Washington Village 1.0 2.0 2.7 2.0 3.0 2.0 West Roxbury 2.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.7 3.0 Mean Averages 4.6 2.7 8.5 3.0 8.2 3.2 111 APPENDIX V (continued) Wednesday* 12:30 1:30 2:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street 3.3 4.7 5.7 4.0 8.7 7.3 Allston 5.0 3.0 4.7 2.0 9.0 4.0 Brighton 2.0 2.3 1.3 2.3 8.7 4.0 Charlestown 1.0 2.3 12.7 1.3 21.7 5.3 Codman Square 4.7 3.0 5.0 4.3 25.7 9.0 Connolly 7.0 4.0 6.7 2.0 15.3 5.7 Dorchester 11.0 2.3 16.3 3.3 76.7 5.3 East Bostong 1.0 2.0 3.5 2.0 30.5 4.0 Egleston Square 12.0 2.7 13.0 3.0 37.7 5.7 Faneuil 1.0 2.0 4.0 2.7 4.3 4.7 Hyde Park 3.0 2.0 4.3 3.0 51.0 4.7 Jamaica Plain 5.0 2.0 5.7 2.7 8.0 4.3 Lower Mills 2.0 3.0 3.7 2.7 12.3 4.0 Mattapan 8.7 3.0 15.7 3.3 25.0 6.3 Memorial 5.0 1.0 5.0 1.7 17.0 4.7 Mount Bowdoin 2.3 2.7 3.3 2.0 9.0 6.0 Mount Pleasant 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 6.3 3.0 North End 6.3 2.7 5.0 2.0 31.0 4.7 Orient Heights 2.7 1.0 5.0 1.7 10.0 2.7 Parker Hill 4.0 2.7 10.3 3.3 33.0 6.0 Roslindale 12.3 4.0 9.3 3.7 29.0 7.7 South Boston 10.0 3.7 14.7 2.7 21.7 5.7 South End 28.7 2.3 28.7 2.7 29.0 5.0 Uphams Corner 6.3 3.0 6.0 5.3 12.7 7.0 Washington Village 3.3 3.3 3.7 4.0 12.7 5.7 West Roxbury 2.7 3.3 6.0 3.0 16.7 6.3 Mean Averages 5.7 2.7 7.7 2.8 21.6 5.3 Wednesday* 3:30 4:30 5:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street 37.3 10.3 40.3 10.3 17.7 6.7 Allston 25.7 5.3 23.7 5.0 7.3 3.0 Brighton 37.3 6.3 26.0 7.0 8.7 5.3 Charlestown 74.0 7.0 61.7 6.3 23.3 5.0 Codman Square 67.0 10.0 52.7 8.7 7.7 3.0 Connolly 52.3 7.3 47.7 7.7 9.7 4.3 Dorchester 99.3 7.3 25.7 8.0 14.0 4.3 East Boston^ 77.0 7.0 45.0 7.0 11.0 4.0 Egleston Square 89.0 8.7 135.0 9.7 35.0 5.7 Faneuil 54.0 7.3 36.0 8.3 7.7 6.7 Hyde Park 50.3 6.7 28.3 7.0 5.7 4.3 Jamaica Plain 43.3 8.3 31.3 8.3 11.3 5.3 Lower Mills 45.0 7.0 18.3 6.3 11.0 5.0 Mattapan 184.3 9.3 69.7 9.3 31.0 5.7 Memorial 68.0 6.3 55.0 6.7 15.0 6.3 Mount Bowdoin 30.7 9.0 35.7 9.0 7.7 4.7 Mount Pleasant 19.7 5.3 24.7 5.0 11.0 3.7 North End 63.7 5.7 41.0 5.7 19.0 2.7 Orient Heights 34.0 4.3 16.0 5.3 7.7 3.0 112 APPENDIX V (continued) Wednesday f 3:30 4:30 5:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Parker Hill 54.7 7.3 42.3 7.3 8.0 3.3 Roslindale 114.3 8.3 78.3 7.0 23.3 8.3 South Boston 98.7 8.7 75.3 8.7 30.0 5.0 South End 61.0 6.7 65.3 6.7 35.7 3.7 Uphams Corner 61.0 10.0 68.7 9.7 12.0 5.7 Washington Village 43.7 6.7 53.0 5.0 12.7 3.3 West Roxbury 60.0 8.0 34.0 8.7 11.0 4.3 Mean Averages 63.3 7.5 47.3 7.5 15.2 4.7 6:30 Wednesday * 7:30 8:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street Allston Brighton Charlestown Codman Square Connolly Dorchester East BostonS Egleston Square Faneuil Hyde Park Jamaica Plain Lower Mills Mattapan Memorial Mount Bowdoin Mount Pleasant North End Orient Heights Parker Hill Roslindale South Boston South End Uphams Corner Washington Village West Roxbury Adams Street Allston 1 Brighton^ Charlestown 12.3 6.0 11.3 8.0 10.8 11.0 18.7 16.0 7.3 25.7 18.3 14.0 22.7 42.0 6.7 14.0 6.7 6.7 2.3 2.7 3.3 3.7 3.0 5.0 2.7 3.0 5.0 2.0 3.3 6.7 4.0 4.0 4.3 3.7 30.7 8.0 22.7 14.7 16.3 16.5 27.0 25.3 16.7 34.3 21.3 17.3 39.7 52.0 13.7 29.0 19.3 6.0 3.3 3.7 4.3 3.7 3.0 5.0 3.0 3.0 5.3 3.0 3.7 6.5 5.3 4.3 4.7 4.3 1.5 1.7 2.0 1.0 15.5 2.5 1.7 2.0 1.0 16.3 4.7 12.0 12.3 9.7 10.5 25.7 21.3 9.3 32.7 19.0 13.0 35.3 20.7 15.3 13.3 20.3 6.0 3.0 3.7 4.3 3.7 3.0 5.0 3.0 3.0 5.3 3.0 3.7 6.0 5.3 4.3 4.7 4.3 Mean Averages 14.8 3.8 23.8 4.3 17.1 4.2 Thursday" 9:30 10:30 11:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff 2.5 1.7 2.0 0.5 113 APPENDIX V (continued) Thursday 11 9:30 10:30 11:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Codman Square Connolly Dorchesterl East Boston Egleston Square Faneuil Hyde Park Jamaica Plain Lower Mills Mattapan Memorial Mount Bowdoin 1 Mount Pleasant North End Orient Heights Parker Hill Roslindale South Boston South End 1 Uphams Corner Washington Village West Roxbury 1.5 15.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.5 2.0 2.0 1.3 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.7 1.5 2.0 0.5 1.5 15.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.0 0.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 0.5 2.0 3.0 1.3 3.0 3.0 4.5 1.7 1.5 2.5 0.5 Adams Street Allston 1 Brighton^ Charlestown Codman Square Connolly Dorchesterl East Boston Egleston Square Faneuil Hyde Park Jamaica Plain Lower Mills Mattapan Memorial Mount Bowdoini Mount Pleasant North End Orient Heights Parker Hill Roslindale South Boston 5.0 2.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.5 2.0 1.0 1.3 2.5 1.0 1.0 8.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 5.0 4.5 2.0 28.0 1.5 4.5 4.5 4.0 14.0 3.0 3.7 1.0 13.0 4.0 10.5 13.0 21.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 3.5 2.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 4.5 5.0 19.0 11.3 25.0 15.0 27.0 19.5 57.5 23.5 16.5 4.5 54.0 9.5 13.5 63.0 12.0 11.3 7.0 40.5 12.5 42.0 44.0 51.0 2.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 0.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 0.5 2.0 3.0 1.3 3.0 3.0 4.5 1.7 1.5 2.0 0.5 Mean Averages 1.43 1.63 1.63 Thursday 11 12:30 1:30 2:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff 7.5 5.3 4.5 3.5 5.5 5.0 5.5 4.0 5.0 3.5 4.5 4.5 3.5 5.5 5.5 5.7 2.5 5.5 3.5 6.0 8.0 6.5 114 APPENDIX V (continued) Thursday 11 12:30 1:30 2:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff South End 1 1.0 26.3 3.3 32.0 4.3 Uphams Corner 0.5 10.5 4.5 12.5 6.5 Washington Village 0.5 21.5 3.5 29.5 5.5 West Roxbury 7.0 4.0 21.0 4.5 Mean Averages 1.13 10.0 3.0 25.9 5.1 Thursday 11 3:30 4:30 5:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street 40.0 9.0 44.5 10.0 13.5 6.0 Allston 1 27.0 6.0 12.3 6.0 6.7 2.7 Brighton^ 38.5 5.0 27.0 6.0 6.5 3.5 Charlestown 210.5 4.5 88.0 6.0 14.0 3.5 Codman Square 94.0 7.5 50.0 8.0 13.5 3.5 Connolly 53.0 8.0 38.0 8.0 4.0 5.0 Dorchester^ 77.0 7.0 44.0 7.5 21.5 3.5 East Boston 73.0 7.0 37.0 7.0 9.5 4.0 Egleston Square 137.5 7.5 127.5 8.0 57.5 4.5 Faneuil 45.0 6.5 33.0 7.0 7.5 4.0 Hyde Park 132.5 6.0 34.5 6.0 6.0 5.5 Jamaica Plain 25.5 7.5 23.5 7.5 7.5 4.5 Lower Mills 87.0 5.5 18.5 6.0 4.5 4.5 Mattapan 101.0 8.5 63.0 8.5 51.5 5.0 Memorial 81.0 7.0 89.0 7.0 16.0 6.0 Mount Bowdoin 1 38.0 7.0 25.0 7.0 5.3 4.0 Mount Pleasant 22.0 4.5 21.0 4.5 8.0 3.0 North End 72.0 6.0 45.5 6.0 17.5 3.0 Orient Heights 30.0 5.0 15.5 5.0 5.5 2.0 Parker Hill 58.0 6.0 49.5 6.5 8.5 2.0 Roslindale 81.5 7.0 66.5 7.5 16.0 7.5 South Boston 130.0 8.5 85.0 8.5 33.5 4.0 South End 1 83.3 6.3 67.0 6.7 49.3 3.3 Uphams Corner 59.5 10.5 61.5 10.5 16.5 5.5 Washington Village 59.0 6.0 44.5 6.0 17.5 6.0 West Roxbury 41.0 6.0 37.0 6.5 12.5 4.0 Mean Averages 73.0 6.7 48.0 7.0 16.5 4.2 Thursday 11 6:30 7:30 8:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street 14.0 5.5 45.0 5.0 35.0 5.0 Allston 1 7.7 3.0 9.0 3.0 6.7 3.0 Brighton^ 5.0 3.0 5.0 3.5 4.5 3.0 Charlestown 19.0 2.5 40.0 3.5 22.0 3.5 Codman Square 10.0 5.0 18.5 5.0 18.0 5.0 Connolly 13.0 3.0 13.0 3.0 8.0 3.0 Dorchester^ 18.0 3.0 32.0 3.0 20.0 3.0 115 APPENDIX V (continued) Thursday 6:30 7:30 8:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff East Boston 10.0 3.0 20.0 3.0 13.5 3.0 Egleston Square 26.0 5.5 51.5 5.5 26.5 5.5 Faneuil 8.0 3.5 16.0 3.5 8.0 3.5 Hyde Park 10.0 3.5 37.5 4.0 23.0 4.0 Jamaica Plain 13.5 4.0 17.5 4.5 36.0 4.5 Lower Mills 11.5 3.0 30.5 3.5 16.5 3.5 Mattapan 29.5 4.0 44.5 5.0 27.0 5.0 Memorial Mount Bowdoin 10.7 3.3 11.3 4.7 5.0 4.7 Mount Pleasant 7.0 2.0 10.5 3.0 6.5 3.0 North End 26.0 2.0 28.5 3.0 17.5 3.0 Orient Heights 6.5 3.0 15.5 3.0 5.5 3.0 Parker Hill 22.0 4.0 29.0 5.0 13.0 5.0 Roslindale 18.5 6.0 43.5 6.0 32.0 6.0 South Boston 42.5 4.0 68.0 5.0 37.5 5.0 South Endi 26.0 2.3 19.0 2.3 9.3 2.3 Uphams Corner 9.0 3.0 20.0 3.0 24.0 3.0 Washington Village 38.5 5.5 34.5 5.0 14.0 5.0 West Roxbury 10.0 2.5 42.0 4.0 22.0 4.5 Mean Averages 16.5 3.6 28.1 4.0 18.0 4.0 Friday 111 9:30 10:30 11:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street 2.0 4.5 3.0 5.5 4.5 5.5 Allston 11 2.0 1.7 3.0 2.7 5.0 2.7 Brighton 0.5 2.5 1.0 3.5 0.5 3.5 Charlestown 2.5 2.0 3.5 3.5 0.5 3.0 Codman Square 1.5 3.0 4.5 5.0 2.0 5.0 Connolly 6.5 3.0 13.5 4.5 6.5 4.5 Dorchester 3.0 5.0 29.5 5.0 5.0 4.0 East Boston 1.5 2.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 Egleston Square 3.5 5.0 24.0 5.0 43.0 5.5 Faneuil 1.0 2.5 1.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 Hyde Park 1.0 2.5 10.5 3.5 1.5 3.5 Jamaica Plain 2.0 3.0 53.5 3.5 3.0 3.5 Lower Mills 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 Mattapan 4.5 4.0 8.5 4.0 10.5 4.0 Memorial 19.0 3.0 23.0 3.0 22.5 3.0 Mount Bowdoin 11 1.7 2.3 1.3 3.0 1.0 3.3 Mount Pleasant 0.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 North End 4.5 2.5 5.0 4.5 6.0 4.5 Orient Heights 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.5 1.0 2.5 Parker Hill 3.0 3.5 5.5 3.5 7.0 4.0 Roslindale 4.5 5.5 15.0 5.5 10.0 6.5 South Boston 2.5 5.5 93.0 6.5 93.5 6.5 South Endn 14.0 2.7 27.0 3.7 11.3 3.0 Uphams Corner 2.0 4.5 10.5 5.0 15.0 5.0 Washington Village 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 West Roxbury 1.5 5.5 24.5 5.5 9.5 5.5 Mean Averages 3.4 3.2 14.3 3.9 10.5 3.9 116 APPENDIX V (continued) Friday m 12:30 1:30 2:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street 3.5 2.5 4.0 3.0 9.0 5.5 Allston 11 3.7 1.3 6.3 1.7 8.3 3.0 Brighton 0.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 3.0 Charlestown 1.0 1.5 3.5 2.0 6.5 3.0 Codman Square 3.0 3.0 6.5 3.5 10.0 6.5 Connolly 8.0 2.5 4.0 2.0 19.5 4.5 Dorchester 5.0 3.0 4.5 3.5 52.5 7.7 East Boston 5.0 1.0 5.0 2.0 22.5 3.0 Egleston Square 26.5 3.0 25.5 2.5 14.0 4.5 Faneuil 0.5 2.5 0.5 2.0 3.5 4.5 Hyde Park 2.0 1.5 9.5 2.0 41.5 3.5 Jamaica Plain 1.5 3.0 54.0 2.5 7.5 3.5 Lower Mills 3.5 1.0 5.0 2.0 8.0 3.0 Mattapan 11.0 2.0 7.5 2.0 18.0 4.0 Memorial 4.0 1.0 4.5 2.0 16.5 5.0 Mount Bowdoin 11 1.7 1.7 2.7 1.7 11.3 5.3 Mount Pleasant 3.0 1.0 9.0 1.0 7.5 2.0 North End 8.5 2.0 9.0 2.5 32.0 4.0 Orient Heights 1.5 1.0 4.0 1.0 5.5 2.0 Parker Hill 6.5 2.0 6.5 2.5 22.5 5.0 Roslindale 5.5 3.5 9.5 3.0 19.0 7.5 South Boston 9.0 3.5 15.5 3.0 20.5 5.5 South End n 27.3 1.3 32.7 2.0 30.7 2.7 Uphams Corner 6.5 3.5 13.0 3.5 13.0 5.5 Washington Village 3.5 2.0 5.5 2.0 10.0 4.0 West Roxbury 6.5 3.0 4.5 2.5 30.0 6.5 Mean Averages 6.1 2.1 9.8 2.3 16.9 4.4 Friday m 3:30 4:30 5:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street 38.0 8.5 31.5 10.5 10.0 7.0 Allston 11 17.3 7.3 15.7 7.3 4.7 6.7 Brighton 28.0 6.0 25.0 6.0 7.0 4.5 Charlestown 40.0 5.5 50.0 6.5 14.0 6.0 Codman Square 41.0 10.0 37.0 9.5 13.5 6.0 Connolly 33.5 6.5 21.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 Dorchester 39.0 9.0 24.5 9.0 5.0 5.5 East Boston 47.0 8.0 24.0 8.0 5.5 6.0 Egleston Square 59.0 9.0 40.0 10.0 30.0 6.0 Faneuil 75.5 5.5 28.5 7.5 17.0 5.5 Hyde Park 25.5 6.5 11.0 6.5 5.5 5.5 Jamaica Plain 13.5 6.5 11.5 6.5 8.5 4.5 Lower Mills 24.0 5.0 13.0 5.5 5.5 4.0 Mattapan 80.0 8.0 47.5 8.0 19.0 7.0 Memorial 26.0 7.0 22.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 Mount Bowdoin 11 38.7 7.0 17.3 7.0 6.0 4.3 Mount Pleasant 19.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 6.5 4.0 North End 44.5 6.5 16.0 5.5 14.5 4.5 117 APPENDIX V (continued) Friday™ 3:30 4:30 5:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Orient Heights 24.5 3.0 11.0 5.0 4.5 2.5 Parker Hill 33.5 6.0 32.0 6.0 8.5 3.5 Roslindale 97.0 10.5 91.0 11.0 15.5 6.0 South Boston 126.0 9.0 128.0 9.0 10.0 5.5 South End n 40.7 5.3 55.3 5.3 35.0 3.7 Uphams Corner 34.0 7.5 37.5 6.5 11.0 5.5 Washington Village 55.0 6.5 28.0 6.0 15.0 5.5 West Roxbury 36.0 9.0 21.5 9.0 11.0 5.5 Mean Averages 43.7 7.1 32.5 7.3 11.3 5.2 SaturdayP 9:30 10:30 11:30 Branch Library Public Staff Public Staff Public Staff Adams Street 5.5 7.5 13.5 7.5 19.5 7.5 Allstonq 3.7 7.7 19.0 7.7 21.7 7.7 Brighton 4.0 4.0 7.0 5.0 13.5 5.0 Charlestown 8.5 4.5 25.0 4.5 29.0 5.0 Codman Square 10.5 4.0 51.5 6.5 108.0 6.5 Connolly 3.0 3.5 6.5 4.0 12.5 4.0 Dorchester 4.0 5.5 15.5 5.5 35.5 5.5 East Boston 4.0 2.0 9.0 2.0 12.0 2.0 Egleston Square 4.0 7.0 32.0 7.0 38.0 7.0 Faneuil 9.5 4.0 10.0 4.0 10.0 4.0 Hyde Park 7.0 5.5 19.0 6.5 22.0 6.5 Jamaica Plain 4.5 2.5 12.0 4.5 15.5 4.5 Lower Mills 3.5 4.5 2.0 4.5 9.5 4.5 Mattapan 21.0 6.0 23.5 6.0 38.5 6.0 Memorial Mount Bowdoin^ 2.7 3.3 6.3 3.3 8.3 3.3 Mount Pleasant 1.0 4.5 1.5 4.5 3.5 4.5 North End 7.0 4.0 11.0 4.0 15.0 4.0 Orient Heights 2.0 2.0 6.5 2.0 12.5 2.0 Parker Hill 12.0 3.0 58.0 3.5 35.5 4.0 Roslindale 9.0 6.5 28.5 6.5 41.0 4.0 South Boston 10.5 4.0 19.0 4.0 30.5 4.0 South EndQ 16.3 3.3 17.0 3.3 21.0 3.3 Uphams Corner 1.5 4.0 10.5 4.0 16.5 4.0 Washington Village 5.0 5.0 10.5 5.0 14.0 5.0 West Roxbury 5.5 7.0 13.0 6.5 18.0 6.0 Mean Averages 6.6 4.6 17.1 4.9 24.0 4.8 118 APPENDIX V (continued) SaturdavP 12:30 Branch Library Public Staff Adams Street 12.5 6.5 AllstonQ 8.0 7.7 Brighton 4.0 4.0 Charlestown 22.0 5.0 Codman Square 20.0 5.5 Connolly 8.5 4.0 Dorchester 22.5 5.5 East Boston 17.5 2.0 Egleston Square 21.5 7.0 Faneuil 10.0 4.0 Hyde Park 11.0 6.5 Jamaica Plain 17.0 4.5 Lower Mills 13.5 4.5 Mattapan 25.5 6.0 Memorial Mount Bowdoin^ 7.7 3.0 Mount Pleasant 4.0 4.0 North End 6.0 4.0 Orient Heights 7.5 2.0 Parker Hill 7.0 4.0 Roslindale 35.0 6.5 South Boston 14.5 4.0 South End^ 23.7 3.3 Uphams Corner 12.5 4.0 Washington Village 6.5 5.0 West Roxbury 19.0 7.0 Mean Averages 14.3 4.8 a Figures for Monday are the averages of data for October 15, 22, and 29; see note b for exceptions. ^Data for October 29 were not available; therefore, figures given are averages of data for two Mondays only. c Data for Memorial Branch Library, which is open on Monday mornings, were omitted from the calculations. ^Figures for Tuesday are the averages of data for October 16, 23, and 30; see note e for exceptions. e-Data for October 30 were not available; therefore, figures given are averages of data for two Tuesdays only. ^Figures for Wednesday are the averages of data for October 17, 24, and 31; October 31 was Halloween; see note g for exceptions. SData for October 31 were not available; therefore, figures given are averages of data for two Wednesdays only. n Figures for Thursday are the averages of data for October 18 and 25; see notes i, k, and 1 for exceptions. ^Data for November 1 were available; therefore, figures given are averages of data for three Thursdays. JData for Memorial Branch Library, which is open on Thursday mornings, were omitted from the calculations. ^Information regarding public attendance at 4:30 on October 25 were not available; therefore, the figure given is for one Thursday only. iData for attendance from 6:30 to 8:30 on October 25 were not available; therefore, the figures given are for one Thursday only. 119 excTpUons 68 *"" **** "" ^ ^^ ° f data f ° r ° Ct ° ber 19 and 26 > see notes " and o for Friday^ f ° r N ° Vember 2 Were available ; therefore, figures given are averages of data for three oinformation regarding public attendance at 4:30 on October 26 was not available- therefore the figure given is for one Friday only. ' lnerel ore, the qnS? 8 5* Sat K rd ^ are the avera e es of data for October 20 and 27; see note q for exceptions SatSSs " Were aVailaWe; theref ° re ' figUreS giVen are aVera S es of data ^ three Source: Data from Division of Home Reading and Community Services, Boston Public Library. 120 VITA Leonard Grundt is director of the library and assistant professor at Nassau Community College in Garden City, New York. Born in Brooklyn, New York in 1936, he received a B.A. magna cum laude in Economics from Brooklyn College in 1958, an M.S. in Library Service from Columbia University in 1960, and a Ph.D. in Library Service from Rutgers— The State University in 1965. He has held positions at the Brooklyn College Library and the Free Public Library of Linden, New Jersey. In 1962-1963, he worked on a research project at the Boston Public Library, and in 1964-1965 was assistant director of the government -sponsored seminar to study problems affecting library ser- vice in metropolitan areas, held at Rutgers University. After experience as a reference librarian in Library/USA at the New York World's Fair, in 1965 he joined the library staff of Nassau Community College, Garden City, New York, as assistant professor and coordinator of instructional services. In 1966 he was appointed deputy director of the library, and in September 1967 became director. In addition to being a member of two honorary fraternities, Phi Beta Kappa and Beta Phi Mu, Dr. Grundt belongs to the American Library Association, New York Library Association, Nassau County Library Association, and the American Association of University Professors. He has been a contributor to various professional journals and books. 121 LJ UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 02UI29M C0D1 MONOGRAPH URBANA, IL 6 1968 3 0112 018555489